proba
float64 0.5
1
| text
stringlengths 16
174k
|
|---|---|
0.945495 |
I find it interesting that they decided to call a spelling competition a spelling bee. How did the word bee come to also mean a competition, not just an insect?
A bee, as used in quilting bee, working bee or spelling bee, is an expression used together with another word to describe a gathering of peers to accomplish a task or to hold a competition.
[...] Sense of "meeting of neighbors to unite their labor for the benefit of one of their number," 1769, Amer.Eng., is from comparison to the social activity of the insect; this was extended to other senses (e.g. spelling bee, first attested 1809; also hanging bee "a lynching").
They have Merriam-Webster listed as a source. Thus, the specific origin of bee in this sense is ambiguous. The term spelling bee, however, is just a variation of the usage and appears to have been introduced in the early 1800s.
a community social gathering at which friends and neighbors join together in a single activity (sewing, quilting, barn raising, etc.) usually to help one person or family. The earliest known example in print is a spinning bee, in 1769. Other early occurrences are husking bee (1816), apple bee (1827), and logging bee (1836). Spelling bee is apparently an American term. It first appeared in print in 1875, but it seems certain that the word was used orally for several years before that.
So a "spelling bee" doesn't refer so much to a competition as such, but more to a gathering of people in order to partake in the singular action of spelling.
What is the etymology of 'physician'?
|
0.91623 |
Hydrogen Peroxide. If you don't keep your wounds clean you're doomed - no amount of neosporin can save you so long as your scars are crawling with bacteria. In fact, the neosporin will reverse any sort of healing progress as it locks in the bacteria, creating a dome of rotten perplexities. Your feet are most important. Everything starts with your feet. Keep them clean, cut your nails, take care of scrapes, cuts, and scratches; only applying neosporin after they've been thoroughly rinsed with Hydrogen Peroxide.
Now, think back to a time - any time, really - where you saw a man with mangled, horrifying looking feet. His nails were jagged, suffocating from all the dirt and grime built up from years of neglect. Was this man sitting on the ground...were his teeth in much the same shape as his feet? The answers to these questions are most likely YES. Now, think further, ponder a bit more: would you consider this person HEALTHY?
THE ANSWER, EPIPHANY & CONCLUSION: TAKE CARE OF YOUR DAMN FEET.
I've been surfing over tropical reefs for the past three months and my feet are cut and torn. My hands, as well. Only recently have I adopted Hydrogen Peroxide as my own - loving it and cherishing it as a MOTHER (tomorrow is their day) loves a child.
Just today, I rode a leftward moving breaker, a turtle diving, narrowly dodging the piercing cuts of my scags. The reef a blurred beauty below my feet, I turned and maneuvered into the wave's pocket - its honey hole, its sweet spot, its lap. A quick slash to stall my growing speed, a subtle tuck and a gentle grab, and I found myself under the lip of the curler. Fully engulfed by the ocean, I rode until, like a bullet from a gun, I shot. The circle shooting its misty load as I surfed on. I had just gotten barreled, and, as usual, no one saw. My dismount was spotty and, honestly, flamboyant to a fault...i hit the reef and cut my toe; not horribly, not even badly enough to notice it at the time. The in-n-out was all that was on my mind...it's all that's been on my mind since.
That, and foot care and peroxide and the nicely shaped bass that I reeled in the day prior ( I almost hooked two at once, but one of 'em slipped away).
|
0.951141 |
Michael Schumacher is a retired German racing driver who raced in Formula One for Jordan Grand Prix, Benetton and Ferrari, where he spent most of his career, as well as for Mercedes upon his return to the sport. Widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers ever, and regarded by some as the greatest of all time, Schumacher is the only driver in history to win seven Formula One World Championships, five of which he won consecutively. The most successful driver in the history of the sport, Schumacher holds the records for the most World Championship titles (7), the most Grand Prix wins (91), the most fastest laps (77) and the most races won in a single season (13), and according to the official Formula One website (Formula1.com), Schumacher was "statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen" at the time of his retirement from the sport.
Abigail "Abbie" Eaton is a racing driver from the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. She stars as the test driver for the second series of The Grand Tour.
Esteban Ocon is a French racing driver who currently drives in Formula One for Racing Point Force India. He made his Formula One debut for Manor Racing in the 2016 Belgian Grand Prix, replacing Rio Haryanto. Ocon is part of the Mercedes-Benz driver development programme. He holds the all-time record for most consecutive finishes from start of career, with 27.
Daniel Joseph Ricciardo is an Australian racing driver who is currently competing in Formula One for Red Bull Racing. He entered Formula One as a test driver for Scuderia Toro Rosso, with which he raced for two seasons. After Mark Webber announced his retirement from Formula One, Ricciardo was confirmed as his replacement at Red Bull Racing for 2014. In his first season with Red Bull, Ricciardo finished third in the championship with his first three Formula One wins, in Canada, Hungary, and Belgium. After two years without victory, Ricciardo won the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix, eventually sealing third in the championship for the second time in three years at the 2016 Mexican Grand Prix. Ricciardo won the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in 2017 and the Chinese and the Monaco Grand Prix in 2018. On 3 August 2018 it was announced that he will be joining Renault F1 on a 2 year contract for the 2019/2020 F1 seasons.
Max Emilian Verstappen is a Dutch racing driver who competes in Formula One with Red Bull Racing. Aged 17 years, 166 days, he became the youngest driver to compete in Formula 1 at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix for Scuderia Toro Rosso. He is also the youngest driver to lead a lap during a Formula One Grand Prix, youngest driver to set the fastest lap during a Formula One Grand Prix, youngest driver to score points, youngest driver to secure a podium and youngest Formula One Grand Prix winner in history.
Fernando Alonso Díaz audio (help·info) is a Spanish Formula One racing driver currently racing for McLaren F1 team. He is a two-time Formula One World Champion, and is often regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers in the history of the sport. He has contested 17 seasons of Formula One. Outside Formula One, Alonso is currently leading the 2018–19 FIA World Endurance Championship with Toyota Gazoo Racing. He won the 2018 24 Hours of Le Mans on his first attempt with co-drivers Kazuki Nakajima and Sébastien Buemi. He contested the 2017 Indianapolis 500 and the 2018 24 Hours of Daytona.
Kimi-Matias Räikkönen, nicknamed "Iceman", is a Finnish racing driver currently driving in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari. He won the 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship, in his first season at Ferrari. After nine seasons racing in Formula One, he competed in the World Rally Championship in 2010 and 2011, then returning to Formula One from 2012.
Jules Lucien André Bianchi was a French motor racing driver who drove for the Marussia F1 Team in the FIA Formula One World Championship.
Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller, an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and a 49% stake in Jiangling Motors of China. It also has joint-ventures in China, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, and Russia. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power.
Sebastian Vettel is a German racing driver currently driving in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari. He is a four-time Formula One World Champion, having won the championship in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 with Red Bull Racing. He is regarded by fellow and former drivers as one of the greatest Formula One drivers in the history of the sport. Leaving Red Bull for the 2015 season, Vettel initially signed a three-year contract with Ferrari, which was later extended until the end of 2020.
Force India Formula One Team Limited, commonly known as Force India and later Sahara Force India, was a Formula One racing team and constructor based in Silverstone, United Kingdom, with an Indian licence. The team was formed in October 2007 when a consortium led by Indian businessman Vijay Mallya and Dutch businessman Michiel Mol bought the Spyker F1 team for €90 million.
Haas Formula LLC, competing as Haas F1 Team, is a Formula One racing team established by NASCAR Monster Energy Cup Series team co-owner Gene Haas in April 2014. The team originally intended to make its début at the start of the 2015 season, but later elected to postpone their entry until the 2016 season.
McLaren Racing Limited, competing as McLaren F1 Team, is a British Formula One team based at the McLaren Technology Centre, Woking, Surrey, England. McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor but has also competed in and won the Indianapolis 500 and the Canadian-American Challenge Cup (Can-Am). The team is the second oldest active team after Ferrari. They are the second most successful team in Formula One history after Ferrari, having won 182 races, 12 Drivers' Championships and eight Constructors' Championships. The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Technology Group.
|
0.999917 |
Ten simple tips to minimize the allergens in your home.
Consider using a HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filter in rooms where you spend a lot of time, especially your bedroom.
If you find mold on a hard surface, clean it with water and detergent and let it air dry completely.
Keep your windows closed to help keep allergens outside. If it gets warm, use an air-conditioner to stay cool.
When doing housework, wear a mask to protect yourself from allergens. Afterwards, leave the house to avoid any allergens you may have stirred up.
You can reduce moisture in damp basements with dehumidifiers, but make sure to empty the water regularly and keep units clean.
A vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filter will help reduce allergens in the air.
|
0.999787 |
Why isn't the night sky uniformly at least as bright as the surface of the Sun? If the Universe has infinitely many stars, then presumably it should be. After all, if you move the Sun twice as far away from us, we will intercept one quarter as many photons, but the Sun's angular area against the sky background will also have now dropped to a quarter of what it was. So its areal intensity remains constant. With infinitely many stars, every element of the sky background should have a star, and the entire heavens should be at least as bright as an average star like the Sun.
The fact that the night sky is not as bright as the Sun is called Olbers' paradox. It can be traced as far back as Kepler in 1610, and was rediscussed by Halley and Cheseaux in the eighteen century; but it was not popularized as a paradox until Olbers took up the issue in the nineteenth century.
There's too much dust to see the distant stars.
The Universe is young. Distant light hasn't even reached us yet.
The first explanation is just plain wrong. In a black body, the dust will heat up too. It does act like a radiation shield, exponentially damping the distant starlight. But you can't put enough dust into the universe to get rid of enough starlight without also obscuring our own Sun. So this idea is bad.
The premise of the second explanation may technically be correct. But the number of stars, finite as it might be, is still large enough to light up the entire sky, i.e., the total amount of luminous matter in the Universe is too large to allow this escape. The number of stars is close enough to infinite for the purpose of lighting up the sky. The third explanation might be partially correct. We just don't know. If the stars are distributed fractally, then there could be large patches of empty space, and the sky could appear dark except in small areas.
But the final two possibilities are surely each correct and partly responsible. There are numerical arguments that suggest that the effect of the finite age of the Universe is the larger effect. We live inside a spherical shell of "Observable Universe" which has radius equal to the lifetime of the Universe. Objects more than about 13.7 thousand million years old (the latest figure) are too far away for their light ever to reach us.
Historically, after Hubble discovered that the Universe was expanding, but before the Big Bang was firmly established by the discovery of the cosmic background radiation, Olbers' paradox was presented as proof of special relativity. You needed the red shift to get rid of the starlight. This effect certainly contributes, but the finite age of the Universe is the most important effect.
References: Ap. J. 367, 399 (1991). The author, Paul Wesson, is said to be on a personal crusade to end the confusion surrounding Olbers' paradox.
|
0.998541 |
Video games enhance one's memory.
Recent research enhances the conclusion that video games promote optimism and enhance one's memory based on the stimulation of the brain's hippocampus, which deals with the senses, emotion and, more specifically, memory. When the hippocampus is stimulated from the constant movement and interaction in video games, it creates a better capability to hold information. With evidence that states new interactions within video games increase memory capacity, along with the creation of virtual reality experiences, the claim that video games enhance memory is further supported.
Since video games in fact improve memory capacity through new interactions in games, the new developments in technologies such as virtual reality games are allowing for better support to the statement that video games do enhance memory. The articles "Playing 3D video games can boost your memory", and "Can brain games really improve your memory" and this Ted Talk support these claims. Many neuroscientists originally had differing opinions when discussing the issue of video games and brain activity. After a study in 2015, The Journal of Neuroscience concluded that 3D games could possibly help memory. The findings were if the games were specific to each function in the brain and not just games about fun and adventure that they could "train the brain" into retaining information better. The researchers went on to say that most games in the market today do help the brain function but not in a great way. If the video game was specific to training the brain and its purpose was to actually help memory then yes video games can greatly improve memory.
Scientists have conducted 116 studies to determine various effects of video games. These studies have shown that video games change the structure of the brain. They increase connections in the parts of the brain that are responsible for visuospatial skills. This can be beneficial, except when video games negatively affect motivation and become addictive. When people are addicted to video games, their brain structures alter affecting the ability to feel pleasure, learn, and motivation from the release of dopamine in the brain.
The articles about video and memory are supported on various levels. The majority of the articles support the video games expanding the brain's neuroplasticity; by making new connections. The stimulation of the hippocampus allows the brain to form memories because of the constant engagement of the brain. The connections developed will allow the individual to apply their knowledge into the real world. In addition, one's memory is stimulated will help them in the long term. Stimulating the brain is proven to be a key aspect to the learning process and forming memories. Most of the video games are designed to make the player engage this brain and form complex learning skills. The skills developed can help with the lack of cognitive decline.For example, studies have proven that playing brain games when younger can prevent or postpone Alzheimer's, because you are "rewiring" the kids brains over short periods of time.
At the University of California Irvine, the neurobiologists performed an experiment to test if 2D video games and/or 3D video games affect memory in a positive way. The experimenters got a group of non-gamer students to participate. To start the experiment, the students took memory tests that would use the hippocampus. They broke them up into two groups. One group played with a "passive two-dimensional environment", Angry Birds, the other group played with an "intricate 3-D setting", Super Mario 3D world. The two groups played these games for thirty minutes every day for two weeks. The group of students playing the 3-D video game improved their results by twelve percent. The students playing 2D games did not improve their scores. Although it is not very clear to the researches what part of the 3D environment allows for the higher percentage of memory. Many researches conclude that because 3D games are much more immersive than say a 2D game, it cause more stimulation in the hippocampus there for causing better memory.
After reading the article Cognitive Training Enhances Intrinsic Brain Connectivity in Childhood from the Journal Neuroscience studies showed that after 20 sessions of working and training children, their working memory capacity increased greatly. The bar graph in the article also states that before the training, the Placebo was around 113 Composite Standardized WIM Scores and the Adaptive part was at about 111 Composite Standardized WIM Scores; after the training the scores changed substantially. The Placebo part received a score of around 116 Composite Standardized WIM Scores and the Adaptive part received a score of about 129 Composite Standardized WIM Scores. This article shows many other ways how videogames can help with memory, especially in children.
C. Shawn Green, a psychologist at the University of Wisconsin, suggests that "video games change your brain." With this claim, he goes on to elaborate the positive ways in which video games change a person's structure and performance. Playing video games overtime can lead to higher mental functions such as memory. Around the world, scientists are also investigating the other hidden benefits from playing video games such as visual abilities and required vigilant attention. With prolonged video game playing, three areas of the brain may grow in size: the prefrontal cortex, the right hippocampus, and the cerebellum which are all involved with navigation and motor skill control. This causes an increase in neurotransmitters such as dopamine that strengthens neural circuits enhancing memory.
Whiteman, Honor. "How Playing 3D Video Games Could Help Boost Memory." Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, 12 Dec. 2015, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/303789.php.
Andrews, Robin. "Video Games Shown to Improve Memory and Neural Connectivity in Children." Iflscience, 7 Apr. 2016, www.iflscience.com/brain/computer-games-shown-improve-memory-and-neural-connectivity-children/. Accessed 26 Sept. 2017.
Clemenson, Gregory D., and Craig E.L. Stark. "Virtual Environmental Enrichment through Video Games Improves Hippocampal-Associated Memory." The Journal of Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, 9 Dec. 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4682779/.
Dockrill, Peter. "Playing 3D Video Games Can Boost Your Memory, Study Finds." Science Alert, 11 Dec. 2015, www.sciencealert.com/playing-3d-video-games-can-boost-your-memory-study-finds. Accessed 26 Sept. 2017.
"Horizon: How video games can change your brain." BBC News, BBC, 16 Sept. 2015, www.bbc.com/news/technology-34255492. Accessed 29 Sept. 2017.
Mcgonigal, Jane, narrator. Gaming Can Make a Better World. Ted, TED Conferences, LLC, www.ted.com/talks/jane_mcgonigal_gaming_can_make_a_better_world/up-next. Accessed 26 Sept. 2017.
Neurotrack Team. "Can Brain Games Really Help Improve Your Memory." Neurotrack, 10 Feb. 2017, blog.neurotrack.com/can-brain-games-really-help-improve-memory/. Accessed 26 Sept. 2017.
Stark, Craig, and Dane Clemenson. "Playing 3-D Video Games Can Boost Memory Formation, UCI Study Finds." UCI News, University of California Irvine, 1 Jan. 4189, news.uci.edu/2015/12/08/playing-3-d-video-games-can-boost-memory-formation-uci-study-finds/.
|
0.997776 |
Would you recommend Neuromancer to a friend?
Fun/amazing fact: At the time William Gibson wrote Neuromancer, he hadn't actually used a computer before.
Neuromancer by William Gibson is a badass romp through a 1989-vintage future that remains prescient even now. This is a mind-bending, genre-pioneering must-read.
I love this book amazing what Gibson was able to image!
It's really crazy how well this holds up, and continues to do so. Just a gorgeous piece of work.
|
0.967319 |
The territory now known as Belarus emerged during the 9th to 12th centuries, having been colonized by the Slavs. Known as 'Kievan Rus', this territory was broken up in the 13th century following the expansion of Lithuania and then Poland and became what was 'Rzecz Pospolita'.
From the mid 16th to late 18th centuries this territory experienced a tumultuous geopolitical struggle, being drawn into two separate wars with Russia and countries within Europe. In 1772 the western part of Belarus became a part of the Russian empire, with attempts at Russification and suppression of Belarusian national identity following soon after.
Belarus remained a Russian territory throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. During this period a blossoming of nationalism was seen and the economy improved as a result of industrialisation, and while a brief period of independence existed when the Belarusian People's Republic declared independence on March 1918, it was short-lived as the Red Army soon took control after the 1917 Russian Revolution - by January 1, 1919, the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was created.
In 1922 Belarus became a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and remained so until WWII when German occupied Belarus in September 1941. The war saw even more suffering in Belarus as it found itself on the front line and was the location for many battles and the country became a Soviet stronghold once again in 1945.
In April 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster left a quarter of Belarus contaminated, the effects of which are still being felt to this day.
Independence was claimed in 1991, and on 19 September 1991 the state was renamed the Republic of Belarus. The dissolution of the Soviet Union was announced shortly afterwards and Belarus introduced a new constitution in 1994.
Since then, Alexander Lukashenko has ruled Belarus with an authoritarian iron fist, earning it the dubious honour of being widely viewed as Europe's last dictatorship.
• The national dish is draniki, potato pancakes made with flour and egg, topped with savoury or sweet condiments.
• Pioneering modernist artist Marc Chagall was born in Belarus in 1887.
• Belovezhskaya Pushcha is said to be the largest ancient forest in Europe.
Belarus' religious landscape is dominated by Christians, primarily adherents of the Orthodox faith estimated to be around 50%. Around 7% of people are Roman Catholic, while Jewish and Muslim communities are much smaller. 40% of Belarusian nationals are said to be irreligious (atheist or agnostic).
If meeting a stranger, shaking hands is the usual form of greeting. Hospitality is part of the tradition and people are welcoming and friendly, although Belarusians are also known for their brusqueness. If you are invited to someone's house, be sure to bring a small token as a gift. The same goes for power lunches - company gifts are well-received. Avoid taking photographs of military or government installations. Belarus is quite a conservative society, and homosexuality and homosexual activity was only decriminalised in 1994 - while not illegal, it is kept very low-key so as not to invite unwanted attention.
The official languages are Belarusian and Russian. Other languages spoken in the country include Ukrainian and Polish.
|
0.999995 |
US Woman was convicted of murder for the 1995 death of her husband police officer Glenn Turner - poisoned with antifreeze, collected life & pension.
Was also convicted of the 2001 death of her boyfriend, firefighter Randy Thompson - poisoned with antifreeze, collected death benefits.
She was found "unresponsive" in her cell and unable to be revived - the cause of death is under investigation.
August 31, 2010 12:13 p.m. EDTAtlanta, Georgia (CNN) -- Julia Lynn Womack Turner, who was convicted in 2007 of murder for the deaths by antifreeze poisoning of her boyfriend and husband, died Monday in prison in Georgia, prison officials said.
Turner "was found unresponsive in her cell at 6:55 a.m., at which time prison medical staff and EMS responded but were unable to revive her," the Georgia Department of Corrections said in a statement.
The cause of death was under investigation by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation's medical examiner's office. Turner was serving life without parole in the Metro State Prison for women in Atlanta.
Turner was convicted of murder for the 1995 death of her husband, police officer Glenn Turner, and for the 2001 death of her boyfriend, firefighter Randy Thompson, both of whom were poisoned with antifreeze.
Glenn Turner died March 3, 1995, from what was initially determined to be an irregular heartbeat. A week later, Turner moved in with Thompson, with whom she had begun an affair several months prior.
In both cases, the men had exhibited flulike symptoms before being taken to the emergency room. They both died less than 24 hours after they left the hospital, from what a coroner initially identified as heart failure.
Further examination, however, revealed traces of ethylene glycol, a byproduct of antifreeze, in both of their bodies. Cobb County prosecutors labeled the defendant a "black widow" who murdered both men for financial gain.
After her husband's death, Turner received more than $150,000 in benefits and interest from his life insurance and pension. She received about $36,000 from Thompson's death.
|
0.939582 |
At the New Zealand Cricket Annual General Meeting held on the 11 November 1931 the affiliation of Bay of Plenty Cricket was confirmed. The 1930/31 Season Annual Report noted that the "number of affiliated associations increased to 23 with the addition of Bay of Plenty".
One of the best players to represent Bay of Plenty in the thirties was Lester Spring who arrived in Whakatane during July 1938. Spring was in the top draw of first class players in the country, representing Manawatu from 1926 to 1931, during which time Manawatu participated in 13 Hawke Cup games.
On the 26 February 1930 in a Hawke Cup game between Manawatu and Southland Lester smashed a 106 runs - and set a 10th wicket partnership record with Maurice O'Keefe who contributed 62 runs.
Lester played cricket in Canterbury for a two seasons before transferring to Auckland in December 1933. Just before departure from Christchurch he was selected for Christchurch Town to play Country, which was essentially a Canterbury trial. In the town side Lester played alongside one of the real legends of New Zealand cricket in Walter Hadlee.
On 14 December 1936 Lester was selected in the all-conquering Auckland Plunkett Shield team. After playing Canterbury at Christmas the a media report said "Spring has a excellent chance to represent New Zealand to tour England in March 1937 under TC Lowry, in company with certainties HG Vivian, PE Whitlaw, W Cowie, M Wallace and WN Carson all of Auckland".
A shoulder blade injury resulted in the talented batsman remaining at home. In July 1938 Lester arrived in Whakatane after purchasing a local accountancy firm. Joining the Whakatane United Cricket Club (which is still alive and well) the new recruit went on a batting and bowling blitz. During the 1938/39 season he smashed 706 runs with a highest score of 148 (including 9 sixes) and took 67 wickets with the ball.
Bay of Plenty representation came quickly, with selection to captain the Bay against Waikato in a Hawke Cup challenge on the 31st December 1938. Captaincy again followed against Sir Julian Cahn's English touring side in Rotorua.
Another Hawke Cup game came in March 1940 when the Bay were well beaten by Manawatu. At nearly forty years of age Lester again took the skippers role against Waikato on 1st January 1 1948 in a Hawke Cup challenge, and played against the Fijian tourists the same season - scoring 48 runs out of the Bay of Plenty total of 148.
It is worth noting that in the 1947/48 season when Whakatane United won the Williams Cup, they were so strong in the Eastern Bay of Plenty, that they had to withdraw from the local competition, and played against teams in Gisborne and the Waikato. The team, which was captained by NE Rigden, played 18 games in which they compiled some 4228 runs with 2887 runs scored against them.
While club cricket was alive and well in the Bay of Plenty in the 1930's - Research for this publication suggests that there were two Bay of Plenty Association, with the Bay of Plenty Sub-Association based in the Eastern Bay of Plenty, affiliating to New Zealand Cricket in the 1930/31 season.
In the same period of the early 1930s, representative cricket was also played by teams from the Rotorua and Tauranga Cricket Associations.
In February 1931 the following players were selected for a Bay of Plenty team to play their Rotorua counter parts. Lee, Kenny, Young (Matata) Menzies, HA Wardlaw, Wells (Waimana) GC Peebles, JD Wardlaw, Coney, Spoors (Whakatane) Dare (Te Puke) Emergencies: Darvell, FJ Burt.
In the 1931/32 season a match between Bay of Plenty and Rotorua, appeared to become a selection trial for a Bay of Plenty team from the two regions, to challenge South Auckland for the Hawke Cup.
The Bay of Plenty Times reported ideal weather prevailed for the representative cricket match between Bay of Plenty and Rotorua at Matata. Bay of Plenty winning comfortably by six wickets. The game gave the selectors (Messrs Moffat, Wells and Reed) the opportunity of selecting the team to play South Auckland for the Hawke Cup.
Records show that the Hawke Cup match played in March 1932 resulted in South Auckland easily retaining the trophy, by an innings and 103 runs.
Research failed to find any Bay of Plenty matches during the 1932/33 season however in February 1933 Rotorua hosted Tauranga at the Government Gardens. Rotorua posted a first innings win, with home team batsmen Beale reaching three figures.
The following season Bay of Plenty met Rotorua at Matata during November 1933. The team which was appears to be selected from just the Eastern Bay of Plenty, provides further evidence that the early power base of Bay of Plenty Cricket, was in the Eastern Bay.
Bay of Plenty: D Lees captain (Matata) J Jessup, J Hariman, H Hawkins (Opotiki) Simmons, G Peebles, Coney (Whakatane) Walls, Menges (Waimana) G Parkes (Whakatane) was the twelve man.
Later in the season Tauranga hosted Rotorua in their annual encounter. Played during March 1934. The BOP Times reported "that a cricket match was played at the weekend between Rotorua and Tauranga elevens and was won by Rotorua by 219 to 104"."The wicket was fast with. Rotorua having a strong batting side, and these players had recently defeated the Bay of Plenty representatives".
Rotorua: Harding, Beale, Hinton, Hiigins, Lunn, Alexander, Marshall, Gresham, Godsalve, Paull, Neeson.
Tauranga: Jordan, Bradmore, Douglas, Cairns, Sinclair, Stephens, Randell, Johnston, Curtis, Stevens, Morris.
Cricket was alive and well in the 1934/35 season. A BOP Times report on the 16th October 1934 announced the Tauranga representative team to play at Labour Weekend. Tauranga A were scheduled to play Rotorua in Rotorua - with the B representatives to meet Northern Bay of Plenty Association that appears to be based around the Te Puna and Omokoroa region.
Later in the month a report of the Bay of Plenty Minor Cricket Associations confirmed that the sport was indeed on the up in the Bay of Plenty region.
"At the annual meeting of the Bay of Plenty Minor Cricket Association at Rotorua, discussion took place upon the Attrill Cup competition, it being suggested that that the trophy should be a sub-association trophy instead of being competed practically as a club issue"." Finally it as decided that associations to be grouped north and south for the competition, provided that the donor of the trophy was agreeable".
"Complications arising from similarity of names of the bodies known as the Bay of Plenty Sub-Associations, and the Bay of Plenty Minor Associations were also discussed. A suggestion by Mr McGill that the Bay of Plenty Sub-Association should change its title in order to stop further confusion".
"It was also further suggested that if this course was agreed to the different sub-associations be grounded as follows. Tauranga and Te Puke, Whakatane and Matata, Rotorua, Opotiki and Waimana, with the last named being included with Whakatane and Matata if deemed desirable". "As all bodies were not represented at the meeting no definite action was taken".
Patron Mr Attrill; President Mr HL Musgrave; Vice-Presidents being the presidents of the affiliated sub-associations: Secretary and Treasurer MR LH Gresham (Rotorua) Auditor Mr DD Lunn; Executive Messers HE Musgrave, EG Sutherland, A McGill, JJ Lewis and LH Gresham.
While no Bay of Plenty representative matches appear in the records, there was plenty of minor association action in preparation for the visit of the MCC the following season.
The BOP Times gave the following report on the Attrill Cup match played between Rotorua and Tauranga County. "Exceptional public interest was displayed in the match for the Attrill Cup, between Rotorua and Tauranga County teams which was played on the local domain and provided an even contest".
"The visitors batting was very strong, McGill 61 Harding 50 Hinton 24 and Lunn 31 being the chief contributors". "For the home side the veteran batsman Mason, produced some of his old form, compiling a chanceless half-century undefeated. Steele 41, Capon 13, Johnston 21 and Cairns 17 were the other chief scorers". For the record Rotorua 248 defeated Tauranga 172.
Rotorua: Lunn, McGill, Hinton, Spedding, Harding, Higgins, Beale, Sutherland, Shepherd, Marshall.
Tauranga: Stephens, Capon, Steele, Montgomery, L Randell, Mason, S Randell, Johnston, Budd, Cairns, Parkinson.
With the pending visit of the MCC in the 1935/36 season, there was flurry of sub-association representative cricket (apparently) as part of the selection process, to select the BOP team to meet the tourists.
The BOP Times reported during October 1935, that the most successful meeting for some years of the Bay of Plenty Cricket Association, was held at Matata over the weekend. Preliminary arrangements for the Hawke Cup match against South Auckland at Hamilton on the 6th, 7th and 9th December was finalised, and the fixture against the MCC team at Rotorua in February.
After the undoubted highlight of the MCC visit (see MCC visit the Bay of Plenty) there appears to be little mention of Bay of Plenty representative cricket in the 1936/37 season.
One fact that did become apparent during the season was the two bodies that were in operation to run cricket in the Tauranga region. During October 1936 the first meeting of the season of the Tauranga County Cricket Association was held where the Pukehina CC was admitted as a full member.
It was also decided three delegates should attend the Annual Meeting of the Northern Tauranga Cricket Association. The Northern Tauranga AGM was held in Omokoroa with Katikati, Whakamara, Pahoia and Te Puna entering the season competition. It was noted that Omokoroa would not be entering a team. There was general discussion on closer relations with the Tauranga County Association.
In February 1937 a Tauranga representative team travelled to Opotiki to challenge for the Attrill Cup. It was stated that Opotiki at home on a concrete wicket would be extremely hard to defeat, especially as they had held the trophy for a long period.
Tauranga club Albion played defended the Williams Cup twice during the season defeating Rotorua City in December 1936 before repelling another challenge on the 10th April 1937. Williams Cup records show that Albion held the Baywide challenge trophy for three successive season from 1935/36.
Representative cricket was alive and well in the Bay of Plenty during the 1937/38 season. There was plenty of action in the Sub-Associations. An example is provided by the Tauranga representative program with the first eleven playing Waihi, Matamata, Rotorua and Opotiki.
The match in early 1938 was described as a nominal trial for selection of a Bay of Plenty team. The match was easily won by Rotorua, which reversed the result of the previous two games between the sides.
The BOP Times reported that Rotorua stayed at the crease until 3.30pm to compile 280 runs with Tauranga dismissed for 140. Rotorua's star player was Beale who hit a chanceless 121 and Bayley who scored 74. Tauranga top man was W Renshaw with 38.
Rotorua: N Hinton, N Bayley, G Beale, B Harding, C Simmers, E Andrews, D Ewert, MP Kerr, J Hinton, L Brooker, J Coogan.
Tauranga: J O'Connor, A Wilkinson, E Craig, B Budd, L Randell, W Renshaw, E Capon, D Sinclair, W Dawkins, R Moorhead.
In April 1938 the BOP Times reported that a trial match was to be held over the weekend to pick a team to represent the Bay of Plenty in a Hawke Cup elimination match. Players will be present from Rotorua, Opotiki, Rangataiki and Tauranga.
The elimination contest took place in Rotorua during April 1938 when Bay of Plenty played Waiapu, in the Hawke Cup elimination game. Bay of Plenty coasted to an easy victory. After posting 249/4 the visitors were rolled for 95 and 90 in their two turns at bat.
In December 1938 Bay of Plenty played Waikato in a Hawke Cup Direct Challenge. The home side made a cracking start reaching 263 all out. Lester Spring was the best of the Bay bowlers taking four wickets.
In what was perhaps the lowest ebb in Bay of Plenty representative cricket, the challengers were rolled for 30 runs in their first turn at bat and mustered just 22 in their second innings.
In his book "The Whakatane Beacon and Leicester Spring" Leicester Spring said "I captained Bay of Plenty verses Sir Julian Cahn's English touring side at Rotorua in March 1939. Bay of Plenty made 233 runs and the tourists posted 126 for eight wickets". " I made 23 runs and took two wickets for 23 runs".
During 1938 the Tauranga region held what are now considered the two most prestigious trophies in Bay of Plenty cricket with Albion defending the Williams Cup and Tauranga annexing the Attrill Cup from Opotiki. It was recorded that the Eastern Bay side had held the symbol of Bay of Plenty Sub-Association cricket for seven years.
The Williams Cup game was fought out by Tauranga holders Albion who played Albion from Rotorua. The newspaper report listed the sides as simply Tauranga verses Rotorua - with Tauranga Albion winning, when the Rotorua representatives couldn't muster the required runs in their second innings.
The BOP Times Attrill Cup report opening paragraph simply said "At long last Tauranga have taken the Attrill Cup from Opotiki". While there was a match report no scores accompanied the article.
While there were no reports of Bay of Plenty games found in the research for 1938/39 season the Attrill Cup was alive and well. Holders Tauranga played three matches with the trophy moving to Rotorua after the third encounter.
On the 2nd February 1939 Tauranga repelled a challenge from Pukehina. The holders recorded 142 and 33/6 in their two innings with Pukehina restricted to 70 and 65/8. A week later it was the turn of Opotiki who had held the Cup for seven seasons prior to being relieved of the trophy by the Tauranga representatives the previous season.
Opotiki made a good start being dismissed for 103 then restricting the home side to 83 all out. Both sides experienced second innings collapses with Opotiki rolled for just 27 - needing 48 to win, Tauranga just got there reaching the target with one wicket to spare.
Three weeks later Rotorua challenged for the Bay of Plenty sub-association trophy. In a cliffhanger Rotorua posted modest totals of just 89 and 44 runs with Tauranga falling five runs short when they mustered 46 in their second turn at bat.
A Williams Cup game between Albion and Te Puke in March 1939 - appears to have resulted in Te Puke winning the challenge trophy for the first time.
Just two Bay of Plenty representative game appeared to have been played during World War Two. During 1940 Bay of Plenty were outplayed by Manawatu in a Hawke Cup direct challenge.
The match with Waikato on the 1st January 1941 was perhaps one of the lowest points in the annuals of Bay cricket. After Waikato posted 144 Bay of Plenty were dismissed for just 38 in the first innings, and fared little better in their second turn at bat mustering 64.
|
0.683158 |
the 114th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Nakamikado's reign spanned the years from 1709 through 1735. Nakamikado reign corresponded to the period from the sixth shogun, Tokugawa Ienobu, to the eighth shogun, Tokugawa Yoshimune. During this period, relations with the Bakufu were fairly good.
an Indian Maratha aristocrat and fighter, who led the rebellion in Cawnpore (Kanpur) during the 1857 uprising. As the adopted son of the exiled Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II, he was entitled to a pension from the English East India Company. The Company's refusal to continue the pension after his father's death, as well as what he perceived as high-handed policies, compelled him to revolt and seek independence from company rule in India. He forced the British garrison in Cawnpore to surrender, then executed the survivors, gaining control of Cawnpore for a few days. He later disappeared, after his forces were defeated by a British force that recaptured Cawnpore. He was led to the Nepal Hills in 1859, where he is thought to have died.
a British naval officer whose sixty years in the Royal Navy included service in the War of 1812 (with the United States), the Napoleonic Wars, Syrian War and the Crimean War (with the Russians), and a period commanding the Portuguese navy in the Liberal Wars. An innovator concerned with the development of iron ships, and an advocate of humane reform in the Royal Navy, he was also active in politics as a Liberal Member of Parliament and was probably the naval officer most widely known to the public in the early Victorian Era.
the only President (1848–52) of the French Second Republic and, as Napoleon III, the Emperor (1852–70) of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I. He was the first President of France to be elected by a direct popular vote. He was blocked by the Constitution and Parliament from running for a second term, so he organized a coup d'état in 1851 and then took the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation. He remains the longest-serving French head of state since the French Revolution.
an English writer and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1606 and 1626. He was educated at Norwich School and Trinity College, Cambridge, becoming a fellow of his college in 1585 and public orator of the university in 1594. Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, commissioned him to spend some time abroad, sending information about European affairs. On his return, Naunton was elected Member of Parliament for Helston at a by-election in 1606.
the princess of France, Queen of Navarre, and Duchess of Alençon and Berry. She was married to Henry II of Navarre. Her brother became King of France, as Francis I, and the two siblings were responsible for the celebrated intellectual and cultural court and salons of their day in France. Marguerite is the ancestress of the Bourbon kings of France, being the mother of Jeanne d'Albret, whose son, Henry of Navarre, succeeded as Henry IV of France, the first Bourbon king. As an author and a patron of humanists and reformers, she was an outstanding figure of the French Renaissance. Samuel Putnam called her "The First Modern Woman".
an English project-manager and politician who was also the first person to hold a position equivalent to postmaster-general of the North American colonies. Neale was a Member of Parliament for thirty years, Master of the Mint and the Transfer Office, Groom of the Bedchamber, gambler, and entrepreneur. His wide variety of projects included the development of Seven Dials, Shadwell, East Smithfield, and Tunbridge Wells, land-drainage projects, steel foundries and paper-making enterprises, mining in Maryland and Virginia, raising shipwrecks, and developing a pair of dice to prevent cheating at gaming. He was also the author of numerous tracts on coinage and fund-raising, and he was involved in the idea of a National Land Bank, the precursor of the Bank of England.
a prophet of the Lenni Lenape, who was known as the "Delaware Prophet" but derided by the British as "The Imposter." Beginning in 1762, Neolin he founded a movement to reject European goods and abandon dependency on foreign settlers in order to return to a more traditional lifestyle. He made arguments against alcohol, materialism, and polygamy. Neolin emphasized that the favor of God in blessing the Indians with game to hunt would be spoiled if they did not forsake their evil collusion with the alien white men. His teachings would later be adopted by a number of tribal chief, most notably Chief Pontiac.
governor of Tortuga and Saint Dominque …[thomas] Paine led his crew of sixty men under the command of Captain Bréhal, who possessed a French privateering commission obtained from Jacques Nepveu, sieur de Pouanéay and governor of Saint Domingue.
a Baltic German diplomat. His mother was Jewish by origin and Protestant by faith. For forty years (1816-1856) Nesselrode as foreign minister and guided Russian policy; he was a leading European conservative statesman of the Holy Alliance. In 1788, at the age of 8, he officially entered the Russian Navy. With his father's influence, he secured the position of naval aide-de-camp to Emperor Paul (r. 1796–1801). He then transferred to the army, and entered diplomatic service under Paul I's son and successor, Emperor Alexander I. He was attached to the Russian embassy at Berlin, and transferred thence to the Hague.
the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. He is best known as a political conservative whose reign was marked by geographical expansion, repression of dissent, economic stagnation, poor administrative policies, a corrupt bureaucracy, and frequent wars that culminated in Russia's disastrous defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56. His biographer Nicholas V. Riasanovsky says that Nicholas displayed determination, singleness of purpose, and an iron will, along with a powerful sense of duty and a dedication to very hard work. He saw himself as a soldier – a junior officer totally consumed by spit and polish. A handsome man, he was highly nervous and aggressive. Trained as an engineer, he was a stickler for minute detail.
the first English colonial governor of New York province. He commanded a royalist troop of horse (i.e., cavalry) during the English Civil War, and on the defeat of the king went into exile. Soon after the Restoration he became Groom of the Chamber to the Duke of York. Through the influence of the Duke of York, in 1664 he was appointed on a commission with Sir Robert Carr (d. 1667), George Cartwright, and Samuel Maverick, to conquer New Netherlands from the Dutch and to regulate the affairs of the New England colonies and settle disputes among them.
the 120th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Ninko's reign spanned the years from 1817 through 1846. His reign saw some deterioration of bakufu power. The bakufu encountered yet more problems during the reign of his son, Emperor Komei (Komei-tenno). The bakufu collapsed in the beginning of the reign of his grandson, Emperor Meiji (Meiji-tenno). Among Ninko's innovations was the establishment of the Gakushusho (the predecessor of the Gakushuin for the Court Nobility just outside of the Imperial Palace.
|
0.9749 |
Riding mower v lawn tractor: what is the distinction?
It is easy to think that a ride-on mower and a lawn tractor are the same thing. Many people use the terms interchangeably, but they are in fact different. What makes them so, and why does it matter when you are choosing a machine to cut your grass?
The key difference between a mower and a tractor is all about where the cutting deck is located. A ride-on mower has the cutting deck at the front of the machine, while a lawn tractor has it mid-mounted underneath the chassis.
The location of the cutter makes a significant difference to how manoeuvrable the machine is. Having it at the front is better if you need to navigate round lots of trees and other obstacles. Both types of machine can be fitted with different accessories, such as brushes for cleaning up leaves. If you have a very large lawn, a tractor will generally be preferable.
This type of mower is not cheap. As with any other major purchase, you need to take your time when choosing a mower and weigh up the pros and cons. Think about the long term. If you choose a well-known brand such as Mountfield spares will be available from suppliers such as https://www.diyspareparts.com/parts/mountfield/, so you can be sure the machine will have a long and reliable life.
The size of your lawn also makes a difference, so you need to look at factors such as the cutting width. A wider mower will enable you to complete a large lawn faster, but it will be less nimble when navigating around obstacles. You probably won’t want to try going for the fastest mower record though! Also look at the features you want, such as whether you would rather the machine collected the cuttings or mulched them and returned them to the lawn. Do you need a machine with lights so that you can cut your grass in the evenings?
Consider also how easy the machine is to use. How simple is it to adjust the cutting height for example, what regular maintenance is needed, and how easy is this to do? Look for reviews online or in magazines so that you can get a feel for the features of the machine and compare it with others on the market.
|
0.596739 |
After the Armistice of June 1940, the victorious Reich did not spare French aviation. Equipment, stocks and industrial establishments had to be delivered intact to Germany. The French aviation industry was virtually completely disbanded and manufacturing ceased.
Victim of a violent campaign of defamation, Marcel Bloch was arrested by the Vichy government on October 5, 1940, being considered as a "dangerous individual for national defense and public security". In spite of his internment, he kept abreast of aeronautical developments. From prison, he noticed the considerable interest taken by Germans in his aircraft, in particular the two-engined MB 175, 200 of which they wanted built by SNCASO and the MB 161 four-engined civil transport aircraft, the largest French commercial aircraft, for Lufthansa.
The occupying force sought to obtain his collaboration, but he refused systematically using his poor health as an argument. To deprive the Germans of as many industrial resources as possible, he delegated all his powers, by letter, on December 20, 1940, to Henri Carol (the director of the Saint-Cloud factory) who had to act as the managing director of the Company in the occupied area.
In his absence, Marcel Bloch's staff took steps to preserve the interests of the Société anonyme des Avions Marcel Bloch. An extraordinary general assembly was held on December 31, 1940 to appoint a new manager. In accordance with its articles of association, a board of directors was appointed. Marcel Bloch was appointed as chairman, and Auguste Le Révérend and Georges Hennequin as directors. The extraordinary general assembly also decided to transfer the Saint-Cloud head office to Thiers.
The Germans requisitioned the potential of the Saint-Cloud factory to their advantage and placed manufacturing under the control of the Junkers company. To save the factory, the Société anonyme de constructions aéronautiques et mécaniques (SACAM), which had run the Saint-Cloud factory under lease since May 1, 1941, was set up in April 1941 by Marcel Bloch's staff and with his approval. In Talence, where Bordeaux-Aéronautique had to work for the occupying power, André Curvale (chief pilot) and Paul Déplante (engineering director) attempted to keep manpower and equipment intact.
In March 1941, the Service technique aéronautique decided to bring together the various design offices of state-owned companies and incorporate them within SNCASO in Cannes, then in the Italian occupied zone, where Marcel Bloch's engineers could work on aircraft projects.
On August 16, 1941, the occupation authorities appointed a temporary manager of Marcel Bloch's companies for the occupied zone while the Commissariat for Jewish Questions appointed a manager for the French zone. In 1942, with Marcel Bloch's approval, Auguste Le Révérend and Henri Carol then attempted to preserve as much property as possible in buying a former bodywork workshop in Boulogne to produce propeller blades.
In Cannes, the technical Group became increasingly concerned with development of the situation. Henri Déplante managed to visit his former boss who, ever an optimist, kept the hope of a better world. He advised him to bring together as many aeronautical engineers as possible and send them to Britain or the United States to form the core in the rebuilding of the post-war French aviation industry.
But the future was looking gloomier. After the French zone was invaded November 1942, Henri Déplante and Bention Grebelsky decided to leave France via Spain. After many difficulties, they reached Britain and joined a fighting unit of parachutists of the Special Air Service (SAS). In October 1943, Xavier d'Iribarne reached Algiers and then the 1st armored Division.
In 1944, Marcel Bloch was deported to Buchenwald as a political hostage. During his detention, the Germans asked him, in exchange for his freedom, to work for them as director of a Focke-Wulf factory in Hanover. Once again, in spite of his fragile health, he refused and was almost hanged. During this period, he kept abreast of developments in the aviation industry and sent messages to his family and staff. He managed to send a letter to the Sup'Aéro former pupils' Association he was president of: "Dear comrades, times may be difficult, but don't loose hope in the future". "At the end of this war, during which ships, rolling stock and commercial aircraft will have been destroyed, commercial aviation will expand as never before and will replace most means of transport". "There is no doubt that the government of France will, in a rebuilt Europe, be able to preserve the share of aeronautical production in keeping with our technical expertise and our geographic position in the world". The Buchenwald camp was liberated on April 11, 1945, and Marcel Bloch and his deported comrades were set free.
By the end of the Second World War, French aeronautical industrial facilities had been considerably depleted, the base of machine tools had aged or had been destroyed, and design offices teams dispersed. Only factory staff were available in any numbers. State-owned companies continued to exist while the private sector attempted to re-emerge.
After the Germans invaded France at the outset of World War II Marcel Bloch, a Jew, was asked to build aircraft for the German war effort as an "honorary Aryan." Bloch refused to collaborate and was forced into hiding. He was later arrested in Lyon and jailed. Bloch's refusal to collaborate with the invading army after the Armistice led to his incarceration in Montluc Fort in Lyons, along with his wife and children, at the hands of the Vichy Government. He was then sent to Drancy concentration camp. Eight months before the war ended he was deported to the Buchenwald concentration camp where he remained until the area was liberated by American forces in May 1945. Post-diphtheria paralysis from 1945 to 1953 did not stop Bloch resuming his aeronautical endeavors after the war. In order to shed the somber souvenirs of war, Marcel Bloch and his family decided to change names. Bloch converted to Roman Catholicism after the war and changed his last name to Dassault, the nom de guerre of his brother, General Paul Bloch, who was a member of the French resistance. Although an "l" was added, the name literally means "on the attack." The name Marcel adopted in 1949. Marcel Dassault subsequently became an honored member of General de Gaulle's inner circle, but since his company had been destroyed by the war it was once again nationalized.
|
0.780435 |
Al-Sultan Al-Mu’tassimu Billahi Muhibbuddin Tuanku Al-Haj Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah (Jawi:zالمرحوم سلطان عبدالحاليم معظم شاه ابن المرحوم سلطان بدليشاه; z28 November 1927 – 11 September 2017) was the 28th Sultan of Kedah, reigning from 1958 to 2017. He served as the fifth Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia from 1970 to 1975, and as the 14th Yang di-Pertuan Agong from 2011 to 2016. He was the first person to reign as Yang di-Pertuan Agong twice, as well as the oldest elected to the office. Immediately prior to his death, he was the second longest-reigning living monarch in the world after Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.
Born at Istana Anak Bukit near Alor Setar as Tunku Abdul Halim ibni Tunku Badlishah, he was the second, but eldest surviving son, of Sultan Badlishah (1894–1958; reigned 1943–1958), who later became the 28th Sultan of Kedah. Of Malay and Thai descent, his mother was the Kedah-born princess Tunku Sofiah binti Tunku Mahmud (born 1899), who died in an automobile accident on 28 February 1934. Abdul Halim's maternal grandfather, Tunku Mahmud, was once Raja Muda (heir presumptive) to the throne of Kedah.
He was educated at Alor Merah and Titi Gajah Malay schools and Sultan Abdul Hamid College in Alor Star between 1946 and 1948. He went on to Wadham College, Oxford and obtained a Diploma in Social Science and Public Administration. He subsequently joined the Kedah Administrative Service, serving in the Alor Star district office and later, the state treasury.
On 6 August 1949, Tuanku Abdul Halim was appointed Raja Muda or heir apparent, and acceded as the twenty-eighth Sultan of Kedah on his father's death on 14 July 1958. He was installed at the Balai Besar, Kota Star Palace in Alor Star on 20 February 1959, in a ceremony not held since 1710.
Tuanku Abdul Halim celebrated his silver jubilee on 15 August 1983 with his royal consort, Sultanah Bahiyah. To commemorate this occasion the Kedah government opened The Jubli Perak Park at Sungai Petani, Kedah's 2nd Largest town.
On 15 July 2008, Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah celebrated his Golden Jubilee as the Sultan of Kedah. He is only the fourth Sultan in a line of 28 Sultans who have celebrated 50 years of reign in Kedah.
In conjunction with the Golden Jubilee, 15 July 2008 was declared as a public holiday for the whole state of Kedah. A ceremony of handing over the contributions in conjunction with the Golden Jubilee was held at the Istana Anak Bukit on 6 July 2008 by Kedah Chief Minister Azizan Abdul Razak. Throughout the whole week of the Golden Jubilee, various events were held to commemorate the Sultan.
Tuanku Abdul Halim (as he became) served as Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong from 21 September 1965 to 20 September 1970.
Abdul Halim in a carriage with Elizabeth II on a state visit to London, 1974.
Tuanku Abdul Halim was elected as the fifth Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia and served his term in office from 21 September 1970 to 20 September 1975. He was the third youngest monarch to ascend the throne of Yang di-Pertuan Agong after Tuanku Syed Putra of Perlis and Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu.
During his kingship, Tuanku Abdul Halim presided over the first transfer of power of the civilian government when his uncle, Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman resigned in favour of his deputy Tun Abdul Razak. Tunku Abdul Rahman had felt that he should not serve under a nephew, given strict Malay royal protocol, but agreed to stay on as prime minister for one day of Tuanku Abdul Halim's reign.
On 2 November 2006, Tuanku Abdul Halim was for the second time elected Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong to serve a five-year term. He is the first person to have been elected twice to this office.
In October 2011, Abdul Halim was elected to serve a second term as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, which commenced on 13 December 2011. He is the first regnant sultan to hold the position twice. He is also the oldest Malay Ruler to be installed as Yang di-Pertuan Agong at 84 years and 15 days old, surpassing the previous record holder, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz of Selangor, who was installed at 73 years and 49 days old. He was officially installed on 11 April 2012 at Istana Negara.
During his tenure as Yang Di Pertuan Agong, a Council of Regency consisting of his brothers Tunku Annuar (d. May 2014), Tunku Sallehuddin, Tunku Abdul Hamid Thani, and daughter Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz was assigned to discharge Abdul Halim's duties as Sultan of Kedah. His tenure as Yang Di Pertuan Agong ended on 12 December 2016.
2. Sultanah Haminah, married 1975. A commoner from Perak, she was titled Che Puan Kedah until 9 January 2004 when she was crowned as Sultanah. She served as Raja Permaisuri Agong during his second term as Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Sultan Abdul Halim died on the 11th September 2017, at the age of 89, at Istana Anak Bukit in Alor Setar. He was laid to rest at the Langgar Royal Mausoleum in Alor Setar on the day after his death.
His style and title in full on 13 December 2016 became: Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Al-Sultan Al-Mu'tassimu Billahi Muhibbudin Tuanku Alhaj Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, Sultan Negeri Kedah Darul Aman dan Jajahan Takluknya (His Royal Highness Al-Sultan Almu'tasimu Billahi Muhibbudin Tuanku Al-Haj Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, the Sultan of Kedah, Abode of Peace and it's Dependencies).
Tuanku Abdul Halim held the rank of Marshal of the Royal Malaysian Air Force in his previous constitutional duties as Commander-in-Chief of the Malaysian Armed Forces as well as the ranks of Field Marshal of the Malaysian Army and Admiral of the Fleet of the Royal Malaysian Navy. Since 1972 he was the Royal Malay Regiment's Colonel-in-Chief, and also performed the same functions for the Malaysian Army's Royal Service Corps.
Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge, also known as the Penang Second Bridge, was named after him on 1 March 2014.
Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (POLIMAS) in Jitra, was also given in honour of his name.
^ "Sultan of Kedah to be next Yang di-Pertuan Agong, for second time". The Malaysian Insider. 14 October 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
^ "Kedah Sultan Reminds Council of Regency To Carry Out Duties With Honesty". Bernama. 12 December 2011. Archived from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
^ Mohd. Rafie Azimi (11 September 2017). "Sultan Kedah mangkat" [The sultan of Kedah passed away] (in Malay). Utusan Malaysia. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
^ "Kedah's Sultan Tuanku Abdul Halim passes away". The Star. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
^ "Almarhum Sultan Kedah Dimakamkan Di Makam Diraja Langgar". Addin (in Malay). 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
^ "Photographs of Tuanku Abdul Halim, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia". Janus. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
|
0.997581 |
If you like Montrachet from France, why not try these?
Intense, powerful and long-lived white wine from Burgundy's finest white grand cru vineyard. A contender for the world's greatest white wine and often it's most expensive when from top growers such as Domaine de la Romanée-Conti and Domaine Leflaive. Also known as Le Montrachet.
|
0.894076 |
In pushing out a new release of one of the frameworks we use in my office, I had an idea that I started exploring at home. Its previous release was built on AngularJS 1.5 using the UI-Router, and we had put in a lot of work to abstract-out data calls in the UI-Router resolve properties in our state definitions. This allowed us to build up view models very simply with a mapping of data dependencies that are automatically wired-in when a new state loads.
I wanted to see if I could do the same thing with the Angular Router, using @ngrx/store.
TL;DR: If you’re just interested in looking through the code, you can find it published on my GitHub.
The idea here was to set up page dependency data that every page in the app could declare, and the application would ultimately be responsible for pulling down from a backend and putting in a Redux-powered store. Every time a new view is loaded, new data would be stashed in the store. Every time an old view is removed form the DOM, it would be responsible for cleaning up its data.
To keep things simple, I have a basic @angular/cli app running with a single store and a single reducer with actions for adding data to the store, and removing data from the store. Since the goal here was to dynamically set a view-model based on the components loaded into the various router-outlets, I didn’t get into modifying any data in the view. To me that’s basic Redux, and there are plenty of other tutorials that do that.
I also mocked out the fetching of data by adding some mock JSON files to the assets/ folder in order to simulate a backend data call.
It’s worth noting that for simplicity sake I added this data fetch to a resolve property on each route. Since all of the views extend a BaseView class, which you’ll see, I could have added a lifecycle hook there instead. resolve was just the easier way (in my opinion) to go to get something up and running.
One of the things that’s helped our teams stay platform-agnostic has been an action-mapping setup that maps commands to data calls. On the web, this looks like overkill, but once you’re working in multiple platforms with a hybrid mobile or desktop application, where you can leverage calls to an internal database, or use device-specific threading to fetch data for your webapp, it makes a lot more sense. It also helps with cleaning up the store if you know which views are dependent on which data, as you’ll see later.
// about them as impacting how you'd build a dynamic view model.
// the goal here was to show how route actions map to data calls.
Two things are really worth noting here. The first, I’m really unhappy with how I was able to get this working. I had to run a combineLatest on a combineLatest, and that just looks terrible. I’m hoping there’s a method for flattening those two that I missed that someone can point me to. If you want to know more about how combineLatest latest works, check out the documentation.
Pretty straight-forward, right? I assign whatever variables are in the payload to a new object, combined with the already-existing state. So as, for example, a band object is resolved in ModelResolve, it’s added to the existing state, which might already have a bands array as well.
Now let’s take a look at how we can access that data, as well as clean it up automatically.
Since I’m resolving data automatically for all of my routes, I can probably go ahead and assume that there will be some boilerplate code that I can abstract out into a parent class, one that each of my view components – “smart” components in the Redux world – can extend.
Ideally, a parent class in this case would set up a subscription to the store, accessing the view-model exposed therein, as well as clean up after itself automatically when it gets removed from the DOM. That way the store doesn’t get too bloated with unnecessary data.
Ok, so now anything that extends this BaseView class will get a model instance variable for free, set up to consume whatever I have in my store. Nice. Using the routes defined above, I would have my parent list view get a model.bands property, and my child detail view get a model.band property.
At this point, my BaseView subscribes to data on initialization, and unsubscribes on destruction. Ok, that’s a good step in the right direction, but we’ll want to go one step further and make sure data is removed form the Store so that it doesn’t get bloated as a user navigates through the application.
In order to do that, we’ll first need to set up a property in the store called dependencyKeys, which will be a list of all of the data types necessary for the most-recently activated view.
Why do this, one might ask? As each view loads into a router-outlet, it’s going to fetch data and add it to the store; we can generally assume that there will always be one or more views active at a time – e.g. if you have a two-column view that shows list data on the left, and a selected item’s detail data on the right. In cases like that, once both views have been loaded, we have no way of knowing which view is responsible for which set of data in the store, unless we have some sort of reference back to the dependencies object in a view that resolved that data to the store in the first place.
With the dependencyKeys property, we can keep a list of the data types that have been resolved for the most recently activated view, based on Object.keys() of the dependencies object as it’s passed into the store.
So in clicking on a list item in the left side of a two-column view, the resulting most recently activated view will be the detail column (generally the right side), and the dependencyKeys property of the store from the list view will be overwritten with the dependencyKeys from the detail view.
So now when each view is destroyed, it’ll remove its data dependencies from the store automatically, so long as another object hasn’t written a new version of the same dependency already.
For example, in my working demo, the details view (right side in my two-column) has a data dependency of band, as does its child view. So when the details view is destroyed, it’ll make sure not to take with it any new instance of band in the store. We can assume that the band in the store is the new view’s object, since by the mantra of Redux we’re always overwriting the store, never modifying directly.
For my purposes, this ends up being a nice clean solution, and a simple way to build out the view model. Since all of the view data goes into one location, it’s easily referenced across views, if I need to for any reason. With all of this logic in place I can check-off fetching data as something that’s done by listing a few commands as I define my routes, and I can spend my time focused on other things.
Be sure to check out the code on GitHub, and feel free to leave comments below or open issues on the repo if you have any thoughts or questions.
Isn’t it better to get the data via a dispatched action and effect?
|
0.944168 |
Chinese painting is one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions in the world. The earliest paintings were not representational but ornamental; they consisted of patterns or designs rather than pictures. Early pottery was painted with spirals, zigzags, dots, or animals. It was only during the Warring States Period (403-221 BC) that artists began to represent the world around them.
Chinese Painting in the traditional style is known today in Chinese as guó huà (国画 = Chinese Painting), meaning 'national' or 'native painting', as opposed to Western styles of art which became popular in China in the 20th century. Traditional painting involves essentially the same techniques as calligraphy and is done with a brush dipped in black or colored ink; oils are not used. As with calligraphy, the most popular materials on which chinese painting are made of are paper and silk. The finished work can be mounted on scrolls, such as hanging scrolls or handscrolls. Traditional painting can also be done on album sheets, walls, lacquerware, folding screens, and other media.
Chinese Painting: Freehand - Shui-mo (水墨) loosely termed watercolour or brush painting. The Chinese character "mo" means ink and "shui" means water. This style is also referred to as "xie yi" (寫意) or freehand style.
Artists from the Han (202 BC) to the Tang (618–906) dynasties mainly painted the human figure. Much of what we know of early Chinese painting (figure) comes from burial sites, where paintings were preserved on silk banners, lacquered objects, and tomb walls. Many early tomb paintings were meant to protect the dead or help their souls get to paradise. Others illustrated the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, or showed scenes of daily life.
Many critics consider landscape to be the highest form of Chinese painting.The time from the Five Dynasties period to the NorthernSongperiod (907–1127) is known as the "Great age of Chinese landscape". In the north, artists such as Jing Hao, Fan Kuan, and Guo Xi painted pictures of towering mountains, using strong black lines, ink wash, and sharp, dotted brushstrokes to suggest rough stone. In the south, Dong Yuan, Juran, and other artists painted the rolling hills and rivers of their native countryside in peaceful scenes done with softer, rubbed brushwork. These two kinds of scenes and techniques became the classical styles of Chinese landscape painting.
Chinese painting and calligraphy distinguishes themselves from other cultures' arts by their emphasis on motion, and charge with dynamic life. The practice is traditionally first learned by rote. The master showing the 'right way' do draw items, which the apprentice have to copy strictly, continuously, until the move become instinctive. In contemporary times, debate emerged on the limits of this copyist tradition within the modern art scenes, where innovation is the rule, while changing lifestyles, tools, and colors are also influencing new waves of masters.
|
0.806114 |
The district's change from a rural area in New South Wales to the national capital started during debates over federation in the late 19th century. Following a long dispute over whether Sydney or Melbourne should be the national capital, a compromise was reached: the new capital would be built in New South Wales, so long as it was at least 100 miles (160 km) from Sydney, with Melbourne to be the temporary seat of government while the new capital was built. A survey was conducted across several sites in New South Wales with Bombala, southern Monaro, Orange, Yass, Albury, Tamworth, Armidale, Tumut and Dalgety all discussed. Dalgety was chosen by the federal parliament and it passed the Seat of Government Act 1904 confirming Dalgety as the site of the nation's capital. However, the New South Wales government refused to cede the required territory as they did not accept the site. In 1906, the New South Wales Government finally agreed to cede sufficient land provided that it was in the Yass-Canberra region as this site was closer to Sydney. Newspaper proprietor John Gale circulated a pamphlet titled 'Dalgety or Canberra: Which?' advocating Canberra to every member of the Commonwealth's seven state and federal parliaments. By many accounts, it was decisive in the selection of Canberra as the site in 1908 as was a result of survey work done by the government surveyor Charles Scrivener. The NSW government ceded the district to the federal government in 1911 and the Federal Capital Territory was established.
An international design competition was launched by the Department of Home Affairs on 30 April 1911, closing on 31 January 1912. The competition was boycotted by the Royal Institute of British Architects, the Institution of Civil Engineers and their affiliated bodies throughout the British Empire because the Minister for Home Affairs King O'Malley insisted that the final decision was for him to make rather than an expert in city planning. A total of 137 valid entries were received. O'Malley appointed a three-member board to advise him but they could not reach unanimity. On 24 May 1911, O'Malley came down on the side of the majority of the board with the design by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin of Chicago, Illinois, United States, being declared the winner. Second was Eliel Saarinen of Finland and third was Alfred Agache of Brazil but resident in Paris, France. O'Malley then appointed a six-member board to advise him on the implementation of the winning design. On 25 November 1912, the board advised that it could not support Griffin's plan in its entirety and suggested an alternative plan of its own devising. This plan incorporated the best features of the three place-getting designs as well as of a fourth design by H. Caswell, R.C.G. Coulter and W. Scott-Griffiths of Sydney, the rights to which it had purchased. It was this composite plan that was endorsed by Parliament and given formal approval by O'Malley on 10 January 1913. In 1913, Griffin was appointed Federal Capital Director of Design and Construction and construction began. On 23 February, King O'Malley drove the first peg in the construction of the future capital city.
ACTION, the government-operated bus service, provides public transport throughout the city. Qcity Transit provides bus services between Canberra and nearby areas of New South Wales through their Transborder Express brand (Murrumbateman and Yass) and as Qcity Transit (Queanbeyan). A light rail line commenced service in April 2019 linking the CBD with the northern district of Gungahlin. At the 2016 census, 7.1% of the journeys to work involved public transport, while 4.5% walked to work.
^ Minty, A. E. (1973). "Lake Burley Griffin, Australia". In Ackermann, William C.; White, Gilbert F.; Worthington, E. B. (eds.). Man-Made Lakes: Their Problems and Environmental Effects. American Geophysical Union. p. 804.
|
0.999997 |
How do dissecting microscopes differ from compound microscopes?
Compared to compound microscopes, dissecting microscopes—also called stereoscopic microscopes—provide a much larger working distance between the lens and stage in order to dissect and manipulate specimens. The light source on a dissecting microscope is above the specimen since the specimen is often too thick to allow light to be transmitted from a light source below the specimen. Dissecting microscopes are always binocular, which provides a three-dimensional image.
|
0.989733 |
The origin of the Armenian Church dates back to the apostolic age. Christianity was preached in Armenia as early as the second half of the first century by St Thaddeus and St Bartholomew, two apostles of Jesus Christ. During the first three centuries Christianity in Armenia was a hidden religion under heavy persecution. In 301 AD Christianity was officially accepted by the Armenians as the state religion. St Gregory the Illuminator, the patron saint of the Armenian Church, and King Tiridates III, the ruler of the time, played a pivotal role in the Christianization of Armenia. It is a well recognized historical fact that the Armenians were the first nation to formally adhere to Christianity.
St Gregory the Illuminator organized the Armenian Church hierarchy and chose as the site of the Catholicosate the then capital city of Vagharshapat (Holy Etchmiadzin). Because of the continuous political upheavals, the Catholicosate was transferred to various cities, beginning in 485, and was established in 1080 in Cilicia, when the Armenian kingdom also settled there. In 1441, a new catholicos was elected in Holy Etchmiadzin, in the person of Kirakos Virapetsi. At that time Krikor Moussapegiants (1439-1446) was the catholicos residing in Cilicia. Therefore, due to these historical circumstances and the geographical dispersion of the Armenian people, two Catholicosates - Catholicosate of All Armenians (Holy Etcmiadzin) and the Armenian Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia (Antelias) - have continued to function since 1441, with equal rights and privileges, and with their respective jurisdictions. His Holiness Aram I, who was the moderator of the central committee of the WCC from 1991 to 2006, is the 142nd pontiff counted from the Apostle St Thaddeus.
During World War I, one and a half million Armenians were massacred by the Turkish government. The rest of the Armenians in Turkey were forced to leave their homeland and found refuge in the countries of the Middle East, in Europe, and in North and South America. In 1930, the Catholicosate of Cilicia was established in Antelias, Lebanon. Thus, a new era opened, with the organization of dioceses and the founding of a new theological seminary and community-related institutions. The Catholicosate of Cilicia played a significant role in the organization of the world-wide Armenian diaspora. It also takes a major part in the cultural, social and other aspects of the life of the Armenian communities. The Armenian Church in diaspora finds itself in different contexts and faces various problems and challenges. It is truly a global church. Deeply rooted in its centuries-old tradition, it continues to bear witness to the salvation in Christ, and to work for the renewal of its life by responding to the challenges of modern societies. Theological formation, Christian education, community schools, youth and women, leadership training, social action, care for children of broken families, homes for the aged, medical care and housing projects for the needy families - all these are among the priority concerns and activities of the Catholicosate of Cilicia. In the area of publications, the printing house produces theological journals and hundreds of volumes on a regular basis. Ecumenical collaboration, theological dialogues and inter-religious relations occupy an important place in the life and witness of the Catholicosate.
The jurisdiction of the Catholicosate of Cilicia covers Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, the Gulf region, Iran, Greece and the Americas.
|
0.991829 |
I can help you get clear on your values and passions, and learn how to create a career around that! I quit my corporate job 5 years ago to discover a career path that aligned with my adventurous spirit, and I want to help you do the same!
I can help you learn how to design your daily habits to create the most productivity for your work and life.
I have been traveling through Europe and Asia for 5 years, so can help you plan the perfect itinerary for your trip.
I will help you get clear on your values, skills and passions, and learn how you can connect to your desires and create a living doing what you love. We can also help you develop a holistic health plan to help you feel energized, vitality and truly healthy in your mind, body and spirit.
|
0.981536 |
Rate this Article Everyone wants to know how you can increase your winnings in poker games and, lucky for you, in this article we’ll be talking about all the little tips and tricks that you can utilize to give your winnings a significant boost.
Everyone wants to know how you can increase your winnings in poker games and, lucky for you, in this article we’ll be talking about all the little tips and tricks that you can utilize to give your winnings a significant boost.
It’s worth mentioning before going into any major details that a few of these tips might not work depending on the game you’re playing. There are certain poker games out there that provide players the basic aspects of poker gameplay without any additional bells and whistles and it’s quite likely that a few of these tips won’t work out for these particular games. However, we can guarantee that they’re going to work out as long as the game that you’re playing is among the feature filled poker games that are so common nowadays.
First and foremost, perhaps the easiest way to increase your winnings is to play on tables where the stakes are high. Players often make the mistake of sticking to poker tables where the stakes are low even though they have the currency necessary to play on the high stake tables. Once you’ve become adept at playing these games and have gotten fair bit of chips under your belt, we highly recommend playing in the high stake tables because the chances of you winning big in these tables is significantly greater than normal. Of course it goes without saying that playing in these tables is quite risky as well but the risk is very much worth the reward in most situations.
If you’re playing a poker game that comes with mini-games, it’s absolutely crucial that you play these mini-games as much as you’re allowed to. Most players don’t realize that the income from these mini-games is actually quite enormous and, because of this small oversight, these players often end up missing out their chances to add tons of bonuses to their winnings. It’s also worth mentioning that, aside from being highly rewarding, these mini-games are great fun to play as well so time spent on them is definitely time well spent.
Almost all modern day poker games come loaded with social features and, if you fail to make use of these features, you’re missing out quite a lot. For example, simply inviting your friends to play these games will give you an absurd amount of chips and doing this takes a couple of seconds at most. On top of inviting friends, there are also various other social features that you can utilize and we definitely recommend using them as much as you can because they’ll increase your winnings in a variety of different ways.
Last but not least, don’t be afraid to lose in the short term to gain in the long term. A lot of poker players play these games extremely conservatively because they fear that they’ll lose all the winnings that they’ve gathered thus far. Playing like this is a big mistake because it’ll always hold you back from truly big payouts. Whenever you’re playing poker games and have a chance to go big, we definitely recommend making the most out of this chance.
All things considered, as long as you keep the aforementioned tips in mind when playing poker games, we can say with certainty that your winnings will be much higher than usual.
|
0.999993 |
To answer this question one should consider the plain meaning of the words, historical context, including hadith, and textual comparisons.
So what does this passage really say? First, the word used in the text for ill-conduct is nushuz, meaning a grave sin or disloyalty within the marriage. Accordingly, the verse only applies to this specific situation. Moreover, the passage lays out a three step process which requires each step be utilized and ineffective before resorting to the next step, including wadribuhunna, or lightly hitting. In fact, a husband that abuses this legal guideline by resorting to the second or third step where the first suffices is liable to pay compensation to the wife under Islamic law.
There are numerous verses in the Quran regarding marital relations which repeatedly speak about mercy and affection and kindness when discussing marital relations and marriage. Moreover, in practice, the Prophet Muhammad, the ideal for every practicing Muslim male, never hit a woman.
Prominent Islamic scholars likewise agree that spousal violence is prohibited. For instance, Ata, from the 1st century of Islam stated, “a man must not hit his wife“. Likewise, Imam Al-Bhukari named one of the chapters in his famous book “The Hitting of a Woman is Disapproved”. Furthermore, shari’ah records of Othmani courts contain evidence of “the ability of women to seek retribution when subjected to abuse”.
Thus, this verse was effectually meant to stop physical spousal abuse, diluting it to only one specific instance and only allowing it after this process was initiated and unsuccessful; and, only then was a husband allowed to hit his wife, with the caveat that he didn’t leave a mark. Subsequently, with the actions, sayings and guidance of the Prophet, and contemporaneous scholarly and legal opinions, the concept of spousal abuse has become repugnant to most Islamic scholars. Even Ibn Hajar, the pillar of late medieval Sunni Hadith scholarship, concludes that the Hadiths of the Prophet leave no doubt that striking one's wife to discipline her actually falls under the Shari’ah ruling of 'strongly disliked' or 'disliked verging on prohibited'. Accordingly, the consensus among scholars is that Islam does not condone any level of violence toward women.
|
0.986792 |
The student's task is that, by listening, to come up to a suitable time for a meeting between three persons. Three messages have been left on the answering machine. In the messages, various persons tell when they are busy and when they are at leisure. By listening carefully, the student should conclude which day and what time is suitable for the meeting. Apart from the listening comprehension it is important in this exercise that the student can apply the information given in order to the solve the problem.
|
0.955399 |
In 2018, the Dodge Journey has made the well loved third row bench, standard in every trim level. This SUV is powerful with its impressive technology, latest equipment, and fun interior. This Dodge offers a very competitive cost without letting go of any of its luxury. Comfortable seating, incredible engine power, and the latest in technology.
What are the engine choices?
Under the hood of the Journey, you will find either a 173 horsepower 2.4-liter inline-4 with 166 lb-ft of torque or a 3.6-liter V6 with 283 horsepower and 260 lb-ft of torque. The first engine is standard on the SE, the SXT, and the Crossroad trims, while the second engine is standard on the GT trim and on any trim that chooses all-wheel drive instead of front-wheel drive. The first engine was given a rating of 19/25 miles per gallon for fuel economy by the EPA. The second engine was given a rating of 17/25 miles per gallon for fuel economy. The inline-4 is matched to a four-speed automatic and the V6 is paired with a six-speed automatic. Overall, these engines are capable of towing a maximum weight of 2,500 pounds while properly equipped.
The trims of the Journey are the SE, the SXT, the Crossroad, and the GT. The first trim comes standard with slide and recline second-row seats, 17-inch steel wheels, a height-adjustable driver seat, keyless ignition and entry, a 4.3-inch touchscreen, and a six-speaker sound system. This trim also comes with the option to add the Connectivity package, the Popular Equipment package, or even the Comfort/Convenience package. The SXT then takes the Connectivity and Popularity packages as standard as well as adds an 8.4-inch touchscreen, aimable interior lights, three-zone automatic climate control, rear parking sensors, overhead console storage, and a rearview camera. This trim can also add the SXT Premium package for a power adjustable driver seat, satellite radio, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, and a conversation mirror. Next is the Crossroad with features that includes all of the Uconnect 8.4-inch touchscreen package and the 19-inch black-painted alloy wheels. You can also add a premium six-speaker stereo system, a sunroof, leather upholstery, heated front seats, or even a Driver Convenience package. The final trim is the GT with remote start, 19-inch alloy wheels, leather upholstery, a security alarm, a heated steering wheel and seats, and a premium stereo system.
How many safety features are included?
Standard features on the Dodge Journey would include keyless ignition and entry, active head restraints, advanced multistage airbags, keyless enter n' go, electronic stability control, trailer sway damping, all-speed traction control, electronic roll mitigation, side curtain airbags, remote proximity keyless entry, and driver's side inflatable knee blockers, and so much more. Additional features would be rear park assist, security alarm, a backup camera, and navigation.
Have you been looking to add a little more adventure into your busy life? Come try out the Dodge Journey. It is sure to excite you with its impressive capabilities! If you have any questions please feel free to call us, fill out the form below, or even stop by and say hi.
|
0.999897 |
It’s possible to use many of the same basic trading strategies with CFD trading that one uses with forex trading.
For example, CFD brokers offer many of the same order types as forex brokers. These include stops, limits and contingent orders such as "One Cancels the Other" and "If Done". Some brokers even offer guaranteed stops.
mirror those used by traditional stock investors or forex traders, but there are some subtle advantages that allow for additional flexibility and the potential for higher levels of profitability.
Because of the use of large amounts of leverage, traders can use a wide variety of strategies to increase trading gains in a relatively short period of time.
Because of this, it is easy (and preferable) for many traditional stock investors and forex traders who make the transition to trading CFDs to also take into consideration the greater risks involved, and to employ a regular strategy.
The first decision to be taken is whether to trade long-term versus short-term.
Short-term trading (sometimes referred to as intraday trading) allows traders to profit from price changes that occur from hour to hour or minute to minute. Most of the common CFD trading strategies can be used by short-term traders, with the advantage that short-term trading allows traders to limit financing costs (which can be more expensive for CFD traders). Conversely, some investors prefer long-term trading because of the higher level of forecasting ability created by the underlying trends governing the market.
A long-term CFD trading strategy also allows traders to capture larger price moves, as these trades typically last from a month to a year. It is also possible to take a fundamental trading analytical strategy to fruition with a long-term trading strategy.
Still another approach to CFD trading is Swing trading. This is the attempt to benefit from smaller reversals (or ‘swings’) within larger trends. For example, in bull markets, prices will inevitably experience periods of consolidation or retracement and fall below previous highs.
Since the underlying momentum continues to be positive, these periods of retreat could be viewed as buying opportunities on the assumption that prices are most likely to continue in an upward direction.
The reverse would be true in bear markets, where opportunities exist to initiate short positions.
The advantage of this trading strategy is that trades are easy to identify and forecast (as trends are easy to spot and tend to continue more often than they reverse).
The main disadvantage, however, is that it can be difficult to identify the exact reversal point (that is, when the swing has reached completion).
But CFDs are particularly useful in a hedging strategy.
When markets show substantive increases in volatility, many traders will look for ways to protect their assets from unpredictable (and sometimes extreme) movements in price.
One of the most common strategies used to achieve this is the hedging method, used to balance asset exposure and prevent future losses. Hedging is achieved either by taking opposing positions in correlated markets or, more directly, by buying and selling the same financial instrument on different markets, and profiting from the arbitrage.
This strategy is typically used when prices are fluctuating at higher than normal levels or when investing in assets with wide trading ranges (such as many commodities or currencies with low levels of liquidity).
The hedging method can also be used when a CFD has reached your profit target and you want to lock in gains without actually closing the position.
Hedging is essentially the lowest-risk trading strategy as it is, by design, meant to eliminate risk completely.
|
0.999999 |
The Wi-Fi app indicates that there is a problem with my in-home network. What should I do?
Interference from devices using the same Wi-Fi radio frequencies.
Congestion caused by accessing too many internet services on too many devices at the same time.
Only Wi-Fi weak signals being available in some parts of your house.
Move your router away from electrical devices: Halogen lamps, electrical dimmer switches, stereo or computer speakers, Christmas fairy lights, TVs and monitors and AC power cords have all been known to cause interference to broadband routers.Keep your router as far away as possible from other electrical devices as well as those which emit wireless signals such as baby monitors etc.
Move your router: The walls and furniture in your house act as an obstacle to the Wi-Fi radio frequencies. Ideally routers should be kept centrally within the home and placed on a table or shelf rather than on the floor.
Try restarting your wireless router: This may automatically select a less busy Wi-Fi radio frequency.
Check the instructions: Look at the instructions for the wireless router to see if it allows you manually to select a less busy Wi-Fi channel.
Try running the app again: Run the app again closer to your wireless router. If this improves performance, try using your devices in these locations.
Turn off your internet connected devices: Try turning some of your internet connected devices off and running the app again. If performance improves you may be suffering from congestion in your Wi-Fi network. More recent home routers are often able to better cope with congestion.
Make sure you're using the router correctly: Check the router instructions to confirm it is operating correctly and has a connection to your broadband provider. Many home routers now indicate this using a light on the front panel.
Consider upgrading: If your home router is several years old you could try using a more recent one which often has improved performance.
The Wi-Fi app indicates that there is not a problem with my in-home network, but I am still experiencing problems. What should I do?
You may have a low broadband connection speed. Your broadband provider should be able to let you know what your connection speed is. If a better connection is available from your current or another broadband provider, you may want to consider upgrading to a higher speed connection.
What radio frequencies does Wi-Fi use?
Wi-Fi uses radio frequencies at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. These frequencies are used by your wireless home router and those in your neighbours' houses. In addition they are used by a wide range of devices including baby monitors, garage openers, cordless phones, microwave ovens, and so on. This means that interference can occur in these radio frequencies, which can reduce Wi-Fi performance.
The lower 2.4 GHz frequencies tend to be more effective indoors than the higher 5 GHz frequencies. However, the 5 GHz band can support higher speed connections and is usually less congested than the 2.4 GHz band.
Nearly all wireless in-home routers support the 2.4 GHz frequencies. The 2.4 and 5 GHz bands are increasingly being supported in new in-home routers.
What are the maximum connection speeds supported by different home routers using different Wi-Fi technologies?
Wi-Fi technology has evolved to offer higher connection speeds. However, these higher connection speeds are often only achievable close to the home router.
802.11b: This is the oldest Wi-Fi technology, and can support a top speed of 11 Mbit/s.
802.11g: Operates at 2.4 GHz. It can support a top speed of up to 54 Mbit/s.
802.11n: Operate at either 5 GHz or 2.4 GHz, but not both at the same time. It can support a top speed of up to 150 Mbit/s.
802.11ac: The most recent wireless standard. Operates at either 5 GHz or 2.4 GHz, but not both at the same time. It can support a top speed of up to 800 Mbit/s.
How do I find out what type of Wi-Fi technology my home router is using?
Look on the box it came in, or on the router itself. If you can't find it there, and your home router was provided by your service provider, they may be able to provide the answer.
Why does wireless coverage vary throughout the home? I can only get Wi-Fi access in certain areas.
The walls and furniture in your house act as an obstacle to the Wi-Fi radio frequencies. The greater the number of obstacles and distance between your home router and your devices the lower the likely level of the Wi-Fi signals which reduces its performance.
In addition to this, interference from other devices in your or your neighbours' houses is likely to change depending where you are in your house.
Do not place the wireless router on the floor or next to other electrical items. Put it on a table.
Place the wireless router in the centre of the house.
If possible, plug the device directly into the wireless router with an Ethernet cable.
How much data will the test use?
On an average broadband connection, the test will use less than 1MB of data each time it is run. It could use more on very fast connections.
Ofcom is no longer collecting data from our mobile research app.
Frequently asked questions on the accessibility of communication services.
|
0.957272 |
Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, CVO, OBE (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish explorer who was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. His first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Scott’s Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, from which he was sent home early on health grounds. Determined to make amends for this perceived personal failure, he returned to Antarctica in 1907 as leader of the Nimrod Expedition. In January 1909 he and three companions made a southern march which established a record Farthest South latitude at 88°23'S, 97 geographical miles (114 statute miles, 190 km) from the South Pole, by far the closest convergence in exploration history up to that time. For this achievement, Shackleton was knighted by King Edward VII on his return home.
Away from his expeditions, Shackleton's life was generally restless and unfulfilled. In his search for rapid pathways to wealth and security he launched many business ventures and other money-making schemes, none of which prospered. His financial affairs were generally muddled; when he died, he owed over £40,000 (more than £1.5 million in 2008 terms). On his death he was lauded in the press, but was thereafter largely forgotten, while the heroic reputation of his rival Scott was sustained for many decades. At the end of the 20th century Shackleton was "rediscovered", and rapidly became a cult figure, a role model for leadership as one who, in extreme circumstances, kept his team together to accomplish a survival story which polar historian Stephanie Barczewski describes as "incredible".
Ernest Shackleton was born on 15 February 1874, in Kilkea near Athy, County Kildare, Ireland, about 30 miles (48 km) from Dublin. Ernest's father, Henry, and mother, born Henrietta Letitia Sophia Gavan, were of Anglo-Irish ancestry. Ernest was the second of their ten children and the first of two sons; the second, Frank, would achieve notoriety as a suspect, later exonerated, in the 1907 theft of Ireland's Crown Jewels. In 1880, when Ernest was six, Henry Shackleton gave up his life as a landowner to study medicine at Trinity College, Dublin, moving his family into the city. Four years later, the family moved again, from Ireland to Sydenham in suburban London. Partly this was in search of better professional prospects for the newly qualified doctor, but another factor may have been unease about their Anglo-Irish ancestry, following the assassination by Irish nationalists of Lord Frederick Cavendish, the British Chief Secretary for Ireland, in 1882.
From early childhood Shackleton was a voracious reader, which sparked a passion for adventure. He was schooled by a governess until the age of 11, when he began at Fir Lodge Preparatory School in West Hill, Dulwich. At 13 he entered Dulwich College, a leading public school for boys. The young Shackleton did not distinguish himself as a scholar, and was reputedly said to be "bored" by his studies. He was quoted later as saying: "I never learned much geography at school....Literature, too, consisted in the dissection, the parsing, the analysing of certain passages from our great poets and prose-writers...teachers should be very careful not to spoil [their pupils'] taste for poetry for all time by making it a task and an imposition." In his final term at the school, however, he was able to achieve fifth place in his class of thirty-one.
Shackleton's restlessness at school was such that he was allowed to leave at 16 and go to sea. The options available were a Royal Naval cadetship at HMS Britannia, which Dr Shackleton could not afford, the mercantile marine cadet ships Worcester and Conway, or an apprenticeship "before the mast" on a sailing vessel. The third option was chosen. His father was able to secure him a berth with the North Western Shipping Company, aboard the square-rigged sailing ship Hoghton Tower. During the following four years at sea, Shackleton learned his trade, visiting the far corners of the earth and forming acquaintances with a variety of people from many walks of life, learning to be at home with all kinds of men. In August 1894 he passed his examination for Second Mate and accepted a post as third officer on a tramp steamer of the Welsh Shire Line. Two years later he had obtained his First Mate's ticket, and in 1898 he was certified as a Master Mariner, which qualified him to command a British ship anywhere in the world.
In 1898 Shackleton joined the Union-Castle Line, the regular mail and passenger carrier between Southampton and Cape Town. He was, as a shipmate recorded, "a departure from our usual type of young officer", content with his own company though not aloof, "spouting lines from Keats and Browning", a mixture of sensitivity and aggression but withal, sympathetic. Following the outbreak of the Boer War in 1899, Shackleton transferred to the troopship Tintagel Castle where, in March 1900, he met an army lieutenant, Cedric Longstaff, whose father Llewellyn Longstaff was the main financial backer of the National Antarctic Expedition, then being organised in London. Shackleton used his acquaintance with the son to obtain an interview with Longstaff senior, with a view to obtaining a place on the expedition. Longstaff, impressed by Shackleton's keenness, recommended him to Sir Clements Markham, the expedition's overlord, making it clear that he wanted Shackleton accepted. On 17 February 1901 his appointment as third officer to the expedition's ship Discovery was confirmed; shortly afterwards he was commissioned a sub-lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve. Although officially he was given leave by Union-Castle, this was in fact the end of Shackleton's Merchant Navy service.
The National Antarctic Expedition, known as the Discovery Expedition after the ship Discovery, was the brainchild of Sir Clements Markham, president of the Royal Geographical Society, and had been many years in preparation. It was led by Robert Falcon Scott, a Royal Navy torpedo lieutenant lately promoted Commander, and had objectives that included scientific and geographical discovery. Although Discovery was not a Royal Navy unit, Scott required the crew, officers and scientific staff to accept voluntarily the conditions of the Naval Discipline Act, and the ship and expedition were run on Royal Navy lines. Shackleton accepted this, even though his own background and instincts favoured a different, more informal style of leadership. Shackleton's particular duties were listed as: "In charge of seawater analysis. Ward-room caterer. In charge of holds, stores and provisions [...] He also arranges the entertainments".
Discovery departed London on 31 July 1901, arriving at the Antarctic coast, via Cape Town and New Zealand, on 8 January 1902. After landing, Shackleton took part in an experimental balloon flight on 4 February. He also participated, with the scientists Edward Wilson and Hartley Ferrar, in the first sledging trip from the expedition's winter quarters in McMurdo Sound, a journey which established a safe route on to the Great Ice Barrier. During the Antarctic winter of 1902, in the confines of the iced-in Discovery, Shackleton edited the expedition's magazine The South Polar Times. According to steward Clarence Hare, he was "the most popular of the officers among the crew, being a good mixer", though claims that this represented an unofficial rival leadership to Scott's are unsupported. Scott chose Shackleton to accompany Wilson and himself on the expedition's southern journey, a march southwards to achieve the highest possible latitude in the direction of the South Pole. This march was not a serious attempt on the Pole, although the attainment of a high latitude was of great importance to Scott, and the inclusion of Shackleton indicated a high degree of personal trust.
The party set out on 2 November 1902. The march was, Scott wrote later, "a combination of success and failure". A record Farthest South latitude of 82°17' was reached, beating the previous record established in 1900 by Carsten Borchgrevink.[n 1] The journey was marred by the poor performance of the dogs, whose food had become tainted, and who rapidly fell sick. All 22 dogs died during the march. The three men all suffered at times from snow blindness, frostbite and, ultimately, scurvy. On the return journey Shackleton had by his own admission "broken down" and could no longer carry out his share of the work. He would later strongly refute Scott's claims in The Voyage of the Discovery, that he had been carried on the sledge. However, he was in a seriously weakened condition; Wilson's diary entry for 14 January reads: "Shackleton has been anything but up to the mark, and today he is decidedly worse, very short winded and coughing constantly, with more serious symptoms that need not be detailed here but which are of no small consequence one hundred and sixty miles from the ship".
On 4 February 1903 the party finally reached the ship. After a medical examination (which proved inconclusive), Scott decided to send Shackleton home on the relief ship Morning, which had arrived in McMurdo Sound in January 1903. Scott wrote: "He ought not to risk further hardship in his present state of health." There is conjecture that Scott's motives for removing him was resentment of Shackleton's popularity, and that ill-health was used as an excuse to get rid of him. Years after the deaths of Scott, Wilson and Shackleton, Albert Armitage, the expedition's second-in-command, claimed that there had been a falling-out on the southern journey, and that Scott had told the ship's doctor that "if he does not go back sick he will go back in disgrace." There is no corroboration of Armitage's story. Shackleton and Scott stayed on friendly terms, at least until the publication of Scott's account of the southern journey in The Voyage of the Discovery. Although in public they remained mutually respectful and cordial, according to biographer Roland Huntford, Shackleton's attitude to Scott turned to "smouldering scorn and dislike"; salvage of wounded pride required "a return to the Antarctic and an attempt to outdo Scott".
After a period of convalescence in New Zealand, Shackleton returned to England via San Francisco and New York. As the first significant person to return from the Antarctic he found that he was in demand; in particular, the Admiralty wished to consult him about their further proposals for the rescue of Discovery. With Sir Clements Markham's blessing he accepted a temporary post assisting the outfitting of the Terra Nova for the second Discovery relief operation but turned down the offer to sail with her as chief officer. He also assisted in the equipping of the Argentinian corvette Uruguay, which was being fitted out for the relief of the stranded Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Nordenskiöld. In search of more permanent employment, Shackleton applied for a regular commission in the Royal Navy, via the back-door route of the Supplementary List, but despite the sponsorship of Markham and of the president of the Royal Society he was not successful. Instead, he became a journalist, working for the Royal Magazine, but found this unsatisfactory. He was then offered, and accepted, the secretaryship of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society (RSGS), a post which he took up on 11 January 1904.
In 1905 Shackleton became a shareholder in a speculative company that aimed to make a fortune transporting Russian troops home from the Far East. Despite his assurances to Emily that "we are practically sure of the contract" nothing came of this scheme. He also ventured into politics, unsuccessfully standing in the 1906 General Election as the Liberal Unionist Party's candidate for Dundee.[n 2] Meantime he had taken a job with wealthy Clydeside industrialist William Beardmore (later Lord Invernairn), with a roving commission which involved interviewing prospective clients and entertaining Beardmore's business friends. Shackleton by this time, however, was making no secret of his ambition to return to Antarctica at the head of his own expedition.
Beardmore was sufficiently impressed with Shackleton to offer financial support,[n 3] but other donations proved hard to come by. Nevertheless, in February 1907 Shackleton presented his plans for an Antarctic expedition to the Royal Geographic Society, the details of which, under the name British Antarctic Expedition, were published in the Royal Society's newsletter, Geographic Journal. The aim was the conquest of both the geographical South Pole and the South Magnetic Pole. Shackleton then worked hard to persuade others of his wealthy friends and acquaintances to contribute, including Sir Phillip Lee Brocklehurst, who subscribed £2,000 (2008 equivalent £150,000) to secure a place on the expedition, author Campbell Mackellar, and Guinness baron Lord Iveagh whose contribution was secured less than two weeks before the departure of the expedition ship Nimrod.
On 1 January 1908, Nimrod sailed for the Antarctic from Lyttleton Harbour, New Zealand. Shackleton's original plans had envisaged using the old Discovery base in McMurdo Sound to launch his attempts on the South Pole and South Magnetic Pole. However, before leaving England he had been pressured to give an undertaking to Scott that he would not base himself in the McMurdo area, which Scott was claiming as his own field of work. Shackleton reluctantly agreed to look for winter quarters either at the Barrier Inlet (which Discovery had briefly visited in 1902) or at King Edward VII Land.
To conserve coal, the ship was towed 1,650 miles (2,655 km) by the steamer Koonya to the Antarctic ice, after Shackleton had persuaded the New Zealand government and the Union Steamship Company to share the cost. In accordance with Shackleton's promise to Scott the ship headed for the eastern sector of the Great Ice Barrier, arriving there on 21 January 1908. They found that the Barrier Inlet had expanded to form a large bay, in which were hundreds of whales, which led to the immediate christening of the area as the Bay of Whales. It was noted that ice conditions were unstable, precluding the establishment of a safe base there. An extended search for an anchorage at King Edward VII Land proved equally fruitless, so Shackleton was forced to break his undertaking to Scott and set sail for McMurdo Sound, a decision which, according to second officer Arthur Harbord, was "dictated by common sense" in view of the difficulties of ice pressure, coal shortage and the lack of any nearer known base.
The "Great Southern Journey", as Frank Wild called it, began on 19 October 1908. On 9 January 1909 Shackleton and three companions (Wild, Eric Marshall and Jameson Adams) reached a new Farthest South latitude of 88°23'S, a point only 112 miles (180 km) from the Pole. En route the South Pole party discovered the Beardmore Glacier, (named after Shackleton's patron), and became the first persons to see and travel on the South Polar Plateau. Their return journey to McMurdo Sound was a race against starvation, on half-rations for much of the way. At one point Shackleton gave his one biscuit allotted for the day to the ailing Frank Wild, who wrote in his diary: "All the money that was ever minted would not have bought that biscuit and the remembrance of that sacrifice will never leave me". They arrived at Hut Point just in time to catch the ship.
The expedition's other main accomplishments included the first ascent of Mount Erebus, and the discovery of the approximate location of the South Magnetic Pole, reached on 16 January 1909 by Edgeworth David, Douglas Mawson, and Alistair Mackay. Shackleton returned to the United Kingdom as a hero, and soon afterwards published his expedition account, The Heart of the Antarctic. Emily Shackleton later recorded: "The only comment he made to me about not reaching the Pole was "a live donkey is better than a dead lion, isn't it?" and I said "Yes darling, as far as I am concerned".
Several mostly-intact cases of whisky and brandy left behind in 1909 were recovered in 2010, and will be analyzed by a distilling company for possible revival of the vintage (and since lost) formula for the particular brands found.
On Shackleton's return home, public honours were quickly forthcoming. King Edward VII received him on 12 July and invested him as Commander of the Royal Victorian Order; in the king's Birthday Honours list in November he was made a knight and thus became Sir Ernest Shackleton. He was honoured by the Royal Geographical Society, who awarded him a Gold Medal—a proposal that the medal be smaller than that earlier awarded to Captain Scott was not acted on. All the members of the Nimrod Expedition shore party received silver Polar Medals. Shackleton was also appointed a Younger Brother of Trinity House, a significant honour for British mariners.
Besides the official honours, Shackleton's Antarctic feats were greeted in Britain with great enthusiasm. Proposing a toast to the explorer at a lunch given in Shackleton's honour by the Royal Societies Club, Lord Halsbury, a former Lord Chancellor, said: "When one remembers what he had gone through, one does not believe in the supposed degeneration of the British race. One does not believe that we have lost all sense of admiration for courage [and] endurance". The heroism was also claimed by Ireland: the Dublin Evening Telegraph's headline read "South Pole Almost Reached By An Irishman", while the Dublin Express spoke of the "qualities that were his heritage as an Irishman". Shackleton's fellow-explorers expressed their admiration; Roald Amundsen wrote, in a letter to RGS Secretary John Scott Keltie that "the English nation has by this deed of Shackleton's won a victory that can never be surpassed". Nansen sent an effusive private letter to Emily Shackleton, praising the "unique expedition which has been such a complete success in every respect". The reality was, however, that the expedition had left Shackleton deeply in debt, unable to meet the financial guarantees he had given to backers. Despite his efforts, it required government action, in the form of a grant of £20,000 (2008: £1.5 million) to clear the most pressing obligations. It is likely that many debts were not pressed and were written off.
Any future resumption by Shackleton of the quest for the South Pole depended on the results of Scott's Terra Nova Expedition, which left from Cardiff in July 1910. By the spring of 1912 the world was aware that the pole had been conquered, by the Norwegian Roald Amundsen. The fate of Scott's expedition was not then known. Shackleton's mind turned to a project that had been announced, and then abandoned, by the Scottish explorer William Speirs Bruce, for a continental crossing, from a landing in the Weddell Sea, via the South Pole to McMurdo Sound. Bruce, who had failed to acquire financial backing, was happy that Shackleton should adopt his plans, which were similar to those being followed by the German explorer Wilhelm Filchner. Filchner had left Bremerhaven in May 1911; in December 1912 the news arrived from South Georgia that his expedition had failed.[n 5] The transcontinental journey, in Shackleton's words, was the "one great object of Antarctic journeyings" remaining, now open to him.
Shackleton published details of his new expedition, grandly titled the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, early in 1914. Two ships would be employed; Endurance would carry the main party into the Weddell Sea, aiming for Vahsel Bay from where a team of six, led by Shackleton, would begin the crossing of the continent. Meanwhile a second ship, the Aurora, would take a supporting party under Captain Aeneas Mackintosh to McMurdo Sound on the opposite side of the continent. This party would then lay supply depots across the Great Ice Barrier as far as the Beardmore Glacier, these depots holding the food and fuel that would enable Shackleton's party to complete their journey of 1,800 miles (2,900 km) across the continent.
Shackleton used his considerable fund-raising skills, and the expedition was financed largely by private donations, although the British government gave £10,000 (about £680,000 in 2008 terms). Scottish jute magnate Sir James Caird gave £24,000, Midlands industrialist Frank Dudley Docker gave £10,000 and tobacco heiress Janet Stancomb-Wills gave an undisclosed but reportedly "generous" sum. Public interest in the expedition was considerable; Shackleton received more than 5,000 applications to join it. His interviewing and selection methods sometimes seemed eccentric; believing that character and temperament were as important as technical ability, he would ask unconventional questions. Thus physicist Reginald James was asked if he could sing; others were accepted on sight because Shackleton liked the look of them, or after the briefest of interrogations. Shackleton also loosened some traditional hierarchies, expecting all men, including the scientists, to take their share of ship's chores.
Despite the outbreak of the First World War on 3 August 1914, Endurance was directed by the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, to "proceed", and left British waters on 8 August. Shackleton delayed his own departure until 27 September, meeting the ship in Buenos Aires.
Endurance departed from South Georgia for the Weddell Sea on 5 December, heading for Vahsel Bay. As the ship moved southward, early ice was encountered, which slowed progress. Deep in the Weddell Sea conditions gradually grew worse until, on 19 January 1915, Endurance became frozen fast in an ice floe. On 24 February, realising that she would be trapped until the following spring, Shackleton ordered the abandonment of ship's routine and her conversion to a winter station. She drifted slowly northward with the ice through the following months. When spring arrived in September the breaking of the ice and its later movements put extreme pressures on the ship's hull.
Until this point Shackleton had hoped that the ship, when she was released from the ice, could work her way back towards Vahsel Bay. On 24 October, however, water began pouring in. After a few days, with the position at 69°05'S, 51°30'W, Shackleton gave the order to abandon ship, saying, "She's going down!"; and men, provisions and equipment were transferred to camps on the ice. On 21 November 1915, the wreck finally slipped beneath the surface.
For almost two months Shackleton and his party camped on a large, flat floe, hoping that it would drift towards Paulet Island, approximately 250 miles (402 km) away, where it was known that stores were cached. After failed attempts to march across the ice to this island, Shackleton decided to set up another more permanent camp (Patience Camp) on another floe, and trust to the drift of the ice to take them towards a safe landing. By 17 March their ice camp was within 60 miles (97 km) of Paulet Island but, separated by impassable ice, they were unable to reach it. On 9 April their ice floe broke into two, and Shackleton ordered the crew into the lifeboats, to head for the nearest land. After five harrowing days at sea the exhausted men landed their three lifeboats at Elephant Island. This was the first time they had stood on solid ground for 497 days. Shackleton's concern for his men was such that he gave his mittens to photographer Frank Hurley, who had lost his during the boat journey. Shackleton suffered frostbitten fingers as a result.
Shackleton refused to pack supplies for more than four weeks, knowing that if they did not reach South Georgia within that time, the boat and its crew would be lost. The James Caird was launched on 24 April 1916; during the next fifteen days it sailed through the waters of the southern ocean, at the mercy of the stormy seas, in constant peril of capsizing. On 8 May, due to Worsley's navigational skills, the cliffs of South Georgia came into sight, but hurricane-force winds prevented the possibility of landing. The party were forced to ride out the storm offshore, in constant danger of being dashed against the rocks. They would later learn that the same hurricane had sunk a 500-ton steamer bound for South Georgia from Buenos Aires. On the following day they were able, finally, to land on the unoccupied southern shore. After a period of rest and recuperation, rather than risk putting to sea again to reach the whaling stations on the northern coast, Shackleton decided to attempt a land crossing of the island. Although it is likely that Norwegian whalers had previously crossed at other points on ski, no one had attempted this particular route before. Leaving McNish, Vincent and McCarthy at the landing point on South Georgia, Shackleton travelled with Worsley and Crean over mountainous terrain for 36 hours to reach the whaling station at Stromness.
The next successful crossing of South Georgia was in October 1955, by the British explorer Duncan Carse, who travelled much of the same route as Shackleton's party. In tribute to their achievement he wrote: "I do not know how they did it, except that they had to—three men of the heroic age of Antarctic exploration with 50 feet of rope between them—and a carpenter's adze".
Shackleton immediately sent a boat to pick up the three men from the other side of South Georgia while he set to work to organise the rescue of the Elephant Island men. His first three attempts were foiled by sea ice, which blocked the approaches to the island. He appealed to the Chilean government, which offered the use of Yelcho, a small seagoing tug from its navy. Yelcho reached Elephant Island on 30 August, and Shackleton quickly evacuated all 22 men.
Shackleton returned to England in May 1917, while Europe was in the midst of the First World War. He suffered from a heart condition, most likely made worse by the fatigue of his arduous journeys. He was too old to be conscripted, but nevertheless he volunteered for the army, repeatedly requesting to be sent to the front in France. He was by now drinking heavily. In October 1917 he was sent to Buenos Aires to boost British propaganda in South America. Unqualified as a diplomat, he nevertheless tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade Argentina and Chile to enter the war on the side of the Allies. He returned home in April 1918.
Shackleton was then briefly involved in a mission to Spitsbergen, the purpose of which was to establish a British presence there, in the guise of a mining operation. On the way there, in Tromsø, he was taken ill, possibly with a heart attack; in any event he was required to return home, as he had been commissioned into the army and appointed to a military expedition to Murmansk, in northern Russia. The Armistice was signed on 11 November 1918, and four months later, in March 1919, Shackleton returned home. He was full of plans, however, for the economic development of Northern Russia, and began seeking capital to this end. These plans foundered as the region fell to the Bolsheviks. Shackleton returned to the lecture circuit, and in December 1919 published South, his own account of the Endurance expedition. For his war effort in North Russia, Shackleton was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).
In 1920, tired of the lecture circuit, Shackleton began to consider the possibility of a last expedition. He thought seriously of going to the Beaufort Sea area of the Arctic, a largely unexplored region, and raised some interest in this idea from the Canadian government. With funds supplied by a former schoolfriend John Quiller Rowett he acquired a 125 ton Norwegian sealer, named Foca I which he renamed Quest. The plan changed; the destination became the Antarctic, and the project was defined by Shackleton as an "oceanographic and sub-antarctic expedition". The goals of the venture were imprecise, but a circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent and investigation of some "lost" sub-Antarctic islands were mentioned as objectives. Rowett agreed to finance the entire expedition, which became known as the Shackleton-Rowett Expedition, and which left England on 24 September 1921.
Although some of his former crew members had not received all of their pay from the Endurance expedition, many of them signed on with their former "Boss". When the party arrived in Rio de Janeiro, Shackleton suffered a suspected heart attack. He refused a proper medical examination and would not seek treatment, so Quest continued south, and on 4 January 1922 arrived at South Georgia.
In the early hours of the next morning Shackleton summoned the expedition's physician, Alexander Macklin, to his cabin, complaining of back pains and other discomfort. According to Macklin's own account, Macklin told him he had been overdoing things and should try to "lead a more regular life", to which Shackleton answered: "You are always wanting me to give up things, what is it I ought to give up?" "Chiefly alcohol, Boss," replied Macklin. A few moments later, at 2:50 a.m. on 5 January 1922, Shackleton suffered a fatal heart attack.
Macklin, who conducted the autopsy, concluded that the cause of death was atheroma of the coronary arteries exacerbated by "overstrain during a period of debility". Leonard Hussey, a veteran of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic expedition, offered to accompany the body back to Britain; however, while he was in Montevideo en route to England, a message was received from Emily Shackleton asking that her husband be buried in South Georgia. Hussey returned to South Georgia with the body on the steamer Woodville, and on 5 March 1922 Shackleton was buried in the Grytviken cemetery, South Georgia, after a short service in the Lutheran church. Macklin wrote in his diary: "I think this is as "the Boss" would have had it himself, standing lonely in an island far from civilization, surrounded by stormy tempestuous seas, & in the vicinity of one of his greatest exploits."
Before the return of Shackleton's body to South Georgia, there had been a memorial service held for him, with full military honours, at Holy Trinity Church, Montevideo, and on 2 March a service had been held at St Paul's Cathedral, London, at which the King and other members of the royal family had been represented. Within a year the first biography, The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton, by Hugh Robert Mill, had been published. This book, as well as being a tribute to the explorer, was a practical effort to assist his family; Shackleton had died some £40,000 in debt (2008: £1.5 million). A further initiative was the establishment of a Shackleton Memorial Fund, which was used to assist the education of his children and the support of his mother.
During the ensuing decades Shackleton's status as a polar hero was generally outshone by that of Captain Scott. Scott's polar party had, by 1925, been commemorated in Britain alone by more than 30 monuments, including stained glass windows, statues, busts and memorial tablets. A statue of Shackleton designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens was unveiled at the Royal Geographical Society's Kensington headquarters in 1932, but public memorials to Shackleton were relatively few. Likewise, the printed word saw much more attention given to Scott—a forty-page booklet on Shackleton, published in 1943 by OUP as part of a "Great Exploits" series, is described by cultural historian Stephanie Barczewski as "a lone example of a popular literary treatment of Shackleton in a sea of similar treatments of Scott". This disparity continued into the 1950s.
In 1959 Alfred Lansing's Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage was published. This was the first of a number of books about Shackleton that began to appear, showing him in a highly positive light. At the same time, attitudes towards Scott were gradually changing, as a more critical note was sounded in the literature, culminating in Roland Huntford's 1979 treatment of him in his dual biography Scott and Amundsen, described by Barczewski as a "devastating attack". This negative picture of Scott became accepted as the popular truth, as the kind of heroism that Scott represented fell victim to the cultural shifts of the late twentieth century. Within a few years he had been thoroughly overtaken in public esteem by Shackleton, whose popularity surged while that of his erstwhile rival declined. In 2002, in a BBC poll conducted to determine the "100 Greatest Britons", Shackleton was ranked eleventh, while Scott was down in 54th place.
Shackleton's death marked the end of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, a period of discovery characterized by journeys of geographical and scientific exploration in a largely unknown continent, without any of the benefits of modern travel methods or radio communication. In the preface to his book The Worst Journey in the World Apsley Cherry-Garrard, one of Scott's team on the Terra Nova Expedition, wrote: "For a joint scientific and geographical piece of organization, give me Scott; for a Winter Journey, Wilson; for a dash to the Pole and nothing else, Amundsen: and if I am in the devil of a hole and want to get out of it, give me Shackleton every time".
^ "Measuring Worth". Institute for the Measurement of Worth. http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/.
^ "Historical figures:Ernest Shackleton". www.bbc.co.uk/history. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/shackleton_ernest.shtml. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
^ "Purchasing Power of the British Pound". MeasuringWorth. http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
^ Shackleton: Heart of the Antarctic, p. 210. The distance from the Pole is commonly given as 97 or 98 miles, this being the distance in nautical miles.
^ London Gazette: no. 28271, p. 5461, 16 July 1909. Retrieved on 21 December 2008.
^ London Gazette: no. 28321, p. 9763, 24 December 1909. Retrieved on 21 December 2008.
^ Riffenburgh, Beau (October, 2006). Encyclopedia of the Antarctic. 1. Taylor & Francis, Inc.. pp. 892. ISBN 9780415970242. http://books.google.com/books?id=fRJtB2MNdJMC&pg=PA892&dq=%22frank+shackleton%22&as_brr=3&ei=kQKWS4O3J6WCkQS-pfzHAg&cd=5#v=onepage&q=%22frank%20shackleton%22&f=false.
Alexander, Caroline (1998). Endurance. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-4123-X.
Barczewski, Stephanie (2007). Antarctic Destiny: Scott, Shackleton and the changing face of heroism. London: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84725-192-3.
Fisher, Marjorie and James (1957). Shackleton. James Barrie Books Ltd.
Mill, Hugh Robert (1923). "The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton". Internet Archive (originally William Heinemann). http://www.archive.org/stream/lifeofsirernests00milluoft/lifeofsirernests00milluoft_djvu.txt. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
Perkins, Dennis N.T. (2000). Leading at the Edge: Leadership Lessons from the Extraordinary Saga of Shackleton's Antarctica Expedition. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. ISBN 0814405436. http://books.google.com/books?id=3bYIQr_ftPcC&pg=PA89&dq=ernest+shackleton+houghton+tower&lr=&sig=3uwo_pPJM7dvnQcFlv5THGHikJI.
"Purchasing Power of the British Pound from 1264 to 2007". MeasuringWorth. http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
Riffenburgh, Beau (2005). Nimrod: Ernest Shackleton and the Extraordinary Story of the 1907–09 British Antarctic Expedition. London: Bloomsbury Publications. ISBN 0-7475-7253-4.
Savours, Ann (2001). The Voyages of the Discovery. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86178-149-X.
Shackleton, Ernest (1982). South: The story of Shackleton's 1914–17 expedition. London: Century Publishing. ISBN 0-7126-0111-2.
Capparell, Stephanie; Morrell, Margot (2001). Shackleton's Way: Leadership lessons from the great Antarctic explorer. New York, N.Y.: Viking. ISBN 0-670-89196-7.
Hurley, Frank (2004). South with Endurance: Shackleton's Antarctic Expedition 1914-1917, the photographs of Frank Hurley. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-7534-7.
Lansing, Alfred (2001). Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-02978-2919-5.
Perkins, Dennis N.T. (2000). Leading at the Edge: Leadership Lessons from the Extraordinary Saga of Shackleton's Antarctica Expedition. New York: AMACOM. ISBN 0-8144-0543-6.
"The James Caird Society". www.james cairdsociety.com. http://www.jamescairdsociety.com/. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
"Athy Heritage Centre Museum". Athy Heritage Centre Museum. http://www.athyheritagecentre-museum.ie/shackleton/. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, CVO, OBE (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish explorer, now chiefly remembered for his Antarctic expedition of 1914 - 1916 in the ship Endurance.
That was all of tangible things; but in memories we were rich. We had pierced the veneer of outside things. We had "suffered, starved and triumphed, groveled down yet grasped at glory, grown bigger in the bigness of the whole. We had seen God in His splendours, heard the text that Nature renders." We had reached the naked soul of man.
South (1919). In this extract, Shackleton was paraphrasing the poem "The Call of the Wild" by Robert Service, published in 1907.
Attributed. Supposedly from a 1901 newspaper advertisement in the Times of London calling for volunteers for an Antarctic expedition. May be apocryphal (see external links below).
Page about the ongoing search for the original "Men wanted for hazardous journey. ..." newspaper advertisement.
Ernest Shackleton (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish explorer.
Ernest Henry Shackleton was born at Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland. The Shackletons were originally from Yorkshire. The first member of this family was Abraham Shackleton, a Quaker, who moved to Ireland early in the 18th century and started a school at Ballitore, near Dublin. His father, Henry, wanted to enter the army but his poor health prevented him.
Ernest's mother, born Henrietta Letitia Sophia Ganan, married his father in 1872, bringing some Irish blood into the Anglo-Irish family. Henry Shackleton was a survivalist. He had left the farm before it was too late. When he was 33 years old, he left his farm to go to Trinity College in Dublin to start a new career in medicine.
Shackleton first went to the Antarctic on Captain Robert Scott's 1901-1904 expedition but he was sent home as he was ill. In 1907 he returned to the Antarctic and in January 1909 was part of a group who walked further south than anyone had ever been before, travelling to within 190 kilometres of the South Pole. In 1912 the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen became the leader of the first group to reach the South Pole. Shackleton decided on a new target, he wanted to walk across Antarctica from one side to the other crossing the South Pole in the middle. Disaster struck when his ship, called Endurance, was trapped in the ice. They spent 281 days on board waiting for the ice to break again, but the boat was slowly crushed to pieces. Shackleton and his men dragged their lifeboats over many miles of snow and ice to reach sea. They set sail in the lifeboats and eventually reached Elephant Island. In April 1916 Shackleton and four others sailed hundreds of miles to South Georgia to get help at the whaling station there. This was a journey of 1300 kilometres and took 16 days. Unfortunately the boat he was in landed on the wrong side of the island and they had to climb over the mountainous middle section to reach the whaling station. A rescue party saved everyone from Elephant Island in August 1916.
|
0.925951 |
Jan Václav Hugo Voříšek (Czech pronunciation: [jan ˈvaːt͡slaf ˈɦuɡo ˈvor̝iːʃɛk]; Johann Hugo Worzischek, 11 May 1791, Vamberk, Bohemia – 19 November 1825, Vienna, Austria) was a Czech composer, pianist and organist.
Voříšek was born in the town of Vamberk where his father was schoolmaster, choirmaster and organist. A child prodigy, he started to perform publicly in Bohemian towns at the age of nine. His father taught him music, encouraged his playing the piano and helped him get a scholarship to attend the University of Prague, where he studied philosophy. He also had lessons in piano and composition from Tomášek. He found it impossible to obtain sufficient work as a musician in Prague, so in 1813 at the age of 22 Voříšek moved to Vienna to study law and, he hoped, to meet Beethoven. In Vienna he was able to greatly improve his piano technique under Hummel, but once more failed to gain full-time employment as a musician.
Although Voříšek was enthralled by the classical style of Mozart, he was more intrigued by the incipient romanticism of Beethoven.
In 1814, as he was starting to compose, he did indeed meet Beethoven in Vienna. He also met other leading musicians there, including the composers Louis Spohr, Ignaz Moscheles, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, and especially Franz Schubert with whom he became fast friends.
He completed his law studies in 1821 and was appointed barrister to the Court Military Privy Councillor, for whom he mainly drafted legal documents. But in 1822, he at last found musical employment as second court organist and ended his legal career. He was appointed first organist in 1824.
He soon won esteem as a composer of orchestral, vocal and piano music for orchestra. In 1818 he became conductor of the Friends of Music Society (Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde) of Vienna.
Vorišek died of tuberculosis in 1825 at the age of 34. He was buried at Währing cemetery, where within three years his idol Beethoven (in 1827) and his friend Schubert (in 1828) ended up as well. The cemetery is now a park named after Schubert, although the remains of both Schubert and Beethoven were later moved to the Zentralfriedhof, or Central Cemetery, of Vienna.
Voříšek wrote only one symphony, his Symphony in D major, in 1821. Its style has been likened to Beethoven's first two symphonies, but its melodically inventive early Romantic idiom was similar to Schubert's.
In his capacity as imperial court organist, Voříšek composed a Mass in B-flat major. Together with his single symphony, some of his piano works and his Violin Sonata in G major, Op. 5, the Mass has been recorded.
The first recorded use of impromptu as a musical term occurred in 1817, in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, an idea of the publisher to describe a piano piece by Voříšek . His Impromptus Op.7 were published in 1822, pieces known to his friend Schubert who subsequently used the description for several sets of music for piano, as did Chopin and numerous other composers.
In 1823-24, like Schubert, he was one of the 50 composers to contribute a variation on the same waltz by Anton Diabelli for the Vaterländischer Künstlerverein on which Beethoven composed his 33 variations (Op. 120).
Cantus Classics 1993 recording (CACD 8.0019 D) of Voříšek's Symphony in D major and Mass in B-flat major with Oldrich Vlchek (resp. Václav Neumann) and the Virtuosi di Praga & Prague Chamber Choir.
Hyperion Records recording (CDA 66800) Voříšek's Symphony in D, with Charles Mackerras and the Scottish Chamber Orchestra.
Regis Records recording RRC1224 Six Impromptus Op. 7, Sonata in B flat minor Op. 20, Variations in B flat Op. 19 and Fantasie Op. 12, also for piano.
|
0.943453 |
This article is about the US Army Major General and the lead investigator in the Lindbergh kidnapping. For his son, the Gulf War general, see Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.
Official portrait of Col. Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf (Badge #1), 1st Superintendent of the New Jersey State Police.
Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf (/ˈʃwɔːrtskɒf/; August 28, 1895 – November 25, 1958) was the first superintendent of the New Jersey State Police. He is best known for his involvement in the Lindbergh kidnapping case. He was the father of General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr., the commander of all Coalition forces for Operation Desert Shield/Storm.
Schwarzkopf was born in Newark, New Jersey, to Julius George Schwarzkopf and Agnes Sarah Schmidt, of Germany. He graduated from Barringer High School. He received an appointment from Walter I. McCoy to attend the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduated in 1917 and served in World War I.
After receiving a commission as a second lieutenant in the cavalry, Schwarzkopf was sent to Europe as part of the American Expeditionary Forces. He was gassed with mustard gas, making him susceptible to respiratory illnesses for the rest of his life. During the occupation, he served as a provost marshal, partially because of his organizational skills and partially because of his fluency in German.
After returning to the United States with the rank of colonel, Schwarzkopf was appointed in 1921 by New Jersey Governor Edward I. Edwards to head the newly formed New Jersey State Police. He personally trained the first 25 state police troopers and organized the state police into two troops: a northern troop, utilizing motorcycles, to patrol the Mafia-controlled narcotics, whiskey, rum-running, and gambling rings in the New York City area; and a southern troop, with troopers on horseback, to crack down on moonshiners. He left the force in 1936 after being relieved of his duty by a governor with whom he frequently clashed.
On the evening of March 1, 1932, Schwarzkopf, then 37, and the chief of the New Jersey State Police, was among the officials called to the East Amwell residence of Charles Lindbergh, following the kidnapping of his 20-month-old son, Charlie. He arrived on the scene with his second-in-command, Major Charles Schoeffel, and established a police command post in the three-car garage on the side of Lindbergh's house opposite the nursery, though he found it impossible to protect the area from contamination. Further complicating the investigation was the fact that the controlling Lindbergh used his fame and influence to exert authority over matters, which meant that Schwarzkopf had to essentially work around him, despite ostensibly being in charge of the investigation, a fact for which Schwarzkopf has been criticized by experts such as FBI profiler and author John E. Douglas. Schwarzkopf requested a list of all the employees who worked on Lindbergh's house, which was constructed following Charlie's birth, as well as those who worked in the house and at Next Day Hill, the palatial Englewood estate of Lindbergh's inlaws, Dwight and Elizabeth Morrow, where the Lindberghs stayed during the week prior to the completion of their own home. Although they stayed in the incomplete home only on weekends, they did not return to Next Day Hill by Tuesday, March 1, because Charlie was ill. Schwarzkopf believed the kidnappers were local and nonprofessional, based on their apparent familiarity with the Lindbergh house, the location of the nursery from which the infant Charlie was abducted, and the relatively modest ransom request of $50,000.
Schwarzkopf (right) with Charles Lindbergh, following grand jury testimony.
Schwarzkopf suspected gang involvement, as kidnapping was a common criminal enterprise during the Great Depression, and wanted to contact members of the underworld, but during the course of the investigation, John F. Condon, a 72-year-old retired Bronx school teacher, became an intermediary between Lindbergh and the kidnappers after he placed an ad in Home News, to which the kidnappers responded. Schwarzkopf wanted to place a trace on Condon's telephone, but Lindbergh overruled him, and setting up a trap would have been made difficult or impossible by Lindbergh's management of the case. Schwarzkopf reluctantly agreed to keep law enforcement away from the arranged ransom drop. Although the man Condon gave the ransom money to in Saint Raymond's Cemetery in the Bronx on April 2 gave Condon a note describing a boat where Charlie could be found, no such boat was found. When Charlie's skeletonized corpse was found by a truck driver on May 12, Schwarzkopf inspected the shallow grave, four miles from the Lindbergh home, whose lights were visible from the site. Following identification of the corpse as Charlie, and the determination from the level of decomposition that he was killed immediately after abduction, Schwarzkopf informed Charlie's nursemaid, Betty Gow, and Elizabeth Morrow, who then informed Charlie's mother, Anne Lindbergh. Charles Lindbergh's need for control over the case was now over, and by the time the case was months old, and trails had gone cold, Schwarzkopf was the target of widespread and recurring criticism. Following the suicide of Violet Sharpe, a maid for the Morrows who had been acting suspiciously before the incident and during its investigation, some, such as Violet's sister, Emily Sharpe, accused Schwarzkopf and Jersey City Police Department investigator Harry Walsh of harassing her to death with their rough interrogations, but experts such as Douglas have disputed this notion.
To test the theory of how the baby was abducted and then killed early on, Schwarzkopf had duplicates constructed of the makeshift ladder used to climb into Charlie's second-story nursery window and the ransom letter, and reenacted the crime himself. The 165-pound Schwarzkopf carried a sandbag weighing the same as Charlie down the ladder, and when he stepped onto the highest rung of the lower portion of the wooden ladder (which, like the real one, consisted of two hinged sections and a third one attached at the crime scene), the side rail split, just where it had on the real ladder. Schwarzkopf dropped the bag, and it struck the cement windowsill of the library, echoing the massive skull fracture that served as Charlie's cause of death. Schwarzkopf had the written communications in evidence sent to graphologists, who concluded that they were all written by one person, most likely German in origin. In the fall of 1932, Schwarzkopf was put in touch with New York psychiatrist Dudley D. Schoenfeld, who concluded from the kidnapper's writings that the perpetrator was a mechanically inclined, 40-year-old German suffering from dementia paralytica, caused by feelings of powerlessness, which is considered an impressive early example of criminal profiling. Schwarzkopf also had pieces of the ladder analyzed by wood technologist Arthur Koehler, who determined from four extra nail holes that rail sixteen of the ladder, unlike the wood used to make the rest of the ladder, had been previously used for some other purpose. It was presumed that this was because the kidnapper ran out of lumber and cannibalized whatever wood was on hand for that rail. Koestler concluded on November 19, 1933, that side rails twelve through fifteen came from National Lumber and Millwork Company in the Bronx. Investigation of bills from the ransom money that turned up in circulation led to the September 19, 1934, arrest of Bruno Hauptmann, a 35-year-old German skilled carpenter who once worked at National Lumber and Millwork, which was ten blocks from Hauptmann's residence. By matching grain patterns and nail holes, Koehler determined that rail sixteen had been removed from Hauptmann's attic, which was missing a floorboard, and featured nail holes in four successive joints where it would have been hammered down. Hauptmann was tried and convicted for murder, and was executed on April 3, 1936.
In 1936, Schwarzkopf was fired from the New Jersey State Police after a personality clash with a new governor and went on to narrate the radio program Gang Busters for a short period of time (he can be heard in the March 28, 1941, episode The Case of the Nickel and Dime Bandits) before returning to active duty in the U.S. Army with the onset of World War II.
Schwarzkopf was posted to Iran in 1942 owing to the efforts of Mohammad Vali Mirza Farman Farmaian and was tasked with organizing the Iranian police after the UK-Soviet intervention that made Iran an Allied protectorate. His recruits, the Gendarmerie, were active in suppressing the Soviet-inspired attempt to destabilize Iran by backing separatists in Azerbaijan and Kurdistan (Mahabad). For his work in Iran, Schwarzkopf was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.
After World War II, he was promoted to brigadier general and in the late 1940s was sent to occupied Germany to serve as provost marshal for the entire U.S. sector.
Before retiring from the Army in 1953 with the rank of major general, Schwarzkopf was sent by the Central Intelligence Agency as part of Operation Ajax (correct name TPAjax, TP meaning Soviet backed Tudeh Party of Iran), to convince the self-exiled Iranian monarch, Mohammad Reza Shah, to return and seize power. Schwarzkopf went so far as to organize the security forces he had trained to support the Shah, and in so doing he helped to train what would later become known as the SAVAK.
Schwarzkopf was appointed by New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner to "examine and investigate the management by Harold G. Hoffman," a former governor of the state and director in the division of employment security. Both Schwarzkopf and Hoffman were active members of the Adventurers' Club of New York.
Schwarzkopf died in 1958 from complications of lung cancer and is buried at West Point Cemetery, on the grounds of the United States Military Academy.
Schwarzkopf was married to Ruth Alice (née Bowman) (1900–1977), a registered nurse from West Virginia. Ruth was a housewife who was distantly related to Thomas Jefferson. Together, they had one son, Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. and two daughters, Sally and RuthAnn. Schwarzkopf was a member of St. John's Lodge #1 of Free and Accepted Masons, Newark NJ. He Achieved the Sublime Degree of Master Mason.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to H. Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr..
^ Wren Jr., George J. "Of Competence and Character: A New Jersey Story Passed on from Father to Son", Association of Former New Jersey State Troopers. Accessed March 14, 2019. "After graduating from Barringer High School in Newark, Herbert was granted a Congressional appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point from the Honorable Walter I. McCoy, Judge of the Supreme Court in Washington D.C."
^ a b c Eisenhower, John (August 25, 1991). "Schwarzkopf: Desert Storm And Before". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing.
^ a b Pyle 1991, p. 10–11.
^ a b c d Melson, Richard (September 6, 2006). "Norman Schwarzkopf Sr". Retrieved December 28, 2015.
^ Gill, Barbara (1981). "Lindbergh kidnapping rocked the world 50 years ago". The Hunterdon County Democrat. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
^ a b c John E. Douglas and Mark Olshaker. The Cases That Haunt Us, 2000, Simon & Schuster, "Chapter 3: The Lindbergh Kidnapping", pp. 119–185.
^ "Col. H. Norman Schwarzkopf". Richard Hauptmann (Lindbergh Kidnapping) Trial'. UMKC School of Law. Archived from the original on 2010-06-21. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
^ History Commons. "Profile:Norman Schwarzkopf Sr". Retrieved 2009-01-13.
^ N. R. Keddie and M. J. Gasiorowski, eds., Neither East Nor West. Iran, the United States, and the Soviet Union, New Haven, 1990, pp. 154–55; personal interviews.
^ "Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Sr". Find a Grave. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
^ a b Grossman 2007, p. 312.
^ a b McNeese 2003, p. 13.
^ a b Archer 2000, p. 7.
^ a b Pyle 1991, p. 20.
^ Schwartz 2006, p. 424.
This page was last edited on 15 March 2019, at 00:05 (UTC).
|
0.967926 |
When did you know that you wanted to become an astronaut?
I knew when I saw my first shuttle launch as a kid in elementary school. Let's face it, the Shuttle is a wonderfully complex and beautiful vehicle. It's hard not to be inspired by its sheer power.
What was it that inspired this goal and what steps did you take to get there?
I always enjoyed science while growing up which led to the decision to enter an electrical engineering curriculum at George Washington University in Washington, DC. Midway through my undergraduate training, I was exposed to wonderful physicians in my hometown of Fort Collins, Colorado. It may be difficult to see a connection between engineering and medicine, but both require that you examine problems from all angles and reason through multiple solutions. I also saw what a difference you could make in a person's life during a particularly difficult time. I made the decision to enter medical school and loved every minute of it. You quickly realize how much trust people place in you when you assume responsibility for their medical care. While going through medical school, I knew I still wanted to work for NASA and discovered that the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas offered a combined residency program in Internal Medicine and Aerospace Medicine. This was the track for me! I spent 6 years at UTMB and was soon hired on as a flight surgeon serving NASA under the UTMB/Wyle Bioastronautics contract. I spent several months in Russia supporting ISS crews during their training. It was a great time to learn what an astronaut's life would be like while training for long-duration missions aboard ISS. Most important is that the decisions I made in my professional career were not toward a specific goal but because I loved what I was doing at the time.
What was your reaction to hearing that you were selected?
What are some of your hobbies, interests and special talents?
I love to play basketball, softball, and cricket! I also enjoy hiking at home in the mountains of Colorado and jet-skiing in the Galveston surf.
|
0.999998 |
In this article I am going to explain twelve things you should know about the extreme-right hate group called Britain First.
Britain First was founded by a guy called Jim Dowson who ran a British National Party call centre in Belfast until he abandoned the party after being accused of indecently assaulting a woman in a hotel room. Dowson tried to claim that the accusations were part of a "dirty tricks" campaign to discredit him because he opposed BNP leader Nick Griffin's plan to comply with court rulings to remove discriminatory clauses from the BNP constitution. It's not much of a defence to say that the accusations against him were fabricated because he was even more right-wing than Nick Griffin, but that's the story he came out with.
Jim Dowson has got a track record of involvement with loyalist paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland, and with anti-women's rights groups. He is also very open about his homophobic views.
The treasurer of Britain First is also an ex-BNP man. Paul Golding was a BNP councilor in Sevenoaks between 2009 and 2011 and he also served as the BNP's communication officer.
This ex-BNP pair stood as the Britain First candidates in Wales and Scotland in the 2014 European elections. As Britain First didn't stand any candidates in England, they advised their followers to vote for UKIP, which would hardly seem to be the kind of endorsement that Nigel Farage would want for his "we're definitely not fascists" party.
UPDATE: Britain First founder Jim Dowson quit in July 2014 saying that "No matter how many times I told [Paul Golding] I did not want decent Muslims intimidated, he just continued doing it ... I have come to the conclusion that no matter how hard I tried, you cannot escape from the fact that the group is being overrun with racists and extremists".
Over one million people have decided to "like" Britain First's Facebook page, meaning this extreme-right hate group has more followers than any other political party in the UK.
It should be a source of acute national embarrassment that at a time when the British public should be looking to genuine political alternatives to the bankrupt neoliberal status quo in Westminster, that hundreds of thousands of people are turning to an extreme-right hate group hell bent on scapegoating minorities, and that these followers are spreading the Britain First messages of hate and fear all over Facebook.
One of the most distasteful things about Britain First is the way that they elicit donations to their right-wing political party through animal cruelty shock tactics.
The image to the right is one of their most popular fundraising campaigns ever (shared a mind-boggling 791,234 times).
The image description says "help us stop this cruelty!" and includes a link to their Paypal donations page. The problem is that Britain First have made absolutely no effort to segregate funds raised through this "help us stop this cruelty!" appeal from their general donations. Neither have they explained anywhere how they plan to use all of this money to actually prevent animal cruelty.
Britain First believe that they can get away with appealing to people's good nature (abhorrence at animal cruelty) in order to soak up huge numbers of donations from unsuspecting people who imagine that their donations will be used to prevent animal cruelty, rather than fund an extreme-right political party.
In my view Britain First are guilty of obtaining party political donations under false pretenses, and of illegally funding their political party with overseas donations. I have written to the Electoral Commission to ask what they plan to do about it.
One of the most commonly occurring images on the Britain First Facebook page and on the Britain First website is a picture of the murdered soldier Lee Rigby. It is absolutely sickening that they choose to continue desecrating his memory by making him the "poster boy" of their extreme-right hate group despite the objections of his family.
In the 2014 European Elections they even used the phrase "Remember Lee Rigby" as their party description on the ballot papers in Wales. The Electoral Commission were hit by a tidal wave of condemnation for allowing them to use Lee Rigby's name like that, and eventually issued a groveling apology to the Rigby family.
Here's what Lee Rigby's mother had to say about their use of his name on the ballot paper.
Another one of Britain First's most disgusting tactics is to desecrate the poppy symbol by using it to raise funds for their extreme-right hate group.
The worst thing about it is that some vulnerable people may see the poppies and think that they're donating to a cause which helps former soldiers, rather than an extreme-right hate group.
The Royal British Legion have been informed that Britain First are using the poppy symbol to sell their tatty jackets and t-shirts, but even if the RBL come out and condemn this tactic in the strongest terms, one would expect Britain First to completely ignore them, just as they completely ignore the suffering they are inflicting on Lyn Rigby.
Britain First are also guilty of spreading outright lies on their Facebook page. In one widely shared Britain First meme they claim that asylum seekers and illegal immigrants receive £29,900 per year in benefits.
Asylum Seekers and illegal immigrants are not the same thing, so they wouldn't have the same entitlements.
Illegal immigrants are not even entitled to benefits. Given that they are in the country illegally they are extremely unlikely to turn up at the Jobcentre asking for benefits.
The Tory benefits cap was introduced at £26,000 per year, so it seems more than a little unlikely that they are giving £29,900 per year to illegal immigrants.
The extreme right love to use the argument that "we can't even talk about immigration without being labeled racists and bigots". The problem is of course that they're not just "talking about" immigration, they are spreading outright lies about immigration.
In my view it is unacceptable to label someone a racist or a bigot if they raise legitimate concerns about immigration. However, if they resort to spreading outright lies about the subject in order to stir up resentment and hatred of immigrants, then fire away, because those are clearly the tactics of racists and bigots.
The admins on the Britain First Facebook page are an appalling bunch of hypocrites. They whine endlessly that their views are under threat from censorship, however they have a policy of purging their page of any critical comments and banning dissenting voices from ever coming back again.
Dozens and dozens of people have told me how they were banned from Britain First for daring to leave non-conformist comments, but you don't have to take my word for it, the Britain First admins are quite open about the way they routinely delete all critical comments.
If you still don't believe it, maybe you should try leaving a couple of politely worded criticisms (you shouldn't use the poppy symbol to raise funds for your own political party) or questions (what exactly have you done with the money raised through your animal welfare appeal?) and see how long it is before you experience the Britain First "delete and ban" treatment yourself.
To harp on and on about "free speech" whilst simultaneously engaging in one of the biggest mass censorship campaigns Facebook has ever seen is such an appalling display of hypocrisy that anyone, no matter what their political orientation, should be shocked by it.
These people hate free speech, and they only ever invoke it to claim that they have the right to do and say whatever they like (conning people out of money with animal cruelty shock tactics, debasing the poppy symbol, making a dead soldier their "poster boy" despite the protestations of his family, telling outright lies). When it comes to other people's free speech the Britain First admins can't hit the "block and ban" button quickly enough. In their view freedom of speech is the freedom to agree with them, if you happen to disagree with them, then freedom of speech doesn't exist for you.
The fact that they have censored such a huge number of people has inspired me to come up with this "I've been censored by Britain First" certificate which people can use as their Facebook banner image, because it should be a mark of pride that you've been censored by a bunch of extreme-right hatemongers.
The Britain First Facebook page is a classic example of a closed ideology echo chamber, in which information, ideas, and beliefs are amplified or reinforced by transmission and repetition inside an enclosed system.
Their policy of routinely purging the page of critical comments and banning dissenting voices demonstrates their commitment to keeping their followers brainwashed in an atmosphere of conformity.
Any group or society in which people who ask awkward questions or present counter-evidence are routinely censored is clearly a closed ideology echo chamber. With over 400,000 followers the Britain First Facebook page is one of the biggest examples of a ruthlessly enforced closed ideology environment in the history of Facebook.
The American author Laurence Britt defined 14 characteristics of fascist regimes (you can see a copy of his article here). I'll list the 14 characteristics and compare with Britain First policies and strategies.
1. Powerful and Continuing Nationalism - Britain First make constant use of patriotic mottoes, slogans, symbols and other paraphernalia. Flags are seen everywhere, as are flag symbols on clothing and in public displays.
2. Disdain for the importance of human rights - One of Britain First's most common complaints is against the European Human Rights Act.
3. Identification of Enemies/Scapegoats as a Unifying Cause - Britain First rally people into a unifying patriotic frenzy over the need to eliminate a perceived common threat or foe: racial, ethnic or religious minorities; liberals; communists; socialists, terrorists, etc.
4. The supremacy of the military/avid militarism - Britain First constantly intersperse their posts with posts designed to glorify the military (often in order to sell their own merchandise or convince people to sign up to their organisation).
5. Rampant sexism - Britain First's founder Jim Dowson is strongly opposed to women's reproductive rights. This subject is never mentioned on the Britain First page because it would interfere with their populist appeal.
6. Controlled Mass Media - Thankfully Britain First haven't got to the stage where they can exert any control over the media, however their policy of ruthlessly censoring dissenting opinion on their Facebook page indicates their contempt for freedom of speech and their desire to control the spread of information.
7. Obsession with national security - Britain First are always harping on about threats to national security in order to whip up fear amongst their followers.
8. Religion and ruling elite tied together - Fortunately Britain First are not part of the ruling elite, but it is absolutely clear that they see religion as an integral part of their political mission. Here's a quote from their statement of principles: "Britain First is committed to maintaining and strengthening Christianity as the foundation of our society and culture".
9. Corporate Power is Protected - Britain First like to present themselves as an alternative to globalisation, however their dalliance with the neoliberal Tea Party fringe in the US show that they have more in common with hardline neoliberals than they like to let on. Another indicator that they are no opponents of globalisation is the way they use their Facebook page and website to propagandise for Cadbury's, which was once a British company, but is now owned by the American multinational giant Kraft.
10. Power of labor suppressed or eliminated - Britain First make a big deal out of opposing socialism and trade unions as enemy ideologies and they also use their Facebook page to attack the minimum wage.
11. Disdain and suppression of intellectuals and the arts - The Britain First Facebook page is rife with anti-intellectual comments and infographics.
12. Obsession with Crime and Punishment - Britain First are obsessed with crime and punishment, making frequent calls for the death penalty to be re-introduced. Nooses and gallows are recurring motifs on the Britain First page, and they also use public outrage at judicial decisions, in order to con people into donating to their political party.
13. Rampant cronyism and corruption - Thankfully Britain First have no political power, so they are not in the position to use their power to enrich themselves and their cronies, but judging by the fact that there is no open process over how appointments are made within the party, and their deceitful fundraising tactics, it's not hard to imagine what Britain would be like if these guys were in charge.
14. Fraudulent elections - Once again, these guys are not in charge of the country, so they haven't got the power to rig elections in their own favour.
Of the fourteen characteristics of fascism identified by Laurence Britt, Britain First meet most of them, and the only ones they don't meet are the ones that it is impossible for them to meet due to their absolute lack of political power.
A severe economic depression followed by the rapid rise of right-wing nationalist extremism and the scapegoating of minority groups seems to be a case of history repeating itself.
An interesting contrast can be made with the rise of the left-wing anti-corruption party Podemos (We Can) in Spain. They experienced a similar lightning rise in popularity, with their Facebook page passing 500,000 followers within three months of the foundation of the party. But instead of fostering fear and and inciting hatred of minorities, they lay the blame firmly at the door of the corrupt Spanish establishment and propose reforms to put political power back into the hands of the people.
Podemos are committed to fighting corruption and increasing people power through democratic participation. Britain First are committed to parading around on paramilitary style marches, invading mosques, scamming money from unsuspecting people and spreading outright lies.
It's pretty sad that in Spain, a country that was still ruled over by a fascist dictatorship less than 40 years ago, people are looking to a party that presents a real alternative to neoliberalism and corruption, whilst in Britain, a country that has never experience a full-on fascist regime, people are looking to the extreme-right fringe in their hundreds of thousands.
Given the enormous sacrifices made by previous generations in the fight against fascism, it is a national disgrace that right-wing extremism is on the rise in the UK. What makes it even worse is the fact that Britain First use those very sacrifices in order to raise funds for their own brand of right-wing extremism.
Given that it is impossible to fight back against Britain First on their own page due to their "delete and ban" censorship policy for all dissenting voices, people who oppose Britain First's brand of right-wing extremism need to find other ways of criticising them. In this section I'll outline a few tactics.
Criticise the shared versions of their images - Britain First can use their admin powers to delete all criticism from the original iterations of their pictures, but they can't delete criticism on the new iterations that are created when their followers share their work. If you see any of your Facebook friends sharing Britain First images, you can leave comments expressing your distaste.
Report them - If you see Britain First using deceitful tactics to raise party donations you can report them to the Electoral Commission. If you see them using poppy images to sell their own merchandise you can report them to the Royal British Legion. If you see any Britain First posts that you consider to be in breech of Facebook terms and conditions, you can report them to Facebook. If you see them using Royal Crests and you suspect they have no permission, you can report them to The Lord Chamberlain's Office. If you see anyone posting unlawful comments on there (such as incitement to murder, racist or religious hate crime, criminal threats ...) you can report the individual to the police. If you see someone using making extremist and offensive statements(using the term "muzrats" to describe Muslims, or calling for a Nazi style holocaust against all Muslims) you can click on their profile and see if their employer is listed and send screen shots of their extremist comments to their employers.
Convince your friends to unlike the page - Clicking this link allows you to find out which of your Facebook friends follow the Britain First page. You could consider sending them a message explaining your objections to this extreme-right hate group and asking them to consider unliking the page (feel free to follow these 3 simple steps if you like).
Spread awareness - You can spread awareness of Britain First's disgustingly hypocritical censorship policy by using this "I've been censored by Britain First" certificate as your Facebook banner.
Laugh at them - There are several Britain First parody pages out there including Britain Furst and Britian First. Sometimes the best thing to do when it comes to the extreme-right fascist fringe is to take the piss out of them and laugh at them.
Who actually approves of this grotesque Tory barbarism?
|
0.978207 |
A MUM-of-three who has been told she has a year to live is hoping to raise money to take her family to Disneyland.
Vanessa Stuart, 27, was told her cervical cancer has spread and she can only have life-prolonging chemotherapy.
Now she wants to enjoy the time she has left with husband Brad and daughters Tyler, six, Brooke, three, and Molly, 18 months.
"I want to take the girls to Disney while I still can. I want them to have good memories of me," she said.
"We can only go to Paris because I can't fly but it's better than nothing. I will get there by hook or by crook."
Now she is hoping people will organise fundraisers so she can take her daughters on holiday while she is well enough.
"I'm so thankful for it, it just shows there are a lot of good people out there," she said. "As long as I have a bit of health I will make the most of it. I want to go to Disney before I start chemo so I have my hair."
Two members of Barnsley charity SportActiv have already offered to help and ware doing the Yorkshire Three Peaks challenge.
Sport development officers Dan Brunt and Dave Drumgoon will climb Pen-y-ghent, Whernside and Ingleborough.
"We appreciate that things are tough for people at the moment but when compared to the situation the Stuart family are in most problems look insignificant," said Dan.
"We wanted to do something for Vanessa and her family to try and help and thought we could do the three peaks.
"You have to do it in 12 hours to meet the challenge but we're both in reasonable condition so we hope to do it in eight hours. That's what we're aiming for at least."
The pair, who are funding the trip themselves, will be doing the walk on June 8.
Awww. Sincerely hope the funds are raised in plenty of time for Vanessa to enjoy her holiday and make some wonderful memories for her husband and children to keep with them forever.
Heartbreaking. Vanessa you are so brave. Stay positive and keep fighting, never give up, it is never hopeless. You are in my prayers.
I really hope Vanessa and her family can go to Disney & enjoy every minute. Such a tragic story. Keep fighting Vanessa! I hope the money raised will take you and your family on a wonderful trip with fabulous memories for Brad and your children.
|
0.999566 |
Stephen Walker's brother, Grant, was always terrified of heights, especially climbing up and down ladders. They shared a house in Jarrow near Newcastle since Grant had been fired from Deloitte in January. Grant had problems getting a job which started to breed a contempt between the two brothers.
When the two returned to their house after a night out, they realised that they didn't have an set of keys. After an argument, Stephen spotted an open window to Grant's room. Stephen borrowed Jim Hancock's, his neighbour's, ladder. Stephen started to climb, but as he reached the window the ladder slipped and he fell to the floor, breaking his arm. He remembered the event in stark detail.
Stephen's phone was smashed by the fall and Grant didn't have his. After knocking on nearby doors for help, he resolved to climb the ladder into the house. The journey was slow and terrifying for him. As he climbed, Stephen saw a man on the opposite road watching. The short, young man wore an old grey, faded suit, and had a lightning shaped scar which climbed up his chest onto his neck. Looking at him, Stephen felt like he was falling, which stopped when he looked away. The man watched Grant intently.
Finally, painfully, Grant got into the window. Stephen saw the man walking quickly away and Grant opened the door. He retrieved his phone and called an ambulance.
Just before Christmas, Grant got a job with Deloitte, who stayed with Stephen but started to pay rent.
Stephen started to plan a holiday to France to coincide with a conference he was to talk at. When Grant found out, he also bought plane tickets and made every effort to join in with all Stephen's activities, much to his brother's annoyance. This tension was made worse when Grant was fired for smoking marijuana on company property, leaving Stephen paying for the whole holiday for the two of them.
As a form of petty payback, Stephen planned for the two of them to go to the top of Tour Montparnasse without letting Grant know what it entailed. Tricked into going up, Grant sat as far away from the viewing platform as possible. As Stephen enjoyed the view, he suddenly felt extremely dizzy. He looked around, and saw the man with the lightning scar looking at him. He looked bored, but when Stephen was helped up by other tourists, the man had disappeared along with Grant.
He searched for his brother, but didn't realise his phone was out of power until it was too late. He charged it and found he had dozens of missed calls and several hundred text messages. The messages that weren't scrambled asked where he, or anyone, was, and where the elevators were. He'd also sent a photo of the edge of the viewing platform of Tour Montparnasse which didn't have barriers and the edge of a ladder could be seen over the edge. Whenever he his calls to Grant connected, all he could hear was wind.
Stephen hopes that Grant is dead, because otherwise he is probably still on that ladder.
Jonathan Sims suspects that the man with the lightning scar is Michael Crew, noting that possession of the books changes the person reading them. Almost as though the book uses the person, rather than the person using the book. This record reminds Sims of Robert Kelly.
Basira suddenly appeared, saying that the police are covering up her last mission about Callum Brodie's recovery. She brought him all of Gertrude's tapes, saying that there's little to no interest anymore in them. She leaves, saying she's done with anything paranormal.
|
0.999999 |
My husband, son, and I are planning our first overseas trip to Europe. Each of us is allowed 2 check-in and 2 carry-on bags. What clothing is essential for a two week trip?
First, you don't need all that luggage. It would be best to have only one carry-on luggage backpack-style (without wheels) for each of you. Backpack carry-on luggage is lighter weight than wheeled luggage and more versatile, especially if traveling to difference cities by train or bus in Europe.
With a carry-on you will travel lighter, smarter, and avoid delays in baggage check-in, baggage claim, and lost luggage. The carry-on should easily fit in the overhead bins. In addition, carry a large purse or tote that will fit under the seat in front of you. For overseas travel, always wear a money belt.
You can fit what you need into the one carry-on by laying out items of clothing on top of each other, then rolling together. This avoids wrinkles, and the rolled pieces pack well.
On the airplane, wear clothes that will mix and match with what you pack. On the plane, you could wear comfortable black cotton blend knits: pants, top, cardigan, and black walking shoes and socks.
You'll have more than enough clothes. With mixing and matching (including what you wear on the plane), you have 60 outfits. If you wear pants, a top, and cardigan on the plane, then you have 5 pants/skirts x 6 tops x 2 cardigans = 60.
Remember you can wear your tops more than once, just let worn tops air out, inside out, on a hanger. Also, depending on the type of clothes you bring, you can wash in the sink and let dry overnight. Also remember your undergarments, PJs, slips, nylons, socks, etc.
|
0.953853 |
What was the accounting profession like in the mid-1930s? While there are well over a half million CPAs today, there were only about 15,000 CPAs in 1933. The major national firms were well in place in the mid-1930s, though much smaller in scope and size. Membership in competing professional groups — the American Institute of Accountants (AIA) and the American Society of Certified Public Accountants — stood at about 2,000 each. Those organizations merged in 1936 with the AIA as successor, ultimately adopting the name of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants in 1957.
As a national profession, accountancy was still young but about to mature quickly. In 1929, New York was the first state to require a college degree for a CPA certificate, and by 1968, all but 19 jurisdictions had such a requirement. In 1917, only three state boards of accountancy accepted the AIA's offer of a uniform written CPA examination. By 1937, most states used the uniform examination, and all states and territories used it by 1952. The uniform examination established a common national status to CPAs and facilitated cross-state mobility.
Although authoritative accounting standards were few, auditing procedures were in a relatively-developed state in the mid-1930s. However, the accounting profession would soon reel from the discovery of the 1938 McKesson-Robbins fraud. The SEC had launched the most searching investigation ever conducted by a government organization into an independent audit and the practices of the audit profession in general, and in December 1940, issued its report in Accounting Series Release No. 19. While oriented to auditing procedures, McKesson-Robbins indicated the need for the profession to better delineate all standards, both accounting and auditing.
McKesson-Robbins also drew attention to the seasonal nature of the business, a factor that had hampered the profession for years. Before World War II, a substantial majority of businesses closed their books on December 31. Most audits had to be completed in the first few months of the year, forcing audit firms to hire legions of temporary employees, most of whom would be gone by May. This adversely affected all aspects of quality, including recruiting, training, and supervision, to say nothing of morale.
(4) December 5, 1940 ASR No. 19, In the Matter of McKesson & Robbins, Inc. — Summary of findings and conclusions.
(5) March 18, 1940 ASR No. 17, Use of Natural Business Year as Basis for Corporate Reporting.
Methods of Taxing War Profits Compared - Letter to the Editor of the New York Times by George O. May, Price, Waterhouse and Co.
A Brief History of the SEC's Enforcement Program, 1934-1981, by Daniel Hawke.
|
0.999878 |
Rig Review: What worked and what didn't on the Re-Tour?
Rig Review is a new type of post that I'm going to try to write up after most trips, where I'll note any things that worked really well, or could have been better. The idea has always been to optimize the Tacoma build and setup over time, so there's nothing really new from that perspective.
I won't talk about everything I've got going on - just new equipment to the trip and/or any outliers that deserve a mention. At the very least, I figure that long-term, real-world reviews of the products I use are good for everyone!
The Re-Tour was an amazing trip. Sure, it had a bit of deja-vu with 2017's The De-Tour weather wise right at the beginning, but by the end we had sunny skies during the day and cool nights - a great combination if you ask me. All in all, the truck worked wonderfully on this trip, with just a few things that deserved a bit of discussion.
TL;DR - conceptually the fold-down-and-out table is cool but I need to rework how the far corner is supported for it to be useful. Oh, and it can't have any wooden components, since they swell up in wet weather.
It was never really level - the weight of the stove caused the far (unsupported) corner to sag. Note the rocks supporting the stove in the photo below.
It never worked after it got wet (the third night) because the wood supports swelled up and were "stuck" in the closed position.
I've got ideas about how to fix all of this with a second revision of the table, but for now, the initial prototype has served it's purpose and is coming off the truck. Or at least, I'm not planning to use it as-is anymore.
TL;DR - There are pros and cons to this new system, but it's not quite right for me so I'm changing it all up again.
The Coleman Classic Camp Stove and Lodge Cast Iron Grill/Griddle were new to me on The Re-Tour, replacing the Weber Q100 grill that we've used for the last 5 years. My hope was that these would pack better and take up less room than the Weber, making packing of the bed easier.
They did a great job at that, and I also loved how little propane the stove used, and how quickly the grill/griddle heated up.
However, I grill almost every night when I'm camping, and I really missed the easy (read: none) clean-up of the Weber grill. With the cast iron griddle, there was real cleaning involved, and it was big, heavy and awkward to clean. Plus, due to the size of the grill, I couldn't use the it and a pan at the same time on the stove - something I could do on the Weber.
However, I think I have a solution. I'm going to get the Coleman Camp Grill/Stove, a combo unit that has a burner for a pan and a burner for a grill. I didn't get it the first time because I thought it was a bit kitschy, and that the burner for the pan would be too small. But now, I think it might be just right.
TL;DR - Though it's a great battery, my days of running a single Group 24F Toyota TrueStart battery are numbered; I'm moving to a dual battery system. And, I can no longer recommend the DBPOWER 600A 18000mAh Portable Car Jump Starter, since it failed to start my truck when I had a dead battery.
To date, I've run a single battery - the main starting battery - in my rig, and it's worked great. The battery I've been running (since 2011) is a Group 24F Toyota TrueStart, and it's done everything I asked of it - started the truck, run all of the communication equipment (Kenwood D710G dual-band ham radio) (Uniden Pro 520XL CB radio), charged phones and tablets, powered the ARB on-board air compressor, kept the ARB 50qt fridge at 35ºF, and even powered the Warn M8000 winch a couple of times.
On this last trip though, I had a bit of trouble on at least two separate occasions, where the fridge went into an error mode overnight due to lack of battery capacity.
This issue was compounded by the realization that the DBPOWER 600A 18000mAh Portable Car Jump Starter I carry in the truck doesn't have enough power to start the truck when the battery is really dead - something I found out after I returned and tried to start the truck for the first time.
I don't blame this on the battery at all - quite the contrary; I think the Toyota battery has probably performed better than it was ever expected to perform. That said, it's time to make a change - a change to a two-battery setup, so that I can run the fridge at night without worrying that I may not be able to start the truck in the morning.
Likely I'll go with two Northstar Group 24F sealed lead-acid batteries, but I still need to do some research into exactly how I'll setup the whole system. Suffice it to say, this will be a winter project for me this year.
TL;DR - I'd like to find a ham radio antenna that is more flexible/floppy than the one I've currently got, and that doesn't have a small section of wound metal in the middle, since that gets stuck on trees and pulls at the roof mount.
I've been running a Diamond NR770HBNMO mobile antenna since I got my ham radio, and from a Tx/Rx perspective, it's awesome. However, I'm always worried that when I hit low-hanging branches, it's trying to rip itself out of my roof. Evidence of this is often clear, as it was on my last trip to the Pryor mountains.
I'd like to find a whip antenna that I can replace the Diamond with so that - hopefully - when I hit a branch, it just flexes and scoots by, rather than catching itself on the foliage.
TL;DR - I continue to be really happy with the main tent, for the most part. I am not however, happy with the rain fly on it due to the "stargazer" windows never ever drying off.
The @Cascadia Tents Mt. Shasta Pioneer tent has been a game changer when camping. Being up off the (often wet) ground, having quick setup and tear-down, and just being all-around more comfortable are big pluses in my book. However, since the beginning there's been a problem: drying the rain fly.
The plastic they are made of is not clear enough to actually see the stars. I mean, you can tell there are stars in the sky, but everything's blurry because the plastic is all "warped." So, they fail at their reason to be.
The bigger problem however is that they never dry off. Unlike a normal rain fly that heats up in the morning sun to evaporate any water (rain, dew, etc.), these plastic windows either reflect all sunlight/heat or just let it pass through, and so they never warm up. As such, any water on them (and water droplets form on both the inside and outside of them) takes forever - literally hours and hours - to dry.
So, nearly every morning I find myself balancing on the edge of the truck rails with a beach towel in my hand, toweling off the sopping wet stargazer part of the tent - while everyone else (with normal rain flys) just let their tents dry out in the morning sun.
Unfortunately, I don't have a solution to this problem. Really what I'd like is a non-stargazer rain fly. However, I don't know if CVT even makes those anymore since stargazers are now "standard" on all tents. Plus, I bet they are expensive.
My recommendation to anyone else getting a tent: do everything you can to avoid the stargazer (or similar roof-window) option.
Rig Review: Hiking Death Valley - What worked and what didn't?
There is an easy fix for keeping tree junk out of the 'coil' in your antenna. Find a short piece of approx 1" diameter shrink-on and shrink it over your coil. Keeps branches and leaves from collecting in the coil and there is absolutely no impact on antenna performance.
The best solution in the long run is to get away from the expensive high gain antennas and make your own 1/4 wavelength whip. As a ham, you know how to figure what a 1/4 wavelength of 146 mHz (center of 2m band) which will be (about 20.2 inches). Cut a wire whip to that length, add/make a cap for safety, and just replace your 'road' antenna with your 'offroad' whip when you hit dirt. HRO has a whip antenna you can modify for about $20. Your offroad antenna is now now pretty much indestructible and line of sight range on the whip is 10-15 miles, more than enough to keep in touch with your group or monitor for traffic. In an emergency, just remount your high gain antenna - which won't be broken or bent ;).
Thanks Michael - the offroad 1/4 wavelength is a great idea, I'll probably give that a shot. I considered the heatshrink over the coil on the high gain antenna, but was worried that I'd affect the SWR (I know that the plastic cap on my firestik cb antenna dramatically alters SWR, even though I wouldn't expect it to).
I use a Larsen NMO 2/70 along with the optional Larsen base spring. I trimmed the antenna length to get good SWR (compensating for the additional length of the spring). I love this combo, extremely flexible and retains the high gain. It has a smaller phase coil in the center like the Diamond but i've been thru trees regularly and it never catches thanks to the spring.
Interesting. Do you have a link to the base spring you're talking about? I wonder if I could use something similar with the Diamond I'm currently running.
|
0.9317 |
A barman who pushed his lover 50 feet off the top of a car park and then tried to claim she jumped has been jailed for eight years.
Shaun Foley, 45, rushed to a nearby pub and told customers he had seen his partner Teresa Parkin, 29, run over the edge as he tried to cover up.
But the jury rejected his lie and convicted him.
The truth emerged when detectives checked CCTV cameras in Torquay, Devon, and a witness came forward who overheard him shouting he was going to 'kill that f****** slag' minutes before the attack.
Footage showed Miss Parkin trying to walk away after Foley cornered her. He is then seen knocking her over before chasing her as she tried to flee across a raised causeway which leads from the top storey to a nearby street.
In the last image of the blonde chambermaid alive she can be seen backing away from Foley towards the railings. She then disappears from view, reeling backwards as he has his arms raised.
Drunk Foley was in a jealous rage after he rang his on-off partner's mobile and it was answered by a 'strange' man, Exeter Crown Court heard. In reality she had left the phone on a bar.
The defendant, who lived just yards from the murder scene in Rock Road, Torquay, had denied murder but was found guilty of manslaughter.
Judge Graham Cottle jailed Foley in his absence after he refused to attend court for his sentencing - and said claims that Ms Parkin jumped were 'absurd'.
In remarks addressed to the defendant who was already in custody, the judge said: 'The prosecution case against you is that you either pushed or threw the deceased from the top level of the car park, in consequence of which she fell more than 11 metres to her death.
'The case advanced by you was that she had jumped, presumably in an act of suicide. The jury clearly rejected that absurd notion.
'You must have used considerable force, bearing in mind the height of the railings and the height of the deceased.
'It was an intentional and deliberate act to put her over the railings and an appallingly dangerous act that led directly to her death.
During the two week trial the jury spent hours studying the CCTV and were also taken to see the car park where Teresa died.
Foley has previously served a ten year jail term for an armed supermarket hold-up.
Mr Paul Fitton QC, prosecuting, said: 'In police interviews he claimed that Teresa Parkin had quite deliberately thrown herself off the roof of the car park right in front of him.
'He said there had been no argument or tensions between them but the CCTV shows he became angry, aggressive and violent towards her.
'They continue to argue, apparently pushing and shoving each other. He lost his temper and forced her off the car park roof.
'His account that she committed suicide is a lie told to escape from any blame of what he did.
Foley had claimed that Parkin was upset after a row with her ex-partner about custody for her ten-year-old son.
|
0.743883 |
How much is Bob Stoops Worth?
Bob Stoops Net Worth: Bob Stoops is an American college football head coach who has a net worth of $18 million. Bob Stoops was born September 9, 1960 in Youngstown, Ohio. He is best known as the head coach of the Oklahoma Sooners football team of the University of Oklahoma. During the 2000 season, he led the Sooners to an Orange Bowl victory and a national championship. Before he began his coaching stint at Oklahoma, Stoops held various coordinator and coach positions with Iowa, Kansas State and Florida. In 2000, Stoops led his team to three consecutive wins over ranked teams including Texas, Kansas State and Nebraska. During his college years at the University of Iowa, Stoops was a four-year starter, and one-time All-Big Ten selection at defensive back and one of the Big Ten's Most Valuable Players in 1982. He went on to coach in Iowa (1983-87), Kent State (1988-90), Florida (1996-98) before settling in with the Oklahoma Sooners in 1999. Stoops was awarded the 2000 Paul "Bear" Bryant Award and the 2000 and 2003 Walter Camp Coach of the Year. Younger brother Mike Stoops is the defensive coordinator for the University of Oklahoma and was previously head coach for the University of Arizona. Another brother (the youngest), Mark Stoops, recently became the head coach at the University of Kentucky. Older brother Ron Jr., is an assistant coach at Youngstown State University in Youngstown, Ohio.
|
0.999722 |
Stipulations in a contract are to be construed to be dependent or independent according to the intention of the parties and the good sense of the case. Technical words should give way to such intention.
Defendant vendee appealed from a judgment of the trial court (Michigan), which found in favor of plaintiff vendor in an action to recover the balance of the purchase price due on a land contract. The vendor sold a subdivision lot to vendee for a price to be paid over a period of five years. The purchase agreement required the vendor to make certain improvements in the subdivision. The improvements were not completed. The vendee failed to make the required payments and the vendor filed suit to recover the balance of the purchase price. The trial court found in favor of the vendor and the vendee appealed. On appeal, the vendee contended that the failure to make the improvements was a material breach of the covenant to make improvements, which barred the vendor's recovery.
Was the covenant of the vendor to make improvements a dependent covenant?
The court reversed the trial court's judgment in favor of the vendor, without a new trial, and awarded the costs to the vendee. The court found that the vendee's covenant to pay and the vendor's covenant to make improvements were concurrent and dependent upon each other. The court held that the vendor was guilty of a substantial breach of a dependent covenant and thus, could not maintain the action.
|
0.957953 |
Blood pressure is the force with which blood flows through the arteries. The more constricted the arteries, the higher the pressure. A blood pressure reading comprises two numbers: the pressure exerted as the heart is pumping is the systolic pressure, and the pressure when the blood is at ebb is the diastolic pressure. There are several means available for monitoring blood pressure at home. Which one is right for you?
The most frequently used home blood pressure monitors are digital. They measure blood pressure using an oscilloscope and display your data on a screen. Semi-automatic monitors require the user to inflate the pressure cuff by means of a rubber bulb. The machine then deflates it at the proper rate and displays a reading. These can be difficult to manage if the user has arthritis or weakness in the hands. Fully automatic machines provide both inflation and deflation.
Manual blood pressure monitors are also available. These require the use of a stethoscope. The user rapidly inflates the cuff, then slowly deflates it. While deflating, the user listens with the stethoscope to the brachial artery where it passes the inside of the elbow. When the first heart sounds are detected, the user reads the figure off a dial. That is the systolic pressure. When the sounds cease, the figure on the dial indicates the diastolic pressure. Manual monitors are not appropriate for hearing-impaired people. They require some skill to use, and are delicate instruments, easily damaged. Their primary advantage is their lower price.
Compact and easily transportable blood pressure monitors that measure at the wrist or finger are also available. The finger monitors are generally considered not to be accurate enough for a precise reading. Wrist monitors are somewhat more accurate, but the readings are easily affected by the user's position.
|
0.995038 |
Few stories have ignited the artistic spirit as much as Shakespeare's plays. Shakespearean art depicts scenes and characters from these immortalized stage performances. Shakespearean plays were created during Elizabethan reign in England. These plays were typically tragedies but with themes of love, hope, destiny, and mystery, as well as sadness and suffering. A large amount of the success of these artistic endeavors was due to Shakespeare's depiction of the human condition and behavior as well as the political and social issues that the playwright weaved into his work. Shakespeare was well known for the fantastical elements of his plays and these elements are popular in art featuring his creations.
One of the most popular plays that have been widely translated into illustration is the story of Romeo and Juliet. An artist, such as Frank Dicksee, brings the tragic love of these two young people to life in his depictions of the infamous balcony scene. Among fantasy artists like Walter Crane, however, A Midsummer's Night Dream offers far more material for his work. Shakespeare's descriptions of fairies, elves, and pixies are credited for the current iconic look that these mythical creatures possess in art around the world.
Strangely, one of the most popular and sympathetic characters portrayed by Shakespearean art is one that was a relatively minor character. Ophelia from Hamlet has been rendered in delicate detail by a variety of famous artists, including John William Waterhouse and Arthur Hughes, where her unrequited love for unfortunate Hamlet is immortalized. These paintings are sensitive studies of tragic beauty and frequently feature her in the gentle repose of death or looking longingly back at the viewer as though wishing that she could change her fate.
Shakespearean plays have also been addressed in modern works, inspiring artists such as Pablo Picasso in his work 'The Lovers' and other prominent artists around the world. For most artists and collectors, the symbolism and imagery of this playwright's work is a subject that could be examined throughout the ages and still reveal surprising traits of the human psyche.
|
0.999059 |
Why did iOption declare bankruptcy?
Eztrader loses regulation because of scam?
Along with technical analysis, fundamental analysis trading is one of the most used strategies by analysts and investors to study the financial markets as they try to predict price movements of various financial instruments which are traded in the process Each of these trades has its supporters and detractors. However, many traders combine both types of analysis to make decisions regarding the management of their operations in the market, thereby seeking to exploit the various advantages of each of them.
Technical analysis is based primarily on the study of price and patterns and their behavior to try to predict their future movements. For a technical analyst, because of everything that can influence the price, it is already discounted by it, or it has already been taken into account for that same price. Conversely, fundamental analysis trading focuses on the causes of price movements, such as news and events related to economics and politics, primarily in major economies worldwide. Therefore, the pure fundamental analyst is not concerned about graphics or price-based indicators which can occur, because of this, what matters are the underlying causes behind the different price fluctuations.
Even if many technical analysts deny it, many market rises and falls in price occur when important news related to economics or politics are known, or data from macroeconomic indicators of countries like the US, Germany and Japan are published. Whenever data on US economic indicators are announced, almost certainly the markets will exhibit high volatility.
When speaking of fundamental analysis trading, traders must also specify the market and type of financial instrument that is being analyzed. For example, in the case of stock markets, fundamental analysis not only refers to macroeconomic, political and other similar factors, but also to the study of the companies whose shares are the interests of investors. In this case the analyst examines factors such as management, business profits, income, and so on.
In this moment, because there are various economic sectors, traders can not specify a set of general rules as the general criteria for assessment and analysis, because there is no set guideline that can be applied globally to all companies or countries. For example, it is not possible to apply the same evaluation criteria used to analyze utilities, than the ones used for power generation companies, banks, real estate companies or industrial companies. For this reason a general fundamental analysis is not a concrete set of tools, but rather a series of methodologies depending on the sector to be analyzed.
In the Forex market, for example, fundamental analysis trading focuses mainly on the financial and economic theories, as well as on the developments and events of political character in order to determine the forces of supply and demand of the various currencies. It covers the review of macroeconomic indicators, stock markets and political events since the latter has to do with trust in the government, and the climate of stability of countries, which affect the market in their own ways. Among the macroeconomic indicators most commonly used by market analysts there are increased interest rates, measures of GDP, inflation, unemployment, currency liquidity, foreign exchange reserves and productivity.
|
0.99238 |
Kizomba is originally from Angola. As with other Latin social dances, Kizomba combines elements of European ballroom dance with African dance movement and timing.
Kizomba is in 4/4 time - which means that there are four beats to every measure. The larger cycle in the music revolves around 4 measure cycles - ie: each measure has four beats, so when 4 of these measures pass, 16 beats will have passed.
In Kizomba, there are several basic steps - each with its own timing. In addition, in Kizomba there are a variety of dance moves that bring the dancers temporarily away from the basic step patterns. Part of the challenge of dancing Kizomba is for leader and follower to remain synchronized in their steps.
The most basic step in Kizomba is a side to side two step. It starts for the leader on the left foot and for the follower on the right. The leader steps to the side with the left foot, then brings the right foot together with the left in a tap (do not leave your weight on the right foot). Then the leader steps to the right with the right foot and brings the left foot together with the right for a tap step. The pattern then repeats. Each pattern takes one measure to complete - with a step or tap on each beat. The follower mirrors the leader with the opposite foot.
Variation B illustrates just how complicated Kizomba's basic step patterns are in comparison to other social dances. On the surface, the step is fairly simple: The leader begins by stepping forward with the left foot, then steps with full weight on the right foot (either forward or in place), and finally taps with the left foot without leaving any weight on it. Now for the second half of the step, the leader steps again with the left foot, but this time backwards, steps back with the right foot, and taps back with the left - repeating the initial forward pattern but this time back in the opposite direction. So the pattern consists of three steps in each direction. Each group of three steps begins with the same foot - for the leader the left foot. The follower mirrors with the opposite foot, and so always begins with the right foot. Each step and tap falls evenly on a beat, so the entire forward and back pattern (which consists of 6 steps) takes 6 beats. Here is where things get tricky. Kizomba has 4 beats to a measure, so the 6 beats do not complete 2 measures. If you begin this step pattern on beat 1, you will end it on beat 6 rather than beat 8. When you step again after completing a cycle of the pattern, you will be stepping on 7 rather than 1. The entire forward and back 6 step pattern must be repeated 4 times before it finally ends on 8. This complexity means that dancers must be particularly aware of their timing, or risk getting lost. When embarking on Basic Step Variation B, dancers must repeat the forward and back pattern 4 times before changing to a different step. Alternatively, dancers can use more complex footwork - cha cha steps etc - to transition to another pattern midway through a cycle.
This pattern is similar to B, but adds a syncopated (cha-cha) step between the 3rd & 4th, and 6th & 1st steps of each pattern. So the leader steps forward with the left foot on 1, steps with the right foot on 2, steps with the left foot on 3 (this time with full weight), steps with the right foot quickly on 3-and (the beat midway between 3 and 4), and then steps back with the left foot on 4, steps with the right foot on 5, and then steps with the left foot (full weight) on 6, with the right on 6-and, finally with the left forward on 7 - which begins the next repetition of the pattern. The follower mirrors with the opposite footwork.
This step is the most simple of all, but is usually used within more complicated patterns rather than on its own. It's a simple left, right, left right - just as in merengue. So the leader steps with the left foot on 1, with the right foot on 2, with the left foot on 3, with the right foot on 4, etc. The follower mirrors. This step can be combined with variation B or C so that the dancers can exit from variation B or C without completing a full 4 cycles.
These basic steps of Kizomba and are used as building blocks to construct complex patterns. The variety of basic steps and free-style of the more complex patterns make Kizomba a difficult dance to understand and follow. The videos on this page give examples of authentic Kizomba dance. The first video gives instructions for how to dance Kizomba in Portuguese. The other videos are of breathtaking Cape Verdean and Angolan dancers.
Whenever I go to a beginner's dance class, everyone else is clearly not a beginner: It is impossible to find a class where you can learn from the beginning.
I never knew about this Dance Kizomba until now that I have read this article. Thank you for this very informative article and looking forward to reading more of new information.
Amazing. Thanks so much for posting these videos and the instructions.
El que baila Kizomba siente en su enterior la expresión de amor.
|
0.999998 |
De la misma forma que el verbo "to be" tiene auxiliares para estructurar oraciones (am, is, are) el tiempo pasado también los presenta pero en este tiempo se utilizan solamente dos: "was" y "were".
Oraciones afirmativas de pasado del verbo "to be"
Notese que el auxiliar en pasado "was" se usa únicamente con aquellos pronombres singulares, es decir, que hacen referencia a una sola persona, en cambio el auxiliar "were" es usado con pronombres en plural (You es tomado de esta forma porque además de "Tú o Usted" también refiere a "Ustedes").
En el caso de oraciones negativas se sigue la misma gramática añadiendo únicamente "not".
Oraciones negativas de pasado del verbo "to be"
Usualmente para expresar oraciones negativas al hablar / escribir se emplean las contracciones indicadas "wasn't" y "weren't".
Ejemplos de oraciones negativas de pasado "to be"
Oraciones interrogativas de pasado del verbo "to be"
- Were you a football player at the school?
- Was she a model?
- Were they your friends?
- Was Richard your boyfriend?
- Were we on a test?
- I was at the bank.
- Where were Fernando and his girlfriend this morning?
- Who was that person?
- He was my father.
- That was a thunder.
- When was Mary at the store?
- She was at the store in the afternoon.
Pre: I am a teacher.
Pas: I was a teacher.
Pre: She is at the movies.
Pas: She was at the movies.
Pre: They are not professionals.
Pas: They were not professionals.
Pre: Music is boring at the party.
Pas: Music was boring at the party.
Tengo una duda ¿was es de ser y were es de estar o solo es un ejemplo?
Muchas gracias ,tengo prueba justo mañana sobre esto y no tenia idea de nada. Luego de la prueba voy a entrar para comunicarte cuento me saque, no creo que sea de mucho interes , pero quizá le sirva para saber como se expresa. Nuevamente muchas gracias.
Estaré esperando vuestro comentario para saber como te ha ido en el examen. Un saludo.
gracias. esta bien claro .
ME AYUDARON UN MONTON ESTA PAGINA Y LA OTRA.
Es la plantilla de digi_guru en Blogger. Saludos!
Son lo máximo!!! muchas gracias por el aporte!!!
Explícame con detalles en que te puedo ayudar.
Sadly, my last vacation was more than a year ago — a vacation with my family to Hilton Head Island. We stayed in a beautiful place about a five minute walk to the beach, which was wonderful. I went out with my cousins one night for karaoke; we had a nice dinner and were treated like family. Every day I got up early to see the sunrise and had fun relaxing on the beach. We ate a lot of fresh seafood. I spent a lot of time with my family. I hope to be able to take another vacation again.
|
0.995131 |
How to determine the diameter of a rod using thread an meter scale?
You are given a sufficiently long piece of thread, a meter stick and a thin round shape iron rod. Explain how would you measure the diameter of iron rod by using given thread and meter stick.
Wind the thread over the rod closely a number of times say 20 and mark the end point. Now unwind it and measure the length of the thread used to wind over the rod.
This length = n x 2πr, where n is the no. of windings and r is the radius of the rod.
|
0.999898 |
The Bible and experience make clear the Christian life is not easy. Someone summed it up this way: "Living above with saints we love, 0' that will be glory. Living below with saints we know - well, that's quite another story." It was another story at 1st century Corinth where, according to chapters 8 and 10, the church was divided up in to meat-eaters and non-meat-eaters! The issue was not whether one should be a vegetarian or if it was ethically and nutritionally okay to eat meat The issue was whether or not Christians could or should eat meat/food left over from an offering to idols in any of Corinth's many pagan temples. The apostle Paul skillfully handled the problem in chapters 8 and 10 of 1st Corinthians. Ina nutshell Paul argues that meat is meat A Christian can eat a steak sold in the marketplace even if it had been used in pagan worship. He/she has the freedom/right/liberty to do so without fearing that it would contaminate his/her relationship with God. But he goes on to argue that the fact that they can eat the meat does not automatically mean in every circumstance that they should eat the meat! The crux of the matter is found in (1 Corinthians 10: 23-24 NKJ) where Paul writes, "All things are lawful for me, but not all things edify. Let no one seek his own, but each one the other's well-being." Paul makes clear that while eating the meat would not harm the meat-eater's own relationship with God, it may indeed do harm to other Christians who had a conscience problem eating the meat. Therefore, the Christ-like thing to do would be not to eat the meat, at least not in the presence of the Christian whose conscience continued to be bothered by the practice.
Among other things, these passages teach there are times when sin may not be in an action we take but in the attitude and choice we make in a matter! Meat-eating was not forbidden by God - and yet Paul admonishes the meat-eaters to "Give no offense, either to the Jews or to the Greeks or to the church of God" (1 Corinthians 10: 32 NKJ). The take-home point from the passage is that being a Christian is not just about "me" - it is also about "we," as the following story suggests. The Lone Ranger looked up at the hills to the west and said to Tonto, "There's a big war party of Sioux on the top of that hill." Tonto said, "We will go to the east" The Lone Ranger said, "There are Pawnees approaching from the east" Tonto replied, "We will go south, Kemo Sabe." The Lone Ranger responded, "Apaches are in the south." Tonto frowned and said, "North?" The Lone Ranger replied, "It looks like two million Blackfeet to the north, Tonto. What are we going to do?" Tonto started to mount up saying, "What do you mean `we,' white man?" Loving hie Christ means looking out for and sticking by others, even when doing so is not easy. The cross of Christ continues to remind us we should seek others' well-being, not just our own.
|
0.906051 |
Searching the knowledge base must become an integral part of all knowledge worker processes—search early, search often. The best practice for information capture is to search the knowledge base in real-time. The words and phrases we use to search are potential content to improve an existing article or to create a new article, if one doesn't already exist. Once we have captured a description of the issue and some information about the environment, we have enough context about the issue to search. By listening and searching early based on the requestor's description of the issue, we ensure we understand the issue as the requestor sees it and we minimize the risk of investing time in problem analysis and research on an issue that has already been solved.
Searching often is important because as we are working on the issue and learning more about the situation, we need to search using the new information to see what we collectively know about this or similar issues.
Searching is not a one-time event but rather something that is done throughout the request-resolution process. The advantages of searching often include the following.
As new information is collected, a search should be done to see if a knowledge article about this issue or a similar issue exists.
The articles found in a search, even if they don't directly address the issue at hand, can provide helpful perspectives from similar issues. This can provide ideas on how others have solved similar issues and help us identify clarifying questions.
It is particularly important to search the knowledge base one more time, before we save a new article, to be sure one doesn't already exist.
|
0.939023 |
This instructable proposes a short report about a complement for my self-built diffused light illuminator: a darkfield photographic set, capable to provide an out-of-focus, solid black background.
It's a cheap solution that, based on the first attempts, may provide decent results.
For the sake of clarity, I provide two illustrations and some pictures.
The basic concept is building a "dark room" above which the subject, typically an insect, glued to the head of a pin, seems to float in the darkness although being surrounded by the diffused, indirect illumination provided by the LED strip illuminator.
The illustration above here lists the components to insert in the "dark room".
Tools needed include scissors, small and big, and adhesive tape. I also used a stapler and some glue to assemble the "dark room". A compass is needed to draw circles, as needed e.g. for the hole in the "ceiling" of the dark room.
A "dark room" made with a cardboard box, black inside, about 2 inches high, and at least as wide as the illuminator that will be placed above it.
The "dark room" should be jet black, and its inside should possibly be matt, non reflective. In my case, I found some black heavy cardboard in a discarded display from a perfumery, and I reassembled it outside-in, cutting the cardboard at the most suitable size for my microscope stand.
A circular hole is made in the top of the "dark room". Why did I make it so big, when the subjects that I'll photograph will be in most cases less than 2 cm? Because, as illustrated in the picture, the roof/cover of the dark room is pivoting and the edge of the hole, when closing the dark room, should stay well clear from the subjects. But also because when making several vertical stacks of pictures across the same subject, I need the possibility to slide the pin/pedestal assembly in every direction without hitting the edges of the hole. As explained below, a disc of paper with a narrow hole (barely fitting the subject) will be placed above the closed "dark room", so that, at the moment of shooting, the "floor" under the subject will be as reflective as possible, while preserving a "black hole" all around it.
As per illustrations and photographs.
Step 2: In the "clear Room"
The upper opening of the illuminator is narrowed by cutting out another holed cardboard disc and putting it the most suitable position to minimize the reflections of the objective while keeping the optical field free.
Here are two preliminary pictures taken by applying my old Sony Alpha to my Short Unimac microscope (my first experiment with a T2 adapter to mount the camera in the place of the ocular). I still don't master this technique, but surely the dark, out-of-focus background is evident and the subject stands out quite crisply. Both the subjects are around 1.5 cm long excluding antennae. Chrysis ignita is the small wasp, picture is made with two Z-stacks of 64 pictures each, composed by Helicon Focus stitched with Microsoft ICE. Chrysolina graminis is the small beetle, picture is made with a single Z-stack of 89 pictures. Click on the pictures to enlarge.
|
0.999877 |
I’ve heard many grumbles and complaints about how social media isn’t working as expected so I have assembled a list of the most common reasons you may not be getting the results you desire. Some minor changes to your strategy could make a big difference.
1. Lack of Focus – If you post everything from recipes and soccer practice reports to fuzzy kitty photos and your thoughts on the latest reality TV drama, your audience is probably confused and may not take you seriously. While it’s fine to go off topic occasionally, and doing so can actually show your human side and help you better connect with your audience, when you switch up your topics too often you can hurt your credibility and cause your audience to disengage.
2. Inconsistent Effort – Social media requires daily activity for best results. If you’re active for a few days, then disappear for a week, your audience can feel that you aren’t paying attention and lose interest.
3. Lack of Audience Engagement – It’s important to acknowledge the people who share your content, respond to comments, answer questions, and show that you are paying attention. It’s not all about you—it’s about them.
4. Insufficient Content – The more content you share, the more reasons you give your audience to engage with you. If you share one or two blog posts per week and not much else, you’re missing out on exposure. You don’t have to produce all of the content. Share articles, videos, and photos from related industry sources, your peers and clients. Just make sure your content is of interest to your target audience and that you share often (once daily on Facebook and LinkedIn, many times daily on Twitter, Google+, and Pinterest). Sharing other people’s content also helps you build loyalty with the content creators.
5. Failure to Serve Your Audience – For most service-based businesses, authors, and consultants, the goal should be to serve as a resource for your audience. That means sharing useful content that makes them want to return for more. This is also an opportunity for you to step up and demonstrate your expertise. Give great advice, answer questions, share resources from outside sources, and SERVE your audience. Understand their goals, challenges, and interests and give them solutions. When you do this, they begin to pay attention, and the keep coming back for more.
For Facebook, invest in Facebook ads for your pages. While you may grumble at the thought of spending money because you think all social media should be free, the reality is that ads are easy to set up and they do get results. For LinkedIn, ramp up your connections by exporting your contacts from Outlook or other mail program and import them to LinkedIn. Don’t worry, they won’t get spammed. You will still have control over who receives an invitation. Also join industry groups and send connection requests to fellow members.
Don’t forget to promote your social media links on prime real estate on your website like the header or sidebar. You can also add links to your email signature, mention “Find us on Facebook” in your advertising, and cross-promote links across all of your social media profiles.
7. Selling Too Much – Retailers and restaurants can get away with constant promotions and offers to their audiences, but the rest of us must be careful not to use social media like we’re standing with a megaphone next to a carnival booth. Stick to the 90/10 rule: 90% useful content, 10% sales.
8. Not Selling Enough – While you don’t want to annoy people with sales, you do need to ask people to take action. Never assume they know what you have to offer. Mention your products and services periodically. Announce when you have something new coming out or a special promotion. Let them know which services are your best-sellers and why. You can also post customer testimonials, awards won, media mentions, and find other passive ways to remind your audience what you do.
9. Forgetting About Website Traffic – Sharing tips and videos and photos are great, but don’t forget to share links back to your website. This is easy to do with each new blog post, but you can also do this when you feature products and services. Invite people to visit and watch your traffic grow!
10. Unrealistic Expectations – Social media isn’t a stand-alone solution to marketing—it’s one tactic in a multi-faceted marketing plan. It rarely leads to huge sales immediately, which can be a big disappointment to a lot of users.
Instead, consider the long-term value of social media. It’s a tool for building an audience. When you cultivate a community and earn their loyalty, they will pay attention when you have something new to offer. They will also stay with you for the long haul. Social media is also a place to capture attention of prospects, build a powerful reputation, drive traffic to your website, connect with potential alliance partners and media, and keep your existing and past customers engaged. If you do it well and your audience is growing, social media will affect your bottom line in ways that can’t always be measured.
If you like this blog post, you’ll love our Author Toolkit covering websites, blogging and social media for authors. Check it out!
|
0.991737 |
I enjoy walking on the beach. I enjoy watching a movie on a raining. Looking for a caring person" Hi! I'm in search of a man who is down to earth, funny, nice and sincere. I consider myself to be thoughtful, funny and down to earth. I would like someone who believes the same. I'm up to doing anything from going out on the town or just staying at home and curling up on the couch with a blanket and watching a movie with that special someone. Someone easy to talk to and feel comfortable.
|
0.97515 |
Can you remember the five questions you need to be able to answer when going into a job interview?
When working with a recruiter to find work, it’s ESSENTIAL to be a unified team – after all, they are going to need your help in order to present you to organizations in the best possible light. Learn the DO’S and DON’TS here.
When working with a recruiter, it’s important to team up to present you in the most professional way possible. Give them the information that they need in order to represent you well to the organizations you are interested in working for AND THEN do your part by being easy to contact, clearly communicating your experience and preferences, and showing appreciation for the help you receive.
How can you save them money?
How can you make the company more money?
How can you reduce their stress?
How can you help them do something better?
|
0.942726 |
If someone is doing something that makes you angry or upset, change the situation in order to make yourself happy. If you carry on being unhappy that is only going to stop you from moving forward.
If the thing that makes you unhappy is hard to change, do more alternative things to bring happiness to your life instead.
It's hard for me to say this, especially when I'm unhappy writing this.
|
0.999597 |
You want to know the display settings for the device on which the movie is being played.
Use the screenResolutionX and screenResolutionY properties of the System.capabilities object.
You should use the System.capabilities object to determine the display settings of the device that is playing the movie. The screenResolutionX and screenResolutionY properties return the display resolution in pixels.
// If the resolution is 240 x 320 or less, then load the PocketPC movie version.
// Otherwise, assume the device is a desktop computer and load the regular content.
// Set variables for the width and height of the new browser window.
// Determine the x and y values in order to center the window.
// Create the code that, when passed to getURL( ), opens the new browser window.
Additionally, it is worth considering using the screen-resolution values to determine whether to scale a movie. For example, when users have their resolution set to a high value such as 1600 x 1200, some fonts may appear too small to read.
|
0.999683 |
The story of the drama is about the Dowry problem of our society. In this drama, a man has three daughters and one son. He wants to get marry of their children but he is scared from dowry. and did not marry of has daughters.
|
0.996132 |
Can anyone recommend a decent electronics glossary of terms or dictionary?
I am new to programming and need some advice on which assembly code is better to start out on. What book (or books) should I get?
#1 If you’re new to programming, there are two types of programming to choose from. The first is procedural (which includes assembly); the second is object orientated. Object Orientated Programming (OOP) can easily be learned by downloading Express Editions of Visual Studio (for free) from Microsoft; along with numerous code samples and support information (from MSDN, also free); there are a lot of beginning programming books available for this platform. OOP has the advantage that it is the standard for corporate development.
The primary reason to learn assembly is for speed and absolute access to the physical hardware. If you don’t need both of these, learning a language like C might work out better for you. C is almost as fast as assembly and has the advantage that you can use it across various platforms. There are a lot of very good books for beginners for it, as well.
If you’re still set on learning assembly; the first thing you need to pick is your processor. Unless you already have a platform in mind, I would suggest picking one of these three: Microchip PIC microcontrollers; Atmel ARM microcontrollers; and TI MSP microcontrollers.
My personal recommendation is the TI product; the development environment is only $20, which includes a USB programmer, Flash-based processor board, and all the development software. In addition, the assembly language itself is very robust and easy to understand, and the kit includes a wealth of code examples. Once you’ve learned one assembly language, learning a second is much easier since you only have to learn how the mnemonics are different.
off the Internet (like Apple Win) and a 6502 assembly language tutor book from Amazon. These books are very education focused, plus, you can play classic Apple games while learning.
#2 You didn't mention which particular processor or microcontroller for which you would like to learn assembly. I will assume that you would be interested in the PIC microcontrollers manufactured by Microchip.
The first resource you will want to consider is the manufacturer's website, www.microchip.com. Here, you will find a wealth of knowledge in the form of reference manuals, device datasheets, and application notes. Also, be sure to download the MPLAB Integrated Development Environment. This free software package includes a simulator which allows you to single-step through each line of code and examine the results. This can be a very valuable tool in understanding how a particular microcontroller works.
I have an antique tractor that has a 6 VDC electrical system. Because this tractor is not used like the daily workhorse it once was, I have to charge the battery every month or so. I can find 12 VDC float chargers; and, in fact, use these $15 gems to maintain most of my lead-acid batteries. Can you provide me a circuit that will maintain the voltage of 6 VDC lead-acid batteries? The circuit would stay plugged into the 110 VAC mains and monitor the battery voltage.
#1 I have an Enerwatt 612-900 that would do what you ask. It looks like a larger-than-normal wall-wart, and comes with clamps and ring terminals.
It charges 6 or 12 volt lead-acid batteries with three stage charging and is designed to be left on the battery indefinitely.
I paid about $35 (Canadian) for it, and it’s available from Prairie Battery ( www.prairiebattery.ca).
has wire leads and can be bolted to the chassis or perf board. The parts were chosen to be able to be mounted on perf board or a RadioShack project board. The red LED is just to show that power is on.
|
0.951265 |
"He who ain't with me, is against me."
Black Jesus tells the story of Lalubi (Woody Strode), the leader of a Congolese political party, who is imprisoned by foreign armies with interests in his country, thrown in a jail cell, charged with inciting a riot, and eventually executed on trumped up charges. The story is simple and straightforward, told through the eyes of the man as he undergoes his trial and summary execution. The film makes many attempts to establish Lalubi as a Christ figure, and though the constant biblical allusions are heavy-handed at times (as when Lalubi is betrayed by a former follower for 100 pieces of silver), the clumsy symbolism does little to undercut the power of the film.
What's important about a movie like Black Jesus goes beyond its technical merits, though the film is handled quite well by the able Valerio Zurlini, delivering a compelling narrative that moves along nicely without sensationalizing violence. Rather, it's important for its status as a cultural artifact. Lalubi's story is based in part on the life of Patrice Lumumba, the man who organized the first political party in the Congo in the 1950s. Lumumba was later captured by the Belgain government for encouraging "riots," though it's more likely he was detained for his political views. After being released, Lumumba became Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, only to have his government overthrown by Colonel Joseph Motubu, who proceeded to run the country into the ground. Lumumba asked for help from the UN but was ignored, as his former relationship with the Russians had given him the stench of a Communist, not a popular choice in the Western world in the 1950s.
Black Jesus ably captures the last days of this political rebel, after he has been handed over to the new Congolese regime. Woody Strode gives a command performance as the martyred Lalubi, his quiet dignity under conditions of extreme duress providing yet another parallel to the life of Christ. The religious symbolism is perhaps a bit much, but the message of the film remains vitally important, even today�Western governments have a nasty habit of interfering arbitrarily with the affairs of third world countries and then leaving at the drop of a hat, while the small governments are overthrown by one violent coup after another. While Americans were fighting the "good fight" against Communism in the 1960s, innocent people were being slaughtered every day in countries like the Congo. Had the UN not cast a blind eye towards much of the third world, and had it provided more support for democratic leaders like Lumumba, perhaps the region would be more stable today. But the killing continues (witness the Tutsi/Hutu massacres in Rwanda), and most continue to ignore it. A film like Black Jesus makes doing so a bit more difficult.
Image Transfer Review: This is obviously not a big-budgeted or well-preserved film, but the transfer presented here is forgivable, considering the source material Eclectic had to work with. The widescreen image is not anamorphically enhanced, but the loss of vertical resolution isn't really an issue, as the transfer is, overall, quite soft and very grainy. Colors are dull and rather monochromatic, and everything looks quite dark. Shadow detail is poor, with dark-skinned faces blending into the dark backgrounds, and though night scenes feature solid blacks, it is difficult to make out the action. The print used is in only fair condition, showing a number of scratches and lines, but artifacting and aliasing aren't a problem.
Audio Transfer Review: This is a fairly rough mono presentation. Dialogue is at least understandable, if muffled at times. Sound effects also come rather muffled, especially considering the ever-present background hiss, but they too are at least presented without too much interference. Again, a good job of handling difficult, aged source materials.
Extras Review: The only extras related to the feature are some brief production notes which helpfully explain a bit of the historical context of the film, and also offer some information about Woody Strode.
The rest of the extras are a bit unusual, and relate to Black Jesus in unusual ways. Basie Boogie is an old "music video" of a big band performance of a black musical group. The Little Rascals episode The Kid from Borneo is an offensive-in-retrospect story about the gang interacting with a "jungle man" from Africa. Finally, an episode of Buck Rogers has no connection to the feature that I can discover, but it does offer an opportunity to see where George Lucas got the idea for the communication monitors in The Phantom Menace.
An important cultural artifact bolstered by a powerful performance from Woody Strode, Black Jesus is a harrowing, intense picture that manages social commentary despite the heavy-handed religious imagery. The DVD features passable audio and video for such an obscure film, and the extras, though unrelated to the feature, are worth a look.
|
0.954572 |
Pregnancy back pain is a normal phenomenon in early pregnancy, we’ve put together some natural remedies that could help. Most expectant mothers feel some degree of back pain during the early phase of pregnancy and it generally subsides after about 20 weeks.
Where is this back pain coming from?
Back pain is reflected by stretching of the muscles or a burning pain in the left or the right side of the quadrant. The pain is normally the result of the supporting ligaments and disks softening, due to an increase in the progesterone hormone during early pregnancy.
Exercising: It is said that the most significant remedy for early pregnancy back pain is exercise. Types of exercise can range from walking, pelvic rocking, mini crunches, squats, or bridges. All of these can be done with your own body weight in the comfort of your home. Of course, always maintain the correct stance for these exercises. Here is a visual guide on some of the exercises mentioned.
Body Posture: The right body posture can play an important role in reducing back pain. The right posture to help prevent early pregnancy back pain is standing straight and tall. However, in late pregnancy, as the uterus grows, women tend to pull their shoulders back to offset the additional weight, which results in a back strain. You can reduce back pain during later stages of pregnancy by frequently changing your sitting position and avoiding standing for long periods.
Massage: Particularly when performed on the lower back, a massage can result in considerable relief for tired and aching muscles. One relaxing method is to lie on one side while the muscles on either side of the lower spine are massaged. Massages should be performed by those who are qualified.
Support Pillow: Sleeping on your side with a wedge-shaped pillow beneath the tummy can lessen back pain. It’s also helpful to keep at least one of the knees bent with a pillow in between them.
Warm Baths: Taking a warm bath or using a hot pack can help relax your muscles and alleviate the symptoms of back pain. When taking a bath, make sure it’s not too hot and that your body temperature doesn’t rise higher than 102 degrees Fahrenheit for longer than 10 minutes.
Supportive Shoes: Wearing shoes that aren’t supportive can cause stress to your vertebrae and soften the tissues that support and strengthen your back. It’s typically recommended to wear low-heeled shoes with proper arch support to avoid strain on the back.
Prenatal Yoga: Not only can yoga help you reach your point of zen, but it’s also a great way to practice flexibility. Muscle strength and flexibility is key to supporting the tissue in your lower back and avoiding pain. Here is a great prenatal workout with guides.
Pregnant women are prone to back pain due to a number of reasons. Back pain can be caused by the extra weight of the baby, a change center of gravity of the body, or due to hormonal changes in the early stages of pregnancy. We hope that some of these natural remedies can be helpful to get rid of or alleviate your lower back pain during pregnancy.
|
0.917313 |
Favor job openings that offer promotion potential. Why? Because in order to advance to a higher grade from a job without promotion potential, you would either have to land another job, or your job would have to be upgraded. Your job could be upgraded through a so-called “accretion of duties” that would have to be formally justified by a significant increase in the level of your responsibilities or through a process that would require you to reapply for your job. Either way, a protracted, bureaucratic processes would be involved.
If you’re in the competitive service and you receive a grade increase, your new salary will be determined by the so called two-step rule. Here’s how to predict where the two-step rule would take you: Find your current step and grade on the salary table that covers your current job. (Salary tables are posted at opm.gov.) Then, find the step that is two steps above your current step at your current grade; this is your “two-step salary.” Next, go to the grade that is immediately above your current grade, and find the step that provides the salary that is equal to, or immediately above, your two-step salary; that would be your grade and step after the two-step rule was applied.
After being promoted, you would receive another within-grade step increase in one, two or three years, depending on what step you landed at after the two-step rule.
Jobs in the excepted service often pay significantly higher salaries than comparable jobs in the competitive service. So if you switch from the competitive service to the excepted service, you may get a significant salary boost beyond what would be dictated by the two-step rule, particularly if you negotiate your salary.
Some SES jobs are open to GS-14s. You could apply to such SES jobs directly from a GS-14 position without first serving as a GS-15. The minimum SES salary is 120 percent of the salary for GS-15, step 1. Some agencies always offer new SESers a set percentage increase (usually 10 to 15 percent) over their pervious salary; other agencies are free of such restrictions.
Agencies that have been certified by OPM for adopting performance-based appraisal systems for SESers can pay higher SES salaries that can uncertified agencies. The performance-based systems of certified agencies reward high performers with raises but eliminate automatic annual raises. And SESers receive annual bonuses between 5 and 20 percent of basic pay.
If you’re willing to accept a positon at your current step and grade without a promotion, you can be lateraled into an equivalent position in your agency or another agency without competition. That is, a manager can select you without considering any other applicants. Unfortunately, even many managers don’t know about this option. So if you would like to work for a particular manager who might want to hire you, consider tactfully informing him about lateral opportunities.
You may increase your salary for your current job by earning a Quality Step Increase (QSI), which is a faster-than-normal increase within your grade awarded for high-quality performance. Sometimes, employees may choose between receiving a QSI or a cash award for a superior performance evaluation. If you are given such a choice, consider that the long-term value of a QSI — which is a gift that keeps on giving — will probably exceed that of a one-time bonus.
|
0.999832 |
In most cases, driving, and this is true of both real life and games, is about the act of getting from point A to point B with your car. It’s about doing it efficiently, safely, and in as little time as possible. In games, your vehicle of choice might be a car with a jet engine under the hood and even a drive from place to place might be somewhat risky, but the point remains – just get from here to there, usually before your rivals.
One of Burnout Paradise’s greatest achievements is allowing you to do something else entirely. You can, and are encouraged to, just get behind the wheel and drive, without enemies, timers, or competition.
Racing is the means of progression through the game, but that progression is, for the most part, about getting new shiny toys. Different cars that look a bulkier or more aerodynamic or have speed lines to make then go faster, but that’s it, really. The game is not about racing – it’s about cruising.
And the game is built to allow this. The roads are wide and often only curve slightly, there’s no punishment for crashing, and the game never calls you out for not racing. The game’s bikes offer an even ‘cleaner’ experience than the cars – there are no races, just checkpointed nature trails around landmarks. The perfect setting for cruising.
I’ve spent about 30 hours in Burnout Paradise – in the process of writing this article, I was driving around in the game and found a new area. The Lone Peaks Stock Car Track sits towards the southwest, and is a small figure 8 track that’s pretty easy to speed around.
I had never found it before. Perhaps I had never paid enough attention while driving along the road it sits on, or maybe I had seen it but had completely forgotten it exists. I spent a good 15 minutes just circling around it – not for a challenge, but because it was just fun to be driving around a simple pattern.
There was no goal here. I had no aims when exploring the city or the countryside either. Sometimes I might turn off to see if I can make a jump or find out where a road I don’t typically use leads, but other times I’ll just keep going. Add in the fact that I’ll be playing my own soundtrack in the background, and it’s a perfect getaway.
In-between these paragraphs I’ve been going back to play a little more. Not to remind myself, but because it’s a great way to think. Paradise City isn’t the most beautiful game location, nor is it the most impressive, but it’s now the one I know best. I’ve spent more hours driving in Paradise City than any other location, real or virtual. I know it now, all of its landmarks and people.
Why do I play Burnout Paradise? Because I haven’t just fallen in love with racing here, but with the driving. With just moving, with its roads and corners and secret tunnels, with cruising along.
|
0.959677 |
I had a hankering to watch the classic John Ford movie Stagecoach again. I was wondering if it were as bad as I remembered it being. It was. But I saw the whole movie from a new perspective: genealogy. Oh, before I forget, here is the citation.
Ford, John, Walter Wanger, Dudley Nichols, Claire Trevor, John Wayne, Andy Devine, John Carradine, et al. 2014. Stagecoach.
Of course, I am extremely familiar with the geography of Arizona where the movie was set, so many of the scene changes from location to location are more obvious than they would be if I were not so well acquainted with the entire southwestern part of the United States. One striking feature of both the movie and what I commonly see in online family trees, such as the FamilySearch.org Family Tree, is the way geographic reality is ignored. I realize that the movie, notwithstanding John Wayne's acting, was not supposed to be a historic documentary, but the geographic dislocation of the movie is like a disturbing background noise that never seems to stop.
Stagecoach begins with long shots of Monument Valley on the border between Arizona and Utah. This is one of John Ford's favorite locations, but to "enhance" the Arizona part of the movie, he includes saguaro cactus, Apache Indians and a snow storm in the desert. According to the dialogue, the stagecoach is going from Tonto, Arizona Territory to Lordsburg, New Mexico Territory. There is no real town called "Tonto" but there is certainly no such place near Monument Valley. First of all, it is almost 500 miles from Monument Valley to Lordsburg, New Mexico. Other locations mentioned in the movie include a stop at "Lee's Ferry" which is west of Monument Valley about 163 miles on the Colorado River and definitely not on the way to Lordsburg. Stagecoaches, with good roads, could travel about five miles per hour and so a trip from Monument Valley to Lordsburg, at best, would have taken more than 100 hours of travel time, not counting stops assuming there were any roads at that time.
The striking resemblance between this lack of geographic reality and the entries I find in family trees is striking. I commonly find that families include children born in different counties and even different countries at times when travel was on foot or horseback. John Ford could do this with film but genealogists are using their own imagination if they think that I am not going to question any instance of geographic inconsistency.
At one point in the movie, the stagecoach passes what is obviously a shot of the Superstition Mountains outside of Phoenix, Arizona. There is repeated reference in the movie to as stagecoach stop called "Apache Wells." Apache Wells is a neighborhood now in Mesa, Arizona which is about 220 miles from Lordsburg, almost due west. If you went from Monument Valley to Apache Wells and then to Lordsburg, the trip would be over 560 miles assuming there was a road at the time. It may also surprise you to learn that saguaro cactus do not grow in Northern Arizona.
When was the movie supposed to have happened? This is same question genealogical researchers should be asking about their families. The event that triggers the action in the movie is when "Geronimo" leaves the reservation for raiding. Geronimo is a well-documented historical character. He was a Mescalero-Chircahua whose name was actually, Goyaałé [kòjàːɬɛ́]. He was born on 16 June 1829 and died on 17 February 1909. His breakouts or raids from the reservation occurred in August of 1878, September of 1881 and again in May of 1885. See Wikipedia: Geronimo. There is one small problem with using Geronimo in the movie, his base of operations was from Mexico. Oh, the Mexican border is over 500 miles south of Monument Valley.
So, we have some additional parallels between the movie and genealogical research. Just as the movie ignores history, geography and ultimately reality, many genealogists do the same. They seem to assume that they are like movie directors, they can move their ancestors across the stage of history at a whim and ignore where and when they lived. They put their ancestors in the most scenic part of the country and disregard the time it might take them to move from one location to another. Their ancestors become involved with all sorts of historical events that did not occur at the time they lived or even in the same country where they lived.
Oh, did I mention that Lordsburg, New Mexico was founded in 1880 on the route of the Southern Pacific Railroad?
Maybe it is time that genealogist stop living in a movie-like fantasy world and get down to some sort of historical reality?
Another movie with genealogical/geographical problems is The Unsinkable Molly Brown. I haven't checked it recently, but I recall Debbie Reynolds in a prairie schooner 'sailing' through Nebraska or Kansas enroute to Denver with saguaros in the background.
|
0.963957 |
Unexpected outages are a financial risk to the business and can ultimately damage the reputation of the organization. Here are some common causes of unplanned downtime.
Human error has actually proved to be the most prominent threat in IT centers yet the industry is doing nothing to curb the problem. The previously conducted researches cite that, around 70% of data center outages are attributed to human error. By the way, what is behind these human errors? It can always be easy to say "lack of training" but as a matter of fact, best-trained people also make mistakes when in rush, tired or when they think they could get away with taking shortcuts. Most features of data centers attract potential for mistakes simply due to illogical layouts, poor labeling, poor maintenance, and inadequate user training. Simple mistakes people make lead to serious downtime events that are complex and costly to recover from. However, human error may not be viewed as a direct root of the problem but a symptom of complexity. The overall assumption is that flaws are events caused by weak judgments, incompetence, and wrong decisions, therefore tending to believe that the system would be safe without humans.
Complex systems are extended balancing act where humans are vital to keeping that balance, hence the cumulative set of actions result to errors. Manual passage of difficult configuration commands is a common origin of human error in data centers. For example, it can be very possible for a qualified engineer to put a firewall across the wrong interface, wrong entry of an IP address or service misconfiguration with a syntax error. In order to address human error, service providers are supposed to offer appropriate training to employees not only on daily basis but also in worst case scenarios so they can be able to quickly respond and correct damage in any situation.
Bad designing of data center facilities can be another reason for downtime. For example, if you have increased server density in the data center without consideration of adequate provision for space, ventilation, power and air conditioning, then you are probably heading into serious trouble. Therefore, you are required to design the data center which can accommodate any future growth that you may need to implement in the existing facility in case the business demands for it. It is also important to have 2N redundancy to allow for future growth and avoid any occurrence of outages which may happen due to increased load. Planning is one of the crucial element prior to the development of an effective data center since it supports a reduction of downtime by guarantying system robustness and ensuring equipment reliability throughout the operation. When the team fails to create an appropriate design for the system, there is a likeness of future problems arising due to system inflexibility. Therefore, if proper planning and scheduling are contacted, the system reliability and production will be upheld and maximize the opportunity for uptime.
Poor designing of data centers hinder IT professionals from adapting to current technologies due to the inability of their systems to accommodate adjustments. This affects the production rate of the IT organization and may lead to negative reputation from their clients since it can't effectively modernize its facility. However, complex designs may not guarantee higher availability and can lead to more downtime if the infrastructure is not properly and rigorously managed and monitored, therefore, detailed methods and procedures should be put in place during design to ensure that the business operation avoids disruptions.
Equipment failure is not so strange to many organizations and can have devastating and far-reaching effects based on total downtime, repair cost and subsequent impacts on good production and delivery services. Although some of the equipment malfunctions and broken parts are easily rectifiable leading to minimal losses, poor maintenance, planning, and monitoring can lead to serious problems in the overall operations and productions. Equipment failure or configuration issues occur due to various reasons discussed below.
The equipment operators usually receive effective operating procedures and best practices regarding the machine they will be working with on daily operations. However, there might be an inevitable moment when an operator eventually works on a machine or equipment, he/she isn’t familiar and adequately trained for, a situation which may arise as a result of staff shortages or unexpected employee absences. To avoid engaging operators with less expertise in complex machine operations, the organization should ensure that there is enough trained operators to allow for flexibility and contingency plans in case of staff shortage emergencies. Additionally, all operators in IT environments should be trained on various types of equipment and be all-rounded persons.
Regular maintenance on data center equipment is vital for optimal performance. Preventive maintenance is an important task in IT working environments and the management should not assume that IT specialists will identify the impending troubles before the entire failure of an application or hardware system. This is because it is actually hard to notice and detect early stages of failure. Sometimes workers may perform temporary fixes on slow performing machines but that always make the problem worse over time. Preventive maintenance should be continuously adapted in order to extend the usability life of the equipment and machinery thereby minimizing the downtime for routine maintenance and repairs.
Besides handling preventive maintenance, constant monitoring is a valuable process that can lead to a dramatic reduction in downtime and breakdowns. This establishes baselines and detects slight changes which can be incorporated to conclude the impending breakdowns and failures and granting enough time for contingency planning. Through the detection of operational changes in equipment, the company is able to adjust the workloads and schedules to minimize the load on equipment indicating early signs of system failures. Even though failure is inevitable due to equipment unpredictability, but by ensuring suitable operator training, implementing preventive and predictive maintenance strategies, the system equipment will be kept running at optimal performance and have longer lifespan thus impacting the company positively.
|
0.921444 |
My stipend for doing public service is barely enough to cover living expenses.
A stipend is a form of payment or salary, such as for an internship or apprenticeship. Stipends are usually lower than what would be expected as a permanent salary for similar work. This is because the stipend is complemented by other benefits such as accreditation, instruction, work experience, food and/ or accommodation. Universities usually refer to money paid to graduate research assistants as a stipend, rather than as wages, to reflect complementary benefits.
Stipends are also utilized by non-profits or organizations working with oppressed or other less-represented groups of people such as youth. These organizations may stipend youth at a high rate to empower them to do work. Stipends to clients are usually higher than the usual hourly rate but last for less than a year. Many non-profits will pay three dollars over the local minimum wage. Often such positions are created from successful grant applications.
In some Catholic circles, a Mass stipend is the payment, which is generally nominal, to a priest for saying a Divine Liturgy or Mass (liturgy). Usually a donation, it ranges at times from $5 in a small parish to $50 for larger parishes or major events. Weddings and funerals typically have much larger donations given, but that is usually at the discretion of the family or individual in question. However, it is immoral to demand payment for a sacrament, and stipends are seen as gifts.
The term also has a specific use in the Church of England, meaning the salary of a stipendiary minister, one who receives payment directly from the diocese (as opposed to other forms of disbursement such as free use of a house in return for clerical duties, known as house-for-duty).
|
0.993184 |
Will using pre trained embeddings speed up model training?
I have a text classification model that passes word embeddings through a GRU and the output of that GRU is passed fed into an ANN that gives one class as an output.
The dataset is huge(1.4 million lines) and I am training it on Google Colab. It takes 15 mins to just go through 500 lines of the dataset.
So to speed up training, I decided to use pre-trained Glove vectors instead of the random embeddings that Pytorch provides. How do I implement that?
And any idea abou what should I do about missing words that are not in the Glove vectors? How will they be embedded?
Any other ideas about speeding it up will be appreciated.
|
0.982643 |
You're driving a school bus. Your goal is to run over people. You must do it in few time or the policemen will catch you and you'll be in serious problems.
Use the right and left arrow keys to move. Press the up arrow key to accelerate and the down arrow key to brake. Run over all the people to increase your score. Do it quickly. If you succeed, you'll get to the next level. You have three lives.
|
0.994666 |
What are the Car Pool Rules in Alaska?
Car pool lanes are frequently found on Alaska’s freeways, and greatly assist drivers in a number of different ways. While driving in Alaska may be better known for the rural, scenic drives, it’s the freeway commuting that the majority of Alaskans have to worry about on a daily basis. Car pool lanes are lanes that are reserved for vehicles with multiple occupants, and solo drivers are not allowed in them. Even during peak traffic hours, car pool lanes normally allow drivers to operate their vehicles at a standard freeway speed.
It's always important to follow the rules of the road, and if you do so, you can benefit from Alaska’s car pool lanes. These lanes encourage carpooling, which not only saves commuter’s time and gas money, but also gets vehicles off the road. Less vehicles on the road means less traffic, fewer carbon emissions, and less damage to roads (and therefore fewer road repairs trickling into taxpayer’s wallets).
Utilizing the car pool lanes will surely shave time off of your daily commute, or even a non-commute drive that happens to pass through an area that is high in traffic. As with most traffic laws, car pool rules and regulations are easy to learn and follow, so you can get straight to benefitting.
The car pool lanes are always the furthest left lanes on the road, near the oncoming traffic or the barrier. These lanes can form specifically when a car pool zone starts, or they can simply be the continuation of a non-car pool lane. From time to time the carpool lane may briefly detach from the standard lanes, only to meet them again shortly. Occasionally, you can exit the freeway directly from the car pool lane, but most of the time you will have to merge over to the standard right lane for exiting.
You can find car pool lanes on most of Alaska’s primary freeways that are subject to heavy commuter traffic. All car pool lanes are marked with both signs and road painting that says “HOV Lane” (High Occupancy Vehicle), and features an image of a diamond.
The rules for car pool lanes in Alaska vary depending on the part of the state that you’re in, and the freeway that you’re on. Most car pool lanes in Alaska require a minimum of two occupants to be in the vehicle, though some lanes require a minimum of three occupants. Most car pool lanes only operate during peak traffic hours, and are normal, all-access lanes the rest of the time, but some are car pool lanes all around the clock. To figure out the rules and restrictions for a car pool lane, simply read the freeway sign next to the car pool lane.
While car pool lanes were designed to encourage carpooling among workers, you don’t need to actually be sharing a car with a fellow employee to legally drive in the car pool lane. A child in the passenger seat still counts as carpooling.
In Alaska, entering and exiting car pool lanes is limited. This is done to aid the flow of traffic, and to keep there from being too much traffic that could impact the efficiency of the lanes. As such, you can only enter or exit a car pool lane when the line between the lane and the adjacent lane is checkered. When the line is solid, you are not allowed to merge.
In addition to standard passenger vehicles that meet the minimum occupant requirements, motorcycles are also allowed to drive in the car pool lane, even when they have only one occupant. This is to increase safety, as motorcycles are safest for all when traveling at a normal speed, and not operating in bumper to bumper traffic.
Unlike it some states, alternative fuel vehicles cannot drive in the car pool lane unless they meet the minimum occupancy requirement. So if you are visiting Alaska from a state in which you can drive your alternative fuel vehicle in the HOV lane by yourself, you will no longer be able to do that.
If the vehicle you are driving cannot safely or legally operate at high freeway speeds, you cannot drive in the car pool lane, even if you meet the minimum occupancy requirement. Examples of such vehicles are trucks that are towing large objects, semis, RVs, and motorcycles with trailers. However, emergency vehicles, city buses, and tow trucks that are en route to a vehicle are exempt from car pool lane restrictions.
The penalty for violating the car pool lane rules varies depending on the part of Alaska that you are in, and the freeway that you are on. In general, if you are driving in the car pool lane during hours without the minimum numbers of people in your vehicle, the fine will be between $250 and $400. Repeat offenders are subject to higher fines, and potential license restrictions or suspensions.
Drivers who illegally enter or exit the car pool lane over a solid line are subject to equally harsh lane merging tickets.
Any driver who tries to trick police and highway patrol officers by placing a mannequin, dummy, or cut out in their passenger seat will face much larger fine, and sometimes the possibility of jail time.
Using car pool lanes can help Alaska drivers save both time and money, while also helping the environment, the road, and the surrounding traffic. As long as you’re following the simple rules, you can get to enjoying all the benefits of the car pool lane.
|
0.999402 |
Give your dog a break! Let me come by during the day, while you're at work, and spend some quality time exercising your dog(s) according to your instructions. I provide safe, individual walks scheduled at a specific time each day. I leave a time slip at each visit noting exactly when your dog was walked and any important details about the visit. While you're away, I'll visit your home to care for your pet(s) according to your instructions. You can count on me to be there for your pet at every scheduled visit, and that means peace of mind for you. I offer 15 or 25 minute visits so that you can customize care to fit your budget and the specific needs of your pet.
|
0.999526 |
I have been helping people with counselling and therapy for over 10 years. I provide a considered approach shaped by each individual’s unique experience.
What may lead us to therapy?
It could be the breakdown of our current circumstances which can often leave us feeling overwhelmed and that life is unmanageable.
This could be the loss of a loved one, whether in the form of bereavement or due to the end of a meaningful relationship.
These inevitable changes in life can also precipitate an overwhelming response to past trauma.
Feelings of pointlessness, meaninglessness and emptiness. Longing for something else. Or experiencing depression, despair, rage or restlessness.
Therapy can provide an opportunity to reflect on and explore the deeper questions surrounding our lives and facilitate a search for meaning.
|
0.978729 |
TV channel description Popular Russian tv channel that broadcasts from Moscow "Ostankino". The main content of the channel consists of news, analytical and entertaining broadcasts in the Russian language. The "NTV" broadcast a lot of soap operas and talk shows of various genres. NTV content includes general Russian television projects and intellectual and developmental programs.
|
0.943329 |
how early you feel fetus movements depends if you have anterior posterior placenta.
Anterior placenta is a placenta located on the front of the uterus hence the baby is hidden behind it so kicks and movements are felt a little later say around 22-23 weeks onward.
Do not worry, its little early to start feeling the kicks and movements wait for 2-3 weeks more.
|
0.999996 |
What is difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)?Difficulty swallowing is also called dysphagia. It is usually a sign of a problem with your throat or esophagus-the muscular tube that moves food and liquids from the back of your mouth to your stomach. Although dysphagia can happen to anyone, it is most common in older adults, babies, and people who have problems of the brain or nervous system.
|
0.997054 |
What does R Regt C stand for?
The same can be said for many honorary colonels who appear on regimental occasions suitably adorned (including Conrad Black, who proudly sported traditional dress including frock-coat as honorary colonel of The Royal Regiment of Canada, while TV personality Wayne Rostad was one of the few "blue jobs" I encountered who wore his wedge cap correctly).
Among the other fifteen regiments were the Regiment de Maisonneuve (RdM), the only other almost exclusively French-Canadian and Catholic regiment within the Division, and fourteen mainly English-Canadian and religiously diverse regiments, including the Cameron Highlanders and the Royal Regiment of Canada.
Among the other fifteen regiments were the R6giment de Maisonneuve (RdM), the only other almost exclusively French-Canadian and Catholic regiment within the Division, and fourteen mainly English-Canadian and religiously diverse regiments, including the Cameron Highlanders and the Royal Regiment of Canada.
In recognition of his commitment to the military, Goldring was named Honorary Colonel of The Royal Regiment of Canada in 2006.
The Royal Regiment of Canada lost three killed and 25 wounded on 8 August, the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry only one killed and 14 wounded, the Essex Scottish three killed and 17 wounded.
First at Puys, where the Royal Regiment of Canada and three platoons of the Black Watch were mistakenly landed in broad daylight, sheer cliffs overlook their small landing area, itself blocked by a 12-foot seawall that, on that tragic day, was completely covered by machine-gun nests.
Steven Chand spent less than four years in the Royal Regiment of Canada, a Toronto military unit where he completed his basic training as a rifleman.
Prince Charles wears his in recognition of the colonelcy-in-chief of the Royal Regiment of Canada.
BEACHES COVERED WITH DEAD The raid started at dawn when the Royal Regiment of Canada landed at Puys.
|
0.935713 |
While neuromyelitis optica (NMO) immunoglobulin (Ig) G is considered the hallmark serologic marker of NMO, its association is not absolute, as NMO IgG is not detected in approximately one-fourth of the patients diagnosed with NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Thus, the recent discovery that antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are detected in some NMO IgG-seronegative patients manifesting clinical and neuroimaging signs of NMO or NMOSD has created tremendous excitement. However, it may be premature to classify this subgroup as NMOSD. NMO is considered an autoimmune astrocytopathy, and aquaporin-4 (AQP4), expressed on astrocytes, is recognized as the target autoantigen of NMO IgG. As its name denotes, MOG is produced by oligodendrocytes, CNS myelin-producing cells, and MOG is well-recognized as one of the candidate autoantigens in multiple sclerosis (MS) and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Thus, is it possible that the clinical NMOSD-like phenotype associated with MOG-specific antibodies represents a variant of opticospinal MS or ADEM but not AQP4 autoimmunity or NMOSD? Whether this MOG-Ig positive AQP4-seronegative phenotype should be classified as NMOSD, opticospinal MS, or a unique entity is not simply a theoretical question but rather has practical implications for patients, their physicians, insurance carriers, and clinical investigators conducting NMO treatment trials.
Despite the use of sensitive assays, aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific antibodies are not detected in 10%–40% of patients diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD).1 It is also recognized that AQP4 immunoglobulin (Ig) G+ NMO patients frequently produce other autoantibodies, including antibodies that target nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens identified in certain systemic rheumatologic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren syndrome.2 Together, these observations raise the possibility that antibodies in some patients with NMO or NMOSD might also target another CNS autoantigen(s). In this regard, anti–myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies (MOG Ig+) have been identified in some patients diagnosed with NMO or NMOSD.3,–,8 When 3 separate groups evaluated antibodies to both MOG and AQP4 in patients with NMOSD,3,4,8 they observed that NMO IgG was only rarely detectable in MOG Ig+ patients, and conversely, anti-MOG Ig was not observed in nearly all NMO IgG-seropositive NMO patients. Thus, excluding potential issues regarding the sensitivity of the assays, reactivity to these CNS autoantigens was essentially mutually exclusive. Despite differences in ethnicity in the patient populations studied, these 3 investigations identified similar clinical features in this MOG Ig+ patient subpopulation, including a higher proportion of males, fewer relapses, and better recovery than AQP4-seropositive NMO. MOG Ig+ AQP4-seronegative opticospinal disease therefore manifests with clinical features that are distinct from classical AQP4-seropositive NMO.
From a clinical perspective, there are compelling reasons to include this MOG Ig+ subgroup of patients under the umbrella of NMOSD. Physicians and their patients rely on appropriate diagnosis when initiating therapeutic intervention. As AQP4-specific antibodies cannot be demonstrated in some individuals suspected of having NMO, identification of subgroups of AQP4-seronegative patients that produce antibodies to other target CNS autoantigens could facilitate its diagnosis. Optic nerves and spinal cord, the 2 anatomic sites affected most frequently in NMO, are not safely accessible for biopsy. Thus, diagnosis of NMO or NMOSD is ideally based on clinical manifestations, neuroimaging, and serology. Lastly, a diagnosis of NMOSD may be advantageous when patients are attempting to secure insurance coverage for costly NMO treatments. Nevertheless, there may be other clinical concerns in applying the term MOG Ig+ AQP4-seronegative NMO. For example, interferon β and natalizumab, 2 medications approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), may exacerbate AQP4-seropositive NMO.9,–,12 One can imagine that treatment decisions may become more complex if the pathology of this MOG Ig+ opticospinal inflammatory condition is different from AQP4-seropositive NMOSD.
The limited knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis further highlights the issues in currently applying the term NMOSD to MOG Ig+ opticospinal inflammatory disorder. Serum antibodies against MOG are most well-recognized in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM),13 especially in pediatric patients,13,–,19 and have now been identified in children diagnosed with NMO7 or with clinical presentations resembling NMO, i.e., longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis19 or recurrent optic neuritis.18 The immunology, pathology, and genetics of MOG Ig-associated opticospinal disease and NMOSD might be quite distinct. Since the discovery of NMO IgG in 2004,20 the presence of these antibodies in patients has provided diagnostic confirmation and served to distinguish NMO from MS or other forms of CNS demyelinating disease.21 AQP4, the most abundant CNS water channel protein, is highly expressed on astrocyte foot processes at the blood-brain barrier,22 and pathologic studies of NMO lesions demonstrate injury to astrocytes associated with deposition of Ig and complement, providing further support for a humoral immune pathogenesis (see the figure). In contrast to MS, in NMO there is relative sparing of myelin, considered the primary immune target in MS. The presence of antibodies is a hallmark feature of type 2 MS pathologic lesions.23 Furthermore, anti-MOG antibodies have been identified in MS lesions, in particular those associated with vesicular demyelination.24 The MOG Ig+ NMOSD-like clinical phenotype might therefore represent an opticospinal type 2 MS variant. Whereas lymphocytes are characteristic of newly forming MS lesions,25 the cellular composition of NMO lesions is marked by the presence of neutrophils and eosinophils,22 2 leukocyte subtypes not normally detected in MS. Of interest, mice containing T cells specific for MOG develop optic neuritis,26 and when both T cells and B cells target MOG, they spontaneously develop an opticospinal form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that is characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates.27,–,29 It should also be beneficial to determine whether there are genetic associations with this unique phenotype. MS is associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 (DRB1*1501), and NMO has been associated with HLA-DR17 (DRB1*0301).30 Antibody responses may be associated with HLA subtypes (i.e., major histocompatibility complex [MHC] restriction). Although serum anti-MOG antibodies are not a characteristic feature of MS31 and data indicate anti-MOG antibodies in pediatric ADEM are not related to specific MHC II (i.e., HLA-D) genes,32 it is important to determine whether MOG Ig+ AQP4-seronegative opticospinal inflammatory disease is associated with either HLA-DR2 or HLA-DR17.
Nonetheless, certain immunologic features of NMO are shared with this novel MOG Ig-associated opticospinal inflammatory disease. Whereas oligoclonal IgG bands (OBs) are identified in the CSF of most patients with MS, they are detected in only a minority of patients with NMO.33 As in NMO, OBs were rarely detected in patients with MOG Ig-associated opticospinal inflammatory disease.3 It is recognized that NMO IgG is mostly produced outside the CNS, as studies have demonstrated that its concentration in serum is many times higher than in CSF.34 Thus, both the identification of MOG-specific antibodies in the serum and the relative absence of CSF OBs suggest that, like in NMO, the MOG-specific humoral immune process occurs predominantly outside the CNS in these patients. Of interest, histologic analysis of NMO lesions in experimental animal studies suggests that the unique cellular composition of NMO lesions may reflect the complement-fixing properties of NMO IgG, an IgG1 subtype.35 While presumably targeting oligodendrocytes and not astrocytes, one could imagine that serum-derived MOG-specific Ig, whose isotype has yet to be characterized, could promote accumulation of cell types typically detected in NMO in AQP4-seronegative patients. Then again, this possibility seems unlikely because it is well-known that transfer of MOG-specific antibodies in several MOG-induced EAE models in different species promotes demyelinating lesions that resemble MS.24,36,–,38 Also, systemic administration of MOG-specific antibodies alone, like NMO IgG or AQP4-specific antibodies, is not considered pathogenic in the absence of CNS cellular inflammation.37,39,40 AQP4-specific T cells are detected in AQP4-seropositive NMO patients41,42 and exhibit Th17 polarization.41 It has been observed that Th17-polarized myelin protein-specific T cells expanded in vitro can induce atypical or opticospinal forms of EAE that are associated with CNS recruitment of neutrophils,43,–,45 so it is conceivable that MOG-specific T cells, which likely direct the peripheral humoral anti-MOG antibody response (see the figure), could promote CNS accumulation of neutrophils in MOG Ig+ AQP4-seronegative patients. Regardless, without pathologic examination of affected CNS tissue from MOG Ig+ AQP4-seronegative patients, such views are only speculative.
If this opticospinal inflammatory disorder associated with MOG-specific Ig is an NMOSD, one should recognize that it represents just one subset of AQP4-seronegative NMOSD.3,4 Although the sample sizes were small, in 1 of the 3 reports, antibody tests to MOG or AQP4 were repeated after recovery from the acute exacerbation in patients who had previously demonstrated antibodies to MOG or AQP4, respectively.3 Of interest, they could no longer detect MOG-specific antibodies in more than 50% of the original MOG Ig+ patients or AQP4-specific antibodies in 15% of the patients who initially had detectable antibodies to AQP4. Thus, MOG Ig seropositivity may not be a stable serologic phenotype. One might therefore question whether generation of MOG-specific antibodies in these individuals could also reflect “acute phase” collateral injury to oligodendrocytes, innocent bystanders from an immune attack primarily targeting astrocytes. Consequently, the MOG-specific antibodies in NMOSD might represent an example of both “intercellular” and “intermolecular” epitope spreading. Yet if response to oligodendrocytes occurs secondarily, one would anticipate detection of both AQP4-specific and MOG-specific antibodies simultaneously in some patients. However, when antibodies to AQP4 or MOG were present, they were detected to only 1 of these 2 CNS autoantigens in nearly all of the patients described. Further, in a recent case report46 of a patient who experienced a severe exacerbation and also fulfilled diagnostic criteria for NMO but was AQP4-seronegative, serum anti-MOG antibodies corresponded to an elevation in CSF myelin basic protein (MBP), indicative of acute injury to myelin. However, there was no elevation in CSF glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of astrocyte damage that is elevated during exacerbations in AQP4-seropositive NMO patients.47 Clinical improvement in this patient was associated with reduction in both serum levels of anti-MOG antibodies and CSF MBP. Clearly, more longitudinal studies evaluating anti-MOG antibodies, as well as surrogate markers of myelin or astrocyte damage (e.g., CSF MBP and GFAP, respectively), should be conducted in both AQP4-seronegative and AQP4-seropositive patients.
Identification of this unique MOG Ig+ phenotype of opticospinal inflammatory disease creates an additional variable to consider when conducting clinical treatment trials in NMOSD. Clinical investigators are already familiar with heterogeneity, as approximately one-fourth of the patients diagnosed with NMOSD are AQP4-seronegative.1 Because the natural history of MOG Ig+ patients is distinct and recovery without relapse could be the norm, including all AQP4-seronegative NMOSD patients together without consideration of MOG antibody status could compromise the capability of detecting a true benefit of a candidate therapeutic. However, because NMO is a rare condition and there are currently no approved therapies, there may be a desire to include such patients in clinical treatment trials. Thus, when designing NMO clinical trials, it would be advantageous to consider these subgroups when calculating sample sizes for adequate statistical power and to plan prospectively to analyze data obtained from them separately.
Identifying a problem is easier than solving it. The criteria for diagnosing MS and classifying its subtypes have been refined and improved with multiple iterations.48 Similarly, criteria for diagnosing NMO have certainly advanced in the 10 years since the discovery of NMO IgG.21 As our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of NMO increases, one can anticipate further refinements in its diagnostic criteria. However, the term MOG Ig+ AQP4-seronegative NMOSD represents a fundamental disconnect with our current understanding of NMO as an astrocytopathy. Thus, one should exercise caution in applying the term NMOSD to MOG IgG+ patients. While one may consider categorization according to antigen specificity, e.g., AQP4 autoimmunity (“aquaporinopathy”) and MOG autoimmunity (“MOG-opathy”), this may not accurately reflect the AQP4-seronegative astrocytopathy, currently classified as NMOSD. Because the majority of NMOSD is AQP4-seropositive and a minority of AQP4-seronegative NMOSD is MOG Ig+, pathologic examination of sufficient numbers of AQP4-seronegative, MOG Ig-seronegative NMOSD cases is particularly important. Ultimately, neuropathologic examination of several AQP4-seronegative and MOG Ig+ cases may dictate whether opticospinal inflammatory disease associated with MOG-specific antibodies is classified as a member of NMOSD, as opticospinal MS, or as a unique condition. In our view, until that time, the MOG Ig+ opticospinal phenotype should be separated from NMOSD.
Scott S. Zamvil: drafting/revising manuscript, study concept or design, analysis or interpretation of data. Anthony J. Slavin: drafting/revising the manuscript.
S.S. Zamvil has received honoraria for serving on data safety monitoring boards for MS trials conducted by BioMS, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Eli Lilly and Co.; is deputy editor for Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation; is an associate editor for Journal of the Neurological Sciences; holds a patent for aquaporin-4 peptides and methods for using same; received honoraria from Biogen-Idec, Teva Neuroscience, and Genzyme; has consulted for Biogen-Idec, Teva Neuroscience, and Genzyme; is on the speakers' bureau for Advanced Health Media and Biogen; and has received research support from NIH, NMSS, Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, and Maisin Foundation. A.J. Slavin is an employee of Abbvie Bioresearch Center and was formerly an employee of Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals. Go to Neurology.org/nn for full disclosures.
The authors thank Drs. Wolfgang Brück, Klaus Lehmann-Horn, Patricia Nelson, and Michel Varrin-Doyer for helpful discussions and review of the manuscript.
Accepted in final form December 1, 2014.
. AQP4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica: diagnostic and pathogenetic relevance. Nat Rev Neurol 2010;6:383–392.
. Antibodies to MOG and AQP4 in adults with neuromyelitis optica and suspected limited forms of the disease. Mult Scler Epub 2014 Oct 24.
. Development of extensive brain lesions following interferon beta therapy in relapsing neuromyelitis optica and longitudinally extensive myelitis. J Neurol 2008;255:305–307.
. Interferon Beta treatment in neuromyelitis optica: increase in relapses and aquaporin 4 antibody titers. Arch Neurol 2010;67:1016–1017.
. Massive astrocyte destruction in neuromyelitis optica despite natalizumab therapy. Mult Scler 2012;18:108–112.
. Catastrophic brain relapse in seronegative NMO after a single dose of natalizumab. J Neurol Sci 2014;339:223–225.
. Age-dependent B cell autoimmunity to a myelin surface antigen in pediatric multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 2009;183:4067–4076.
. Antibodies to MOG are transient in childhood acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurology 2011;77:580–588.
. Temporal dynamics of anti-MOG antibodies in CNS demyelinating diseases. Clin Immunol 2011;138:247–254.
. Clinical and neuroradiological differences of paediatric acute disseminating encephalomyelitis with and without antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry Epub 2014 Aug 13.
. Identification of autoantibodies associated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis. Nat Med 1999;5:170–175.
. The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an overview. Brain Pathol 2007;17:210–218.
. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice develop spontaneous autoimmune optic neuritis. J Exp Med 2003;197:1073–1081.
. Spontaneous opticospinal encephalomyelitis in a double-transgenic mouse model of autoimmune T cell/B cell cooperation. J Clin Invest 2006;116:2385–2392.
. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T and B cells cooperate to induce a Devic-like disease in mice. J Clin Invest 2006;116:2393–2402.
. HLA-DRB association in neuromyelitis optica is different from that observed in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2010;16:21–29.
. Antibody response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and myelin basic protein depend on familial background and are partially associated with human leukocyte antigen alleles in multiplex families and sporadic multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2002;131:201–207.
. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica: results from 211 lumbar punctures. J Neurol Sci 2011;306:82–90.
. Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders: frequency, origin, and diagnostic relevance. J Neuroinflammation 2010;7:52.
. Neutrophil protease inhibition reduces neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin G-induced damage in mouse brain. Ann Neurol 2012;71:323–333.
. Augmentation of demyelination in rat acute allergic encephalomyelitis by circulating mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against a myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Am J Pathol 1988;130:443–454.
. B lymphocytes producing demyelinating autoantibodies: development and function in gene-targeted transgenic mice. J Exp Med 1998;188:169–180.
. Intrathecal pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in early neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 2009;66:617–629.
. T-cell reactivity against AQP4 in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2012;79:945–946.
. Differential regulation of central nervous system autoimmunity by T(H)1 and T(H)17 cells. Nat Med 2008;14:337–342.
. IL-12- and IL-23-modulated T cells induce distinct types of EAE based on histology, CNS chemokine profile, and response to cytokine inhibition. J Exp Med 2008;205:1535–1541.
. Protective effect of an elastase inhibitor in a neuromyelitis optica-like disease driven by a peptide of myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein. Mult Scler 2012;18:398–408.
. Severe demyelination but no astrocytopathy in clinically definite neuromyelitis optica with anti-myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody. Mult Scler Epub 2014 Sep 25.
. Astrocytic damage is far more severe than demyelination in NMO: a clinical CSF biomarker study. Neurology 2010;75:208–216.
. Follicular helper CD4 T cells (TFH). Annu Rev Immunol 2011;29:621–663.
. Immunodominant T-cell epitopes of MOG reside in its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains in EAE. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2014;1:e22. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000022.
. MOG transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains contain highly stimulatory T-cell epitopes in MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2014;1:e20. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000020.
. Requirement for endocytic antigen processing and influence of invariant chain and H-2M deficiencies in CNS autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2001;108:1133–1139.
|
0.960373 |
How often do you change around your exercise routine?
I'm not sure about the data of the whole wide world, but certainly, the population of those who I've treated in the clinic; the change doesn't occur much, if at all.
Most people stick to a routine they have stuck to for years. For example, one might do a 2-4 five kilometer jog per week. Others have a chest and biceps day on one day, followed by a back and triceps day and miss the leg and shoulder workouts all the other days (just kidding).
Let's zoom in a little here. When we train for a movement such as a squat, there's a tendency NOT to give much variation in what we do. Maybe, it has to do with us being humans on a deeper level, like wanting to be good at what we do. So, just doing the same thing and loading more weights might give us that 'hit' we are deeply desiring.
When this repeated practice occurs without much variation, we begin to form habits. Because my work involves helping people out of dysfunctions, the only habits I see from people not including variety in movements are bad habits.
For the above long-winded reason, please include some variations in your workout routine and spice things up from time to time.
Please watch the video, enjoy the meat, and throw out the bones!
|
0.971436 |
There was a popular dissatisfaction with the manner in which senators came into office in the United States. This led to ratification of the amendment of this legislation. The franchise had become exercisable, and people of America came to favor of those senators. It was a must that representatives be elected into office by a popular vote. This is because prior to this amendment, the legislature had the authority to appoint senators which had several negative outcomes.
The legislature was subject to unethical practices such as corruption in the election of senators. For instance, some individuals or interest groups could even buy seats in the legislature in a bid to influence these elections. In addition, sometimes the elections would end up in a tie and leave the senate vacant and by extension people are unrepresented. The legislature also neglected duties at times as a result of contests from these elections.
Even before this ratification, some states had changed their state laws to ensure that the voters participating in primary elections propose a candidate of a given party through a means of expressing preference. Then through an arrangement the candidate polling the most votes was picked by the legislature. Through this means the legislature's constitutional power had already been curtailed in 29 states before ratification in 1912 (Patterson, 1996).
According to Patterson (1996), in 1785 prominent Americans met with a view to discuss issues of a commercial nature relating to Maryland and Virginia. However, on 25th of May, 1787, the discussions commenced and were governed by two principles. One, deliberations of the confederation were to remain secret until the Madison publication of 1840 and two, that no issue would be termed closed as they were to remain open to discussions at any time deemed necessary (Cullen, 1996).
Deliberations happened at the now Independence House in Philadelphia eleven days later than expected due to delegate's delay. In the deliberations, all states, besides Rhodes Island, which declined were represented. The delegates mainly comprised of lawyers, planters, and merchants who to a large extent represented their interests and regional interests. George Washington was appointed the presiding officer courtesy of his patience and fairness of the fifty five delegates' meeting. Among these, some had experience in a state and colonial government, some had served in the army and in the courts, 8 were signatories of the declaration of independence while 17 owned slaves.
The main goal of this meeting was the debate on the articles of confederation which was discarded immediately, and focus was given to the formation of a government. Two proposals had been put forward: the New Jersey plan and the Virginia plan.
The Virginia plan supported a representation that was proportional to a state's population which understandably was supported by large states (Cullen, 1996). New Jersey plan, on the other hand, supported an equal representation of each state regardless of the population supported by smaller states. The argument was for people to be equally represented in number by the Virginia plan. The New Jersey plan was against a scenario where states with more representatives would always carry the day in election situations. However, this deadlock was broken. Connecticut Compromise: the senate (upper house) had an equal representation, while the House of Representatives (lower house) would have proportionate representation.
Thomas Jefferson, who was absent at the convention, followed closely and corresponded with the proceeding and strove to ensure that an independent executive was established to deal with those issues which the congress rendered incapable to accomplish (Patterson,1996). The delegates also deliberated on whether the election legislature should be elected into these houses by people directly or by state legislatures. Madison was of the opinion that at least one of the two had to be directly elected by people. The delegates then settled on the representatives to be directly elected by people and senators by the state legislature.
Another issue was about slavery. It was not suggested at all that the slaves should vote, but it was debated whether they should be counted for representation. Free states were of the opinion that they should not be considered for representation while slave-owning states wanted them considered for representation. The compromise was that representation was to be for free population and just for three fifths of the slave population.
During this convention, the national government was given the mandate to put in place the army and navy. The federal governments were given the mandate to levy taxes, borrow money, issue copyrights, fix measures and weights, build roads and establish post offices. The constitution had issues that were not to the liking of delegates as it was as a result of compromises being made and was signed by the delegates and passed to the delegates who in turned passed it to the states to be ratified.
It is evident that American culture significantly influenced the writing of the constitution, especially regarding the issue of slavery (Patterson, 1996). Discrimination is apparent as not a single delegate suggested that slaves be voted. They argued that slaves should not be represented in the lower house together with other citizens.
The 17th amendment changed legislation that gave the power to the state legislature to elect senators into the upper house. The amendment changed this and made it possible for the citizens of America to directly elect their senators as the case with representatives. The amendment stated that each state had two senatorial slots and each senator had just one vote and a six-year term. A senator is to be elected by people, and if a position happened to be left vacant the authority is left to the executive of the involved state to issue writs for special election to ensure the vacancy is filled. However, the legislature of such a state is also given the mandate by this amendment to authorize the executive of the state to make an appointment to temporarily fill the vacancy before people elect somebody to fill the position.
This amendment was affirmed in 1913 and came with both some advantages and some disadvantages. By ensuring that senators were elected by people directly into the upper house got rid of ties/deadlocks that saw the senatorial seats go vacant for a substantial amount of time when the legislature used to elect senators (Cullen, 1996). This coupled with corruption and neglecting of duties by the state legislature as a result of election contests was also countered through this amendment.
The founding fathers of the constitution were of the opinion that senators were to be elected by the legislature so that the federal government could have representatives in the states that were not subject to pressure of trying to solicit popular support. Therefore, the seventeenth amendment compromised this opinion of the founding fathers of the constitution.
As a result of this amendment, there was created a power vacuum where the position occupied by the legislature that elected the senators was left undefined. The power vested into the executive hands to appoint temporary people to hold senatorial positions has also evoked controversy.
Cullen, J. (1996). The art of democracy: a concise history of popular culture in the United States. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Patterson, J. T. (1996). Grand expectations: the United States, 1945-1974. New York: Oxford University Press.
|
0.958688 |
What is neurofeedback? Neurofeedback, also as “neurotherapy” and “EEG biofeedback,” has been around since 1960’s. In short, neurofeedback teaches self-regulation of deviant brainwave activity. Media attention over the past few years increased due to interest from parents who seek drug free solutions for child behavior problems, especially attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
|
0.999999 |
There is also the Museum of Natural History and the science museum where you can see important artefacts of some of the greatest scientific discoveries of our time. One piece on display is a little wooden box. It doesn't look like anything special but this little box is in fact a radio that Guglielmo Marconi used in his famous public demonstration of wireless radio in London's Toynbee Hall in 1896. The audience were astounded to hear a bell ring in the box every time Marconi pressed a button on the stage.
Just half an hour away from Oxford by bus is the charming village of Woodstock which is also the home of Blenheim Palace - the home of the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough. The palace and it's garden - a typical example of the English landscape garden - are well worth a visit.
Of course, England is an Island too and some of the best beaches in the world are in the English county of Cornwall in the South of the country. You will have a great time in on Cornwall's 320 miles of beaches and coastline with fantastic waves for surfing and glistening golden sands as well as spectacular countryside views.
Cornwall is also famous for it's ice-cream and seafood. We wouldn't recommended combining them but food lovers will also love this county - just be careful in pubs as many may promote food 'prepared on the premises' but this might mean they simply put it in the microwave!
Okay, okay, last but not least London. London may be extremely popular with tourists but there are good reasons. The London Eye, Big Ben, the Houses of Parliament, Oxford Street, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square and, if you go in June or July, Wimbledon where Federer and the Williams sisters please excited tennis fans and you can snack on strawberries and cream. Just be sure to reserve early and don't worry if you can't get on to the bigger courts or they are too pricey. You can still get the full Wimbledon experience with a ticket to the minor courts and if you go early on in the tournament, there is still a good chance that you'll see a famous name - maybe the new tennis sensation Andy Murray. Just don't forget he is Scottish not English - that is unless he wins in which case he is a national hero no matter where he comes from!
Tower Bridge in London - Note it is not London Bridge!
Just don't forget he is Scottish not English - that is unless he wins in which case he is a national hero no matter where he comes from!
In conclusion, England really is a great place to visit and if you've already seen London, or even if you haven't, why not try visiting somewhere else. You might find you actually enjoy it a whole lot more than London. And of course the best way to truly explore is with your own car. So, what are you waiting for? Book your ferry to England today.
Excellent value for money. Hassle free ticket purchase and check in. Extremely polite and friendly staff. The premium lounge is better now than it has been for several years. I never travel cross-channel with anyone else.
|
0.999984 |
This job requires Turkish knowledge so the rest of the text is in Turkish. Bir devlet kurumu sitesinde ücretisiz olarak yayınlanan verilerin siteden tek tek alınıp excel de istediğim formata getirilmesini istiyorum. Maksimum 3-4 saatte bitecek bir iş.
This program will be used to identify selling opportunities on Amazon. - There will need to be a GUI (TKinter is possible) for the program, with a Main Menu which incl...matches. View Data: - This will allow the user to view all of the data which currently exists, in a table form. - From this, the user can select items to export to a spreadsheet.
I have my blog site. I need to add new contents for it. I want to hire someone with low budget. I will provide more detail in PM. Happy bid.
Convert this PDF document into excel format. Must be like for like with correct columns, rows etc. Pictures must also to be in the correct cells. Pictures are also to be copied to a image folder and named with the product SKU.
|
0.999238 |
"I was told this was an indica dominant strain when I bought it, so when I looked it up and found it was sativa dominant I was nervous. Sativa strains usually make me really anxious and paranoid. We're about 10 minutes into this smoke, and so far I'm feeling totally fine. This flower is beautiful. Like fluffy little trichome covered clouds. You would think that would have tipped me off to this being a sativa but I a..."
"Chernobyl a hybrid that emanates a strong, pungent, aromatic scent of lime - with a slight hint of cherry. It sharply affects your sense of smell as you inhale it's green, provocative odor. This assault on your senses is just a foreshadowing of what is in store for you whether you smoke or vape this beautiful Sativa dominant hybrid. Large, bright, frosty green buds can not be mistaken- to be any other strain I hav..."
"I've tried this strain a couple of times before. My current sample is the best I've had with a light green color mixed with light orange hairs and covered in trichromes. The buds are of loose density and are sticky with resin. Vaping produced a thick vapor but didn't make me cough. The taste is pleasant and extremely unusual. There is a slight lime undertone but it's not profound. The effect hit almost immediately wi..."
"Trainwreck X Trinity X Jack the Ripper......need i say more! A subcool best. Cherry Limeade flavor uplifting high that lasts through the day... Take this girl to 9 weeks and find deep lavanders along with huge trichome production starting early. The high hits like a mule kicks yet she will not take you over the edge without over consumption...."
"Genetics: Jack The Ripper x Trainwreck - or any of the Jack family strain x Trainwreck - Chernobyl is about as interesting as it gets and provides a super awesome high, enough to quick jump start your day instead of coffee or an energy drink. Highly recommended for people feeling mentally fatigued or tired, groggy-ness Not recommended for people that have negative affects to stimulants."
"Hello there avid review reader. TL;DR = Slymer smells great, has a beautiful sativa high that is high energy, taste is decent lime citrus and fruit with mild pine. The Slymer phenotype of this strain is wonderful and that's what I'm reviewing. It's an aesthetically pleasing dark green. Smells amazing, like mint limeaid with some floral notes. Woke up this morning and took a single decent pull from a chillum and wa..."
"this is my newest and most favorite strain , because of what it has done for not just one but multiple problems , first it was suggested that I try this strain for its ability to calm me from my anxiety, but then I noticed that my headaches ,and diabetes were under control as well as minor aches and pains . the smoke is like a thick yet mellow drift of pine wood burning and a smell that triggers you memory centre an..."
"This is one if the more unique strains I've had in a long time. I would describe this as a "patient" and complex flower. Upon inhalation there was a light release and expansion in my lungs, whereas the taste (as well as smell) was VERY distinctive of lime/lemon. I wasn't expecting the buds to be both lightly dense and yet subtly "airy". Covered in crystals this strain produced PLENTY of keif for later which tasted ..."
|
0.973443 |
Natural Disasters can occur at any moment, so It is not possible to predict them, it is up to the government to take precautions for earthquakes, but there is not much that they can provide with besides teaching their citizens on what steps to proceed with in case of a natural disaster. However, some areas have a higher chance of experiencing a natural disaster than other regions. Moreover, it would be unnecessary for every government to construct natural disaster shelters just for a possible natural disaster. Currently, science still has not developed instruments that are able to predict natural disasters. That is why it is essential for us to take precautions to in case of a natural disaster, it could be for example to teach individuals on how to act in case of an earthquake teaching them to stay as far away from large buildings as possible or if they are already located inside a reasonably safe location to duck down and receive cover from a sturdy object like a table. However, it would be inessential for countries that have a lower chance of receiving a natural disaster to take the same precautions as countries that are often exposed to natural disasters. Precautions are essential, but it is not much that the governments can provide with besides instructing on what steps to proceed with in case of a natural disaster. It would only be cost inefficient and unnecessary to build shelters for natural disasters or such as most people would not be able to get there anyhow and there is still a possibility that a natural disaster would tear down the shelter too.
|
0.994697 |
You are an underwater real estate developer contracted to build or improve underwater developments for eight thriving fish communities. Discover and develop unique underwater communities in Aquapolis.
In each community you will be introduced to a new Steward who will require you to build new buildings with new building-related activities. Be the owner of a real-estate empire, a thriving business community, or the infrastructural requirements for each development.
Keep you eye on the communities' level of cleanliness as well, ensuring that the inhabitants have clean water to breath by balancing industrial developments with beautiful gardens that filter dirty water.
Explore the ocean as never before, build your Aquapolis!
|
0.995231 |
These two need each other.
Do not piss off big kitty.
Do not piss off look like food for big kitty.
|
0.997735 |
If you have a high speed satellite web connection, this is a great time for you to be considered a sports fan. Whether they crave football, hockey, baseball, basketball or even soccer, sports fans are no longer limited to only watching what's on their own local television stations, but rather they are able to select from dozens of live games on their computer. Even more amazing, many websites offer multiple games for free. What fan would not be happy with that?
One of the first website's to offer live streaming sporting events online was ESPN.com. Already the leader on live sports on cable tv (they recently secured the rights to the college football BCS championship series, becoming the first cable network to broadcast a major championship game), ESPN recently introduced ESPN360.com, a website which broadcast's full, live sports over the internet. ESPN utilizes fraxel treatments mostly for school football and basketball games that allows viewers to choose from multiple games to watch throughout the day. Depending on your internet speed the streaming is somewhere between average and good, however, you can't beat the use of multiple football games that the website provides you with.
|
0.978908 |
"America is the friend of all Iraqi people." This was the sign put up at Abu Ghraib prison - one that replaced Saddam's portrait when the US took it over as part of the war on terror.
It was Abu Ghraib prison that introduced the world to the violent infrastructure of torture in the war on terror. In 2004, when photos emerged documenting extensive torture ranging from prisoners on leashes to bodies piled atop each other in pyramid structure to prisoners standing in crucifixion like postures, there were global shockwaves at the displays of brutality.
The prison, which was the site of massive torture, also housed a largely innocent population - approximately 70-90 percent of the prisoners were mistakenly detained, according to the Red Cross in a 2004 report .
With no end to the war on terror, the legacy of Abu Ghraib prison remains as important as ever, especially where a lack of accountability continues to permeate all operations in Iraq.
In 2004, when the Abu Ghraib scandal first emerged, former President Bush responded saying that, "Under the dictator, prisons like Abu Ghraib were symbols of death and torture. That same prison became a symbol of disgraceful conduct by a few American troops who dishonoured our country and disregarded our values …"
Bush's statement unveils a particular logic of the war on terror that continues to justify abuses to the present - moral equivalencies, and in particular, the US's perceived moral superiority of itself in the way it fights war. That's why prisoner abuse under Saddam was torture, but under the US it is simply "disgraceful conduct". That's also why Bush can talk about "our values", despite knowing that a series of torture memos essentially provided the rationale to abuse prisoners - that anything short of organ failure or death would, according to his administration's new definition of torture, fall short of it.
Though former President Bush appeared "shocked" when the Abu Ghraib scandal first broke, Eric Fair, a former CACI contractor, in an interview with Democracy Now, on the unveiling of his book, "Consequence: A Memoir" on his time at Abu Ghraib stated that he was "shocked that the American people were so shocked and that they had this kind of idea or that they were so ignorant about what was going on".
There are different ways to understand the role of shock when it comes to Abu Ghraib. On the one hand, "shock" at abuses underscores the false American narrative of the protection of human rights and "our values" in how we engage in conflict with others. On the other hand, shock at not knowing about abuses can perhaps be attributed to the documentary role of the Abu Ghraib scandal in participatory humiliation - in this case, humiliation of Muslim prisoners provoked by Islamophobia that allows the American public to engage in their torture vicariously as a collective act of vengeance for the 9/11 attacks. Described another way, as Dora Apel writes "the viewer is meant to identify with the proud torturers in the context of the defence of a political and cultural hierarchy."
Analysing the shock spectacle is important when it comes to understanding the US's true intention to hold torturers accountable. To date, Abu Ghraib prisoners have seen little, if any, justice for the torture they endured. What, therefore does accountability mean for Abu Ghraib's former prisoners?
For the United States in the war on terror, accountability has meant little other than prosecuting the so-called "bad apples" who conduct torture and/or murder in order to make the point that they are an aberration, not a product of a system-wide policy of sanctioned abuse in the war on terror. That's why in the case of Abu Ghraib, "justice" has largely perceived to have been done over a decade ago, after 11 military personnel were convicted of various crimes including conspiracy, dereliction of duty, and maltreatment of detainees. But that has translated into little for the victims of Abu Ghraib's torture.
On September 22, the question of justice for the at least some of Abu Ghraib's victims and holding military contractors from CACI accountable was revived in a Virginia courtroom in the case of Al-Shimari v CACI et al where the Centre for Constitutional Rights was challenging CACI's motion to dismiss the case for their role in torture at Abu Ghraib.
This is of particular importance as CACI has largely evaded accountability for their direct role in the torture of Abu Ghraib prisoners. Highlighting this point, CCR lawyer Katherine Gallagher noted that, "there remains an accountability gap: military officers were court-martialed for their misconduct, but the private contractors walked away with large payments, and they continue to be awarded millions of dollars in government contracts. This case hopefully will narrow that accountability gap."
CACI's involvement in Iraq began in 2003 after the US military asked them to provide intelligence assistance. Within two years of operating in Iraq, they were involved as defendants in lawsuits accusing them of ordering and overseeing torture. Despite this fact, and prior to concluding investigations on the torture scandal at Abu Ghraib, the US government offered CACI an extension of their contract in the amount of 23 million dollars - accountability for torture, after all, is limited, conditional, and sometimes rewarded for making bolder, the discourse and infrastructure that sustains abuse in the war on terror.
Charles Graner and Ivan Frederick, the two military police members who were convicted of charges related to the abuse of Abu Ghraib prisoners specifically named CACI contractors Daniel Johnson and Steven Stefanowicz as ordering various types of abuse of prisoners.
Despite these allegations, CACI whose tagline is ironically, "ever vigilant," claimed not to know who exactly among their contractors were stationed at Abu Ghraib at the time of the infamous scandal and had done nothing in the way of uncovering this information. However, CCR argued - and the judge agreed, that only a handful of contractors - those working at Abu Ghraib's "hard site" at the time of the plaintiffs' abuse, needed to be questioned.
While underscoring CACI's role in torture was key to this case, so too was the designation of the acts of abuse as torture - something CACI denies. In their motion to dismiss the case, CACI conceded that the treatment of prisoners was "deplorable", and "undoubtedly humiliating", but resisted the label of torture.
Though their obvious interest is in absolving themselves of responsibility, their narrative has become all too familiar in the course of the war on terror and in the treatment of Muslim prisoners. Torture is allowed to thrive not only because it is directed at Muslims, but because it must rise to the most egregious levels of abuse to be considered as such.
The Centre for Constitutional Rights, rejected CACI's argument on torture - not only dismissing their discussion that individual tactics of abuse cannot constitute torture, but also critiquing the notion that what the plaintiffs endured - among other things being punched, slapped, kicked, doused with hot water, forced into stress position for hours, threatened with dogs, stepped on, etc over protracted periods of time, did not have a cumulative impact amounting to torture and subsequent trauma.
"This is the first time a court has effectively conceded that there's sufficient evidence that these Abu Ghraib detainees endured torture or cruel, degrading and inhumane treatment," CCR lawyer Baher Azmy stated after the hearing Friday and Judge Brinkema's decision to allow the case to proceed.
This case paves a promising path for addressing and challenging torture of Muslim prisoners in the war on terror. However, what we must continue to remember is that torture has and continues to be sanctioned by the US government. A positive ruling in subsequent hearings will not change this fact.
This is especially the case when the public narrative continues to be mired with discourse suggesting that torture works as Trump stated earlier this year or his condoning of torture in response to the Brussels attack back in 2016. In other words, the US has not reckoned with torture and far from that - continues to find ways to justify its insidious and overt legal re-entry. However, this case as Azmy noted, sent "an important message that there can be accountability for torture, a vital step for our clients who have yet to see justice. This is a crucial ruling in a political climate where Trump has called for bringing back widely denounced torture techniques like waterboarding."
Abu Ghraib prison was closed in 2014 due to security concerns. But its horrendous legacy lives on. This case brings us one step closer to the possibility of closing the chapter on abuses at Abu Ghraib - but this relies on the full execution of justice that is not limited simply to prosecuting perpetrators of torture, but which extends to survivors of torture such that they are able to finally, albeit incompletely, move on with their lives. Without this, justice is a mere public performance to reclaim our sense moral ground, not a real, intentional commitment to restoring the lives of those we've harmed. But perhaps this is what American justice is really all about.
Maha Hilal is the inaugural Michael Ratner Middle East fellow at the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, DC, and a coprincipal investigator of Tulane University's Torture Trauma Initiative.
|
0.995267 |
This article is about the reign of King Edward VII in the 20th century. For use of the term Edwardian in medieval English history, see Edward I of England.
The Edwardian era or Edwardian period of British history covers the brief reign of King Edward VII, 1901 to 1910, and is sometimes extended in both directions to capture long term trends from the 1890s to the First World War. The death of Queen Victoria in January 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era. The new king Edward VII was already the leader of a fashionable elite that set a style influenced by the art and fashions of Continental Europe. Samuel Hynes described the Edwardian Era as a "leisurely time when women wore picture hats and did not vote, when the rich were not ashamed to live conspicuously, and the sun really never set on the British flag'".
Below the upper class, the era was marked by significant shifts in politics among sections of society that had been largely excluded from wielding power in the past, such as common labourers. Women became increasingly politicised.
The Edwardian period is sometimes imagined as a romantic golden age of long summer afternoons and garden parties, basking in a sun that never sets on the British Empire. This perception was created in the 1920s and later by those who remembered the Edwardian age with nostalgia, looking back to their childhoods across the abyss of the Great War. The Edwardian age was also seen as a mediocre period of pleasure between the great achievements of the preceding Victorian age and the catastrophe of the following war. Recent assessments emphasise the great differences between the wealthy and the poor during the Edwardian era and describe the age as heralding great changes in political and social life. Robert Tressell's popular novel The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists is a strong example of the era's social critique.
Despite this, this type of perception has been challenged more recently by modern historians. The British historian Lawrence James has argued that, during the early 20th century, the British felt increasingly threatened by rival powers such as Germany, Russia, and the United States.
There was a growing political awareness of the working class, leading to a rise in trade unions, the Labour movement and demands for better working conditions. The aristocracy remained in control of top government offices.
The government entered the Second Boer War with great confidence, little expecting that the two small rural Boer republics in southern Africa with a combined white population less than London would hold off the concentrated power of the British Empire for two and half years, and take 400,000 Imperial troops to secure victory.
At first the war split Britain into anti- and pro-war factions. Great orators, such as the Liberal David Lloyd George, who spoke against the war, became increasingly influential. Nevertheless pro-war politicians, such as Unionist Joseph Chamberlain, maintained their hold on power. When Kitchener took command in 1900, he initiated a scorched earth policy in order to interdict Boer guerilla tactics. This resulted in the relocation of thousands of Boer families to internment camps. As prisoners of war were transported overseas to other British possessions, the majority of internees were women and children. Conditions in the camps were poor, due to overcrowding and bad sanitation. Supplies were unreliable, partly because of the constant disruption of communication lines by the Boers. The food rations were meager and there was inadequate shelter, contagious diseases such as measles, typhoid and dysentery were endemic. Many of the internees died. Emily Hobhouse visited the camps and brought the conditions to the attention of the British public. Public outcry resulted in the Fawcett Commission which corroborated Hobhouses's report and eventually led to improved conditions.
In 1901 the six British self-governing colonies of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia united to form the Commonwealth of Australia, with almost complete control of its internal affairs, but with foreign policy and defense handled by London.
The Unionists proposed Tariff Reform (a form of protectionism with high tariffs on imports) to make the British Empire an economic unit; the Liberals claimed this would make food more expensive, and, in the general election of 1906, the Liberals won a landslide. The Liberal government was unable to proceed with all of its radical programme without the support of the House of Lords, which was largely Conservative. Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over Lloyd George's 1909 People's Budget eventually resulted in a reduction in the power of the peers in the Parliament Act 1911. The general election in January 1910 returned a "hung parliament" with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Nationalist members.
The Edwardian era stands out as a time of peace and plenty. There were no severe depressions, and prosperity was widespread. Britain's growth rate, manufacturing output and GDP (but not GDP per capita) fell behind its rivals, the United States and Germany, but the nation still led the world in trade, finance and shipping, and had strong bases in manufacturing and mining. The industrial sector was slow to adjust to global changes, and there was a striking preference for leisure over entrepreneurship among the elite. However, major achievements should be underlined. London was the financial centre of the world—far more efficient and wide-ranging than New York, Paris or Berlin. Britain had built up a vast reserve of overseas credits in its formal Empire, as well as in its informal empire in Latin America and other nations. It had huge financial holdings in the United States, especially in railways. These assets proved vital in paying for supplies in the first years of the World War. The amenities, especially in urban life, were accumulating—prosperity was highly visible. The working classes were beginning to protest politically for a greater voice in government, but the level of industrial unrest on economic issues was not high until about 1908.
By the late 1880s, the Industrial Revolution had created new technologies that changed the way people lived. The growth of industry shifts in manufacturing factories, special-purpose machinery and technological innovations, which led to increased productivity. Gender roles shifted as women made use of the new technology to upgrade their lifestyle and their career opportunities.
For housewives, sewing machines enabled the production of ready made clothing and made it easier for women to sew their own clothes; more generally, argues Barbara Burman, "home dressmaking was sustained as an important aid for women negotiating wider social shifts and tensions in their lives." An increased literacy in the middle class gave women wider access to information and ideas. Numerous new magazines appealed to her tastes and help define femininity.
The inventions of the typewriter, telephone, and new filing systems offered middle class women increased employment opportunities. So too did the rapid expansion of the school system, and the emergence of the new profession of nursing. Education and status led to demands for female roles in the rapidly expanding world of sports.
As middle class women rose in status they increasingly supported demands for a political voice.
In 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), a suffrage advocacy organization. 1907 saw the Mud March, the first large procession organised by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). More than 3,000 women trudged through the wet, cold and muddy streets of London from Hyde Park to Exeter Hall to advocate for women's suffrage.
Although abortion was illegal, it was nevertheless the most widespread form of birth control in use. Used predominantly by working-class women, the procedure was used not only as a means of terminating pregnancy, but also to prevent poverty and unemployment. Those who transported contraceptives could be legally punished. Contraceptives became more expensive over time and had a high failure rate. Unlike contraceptives, abortion did not need any prior planning and was less expensive. Newspaper advertisements were used to promote and sell abortifacients indirectly.
Not all of society was accepting of contraceptives or abortion, and the opposition viewed both as part of one and the same sin. Abortion was much more common among the middle classes than among those living in rural areas, where the procedure was not readily available. Women were often tricked into purchasing ineffective pills. In addition to fearing legal reprimands, many physicians did not condone abortion because they viewed it as an immoral procedure potentially endangering a woman's life. Because abortion was illegal and physicians refused to perform the procedure, local women acted as abortionists, often using crochet hooks or similar instruments.
Feminists of the era focused on educating and finding jobs for women, leaving aside the controversial issues of contraceptives and abortion, which in popular opinion were often related to promiscuity and prostitution. The Church condemned abortion as immoral and a form of rebellion against the child-bearing role women were expected to assume. Many considered abortion to be a selfish act that allowed a woman to avoid personal responsibility, contributing to a decline in moral values. Abortion was often a solution for women who already had children and did not want more. Consequently, the size of families decreased drastically.
The 1834 Poor Law defined who could receive monetary relief. The act reflected and perpetuated prevailing gender conditions. In Edwardian society, men were the source of wealth. The law restricted relief for unemployed, able-bodied male workers, due to the prevailing view that they would find work in the absence of financial assistance. However, women were treated differently. After the Poor Law was passed, women and children received most of the aid. The law did not recognise single independent women, and lumped women and children into the same category. If a man was physically disabled, his wife was also treated as disabled under the law. Unmarried mothers were sent to the workhouse, receiving unfair social treatment such as being restricted from attending church on Sundays. During marriage disputes women often lost the rights to their children, even if their husbands were abusive.
At the time, single mothers were the poorest sector in society, disadvantaged for at least four reasons. First, women had longer lifespans, often leaving them widowed with children. Second, women's work opportunities were few, and when they did find work, their wages were lower than male workers' wages. Third, women were often less likely to marry or remarry after being widowed, leaving them as the main providers for the remaining family members. Finally, poor women had deficient diets, because their husbands and children received disproportionately large shares of food. Many women were malnourished and had limited access to health care.
Edwardian Britain had large numbers of male and female domestic servants, in both urban and rural areas. Men relied on working class women to run their homes smoothly, and employers often looked to these working class women for sexual partners. Servants were provided with food, clothing, housing, and a small wage, and lived in a self-enclosed social system inside the mansion. The number of domestic servants fell in the Edwardian era due to a declining number of young people willing to be employed in this area.
The upper classes embraced leisure sports, which resulted in rapid developments in fashion, as more mobile and flexible clothing styles were needed. During the Edwardian era, women wore a very tight corset, or bodice, and dressed in long skirts. The Edwardian era was the last time women wore corsets in everyday life. According to Arthur Marwick, the most striking change of all the developments that occurred during the Great War was the modification in women's dress, "for, however far politicians were to put the clocks back in other steeples in the years after the war, no one ever put the lost inches back on the hems of women's skirts".
The Edwardians developed new styles in clothing design. The bustle and heavy fabrics of the previous century disappeared. A new concept of tight fitting skirts and dresses made of lightweight fabrics were introduced for a more active lifestyle.
The 2 pieces dress came into vogue. Skirts hung tight at the hips and flared at the hem, creating a trupet of lily-like shape.
Tailored jackets, first introduced in 1880, increased in popularity and by 1900, tailored suits became popular.
By 1904, skirts became fuller and less clingy.
In 1905, skirts fell in soft folds that curved in, then flared out near the hemlines.
From 1905 - 1907, waistlines rose.
In 1901, the hobble skirt was introduced; a tight fitting skirt that restricted a woman's stride.
The Edwardian era corresponds to the French Belle Époque period. Despite its brief pre-eminence, the period is characterised by its own unique architectural style, fashion, and lifestyle. Art Nouveau had a particularly strong influence. Artists were influenced by the development of the automobile and electricity, and a greater awareness of human rights.
In November 1910, Roger Fry organised the exhibition Manet and the Post-Impressionists at the Grafton Galleries, London. This exhibition was the first to prominently feature Gauguin, Manet, Matisse, and Van Gogh in England and brought their art to the public. He followed it up with the Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition in 1912.
George Frampton’s statue of Peter Pan, "erected in Hyde Park in 1912 ... immediately became a source of contention, sparking debate about the role of public statuary and its role in spaces of recreation."
In fiction, some of the best-known names are J. M. Barrie, Arnold Bennett, G. K. Chesterton, Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, John Galsworthy, Kenneth Grahame, M. R. James, Rudyard Kipling, James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Edith Nesbit, Beatrix Potter, Saki, George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, and P. G. Wodehouse. Apart from these famous writers, this was a period when a great number of novels and short stories were being published, and a significant distinction between "highbrow" literature and popular fiction emerged. Among the most famous works of literary criticism was A. C. Bradley's Shakespearean Tragedy (1904). Mass audience newspapers, controlled by press tycoons such as the Harmsworth brothers, Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe and Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere, became increasingly important.
The available recordings of music, such as wax cylinders played on phonographs, were poor in quality by modern standards. Live performances, both amateur and professional, were popular. Henry Wood, Edward Elgar, Gustav Holst, Arnold Bax, George Butterworth, Ralph Vaughan Williams, and Thomas Beecham were all active. Military and brass bands often played outside in parks during the summer.
Cinema was primitive and audiences preferred live performances to picture shows. Music hall was very popular and widespread; influential performers included male impersonator Vesta Tilley and comic Little Tich.
The most successful playwright of the era was W. Somerset Maugham. In 1908, he had four plays running simultaneously in London, and Punch published a cartoon of Shakespeare biting his fingernails nervously as he looked at the billboards. Maugham's plays, like his novels, usually had a conventional plot structure, but the decade also saw the rise of the so-called New Drama, represented in plays by George Bernard Shaw, Harley Granville Barker, and Continental imports by Henrik Ibsen and Gerhardt Hauptmann. The actor/manager system, as managed by Sir Henry Irving, Sir George Alexander, and Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, was in decline.
Notable architects included Edwin Lutyens, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, and Giles Gilbert Scott. In spite of the popularity of Art Nouveau in Europe, the Edwardian Baroque style of architecture was widely favoured for public structures and was a revival of Christopher Wren–inspired designs of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The change or reversal in taste from the Victorian eclectic styles corresponded with the historical revivals of the period, most prominently earlier Georgian and Neoclassical styles of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
White City Stadium for the 1908 Summer Olympics was the first Olympic Stadium in the UK. Built on the site of the Franco-British Exhibition, it had a seating capacity of 68,000 was opened by King Edward VII on 27 April 1908. It was the largest structure of its type in the world, and was designed to be awesome and enhance the love of large-scale spectacle that characterised Edwardian London.
Filmmakers Mitchell and Kenyon documented many scenes from Britain, Ireland and Scotland from 1900-1907, sports, parades, factory exits, parks, city streets, boating and the like. Their films have fortunately survived in very good quality restored from the original negatives.
The period featured many innovations. Ernest Rutherford published his studies on radioactivity. The first transatlantic wireless signals were sent by Guglielmo Marconi, and the Wright brothers flew for the first time.
By the end of the era, Louis Blériot had crossed the English Channel by air; the largest ship in the world, RMS Olympic, had sailed on its maiden voyage and her sister RMS Titanic soon to follow; automobiles were common; and the South Pole was reached for the first time by Roald Amundsen's and then Robert Falcon Scott's teams.
The 1908 Summer Olympic Games were held in London. Popularity of sports tended to conform to class divisions, with tennis and yachting popular among the very wealthy and football (soccer) favoured by the working class.
Aston Villa maintained their position as the pre-eminent football team of the era, winning the FA Cup for the fourth time in 1905 and their sixth League title in 1909–10. The club colours of claret and sky blue were adopted by Burnley as a tribute to their success in 1910. Sunderland achieved their fourth league title in 1901–02. The era also saw Liverpool (1900–01, 1905–06), Newcastle United (1904–05, 1906–07, 1908–09) and Manchester United (1907–08) winning their first league titles.
1 2 Hattersley, Roy (2004). The Edwardians. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-72537-4.
↑ Priestley (1970), pp. 55–56, 288–290.
↑ Battiscombe, Georgina (1969). Queen Alexandra. London: Constable. p. 217. ISBN 0-09-456560-0.
↑ James, Lawrence (1994). The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-349-10667-0.
↑ David Brooks, The age of upheaval: Edwardian politics, 1899-1914 (Manchester University Press, 1995).
↑ G.R. Searle, A new England?: peace and war, 1886-1918 (Oxford UP, 20040 pp 275-307.
↑ Dorothy Porter, "'Enemies of the race': biologism, environmentalism, and public health in Edwardian England." Victorian Studies 34#2 (1991): 159-178.
↑ Ian Packer, Liberal government and politics, 1905-15 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
↑ Margaret Beetham, A magazine of her own?: domesticity and desire in the woman's magazine, 1800-1914 (Routledge, 2003).
↑ Guerriero R. Wilson, "Women's work in offices and the preservation of men's ‘breadwinning’jobs in early twentieth-century Glasgow." Women's History Review 10#3 (2001): 463-482.
↑ Gregory Anderson, The white-blouse revolution: female office workers since 1870 (1988).
↑ Carol Dyhouse, Girls growing up in late Victorian and Edwardian England (Routledge, 2012).
↑ Cartriona M. Parratt, "Athletic 'Womanhood': Exploring sources for female sport in Victorian and Edwardian England." Journal of Sport History 16#2 (1989): 140-157.
↑ Martin Pugh, Women's suffrage in Britain, 1867-1928 (1980).
↑ Melanie Phillips, The Ascent of Woman: A History of the Suffragette Movement and the Ideas behind it (Abacus, 2004).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Knight, Patricia (1977). "Women and Abortion in Victorian and Edwardian England". History Workshop. 4: 57–68. doi:10.1093/hwj/4.1.57.
1 2 3 McLaren, Angus (1977). "Abortion in England 1890–1914". Victorian Studies: 379–400.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Thane, Pat (1978). "Women and the Poor Law in Victorian and Edwardian England". History Workshop: 29–51.
1 2 Benson, John (2007). "One Man and His Woman: Domestic Service in Edwardian England". Labour History Review. 72 (3): 203–214.
↑ Davidoff, Lenore (1973). "Mastered for Life: Servant and Wife in Victorian and Edwardian England". Society for the Study of Labour History. 73 (27): 23–24.
↑ Pooley, Sian (2008). "Domestic Servants and Their Urban Employers: A Case Study of Lancaster 1880–1914". The Economic History Review. 62 (2): 405–429. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00459.x.
↑ Marilyn Constanzo, "'One Can't Shake Off the Women': Images of Sport and Gender in Punch, 1901-10." The International journal of the history of sport 19#1 (2002): 31-56.
↑ Sarah Cosbey, Mary Lynn Damhorst, and Jane Farrell-Beck. "Diversity of daytime clothing styles as a reflection of women’s social role ambivalence from 1873 through 1912." Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 21#3 (2003): 101-119.
↑ Marwick, Arthur (1991). The Deluge. British Society and the First World War (Second ed.). Basingstoke: Macmillan. p. 151. ISBN 0-333-54846-9.
↑ Olian, JoAnne (1998). Victorian and Edwardian fashions from "La Mode Illustrée". New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486297118.
↑ Ann Beth Presley, "Fifty years of change: Societal attitudes and women's fashions, 1900–1950." Historian 60#2 (1998): 307-324.
↑ Kristina Harris, Victorian & Edwardian Fashions for Women, 1840 to 1919 (Schiffer Publishing, 1995).
↑ Sarah Edwards, "‘Clad in Robes of Virgin White’: The Sexual Politics of the ‘Lingerie’Dress in Novel and Film Versions of The Go-Between." Adaptation 5#1 (2012): 18-34.
↑ Priestley, J. B. (1970). The Edwardians. London: Heinemann. pp. 176–178. ISBN 0-434-60332-5.
↑ Priestley (1970), pp. 132–139.
↑ Priestley (1970), pp. 172–176.
↑ A.S. Gray, Edwardian Architecture: A Biographical Dictionary (1985).
↑ David Littlefield, "White City: The Art of Erasure and Forgetting the Olympic Games." Architectural Design 82#1 (2012): 70-77.
↑ James Anthony Mangan, ed. A sport-loving society: Victorian and Edwardian middle-class England at play (Routledge, 2004).
↑ Tony Mason, "'Our Stephen and our Harold’: Edwardian footballers as local heroes." The International Journal of the History of Sport 13#1 (1996): 71-85.
Gray, Anne (2004). The Edwardians: Secrets and Desires. National Gallery of Australia. ISBN 978-0642541499.
Gutzke, David W. "W. Waters Butler and the Making of a Progressive Brewer in Britain, 1890-1922." Histoire sociale/Social history 47#96 (2015): 137-160.
Hughes, Michael. "Archbishop Davidson, the 'Edwardian Crisis,' and the Defense of the National Church." Journal of Church and State 57#2 (2015): 217-242.
Sutherland, Gillian. "Self-education, class and gender in Edwardian Britain: women in lower middle class families." Oxford Review of Education 41#4 (2015): 518-533.
Trumble, Angus, and Andrea Wolk Rager, eds. Edwardian Opulence: British Art at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century (2012).
Thompson, Paul Richard (1992). The Edwardians: The Remaking of British Society. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-41320-2.
|
0.999975 |
What other names is Magnolia known by?
Beaver Tree, Bourgeon Floral de Magnolia, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, Flos Magnoliae, Ho-No-Ki, Holly Bay, Hou Po, Indian Bark, Japanese whitebark magnolia, Magnolia Bark, Magnolia biondii, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia emargenata, Magnolia fargesii, Magnolia Flower Bud, Magnolia glauca, Magnolia heptaperta, Magnolia hypoleuca, Magnolia officinalis, Magnolia Rouge, Magnolia salicifolia, Magnolia sargentiana, Magnolia sprengeri, Magnolia wilsonii, Red Bay, Red Magnolia, Swamp Laurel, Swamp Sassafras, Sweet Bay, White Bay, White Laurel, Xin Ye Hua, Xin Yi Hua.
Magnolia is used for weight loss, problems with digestion, constipation, inflammation, anxiety, stress, depression, fever, headache, stroke, and asthma.
Magnolia flower bud is used for stuffy nose, runny nose, common cold, sinus pain, hay fever, headache, and facial dark spots.
Some people apply magnolia flower bud directly to the gums for toothaches.
In rub-on skin care products, magnolia flower bud extract is used as a skin whitener and to minimize or counteract skin irritation caused by the other ingredients.
In traditional Chinese and Japanese (Kampo) medicine, magnolia bark is an ingredient in Hange-koboku-to, which is composed of 5 plant extracts, and in Saiboku-to, which is composed of 10 plant extracts. These extracts are used to decrease anxiety and nervous tension and to improve sleep. Some researchers believe honokiol, a chemical in magnolia bark, is what makes these medicines work.
Weight loss. So far, there isn't much evidence that magnolia causes weight loss. There is some research showing that overweight women who take a specific product containing a combination of extracts of magnolia plus phellodendron (Relora, Next Pharmaceuticals) don't gain as much weight as other women. They seem to eat fewer calories, possibly because the magnolia reduces their stress-related eating. However, there is no reliable evidence that taking this product actually causes weight loss.
Some other weight loss products include magnolia bark with claims that it reduces cortisol levels. However, there is no evidence that magnolia bark causes weight loss or reduces cortisol levels. In fact, it appears to increase levels of corticosterone, a chemical similar to cortisol.
Magnolia seems to have anxiety-reducing activity in animals. It might also increase steroid production by the body to treat asthma. All research on magnolia has been in laboratories.
Magnolia is POSSIBLY SAFE for most people when used short-term. The safety of magnolia use for more than 6 weeks is unknown. In one study, one person experienced heartburn, shaking hands, sexual problems, and thyroid problems. Another person experienced extreme tiredness and headache. But it is not known if these side effects were caused by magnolia or some other factor.
Not enough is known to rate the safety of magnolia when applied to the skin.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Taking magnolia flower bud by mouth is UNSAFE during pregnancy. There are reports that magnolia can cause the uterus to contract and that might cause a miscarriage.
Magnolia might slow blood clotting. Taking magnolia along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding.
Magnolia bark might cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Medications that cause sleepiness are called sedatives. Taking magnolia bark along with sedative medications might cause too much sleepiness.
Magnolia bark might cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Drugs that cause sleepiness and drowsiness are called sedative medications. Taking magnolia bark along with sedative medications might cause too much sleepiness. Do not take magnolia bark if you are taking sedative medications.
The appropriate dose of magnolia depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for magnolia. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.
|
0.999743 |
(Page 11 of 30) - Beyond Access: Digital divide, Internet Use and Gratifications Gained authored by Cho, Jaeho., Zuniga, Homero Gil de., Nah, Seungahn., Humane, Abhiyan., Hwang, Hyunseo., Rojas, Hernando. and Shah, Dhavan.
Unformatted Document Text: R ETHINKING THE D IGITAL D IVIDE 11 gained. Then, we attempted to see whether the patterns of relationship between Internet use and gratification gained are different depending on socio-economic status and age, the two most important individual level factors in the presistent digital divide. Socio-economic status was constructed by combining income and education, both of which were standardized from 0 to 1. Socio-economic status and age were dichotomized at the median value. These two dichotomies create four subgroups: the high SES-young (N=457), the high SES-old (N=602), the low SES- young (N=675), and the low SES-old (N=439). Due to moderate correlation between socio- economic status and age, sample sizes in these four subgroups are not equal. Then, structural equation modeling techniques were applied again to all four subgroups. Taken as a whole, this study presents five path models: one whole sample model and four subgroup models. In order to rule out potential confounding variables, we employed a residualized covariance matrix as input. To construct the residualized matrix, the six variables of our interest, Internet use and gratifications, were regressed onto the sets of control variables. These regressions produce residuals, the part not explained by the controls, with which we construct covariance matrix to be analyzed. In so doing, we can except that our model would be controlling for the variables used to create the residuals. We report outputs of the regression analyses in order to note how much variances in the Internet use and gratification variables of our interest were explained by the control variables (see Table 1-5). Since the variances explained by a set of control variables were already taken out by using residualizing technique, the total variances reported in the following path models can be interpreted as amount of variances uniquely explained by types of Internet use.
constructed by combining income and education, both of which were standardized from 0 to 1.
study presents five path models: one whole sample model and four subgroup models.
path models can be interpreted as amount of variances uniquely explained by types of Internet use.
|
0.952602 |
Moments after the touchdown, the phone at the IL began ringing like a 1202 Program Alarm. NASA was calling and wanted to know what went wrong, demanding an explanation and a fix before the LM lifted off the surface in a few hours. The IL engineers understood that their computer was not operating at full capacity, but they did not understand why.
They went to their simulators, in ''a frantic session,'' trying to recreate the problem. ''We worked all night and time was running short.'' Fred Martin recalled, ''Our NASA buddies called us every 15-30 minutes anticipating, demanding a solution. We had to find it. We re-covered old ground, new ground, brainstorms, crazy ideas, anything.''17 Finally, George Silver, an IL engineer with a great deal of experience in the LM simulators, arrived at the lab. He had monitored the landing at home, heard the alarms, and rushed into work to point out that he'd seen this problem caused by the rendezvous radar during a simulation when the radar was on during a landing and in the ''AUTO'' position.
Fred Martin ran upstairs and pored through the telemetry data with his engineers— sure enough, the radar was on during the landing, though the IL thought it should have been off. It had to have been turned on by an astronaut, but why would he do that? The rendezvous radar was not used during landing. Checking the procedures, it turned out that the astronauts were indeed following the procedure—it was in their instructions (actually, Aldrin had put the switch in SLEW position, when it should have been in AUTO, but this would have made no difference to the problem). They had learned to do it this way in the procedures trainer. But in that simulator the switch was just a dummy, not connected to anything. In the real vehicle, it had different effects.
By now Armstrong and Aldrin had explored the moon for a few hours, and their ascent countdown was already underway. The IL phoned NASA and asked them to call the LM and ask for the rendezvous radar switch to be placed in the LGC position before liftoff. The problem was solved and the program alarms did not recur.
Why did the procedures specify the rendezvous radar, used in the ascent from the moon, to be turned on during descent? Some time before landing Aldrin asked the IL engineers if he could leave the rendezvous radar on during the landing, so that it would already be running if there was an abort and they needed to return to the CSM. IL engineer Larsen approved this step and changed the checklist. Aldrin, of course, was a rendezvous expert and he wanted to be prepared in case of an abort.
But hidden in the computer's interface to the rendezvous radar lay a problem.18 The radar had three modes: SLEW, AUTO, and LGC. In the first two modes, the crew operated the antenna. In SLEW, they could manually direct it, and then switch to AUTO to automatically track the signal on the CSM during rendezvous. These modes operated separately from the guidance computer and displayed their data on the cockpit displays. In LGC mode, the data was provided to the software, which incorporated range and range rate as well as antenna angles into the calculations for the rendezvous guidance. Crew procedures called for the switch to be in the AUTO position during the landings, which would hold it still. Neither mode should have had any impact on the computer.
The trouble was that the rendezvous radar and the rest of the guidance system had different electrical power supplies. They both ran on alternating current (AC) of the same frequency, but had different phases (i.e., their alternating sine waves were out of sync). When the change in the switch procedure was tested in the lab, technicians connected both to the same power supply, which caused them to run in phase, even though they would be out of phase in the spacecraft. According to George Silver via Don Eyles, the problem had been recognized early on but never corrected.
The computer had been designed with 15 percent ''overhead'' in processing power. That is, with all the processes running full blast, the computer would be at 85 percent capacity. But the rendezvous radar was generating so much spurious data that it ate up more than this 15 percent, causing the computer to overload.
Fortunately, the computer had a graceful way of responding to this situation. What the computer did next was not a bug in the program, but a manifestation of robustness in the software design. IL engineers were very proud of their ''asynchronous executive,'' and when the overloads came up, this feature allowed the computer to drop low-priority tasks, meaning that basic housekeeping tasks and the DSKY display were the first to go. Indeed, Aldrin's request for Noun 68 (DELTAH) was dropped by the computer and the display returned to P63. The display froze up for short periods as well. Still, the mission-critical items—guidance equations, throttle control, attitude servos—kept running, which was why Armstrong could still feel the machine responding to his inputs.
In response to these overflows, not only was the computer generating alarms, but it was also restarting. Fortunately, these were not the cumbersome reboots required by today's desktop computers. Rather, ''restart protection,'' the difficult new requirement imposed on the software team in 1968, was allowing the computer to restart nearly instantaneously. When the 1201 and 1202 alarms came up, the computer called a BAILOUT subroutine (ironic for a craft without parachutes), and simply restarted itself. Because of its restart protection, the computer could flush incomplete and lower-priority jobs and pick up right where it had left off. Armstrong could not even feel the hiccups.
When the computer shifted into P64 as the LM pitched over, the computer's capacity margin became even more critical, and hence the alarms continued and even increased in frequency. When Armstrong switched into P66 and took over manual control, the computing load lightened, because the computer was no longer calculating the landing point, and the alarms disappeared.
These explanations all developed in analysis after the landing. How, then, did the ground crews know to make their snap decision not to call an abort?
In the months before the Apollo 11 mission, the crew had rehearsed the landing process from the LM simulator, in contact with the flight controllers and numerous other aspects of the network. As the basic scripts were perfected, engineers began inserting a series of unlikely events to test reactions. Jack Garman, a young engineer on the ground, helped develop computer errors that would probably never happen. These included a program alarm reflecting an overload on the LM computer.
PGNCS condition unknown, DKSY may be locked up, duty cycle may be up to point of missing some functions (nav. last to die) switch to AGS (follow ERR needles) may help (reduces PGNCS duty cycle signif.).
|
0.78481 |
What is a CT scan of the spine?
Computed tomography is an imaging test that uses X-rays and a computer to make detailed images of the body. A CT scan shows details of the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than standard X-rays.
In standard X-rays, a beam of energy is aimed at the body part being studied. A plate behind the body part captures the variations of the energy beam after it passes through skin, bone, muscle, and other tissue. While healthcare providers can get much information from a standard X-ray, it does not give a lot of detail about internal organs and other structures.
In a CT scan, an X-ray beam moves in a circle around the body. This allows many different views of the same organ or structure. The X-ray information is sent to a computer that interprets the X-ray data and displays it in a 2-D form on a monitor.
CT scans may be done with or without "contrast." Contrast refers to a substance taken by mouth or injected into an IV (intravenous) line that causes the particular organ or tissue under study to show up more clearly on the scan.
CT scans of the spine can provide more detailed information about the bones of the spine (vertebrae), the disks between the vertebrae, and other spinal structures and tissues than standard X-rays of the spine. CT scans can give healthcare providers more information related to injuries or diseases of the spine.
Why might I need a CT scan of the spine?
A CT scan may be done when another type of exam such as an X-ray, MRI, or physical exam doesn't give enough information.
A CT of the spine may also be used to assess the effects of treatment of the spine, such as surgery or other therapy.
There may be other reasons for your healthcare provider to recommend a CT scan of the spine.
What are the risks of a CT scan of the spine?
You may want to ask your healthcare provider about the amount of radiation used during the CT scan and the risks related to your particular situation. Radiation from CT scans varies, but it may be up to 100 times greater than a normal chest X-ray. It's a good idea to keep a record of your radiation exposure, such as previous CT scans and other types of X-rays, so that you can tell your healthcare provider. Risks linked to radiation exposure may be related to the number of X-ray exams or treatments over a long period.
Tell your healthcare provider if you are pregnant or think you may be. Radiation exposure during pregnancy may lead to birth defects. If you need to have a CT of the spine, special precautions will be taken to reduce the radiation exposure to the fetus.
If you are breastfeeding, talk with your provider about delaying breastfeeding after getting contrast. There are conflicting recommendations on this topic.
If contrast dye is used, there is a risk for allergic reaction to the dye. Tell your healthcare provider if you are allergic to or sensitive to medicines, contrast, or iodine. Most people won't have any problems from contrast dye. But tell your provider if you have ever had a reaction to any contrast dye, or any kidney problems. Having a seafood allergy won't stop you from getting contrast.
Tell your healthcare provider if you have any kidney problems. In some cases, the contrast dye can cause kidney failure. People with kidney disease are more likely to have kidney damage after contrast exposure.
There may be other risks depending on your specific health condition. Discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider before the test.
How do I get ready for a CT scan of the spine?
The CT technologist will explain the test and you can ask questions.
If your CT scan involves the use of contrast dye, you will be asked to sign a consent form that gives permission to do the procedure. Read the form carefully and ask questions if anything is unclear.
Tell the technologist if you have ever had a reaction to any contrast dye, or if you are allergic to iodine.
You don't usually need to fast before a CT scan, unless a contrast dye is to be used. Your healthcare provider will give you special instructions ahead of time if contrast is to be used and you need to fast.
Tell your healthcare provider about all prescription and over-the-counter medicines, and vitamins, herbs, and supplements you are taking.
Tell your healthcare provider about an recent illnesses or other health conditions you have such as heart disease, kidney disease, asthma, diabetes, or thyroid problems. These can increase the risk for problems.
Tell the technologist if you are pregnant or think you may be.
Tell the technologist if you have any body piercings on your chest or stomach.
If you are claustrophobic, discuss taking medicine before the test with your healthcare provider.
Your healthcare provider may have other instructions on how to get ready.
What happens during a CT scan of the spine?
CT scans can be done on an outpatient basis or as part of your hospital stay. Steps may vary depending on your condition and your healthcare provider’s practices.
You will be asked to remove any clothing, jewelry, or other objects that may interfere with the test, such as eyeglasses, hairpins, dentures, and possibly hearing aids.
If you are to have a scan done with contrast, a healthcare professional will start an intravenous (IV) line in your hand or arm for injection of the contrast dye.
You will lie on a narrow table that slides into a large, circular opening of the ring-shaped scanning machine. Pillows and straps may be used to help prevent movement during the scan.
The technologist will be in another room where the scanner controls are located. But you will be in constant sight of the technologist through a window. Speakers inside the scanner will allow the technologist to talk to you and hear you. You will have a call button so that you can let the technologist know if you have any problems during the scan. The technologist will be watching you at all times and will be in constant communication.
The scanner will start to rotate around you and X-rays will pass through your body for short amounts of time. You will hear clicking and whirring sounds, which are normal.
The X-rays absorbed by the body's tissues will be detected by the scanner and transmitted to the computer. The computer will transform the information into an image to be interpreted by the radiologist.
It will be important for you to stay very still during the scan. You may be asked to hold your breath for a short time at various times during the scan.
If contrast dye is used, you will be removed from the scanner after the first set of scans has been completed. A second set of scans will be taken after the contrast dye has been given.
If contrast dye is used, you may feel some effects when the dye is injected into the IV line. These effects include a warm flushing sensation, a salty or metallic taste in the mouth, a brief headache, or nausea. These effects usually only last for a few moments.
Tell the technologist if you feel any breathing difficulties, sweating, numbness, or heart palpitations.
When the test has been completed, you will be removed from the scanner.
If an IV line was inserted, it will be removed.
You may be asked to wait for a short time while the radiologist examines the scans to make sure they are clear.
While the CT test itself causes no pain, having to lie still for the length of the test might be uncomfortable, particularly if you’ve recently been injured or had surgery. The technologist will use all possible comfort measures and complete the test as quickly as possible to minimize any discomfort or pain.
What happens after a CT scan of the spine?
If contrast dye was used, you may be watched for a period for any side effects or reactions to the contrast dye, such as itching, swelling, rash, or trouble breathing. Tell the radiologist or your healthcare provider right away if you notice any of these symptoms.
If you notice any pain, redness, or swelling at the IV site after you go home, tell your healthcare provider as this could be a sign of infection or other type of reaction.
Otherwise, there is no special type of care needed after a CT scan of the spine. You may go back to your usual diet and activities unless your healthcare provider tells you differently.
Your healthcare provider may give you other instructions after the test, depending on your situation.
|
0.993879 |
Answer just a few questions to help our team know what type of home loan is right for you!
I want the opportunity to save as much money as possible on my mortgage, even if it means the interest rate could fluctuate.
I do not want my interest rate to fluctuate, even if it means I might pay more in interest costs during my mortgage term.
|
0.978387 |
What is all this hype about turmeric?
Well, let me tell you a little bit about it and maybe you will get hyped up too!
Turmeric is an herb that is widely used across eastern and western herbal medicine. This root originates from Southeast Asia but grows in tropical locations all around the world. In Chinese medicine we use this herb to promote movement and healing in the body, eliminate pain, stop bleeding, and control inflammation.
Typically you will see turmeric in powdered form in the spice section of the grocery store, some will even carry the actual root in the produce section.
In my opinion, one of the most notable benefits of turmeric is its anti-inflammatory properties, or should I say inflammatory moderating properties. You see, inflammation is a necessary and life-saving function performed by the body when needed, however, often time’s inflammation becomes chronic which can then manifest into disease.
When taking over the counter NSAIDS (like Advil) to reduce pain and inflammation, you are actually stopping all of the inflammatory responses in the body, even the good ones!
Inflammation plays a significant role in diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, asthma, arthritis, autoimmune conditions, skin ailments and more.
Turmeric is also known for its support in gut and liver health, healing wounds, ulcers, heart health, insulin resistance, and improved memory.
The main constituent of turmeric (i.e. the most medicinally beneficial part) is called curcumin. Often time’s supplements will extract this specific component of turmeric in order to “give you only the good stuff’.
However, plant medicine is rarely used by taking out specific components of an individual plant, and more often by consuming the entire herb as its many different constituents work in various miraculous ways in the body and have been consumed this way for thousands of years.
Curcumin becomes more available for absorption in the body by adding fresh ground pepper or by heating up with oil before ingestion.
Get in touch and let’s chat more about herbs and your health!
|
0.998991 |
What Is the Religion of the Incas?
The Andean worldview differs in many aspects of other religions. For the Incas there is not an abstract concept of God, contrary worshiped various gods and each had its own name and was associated with a specific function. Most of their gods was related to nature, the stars, weather, land, landforms, atmospheric phenomena, animals and their ancestors.
Moreover, myths collected by the chroniclers during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, are an important source to understand the Andean world. There are still representative samples of Andean religion in various regions.
In the same way that most Andean societies, the Incas had a characteristic way of thinking about time and space.
On the one hand, time was perceived sacred and cyclically. They thought they had times of destruction and renewal of the world.
According to the Andean world view, time was cyclical, so the Hanan Pacha Pacha and Ucu complemented and Kai Pacha came to be the meeting point where the two universes joined.
The Inca was the link between the worlds. According to research, it has been suggested that most Inca deities had opposed and complementary characters, so it is assumed that each god had a counterpart, as the Sun and the Moon.
There was a large number and variety during Inca times. Many of the gods had human form, were anthropomorphic and behaved like humans and kept similar to human feelings.
Oracles, were the means by which they communicated and were made of various materials, which were interpreted by priests.
Pachacamac Pachakamaq, Apurimac apu rimaq, Chinchaycamac chinchaykamaq, Mullipampa and Catequil: The most recognized by the ancient chroniclers oracles.
The Sun or Inti, was the most important deity in all Tahuantinsuyo and considered the “father of the Incas”, thus being called “children of the sun”. The chroniclers indicate that Inti was represented by a small statuette carved in gold. Among the temples dedicated to Inti, the most important was the Coricancha located in Cusco. In the central square of Cusco massive ceremonial acts as a solar cult they were performed.
Wiracocha (W / V), according to Inca mythology out of Lake Titicaca and ordered the chaos of the world. It was one of the most important deities, was the divinity of Hanan Pacha .. There is an amazing legend about god Viracocha. When the Inca Pachacuti was promoted, his protege felt. Therefore it made her offered tributes and surrender him cult.
Illapa or CHUQUI illa, the god of thunder. He was able to make it rain, hail and thunder when using the sling. He is worshiped and raised images on the tops of the mountains, especially during times of drought. According to the story the children born in times of thunder should serve the CHUQUI illa.
Pachacamac was the main divinity of the central coast. It was venerated in various regions of Tahuantinsuyo, but whose main temple and oracle was in the coastal area north of the river Lurin desmbocadura. Data from the times of the Tiwanaku and Wari culture. Currently still it exists the temple of Pachacamac.
Or Killa Mama Quilla, the Moon was the wife or sister of the Sun or Inti. She was the mother of the sea, the winds; his cult is related to the dead and fertility. Metal silver as part of its representation. It was the protector of women especially at the time of delivery, there was a special protection with coyas and ñustas.
, Which it is linked to all the sacred. Therefore, the huacas were revered and worshiped them. The huacas needed staff dedicated to worship, why the priests were chosen to interpret and communicate divine messages. There are still a variety of huacas in Peru, especially in Lima, Lambayeque, Trujillo, Puno, Cajamarca, Cusco and other places.
, Hills, mountains or apus were revered. If some tragedy happened as a drought, earthquake, landslide, frost, hail, thought to be a deity punished for having honored, respected or make a bad action. Therefore, there was a temple dedicated to the Sun, Intihuatana or Sunstone in Machu Picchu as other cities mountain.
Human Sacrifices were made when they occurred some facts or events such as earthquakes, the advent of a new Inca, an eclipse.
Young people who were killed had to be perfect and were dressed for the occasion. According to the story they are intoxicated with chicha before being buried alive or slaughtered. Sometimes young women were killed and were prepared to meet “a sacred duty” at the end they were slaughtered or at death accompanied the Inca.
In addition sacrifices they made “sacred animals”. One of them was called, was selected for the solar cult, which was decorated with special outfits. The animal chosen was accompanied by a variety of products such as corn, coca, looms and flowers.
Many of these sacrifices served to ward off misfortunes in the year. Most sacrifices were made in the Apus or mountains and rivers.
¿CONOCEMOS BIEN A LOS INCAS?
¿A qué se le llama Pachamama?
|
0.946391 |
"Ha, Ha! You said pooh."
Winnie-the-Pooh is a fictional bear created by A. A. Milne. He appears in the books Winnie-the-Pooh (published October 14, 1926) and The House at Pooh Corner (1928). Milne also wrote two books of children's poetry, When We Were Very Young and Now We Are Six, which include several poems about Winnie-the-Pooh. All four volumes were illustrated by E. H. Shepard. The setting of the stories is based on the Ashdown Forest in East Sussex, England. The name "Winnie" was inspired by a pet bear of a Canadian soldier, named after his hometown, Winnipeg.
Some of Pooh Bear's friends include Piglet, Tigger, Eeyore, Rabbit, Roo, Kanga, Owl, Gopher, Christopher Robin, and many other friends that the gang makes on their journeys. The Pooh stories were later made into a series of Winnie the Pooh (without hyphens) featurettes by Walt Disney Productions, which became one of the company's most successful franchises.
Between 1929 and 1932, A.A. Milne contractually assigned the Pooh merchandising rights for the US and Canada to an American literary agent named Stephen Slesinger. It was only one of many assets Slesinger managed during his lifetime, and not even the biggestthat would probably be the Red Ryder comic strip, which he placed in movies, on radio and other media. Slesinger died in 1953, and his widow inherited the operation.
In 1961, Walt Disney Productions bought film and other rights to the character and made a series of cartoon films about him. (Note that Winnie-the-Pooh's name was hyphenated in the Milne books, but lost its hyphens in the Disney incarnation.) The early cartoons were based on several of the original stories. However this is not true of the more recent films and television series which Disney has made.
Disney's storytelling style and characterisation have little in common with Milne's tales, and were greatly disliked by the Milne family. The appearance of the cartoons derives from Shepard's illustrations but the style of drawing is simplified and the characters are given exaggerated features. Alongside the cartoon versions, merchandise using the Shepard drawings is now marketed under the description "Classic Pooh".
In 1977, Disney released the animated feature The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, introducing a new character named Gopher, which Disney acknowledged by having Gopher proclaim, "I'm not in the book, you know!" This movie features three segments that were originally released separately as featurettes: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966), Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968), and Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974). This feature version featured new bridging material and a new ending, as it had been Walt Disney's original intention to make a feature. In 1983, a fourth featurette, Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore, was released.
Pooh has become one of the most lucrative literary franchises in history. Today, Pooh videos, teddy bears, and other merchandise generate $1 billion in annual revenues for Disneyas much as is earned by Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto combined. Pooh stuffed toys can be found in every imaginable (and some unimaginable) shape and size from Beanie and miniature versions up to human size stuffed varieties. As well as the stylised Disney Pooh there is also a large range of Classic Pooh merchandise depicting the EH Shepard style in toy form.
Many direct-to-video featurettes have been created, as well as the theatrical feature-length films The Tigger Movie, Piglet's Big Movie, and Pooh's Heffalump Movie. The last of the films listed introduced an elephant-like heffalump named Lumpy.
My Friends Tigger & Pooh was a computer animated television series, inspired by Winnie-the-Pooh. The television series featured Winnie-the-Pooh and his friends, including two new characters: a 6-year-old red-haired girl named Darby and her dog Buster. Although Darby appears to be the main human friend of Pooh and the gang, Christopher Robin still appeared sporadically. Developed by Walt Disney Television Animation, the show premiered on Disney Channel's Playhouse Disney block on May 12, 2007. The show's theme song was written by Jellyfish lead singer Andy Sturmer and is sung by former Letters to Cleo singer Kay Hanley. In Season 2, Chloë Moretz (USA) and Kimberlea Berg (UK) as Darby (replacing Kay Hanley) sing the theme. Also, beginning with this series Travis Oates assumed the role of Piglet, taking over for John Fiedler, who had died in 2005, two years prior to the debut of the series. On July 4, 2010, the show started airing outside of Playhouse Disney, while three new episodes aired in October as the series finale, and since February 14, 2011, after Playhouse Disney has been rebranded into Disney Junior, this show is no longer on the air.
|
0.999995 |
My name is Justin Cardinal. I'm an IT professional and general tech enthusiast. I'm also developing an interest in photography.
Twitter - This tends to be more about tech and work than about personal stuff. When friends and family ask if I use twitter, I say "Yes, but you probably don't want to follow me".
App.net - I'm not very noisy here yet. Still deciding how to use the service, but I've definitely found some interesting people to follow.
Google Plus - I haven't fully embraced Google Plus yet for general use, but you can see what I've found interesting online via my +1's.
Facebook - I use Facebook exclusively for people who are my actual friends and family. If that describes you, feel free to connect with me there.
Google Reader Shared Items - My Shared Items on Google Reader. This also tends to be mostly tech-related content. No new content will be shared here since Google Reader has killed its sharing feature in favor of Google Plus.
Server Fault - "Server Fault is a Q&A site for system administrators and desktop support professionals that's free."
Last.fm - A "social music revolution". In other words, a great place to find new music from people with similar listening habits. With the right software, you can also track your own listening habits and share that information with your friends.
If you would like to contact me, it'd be best to find me via one of my social profiles above. If you have a strong preference for email, you can use the form on my contact page.
|
0.99847 |
"What's the food like?" is a question that tourists like to ask. Who would want to take a holiday in a country where the meals are regarded as "terrible" or "tasteless"?
Indian foodstuffs, I'm pleased to say, made a big impression in March with an appetising array of meals, snacks and spices at the biennial 4-day International Food & Drink show in London, held in the same sprawling venue where the World Travel Market featuring India is staged every year.
In my book, holidays and food go hand in hand. If you like the food, you want to visit the country concerned and give your tastebuds an even bigger treat.
Proudly exhibiting Indian food and drink, alongside 1,200 of the world's top as well as rising organisations, were APEDA (which stands for Agricultural and Processed Food Export Development Authority), reprsenting a range of Indian firms seeking fresh markets across the globe. These included the All India Rice Exporters Association, Beez India Natural Products, Haldiram Exports, Khushi Foods, Om Mangoes, Lion Fruits and Vegetables, Ravi Foods, Shri Lal Mahal and various others.
The Tea Board of India was also eagerly promoting several different brands ranging from Nilgiri to Darjeeling and Assam Tea.
Everywhere one looked, India's food influences were evident, competing strongly with products of other countries, all there to increase market share in a friendly but businesslike atmosphere.
I spotted stands exhibiting Amira Foods of New Delhi, a large, privately-owned company which exports products such as Basmati rice and fresh vegetables to more than 30 countries with ambitions to expand even further afield. Anila's Authentic Sauces, a UK-based firm, specialising in "home-cooked flavours and tastes" free of dairy, gluten, sugar, onion and garlic, was there too. I also saw Exotic Fruits of Mumbai which exports tropical fruit purees and concentrates in canned and frozen packaging.
There was G.S. Limited of Shahjahanpur with its BuzyWoman range of ready-to-cook vegetarian dishes which can be turned out in five minutes. Spice in the Box, a UK firm, offers spice kits of "pure herbs and spices" to make traditional meals by with easy-to-follow recipes printed on each sachet. Other exhibitors included In2Spice (correct) Ltd, Mumtaz Ventures, The British Curry Company, and many more, attracting hundreds of potential clients while inevitably projecting India as a holiday destination with food as a hook to draw people in.
Jalpur Millers, a UK-based firm, displayed its range of flours spices, pulses and pickles. Masala Masala, (correct) another UK-based firm, showed its "100 per cent natural, Indian fresh sauce range made with the finest ingredients". New York Delhi, producers of snacks including the ever-popular Bombay Mix, say their spicy flavours "have not been watered down for Western tastes". They weren't kidding, as I found out, after sampling a mouthful of their fiery chewra.
Many of the foreign exhibitors I spoke to said they "love India" and several have combined a break in Kerala with a holiday in other parts of India, usually places like Rajasthan, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and elsewhere, happily indulging in all the subcontinent's delightful cuisines.
Indeed there is a UK magazine called "Food and Travel" which earlier this year devoted ten pages to a culinary tour of Puducherry, the former French colony in South India, undertaken by top Indian chef Manju Malhi, seeking out mouth-watering dishes that blended French and Indian cooking techniques.
I look forward to the day when India's Ministry of Tourism displays India's staggering array of dishes under the Incredible !ndia banner at these frequent food fairs, so uniting Indian tourism and its lip-smacking food as one irresistibly spicy package.
|
0.93951 |
Katharevousa (Greek: Καθαρεύουσα, pronounced [kaθaˈrevusa], literally "purifying [language]") is a conservative form of the Modern Greek language conceived in the late 18th century as a compromise between Ancient Greek and the Demotic Greek of the time. Originally, it was widely used both for literary and official purposes, though seldom in daily language. In the 20th century, it was increasingly adopted for official and formal purposes, until minister of education Georgios Rallis made Demotic Greek the official language of Greece in 1976, and later in 1982 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou abolished the polytonic system of writing both for Demotic and Katharevousa.
Katharevousa was conceived by the intellectual and revolutionary leader Adamantios Korais (1748–1833). A graduate of the University of Montpellier, Korais spent most of his life as an expatriate in Paris. Being a classical scholar, he was repelled by the Byzantine and later influence on Greek society and was a fierce critic of the clergy and their alleged subservience to the Ottoman Empire. He held that education was a prerequisite to Greek liberation.
Part of Katharevousa's purpose was to mediate the struggle between the "archaists" favouring full reversion to archaic forms and the "modernists".
Although Katharevousa has been just recently introduced, the concept of a conservative literary version of Greek had been present since the times of Koine Greek, with there being a tendency towards a state of diglossia between the Attic literary language and the constantly developing spoken Koine, which eventually evolved into Demotic Greek. Medieval Greek texts and documents of the Byzantine Empire were almost always written in conservative literary Greek. Examples of texts written in vernacular Greek prior to the 13th century are very rare. It can be argued that the establishment of Katharevousa was an official declaration and standardization of the conservative form of Greek, which had already existed in one way or another.
The first known use of the term Katharevousa is in a work by the Greek polymath Nikephoros Theotokis, in 1796.
Katharevousa was widely used in public documents and whatever was conceived as work of formal activity by Greek scholars. The name Katharevousa implies a pure form of Greek as it might hypothetically have evolved from ancient Greek without external influences, while in its modern connotation the word has come to mean "formal language".
In later years, Katharevousa was used for official and formal purposes (such as politics, letters, official documents, and newscasting), while Demotic Greek (δημοτική, dimotiki) or popular Greek, was the daily language. This created a diglossic situation whereby most of the Greek population was excluded from the public sphere and advancement in education unless they conformed to Katharevousa. In 1976, Demotic was made the official language, and in 1982 Andreas Papandreou abolished the polytonic system of writing; by the end of the 20th century full Katharevousa in its earlier form had become obsolete. Much of the vocabulary of Katharevousa and its grammatical and syntactical rules have influenced the Demotic language, so that the project's emphasis has made an observable contribution to the language as it is used today. Modern Greek might be argued to be a combination of the original Demotic and the traditional Katharevousa as stressed in the 19th century, also with institutional input from Koine Greek. Amongst Katharevousa's later contributions is the promotion of classically based compounds to describe items and concepts that did not exist in earlier times, such as "newspaper", "police", "automobile", "aeroplane", "television" and many others, rather than borrowing new words directly from other languages.
Katharevousa (Greek: Καθαρεύουσα) is the female present participle of verb "Katharevo" (Greek: καθαρεύω, pronounced [kaθarévo] , literally "cleanse, purify, clean"). It is related to the Greek-derived English word "Catharsis".
The Church of Greece and other churches of the Greek Orthodox tradition still use Katharevousa in official communications.
This is a text sample of Katharevousa from the Great Greek Encyclopedia, published in 1930. The text has to do with Adamantios Korais's relations with the Greek Church. It is rendered in Demotic and translated into English.
Katharevousa: Ἡ δ' ἀπὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἀποδημία του ἐγένετο πρόξενος πολλῶν ἀδίκων κρίσεων περὶ προσώπων καὶ πραγμάτων καὶ πρῶτα πρῶτα τῆς περὶ ἧς ἀνωτέρω ἔγινε λόγος πρὸς τὸν κλῆρον συμπεριφορᾶς του. Ἂν ἔζη ἐν Ἑλλάδι καὶ ἤρχετο εἰς ἐπικοινωνίαν πρὸς τὸν κλῆρον καὶ ἐγνώριζεν ἐκ τοῦ πλησίον ὄχι μόνον τὰς κακίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ἀρετὰς αὐτοῦ, ὄχι μόνον πολὺ θὰ συνετέλει εἰς διόρθωσίν τινων ἐκ τῶν κακῶν ἐν τῇ Ἐκκλησίᾳ ἐχόντων, ἀλλὰ καὶ δὲν θὰ ἤκουεν ὅσα ἤκουσεν ἐκ τῶν ὑπερβολικῶν κατὰ τοῦ κλήρου ἐκφράσεών του.
Hē d' apò tē̂s Helládos apodēmía tou egéneto próxenos pollō̂n adíkōn kríseōn perì prosṓpōn kaì pragmátōn kaì prō̂ta prō̂ta tē̂s perì hē̂s anōtérō égine lógos pròs tòn klē̂ron symperiphorâs tou. Àn ézē en Helládi kaì ḗrcheto eis epikoinōnían pròs tòn klē̂ron kaì egnṓrizen ek toû plēsíon óchi mónon tàs kakías, allà kaì tàs aretàs autoû, óchi mónon polỳ thà synetélei eis diórthōsín tinōn ek tō̂n kakō̂n en tē̂i Ekklēsíāi echóntōn, allà kaì dèn thà ḗkouen hósa ḗkousen ek tō̂n hyperbolikō̂n katà toû klḗrou ekphráseṓn tou.
Ē apodēmía tou apó tēn Elláda égine próxenos pollṓn ádikōn kríseōn gia prósōpa kai prágmata kai prṓta prṓta, gia tēn opoía égine lógos parapánō, tēs symperiphorás tou pros ton klḗro. An zoúse stēn Elláda kai erchótan se epikoinōnía me ton klḗro kai gnṓrize apó kontá óchi móno tis kakíes, allá kai tis aretés autoú, óchi móno tha synteloúse polý stē diórthōsē merikṓn apó ta kaká pou ypárchoun stēn Ekklēsía, allá kai den tha ákouge ósa ákouse exaitías tōn yperbolikṓn ekphráseṓn tou enantíon tou klḗrou.
English: His expatriation from Greece was a cause for many unjust judgements about situations and people and mainly for his behaviour towards the clergy, which was discussed above. If he had lived in Greece and been in contact with the clergy and known closely not only its turpitude but also its virtues, not only would he have contributed greatly to correcting some of the problems within the Church, but also would not have listened to all that he listened to due to his exaggerated sentiments against the clergy.
^ Stavro Skendi (April 1975). "Language as a Factor of National Identity in the Balkans of the Nineteenth Century". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 119 (2): 186–189. JSTOR 986634.
^ Toufexis, Notis (18 July 2013). "Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies". Diglossia and register variation in Medieval Greek. 32: 203–217.
^ Great Greek Encyclopedia, Vol. XIV, 1930, p. 864.
This page was last edited on 31 March 2019, at 07:54 (UTC).
|
0.988982 |
Artificial intelligence is already transforming the world around us, but one expert predicts terrifying changes on the horizon over the next 30 years.Professor Toby Walsh believes machine learning has the power to radically alter life as we know it by the year 2050.The Internet of Things will allow you to talk to your house6.Robots will be able to rob banks better than people7.AI is already transforming the world around us, but one expert predicts terrifying changes on the horizon over the next 30 years.Professor Toby Walsh believes machine learning has the power to radically alter life as we know it by the year 2050 (stock image)1.
The lure of virtual reality and the horrors of reality could also ensnare people into retreating into their deepest and darkest fantasies.The lure of these virtual worlds could prove too much for some, with addicts choosing to spend all of their time in them (stock image)The lure of these virtual worlds could prove too much for some, with addicts choosing to spend all of their time away from the real world.And Professor Walsh also envisages people acting out their darkest desires in their virtual bubbles on any avatar they can dream up.'This problem will likely trouble our society greatly,' he added.One report in March this year suggested that 38 percent of US jobs will be replaced by robots and artificial intelligence by the early 2030s.Another claimed more than ten million workers in the UK could be replaced by robots over the next 15 years.
|
0.984012 |
Q. What architect designed the gu library?
Lauinger Library was designed by architect John Carl Warnecke. Although completely modern in style, its architecture was intended to harmonize with the other buildings facing the quad. This was accomplished through emphasis on vertical elements, architectural details and the use of an exposed granite chip aggregate in the outside wall and tower construction. The library's interior was designed to facilitate the location of materials, to offer a variety of quiet and comfortable study accommodations and to provide all auxiliary services necessary to aid students and researchers. Faculty studies and graduate carrels surround the book stacks on three levels. Open study areas include carrels on every floor, as well as lounge areas that offer spectacular views of the city and Potomac River.
Warnecke was perhaps best known for his design of the grave site of John F. Kennedy in Arlington National Cemetery.
|
0.974277 |
Why are we in Iraq training an army we’ve trained for 11 years?
My question is, how come the opposing army is doing so well without the eleven years of training that the Iraqi forces have already had?
Although the “ISIS” insurgent army is spreading out and hitting points that were supposed to be well protected by Iraqi forces taking quite a bit of territory, the best explanation I’ve heard for the underperformance of the Iraqis (and there are other but this seems to make some sense): for better or worse the Iraqi armies were trained for localized insurgencies and keeping areas secure in local areas. They have been well regarded in their work at that level.
A coordinated and widespread insurgency such as the current one, with considerable outside aid, is something more strategic, than tactical, and seems to have flummoxed the Iraqi forces by the suddenness and vigor of the uprising. The Iraqi forces did well at the company and brigade level after the U.S. withdrawal (and before), these actions focused of local policing.
We will keep track as the Obama administration goes forth with its plan for advisors and some equipment. An more analysis of how the formidable ISIS grew under the radar of US and Iraqi intelligence will be forthcoming. This is as much a failure of intelligence as it is one of the army itself.
|
0.739061 |
Economics as a word comes from the Greek: oikos means 'family, household, or estate', and nomos stands for 'custom, law' etc, Thus, "household management? or management of scarce resources is the essential meaning of economics. Economics encompasses production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. Economic logic is applied to any problem that involves choice under scarcity.
Initially/ economics focused on "wealth" and later "welfare". Still later, m recent years, it has given sufficient attention to the study of tradeoffs- giving up one to gain another: The focus on tradeoffs arises from the traditional assumption that resources are scarce and that it is necessary to choose between competing alternatives. Choosing one benefit impties forgoing another alternative the opportunity cost. (cost of foregoing an Opportunity).
Adam Smith, generally regarded as the Father of Economics, author of 'An Inquiry into the Nature' and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (generally known as The Wealth of Nations) defines econornics as "The science of wealth/' Smith offered another definition, "The Science relating to the laws of production, distribution and exchange.?
Definitions in terms of wealth emphasize production and, consumption, and. do not deal with the economic activities of those not significantly involved m. these two processes, for example/ children and old people. The belief is that non-productive activity is a cost on society,- It meant that man was relegated to the secondary position and wealth. Was placed above life.
Thus arose the shift in the focus to welfare economics study of man and of human welfare, not of money alone, Economics involves social action connected with the attainment of human well being.
Microeconomics which exarnin.es the economic behavior of individual actors such as consumers, businesses, households etc. to understand how decisions are made in the face of scarcity and what effects they have.
Macroeconomics, which studies the economy as a whole and its features like national income, employment /poverty balance of payments and inflation.
The two are linked closely as the behavior of a firm or consumer or household depends upon the state of the national and global economy.
'Mesoeconomics' studies the intermediate level of economic organization m between the micro and the macro economics like institutional arrangements etc.
There are broadly the following approaches in the mainstream economics. The basis of all the streams is the same: resources are scarce while wants are unlimited (often mentioned as the economic problem).
Keynesian macroeconomics based on the theories of twentieth-century British economist John Maynard Keynes. It says. That the state can stirnulate economic growth and restore stability in the economy through expansionary policies. For example- through massive programme of spending on infrastructure when the demand is low and growth is negative.
In the recessionary phase that the economies of the western world in particular and rest of the world in general, went through (some are still undergoing the recession) due to 2008 financial crisis, the relevance of Keynes is growing.
The intervention by State is only when the economic cycle turns down and growth slows down or is negative. In normal times, it is the market that drives growth through the force of supply and demand.
Indian government stepped up expenditure with three fiscal stimuli since December 2008 to revive growth. With growth spurting, the gradual and calibrated exit from the stimulus was begun in the 2010- 11 Union Budget.
Neo-liberalism refers to advocacy of policies such as individual liberty, tree markets, and free trade. Neo-liberalism. "proposes that human well being can best be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills within an institutional framework characterized by strong private property rights, free markets and free trade".
In distinction to the above, there is the school of socialist economics based on public (State) ownership of means of production to achieve greater equality and give the workers greater control of the means of production, It establishes fully centrally planned economy which is also called command economy -" economy is at the command of the State. Private ownership of assets is not allowed, For example, erstwhile USSR, Cuba etc.
Development economics is a branch of economics which deals with economic aspects of the development process, mainly in low-income countries.
Its focus is not only promoting economic growth and structural change but also improving the well-being of the population as a whole through health and education and workplace Conditions, whether through public or private channels. The most prominent contemporary development economists are Nobel laureates Amartya Sen and Joseph Stiglitz.
Structural change of an economy refers to a long-term widespread change of a fundamental structure, rather than microscale or short-term change .For example a subsistence economy is transformed into a manufacturing ecomony, or a regulated mixed economy is liberalized. AN insulated and Protectionist economy becomes open and globalized. A current structural change in the world economy is globalization.
Green economics focuses on and supports the harmonious interaction between humans and nature and attemptes to reconcile the two.
Economic growth is the change- increase or decrease, in the value of goods and services produced by an economy. If It is positive, it means an increase in the output and the income of a country. It is generally shown as the increase m percentage terms of real gross domestic product (GDP adjusted to inflation) or real GDP.
Measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate the value of goods and services produced in an economy. They use a system of national accounts or national accounting. Some of the common measures are Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
National income accounting refers to a set of rules and techniques that are used to I measure the national income of a country. GDP is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within the country in a given period of time- usually a calendar year or financial year.
GDP can be real or nominal. Nominal GDP refers to the current year production of final goods and services valued at current year prices. Real GDP refers to the current year production of goods and service valued all base year prices. Base year prices are Constant prices.
In estimating GDP, only final marketable goods and services are considered. Only their values are added up and they pertain to a given period. When it is compared to the base year figure, the growth levels are Seen.
To explain further, gains from resale are excluded but the services provided by the agents are counted. Similarly, transfer payments (pensions, scholarships etc) are excluded as there is income received but no good or service produced m return. However, not all goods and services from productive activities enter into market transactions. Hence, imputations are made for these non-marketed but productive activities: for example, imputed rental for owner-occupied housing.
Market price refers to the actual transacted price and it includes indirect taxes- custom duty, excise duty, sales tax, service tax etc.
Factor cost refers to the actual cost of the Various factors of production includes government grants and subsidies but it excludes indirect taxes.
Relationship between market price and factor cost.
Factor costs are the actual production costs at which goods and services are produced by the firms and industries in an economy. They are really the costs of all the factors of production such as land, labour, capital, energy, raw materials like steel etc. that are used to produce & given quantity of output in an economy. They are also called factor gate costs (farm gate, firm gate and factory gate) since all the costs that are incurred to produce a given quantity of goods and services take place behind' the factory gate i.e. within the walls of the firms, plants etc in an economy.
Transfer payment refers to payments made by government to individuals for which there no economic activity is produced in return by these individuals. Examples of transfer are scholarship, pension.
There are three different ways of calculating GDP. The expenditure approach adds consumption, investment, government expenditure and net exports (exports minus imports).
On the other hand, the income approach adds what factors earn: wages, .profits, rents etc.
Output approach adds the market value of final goods and services.
The three methods must yield the same results because the total expenditures on goods and services must by definition be equal to the value of the goods and services produced (GNP) which must be equal to the total income paid to the factors that produced these goods and services.
In reality, there will be minor differences in the results obtained from the various methods due to changes in inventory levels. This is because goods in inventory have been produced (and therefore included in GDP), but not yet sold. Similar timing issues can also cause a slight discrepancy between the value of goods produced (GDP) and the payments to the factors that produced the goods, particularly if inputs are purchased on credit.
Final goods are goods that are ultimately consumed rather than used in the production of another good. For example, a car sold to a Consumer is a final good; the components such as tyres sold to the car manufacturer are not; they are intermediate goods used to make the final goods. The same tyres, if sold to a consumer, would be a final goods. Only final goods are included when measuring national income. If intermediate goods were included too, this would lead to double counting; for example, the value of tyres would be counted once when they are sold to the car manufacturer, and again when the car is sold to the consumer.
Only newly produced goods are counted. Transactions in existing goods, such as second-hand cars, are not included, as these do not involve the production of new goods.
GDP considers only marketed goods. If a cleaner is hired, their pay is included in GDP. If one does the work himself, it does not add to the GDP. Thus much of the work done by women at home- taking care of the children, aged; chores etc which is called care economy' is outside the GDP.
Gross means depreciation (wear and tear of machinery in their use) of capital stock is not subtracted. If depreciation is subtracted, it becomes net domestic product.
Calculating the real GDP growth - inflation adjusted GDP growth- allows us to determine if production increased or decreased, regardless of changes in the - inflation and purchasing power of the currency.
The two are related. The difference is that GNP includes net foreign income. GNP adds net foreign investment income compared to GDP. GDP shows how much is produced within the boundaries of the country by both the citizens and the foreigners. It is the market value of all the output produced in the territory of a nation in one year. GDP focuses on where the output is produced rather than who produced it. GDP measures all domestic production, disregarding the producing entities nationalities.
In contrast, GNP is a measure of the value of the output produced by the ?nationals" of a country- both within the geographical boundaries and outside. That is, all the output that the Indian citizens produce in a given year - both within India and all other countries.
For example, there are Indian and foreign firms operating in India. Together what they produce within the Indian geography is the GDP of India. The profits of foreign firms earned within India are included in India's GDP, but not in India?s GNP.
In other words, income is counted as part of GNP according to who owns the factors of production rather than where the production takes place. For example, in the case of a German-owned car factory operating in the US, the profits from the factory would be counted as part of German GNP rather than US GNP because the capital used in production (the factory, machinery, etc.) is German owned. The wages of the American workers would be part of US GDP, while the wages of any German workers on the site would be part of German GNP.
GDP is essentially about where production takes place. GNP is about who produces. If it is an open economy with great levels of foreign investment (FDl) and lesser levels of outbound FDI, its GDP is likely to be larger than GNP.
If it is an open economy but more of its nationals tend to move economic activity abroad or earn more from investing abroad compared with non-nationals doing business and earning incomes within its borders, its GNP will be larger than GDP.
If it is a closed economy where nobody leaves its shores, nobody invests abroad, nobody comes in and nobody invests in the country, its GDP will be equal to GNP.
Japan used to belong in the last category. Until the mid-1990s, the difference between Japan's GDP and GNP amounted to less than one percentage point of GDP. With only limited numbers of people doing business abroad, the GDP and GNP were essentially the same thing.
In the production process a country uses machines and equipment. When there is depreciation, we have to repair or replace the machinery. The expenses incurred for this are called the depreciation expenditure. Net National Product is calculated by deducting depreciation expense from gross national product.
National Income is calculated by deducting indirect taxes from Net National Product and adding subsidies. National Income (N1) is the NNP at factor cost.
Per Capita Income is per capita GDP: GDP divided by mid year population of the corresponding year.
The growth of GDP at constant price shows an annual real growth.
The real GDP per capita of an economy is often used as an indicator of the average standard of living of individuals in that country, and economic growth is therefore often seen as indicating an increase in the average standard of living.
· When growth is quantified, we can understand whether it is adequate or not for the given goals of the economy.
· We can understand its potential and accordingly set targets.
· We can adjust growth rates for their sustainability.
· We can prevent inflation or deflation to some extent if we see the performance of the economy in quantitative terms.
· We can balance the contributions of the three sectors of the economy and steer the direction of growth towards national goals- away from agriculture to manufacturing as m the case of India in recent years.
· Target appropriate levels of employment creation and poverty alleviation.
· Forecast tax revenues for governmental objectives.
· Corporates can plan their business investments.
The measurement of national income encounters many problems. The problem of double-counting. Though there are some corrective measures, it is difficult to eliminate double-counting altogether. And there are many such problems and the following are some of them.
Illegal activities like smuggling and unreported incomes due to tax evasion and corruption are outside the GDP estimates. Thus, parallel economy poses a serious hurdle to accurate GDP estimates. GDP does not take into account the 'parallel economy? as the transactions of black money are not registered.
In most of the rural economy, considerable portion of transactions Occurs informally and they are called as non-monetized economy- the barter economy. The presence of such non-monetary economy in developing countries keeps the GDP estimates at lower level than the actual.
In recent years, the service sector is growing faster than that of the agricultural and industrial sectors. Many new services like business process outsourcing (BPO) have come up. However, value addition in legal consultancy, health services, financial and business services and the service sector as a whole is not based on accurate reporting and hence underestimated in national income measures.
The national income accounts do not include the 'care economy'- domestic work and housekeeping. Most of such valuable work rendered by our women at home does not enter our national accounting.
It ignores voluntary and charitable work as it is unpaid.
National income estimation does not account for the environmental costs incurred in the production of goods. For example, the land and water degradation accompanying the Green revolution in India. Similarly, the climate change that i& caused by the use of fossil fuels. However, in recent years, green GDP is being calculated where the environmental costs are deducted from the GDP value and the Green GDP is arrived at.
GDP Deflator is a comprehensive measure of inflation, implicitly derived from national accounts data as a ratio of GDP at current prices to constant prices. While it encompasses the entire spectrum of economic activities including services, it is available on a quarterly basis with a lag of two months since 1996. Therefore, national income aggregates extensively use WPI for deflating nominal price estimates to derive real price estimates.
Dividing the nominal GDP by the GDP deflator and multiplying it by 100 would then give the figure for real GDP, hence deflating the nominal GDP into a real measure.
A price deflator of 200 means that the current-year price of this computing power is twice its base-year price - price inflation. A price deflator of 50 means that the current- year price is half the base year price ? price deflation.
Unlike some price indexes, the GDP deflator is not based on a fixed basket of goods and services. It covers the whole economy.
Specifically, for GDP, the "basket" in each year is the set of all goods that were produced domestically, weighted by the market value of the total consumption of each good. Therefore, new expenditure patterns are allowed to show up in the deflator as people respond to changing prices. The advantage of this approach is that the GDP deflator reflects up to date expenditure patterns.
The CSO uses the price indices to reach the base year figure from the current year one. In September 2010, for the first quarterly figure, it made a mistake while applying the deflator- for the GDP by output figure, it used one price index and for the GDP by expenditure number, it used another. It led to huge discrepancy.
Alternating periods of expansion and decline in economic activity is called business cycle. That is, the ups and downs of the economy. There are four stages in the business cycle: expansion, growth, slowdown and recession. Recession may not follow every time. When recession takes place, it may not be of the same intensity every times. For example, the 2008 global financial meltdown is the deepest since the WW2 and is called the Great Recession. If recession deepens, it is called depression and occurred only once in the last century in 1930's. All economies experience economic cycles. Explaining and preventing these fluctuations is one of the main focuses of macroeconomics.
i The first benefit of economic growth is wealth creation. It helps create jobs and increase incomes.
ii. It ensures an increase in the standard of living, even if it is not evenly distributed.
iv. rising demand encourages investment in new capital machinery which helps accelerate economic growth and create more employment.
i. violate the principles of fairness and equity thus setting off social conflicts.
ii. Environmental costs are another disadvantage.
· GDP does not value intangibles like leisure, quality of life etc. Quality of life is determined by many other things than economic goods.
· The impact of economic activity on the environment may be harmful- pollution, climate change, unsustainable growth, ecological refugees, life style diseases etc.
· Condition of poor is not indicated For example, Indian economy grew at 8.9% in the first half of 2010-2011 but the food inflation was over 14% and on a high base causing immiserization of the lower classes.
· Gender disparities are not indicated.
· It does not matter how the increase in wealth takes place- whether by civilian demand or war.
· GDP does not measure the sustainability of growth. A country may achieve a temporarily high GDP by over-exploiting natural resources.
The major advantages to using GDP per capita as an indicator of standard of living are that it is measured frequently, widely and consistently. Frequently in that most countries provide information on GDP on a quarterly basis, which allows a user to spot trends more quickly. Widely in that some measure of GDP is available for practically every country in the world, which allows crude comparisons between the standard of living in different countries. And consistently in that the technical definitions used within GDP are relatively consistent between countries, and so there can be confidence that the same thing is being measured in each country.
The major disadvantage of using GDP as an indicator of standard of living is that it is not, strictly speaking, a measure of standard of living. For instance, in an extreme example, a country which exported 100 per cent of its production would still have a high GDP, but a very poor standard of living.
The argument in favour of using GDP is not that it is a good indicator of standard of living, but rather that (all other things being equal) standard of living tends to increase when GDP per capita increases. This makes GDP a proxy for standard of living, rather than a direct measure of it.
Because of the limitations in the GDP concept, other measures of welfare such as the Human Development Index (HDI), Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW), Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) and Sustainable National Income (SN1), Gross National Happiness (GNH), Green GDP, natural resource accounting have been suggested.
They are proposed in an attempt to give a more complete picture of the level of well- being and the position with reference to natural resource depletion, but there is no consensus as to which is a better measure than GDP. Some of the above defy quantification. GDP still remains by far the most often-used measure.
Some economists have attempted to create a replacements for GDP which attempt to address many of the above criticisms regarding GDP. Other nations such as Bhutan have advocated gross national happiness as a standard of living, claiming itself as the world's happiest nation.
The UN Human Development Index (HDI) is a standard means of measuring wellbeing. The index was developed in 1990 by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, and has been used since 1993 by the United Nations Development Programme in its annual report.
· Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weight) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (with one-third weight).
· A decent standard of living, as measured by gross, domestic product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) m US Dollars.
Each year, UN member states are listed and ranked according to these measures.
India is ranked at 134 among 182 countries on the Human Development Index of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) that was released in late 2010. The HDI goes beyond a nation's gross domestic product (GDP) to measure the general well-being of people under a host of parameters, such as poverty levels, literacy and gender-related issues.
An alternative measure, focusing on the amount of poverty in a country, is the Human Poverty Index. The Human Poverty Index is an indication of the standard of living in a country, developed by the United Nations.
? Relative poverty ('poverty with reference to the average per capita income).
The Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) is a concept in green economics and welfare economics that has been suggested as a replacement metric for gross domestic product (GDP) as a metric of economic growth. Unlike GDP it is claimed by its advocates to more reliably distinguish uneconomic growth - almost all advocates of a GDP would accept that some economic growth is very harmful.
A GPI is an attempt to measure whether or not a country's growth, increased production of goods, and expanding services have actually resulted in the improvement of the welfare (or well-being) of the people in the country.
Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP) is an index of economic growth with the environmental consequences of that growth factored in. From the final value of goods and services produced, the cost of ecological degradation is deducted to arrive at Green GDP.
In 2004, Wen Jiabao, the Chinese premier, announced that the green GDP index would replace the Chinese GDP index. But the effort was dropped in 2007 as it was seen that the conventional growth rates were decelerating.
The term was coined by Bhutans former King Jigme Singye Wangchuck in 1972 to indicate his commitment to building an economy that would serve Bhutan's unique culture based on Buddhist spiritual values. While conventional development models stress economic growth as the ultimate objective, the concept of GNH is based on the premise that true development takes place when material and spiritual development occur side by side to complement and reinforce each other. The four dimensions of GNH are the promotion of equitable and sustainable socio-economic development, preservation and promotion of cultural values, conservation of the natural environment, and establishment of good governance.
Natural resources are essential for production and consumption, maintenance of life-support systems, as well as having intrinsic value in existence for intergenerational and other reasons. It can be argued that natural capital should be treated m a similar manner to manmade capital in accounting terms, so that the ability to generate income in the future is sustained by using the stock of natural capital judiciously. By failing to account reductions in the stock of natural resources, standard measures of national income do not represent economic growth genuinely. Soil, water and biodiversity are the three basic natural resources.
National Biodiversity Action Plan published by Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests in 2008 highlights as an action point the valuation of goods and services provided by biodiversity. More specifically, the Action Plan states: to assign appropriate market value to the goods and services provided by various ecosystems and strive to incorporate these costs into national accounting.
In the Nagoya (Japan) meet in 2010 on biodiversity protection, India declared that it will adopt natural resource accounting from 2012.
In the October 2010 UN biodiversity summit, it was said that the link between economic policy, natural capital and human wellbeing should be understood. There should be global partnership is to mainstream natural resources accounting into economic planning. India, Colombia and Mexico accepted it. This will plug deficiencies in traditional accounting systems. As mentioned above, India's national biodiversity action plan has already incorporated some of these concepts.
Ans. A market economy is an economic system in which goods and services are traded, with the price being determined by demand and supply.
Laissez-faire is a French phrase meaning "let do, let go, let pass" Its proponents make arguments against government interference with economy and trade. It is synonymous with free market economics. It is generally understood to be a doctrine opposing economic-interventionism by the state beyond the extent which is perceived to be necessary to maintain peace and property rights.
"By pursuing his own interest (an individual) frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it? (Wealth of Nation).
Adam Smith calls it the invisible hand- the force that combines the individual self-interest into a collective social interest. However, as we have seen in the melt down of the western economies since 2008 and as Nobel laueate Joseph Stiglitz commented, invisible hand may not exist.
There are a variety of critics of market as ari organizing principle of an economy. These critics range from those who reject markets entirely, in favor of a planned economy, such as that advocated by communism to those who wish to see them regulated to various degrees. One prominent practical objection is the environmental pollution generated. Another is the claim that through the creation of monopolies, markets sow the seeds of their own destruction.
Some proponents of market economies believe that government should intervene to prevent market failure while preserving the general character of a market economy.
It seeks an alternative economic system other than socialism and laissez-faire economy, combining private enterprise with measures of the state to establish fair competition, low inflation, low levels of unemployment, good working conditions, and social welfare.
Free market economists argue that planned economies and Welfare will not solve poverty problems but only make them worse. They believe that the only way to solve poverty is by creating new wealth. They believe that this is most efficiently achieved 'through low levels of government regulation and interference, free trade, and tax reform and reduction. Open economy, competition and innovation generate growth and employment.
Advocates of the third way ?social market solutions to poverty- believe that there is a legitimate role the government can 'play in fighting poverty. They believe this can be achieved through the creation of social safety nets such as social security and workers compensation.
Most modern industrialized nations today are not typically representative of Laissez-faire principles, as they usually involve significant amounts of government intervention in the economy. This intervention includes minimum wages to increase the standard of living, anti- monopoly regulation to prevent monopolies, progressive income taxes, welfare programs to provide a safety net for those without the capacity to find work, disability assistance, subsidy programs for businesses and agricultural products to stabilize prices - protect jobs within a country, government ownership of some industry, regulation of market. Competition to ensure fair standards and practices to protect the consumer and worker, and economic trade barriers m the form of protective tariffs - quotas on imports - or internal regulation favoring domestic industry.
The inability of an unregulated market to achieve allocative efficiency is known as market failure the main types of market failure are: monopoly, steep inequality, pollution etc. The western economic recession since 2008 is the result of market failure where excessive speculation and borrowings have disoriented the economies with huge human and economic cost.
Government failure is the public sector analogy to rnarket failure and occurs when government does not efficiently allocate goods and/or resources consumers. Just as with market failures, there are many different kinds of government failures. Inefficient use of resources, wastage and retarded economic growth due to government monopolies and regulation are the results of government failure. Often, the performance of the public sector in India is cited to exemplify government failure.
The three-sector hypothesis is an economic theory which divides economies into three sectors of activity: extraction of raw materials (primary), manufacturing (secondary), and services (tertiary).
According to the theory the main focus of an economy's activity shifts from the primary, through the secondary and finally to the tertiary sector. The increase in quality of life, social security, blossoming of education and culture and avoidance of unemployment with reduction of poverty are the effects of such transition.
Countries with a low per capita income are in an early state of development; the main part of their national income is achieved through production m the primary sector. Countries in a more advanced state of development, with a medium national income, generate their income mostly in the secondary sector. In highly developed countries with a high income, the tertiary sector dominates the total output of the economy.
The primary sector of the economy involves changing natural resources into primary products. Most products from this sector are considered raw materials for other industries. Major businesses in this sector include agriculture, fishing, forestry and all mining and quarrying industries.
Primary industry is a larger sector in developing countries; for instance, animal husbandry is more common m Africa than in Japan.
The secondary sector of the economy includes those economic sectors that create a finished, usable product: manufacturing and construction.
This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods or where they are suitable for use by other businesses, for export, or sale to domestic consumers.
Light industry is usually less capital intensive than heavy industry, and is more consumer-oriented than business-oriented (i.e., most light industry products are produced for end users rather than as intermediates for use by other - industries). Examples of light industries include the manufacture of clothes, shoes, furniture and household items (e.g. consumer electronics).
Heavy industry means products which are either heavy in weight or m the processes leading to their production. Examples are heavy machinery, big factories, chemical plants, production of construction equipment such as cranes and bulldozers. Alternatively, heavy industry projects can be generalized as more capital intensive or as requiring greater or more advanced resources, facilities or management.
The tertiary sector of economy (also known as the service sector) is defined by exclusion of the two other sectors. Services are defined in conventional economic literature as "intangible or invisible goods?. The tertiary sector of economy involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers.
The quaternary sector of the economy is an extension of the three-sector hypothesis. It principally concerns the intellectual services: information generation, information sharing, consultation and research and development. It is sometimes incorporated into the tertiary sector but many argue that intellectual services are distinct enough to warrant a separate sector.
The quaternary sector can be seen-as the sector in which companies invest in order to ensure further expansion. Research will be directed into cutting costs, tapping into markets, producing innovative ideas, new production methods and methods of manufacture, amongst others. To many industries, such as the pharmaceutical industry, the sector is the most valuable because it creates future branded products which the company will profit from. This sector evolves in well developed countries and requires a highly educated workforce.
Government industries not intended to make a profit. The quinary sector also includes domestic activities such as those performed by stay-at-home parents or homemakers.
These activities are not measured by monetary amounts but make a considerable contribution t6 the economy.
A developing country is a country that has not reached the Western-style standards of democratic governments, free market economies, industrialization, social programs, and human rights guarantees for their citizens.
Development entails a modem infrastructure (both physical and institutional), and a move away from low value added sectors such as agriculture and natural resource extraction. Developed countries, in comparison, usually have economic systems based on economic growth in the secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors and high standards of living.
The category of newly industrialized country (NIC) is a socioeconomic classification applied to several Countries around the world.
NICs are countries whose economies have not yet reached first world status but have, in a macroeconomic sense, outpaced their developing counterparts Another characterization of NICs is that of nations undergoing rapid economic growth. Incipient or ongoing industrialization is an important indicator of a NIC. In many NICs, social upheaval can occur as primarily rural, agriculture populations migrate to the cities, where the growth of manufacturing concerns and factories can draw many thousands of laborers.
· A switch from agriculture to industrial economies, especially in the manufacturing sector.
· An increasingly open-market economy, allowing free trade with other nations in the world.
· Strong capital investment from foreign countries.
A High-income economy is defined by the World Bank as a country with a GDP per capita of $11,456 or more. While the term high income may be used interchangeably with 'First World" and "developed country,' the technical definitions of these terms differ. The term "first world" commonly refers to those prosperous countries that aligned themselves with the U.S. and NATO during the cold war. Several institutions, such as International Monetary Fund (IMF) take factors other than high per capita income into account when classifying countries as "developed" Of "advanced economies" According to the United Nations, for example, some high income countries may also be developing countries. The GCC (Persian Gulf States) Countries, for example, are classified as developing high income countries Thus, a high income Country may be classified as either developed or developing.
The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries that have achieved a high level of industrialization in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors of industry dominate. Countries not fitting this definition may referred to as developing countries.
This level of economic development usually translates into a high income per capita and a high Human Development Index (HDI) rating. Countries with high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita often fit the above description of a developed economy. However, anomalies exist when- determining "developed" status by the factor GDP per capita alone.
· human resource weakness (based on indicators of nutrition, health, education and adult literacy) economic vulnerability (based on instability, of agricultural production, instability of exports of goods and services and the percentage of population displaced-by natural disasters).
The classification currently applies to 48 countries.
India aims to factor the use of natural resources in its economic growth estimates by 2015 as we seek to underscore the actions it is taking to fight global warming.
Government said the country would seek to make "green accounting" part of government policy on economic growth.
The alternative GDP (Gross Domestic Product) estimates account for the consumption of natural resources as well. This would help find out how much of a natural resource is being consumed in the course of economic growth, how much being degraded and how much being replenished.
It is expected that in future more and more economists are likely to focus their time and energies upon social investment accounting or green accounting ... so that GDP really becomes not gross domestic product but green domestic product.
Green gross domestic product, then or green GDP as outlined above, measures economic growth while factoring in the environmental consequences, or externalities how those outside a transaction are affected), of that growth. There are methodological concerns ? how do we monetize the loss of biodiversity? How can we measure the economic impacts of climate change due to greenhouse gas emission? While the green GDP has pot yet been perfected as a measure of environmental costs, many countries are working to strike a balance between - green GDP and the original GDP.
The Commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress was set up at the beginning of 2008 on French government?s initiative.
Increasing concerns have been raised since a long time about the adequacy of current measures of economic performance, m particular those based on GDP figures. Moreover, there are broader concerns, about the relevance of these figures as measures of societal well-being, as well as measures of economic, environmental, and social sustainability.
Reflecting these concerns, the former President Sarkozy has decided to create this Commission, to look at the entire range of issues, Its aim is to identify the limits of GDP as an indicator of economic performance and social progress, to consider additional information required for the production of a more relevant picture etc: The Commission is chaired by Professor Joseph E. Stiglitz. Amartya Sen and Bina Agarwal are also associated with it. The commission gave its report in 2009.
The Stiglitz report recommends that economic indicators should stress well-being instead of production, and for non-market activities, such as domestic and charity work, to be taken into account, Indexes should integrate complex realities, such as crime, the environment and the efficiency of the health system, as well as income inequality. The report brings examples, such as traffic jams, to show that more production doesn't necessarily correspond with greater well- being.
?We're living in one of those epochs where certitudes have vanished.., we have to reinvent, to reconstruct everything,? Sarkozy said. ?The central issue is [to pick] the way of development, the model of society, the civilization we want to live in?.
Opportunities to improve our metrics.
The Government changed the base year for calculating national income to 2004-05 as against 1999-2000 earlier. The Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) made the changes m early 2010.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.