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"Use the Full Tilt Referral Code BCPFULLTILT to get a 100% deposit bonus up to a maximum of $600 when you play at FullTiltPoker.com Rush Poker Strategy Rush poker is an exciting and fast paced poker format, but you need…\n\nIn this video we go through some basic online tournament poker strategy for beginners. ",
"Ideal for Beginner to Intermediate level players looking to improve, goes over hand history from a tournament giving examples of concepts and poker tournament tips such…\n\nBeginners Poker Bankroll Challenge – PokerStars Team Pro Online player Felix ‘xflixx’ Schneiders gives us some wonderful insight to playing Spin & Go tournaments on PokerStars and shares his strategy tips with us. ",
"For more great poker videos click on…\n\nPart 4 of a tournament review from Pokernerve Module 2 Supplement Material. ",
"Focus is on position, player tendencies and stack size. ",
"Level = Advanced Find out how to crush poker tournaments with our Road to Success Course: Get $200 off…\n\nIn this episode, you’ll learn about starting hands. ",
"The two ‘hole’ cards that you are dealt at the beginning of each round make up your starting hand. ",
"Your hole cards can be paired or unpaired, high ranked or low ranked,…"
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"Naum Babaev\n\nNaum Alexandrovich Babaev (, IPA: nɐ′um ɐlʲɪk′sandrɐvitɕ bɐ′baʲef) is a Russian entrepreneur, the founder of the Russian dairy company Rusmolco, a major raw milk producer, and the co-founder and joint owner of DAMATÉ group, a large agricultural holding specialising in poultry farming, dairy farming, and milk processing.",
"\n\nEducation and career \nNaum Babaev was born in Kislovodsk, Stavropol Krai on March 17, 1977, into the family of Rosa Michailovna and Alexander Naumovich Babaev.",
"\n\nАfter finishing high school in 1994, Naum entered the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation and graduated in 1999. ",
"Being a college undergraduate, he started off as a financial analyst at Cherkizovsky, a major Russian meat processing plant, which was subsequently reorganized into a JSC Group Cherkizovo, Russia's largest producer of meat products.",
"\n\nIn 2000, Babaev took over as a head of the poultry production business unit in the company's agro-industrial complex and was managing it until 2005, when, due to the merger of the company's agro-industrial and meat processing units, a larger facility was formed, namely CHERKIZOVO Group; Naum was appointed the company's Strategy and Development Director.",
"\n\nAccording to Vedomosti, the prominent Russian business daily, his achievements at the position were fully recognized with CHERKIZOVO's IPO launch in 2006.",
"\n\nAt the beginning of 2007, Babaev resigned to proceed on his own. ",
"Cherkizovo's official statement marked his contribution to the Group.",
"\n\nBusiness \nRusmolco was established in October 2007, when Babaev started two mega dairy farms, from the ground up in Penza Oblast about 700 km south-east of Moscow. ",
"By 2011 Rusmolco had become a major regional raw milk producer, doubling the average milk productivity in Russia at 9270 kg per cow against the average 4500 kg, according to the data of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation.",
"\n\n\"Babayev has thrived on importing foreign best practices to Russian farms\", said The Moscow Times.",
"\n\nAt the beginning of 2012, Rusmolco embarked on a strategic cooperation with a Singapore company Olam International, a leading agri-business, operating in 70 countries. ",
"OLAM invested $75 million in the deal, thereby attaining 75% of Rusmolco assets. ",
"The partners announced their intention to form a large-scale dairy enterprise with $400 million investment capital (the initial 20-thousand milking herd was meant to reach up to 50 thousand heads in the short run). ",
"Thus, Russia's agriculture secured a hefty chunk of investment, labeled in the mass media as being \"unprecedented\".",
"\n\nIn 2012, by a year-end estimation of the Institute for the Agricultural Market Studies, Rusmolco secured the fourth place among the five largest raw milk producers in the Russian Federation.",
"\n\nIn 2011, shortly after the Olam International deal, Babaev undertook the effort to consolidate the leftover assets (namely, the turkey production plant, the PENZENSKY dairy complex as well as a veal-and-milk production facility in Penza and Tyumen regions, and 25K hectares of agricultural land. ",
"The effort had been a success, resulting in the launch of the agro-industrial holding company Damaté Group.",
"\n\nThe Group's priority was turkey meat production. ",
"At the time, turkey was not popular with the Russians; the average consumption per capita wobbled at 0, 8-1,0 kg, with the overall production hardly totaling 120-150 thousand tons per year.",
"\n\nBy the end of 2016, Damaté became the largest turkey producing company in Russia. ",
"According to the Agrifood Strategies data, in 2016, the company produced 60,800 tons of turkey in carcass weight. ",
"The Damaté leadership had also been confirmed by Rosptitsesoyuz, the Russian Union of Poultry Producers.",
"\n\nAccording to Vedomosti, \"In the 10 years' span, the entrepreneur Naum Babaev made a profound career leap, from the top-manager of a major agro-holding to the owner of the largest turkey producer in Russia\".",
"\n\nAt the end of 2016, Damaté had been ranked among the top-25 largest meat producers in this country.",
"\n\nIn 2012, Babaev acquired the dairy product plant Penzensky (MOLCOM), the largest processor of milk in Penza region with a cheese factory in Belinsky town.",
"\n\nAt the end of 2013, Damaté, in partnership with food group Danone, launched a high-powered production of the premium quality milk in Tyumen region, Western Siberia. ",
"At the beginning of 2017, Tyumen delivered its first tons of milk to Danone production facilities\n\nBabaev owns Damaté on a par with the holding's CEO Rashid Khairov. ",
"They had met in 1998, long before the Damaté endeavor. ",
"According to Vedomosti, in their current partnership, Babaev is implementing the strategic management of the firm, while Khairov is being responsible for the day-to-day management.",
"\n\nPersonal life \nNaum Babaev is married to Anna, a photographer; the family is raising three children, Alexander (2006), Mikhail (2009), and Elizaveta (2013).",
"\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1977 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Kislovodsk\nCategory:Russian businesspeople\nCategory:Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation alumni"
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"Determining the CD spectrum of a protein.",
"\nThis unit describes the theory behind circular dichroism (CD) and deals with considerations regarding instrumentation and reagents for CD spectrometry. ",
"A protocol is provided that outlines the steps in recording a CD spectrum and two support protocols explain the interpretation of near-UV and far-UV CD spectra."
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"All this loose talk of the president \"winning\" the shutdown isn't wrong, but it does overstate what happened. ",
"None of the Republicans who \"lost\" needs to change his response to Obama in any way. ",
"The poll movements of the past two weeks were devastating, but experience (from 1995–1996) suggests that the party's generic ratings can recover quickly. ",
"Yesterday and today, when the president's gone on TV to praise the deal or announce next steps, Republicans and their staffers have scoffed.",
"\n\nCase in point: Obama's remarks this morning, suggesting that the end of shutdown politics meant there was time to pivot back to immigration.",
"\n\nAdvertisement\n\n\"There's already a broad coalition across America that’s behind this effort of comprehensive immigration reform—from business leaders to faith leaders to law enforcement,\" he said. ",
"In fact, the Senate has already passed a bill, and \"economists estimate that if that bill becomes law, our economy would be 5 percent larger two decades from now. ",
"That’s $1.4 trillion in new economic growth.\"",
"\n\nWhoopty-doo, say Republicans. ",
"When I asked South Carolina Sen. Lindsey Graham, one of the \"Gang of Eight\" behind the bill, what the impasse and resolution meant for immigration reform, he chuckled, then said it didn't make him optimistic, exactly. ",
"Yesterday, when asked by Breitbart.com whether immigration policy might return to the agenda, former House immigration reformer Raul Labrador did more then chuckle.",
"\n\n\"Absolutely not,\" said Labrador. \"",
"I think it would be crazy for the House leadership to enter into negotiations with him. ",
"He's trying to destroy the Republican Party, not to get good policies. ",
"I don't see how he would in good faith negotiate with us on immigration.\"",
"\n\nLabrador, like many other House Republicans, argues that the shutdown and the one-year delay of Obamacare's employer mandate prove that the president would only pass immigration reform in bad faith. ",
"Would he also \"delay\" the enforcement mechanisms of the immigration law? ",
"Who knows? ",
"Would his border agents choose which laws to enforce the way his Park Police did? ",
"The question must be asked!",
"\n\nDemocrats, who are also reeling from the psychic shock of shutdown, are going to try to argue that this is crazy.",
"\n\n\"The American public wants us to do immigration reform,\" said Virginia Sen. Tim Kaine. \"",
"This has been a delay for a couple of weeks, but in some ways, there's a cost to stonewalling and delaying. ",
"We've seen it here. ",
"That lesson could be drawn in the immigration debate as well.\"",
"\n\nMarch 3 2015 1:39 PMThe “Most Pleasurable Portrayal of Libertarianism“ Bonus SegmentDavid, Emily, and John discuss what Parks and Recreation got right about government.",
"Emily Bazelon, David Plotz, and John Dickerson"
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"W. Earl Brown (born September 7, 1963) is an American character actor who has worked in many films and television series.",
"\n\nIn The Last of Us, Brown provides the English voice and motion capture for Bill. ",
"When interpreting Bill's sexuality, due to the hints to him being homosexual in the script, Brown consulted writer Neil Druckmann for guidance but was left to make up his own mind. ",
"As Druckmann had hoped, Brown settled on portraying Bill as a homosexual.",
"\n\nBrown also improvised several actions by Bill not found in the original script, one in particular of him instinctively sharpening the character's machete, which was kept in the final game. ",
"It is also apparent (from the in game commentary) that Ashley Johnson, who played the character of Ellie, accidentally hit Brown during one of the scenes with a prop stick \"right in the face\". ",
"Creative director Neil Druckmann laughed but complimented Brown, stating he \"took like a trooper\", carrying on through the scene despite being struck. ",
"Troy Baker also claimed he \"fan-girled\" when he saw Brown come in to audition, having admired the man due to his work on another game.",
"\n\nW. Earl Brown at the Internet Movie Database"
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[
"When are we going to see Vladimir Guerrero Jr. in Toronto? ",
"Why hasn t he been called up to replace Kendrys Morales?",
"\nRick C., Grimsby, Ontario\n\nI passed over some of these questions in recent weeks because the topic was discussed at length during Spring Training, but Guerrero s performance at Double A New Hampshire can t be ignored. ",
"He was named the Eastern League s Player of the Week for the second time on Monday and Toronto s top prospect is batting a ridiculous .398/.455/.624 in 24 games this season. ",
"It s not even a debate anymore Guerrero s bat is good enough to start for the Blue Jays right now.",
"\n\nSo why not call him up? ",
"From Toronto s perspective, this discussion has to go a step beyond what Guerrero offers at the plate defense is a big part of it too. ",
"Even if the Blue Jays parted ways with Morales and called up Guerrero, they would only be able to offer most of his at bats at designated hitter. ",
"There may come a time when Guerrero has to DH, but the priority is turning him into a position player. ",
"Calling him up now would cut short a key stage of his development.",
"\n\n• Submit a question to the Blue Jays Inbox\n\nThen there s the service time issue. ",
"The quicker the Blue Jays promote Guerrero, the sooner he becomes eligible for free agency, and the Dominican native should undeniably be better at age 26 than he is at 19. ",
"That doesn t mean Toronto will http://www.jaysfanaticsjersey.com/jesse-chavez-jersey-c-3.html, or should, block Guerrero s path, but it does mean there has to be a pretty compelling case to do something with him this season. ",
"If the Blue Jays remain in the race over the next couple of months and Guerrero continues on his current path, the sacrifice has to be made. ",
"Calling him up now and putting everything else on hold, though, doesn t make nearly as much sense.",
"\n\nMoving forward, do you expect the Blue Jays to add some depth to the rotation?",
"\nHank H., High Prairie, Alberta\n\nWhat you see is what you get with this staff. ",
"Joe Biagini remains in the backup role and Sam Gaviglio is trying to make his case as a depth option with a 2.35 ERA in four outings for Triple A Buffalo. ",
"Toronto s rotation has been able to make all of its starts this season, and that s obviously crucial for any team, but it s particularly important here because it provides more time for some of the prospects to emerge.",
"\n\nBuffalo lefty Ryan Borucki has been a bit inconsistent this season, but he allowed just two hits over seven scoreless innings during his last start against Syracuse. ",
"The longer the Blue Jays rotation stays healthy, the more time Borucki has to establish himself as the next in line. ",
"That being said, regardless of health, the Blue Jays starting five needs to be a whole lot better. ",
"Toronto s rotation ranks second to last in the American League with a 5.40 ERA.",
"\n\nThe move I expected the Blue Jays to make was to recall Richard Urena from Buffalo to take Diaz s spot on the roster http://www.jaysfanaticsjersey.com/ra-dickey-jersey-c-4.html, but it appears Toronto is going in a different direction. ",
"Urena was in the lineup for the Bisons on Monday night while Devon Travis was not, which seems to indicate that Travis will be the player who gets recalled after Diaz appeared to severely sprain his left ankle during Sunday s game against the Rays.",
"\n\nTravis would join Lourdes Gurriel Jr. and Solarte as Toronto s middle infield. ",
"Solarte should be able to bounce around with occasional starts at shortstop when Marco Estrada is on the mound, and spend time at third whenever Josh Donaldson needs a day off while also splitting time at second with Travis. ",
"One thing the Blue Jays should consider is giving Gurriel an extended look at shortstop. ",
"The 24 year old didn t get to play a lot of short in the Minors this season because he shared the field with Bo Bichette, but he s played there four times for Toronto and this will be his chance to prove he can handle it.",
"\n\nDid Randal Grichuk stay in Dunedin, Fla., to rehab or come home with the team? ",
"How close is he to coming back?",
"\nbrowninp\n\nGrichuk should be out for at least a couple of more weeks. ",
"The Grade 1 sprain in the posterior cruciate ligament of his right knee initially called for a three week recovery period, so a realistic target would be around the third week of May. But after a prolonged layoff and sporadic playing time before that expect the Blue Jays to make the most of his rehab assignment. ",
"Grichuk could use the at bats to rediscover his stroke after a disappointing first month with the Blue Jays, so some patience here would be advisable.",
"\n\nWhat do you think the Blue Jays need to add to contend this season? ",
"They re starting to fade after a fast start.",
"\nZack W., Sudbury, Ontario\n\nRealistically, I still think this team needs another impact bat to have a shot at remaining in the race all season. ",
"That could come in the form of Guerrero late in the year or it could involve adding another piece prior to the non waiver Trade Deadline. ",
"But a move of any significance is not going to happen for a while, so it will be up to this current group to stay in the hunt.",
"\n\nThe other area the Blue Jays should address at some point is the lack of a lefty specialist in the bullpen. ",
"Toronto s core group of Roberto Osuna, Ryan Tepera, Tyler Clippard Josh Donaldson Jersey, John Axford and Seunghwan Oh have performed admirably, but there s still no reliable option from the left side. ",
"Tim Mayza eventually should become that guy, but he s surrendered four home runs in 20 2/3 big league innings, which remains a concern."
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[
"Das Landgericht stuft eine Hausdurchsuchung bei AfD-Landeschef Petr Bystron als rechtswidrig ein. ",
"Es geht um die Nutzung eines verbotenen SA-Emblems. ",
"Bystron will nun Wahlbeobachter einschalten.",
"\n\nMünchen – Die provokante Grafik ist ein paar Monate alt, aber noch immer hochaktuell. ",
"Polizei, Anwälte und Richter diskutieren über den Facebook-Eintrag von AfD-Landeschef Petr Bystron, auf dem die Embleme von Antifa und der Sturmabteilung (SA) der Nationalsozialisten zu sehen waren. ",
"Darüber der Spruch: „Die Nazis sind schon wieder da, sie nennen sich jetzt Antifa.“ ",
"Ist Bystron wegen der Verwendung des SA-Bilds etwa Anhänger der Nationalsozialisten und muss er dafür bestraft werden?",
"\n\nDie Justiz jedenfalls schickte die Polizei los, nachdem mehrere Privatpersonen laut Staatsanwalt Florian Weinzierl Anzeige erstattet hatten. ",
"Der Vorwurf: Verwendung verbotener Symbole. ",
"Im Juni läuteten Beamte des Kriminalfachdezernats 4 an Bystrons Wohnung in München – Durchsuchungsbeschluss des Amtsgerichts. ",
"Bystron selbst war nicht da, aber seine Frau und die Kinder. ",
"Die Beamten sicherten eine Festplatte vom Fernseher. ",
"Laut Bystron sind darauf Kinderfilme gespeichert. ",
"Sonst fand die Polizei offenbar nichts.",
"\n\nDurchsuchungsbeschluss rechtswidrig\n\nAuch in Schleswig-Holstein wurde wegen desselben Falls durchsucht. ",
"Der Landtag hob dafür die Immunität des AfD-Manns Volker Schnurrbusch auf, weil die Partei die Grafik auf Facebook geteilt hatte – und Schnurrbusch Verantwortlicher der Seite war.",
"\n\nDas Landgericht München stellte jetzt fest: Der Durchsuchungsbeschluss von Bystrons Wohnung war rechtswidrig. ",
"Mit Abbildung des SA-Emblems bekunde er keine Sympathie, sondern kritisiere sowohl Antifa als auch SA. ",
"Genauso wäre es erlaubt, ein Hakenkreuz zu zeigen, das im Mülleimer landet.",
"\n\nDer AfD-Chef nutzt das Urteil, um nun den Rücktritt von Innenminister Joachim Herrmann (CSU) zu fordern. „",
"Er missbraucht sein Amt, um der politischen Konkurrenz zu schaden.“ ",
"Unterstellte staatliche Organe würden den Wählerwillen manipulieren, sagt Bystron. ",
"Das Innenministerium äußerte sich am Montag auf Anfrage nicht.",
"\n\nDie Rücktrittsforderung will der AfD-Chef mit einem zweiten Urteil verstärken, bei dem es um die Beobachtung Bystrons durch den Verfassungsschutz geht. ",
"Das Münchner Verwaltungsgericht entschied, dass die Behörde die Beobachtung nicht hätte öffentlich machen dürfen. ",
"Im Urteil steht aber auch, dass die Überwachung an sich legal sei. ",
"Der Hintergrund: Bystron hatte Sympathien für Aktionen der „Identitären Bewegung“ (IB) bekundet. ",
"Die wird ebenfalls vom Verfassungsschutz beobachtet, da Verdacht auf rechtsextreme und verfassungsfeindliche Einstellungen bestehe.",
"\n\nBystron: zu Unrecht in die rechte Ecke gestellt?",
"\n\nBystron sieht sich zu Unrecht in die rechte Ecke gestellt. „",
"Gute Aktionen“ der Identitären zu loben, bedeute nicht automatisch, irgendeine Ideologie zu unterstützen, sagt er. „",
"Das ist Teil des politischen Diskurses.“",
"\n\nDie Auseinandersetzung um die Grafik mit dem SA-Emblem wird weitergehen. ",
"Die Staatsanwaltschaft teilt die Einschätzungen des Landgerichts nicht, das Verfahren laufe weiter. ",
"Auch Bystron will weitermachen und Wahlbeobachtern der Organisation für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit (OSZE) Unterlagen übergeben. ",
"Die OSZE hatte angekündigt, nach 2009 heuer wieder ein Expertenteam zur Bundestagswahl zu schicken. ",
"Es gehe um Fragen der Wahlkampffinanzierung und der Gleichberechtigung, nachdem unter anderem die AfD immer wieder bemängelte, benachteiligt zu werden.",
"\n\nLesen Sie auch: Trotz Verfassungsschutz-Beobachtung: Bystron behält Listenplatz"
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"Horror autotoxicus---avoidance of antibody formation against our own blood cell surface antigens ([@bib17])---is mostly viewed as arising from three conceptual mechanisms for actively acquired tolerance, for which there is now extensive experimental evidence ([@bib22]; [@bib23]). ",
"The first mechanism conceived is clonal deletion of immature B cells bearing autoantibodies during a tolerance-susceptible developmental window in the primary lymphoid organs ([@bib3]; [@bib31]). ",
"This mechanism potentially creates holes in the repertoire by removing antibodies before they can be tested for binding to foreign antigens. ",
"An alternative two-signal concept articulated by [@bib46] and [@bib13] proposed clonal deletion of self-antigen--stimulated B cells in primary or secondary lymphoid organs through terminal differentiation without cell division, in the absence of a second, proliferative signal from bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide. [",
"@bib1] extended the two-signal concept to the requirement for T cell help, raising the possibility that tolerance is not acquired by self-reactive B cells themselves but that autoantibodies are avoided because helper T cells do not recognize self-antigens. [",
"@bib34] conceived a third mechanism, clonal anergy, wherein self-reactive B cells persist in an unresponsive state. ",
"Despite experimental evidence that a large fraction of the mouse and human naive B cell repertoires comprises anergic cells with self-reactive antibodies ([@bib24]; [@bib16]; [@bib39]; [@bib58]), it remains to be shown that autoantibodies carried by anergic cells contribute to antibody responses against foreign immunogens in healthy, nonautoimmune people.",
"\n\nA fourth theoretical mechanism for actively acquired self-tolerance (hypermutation away from self-reactivity) was hypothesized by [@bib27] 45 years ago but has received little serious attention. ",
"Jerne proposed that the primary lymphoid organs (thymus and Bursa of Fabricius--equivalent) served as mutant-breeding sites seeded with proliferating lymphocytes bearing antibody variable (V) segments that bind self-antigens, particularly against cell surface histocompatibility antigens. ",
"Hypermutation of the V-segments and active suppression of the cells that retain binding to self would select mutant progeny with V regions that no longer bind to self but comprise a diverse repertoire of potential antibodies against foreign antigens, including many that bind allogeneic histocompatibility antigens (thus explaining the unusually strong immune response to alloantigens). ",
"Jerne's concept has parallels with the well established mechanism of receptor editing, whereby immature bone marrow B cells replace one self-binding V-segment with another to evade clonal deletion ([@bib18]; [@bib49]; [@bib8]). ",
"Upon finding that anergic B cells regain the capacity to secrete antibody when transplanted into animals lacking the relevant self-antigen and provide a source of T cell help, we previously hypothesized that a physiological rationale for reversal of anergy might be following V-segment hypermutation and mutation away from self-reactivity in germinal centers ([@bib25]; [@bib20], [@bib21]). [",
"@bib15] considered a similar scenario as one theoretical explanation for their evidence that a CD24^low^ subset of B cells contributed little antibody in a primary response but much of the secondary response antibody. ",
"Recently, we provided direct experimental evidence in transgenic mice for clonal redemption: anergic B cells with high affinity for self-lysozyme were induced to hypermutate their V-segments in germinal centers upon immunization with lysozyme coupled to foreign red cells, and mutant progeny were efficiently selected for loss of binding to self-lysozyme ([@bib41]). ",
"It nevertheless remains an open question whether hypermutation away from self actually occurs, particularly during physiological human antibody responses.",
"\n\nThe goal of the current study was to determine whether clonal redemption occurs in normal human immune responses. ",
"To address this question, we required a source of antibody from B cells that were (a) anergic, (b) reactive with a well defined, pathologically significant blood cell surface autoantigen, and (c) frequent in healthy humans. ",
"B cells carrying antibodies with the heavy chain (H chain) V-segment *IGHV4-34\\*01* meet these criteria, accounting for 5--10% of circulating naive B cells in healthy individuals and displaying anergic characteristics of down-regulated surface IgM, but not surface IgD, and functional unresponsiveness ([@bib7]). ",
"Most unmutated IGHV4-34 IgM antibodies agglutinate human erythrocytes at low temperatures, causing cold agglutinin hemolytic disease if secreted at sufficient titer because they bind poly-*N*-acetyllactosamine chains comprising the I/i blood group antigen or attached as O-linked carbohydrates to proteins, notably the B220 isoform of CD45 ([@bib12]; [@bib35]; [@bib44]; [@bib47]; [@bib26]; [@bib6]). ",
"The IGHV4-34 sequence contains a unique group of amino acids, Q6, W7, A24, V25, and Y26 (International Immunogenetics \\[IMGT\\] numbering), that form a hydrophobic patch and are essential for poly-*N*-acetyllactosamine binding and red cell agglutination ([@bib32]; [@bib37]). ",
"Although B cells expressing IGHV4-34 with an intact hydrophobic patch are counter selected in the germinal center, memory, and secreted repertoire, IgG and IgA IGHV4-34 antibodies with hydrophobic patch mutations are observed at a considerable frequency ([@bib11]; [@bib57]; [@bib7]; [@bib41]). ",
"However, it is not known whether these antibodies have mutated away from initial self-reactivity or were simply not I/i self-reactive in their preimmune state because of differences in their light chain (L chain) or CDR3 of the H chain. ",
"Here, we address this question for three IGHV4-34 IgG antibodies elicited against well defined foreign antigens in healthy vaccinated donors. ",
"By reverting somatic mutations to the preimmune sequence, we found that each was strongly self-reactive on the ancestral naive B cell. ",
"During the immune response, each has acquired mutations that remove binding to self-blood cells that are distinct from the mutations that enhance binding to the vaccine and come at a cost of decreased avidity for the vaccine antigen, demonstrating that humans have a clonal redemption mechanism for acquiring self--nonself discrimination by mutation away from self.",
"\n\nRESULTS {#s01}\n=======\n\nA previous Blastn search of deposited nucleotide sequences in the NCBI database identified foreign antigen-specific IgG antibodies with hypermutated *IGHV4-34* H chains that had been elicited by immunization of healthy individuals ([@bib41]). ",
"Here, we experimentally evaluated the self- and foreign reactivity of three of these antibodies, one against the erythrocyte alloantigen rhesus D (RhD) and two against vaccinia virus, for which the entire Ig H and L chain variable sequences were available and the foreign antigen readily obtained for binding studies. ",
"Each immune antibody was expressed as human IgG1. ",
"In parallel, the somatic mutations in the H and L chain of each antibody were reverted to the IMGT closest matched germline V, D, and J sequences to express IgG1 corresponding to each antibody's unmutated, preimmune ancestor (designated with the prefix \"p\"). ",
"IgG1 antibodies containing single forward or reversion mutations in the hydrophobic patch were also expressed and purified.",
"\n\nFog-1 RhD antibody {#s02}\n------------------\n\nAnti-RhD antibodies are routinely elicited by repeated alloimmunization of healthy RhD-negative men with foreign RhD-positive erythrocytes to provide Rho immunoglobulin for prevention of erythroblastosis fetalis in primiparous RhD-negative mothers and to isolate large panels of monoclonal anti-RhD antibodies for typing and a potential substitute to polyclonal gamma globulin fractions. ",
"A high-affinity anti-RhD IgG antibody isolated in this manner, Fog-1 ([@bib5]), is highly somatically mutated using the *IGHV4-34\\*01* V, *IGHD2-21\\*02*, and *IGHJ6\\*02* H chain elements with 19 amino acid substitutions and the *IGKV1-17\\*01* and *IGKJ2\\*01* L chain elements with 6 substitutions ([Fig. ",
"1, A and B](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"To test self-reactivity of Fog-1 and preimmune Fog-1 (pFog-1), we used flow cytometry to measure binding of the different expressed IgG antibodies to CD19^+^ IgD^+^ CD27^−^ mature naive human B cells from normal blood donors, which display high densities of poly-*N*-acetyllactosamine I/i antigen O-linked carbohydrates on the B220 isoform of CD45 ([@bib12]; [@bib26]). ",
"pFog-1 specifically and homogeneously bound CD19^+^ B cells compared with CD19^−^ lymphocytes in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas the hypermutated Fog-1 antibody had no measurable binding at any concentration tested ([Fig. ",
"1 C](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"pFog-1 binding to self-blood B cells occurred at 37°C or 4°C, although over a range of antibody concentrations, binding was slightly reduced when performed at 37°C compared with 4°C (12% decreased; [Fig. ",
"1 E](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"One of the 19 H chain somatic mutations in Fog-1, Y26H (IMGT numbering), alters the hydrophobic patch alanine, valine, tyrosine (AVY) sequence ([Fig. ",
"1, A and F](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"When this single somatic mutation was introduced into the pFog-1 antibody, it was sufficient to completely abolish self-reactivity, comparable with Fog-1 with 18 additional H chain and 6 L chain mutations (pFog-1 Y26H; [Fig. ",
"1 C](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Conversely, self-reactivity was restored when only this somatic mutation was reverted in Fog-1 (Fog-1 H26Y), albeit not to the level of pFog-1. ",
"Thus, a single Y26H somatic mutation acquired by pFog-1 was sufficient to remove all detectable self-reactivity, whereas all the other acquired mutations in Fog-1 were not sufficient to abolish binding to self-blood cells ([Fig. ",
"1 C](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\n{#fig1}\n\nFlow cytometry was also used to measure binding of Fog-1 and pFog-1 to foreign RhD^+^ and self-RhD^−^ erythrocytes from healthy donors. ",
"Fog-1 bound homogeneously and specifically to RhD^+^ erythrocytes compared with erythrocytes from an RhD^−^ donor ([Fig. ",
"1 D](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The pFog-1 antibody showed minimal binding to RhD^+^ erythrocytes compared with RhD^−^ erythrocytes, consistent with the very low affinity of the preimmune antibody for the immunizing foreign blood cells. ",
"Note that there is too little binding of pFog-1 IgG to the low density of I/i antigens on RhD^−^ erythrocytes, even at 4°C, in contrast to the strong binding of pFog-1 to B cells displaying a high density of I/i antigens on B220. ",
"Interestingly, the Y26H somatic mutation that completely removed self-reactivity conferred no detectable increase in binding of pFog-1 Y26H to foreign RhD^+^ erythrocytes, nor did its reversion cause any measurable decrease in RhD^−^ binding of Fog-1 H26Y ([Fig. ",
"1 D](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Although we cannot determine at which point Y26H was acquired in the evolution of Fog-1, whether it was acquired as the first or as the last mutation, it conferred no measurable benefit for binding foreign RhD but completely removed binding to self.",
"\n\n166 vaccinia antibody {#s03}\n---------------------\n\nHaving shown evidence for autoantibody redemption in alloimmunization, we next evaluated this hypothesis in the context of a procedure that led to global eradication of smallpox: immunization of healthy people with vaccinia virus. ",
"The vaccinia-specific IgG antibodies 166 and 589 were isolated by single-cell PCR from peripheral blood plasmablasts 9--20 d after standard immunization with vaccinia virus Lister strain in healthy, previously vaccinated volunteers ([@bib30]). ",
"The 166 antibody employs an *IGHV4-34\\*01*, *IGHD3-3\\*01*, and *IGHJ4\\*02* H chain with 13 nonsynonymous somatic mutations paired with an *IGKV3-11\\*01* and *IGKJ1\\*01* L chain carrying five somatic substitutions ([Fig. ",
"2, A and B](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The hypermutated 166 antibody exhibited no detectable binding to normal naive B cells, whereas when all the somatic mutations were reverted, the preimmune 166 (p166) antibody demonstrated homogenous, dose-dependent self-reactivity ([Fig. ",
"2 C](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"p166 antibody binding to normal human B cells occurred at 37° or 4°C ([Fig. ",
"2 E](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Acquisition of a single mutation within the hydrophobic patch Y26S was sufficient to completely remove self-reactivity from the p166 antibody (p166 Y26S; [Fig. ",
"2, C and F](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"However, in the context of the other somatic mutations in 166, the Y26S mutation was redundant for reducing autoreactivity because when the S26 substitution was reverted to Y in the immune 166 antibody, this single back mutation alone did not restore self-binding (166 S26Y; [Fig. ",
"2, C and F](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\n{#fig2}\n\nBinding to vaccinia virus by the 166 antibody and its reverted preimmune ancestor was measured by ELISA ([Fig. ",
"2 D](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Binding of p166 to the virus was less than the fully mutated 166, consistent with affinity maturation against the virus. ",
"However, acquisition of the Y26S mutation in the hydrophobic patch did not appear to contribute to affinity maturation because it decreased p166 binding to the virus ([Fig. ",
"2 D](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), providing further evidence for a mechanism that allows selection of mutations that reduce antibody affinity for self, independent of mutations that increase binding to foreign antigens.",
"\n\n589 vaccinia antibody {#s04}\n---------------------\n\nBoth Fog-1 and 166 antibodies escaped self-reactivity by acquiring mutations in the Y26 residue, whereas the 589 vaccinia antibody maintained Y26 but acquired a mutation in another hydrophobic patch residue, Q6E ([Fig. ",
"3 F](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The 589 antibody binds to a major membrane protein of the mature vaccinia virion A14 ([@bib30]) and employs an *IGHV4-34\\*01*, *IGHD2-2\\*02*, and *IGHJ4\\*02* H chain with 19 somatic substitutions paired with an *IGKV1-39\\*01* and *IGKJ1\\*01* L chain with 6 substitutions ([Fig. ",
"3, A and B](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The hypermutated antibody lacked binding to self--B cells, but the preimmune p589 derivative was self-reactive, binding B cells at concentrations \\<4 µg/ml at 37 or 4°C ([Fig. ",
"3 E](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"B cell binding was reduced but not eliminated by acquisition of the Q6E somatic mutation on its own (p589 Q6E; [Fig. ",
"3 C](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and reversion of this somatic mutation alone was sufficient to restore an intermediate level of self-binding in the otherwise fully mutated antibody (589 E6Q). ",
"Although the single point mutation Q6E was necessary and sufficient to decrease self-reactivity, it also decreased binding to the virus: acquisition of this somatic mutation alone markedly decreased binding of p589 Q6E to vaccinia, and reversion of just this mutation enhanced binding of the otherwise fully hypermutated 589 E6Q ([Fig. ",
"3 D](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The Q6E mutation provides a clear example of antibody mutation away from self-reactivity at the cost of decreased binding to the eliciting foreign antigen.",
"\n\n{#fig3}\n\nAcquisition of very low polyreactivity {#s05}\n--------------------------------------\n\nMutation away from self-reactivity with cell surface poly-*N*-acetyllactosamine, as observed for the IGHV4-34 antibodies studied here, contrasts to previous data demonstrating acquisition of polyreactivity with self-antigens through hypermutation in antibodies in the circulating IgG--memory B cell pool ([@bib50]). ",
"To determine whether Fog-1, 166, or 589 IGHV4-34 antibodies become polyreactive after somatic mutation, we evaluated the binding of preimmune and mutated antibodies to HEK293 cells, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), and LPS compared with established polyreactive antibody controls. ",
"The positive control used was the weakly polyreactive eiJB40 antibody cloned from an early immature bone marrow B cell with down-regulated surface IgM, and the negative control was the nonpolyreactive mGO53 antibody cloned from a mature naive B cell ([@bib53]). ",
"None of the IGHV4-34 antibodies or mGO53 bound to surface or intracellular self-antigens expressed by HEK293 cells, whereas eiJB40 showed dose-dependent binding to both intact and permeabilized HEK293 ([Fig. ",
"4 A](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"ELISAs evaluating LPS and dsDNA reactivity showed dose-dependent binding of eiJB40. ",
"The reactivity of IGHV4-34 antibodies was equivalent to the negative control mGO53 with the exception of Fog-1 and 589, which showed low binding to dsDNA and LPS that was much less than eiJB40 and would be classed as negative on this basis ([@bib50]) but was, nevertheless, greater than mGO53 or the pFog-1 and p589 antibodies ([Fig. ",
"4 B](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The rise in very low binding to these antigens that accompanies affinity maturation to foreign RhD and vaccinia in Fog-1 and 589 is consistent with the increased polyreactivity observed in randomly sampled switched memory B cells ([@bib50]), indicating that clonal selection to mutate away from specific binding to an abundant cell surface autoantigen, poly-*N*-acetyllactosamine, differs from selection acting upon polyreactive binding to DNA. ",
"The latter property may be ignored because of low affinity and limited B cell exposure to DNA and arise simply as an accidental byproduct of mutations that enhance binding to the foreign antigens. ",
"Alternatively, weak polyreactivity could be positively selected to enhance persistence of memory B cells when insufficient foreign antigen remains ([@bib33]; [@bib54]).",
"\n\n{#fig4}\n\nDISCUSSION {#s06}\n==========\n\nAll three of the human IgG antibodies, Fog-1, 166, and 589, are shown to have started out before somatic hypermutation as potentially pathogenic autoantibodies that bind under physiological conditions to an abundant human blood cell surface autoantigen, poly-*N*-acetyllactosamine. ",
"Rather than triggering clonal deletion or editing in the bone marrow, secretion of these potentially damaging autoantibodies was likely controlled by B cell clonal anergy because B cells expressing the *IGHV4-34* segment without hydrophobic patch mutations exhibit the phenotypic and functional characteristics of anergic B cells in the naive B cell repertoire and are much less frequent in the germinal center and memory B cell subsets in healthy people ([@bib7]). ",
"B cells carrying each autoantibody were, nevertheless, recruited into physiological immunization responses and acquired numerous somatic mutations that had two effects: removal of self-reactivity and increased binding to the foreign antigen. ",
"These results are consistent with the [@bib27] concept of mutant-breeding organs seeded with self-reactive precursors and with experimental evidence in transgenic mice that anergic B cells can be reactivated by foreign antigens and suitable T cell help to proliferate in germinal centers and undergo hypermutation away from self ([@bib41]).",
"\n\nIn each of the human antibodies analyzed here, we identified a single, acquired somatic mutation that was sufficient to decrease or eliminate self-reactivity. ",
"In the two vaccinia-elicited antibodies, this single mutation also decreased binding to the foreign antigen. ",
"In the case of the RhD antibody, binding of the unmutated preimmune antibody to foreign RhD^+^ erythrocytes was too weak to test whether the mutation that removed self-reactivity also decreased binding to the foreign antigen. ",
"Diminished binding to RhD is nevertheless likely because experimental mutagenesis of an IGHV4-34 IgM antibody to RhD revealed that substitution of Y26 or other hydrophobic patch residues diminished or abolished binding to RhD^+^ erythrocytes in parallel with abrogating I/i erythrocyte self-reactivity ([@bib48]). ",
"Acquisition of these affinity-lowering hydrophobic patch mutations is difficult to explain by the conventional view of germinal center selection for increased affinity against the foreign antigen. ",
"These mutations can be explained, however, by positing existence in humans of a germinal center mechanism for selecting decreased binding to self, even at the expense of decreased affinity for foreign antigen ([@bib41]). ",
"Two mechanisms could both account for these observations. ",
"First, lowered affinity for self-antigen would decrease occupancy and down-regulation of antigen receptors by poly-*N*-acetyllactosamine, increasing receptor availability to bind RhD or vaccinia and compensating for lower affinity to foreign antigens. ",
"Second, lowered affinity for self may decrease antigen receptor--induced apoptosis and migration away from the germinal center light zone ([@bib42]).",
"\n\nA recent study evaluating vaccination responses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus reverted four influenza-specific antibodies (not IGHV4-34) to their predicted preimmune configuration and noted anti-dsDNA reactivity in two ancestral preimmune antibodies ([@bib28]). ",
"However, it cannot be determined whether the loss of DNA recognition was a passive consequence of affinity maturation toward influenza or an active selection for mutations that reduced self-reactivity. ",
"Our study provides clear evidence for the latter in healthy immunized individuals because mutations that increased affinity to foreign antigens could be shown to be separate from mutations within the hydrophobic patch that reduced binding to both self- and foreign antigens.",
"\n\nUnlike the three IgG antibodies studied here, some antibodies may be trapped in an evolutionary cul-de-sac where it is difficult or impossible to mutate away from self without also decreasing binding to foreign antigens. ",
"This situation appears to exist for the majority of IgM antibodies initially elicited by RhD alloimmunization, which use the same *IGHV4-34* segment as Fog-1 but paired with an *IGLV3-3* lambda L chain ([@bib47]; [@bib5]; [@bib43]). ",
"These do acquire somatic mutations but in regions other than the hydrophobic patch residues, presumably because mutating the latter also abrogates RhD binding ([@bib48]), apparently trapping the *IGHV4-34*/*IGLV3-3* combination to explain why it is not found among the high-affinity RhD IgGs ([@bib5]; [@bib43]). ",
"Fog-1 is an interesting exception: pairing of *IGHV4-34* with *IGKV1-17* kappa appears to open up a structure-evolving pathway to lose self-reactivity by acquiring a hydrophobic patch mutation without loss of RhD binding.",
"\n\nDoes mutation of IGHV4-34 antibodies away from self-reactivity, as established in the three examples studied here, represent a rare salvage pathway or an efficient process for specificity maturation? ",
"Previous studies showed that in nonautoimmune humans, the frequency of B cells binding an IGHV4-34 antiidiotype antibody, 9G4, was 5--7% in naive B cells but only 0.4--1.2% of germinal center B cells and 0.6--1.6% of IgG memory B cells ([@bib38]; [@bib7]). ",
"However, only a modest decrease in the use of the *IGHV4-34\\*01* element was measured by deep sequencing *IGH* repertoires of normal human B cell subsets: from 5% of naive B cells to 2.5% of switched memory B cells ([@bib55], [@bib56]). ",
"Of the switched memory *IGHV4-34* sequences, 43% had acquired AVY somatic mutations ([@bib41]), which typically inactivate 9G4 binding as well as I/i self-reactivity because 9G4 binding overlaps the hydrophobic patch and competes with I/i binding ([@bib36]; [@bib57]). ",
"Similarly, [@bib11] found AVY mutations in 4/14 IgG and 4/6 IgA sequences from tonsillectomy samples, and [@bib57] found hydrophobic patch mutations in 38% of IGHV4-34 IgG-switched B cells in human tonsils. ",
"Scoring for mutations in the AVY residues alone will underestimate the frequency of mutations that remove self-reactivity, as illustrated here by the 589 antibody. ",
"Collectively, these data indicate that IGHV4-34 antibodies, despite being self-reactive and inducing anergy in naive B cells, efficiently mutate away from self so that their contribution to the switched memory antibody repertoire is 50% of their contribution to the naive repertoire. ",
"The loss of the 9G4 idiotype from most of the germinal center and memory B cells of healthy people ([@bib38]; [@bib7]) may primarily reflect efficient selection in the germinal center for mutation away from self.",
"\n\nIn contrast to healthy donors, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have little decrease in the frequency of 9G4-reactive B cells in the germinal center, switched memory, and plasma cell compartments ([@bib7]; [@bib40]). ",
"In light of the data presented here, these people may not have a deficit in clonal anergy per se but instead a failure to select germinal center progeny for mutations that remove self-reactivity, e.g., because of overabundant T follicular helper cells ([@bib52]; [@bib45]) or intrinsic abnormalities in the B cells ([@bib4]). ",
"Cold agglutinin IGHV4-34 IgM antibodies are often produced during chronic EBV or mycoplasma infection, although rarely in sufficient titer to cause hemolytic anemia, and six EBV-induced antibodies that were cloned and sequenced all lacked somatic mutations ([@bib10]). ",
"In Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, there is consistent secretion of IGHV4-34 IgM antibodies that bind poly-*N*-acetyllactosamine on mature naive B cells, with little or no somatic mutation in the cloned antibodies ([@bib26]). ",
"Thus, certain infections and inherited defects allow anergic B cells to be reactivated and proceed into antibody secretion without hypermutation or selection for loss of self-reactivity.",
"\n\nPathological formation of IGHV4-34 autoantibodies in infectious and autoimmune diseases raises the question: what might be the advantage of clonal redemption of anergic B cells as a tolerance mechanism when it has the inherent risk of autoimmunity? ",
"For T cells, holes in the naive repertoire produced by clonal deletion are difficult for microbes to exploit because MHC polymorphism ensures the holes are different in each individual of a species. ",
"For the naive B cell repertoire, however, holes produced by deletion or editing will be the same in all individuals and indeed in most species because the self-antigen repertoire evolves slowly, providing steady targets for microbes to mimic and evade antibody formation. ",
"One evolutionary solution may lie in the high degree of inherited polymorphism in the *IGHV* repertoire ([@bib29]; [@bib14]). ",
"The complementary solution is to retain autoreactive B cells in an anergic state within the naive repertoire, enabling somatic mutation away from self-reactivity when activated and receiving help from T follicular helper cells upon binding to a microbial antigen, as shown here for antibodies against vaccinia virus.",
"\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS {#s07}\n=====================\n\n {#s08}\n\n### IGHV4-34 antibodies {#s09}\n\nDeposited H and L chain sequences for each antibody were obtained from the NCBI database, and somatic mutations in the closest matching V, D and J elements were manually annotated using the IMGT V-quest junction analysis tool ([@bib2]; [@bib19]). ",
"Numbering follows the IMGT schema. ",
"Mutated and preimmune-reverted H and L chain cDNA sequences were synthesized by Biomatik and cloned into pCDNA3.1^+^ expression vectors. ",
"IgG1 antibodies were transiently expressed in HEK293 cells using standard plate transfection and the Expi system (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and purified with protein G Sepharose (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturers' recommendations. ",
"After dialyzing against PBS and concentrating, antibodies were quantified by Nanodrop and ELISA.",
"\n\n### Assay for self-reactivity {#s10}\n\nWhole blood from random healthy donors was obtained from the Australian Red Cross Blood Service. ",
"PBMCs were prepared by Ficoll Histopaque and frozen. ",
"Thawed PBMCs were washed twice in PBS/1% BSA and incubated with Fc Block (BD) for 30 min at 4°C. ",
"After washing, cells were incubated with IGHV4-34 antibodies diluted in PBS and incubated for 30 min at 4°C or 37°C. ",
"Cells were washed twice in PBS and stained with antibodies against IgG, CD19, IgD, CD27, Live Dead, CD3, and CD14. ",
"Mature naive B cells (CD19^+^, IgD^+^, and CD27^−^) were evaluated for IGHV4-34 antibody binding on an LSRII or CANTO II flow cytometer (BD). ",
"Each group of preimmune, hypermutated, and intermediate IGHV4-34 antibodies (e.g., pFog-1, Fog-1, pFog-1 Y26H, and Fog-1 H26Y) were always assessed within the same experiment for three to four independent experiments. ",
"To normalize data from the three to four experiments performed on different days and with different flow cytometers, antibody reactivity was expressed as relative mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) by dividing the MFI value by the MFI of the highest binding antibody within the experiment.",
"\n\n### Assay for RhD reactivity {#s11}\n\nErythrocytes were isolated from the whole blood of RhD^+^ and RhD^−^ donors from the Red Cross Blood Service. ",
"Approximately 10 ml of whole blood was diluted 1:1 in PBS and centrifuged at 400 *g* for 15 min. ",
"Plasma and buffy coat layers were removed, and red cell pellets were washed twice in PBS before incubating with IGHV4-34 antibodies at room temperature for 30 min. ",
"After washing twice in PBS, erythrocytes were stained with anti--human IgG antibody for 30 min at room temperature and analyzed by flow cytometry.",
"\n\n### Assay for vaccinia virus reactivity {#s12}\n\nIGHV4-34 antibody binding to vaccinia virus was evaluated by ELISA. ",
"MaxiSorp plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific) were coated with sucrose cushion--purified stocks of Western Reserve vaccinia virus (provided by D. Tscharke, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia), inactivated with 1 µg/ml 4,5,8-trimethylpsoralen, and irradiated with UV-A for 20 min. ",
"ELISA plates were blocked with 2% BSA/PBS and then incubated with IGHV4-34 antibodies diluted in 1% BSA/PBS. ",
"After washing with 0.1% Tween 20/PBS, anti--human IgG alkaline phosphatase was applied, followed by para-nitrophenylphosphate substrate. ",
"All incubations were done for 1 h at room temperature. ",
"Binding of IGHV4-34 antibodies to vaccinia virus was quantified by measuring optical density at 405 nm.",
"\n\n### Assay for polyreactivity {#s13}\n\nPolyreactivity was evaluated by flow cytometry and ELISA. ",
"For flow cytometry experiments, HEK293 cells were incubated with preimmune and mutated IGHV4-34 antibodies for 30 min at 4°C. ",
"After washing, anti--human IgG--BV605 was added for 30 min at 4°C and analyzed on a CANTO II flow cytometer. ",
"HEK293 cells were also permeabilized with Cytofix reagent (BD) to assess binding of antibodies to intracellular self-antigens. ",
"Polyreactivity ELISAs were performed as described previously using dsDNA and LPS ([@bib51]). ",
"For both flow cytometry and ELISA assays, established polyreactivity control antibodies were used: eiJB40, a low-positive control, and mGO53, a negative control antibody ([@bib53]). ",
"These antibodies were produced as IgG1 as described in the IGHV4-34 antibodies section.",
"\n\n### Structural modeling {#s14}\n\nStructural models depicting hydrophobic patch regions of IGHV4-34 were based on Protein Data Bank accession no. [",
"1DNO](1DNO) ([@bib9]). ",
"All illustrations were generated using the PyMOL molecular graphics system (Schrödinger, LLC).",
"\n\n### Statistical analysis {#s15}\n\nDose-dependent binding of IGHV4-34 antibodies to either self- or foreign antigens was compared by two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison tests. ",
"Calculations were performed using Prism software (version 6; GraphPad Software). ",
"P-values \\<0.05 were considered significant.",
"\n\nWe thank Dr. Mary Christie for the generation of structural models, Prof. David Tscharke for the gift of vaccinia virus, and Dr. Peter Schofield and Prof. Robert Brink for experimental advice and feedback on the manuscript.",
"\n\nThis work was supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Early Career fellowship (595989) to J.H. Reed and an NHMRC program grant (1016953), an Australia fellowship (585490), and a Senior Principal Research fellowship (1081858) to C.C. Goodnow.",
"\n\nThe authors declare no competing financial interests.",
"\n\nAbbreviations used:dsDNAdouble-stranded DNAH chainheavy chainL chainlight chainMFImean fluorescence intensityRhDrhesus D\n"
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"Reviews of Similar Restaurants\n\nThe Alamo Tex-Mex Restaurant & BarBrazilian, Steak House, Casual/Family, Banquet/Party Room The most horrible experience in my life, the food its not food, its cold junk food, dont have taste, not nice.",
"\n\nMarket Latina RestaurantBrazilian, Steak House, Casual/Family, Banquet/Party Room I been in that restaurant and they have horrible service.you can hear people screaming from the kitchen.they actually have rats in that place and that's disscusting, the waitress never goes back to your table.they take forever to give you your order,\n...\n\nRafain Brazilian SteakhouseBrazilian, Steak House, Casual/Family, Banquet/Party Room I know this is only one review but I hope others will read this... The manager Karlo is a dismissive jerk. ",
"We were having a wonderful time the food was great! ",
"Until half way through the meal a waiter spilled red wine all over me. ",
"Mistakes happen,\n...\n\nMarket Latina RestaurantBrazilian, Steak House, Casual/Family, Banquet/Party Room I been in that restaurant and they have horrible service.you can hear people screaming from the kitchen.they actually have rats in that place and that's disgusting, the waitress never goes back to your table.they take forever to give you your order,\n..."
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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0.0011066730367019773,
0.030807871371507645
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[
"#\n# Copyright (C) 2020 - present Instructure, Inc.\n#\n# This file is part of Canvas.",
"\n#\n# Canvas is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under\n# the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free\n# Software Foundation, version 3 of the License.",
"\n#\n# Canvas is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY\n# WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR\n# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
"See the GNU Affero General Public License for more\n# details.",
"\n#\n# You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License along\n# with this program. ",
"If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.",
"\nclass AddRootAccountIdToQuizSubmissionEvents < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]\n include MigrationHelpers::AddColumnAndFk\n\n tag :predeploy\n disable_ddl_transaction!",
"\n\n def up\n add_column_and_fk :quiz_submission_events, :root_account_id, :accounts, if_not_exists: true\n add_index :quiz_submission_events, :root_account_id, algorithm: :concurrently, if_not_exists: true\n end\n\n def down\n remove_column :quiz_submission_events, :root_account_id\n end\nend\n"
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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0.0006071230745874345,
0.0006092393305152655,
0.006483396515250206,
0.000858639890793711
] | 0.001404 | 8 |
[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe invention relates to toothbrushes.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of Prior Art\nToothbrushes, both manual and electrically operated, have a shank extending from a handle to a brush head on which is carried an array of bristles for brushing teeth. ",
"Various fixed shapes and configurations for providing different overall brush-contacting surfaces are well-known. ",
"It has been appreciated for a long time that certain shapes, concave or convex, say, are preferred for certain uses and for brushing outer surfaces of the front teeth and inner surfaces of the front teeth respectively. ",
"Compromised design arrangements, including complicated overall bristle surfaces or mixed (concave and convex) shapes may be formed on a single brush head. ",
"More recently, flexible brush heads have been used that can be normally altered to provide different desired bristle configurations. ",
"In those cases, the brush head is made of flexible or deformable material that can retain different shapes, to present bristles in concave or convex configurations say, after each manual manipulation into a desired shape for use. ",
"This requires that the user grips the brush head which may not be convenient if the bristles are wet or coated with toothpaste, and is in any event often unhygienic.",
"\nIt is an object of the invention to overcome or at least reduce this problem.",
"\nAccording to the invention there is provided a toothbrush having an elongate shank with a longitudinal axis, an elongate brush head formed of flexible material joined end to end along the longitudinal axis to a remote end of the shank and carrying an array of bristles on one major surface thereof, a push rod extending along the shank coupled to a remote end of the brush head, a lever mounted to the toothbrush for moving the push rod generally along the longitudinal axis to alter an effective length of brush head and change the shape of the major surface between a concave shape and a convex shape.",
"\nThe head is preferably formed with laterally extending slots in said major surface to facilitate bending of the head into said concave and convex shape.",
"\nThe lever may be rotatably mounted to the toothbrush and formed with an arcuate surface that is mechanically coupled to one end of the push rod so that when the lever is rotated the push rod is moved along the longitudinal axis. ",
"The arcuate surface is preferably formed with steps that determine incremental movement of the push rod as the lever is rotated.",
"\nThe lever may be mounted inside the toothbrush and extends proud of an exterior surface thereof to enable an exposed part of the lever to be conveniently thumb-operated to adjust the shape of the head."
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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[
"In existing integrated flight deck systems, information and interaction requirements are fragmented across various displays and systems within the aircraft. ",
"A pilot generally has to break down and interpret the fragmented information in order to determine a primary flight objective such as, for example, aviate, navigate, communicate, and manage (including safety and performance). ",
"From the primary flight objective, the pilot then determines system level information sets and interactive tasks that need to be retrieved and/or performed in order to achieve the flight objective. ",
"The cognitive process involved in deriving the tasks and task requirements is highly engaging and demands operational experience and conditioning of the pilot.",
"\nHence, there is a need for improved systems and methods for interactively providing flight deck information to a pilot such that the cognitive demands on the pilot are reduced. ",
"Other desirable features and characteristics will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the foregoing technical field and background."
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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0.0005972135695628822,
0.0005323165678419173
] | 0.000557 | 6 |
[
"Q:\n\nWhat happens when battery is fully charged in Ubuntu 18.04?",
"\n\nI have a MSI GL63 laptop. ",
"Under Windows I can have it all the time connected to the current and the battery does not suffer any damage (affirmed by MSI). ",
"But I installed Ubuntu 18.04.2 for software development and I wonder how the current management works in this system since it does not show the message \"Connected but not loading\" as Windows does.",
"\nCan I also have connected to power even after charge the battery completely in Ubuntu 18?",
"\n\nA:\n\nAFAIK The battery charging thresholds are hardware dependent. ",
" There are some notable exceptions, such as the Thinkpad line of computers in which the upper level of battery charge can be set in Ubuntu, but controlling the rate of charge is usually performed by the laptop hardware.",
"\nAs a thought exercise, what happens to your Windows laptop when Windows is off, but the computer is plugged into a wall? ",
" Does it 'overcharge'? ",
" Windows is not running (the computer is off).",
"\nIf power management is a concern for your computer, consider using TLP\n\n"
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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] | 0.00112 | 11 |
[
"Ist der Kabarettist Dieter Nuhr, der in seinen Programmen Islamisten lächerlich macht, ein „Hassprediger“? ",
"Ein Gericht meint, er müsse sich die Bezeichnung gefallen lassen.",
"\n\nDer Kabarettist Dieter Nuhr muss es sich gefallen lassen, wegen seiner Kritik an Islamisten als „Hassprediger“ bezeichnet zu werden. ",
"Er scheiterte am Stuttgarter Landgericht mit dem Versuch, dem Osnabrücker Muslim Erhat Toka eine solche Einschätzung im Internet verbieten zu lassen. ",
"Die Bezeichnung „Hassprediger“ sei noch durch die Meinungsfreiheit gedeckt, sagte ein Gerichtssprecher. ",
"Vor der 17. ",
"Zivilkammer wollten Nuhrs Anwälte eine Abmahnung und Unterlassungserklärung durchsetzen.",
"\n\nNicht mehr verwenden dürfe Toka hingegen eine Montage, bei der er eine Porträtfoto von Nuhr in ein Stoppschild montiert habe, wie der Gerichtssprecher sagte. ",
"Hier setzte Dieter Nuhr seinen Anspruch durch. ",
"Das Gericht drohte Toka mit einem Ordnungsgeld, falls er die Montage weiter verwende. ",
"Die Kosten des Verfahrens teilen sich beide Parteien etwa jeweils zur Hälfte.",
"\n\nEine Mini-Demo in Osnabrück\n\nToka hatte im vergangenen Herbst bundesweit Aufsehen erregt, weil er Nuhr Hetze und die Beschimpfung von Religionsgemeinschaften vorgeworfen und ihn angezeigt hatte. ",
"Als Beleg zog er kurze Auszüge aus einem früheren Programm von Dieter Nuhr heran. ",
"Die „Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung“, die auch jetzt als erste über das Gerichtsurteil berichtete, hatte die Geschichte vor einem Auftritt Nuhrs in Osnabrück hochgejazzt. ",
"Toka hatte zu einer Demonstration gegen einen Auftritt Nuhrs aufgerufen, zu der sich allerdings nur eine Handvoll Menschen versammelt hatten."
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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] | 0.195438 | 15 |
[
"\"Give yourself over to absolute pleasure. ",
"Swim the warm waters of sins of the flesh. ",
"Erotic nightmares beyond any measure, and sensual daydreams to treasure forever. ",
"Can't you just see it? ",
"Don't Dream It - Be It!\" ",
"Welcome Aboard! ",
"I'm back! ",
"--Evan McCarthy\n\nThe Weekly listings can now be found on the homepage at groupsexinthecity.com\n\nWednesday, January 22, 2014\n\nGROUP M4M Sex Parties for the week of Friday, January 24 to Thursday, January 30\n\nSex Parties for the week of Friday, January 24 to Thursday, January 30…\n\nMen:\nBelow is the new list of all the parties that I know about this week. ",
"I only\ngave information based on my personal experience, or the information that the\nhosts provided. ",
"If I didn't know something I listed it as TK. (",
"N/A means not\napplicable). ",
"Please, NEVER go to a party just based on my information. ",
"You\nshould ALWAYS check with the hosts first to confirm that the parties are up and\nrunning and times and dates are correct. ",
"Another great resource you should check out is the \"Party\" section of Adam4Adam.com for parties that I do not list yet, for smaller parties, or parties below that may not respond quickly to emails. ",
"Also this is just the parties this week, if you want the whole list\nyou can email me at adventuresgrsx@gmail.com. ",
"Have fun and be safe.",
"\n\nFriday…\n\nTHRUST NYC (Washington Heights) Once a month the guys who host the Ass Action\nparties throw a bigger-scale party in their spacious apartment. ",
"It’s a safe-sex\nparty that actually feels like a party. ",
"THRUST NYC features three separately\nthemed play spaces including The Green Room with club style lighting and\nhouse-music, The Red Room with large theater-style projected porn and a leather\nsling, and The Blue Room with trance music, a bed, couch, and lots of fog for a\nmore intimate feel. ",
"Complementary clothes check, drinks and snacks are always\nincluded as well.",
"\n\nRATING:\nSelective\n\nVIBE:\nFriendly and social with no attitude\n\nTIME:\n8pm-Midnight. ",
"Door closes at 11pm.",
"\n\nCROWD:\nguys of different ethnicities, above average to very hot.",
"\n\nAGE:\n21 to 40s\n\nDONATION:\n$15 before 9pm, $20 after\n\nSS/BB:\nA safe-sex party\n\nSPACE:\nPrivate Apartment\n\nSUPPLIES:\nCondoms (including Magnums), lube, snacks, beverages\n\nFREQUENCY:\nOnce a month on a Friday\n\nLIGHTING:\nGood\n\nGETTING\nIN: You can send stats and pics to thrustnycparty@gmail.com\n\nNYJOCK PARTY--NYJP (Times Square). ",
"The host is very discriminating so the place is filled\nwith hot men. ",
"The hotter men tend to show up late, and the later you go the\nbetter the sex seems to be.",
"\n\nRATING: VERY SELECTIVE\n\nVIBE: Since the party went ALL NUDE -- mostly no\nattitude.",
"\n\nTIME: 10pm-5am\n\nCROWD: 50-70+ to 50 young, hot men\n\nAGES: mostly 20s & 30s, few in-shape men in 40s\n\nDONATION: $28.",
"\n\nSS/BB: A safe sex party.",
"\n\nSPACE: Hot, clean, huge studio space, two bathrooms,\nshower\n\nSUPPLIES: drinks. ",
"Snacks. ",
"Condom/lube.",
"\n\nFREQUENCY: 2X a\nmonth, Fri, Sat, Sundays, sometimes Thursdays\n\nLIGHTING: GOOD, sometimes too dark for such hot men\n\nGETTING IN: send stats and pics to: nyjockparty@yahoo.com\n\nTHE OMEGA PARTY (Long Island City, Queens). ",
"Large party with playground with\nmany private rooms, lockers, cinema lounge and more. ",
"From the host: \"Mixed\ncrowd: Latinos , Blacks, Whites, Asians, twinks, muscle guys and\nbears.\" ",
"Only 10 minutes from Manhattan. ",
"Good party for average\nguys.",
"\n\nNYC NAKED WRESTLERS (Midtown East). ",
"From the host: NYC'S wrestling group where men\ngo completely naked and give in to the ultimate sexual surrender at the end of\neach match while naked members get off with one another on the sidelines.",
"\nPrivate Duplex Apt: 1rst floor mats/matches, 2nd floor darkened Lounge for\ncombined group sex party with TESTOSTERONE. ",
"For in-shape guys who enjoy\nwatching or participating in naked combat without restrictions.",
"\n\nRATING: Somewhat selective\n\nVIBE: no attitude\n\nTIME: 9pm-2am.",
"\n\nCROWD: 20-30 guys\n\nAGE: All ages (over 21) and races welcome to attend\n\nSS/BB: safe sex & BB\n\nSPACE: duplex apt with two bathrooms\n\nSUPPLIES: condom/lube\n\nFREQUENCY: weekly, Fridays\n\nLIGHTING: 1st floor brightly-lit; 2nd floor dark\n\nGETTING IN: Send stats and a recent shirtless pic from the\nwaist up to Nick at: nycnakedwrestlers@gmail.comor check out www.gayguysglobal.net\n\nTHE CHELSEA DUPLEX PARTY (Chelsea).",
"\nTonight's party is PEAK. ",
"The Chelsea Duplex hosts\nprivate sex parties in a safe, discreet, clean, spacious duplex apartment\nin Chelsea. ",
"It’s a diverse group of generally nice, heigh/weight proportionate\nguys, not a cruise/stand & pose party. ",
"The men tend to be\nmasculine, nice, normal guys who happen to be pigs. ",
"You’re not “required”\nto participate (I dig watching, too), but if you’re generally the\nnervous/unsure type, then this party probably isn’t for you. ",
"Guys\nrange from great shape to not great shape.",
"\n\nPEAK: for guys who play safe; FUSION:\nfor guys who play safe and guys who don't.",
"\n\nRATING:\nNot Selective\n\nVIBE: This is\nan attitude-free party.",
"\n\nDRESS: Most\nguys are naked or in underwear, shoes are optional.",
"\n\nTIME:\n8PM – 2AM (doors Until 1AM)\n\nCROWD: A\nbusy night is 30-35 guys – a slow night is 15-20. ",
"Most guys are over 30\nyears old, all are over 18.",
"\n\nDONATION:\n$20\n\nSS/BB:\nBB\n\nSPACE:\nPrivate Apartment, Sling, two beds, multiple rooms.",
"\n\nSUPPLIES: Lube,\ncondoms, ENEMAS, clothes check.",
"\n\nFREQUENCY:\nweekly\n\nLIGHTING:\ngood\n\nGETTING\nIN: Check out his blog at http://theorgyguy.blogspot.com/ or to get in email\nstats and pics to theorgyguy@gmail.com.",
"\n\nTESTOSTERONE (Midtown East). ",
"From\nthe host: This is a no-attitude/no-standing around party, everyone able to hold\ntheir own in large active crowds, anyone looking for a \"jock perfect only\nparty\" with self-inflated egos and self-conscious hands over their\n\"pee-pees\" should not apply, this event is not for you.",
"\n\nRATING:\nNot selective\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude\n\nTIME: 10pm-3am.",
"\n\nCROWD:\n20-30 guys\n\nAGE:\nAll ages (over 21) and races welcome to attend\n\nSS/BB: safe\nsex & BB\n\nSPACE:\nduplex apt with two bathrooms\n\nSUPPLIES:\ncondom/lube\n\nFREQUENCY: weekly,\nFridays\n\nLIGHTING:\n1st floor Dimly lit; 2nd floor dark\n\nGETTING\nIN: Send pic (shirtless from the waist up is fine); Stats to:\napollothegreek@earthlink.net or check out www.gayguysglobal.net\n\nBB PARTIES NYC (The Bronx).",
"\nAn exclusive weekly party designed for people who enjoy anonymous sex and\ncompletly natural, this party is ONLY for open-minded people. ",
"The party\nis BAREBACK, so NO condoms Allowed! ",
"ALL NUDE: Clothes check because is a\nStrictic Requirement That You stay TOTALLY naked inside the party .",
"\n\nENCORES PARTY (Chelsea). ",
"After-hours\nparty. ",
"Often attended by restaurant and bar employees after those places shut\ndown. ",
"You don't have to have an invitation or be on a list or anything. ",
"It can\nbe incredibly hot, but sometimes it is hit or miss. ",
"NOT a mandatory close check\nparty.",
"\n\nRATING:\nNot Selective\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude\n\nTIME:\n3AM-7AM, (The party really takes off around 4AM when many bars close)\n\nCROWD:\nGets 70 people on Fridays; and 100 Sat. ",
"night (Sun. ",
"morning).",
"\n\nAGE:\nno restriction\n\nSS/BB:\nSafe sex and BB\n\nSPACE:\nPaddles sex club\n\nSUPPLIES:\ncondom/lubes\n\nFREQUENCY:\nevery Fri and Sat night\n\nLIGHTING:\nGood\n\nGETTING\nIN: Check out Paddles: http://paddlesnyc.com/\n\nSaturday…\n\nCHUBS AND CHASERS (Midtown) NYC's\nlargest party for large and extra large guys and their admirers.",
"\nRATING: Not Selective\n\nDICKPLAY PARTY (Inwood/Upper\nManhattan) Party at Ed and Steve’s, an interracial\ncouple. ",
"The hosts think of the group as being a hand selected group of guys who\nare into interracial sex and don't have attitudes. ",
"It's a mix of guys, white, black, Latin,\noccasionally Asian. ",
"Most guys are naked, but not required.",
"\n\nTHE OMEGA PARTY (Long Island City, Queens). ",
"Large party with playground\nwith many private rooms, lockers, cinema lounge and more. ",
"From the host:\n\"Mixed crowd: Latinos , Blacks, Whites, Asians, twinks, muscle guys and\nbears.\" ",
"Only 10 minutes from Manhattan. ",
"The website was taken\ndown, but guys tell me the party is still open.",
"\n\nND2 (Times Square). ",
"This party is for average African-American and Latino\nmen ONLY. ",
"Mandatory clothes check: boxers, no shirts or t-shirts. ",
"Condoms,\nlube, liquid provided. ",
"Hip hop music with a Dj. ",
"No attitude and a lot of\naction.",
"\n\nENCORES PARTY (Chelsea). ",
"After-hours\nparty. ",
"Often attended by restaurant and bar employees after those places shut\ndown. ",
"You don't have to have an invitation or be on a list or anything. ",
"It can\nbe incredibly hot, but sometimes it is hit or miss. ",
"NOT a mandatory close check\nparty.",
"\n\nRATING:\nNot Selective\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude\n\nTIME:\n3AM-7AM, (The party really takes off around 4AM when many bars close)\n\nCROWD:\nGets 70 people on Fridays; and 100 Sat. ",
"night (Sun. ",
"morning).",
"\n\nAGE:\nno restriction\n\nSS/BB:\nSafe sex and BB\n\nSPACE:\nPaddles sex club\n\nSUPPLIES:\ncondom/lubes\n\nFREQUENCY:\nevery Fri and Sat night\n\nLIGHTING:\nGood\n\nGETTING\nIN: Check out Paddles: http://paddlesnyc.com/\n\nSunday…\n\nASS ACTION FUCK CLUB (Washington Heights) A\nmembers-only club that holds safe-sex parties in a comfortable intimate\napartment setting. ",
"The membership list is made up of a racially-diverse mix of\nathletic guys. ",
"The parties are social and friendly and have an emphasis on “hot\nbutt sex” where the hosts encourage everyone to “fuck each other’s brains out.”",
"\nThe number of guests at each party is limited to keep the vibe intimate and to\nencourage group interaction. ",
"Every party has a theme and this Sunday they are\ngetting members in the mood for Super Bowl Sunday with the Fuck Club “Jocks in\nJocks” party “where all those things you fantasized about happening in the\npre-or-post game locker room can actually happen.” ",
"Dress code is jockstraps\n(required) and sports jerseys (optional).",
"\nA shower and towels are provided.",
"\n\nGETTING\nIN: Due to limited space on the membership list, the hosts are currently only\nconsidering guys with above-average athletic or muscular bodies for membership.",
"\nYou can send stats and pics to heightshost@gmail.com and find more information\nat assactionnyc.com\n\nJACKS OF COLOR (Chelsea) J.O.C. CHELSEA SUNDAY NIGHT\nSPECIAL. ",
"A New York City Club For Men of\nColor \"And Their Friends.\" ",
"The\nbest general admission parties – huge and has themed parties including leather,\nmassage, and afternoons on weekends.",
"\n\nRATING: Not Selective\n\nVIBE: no attitude\n\nTIME: Doors 7:00 to\n11:00, goes 'til Midnight\n\nCROWD: 70-120\n\nAGE: 18-60s\n\nSS/BB: some safe\nsex, but also BB\n\nSPACE: Chelsea Space\n\nSUPPLIES: Condoms/lube\n\nFREQUENCY: Every\nMonday night, and often other weekday nights and weekends.",
"\n\nLIGHTING: Good\n\nGETTING IN: Send stats and pics to JacksOfColor@Gmail.com\nor check out www.jacksofcolor.com\n\nTHE CHELSEA DUPLEX PARTY (Chelsea).",
"\nTonight's party is FUSION. ",
"The Chelsea Duplex hosts\nprivate sex parties in a safe, discreet, clean, spacious duplex apartment\nin Chelsea. ",
"It’s a diverse group of generally nice, heigh/weight proportionate\nguys, not a cruise/stand & pose party. ",
"The men tend to be\nmasculine, nice, normal guys who happen to be pigs. ",
"You’re not “required”\nto participate (I dig watching, too), but if you’re generally the\nnervous/unsure type, then this party probably isn’t for you. ",
"Guys\nrange from great shape to not great shape.",
"\n\nPEAK: for guys who play safe; FUSION:\nfor guys who play safe and guys who don't.",
"\n\nRATING:\nNot Selective\n\nVIBE: This is\nan attitude-free party.",
"\n\nDRESS: Most\nguys are naked or in underwear, shoes are optional.",
"\n\nTIME:\n8PM – 2AM (doors Until 1AM)\n\nCROWD: A\nbusy night is 30-35 guys – a slow night is 15-20. ",
"Most guys are over 30\nyears old, all are over 18.",
"\n\nDONATION:\n$20\n\nSS/BB:\nBB\n\nSPACE:\nPrivate Apartment, Sling, two beds, multiple rooms.",
"\n\nSUPPLIES: Lube,\ncondoms, ENEMAS, clothes check.",
"\n\nFREQUENCY:\nweekly\n\nLIGHTING:\ngood\n\nGETTING\nIN: Check out his blog at http://theorgyguy.blogspot.com/ or to get in email\nstats and pics to theorgyguy@gmail.com.",
"\n\nTHE OMEGA PARTY (Long Island City, Queens). ",
"Large party with playground\nwith many private rooms, lockers, cinema lounge and more. ",
"From the host:\n\"Mixed crowd: Latinos , Blacks, Whites, Asians, twinks, muscle guys and\nbears.\" ",
"Only 10 minutes from Manhattan. ",
"The website was taken\ndown, but guys tell me the party is still open.",
"\n\nFINAL DESTINATION (Crown Heights, Brooklyn).",
"\nTHIS IS AN ALL NUDE PARTY NO EXCEPTION AND NO NEGOTIATION ABOUT IT AT ALL STRIP\nAT DOOR. ",
"FOR FIT MEN IN SHAPE ONLY, NO ONE WAIST OVER 36 WILL NOT GET IN.",
"\n\nRATING:\nSELECTIVE\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude.",
"\n\nTIME:\nSUN. ",
"11:30PM-4AM\n\nCROWD:\nAGES: mostly 20s & 30s, few in-shape men in 40s\n\nDONATION:\n$10 ALL NIGHT\n\nSS/BB:\nA safe sex party.",
"\n\nSPACE:\nprivate apt\n\nSUPPLIES:\ndrinks. ",
"Snacks. ",
"Condom/lube.",
"\n\nFREQUENCY:\nSun, Tues, Thurs\n\nLIGHTING:\nGOOD,\n\nGETTING\nIN: send stats and pics to: finaldestination1514@yahoo.com\n\nGOTHAM BEAR PARTY (Midtown East).",
"\nFrom the host: “This is an all inclusive party for all BIG men of different\nshapes and sizes and races and their admirers!”",
"\n\nRATING:\nNot selective\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude\n\nTIME:\n3pm - 6pm.",
"\n\nCROWD:\n20-30 guys\n\nDONATION:\n$20\n\nAGE:\nAll ages (over 21) and races welcome to attend\n\nSS/BB:\nsafe sex & BB\n\nSPACE:\nduplex apt with two bathrooms\n\nSUPPLIES:\ncondom/lube\n\nFREQUENCY:\nweekly, Sundays\n\nLIGHTING:\n1st floor Dimly lit; 2nd floor dark\n\nGETTING\nIN: GETTING IN: Send pic (shirtless from the waist up is fine); Stats to:\napollothegreek@earthlink.net or check out www.gayguysglobal.net\n\nNEW YORK BONDAGE CLUB (Chelsea) For\nanyone who has a taste for sex with a kinky side (leather, rope, spanking, etc)\nit's a good place to get satisfied on a Sunday night. ",
"Sex is no longer banned.",
"\nSucking, fucking, whatever, are all allowed now at all times. ",
"It's common to\nsee guys tied down and fucked. ",
"Or a dom directing sex between two roped subs.",
"\n\nRATING:\nNot selective\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude\n\nTIME:\nThey now stay open later (until at least 1 AM instead of 11 PM)\n\nCROWD:\nvaries\n\nAGE:\nIt's always a mixed crowd in terms of age.",
"\n\nSS/BB:\nSafe sex\n\nSPACE:\nHeld in a straight BDSM club, the party scene includes cages, restraints,\nbondage crosses, stocks and all sorts of devices to aid in tying people up and\ngetting them off.",
"\n\nSUPPLIES:\nCondoms/lube\n\nFREQUENCY:\nEvery Sunday night\n\nLIGHTING:\n11 PM they turn down the lights in all areas except the bar at the front. ",
"In\nthese darker areas, there's now a dress code of no street clothes. ",
"You have to\nwear no more than underwear, or you can wear fetish wear (leather, rubber, and\nthe like).",
"\n\nGETTING\nIN: Check out the site www.NYBondageClub.com\n\nNEW YORK JACKS (Times Square) Safe-sex\nparty for guys who like to jerk off.",
"\n\nRATING:\nNot Selective\n\nVIBE:\nNo attitude\n\nTIME:\nDoors open 4:00PM to 6:30PM, jerking until 7:30PM\n\nCROWD:\nvaries, all type of bodies, races, and ages from hot young guys to muscle guys\nto older guys.",
"\n\nMASQUERADE ORGY (Los Angeles). ",
"Blindfold Gang Bang\nMasquerades. ",
"To get in you don't have to be a total jock but in decent to great\nshape.",
"\n\nRATING: Selective\n\nVIBE: laid back , no attitude\n\nTIME: 7pm\n\nCROWD: AGE: 19-45 (most guys in their late 20s/early\n30s).",
"\n\nSS/BB: safe sex\n\nSPACE: private apartment (LA), a boutique hotel (SD).",
"\n\nSUPPLIES: Condoms and lube\n\nFREQUENCY: Few Times a Month\n\nGETTING IN: Email pic and stats to maskedmenla@gmail.com\n\nMonday...\n\nJACKS OF COLOR (Chelsea) \"MASSAGE AND PLAY MONDAY\nPARTY!\";A New York City Club For Men of Color \"And Their\nFriends.\" ",
"The best general admission parties – huge and has themed parties\nincluding leather, massage, and afternoons on weekends.",
"\n\nRATING:\nNot Selective\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude\n\nTIME:\ndoors 7:00 to Midnight, goes 'til 2 am\n\nCROWD:\n70-120\n\nAGE:\n18-60s\n\nSS/BB:\nsome safe sex, but also BB\n\nSPACE:\nPaddles\n\nSUPPLIES:\nCondoms/lube\n\nFREQUENCY:\nEvery Monday night, and often other weekday nights and weekends.",
"\n\nLIGHTING:\nGood\n\nGETTING\nIN: Send stats and pics to JacksOfColor@Gmail.com or check out\nwww.jacksofcolor.com\n\nMUSCLE GROUP (West Harlem/w140s). ",
"This\nsmall sex party in a private apartment. ",
"The best thing about this party is that\nit's one of the true orgies. ",
"At most parties guys are having sex one-one-one or\nthreesomes--at this one there is more often than not a pile of guys fucking and\nsucking off each other.",
"\n\nRATING:\nSelective\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude\n\nTIME:\n9:30-11pm, occassionally lunch parties\n\nCROWD:\n4-10 guys, racially mixed very hot to average\n\nAGES:\n18-40 YOs\n\nDONATION:\nFREE\n\nSS/BB:\nSafe Sex\n\nSPACE:\nsmall studio apartment\n\nSUPPLIES:\ncondom/lube\n\nFREQUENCY:\nparties at random, but often on Mondays,\n\nLIGHTING:\nExcellent\n\nGETTING\nIN: Send pics and Stats to: BIHUNKGROUP@aol.com\n\nMMX Muscle (Manhattan). ",
"Tight Muscle Mondays. ",
"Not\na sex party, but a massage and/or yoga party…it’s about touch. ",
"The hosts says:\n\"however we are a lot of horny guys and we are not going to sweep that\nunder the rug.\" ",
"But no oral or anal sex below the waist. ",
"Host is a\ncertified Massage Therapist. ",
"The party is to learn, explore, connect, and play\n– to learn and get into Massage.",
"\n\nRATING:\nSelective\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude, no reason\n\nTIME:\nArrive between 8 and 8:30pm and Start Trading. ",
"Demo at 8:45pm.",
"\n\nCROWD:\n25 guys\n\nAGES:\nNo restrictions\n\nDONATION:\n$25. ",
"Students and under 27 get in for $20.",
"\n\nSS/BB:\nnot a sex party\n\nSPACE:\nGreat, clean space\n\nLIGHTING:\nExcellent\n\nGETTING\nIN: send request to mmxnyc@gmail.com or check out www.mmxnyc.com.",
"\n\nTuesday…\n\nTHE CHELSEA DUPLEX PARTY (Chelsea).",
"\nTonight's party is PEAK. ",
"The Chelsea Duplex hosts\nprivate sex parties in a safe, discreet, clean, spacious duplex apartment\nin Chelsea. ",
"It’s a diverse group of generally nice, heigh/weight proportionate\nguys, not a cruise/stand & pose party. ",
"The men tend to be\nmasculine, nice, normal guys who happen to be pigs. ",
"You’re not “required”\nto participate (I dig watching, too), but if you’re generally the\nnervous/unsure type, then this party probably isn’t for you. ",
"Guys\nrange from great shape to not great shape.",
"\n\nPEAK: for guys who play safe; FUSION:\nfor guys who play safe and guys who don't.",
"\n\nRATING:\nNot Selective\n\nVIBE: This is\nan attitude-free party.",
"\n\nDRESS: Most\nguys are naked or in underwear, shoes are optional.",
"\n\nTIME:\n8PM – 2AM (doors Until 1AM)\n\nCROWD: A\nbusy night is 30-35 guys – a slow night is 15-20. ",
"Most guys are over 30\nyears old, all are over 18.",
"\n\nDONATION:\n$20\n\nSS/BB:\nBB\n\nSPACE:\nPrivate Apartment, Sling, two beds, multiple rooms.",
"\n\nSUPPLIES: Lube,\ncondoms, ENEMAS, clothes check.",
"\n\nFREQUENCY:\nweekly\n\nLIGHTING:\ngood\n\nGETTING\nIN: Check out his blog at http://theorgyguy.blogspot.com/ or to get in email\nstats and pics to theorgyguy@gmail.com.",
"\n\nFINAL DESTINATION (Crown Heights, Brooklyn). ",
"THIS\nIS AN ALL NUDE PARTY NO EXCEPTION AND NO NEGOTIATION ABOUT IT AT ALL STRIP AT\nDOOR. ",
"FOR FIT MEN IN SHAPE ONLY, NO ONE WAIST OVER 36 WILL NOT GET IN.",
"\n\nRATING:\nSELECTIVE\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude.",
"\n\nTIME:\nTUES. ",
"11:30PM-5AM\n\nCROWD:\nAGES: mostly 20s & 30s, few in-shape men in 40s\n\nDONATION:\n$5 BEFORE 1AM $10 AFTER ALL NIGHT\n\nSS/BB:\nA safe sex party.",
"\n\nSPACE:\nprivate apt\n\nSUPPLIES:\ndrinks. ",
"Snacks. ",
"Condom/lube.",
"\n\nFREQUENCY:\nSun, Tues, Thurs\n\nLIGHTING:\nGOOD,\n\nGETTING\nIN: send stats and pics to: finaldestination1514@yahoo.com\n\nFOOTMENNYC (Hell's Kitchen). ",
"Private\nparty for Men into Feet, Footwear, or Tickling.",
"\n\nRATING:\nsomewhat selective\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude\n\nTIME:\n8pm-2am\n\nCROWD:\n40 person maximum party\n\nAGE:\n18-50\n\nSS/BB:\nAlthough party is foot-focused, safe sex is permitted in one room only.",
"\n\nNEW YORK JACKS (Chelsea) Safe-sex\nparty for guys who like to jerk off.",
"\n\nRATING:\nNot Selective\n\nVIBE:\nNo attitude\n\nTIME:\nDoors open 7:30PM to 9:00PM, jerking until 11:00PM\n\nCROWD:\nvaries, all type of bodies, races, and ages from hot young guys to muscle guys\nto older guys.",
"\n\nAGES:\n18-60s\n\nSS/BB:\nN/A\n\nSPACE:\nPaddles\n\nSUPPLIES:\nN/A\n\nFREQUENCY:\nEvery Tuesdays (Paddles) and Sunday (Times Square).",
"\n\nLIGHTING:\nGood\n\nGETTING\nIN: Check out their site: http://www.nyjacks.com/\n\nWednesday…\n\nPRIVATE PARTY (Garment District) MIDWINTER'S\nNIGHT NAKED BACCHANALIA. ",
"Great social sex party w/a good\nmix of twinks to muscle dudes to toned average guys. ",
"This is a great party to\ntry if you've never been to a party before: social, safe, and a\n\nclean atmosphere,\nno attitude. ",
"The best part is that there is tons of HOT sex at this party – not\njust standing around.",
"\n\nRATING: VERY SELECTIVE\n\nVIBE: Very social, not much attitude\n\nTIME: 8pm-12am\n\nCROWD: 70-90+ guys\n\nAGE: good mix of\n\n20-30-40YOs (no\none over 45).",
"\n\nDONATION: $25M, free clothes check.",
"\n\nSPACE: large private loft apt\n\nSS/BB: A\n\nsafe sex only\nparty.",
"\n\nSUPPLIES: drinks. ",
"Snacks. ",
"Condom/lube, shower, towels\n\nFREQUENCY: Once a month, Tues, Wed, Sometimes\n\nSundays\n\nLIGHTING: Excellent (light enoug to see, not too much\nlight for shy men)\n\nGETTING IN: The host requires a short phone interview,\nand a quick in-person interview right before the party. ",
"People write to ASG that this pisses them\noff. ",
"Seriously: It's easy: one quick phone call (where the host explains the\nparty). ",
"Don’t let this stop you; it’s\nhow he maintains a hot, no attitude crowd.",
"\nEveryone agrees afterwards that It was painless, and worth the hassle. ",
"Send request (no pics required) to\nPRIVATE.PARTY@msn.com.",
"\n\nHARD DRIVE! (",
"Chelsea). ",
"The host is\nvery creative and always having guest appearance by porn stars, as well as fun\ngiveaways (underwear and porn), and great promotions to pull in hotter guys.",
"\n\nRATING:\nNot Selective\n\nVIBE:\nNo attitude, extremely friendly\n\nTIME:\nDoors 8pm-1am, open until 3am.",
"\n\nCROWD:\nGet 60-70 guys height/weight proportionate (all body types)\n\nAGES:\n25 to 55YO\n\nDONATION:\n$25 (all height/weight proportional dudes under 25\nin for free with ID)\n\nSS/BB:\nSafe Sex\n\nSPACE:\nPaddles studio space\n\nSUPPLIES:\ncondom/lube\n\nFREQUENCY:\nEvery Wednesday\n\nLIGHTING:\nGood\n\nGETTING\nIN: send pics and stats to hunteur1@gmail.com or check out\nhttp://www.harddrivemen.com/.\n\nMMX Muscle (Manhattan). ",
"MMX Humpdayzz. ",
"Not\na sex party, but a massage party. ",
"Weekday Midday Event for the guys who work at\nnight, freelancers, escaping work, and those 'between jobs'. ",
"Great way to take\na break mid-week, relax, recharge, and de-stress. ",
"Note the small studio now has\nA/C!! ",
"Each week will feature a different theme and focus on a particular muscle\ngroup.",
"\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude, no reason\n\nTIME:\n2-4pm\n\nCROWD:\n25 guys\n\nAGES:\nNo restrictions\n\nDONATION:\n$30\n\nSS/BB:\nnot a sex party\n\nSPACE:\nGreat, clean space\n\nLIGHTING:\nExcellent\n\nGETTING\nIN: send request to mmxnyc@gmail.com or check out www.mmxnyc.com.",
"\n\nREAL MEN ONLY (RMO) PARTY (Fresh Meadows) Slurpee\nCoach has the parties in his apartment.",
"\n\nEXECUTIVE LUNCH (Midtown East). ",
"Lunch-time\nparty for business men to hook up weekday afternoons.",
"\n\nRATING:\nSomewhat selective\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude\n\nTIME:\n12am-3pm.",
"\n\nCROWD:\n20-30 guys\n\nAGE:\n18-60s\n\nSS/BB:\nsafe sex & BB\n\nSPACE:\nduplex apt with two bathrooms\n\nSUPPLIES:\ncondom/lube\n\nLIGHTING:\nGood, some darker rooms upstairs\n\nGETTING\nIN: Send pic (shirtless from the waist up is fine) & Stats to:\napollothegreek@earthlink.net or check out www.gayguysglobal.net\n\nTHE CHELSEA DUPLEX PARTY (Chelsea).",
"\nTonight's party is FUSION. ",
"The Chelsea Duplex hosts\nprivate sex parties in a safe, discreet, clean, spacious duplex apartment\nin Chelsea. ",
"It’s a diverse group of generally nice, heigh/weight proportionate\nguys, not a cruise/stand & pose party. ",
"The men tend to be\nmasculine, nice, normal guys who happen to be pigs. ",
"You’re not “required”\nto participate (I dig watching, too), but if you’re generally the\nnervous/unsure type, then this party probably isn’t for you. ",
"Guys\nrange from great shape to not great shape.",
"\n\nPEAK: for guys who play safe; FUSION:\nfor guys who play safe and guys who don't.",
"\n\nRATING:\nNot Selective\n\nVIBE: This is\nan attitude-free party.",
"\n\nDRESS: Most\nguys are naked or in underwear, shoes are optional.",
"\n\nTIME:\n8PM – 2AM (doors Until 1AM)\n\nCROWD: A\nbusy night is 30-35 guys – a slow night is 15-20. ",
"Most guys are over 30\nyears old, all are over 18.",
"\n\nDONATION:\n$20\n\nSS/BB:\nBB\n\nSPACE:\nPrivate Apartment, Sling, two beds, multiple rooms.",
"\n\nSUPPLIES: Lube,\ncondoms, ENEMAS, clothes check.",
"\n\nFREQUENCY:\nweekly\n\nLIGHTING:\ngood\n\nGETTING\nIN: Check out his blog at http://theorgyguy.blogspot.com/ or to get in email\nstats and pics to theorgyguy@gmail.com.",
"\n\nGOTHAM BEARS (Midtown East).",
"\nFrom the host: “This is an all inclusive party for all BIG men of different\nshapes and sizes and races and their admirers!”",
"\n\nFINAL DESTINATION (Crown Heights, Brooklyn). ",
"THIS IS AN ALL\nNUDE PARTY NO EXCEPTION AND NO NEGOTIATION ABOUT IT AT ALL STRIP AT DOOR. ",
"FOR\nFIT MEN IN SHAPE ONLY, NO ONE WAIST OVER 36 WILL NOT GET IN.",
"\n\nRATING:\nSELECTIVE\n\nVIBE:\nno attitude.",
"\n\nTIME:\nTHUR. ",
"11:30PM-5AM\n\nCROWD:\nAGES: mostly 20s & 30s, few in-shape men in 40s\n\nDONATION:\n$5 BEFORE 1AM $10 AFTEER ALL NIGHT\n\nSS/BB:\nA safe sex party.",
"\n\nSPACE:\nprivate apt\n\nSUPPLIES:\ndrinks. ",
"Snacks. ",
"Condom/lube.",
"\n\nFREQUENCY:\nSun, Tues, Thurs\n\nLIGHTING:\nGOOD,\n\nGETTING\nIN: send stats and pics to: finaldestination1514@yahoo.com\n\nTHE OMEGA PARTY (Long Island City,\nQueens). ",
"After work Thursdays: Large party with playground with many private rooms, lockers, cinema lounge and more. ",
"From\nthe host: \"Mixed crowd: Latinos , Blacks, Whites, Asians, twinks, muscle\nguys and bears.\" ",
"Only 10 minutes from Manhattan. ",
"The website\nwas taken down, but guys tell me the party is still open."
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
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] | 0.103277 | 270 |
[
"Q:\n\nHow to compare value of a dynamically created radio button\n\nI am dynamically generating a set of radio buttons from MySQL. ",
"The buttons are creating and the variables assigned to them are populating as I did an echo print_r and it shows the array for the variable. ",
"I now want to compare the values generated from this and if the vale is \"0\" I want to insert a score and present a green check graphic and the word correct. ",
"If the value is \"1\" I want it to input different values for the score and present Incorrect and a red X graphic. ",
"Here is what I have so far (Everything populates dynamically both the question and the answers as radio buttons):\n<?",
"php\necho '<form id=\"frmQuestion\" name=\"frmQuestion\" method=\"post\" action=\"QuizQuestion1.php\">';\n\n// Connect to the Database\nrequire_once('mysqli_connect.php');\n\n//create the query for the question\n$q = \"SELECT `Question` FROM tbl_Question WHERE QuestionID = 1\";\n\n//Create the query for the Answers\n$q2 = \"SELECT `Answer`,`AnswerStatusID`,`AnswerResponse` FROM tbl_Answer WHERE QuestionID = 1\";\n\n//Run the query\n$r = mysqli_query($conn,$q);\n\n//run the answer query\n$r2 = mysqli_query($conn,$q2);\n\nwhile($row = mysqli_fetch_array($r,MYSQLI_ASSOC)){\n echo '<div id=\"Question1\"><p> ' . ",
"$row['Question'] . '",
"</div></p>';\n}\n\n//Declare the variables as a array\n$AnswerResponse = array();\n$AnswerStatusID = array();\n\nwhile($row2 = mysqli_fetch_array($r2,MYSQLI_ASSOC)){\n echo '<div id=\"Question1\"><input name=\"q1\" type=\"radio\" value=\"'.$AnswerStatusID.'\"/>' . ",
"$row2['Answer'] . '",
"</div><br/>';\n\n //Assign the AnswerStatusID to a var\n $AnswerStatusID[] = $row2['AnswerStatusID'];\n\n //Assign the AnswerResponse to a var\n $AnswerResponse[] = $row2['AnswerResponse'];\n}\n\n//Create the submit button \necho '<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Submit Answer\" name=\"submit\"/>';\necho '</form>';\n\n//Logic for correct or incorrect answers\nif (isset($_POST['q1']) && ($_POST['q1'] == '0'))\n{\n //create the query for the score\n $q3 = \"INSERT INTO tbl_Score (`Score`,`QuestionID`) VALUES ('100%','1')\"; \n\n //Run the query \n $r = @mysqli_query ($conn,$q3);\n\n if($r){\n\n //Confirm message data was entered with a correct response and a graphic\n echo '<h1>Correct!!</h1><img src=\"/images/green_Check_Low.jpg\" alt=\"Green Check\"/>';\n echo '<a href=\"QuizQuestion2.php\">Click here for the next question</a>';\n }\n else\n {\n //there was an error\n echo'<h1>System error</h1>';\n\n //Debugging message\n echo'<p>' . ",
"mysqli_error($conn) . '",
"<br/><br/>Query:' . ",
"$q3 . '",
"</p>';\n\n }//End of nested IF\n}\nelse{\n //create the query for the score\n $q4 = \"INSERT INTO tbl_Score (`Score`,`QuestionID`) VALUES ('0%','1')\"; \n\n //Run the query \n $r2 = @mysqli_query ($conn,$q3);\n\n if($r2){\n\n //Confirm message data was entered with a correct response and a graphic\n echo '<h1>Incorrect!!</h1><img src=\"/images/red_X_Low.jpg\" alt=\"Red X\"/>';\n echo '<a href=\"QuizQuestion2.php\">Click here for the next question</a>';\n }\n else\n {\n //there was an error\n echo'<h1>System error</h1>';\n\n //Debugging message\n echo'<p>' . ",
"mysqli_error($conn) . '",
"<br/><br/>Query:' . ",
"$q3 . '",
"</p>';\n\n }//End of nested IF\n\n}\n\n//Free up the results for the Question query\nmysqli_free_result($r);\n\n//Free up the results from the Answer query\nmysqli_free_result($r2);\n\n//close the DB connection\nmysqli_close($conn); \n\n?",
">\n\nA:\n\nThis is the answer and work as intended. ",
"Thanks for everyones input. ",
" \n//Declare the variables as a array\n$AnswerResponse = array();\n$AnswerStatusID = array();\n\nwhile($row2 = mysqli_fetch_array($r2,MYSQLI_ASSOC)){\necho '<div id=\"Question1\"><input name=\"q1\" type=\"radio\" value=\"'.$row2['AnswerStatusID'].'\"/>' . ",
"$row2['Answer'] . '",
"</div><br/>';\n\n//Assign the AnswerStatusID to a var\n$AnswerStatusID[] = $row2['AnswerStatusID'];\n\n//Assign the AnswerResponse to a var\n$AnswerResponse[] = $row2['AnswerResponse'];\n}\n\n//Create the submit button \n echo '<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Submit Answer\" name=\"submit\"/>';\necho '<input type=\"hidden\"name=\"submitted\"value=\"TRUE\"/>';\necho '</form>';\n\nif($_POST['submitted']) { \n\n//Logic for correct or incorrect answers\nif (isset($_POST['q1']) && ($_POST['q1'] == '0'))\n{\n//create the query for the score\n$q3 = \"INSERT INTO tbl_Score (`Score`,`QuestionID`) VALUES ('100%','1')\"; \n\n//Run the query \n$r3 = @mysqli_query ($conn,$q3);\n\n//Confirm message data was entered with a correct response and a graphic\necho '<h1>Correct!!</h1><img src=\"/images/green_Check_Low.jpg\" alt=\"Green Check\"/>';\necho '<a href=\"QuizQuestion2.php\">Click here for the next question</a>';\n\n} \nelse{\n//create the query for the score\n$q4 = \"INSERT INTO tbl_Score (`Score`,`QuestionID`) VALUES ('0%','1')\"; \n\n//Run the query \n$r4 = @mysqli_query ($conn,$q4);\n\n//Confirm message data was entered with a correct response and a graphic\necho '<h1>Incorrect!!</h1><img src=\"/images/red_X_Low.jpg\" alt=\"Red X\"/><br/>';\necho '<a href=\"QuizQuestion1.php\">Click here to try again</a>';\n\n}\n\n}\n\n"
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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] | 0.000821 | 23 |
[
"Can you believe it, it's less than a month until Father's Day! ",
"I never have a clue what to get my husband or my dad, mainly because getting gifts for a man can be so difficult. ",
"They never like to give you ideas, not like subtle hints us ladies like to drop. ",
"Nope, none whatsoever. ",
"For Father's Day we normally get them some form of voucher, something personalised or the little lady likes to try and create a masterpiece to treasure forever. ",
"However, the collection of personalised items are getting a little crazy on his bedside unit. ",
"But this month I think I may have discovered a little solution to all those 'Idon't know what to get you' moments in the form of a subscription box from The Personal Barber.",
"\n\nThe Personal Barber subscription box is described as “The ultimate shaving subscription for men”. ",
"The team behind the box want to provide men with a shaving routine into an experience to look forward to, rather than a daily chore doing this by offering deliveries of razors and new hand-picked shaving products on a regular basis with free UK delivery. ",
"My husband was kindly offered an opportunity to review The Personal Barber Subscription Box for a month, which he was more than happy to do. ",
"For someone who clean shaves once a week, he thinks that this is the perfect traditional kit for creating a sleek, clean shaven look in a matter of minutes. ",
"But what makes this box even better is each month you will get a different range of products to try, what could be a better way to discover some amazing brands that you wouldn't necessarily come across, if it wasn't in this subscription box.",
"\n\nThe first box includes a free traditional styled safety razor, blades, soap and shaving brush as step-by-step instructions for using the razor. ",
"After the first month the box contains more products including new soaps, blades (new brands every month) and pre/post shave items such as oils, balms, colognes, balms and more. ",
"The Personal Barber has got you covered for all your shaving needs. ",
"I think what makes this subscription box so great is the fact that all the equipment is beginner friendly, and the box comes with a set of detailed instruction to help make sure that you can clean shave within minimal grazes.",
"\n\nINSIDE THE BOX\n\nWhat a great selection of products to tame the wildest of beards. ",
"Each month The Personal Barber sends out hand-picked selection for the best shaving products available for a traditional wet shave, right to your door. ",
"Double edged razors, blades, brushes, shaving soap, creams and so much more. ",
"There is also a step by step guide to help you along your way in taming that unruly beard.",
"\n\nSafety Razor\n\nThe Personal Barber safety razor is perfect for everyone and even a beginner. ",
"The traditional styled safety razor has a balanced weight and had a relatively small head for maximum control which is perfect for an angled shave by maintaining a light pressure. ",
"You also get some handy replacement blades with every subscription box and to make it even more interesting the brands change every month.",
"\n\nShaving Brush\n\nAlso included in the box is The Personal Barber synthetic hair shaving brush, which is ideal for whipping up a thick lather that feels comfortable on your face. ",
"I couldn't actually believe how soft this brush was, it just feels like a make-up brush. ",
"Looks great, feels great on your skin, so easy to clean and in addition it isn’t animal hair so its lasts longer and it won’t become mouldy over time.",
"\n\nShaving Soap: Wickhams 1912 Vegetal Shaving Soap\n\nThe 1912 Vegetal Shaving Soap is a high quality English shaving soap from Wickham Soap Co. These handpicked ingredients compliments one another to deliver a dense gloss lather to help protective sensitive skin. ",
"The soap texture is completely different to previous ones my husband has used. ",
"It's dense but not rock hard which made it easier to lather inside the tub. ",
"My husband ran the warm water over the brush and emptied it right in to the bowl and began to lather. ",
"The scent was getting stronger but still on the light side and after a minute or two creating a great looking lather that was thick, rich and creamy.",
"\n\nAfter Shave Balm: Dapper Dan Barber Shop Classic\n\nThe perfect balm after a clean shave. ",
"This balm contains Aloe Vera, alantoine and chamomile to reduce skin irritation caused by shaving. ",
"The balm soothes and moisturises without leaving an oily trace on the skin. ",
"It can be used as a daily moisturising cream with excellent results. ",
"My husband really liked this product due to the fact that it doesn't leave a residue on his face, it's super smooth and sinks into his skin very nicely.",
"\n\nFragrance: Dear Barber 'WITH CONFIDENCE' Gentlemen's Fragrance\n\nThis aromatic eau de toilette is a masculine, vintage-inspired fragrance with an invigorating fresh, spicy twist. ",
"A light top note of bergamot is given depth with hints of musk, vanilla and sandal. ",
"An intense, daring scent for the 21st century gent. ",
"I do have to say that I really loved the smell of this gentlemen's fragrance, it was very subtle and lasted all day. ",
"Some fragrances can be too overpowering, but this one is perfect and comes in a small bottle, perfect for travelling.",
"\n\nFinal thoughts\n\nFor someone who normally uses an electric shaver, the traditional set was a little bit of a challenge at first. ",
"Instead of just simply grabbing my shaver and getting to work, the traditional shave took some preparation, patience and a bit of time. ",
"But I soon got the hang of things. ",
"For a quality shave with high end results it does require a bit more effort, but the results outweigh the time any day of the week. ",
"The Personal Barber is a unique monthly service for gentlemen, that is perfect for all your shaving needs.",
"\n\nSo if you are struggling to get a gift for the man in your life, why not give them something a little different with this subscription box from The Personal Barber.",
"\n\n*DISCLAIMER* MIMI ROSE AND ME IS A PERSONAL BLOG WRITTEN AND EDITED BY MYSELF ONLY, UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED. ",
"MY REVIEWS ARE COMPLETELY BASED ON MY OWN OPINION OF THE PRODUCT REVIEWED. ",
"THESE PRODUCTS WERE SUPPLIED TO ME AS GIFTS TO TEST AND REVIEW. ",
"OTHERWISE, IF I MENTION A COMPANY BY NAME AND THERE IS NO DISCLAIMER AT THE BOTTOM OF THE POST, I AM MERELY WRITING ABOUT SOMETHING I LIKE, PURCHASE AND/OR USE. ",
"THE FACT THAT I DO RECEIVE A PRODUCT AS A GIFT TO TEST AND REVIEW, WILL NEVER POSITIVELY INFLUENCE THE CONTENT MADE IN THIS POST.",
"\n\nI was so happy when my husband and I found out that we were expecting our little bundle of joy, just over four years ago. ",
"My little lady will be celebrating her third birthday next month so I thought that I would do a little post about all the things that I told myself that I would never do, but three years into parenthood has seen me do every single one of them.",
"\n\nA dummy\n\nBefore having my daughter I thought of myself as an expert on children and would always be the first to offer my know it all expertise. ",
"I would bang on about what was good for a child and what was bad for them, a dummy being something that new parents shouldn't rely on. ",
"If I could go back, I would bitch slap that know it all me in the face! ",
"Becoming a parent is full of surprises. ",
"It doesn't matter how many books, parenting forums or articles you read, nothing can completely prepare you for parenthood. ",
"Being a parent is hard, harder than I had ever imagined. ",
"In the midst of bottles, nappies, cries and sheer exhaustion, I completely caved in and gave my daughter a dummy - she was only two days old.",
"\n\nTV\n\nOh my, I remember telling myself 'don't be one of those mums' who allow their young children to watch television. ",
"Be that mum who chooses to read a book, take them for a walk, play with them or organise some kind of sensory play. ",
"Haha, who the hell was I kidding. ",
"Seriously! ",
"When you are that sleep deprived who wants to go on a lovely walk, no one. ",
"Absolutely no one. ",
"All we want is for our new born to not cry for hours on end, just so we can get a few minutes sleep. ",
"Cbeebies you were my saviour and will continue to be for those 4 am get ups. ",
"So yes, I am a parent who will allow their child to have screen time. ",
"Don't judge me when I say that I enjoy giving my daughter a little bit of screen time. ",
"It's not hard to guess why though? ",
"Peace and quiet to enjoy my cup of tea. ",
"Those fifteen minutes are absolutely magical. ",
"Please tell me I'm not the only one. ",
"Parenting is hard and we deserve those fifteen minutes to catch a breath and shouldn't be made to feel as if we are doing something wrong.",
"\n\n'Bad' food.",
"\n\nIt would only be fresh and organic home made food for my little one. ",
"No jarred foods, no crisps, no nuggets and certainly no McDonalds. ",
"I would take the time to prepare their food everyday and make silly faces out of their food, Pinterest I blame you for setting that bar so high. ",
"Fast forward three years and going through sleep exhaustion, teething and too many tantrums there are times where only chicken nuggets and waffles will do.",
"\n\nBaby Spam\n\nYes I am guilty as charged. ",
"If you check my Instagram or Facebook it's full of my daughter's little face, whether these are angelic captures or a snap of a complete meltdown because I have said no to a lollipop. ",
"I am an over sharer. ",
"I have probably even lost a few friends because I am obsessed, so be warned any future followers or likers there maybe statuses about the consistency of her poops and 100s of uploads from my camera roll of the same picture. ",
"GUILTY.",
"\n\nTantrums in public\n\nBoth my brother and sister had children way before I joined them in parenthood, so I have seen a tantrum or two. ",
"I remember thinking to myself when they were trying to deal with their little sprog that I can't believe they are allowing their child to go crazy with arms and legs kicking before stepping in. ",
"I told myself that I wouldn't allow that behaviour and will do everything in my power to prevent a complete meltdown. ",
"Seriously this one is cause for another bitch slap from that know it all childless person who thought they knew everything about being a parent before actually knowing what it's like. ",
"When a child doesn't get what it wants it becomes a demon. ",
"You have to run and hide and deny all claims to that child who is having a complete meltdown because you took a quaver.",
"\n\nBribery\n\nI remember my Auntie's little boy having an almighty meltdown in a shop, he was lying on the floor, banging his hands on the floor and kicking his feet. ",
"I couldn't believe it. ",
"But one little word stopped all his melodramatic meltdown, McDonalds. ",
"I kid you not, that little word saw my cousin turn from a demon child to such an angelic and well behaved child. ",
"I remember thinking I will never ever bribe my child. ",
"Three years into parenthood my little girl knows exactly what to do to get her dad to buy her an overpriced mashem, or some form of food. ",
"I am just as guilty though, food is the ultimate bribery.",
"\n\nLetting myself go\n\nI will make time to shower every morning, style my hair and never leave the house without a full face of makeup. ",
"Never ever will I let myself go. ",
"Hmmm. ",
"I have never been blessed with a beautiful bod, but having a child I swore that I wouldn't turn into shamoo. ",
"But you know what I am far from shamoo but I'm partial to squeezing my mum tum in leggings and oversized tees and totally rock the no make up look with the oh so essential mum-bun. ",
"Being a stay at home mum to a very feisty toddler can make it difficult to always look fresh faced. ",
"She drives me crazy when I am trying to get showered, dressed and attempt my makeup, with lots of requests to use the potty or asking if she can have a look. ",
"But if I do manage to get up, get showered and dressed to look half decent by the time my husband walks in I look like a complete yeti, with dribbles, snots and stains all over my clothes including makeup smears. ",
"I often find myself asking myself was there a point. ",
"Some days are made for PJs, mum buns and being a complete slob. ",
"So bugger you, you childless know it all.",
"\n\nAre there things you swore you would never do before entering the world of parenthood? ",
"I'd love to hear about them.",
"\n\nOur little lady is obsessed with Shaken Udder and their milkshakes so you can imagine how thrilled we were when we discovered that Shaken Udder are moving into yoghurt pouches too. ",
"YogOaty are a high-protein range of pouches that have been created for children that contain yoghurts, fruit and oats. ",
"Perfect for a wholesome breakfast, on-the-go snack or lunchbox addition for children of all ages. ",
"Great for those on the Moo-ve!",
"\n\nWhat Are The Shaken Udder YogOaty pouches?",
"\n\nThe Shaken Udder YogOaty are yogurt, fruit and oats based snacks that come pre packaged in single pouch. ",
"They are made with real fruit and other natural ingredients which are perfect on the moo-ve snacks.",
"\n\nThese three delicious flavours are a perfect product for an energy boost any time of the day. ",
"They contain calcium, which is essential to building strong, healthy bones. ",
"Potassium will help energize you, and protein will keep you going through the day. ",
"Perfect for little one.",
"\n\nA few facts about 'The YogOaty Pouches'\n\n- 100% natural ingredients\n- No added sugar, just naturally occurring sugars\n- Great source of protein\n- School approved\n- Suitable for vegetarians\n- Smooth with no bits\n- Perfect for breakfast, a quick snack or even an addition to a lunch.",
"\n\nThoughts from the little one?",
"\n\nBefore I even managed to get a few photos of the pouches she was only too eager to try one. ",
"We used fruit pouches a while back when she was poorly, so she knew exactly what they were. ",
"What I like about these pouches is that they are packed with nutritious vitamins and minerals such a calcium, Vitamin C, Potassium and ever more. ",
"Making them the perfect addition to an already balanced diet.",
"\n\nI do think that the Smashing Strawberry & Banana pouches were her favourite YogOaty. ",
"A delicious smooth blend of cool strawberries and refreshing banana, so what's not to love. ",
"We used our pouch after a very active toddler group and it was the perfect way to replenish before a long walk home. ",
"Knowing that these pouches were full of fruits and oats I did think that they have some kind of texture but I was delighted to find out that they were super smooth, as my little one doesn't even like her mashed potatoes lumpy.",
"\n\nMega Mango & Peach came in a firm second favourite. ",
"A tropical tasting mango blend with a fresh peachy finish, I do have to say that this was by far my favourite because it was so refreshing. ",
"The last pouch of YogOaty was Awesome Apricot and Vanilla which was a mixture of sweet vanilla and tangy apricot. ",
"Mimi Rose was not too keen on this pouch and I have to say that I agree with her. ",
"I think she would eat the flavour but I know that if she had a choice this flavour wouldn't get a look in. ",
"It probably because both of us are not great fans of apricots but I try and encourage her to try food again every once and while.",
"\n\nWould we buy them?",
"\n\nOh yes without a doubt. ",
"We really enjoyed the Smashing Strawberry & Banana and Mega Mango & Peach, so we would buy these ones again. ",
"The YogOaty Snacks are available for purchase from the Shaken Udder website for shipping to England addresses only because of their need to remain refrigerated. ",
"You can purchase the snacks in the following sizes.",
"\n\n8 Cases (8 pouches in each case for a total of 64 portable pouches): £60.00 plus shipping and handling. ",
"You have the ability to mix and match the flavours of your cases when you order this option\n\n4 Cases (8 pouches in each case for a total of 32 portable pouches): £40.00 plus shipping and handling.",
"\n\nPersonally I think that by making a purchase online you are guaranteed great value for your money. ",
"I think that bulk buys are a great way to gave money. ",
"So why don't you add some YogOaty into your child's diet and discover delicious dairy.",
"\n\n*DISCLAIMER* MIMI ROSE AND ME IS A PERSONAL BLOG WRITTEN AND EDITED BY MYSELF ONLY, UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED. ",
"MY REVIEWS ARE COMPLETELY BASED ON MY OWN OPINION OF THE PRODUCT REVIEWED. ",
"THESE PRODUCTS WERE SUPPLIED TO ME AS GIFTS TO TEST AND REVIEW. ",
"OTHERWISE, IF I MENTION A COMPANY BY NAME AND THERE IS NO DISCLAIMER AT THE BOTTOM OF THE POST, I AM MERELY WRITING ABOUT SOMETHING I LIKE, PURCHASE AND/OR USE. ",
"THE FACT THAT I DO RECEIVE A PRODUCT AS A GIFT TO TEST AND REVIEW, WILL NEVER POSITIVELY INFLUENCE THE CONTENT MADE IN THIS POST.",
"\n\nChildren's programmes have changed so much, well in comparison to when I was a child anyway. ",
"I think we've come a long way from the Rainbow days. ",
"But children's programmes today are highly regulated to teach our children an array of activities. ",
"They can teach colours, letters, counting, basic morality (thank you Bing Bunny), teach them how to share, create friendships and to believe they can be who they wish to be. ",
"Why wouldn't you want to help encourage your child's learning? ",
"There is only so much you can do as parent, sometimes we need a helping hand from the good ole CBeebies channel. ",
"The CBeebies app has even been my saviour during those 4am get ups!",
"\n\nAs a blogger to a toddler we are always been offered opportunities to try new apps. ",
"There are a countless number of amazing apps that can actually help enhance your child's development, some promote motor skills, enhance memory and pattern recognition. ",
"But as with anything, screen time should be limited. ",
"Screens are in no way a substitute for parenting! ",
"But just because I let my daughter have screen time doesn't mean I am a bad parent. ",
"So today I wanted to share the best apps for babies and toddlers.",
"\n\nWhite noise app\n\nAs a new parent if there is one piece of advice I will always suggest to expecting parents other than 'sleep while you can' would be to download a white noise app. ",
"The sleepless nights were a killer, especially in the first few days and one afternoon I made a discovery while I was drying my hair, my daughter fell asleep in minutes. ",
"We both had the best afternoon nap, as you can imagine I downloaded an app straightaway, seriously the best £1.99 I have ever spend.",
"\n\nKidloLand\n\nI would go as far to say that certain apps have helped my daughter in her learning development but also encouraged her to go through certain learning milestones at a faster rate. ",
"As a parent it's quite fascinating watching my daughter learning and developing because it means that she's becoming more independent and even if I don't like it, she is growing up. ",
"That is the reason why I like the KidloLand app so much. ",
"My daughter is two years old and can quite easily navigate herself around the app without prompting, but I can also see that by her interacting with this app she is beginning to understand key parts that is crucial for her development. ",
"KidloLand is a fun and educational app that is jam-packed with Nursery Rhymes, Songs, Games, Stories and Activities that will be sure to engage your pre-schooler and promote further interaction. ",
"The app teaches about different fruits, vegetables, animals, ABCs, numbers and shapes just to name a few.",
"\n\nBBC CBeebies playtime\n\nWe are big fans of CBeebies, I am sure there are lots more out there. ",
"We discovered this app during a very early wake-up call and the only thing that would settle her would be Bing Bunny. ",
"This app stars lots of the CBeebies favourites, free games for little ones and fun features that all children will love. ",
"CBeebies Playtime will sure to delight and entertain your children helping them to learn as they play. ",
"I think what makes this app a great one to download is that there are no adverts, no in app purchases and a parental lock to make sure that little fingers don't wander too far which mean that many parents can have a peace of mind whilst little ones enjoy a very special playtime.",
"\n\nElmo Monster Maker\n\nElmo talks kids through designing their own Muppet monster. ",
"There are four body types with multiple hat/eye/nose/mouth combos on offer. ",
"They can then watch their monster dance, and make him laugh by tickling under his arms. ",
"Or, if they're more impishly-inclined, they can make him fall down by tapping him in the head. ",
"Again and again, until your battery runs out.",
"\n\nBubble Paint Pop Party\n\nThere is no need to get your hands sticky with paint when you have Bubble Paint Pop Party! ",
"Popping Bubbles is ok but popping paint filled bubbles that splat colourful paint splodges all over the screen now that's fun! ",
"My daughter has so much fun with this app, I kid you not she can be occupied for as long as I allow, works wonders when I want a hot cup of tea. ",
"Popping the bubbles could not be easier just touch the bubble you want to pop with your finger and boom, the bubble games pop leaving behind a big coloured paint splat!",
"\n\nPeppa Pig Painting Box\n\nExplore the world of Peppa and her friends through a fun-filled interactive game. ",
"You simply start off by picking a tool from the drawer and start your masterpiece. ",
"There are brushes, paint tins, stickers and some special tools too. ",
"This is a must have app for the ultimate Peppa Pig fans. ",
"But there are so many more apps that you could enjoy, there are even bundles available.",
"\n\nBing Baking\n\nWe are huge Bing fans, are there any #BingBunny fans out there? ",
"My daughter absolutely loves to get her hands on my phone to play with this app, it's based around biscuits, what could be better? ",
"By using this app you and your little one can be a part of Bin's colourful and playful world, where they can join him and Flop in their kitchen to create lots of mess for the best baking experience without any actual clearing up! ",
"You and your Bingster will have so much fun rolling, poking, squidging, cutting, cooking and decorating your very own biscuits. ",
"After all that hard work you can sit down and enjoy eating them with Bing and Flop.",
"\n\nSo there you have it! ",
"7 amazing baby apps that you need in your life. ",
"Believe me when I say that some of these will be your saviour to get those 5 minutes of peace and quiet, or time to finish a nice hot cup of tea.",
"\n\nOur family health kick began last year and we did so well. ",
"But we have noticed that we are slowly getting back into our old ways. ",
"So this week we have been trying to make better choices. ",
"We've ditched the bread, we've ditched the fizz and loaded our fridge with lots of fruit and vegetables. ",
"Yesterday we made a tasty discovery, these slimming eats savoury rice balls. ",
"My daughter absolutely loves rice, actually we all do so we thought that we would be a little creative and make these rice balls to go with our Thai chicken and salad. ",
"It was the perfect combination. ",
"What a discovery, they are so easy to make, super tasty and so good for you. ",
"Around 27 calories per rice ball so you can't really go wrong.",
"\n\nYou will need:\n\nA packet of golden vegetable savoury rice\n\n1 baking potato, grated,\n\n100 ml vegetable stock\n\n2 spring onions, chopped\n\nSalt & Pepper\n\nBarbeque seasoning\n\nCalorie Spray\n\nHonestly, I cannot tell you how easy these are to put together. ",
"With this batch of prepared packet rice and one baking potato I made 12 medium sized balls and four mini ones, for smaller mouths. ",
"Follow these simple steps to make the scrumptious savoury rice balls.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Line a baking tray with good parchment and preheat the oven 180°/Gas Mark 4. ",
"Boil the kettle and make up the vegetable stock. ",
"Then prepare the golden vegetable savoury rice as directed on the packet\n\n2. ",
"Peel and chop the baking potato into four, then add the potato to the stock and cook for 10 minutes. ",
"You want to potato to be softened and not cooked thoroughly, as it makes it easier when it comes to grating.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Drain the potato and allow to cool before grating into a bowl. ",
"Add the chopped spring onions, salt, pepper and barbeque seasonings.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Then add the rice to the other ingredients and mix until combined. ",
"Then roll into 12 balls and place on the baking parchment and spray with low calorie spray.",
"\n\n5. ",
"Pop the rice balls into the oven and cook for 12-15minutes or until golden brown. ",
"Serve with diced chicken and salad.",
"\n\n* You could try use smash if you want a quicker option instead of cooking and grating them. ",
"For a naughtier option you could add some grated cheese or sweet chilli sauce.",
"\n\nHello and welcome back to another instalment of The Baby Feeding Series, that features real stories from real parents who have experienced how hard and baffling feeding your baby can be. ",
"I want this series to be a place where parents can share their own experiences in the hopes that other parents who are struggling can feel less alone. ",
"Being a parent is the hardest job in the world but it's one of the most rewarding jobs too and so I want to share their stories.",
"\n\nLast week we had the lovely Becki from The Mum in Brum who kindly shared some amazing tips for bottle feeding parents, it's a shame I didn't see her list when I had my daughter. ",
"It would have saved me so much time. ",
"This week I would love to introduce my friend and amazing blogger Susie from This is Me Now who asked to write a post about a toddlers understanding breastfeeding, I was intrigued and couldn't wait to see what she came up with. ",
"So, without further ado, I'd like to hand it over to Susie.",
"\n\nBreastfeeding and my toddler\n\nWhen I look back on mine and my daughters feeding “journey” (cringe, hate that word), I feel pretty lucky. ",
"Then I think, don’t feel lucky, you worked bloody hard to make that happen! ",
"It was by no means an easy task…\n\nI can’t really remember the first feed all that well, but what I do remember is a midwife coming and squeezing my boob and sucking up colostrum with a syringe and putting it into my baby’s mouth. ",
"Then when my husband left later that night, I was all alone and my baby wouldn’t latch on. ",
"I had to ask the midwives to help throughout the night and all the next day. ",
"After no sleep and being told I couldn’t go home until I’d fed her I got extremely upset. ",
"I remember sobbing on a midwife saying “she doesn’t like me!” ",
"I was exhausted from two days of no sleep and being on a noisy ward. ",
"After more tears and a third night in hospital I’d finally managed to feed my baby and we were allowed home.",
"\n\nThe rollercoaster of emotions didn’t stop there though. ",
"I was so sore and she lost more weight when she should have been gaining it and we were very nearly forced to give formula by the community midwives. ",
"Then those same midwives spotted that she wasn’t feeding well and had a possible tongue tie. ",
"We were lucky and only had to wait a week or so before having that snipped. ",
"That, plus multiple visits from my NCT breastfeeding counsellor, really saved us. ",
"After three or four weeks it all got a lot easier and we enjoyed so many days feeding, having snuggles, watching TV boxsets and getting into our feeding groove. ",
"She wasn’t a sicky baby and despite a brief biting stage (OUCH!!) ",
"she fed very well. ",
"I fed her until she was just 18 months old and she pretty much self weaned.",
"\n\nFast forward nearly a year, and my toddler is still interested in the boob, but in a naturally inquisitive way. ",
"I have friends who are breastfeeding and she fully understands what boobs are for. ",
"If she sees a friend or even a stranger breastfeeding, she says “Mummy, baby having the milk!”. ",
"She knows babies are fed that way. ",
"At first when she started vocalising her knowledge in public, I cringed and thought “sssssh!!” ",
"But I have been met with smiles from both my friends and those well meaning strangers.",
"\n\nFor a while she’s been pulling my top, having a good look and saying “boobies!” ",
"then laughing, usually as I say “yes, Mummy’s, put them away, leave them alone…” Now, if she looks down my top she says “boobies! ",
"for milk!” ",
"She knows she no longer needs the milk, but she still knows that is what they are for.",
"\n\nAnd when we went to see some baby lambs recently, she saw lambs feeding. “",
"Mummy, baby sheep having the milk!” ",
"She could tell they were having milk even before I told her. ",
"It got me thinking that actually, I’m proud she knows what it’s all about. ",
"It’s human nature. ",
"No, I’m not saying it’s for everyone, and I’m not saying it’s easy. ",
"But it is natural.",
"\n\nShe has a toy baby which we bought her for Christmas and it came with a bottle of milk. ",
"When she first played with it she enjoyed giving the baby it’s bottle. ",
"I have, some months later, been given said baby, and asked to give it milk. ",
"As in, pretend to breastfeed a plastic doll. ",
"Hmm, what is one to do in this situation, I thought? ",
"Should I say no, and say the baby’s got a bottle? ",
"Or should I be comfortable with her wanting her baby to be breastfed? ",
"I did cringe, and I did say, the baby can have a bottle. ",
"But I also said “or does the baby want milk from the boobie?” ",
"And yep you guessed it she said “boobie”. ",
"So yes, let’s add it to the list of things I thought I’d never do… I pretended to breastfeed a baby doll!",
"\n\nIt get’s better - a few days later, I watched her pick it up and hold it to her chest and pretend to feed it! ",
"But, as I stood there, I didn't say anything. ",
"I sort of reluctantly, got over the feeling of embarrassment. ",
"I let my inner “is this weird?” ",
"question go. ",
"I let her be. ",
"I mean if we’re supposed to encourage women to breastfeed, what is the point of hiding it from children?",
"\n\nSo yes, some people might find it a bit odd, but I think it’s lovely that my toddler understands what boobs are for, and how babies are fed.",
"\n\n_________________________________________________________________\n\nAbout Susie\n\nSusie, originally from York but is now living in Norfolk with her lovely husband Matt. ",
"The have a daughter, Miss Belle who is two years old. ",
"Susie loves to write about her family life, days out, and about those moments where you pull your hair out and those moments where you feel so happy you could burst. ",
"Susie has become a bit of a foodie and so she has started to add some recipes and foodie posts into her blog too. ",
"So please don't forget to go and visit her on her blog.",
"\n\nIt was absolute #MuffinMania in our house today. ",
"When given the opportunity my daughter is always so happy to get herself into the kitchen to make some 'cancakes'. ",
"So this morning we had some left over dried blueberries and decided to make some magic and create the ultimate blueberry muffins and we wanted to share our recipe with you. ",
"Our blueberry muffin recipe couldn't be easier to make with this super simple recipe that makes perfect muffins every time. ",
"Blueberry muffins have been a firm favourite in our house for years and one that I can always remember making with my dad on a Sunday afternoon. ",
"This simple recipe can make 12 regular sized muffins, but we have been known to make 18 smaller ones for little mouths, which are the perfect addition to their lunchboxes for a special treat. ",
"So for our ultimate blueberry muffin recipe...\n\nYou will need:\n\n100g butter\n\n100g caster sugar\n\n2 large eggs, beaten\n\n300g self-raising flour\n\n1tsp vanilla extract\n\n140ml milk\n\n1tsp baking powder\n\n150g fresh or dried blueberries\n\nAre you ready to create the ultimate blueberry muffins in 6 simple steps?",
"\n\n1. ",
"Line a muffin tray with paper muffin cases. ",
"Preheat the oven to 180°C/Gas Mark 4\n\n2. ",
"Cream the butter and sugar until light and fluffy then add in the eggs, one at a time. ",
"I find that by adding a spoonful of flour with each egg, can make it easier to combine the ingredients.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Add the remaining flour and baking powder to make the thicker batter, then stir in the vanilla extract and milk.",
"\n\n5. ",
"Add the blueberries and spoon the mixture into the muffin cases.",
"\n\n6. ",
"Bake for 15-20 minutes. ",
"Leave the blueberry muffins to cool in their tray for 10 minutes before turning them out.",
"\n\nA few weeks ago we were surprised with a family visit, it was a lovely couple of days. ",
"During their short visit we decided to go exploring and managed to get lots of activities squeezed into two days, even a trip to the farm. ",
"You can't really go wrong with a day at the farm, can you? ",
"Our day at Church Farm Stow Bardolph was the perfect day and full of adventures. ",
"We fed some lambs, cuddled a goat and a sheep (as you do), went on a tractor ride to feed some pigs, bounced until we couldn't bounce anymore and even saw a lamb being born. ",
"There are so many adventures that you and your family could get into at Church Farm with their rare breeds of animals, adventure play and so much more to enjoy. ",
"We visited after the Easter holidays which was the perfect time to visit Church Farm. ",
"There were so many chances for us all to get up close to lots of farmyard friends; from new born lambs to rabbits, pigs, sheep, goats and so much more. ",
"The friendly farmers on hand are always more than happy to introduce you to these farmyard friends.",
"\n\nMy daughter's favourite part of the whole day had to be petting the animals, an experience that neither of us had before. ",
"My daughter thoroughly enjoyed hugging all the sheep and goats, but it did get a little too much for the poor sheep, I think they were all hugged out. ",
"I am really glad that we waited until lambing season to come to Church Farm as there were so many lambs being born, something that I never seen before. ",
"The children obviously has no clue but enjoyed feeding the 'baby lambs' their milk. ",
"It was a great way for my daughter to get up close to the lambs and pet them. ",
"They did however escape from the toddler cuddle.",
"\n\nMy favourite part was petting the pigs. ",
"I have always been fascinated with pigs ever since I could remember, I don't know what it is, I just love them. ",
"So when an opportunity to get inside the piglet pen came my way, I was in there straight away. ",
"They were so friendly and came straight to us nibbling at our hands. ",
"My daughter was naming them of course and I bet you can't guess what she named them.? ",
"Daddy Pig, Mummy Pig, Peppa Pig, George Pig and Jakey Pig, after our pet beagle.",
"\n\nAfter petting lots of pigs we then headed over to the play area. ",
"First up was the trampolines, but these were not like any trampoline I have been on before as they were set deep into the ground so there was not need to worry about the children hurting themselves. ",
"As much as my brother in law didn't want to go on the trampoline, he had no choice when we were given an opportunity to push him, we had to really! ",
"The children thoroughly enjoyed bundling him and using him as a trampoline. ",
"Poor uncle Andrew.",
"\n\nBut the fun didn't stop there. ",
"In the children's adventure play area there were some small tractors that the children could ride. ",
"When the opportunity to be a big kid is staring you in the face you have to go. ",
"So both my husband and I joined in the fun and decided to race alongside the children. ",
"They won of course, or so we tell them. ",
"As well as the tractors there was a hay barn, a sand pit and the football pitch. ",
"Not forgetting the indoor play area which also had a gated area for children under 5s complete with an array of toys and books to play with.",
"\n\nOur last activity of the day was the tractor ride to go and feed the pigs, and it was quite the ride for only £1! ",
"I didn't think that the ride would be for too long, but I would say we were easily there for 20 minute seeing lots more animals and stopped off to feed the pigs. ",
"There was just so much to see and do at Church Farm, especially for the price. ",
"There are so many adventures that you and your family could get into, you will honestly be surprised.",
"\n\nI used to live for afternoons going through old photos with a cup of tea and slice of cake with my nan, it was always a laugh. ",
"The funny hairstyles, the baby photos and not forgetting the photos that no one wanted people to see . ",
"But it seems as if today, not many people actually print out their photos. ",
"Many of us are always on our phones capturing the moment uploading to every social media platform in an instant, but we never seem to take the time to print these amazing memories out. ",
"I think I have a handful of photos, and that's it. ",
"My grandparents had hundreds of albums to hand and with the help of Printiki I can do just that, create lots of memory books to look back on.",
"\n\nWho is Printiki?",
"\n\nPrintiki is fuelled by people with a passion for print and technology. ",
"They enjoy the technological innovations that puts a camera in everyone's hand to make us all the photographer we hope to be, but they believe that there is something magical about a printed photograph. ",
"I couldn't actually agree more. ",
"We live in a society where photos are uploaded to social media platform in an instant, but in all honestly, many of us have stopped printing these beautiful memories to look back on, so with the help of Printiki I am able to finally finishing my baby journal of my beautiful baby girl.",
"\n\nAnother great fact about Printiki is the meaning behind their name. ",
"The 'print' part of their name is quite an obvious one, the whole concept of the company is printing. ",
"But the 'iki' part of the name was intriguing. ",
"I assumed it would be a nickname from the founders or something but it actually means, an expression of simplicity, sophistication, spontaneity and originality. ",
"It's a great name, right?",
"\n\nWhat did I order?",
"\n\nPrintiki kindly gave me a voucher for my order that enabled me to choose 30 4x4 square photos. ",
"I then had the choice of choosing a border in either black or white or no border at all, and also if I wanted a matte or glossy finish on the photos.",
"\n\nIt took me a little while to decided which photos I wanted printed, and in the end I decided to go for some of my photos that I had uploaded to Instagram. ",
"With Printiki I was able to login in with either my Facebook or Instagram account to pick and choose the different photos. ",
"But you could also upload photos from your computer. ",
"I uploaded 30 photos from Instagram that would be borderless and a lovely gloss finish. ",
"I couldn't wait to receive my photos in post.",
"\n\nI have ordered from another printing company before and it was not a great experience. ",
"Their website took some time in uploading photos to and when they arrived I was so disappointed, heads were cut off and pictures looked distorted. ",
"But I didn't have any of this with Printiki. ",
"Their website was so easy to use and to navigate around, I thoroughly enjoyed reading their INSPIRE ME page. ",
"My prints took exactly three days to arrive with helpful emails to let me know that my order was being processed and dispatched. ",
"Once they arrived, I was so happy with them. ",
"There were no missing heads or poor quality photos printed. ",
"I will most definitely be using Printiki again, so onto our next project with Printiki. ",
"A scrapbook of our summer last year...\n\nDo you like to print your memories?",
"\n\n*DISCLAIMER* MIMI ROSE AND ME IS A PERSONAL BLOG WRITTEN AND EDITED BY MYSELF ONLY, UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED. ",
"MY REVIEWS ARE COMPLETELY BASED ON MY OWN OPINION OF THE PRODUCT REVIEWED. ",
"THESE PRODUCTS WERE SUPPLIED TO ME AS GIFTS TO TEST AND REVIEW. ",
"OTHERWISE, IF I MENTION A COMPANY BY NAME AND THERE IS NO DISCLAIMER AT THE BOTTOM OF THE POST, I AM MERELY WRITING ABOUT SOMETHING I LIKE, PURCHASE AND/OR USE. ",
"THE FACT THAT I DO RECEIVE A PRODUCT AS A GIFT TO TEST AND REVIEW, WILL NEVER POSITIVELY INFLUENCE THE CONTENT MADE IN THIS POST.",
"\n\nHello you lovely lot and welcome back to another instalment of the #MotherhoodMondays guest post series; a weekly feature for mothers to share their stories about their incredible journeys of motherhood in all kinds of forms. ",
"Don't forget to get in touch if you want out get involved, we're always looking for some more mamas to guest post for us. ",
"This week we have the lovely Olivia who is a regular author over on Highstylife and has asked to share a unique piece of content about pets, discipline and children. ",
"So with this I shall hand you over to Olivia...\n\nCan Pets Helps Parents With Disciplining Their Children\n\nBeing a parent is a task like no other; having the responsibility to bring up a child and turn them into a responsible, honest, wonderful human being is pretty big. ",
"While they say parenting instincts kick in the moment you give birth, truth is that can’t really be taken as rule of thumb. ",
"Some parents don’t really have parenting instincts as pronounced as others which oftentimes makes them insecure and anxious. ",
"Naturally, this doesn’t mean they’re becoming bad parents; if anything – looking for expert advice on ways to bring up a child and discipline them healthily is a responsible, loving act that shows care and devotion.",
"\n\nApart from plenty conventional tips paediatric psychologists and professionals tackle into when advising on children discipline, there’s often a mentioning of getting your child a puppy or any other pet they (would) love. ",
"There’s a whole psychology behind the child-pet relationship, giving successful results and an overall quality increase of a child’s mental, emotional and social life.",
"\n\nHere are some insights into how a pet can guide your parent-child relationship into a healthy direction.",
"\n\nThe effect of pets on forming family bonds and discipline\n\nWhile pets are often thought of as a part the family, they’re rarely given enough appreciation for everything they do for it. ",
"One of the many benefits of having a pet is that they can help families grow stronger and closer, making their relationships more open and their methods of communication more successful.",
"\n\nIf a parent is experiencing difficulties communicating discipline points through to their child, a dog (or any other pet) may be a perfect bridge between the two. ",
"Once a parent sets themselves as a role model and an authority figure to the pet, the child will immediately pick up and mirror the dog’s appreciation of their owner (no matter how weird this might sound). ",
"A child whose love for their pet is unconditional will want to share qualities, features and habits of their beloved animal, and if listening to the parent figure is one of them – it’s highly likely they’ll want to pick that one up, too.",
"\n\nIn addition, a pet is often the central figure of activities that families do together. ",
"This contributes to sharing of responsibilities, overcoming communication barriers, and generally building of a more loving connection between a parent and a child.",
"\n\nSocial, cognitive and emotional benefits\n\nTo kids who are introverts, communicating feelings may be very difficult, even with their parents. ",
"This, consequently, tends to lead to a series of parent-child relationship glitches. ",
"Anyhow, when a child has a trusted, non-judgmental friend (pet) to confide into, they are likely to break emotional and social barriers and slowly but steadily open up. ",
"Further, sharing a very tight bond with their pet will help them feel constantly loved, especially when they feel they aren’t loved enough by their parents and/or surroundings (regardless of this being their subjective opinion or an actual state of facts). ",
"Physical activities that come with owning a pet, like taking them for a walk, playing outside, etc. ",
"can be a fine bridge between your child and other pet-owners, allowing them to interact, open up and form friendships.",
"\n\nIn situations where parents are overly concerned for their child’s well-being or pet therapy isn’t working as effectively as they’d hoped it would, it is advised they seek counsel with trusted experts like Heath Group Practice that provide help to both children and adolescents (individually) and entire families (group therapy) with a wide range of psychological issues. ",
"That way, parents are given the opportunity to get to the bottom of their child’s problem and engage in solving it/keeping it under control early on.",
"\n\nTeaching responsibility, for life\n\nChildren who are entrusted with a task to care for another living creature tend to form strong emphatic feelings, commitment and consistency, respect for life, and instincts of responsibility very quickly. ",
"Further, in taking care of their pet successfully, a child builds self-confidence and realizes they are a trusted, capable human. ",
"A parent’s encouragement, “along with the tail-wagging gratitude of the dog, will create a lasting feeling of self-esteem that will follow the child through life”.",
"\n\nGiving a child an opportunity to practice being a caregiver when they're young is the best way to instill them with a sense of purpose and responsibility, and teach them how to handle their relationships (whether they are within a family, with their parents, friends or animals).",
"\n\nIf you’ve been experiencing hiccups forming and grounding a relationship with your child, maybe it’s time you took experts’ advice and got them a pet – it will help in development of your child’s personality and will definitely help your parent-child relationship be even stronger.",
"\n\n__________________________________________________________________\n\nAbout Olivia\n\nOlivia Williams Jones is psychologist from Brisbane, dedicated to making some changes in the world, starting from her own environment. ",
"Also, she is regular contributor to High Style Life blog. ",
"Olivia is a writer who is passionate about mental health, parenting, healthy living and pets. ",
"Her motto is \"Be the change you want to see in the world\". ",
"Thank you very much for sharing you lovely post with us Olivia and taking part in #MotherhoodMondays and don't forget those of you who enjoyed Olivia's post to share, share and share some more. ",
"You can find more posts written by Olivia over at Highstylife and I'll link her social media links below.",
"\n\nHello and welcome back to another instalment of The Baby Feeding Series, that features real stories from real parents who have experienced how hard and baffling feeding your baby can be. ",
"I want this series to be a place where parents can share their own experiences in the hopes that other parents who are struggling can feel less alone. ",
"Being a parent is the hardest job in the world but it's one of the most rewarding jobs too and so I want to share their stories.",
"\n\nI'm very excited to say that this week for The Baby Feeding Series we have the lovely Becki from The Mum from Brum guest posting for us. ",
"I was so happy when Becki decided to get in touch asking to take part, she runs a very successful guest series on her own blog, #bottlefeedingstories. ",
"So don't forget to go and have a mooch about on her website and perhaps ask to take part, I'm sure it will be appreciated.",
"\n\nOver the last few weeks or so we have had lots of people guest posting to share their breastfeeding journey, which are beautiful of course. ",
"But it's quite refreshing to see feeding from the formula side of baby feeding and so when Becki from The Mum in Brum got in touch to share her story as a bottle feeding mum and to share some great tips, I said YES straightaway. ",
"So without further ado, I would like to introduce the lovely Becki...\n\nMy Journey as a Bottle Feeding Mother\n\nAs readers of my blog will know, I had planned from very early on to exclusively breastfeed my son. ",
"I couldn't understand why anyone wouldn't plan to, but was firmly in the Fed Is Best camp and far from anti-formula. ",
"I was formula fed myself and I don't think I've turned out too badly!",
"\n\nX's birth wasn't a straightforward one, and I only dodged an emergency section by the skin of my teeth. ",
"I lost a lot of blood and it's fair to say I was a bit knackered! ",
"But so was X. The after affects of a 23 hour labour and Pethidine had knocked us both about. ",
"When it became apparent that X wasn't keen on breastfeeding, I panicked. ",
"I couldn't get him to stop screaming long enough to keep him on my breast, but he'd happily gobble up anything I'd managed to express into a syringe.",
"\n\nDespite my constant requests for help, by the time we went home 3 days later, X was a formula fed kid. ",
"We still had a go at breastfeeding but his latch was appalling, and I was in agony... the first week of his life was probably the longest in mine. ",
"But I'm not here to bore you with the tales of my breastfeeding failure. ",
"I'm here to talk about muddling through, and starting to use formula when it wasn't the plan.",
"\n\nWe had NOTHING in for formula feeding. ",
"No formula, no bottles, no steriliser - nothing. ",
"There was a lot of panic buying in those first few troubled weeks. ",
"I didn't even know how to make up a bottle safely. ",
"So these are my 6 tips for things to get or do when you suddenly find yourself reluctantly bottle feeding...\n\n1.Premix formula - yes, it's more expensive, but in those first heady days of being exhausted, on top of sleep deprivation and still trying to figure out when water is at 70 degrees, they are life savers. ",
"They're also super handy for when you want to go out and haven't figured out a way of making up a bottle that works for you.",
"\n\n2.Get a flask - I had a Tommee Tippee one. ",
"It keeps water hot, but not boiling, literally for HOURS. ",
"Got a screaming child and need to feed them asap? ",
"Keep a stock of cooled boiled water in the fridge, use the hot water from the flask to \"hot shot\" your formula then add the cooled water et voila - a safely prepared bottle at perfect drinking temperature. ",
"Alternatively, you could go along the Perfect Prep Machine route - there's been some bad press lately, but just like everything when it comes to babies, you need to ensure you're cleaning it properly, only using the correct filters and checking it regularly for any problems. ",
"The flask, however, is cheaper, easier to clean, and suitable for taking out and about...\n\n3. ",
"Talking of Out and About - Treat yourself to a nice change bag - I needed a bigger bag than I thought I would, so the cute little thing I'd picked up from Babies R Us wasn't going to cut the mustard. ",
"So instead I treated myself to a beautiful turquoise number from Oi Oi. ",
"It wasn't cheap, but it easily held all the extras you need as a formula mum, and it's GORGEOUS. ",
"Certainly made me feel a bit better too.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Cold water or microwave sterilisers are better than electric ones - for one, they're smaller, and they're not going to burn out on you and screw you over when it's suddenly not sterilising your bottles.",
"\n\n5.Ask your midwife for help - yes, officially, they are not supposed to promote formula over breastfeeding, but at the end of the day they want to see your baby happy and healthy - and that means FED, and fed safely. ",
"If you're not sure on the current recommendations for making up a bottle safely, get them to run through it with you.",
"\n\n6. ",
"Don't beat yourself up - yes, this wasn't the plan, but since when do kids do the things you want them to do? ",
"Please, please, remember that you're doing the very best for your baby. ",
"Mummy guilt is a git, and it doesn't like to leave you alone. ",
"You'll be dragging it around with you for years to come, so please try to lighten it by remembering you're doing your best.",
"\n\n__________________________________________________________________\n\nAbout Becki\n\nBecki is a 30 year old stay at home mother to her darling son X and a grumpy wife to her darling husband. ",
"As well as being a wife and mother she has a very successful family lifestyle and photography blog. ",
"Like most, she started her blog as a means to stop her brain from turning to complete mush, she envisioned pink angel delight. ",
"Becki is Brummie born and bred but has now started a new life with her lovely family in the beautiful Northampton. ",
"You can take the girl out of Birmingham but you can't take the Brummie out of the girl. ",
"As well as being an amazing blogger, Becki enjoys lots of adventures, going on long walks to find new places and to sing along to Musical Theatre soundtracks.",
"\n\nHello everyone I hope you are all well and having a lovely week. ",
"I have a very exciting post for you today! ",
"If you are a regular reader you will know that I published my first post on Mimi Rose and Me just shy of two years ago. ",
"It was a time when I felt so low and my anxiety was at an all time high. ",
"I wanted to create a place that is just for me, to be creative, a place to write about and most of all tell you all about the exciting adventures as a family who are always following the fun. ",
"Two years on and I still absolutely love blogging. ",
"My little corner of the internet has done so many things for me as a person. ",
"It's kept me focused, encouraged to chase my dreams and have a more positive outlook in life. ",
"I feel so lucky. ",
"I have got to know so many amazing and brilliant people from writing this blog and I would never had expected the blogging community to be so welcoming. ",
"I would love to list all my favourite blogging buddies but you guys know who you are and without such lovely bloggers to get advice from or who are always up for a chat I probably wouldn't love blogging as much a I do. ",
"So in light of this, I want to share the joys that come with being a blogger.",
"\n\nFRIENDS\n\nAs I have already mention the blogging community is amazing. ",
"It's strange to think that you can begin to make long life friends through a blog. ",
"There is a whole community who understand the whole passions of the perfect Instagram photo, you know the ones. ",
"They understand the pressures of followers and engagement and making sure that your SEO is on point, even though many of us have yet to master the whole idea of SEO. ",
"But being a blogger has opened up many doors to new friendships who are always on the end of a twitter rant or always there to offer advice in those Instagram pods. ",
"I honestly couldn't be any happier.",
"\n\nOPENING UP NEW DOORS\n\nSpeaking of new doors, my blog has open so many new ones that I never ever envisioned in my pathway to success. ",
"But yes, it really has. ",
"I am actually making myself a brand and by writing about my life as a mum to one I have realised my passion, writing. ",
"It means so much that people actually read my posts, it makes me appreciate myself so much more and to realise my worth. ",
"But it doesn't just stop there. ",
"Becoming a blogger can help with so many careers, not just writing your blog. ",
"If you wanted to get involved with social media marketing, become a freelancer or work in PR, writing a little blog can help steer you in the right direction.",
"\n\nCONFIDENCE\n\nA little while before I had my daughter I was in a dark place. ",
"One negative test after another, it was disheartening because becoming parents may never happen for us. ",
"Our future in becoming parents was bleak and we decided to stop trying for a baby as this was the only thing we were focusing on and it had taken it's toll on us and our marriage. ",
"We began focusing on us again, trying to discover what we wanted to do with our lives and then something amazing happened. ",
"I was incredibly fortunate to become pregnant with our daughter. ",
"Being so happy and grateful for my daughter, I relished in the moment. ",
"But then... friends would stop coming over for a coffee, people stopped texting and ringing to see how we were and in the loneliness of motherhood I began to read blogs. ",
"By reading these blogs gave me comfort, some made me feel as if they were writing exactly what I was thinking and encouraged me to write my own blog. ",
"Over these past two years, I can see such a change in myself. ",
"I am getting further and further away from that black hole that was trying swallow me up. ",
"Everyday I am pushing myself to do things that used to scare me. ",
"Slowly we are getting the confidence to go out into the world, go to those baby classes, and having the confidence to speak to new people. ",
"This is because of my little blog, and the amazing blogging community. ",
"I will be forever grateful for my blog pulling me out of that dark place.",
"\n\nPROGRESS\n\nFollowing on from gaining the confidence that I have been seeking out for many years, my blog is a great opportunity to see my progress as a blogger. ",
"There's nothing I like doing more than anything is going through my archive, I have those cringing moments. ",
"Seriously did I write about that? ",
"Oh no what is with that photo, clearly not Instagram ready, whatsoever. ",
"But I do find that a visit through my archives can show me how far I have come along. ",
"In that, I have become a better writer, better photographer, I have a better understanding about SEO, HTMLs, widgets and creating beautiful images for my blog. ",
"There is so much more that I have yet to figure out, but it's an exciting journey and I am so happy that I have the opportunity to explore these skills and to make them better.",
"\n\nI’m sorry, but where on earth is this year going?! ",
"Before we know it, it’s going to be summer. ",
"Not that I'm complaining because I can't wait to spend the weekends in our garden, soaking up the rays whilst the husband plays around with his new Barbeque. ",
"So today I will be sharing some of my favourite discoveries from April, if you want to see what made our favourite list last month, please do.",
"\n\nA while back I was asked to take part in a campaign with a newly launched company called HAPS, who have created new innovative ways to improve low moods and boost wellbeing in the form of this yellow sachet of goodness. ",
"This is not just a healthy drink, there's a real science behind it. ",
"It's natural because it contains whole fruit powders and boosters which increases serotonin production naturally, rehydrates, revitalises and improves mental wellbeing. ",
"Anything that tries to boost your mood naturally has got to be a good thing right? ",
"I do have to say I cannot be sure if this trial effected my overall mood, but I can say that during the days that I had one of these I felt as if I had more energy to tackle the day, it helped my motivation that's for sure.",
"\n\nI'm still getting through all my lovely gifts from Christmas and I finally got to use this little product. ",
"I'm a big soap and glory, if you didn't know. ",
"This 3-in-1 Daily Facial Wash has to be the best skin care product I have ever used. ",
"I've tried so many different types of skin care products and none have worked until I tried this one. ",
"Most skin care products make my skin go very red and become itchy but this one makes my skin feel so much better. ",
"Definitely worth the money!",
"\n\nIf any of you lovely readers follow me on my Instagram account (if not, then you need to) you will know that I am partial to a few quotes or more. ",
"I saw this beautiful quote and had to get one for my daughter's bedroom. ",
"There have so many amazing quotes on their website, I am more than sure that there will be something for everyone. ",
"But be quick because they are on sale, and I'm sure it won't be for long.",
"\n\nHow pretty are these? ",
"I don't normally buy espadrilles but how could I refuse these embellished ones. ",
"They were the perfect gift for Mother's Day from my daughter. ",
"Deichmann have teamed up with the amazing Ellie Goulding to create a footwear collection that will rock your world, and your wardrobe! ",
"Ellie’s style is unique, fun and quirky, with a dash of pop-rock thrown in for good measure so why don't you #RockYourLook with some of these beauties.",
"\n\nYes, I realise that I shouldn't be watching such program at my age, but it's so addictive. ",
"I have a confession...I have been watching Pretty Little Liars for almost seven years and the final season is finally airing. ",
"Even though it's one of my guilty pleasures it has got pretty ridiculous over the years as the mysterious 'A' has crafted more and more crazy plots to harass the liars. ",
"So, being a true fan for over seven years I need to watch to find out how this all ends. ",
"I wonder what they have in store...\n\nPost Signature\n\nAbout Me\n\nKelly-Anne\n\nHello and welcome to my blog. ",
"I'm a writer, blogger and mum to my beautiful girl, Amelia. ",
"I am married to my husband, Tony and together we have set up our home in the beautiful countryside of Norfolk. ",
"I'm a self certified tea addict, a lover of the 50s, stationary and I eat way too much Haribo."
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[
"Restaurant's horse-betting plan picks up speed in Lake Forest\n\nDevelopers Bruce Lehman, left, and Brad McKinzie are two of six partners planning to transform the former Black Angus restaurant in Lake Forest into a high-end restaurant and sports bar with satellite horse-race betting. ",
"The site is near I-5 and Lake Forest Drive.",
"EUGENE GARCIA, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER\n\nLAKE FOREST – Brad McKinzie can't wait to get the mint juleps flowing on the first Saturday of May.\n\nThat's when the 139th \"Run for the Roses,\" the Kentucky Derby, kicks off. ",
"It also will be opening day for Sammy's, a restaurant that plans to offer satellite horse-race betting that day if all remodeling, landscaping and renovation of the 10,000-square-foot former Black Angus site is complete.",
"\n\n\"Our big goal is to have fun on Derby Day,\" said McKinzie, one of six partners in what will be Orange County's first high-end restaurant with mini-satellite horse wagering. \"",
"We'll be tearing down and building as fast as we can.\"",
"\n\nMcKinzie, a 25-year executive at Los Alamitos Race Course in Cypress, bought the Black Angus building in 2009 with five longtime golfing buddies. ",
"He told Lake Forest planning commissioners Thursday that Lake Forest residents last year spent $1.44 million betting on horses from their living rooms.",
"\n\nHe said Sammy's will cater to a much-underserved demographic and will be a spot where horse-racing aficionados can experience the thrill of the races on big-screen TVs amid a classy dining scene.",
"\n\nThe Planning Commission unanimously approved the plan, opening the gates for a $1 million remodel of a vacant building and weed-covered parking lot off I-5 and Lake Forest Drive. ",
"In April, the panel approved an ordinance that allows mini-satellite wagering.",
"\n\n\"I'm comfortable with what I see,\" said Commissioner David Carter, who also visited San Clemente's OC Tavern, a sports bar that in 2010 added a mini-satellite wagering facility.",
"\n\nIn 2007, the California Legislature passed a law allowing satellite wagering facilities at restaurants and bars. ",
"All wagering is operated by Southern California Off Track Wagering Inc., an association of racetrack and race-horse owners created to oversee and administer statewide satellite facilities. ",
"According to law, the facilities must be at least 20 miles from a horse track and at least 10 miles from another satellite wagering facility. ",
"The closest wagering spot to Lake Forest is the one in San Clemente.",
"\n\nCarter and Commissioner Terry Anderson, who also visited OC Tavern, said they were sold on Sammy's because of its upscale emphasis along with the idea of making it a 21-and-older establishment. ",
"The restaurant's architect, Larry Henry from Reno, reinforced the quality aspect of Sammy's. ",
"His most recent restaurant, Campo, built in Reno, received Esquire magazine's billing as \"Best New Restaurant in America for 2012,\" he said.",
"\n\nThe commission questioned sheriff's Lt. ",
"Pat Higa, Lake Forest's chief of police services, about the facility's proposed late hours and any other security risks identified with this type of establishment.",
"\n\nHiga said his counterparts in San Clemente have seen no rise in calls for service around OC Tavern. ",
"He said he doesn't expect Sammy's to create an upswing in crime or other security risks.",
"\n\n\"I'm in favor of this,\" Anderson told McKinzie. \"",
"If you follow what you'll say you do, this will be a very nice facility and something that's truly unique.\"",
"\n\nCommissioners had reviewed the proposal in September but asked McKinzie and partner Bruce Lehman, a real estate developer, to return with more details. ",
"At that time, commissioners questioned how an adult-use business fits into Lake Forest's family-minded vibe. ",
"They also wanted to know more about plans for the exterior and changes to the parking lot.",
"\n\nHenry's designs call for one-third of the restaurant's space to be a horse-race wagering room. ",
"The room will be decked out with leather-upholstered chairs, two- and four-person tables and soffits housing high-definition, flat-screen TVs showing races.",
"\n\nInitially, fans will be able to bet on live races Wednesdays through Sundays. ",
"All the money bet would go to the same pool as those betting at Southern California tracks such as Santa Anita Park, Los Alamitos and Del Mar Thoroughbred Club.",
"\n\nDevelopers Bruce Lehman, left, and Brad McKinzie are two of six partners planning to transform the former Black Angus restaurant in Lake Forest into a high-end restaurant and sports bar with satellite horse-race betting. ",
"The site is near I-5 and Lake Forest Drive. ",
"EUGENE GARCIA, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER\nThe former Black Angus restaurant in Lake Forest has designs to be replaced by a high-end establishment called Sammy's Restaurant and Bar. ",
"EUGENE GARCIA, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER\nThe interior of this former Black Angus restaurant in Lake Forest is planned to be extensively renovated to transform it into a high-end sports bar and restaurant. ",
"EUGENE GARCIA, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER\nDevelopers Brad McKinzie, left, and Bruce Lehman plan to remodel this former Black Angus in Lake Forest into a high-end restaurant and sports bar with satellite horse-race wagering. ",
"Analog televisions sets would be replaced with more than 50 flat-panel TVs. ",
"EUGENE GARCIA, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER\n\n1 of\n\nUser Agreement\n\nKeep it civil and stay on topic. ",
"No profanity, vulgarity, racial\nslurs or personal attacks. ",
"People who harass others or joke about\ntragedies will be blocked. ",
"By posting your comment, you agree to\nallow Orange County Register Communications, Inc. the right to\nrepublish your name and comment in additional Register publications\nwithout any notification or payment."
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[
"Q:\n\nposting data to server in json format using volley\n\nHello i am posting data to server in json format,\nbut it returns volley server error in error response`\nRequestQueue queue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this);\n JSONObject jobj=new JSONObject();\n try {\n jobj.put(\"id\",”123”);\n jobj.put(\"session\",\"new\");\n JSONArray array = null;\n array = new JSONArray();\n for (int i = 0;i<3;i++){\n JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject();\n jsonObject.put(\"name\",\"test\");\n jsonObject.put(\"content\",\"test\");\n jsonObject.put(\"time\",\" 2016-04-07T11:44:22.407Z \");\n array.put(jsonObject);\n }\n Log.e(\" array \",\" arrr\"+array.toString());\n jobj.put(\"data\",array);\n } catch (JSONException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n Log.e(\"jsondata\",jobj.toString());\nJsonObjectRequest sr= new JsonObjectRequest(post_url, jobj, new Response.",
"Listener<JSONObject>() {\n @Override\n public void onResponse(JSONObject response) {\n }\n\n }, new Response.",
"ErrorListener() {\n\n @Override\n public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {\n\n }\n }){\n @OveRequestQueue queue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this);\n JSONObject jobj=new JSONObject();\n try {\n jobj.put(\"id\",”123”);\n jobj.put(\"session\",\"new\");\n JSONArray array = null;\n array = new JSONArray();\n for (int i = 0;i<3;i++){\n JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject();\n jsonObject.put(\"name\",\"test\");\n jsonObject.put(\"content\",\"test\");\n jsonObject.put(\"time\",\" 2016-04-07T11:44:22.407Z \");\n array.put(jsonObject);\n }\n Log.e(\" array \",\" arrr\"+array.toString());\n jobj.put(\"data\",array);\n } catch (JSONException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n Log.e(\"jsondata\",jobj.toString());\nJsonObjectRequest sr= new JsonObjectRequest(post_url, jobj, new Response.",
"Listener<JSONObject>() {\n @Override\n public void onResponse(JSONObject response) {\n }\n\n }, new Response.",
"ErrorListener() {\n\n @Override\n public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {\n\n }rride\n public Map<String, String> getHeaders() throws AuthFailureError {\n Map<String,String> params = new HashMap<String, String>();\n params.put(\"Content-Type\",\"application/json\");\n return params;\n }\n };\n queue.add(sr);`\n\nA:\n\nHave a singleton which handles the request queue.",
"\npublic class VolleySingleton {\n\n // Singleton object...\n private static VolleySingleton instance;\n\n final private RequestQueue requestQueue;\n private static ImageLoader imageLoader;\n\n //Constructor...\n private VolleySingleton(Context context) {\n\n requestQueue = Volley.newRequestQueue(context);\n\n imageLoader = new ImageLoader(requestQueue, new ImageLoader.",
"ImageCache() {\n private final LruCache<String, Bitmap> cache = new LruCache<>(100000000);\n\n @Override\n public Bitmap getBitmap(String url) {\n return cache.get(url);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void putBitmap(String url, Bitmap bitmap) {\n cache.put(url, bitmap);\n }\n });\n }\n\n // Singleton method...\n public static VolleySingleton getInstance(Context context) {\n if (instance == null) {\n instance = new VolleySingleton(context);\n }\n return instance;\n }\n\n public RequestQueue getRequestQueue(Context context) {\n if (requestQueue !",
"= null) {\n return requestQueue;\n } else {\n getInstance(context);\n return requestQueue;\n }\n }\n\n private RequestQueue getRequestQueue() {\n return requestQueue;\n }\n\n public static ImageLoader getImageLoader(Context context) {\n if (imageLoader !",
"= null) {\n return imageLoader;\n } else {\n getInstance(context);\n return imageLoader;\n }\n }\n\n public <T> void addToRequestQueue(Request<T> req) {\n req.setTag(\"App\");\n getRequestQueue().add(req);\n }\n\n}\n\nThen using the below method you can send the request.",
"\npublic void postVolley(final Context context, String url, JSONObject jsonObject) {\n\n JsonObjectRequest jsonObjReq = new JsonObjectRequest(Request.",
"Method.",
"POST, url, jsonObject, new Response.",
"Listener<JSONObject>() {\n\n @Override\n public void onResponse(JSONObject responseJson) {\n Log.e(\"success\", \"\" + responseJson.toString());\n }\n\n }, new Response.",
"ErrorListener() {\n\n @Override\n public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {\n Log.e(\"error\", \"\" + error);\n\n }\n }) {\n\n /**\n * Setting the content type\n */\n\n @Override\n public String getBodyContentType() {\n return \"application/json;charset=UTF-8\";\n }\n };\n\n VolleySingleton.getInstance(context).addToRequestQueue(jsonObjReq);\n\n }\n\nThis works fine for me.",
"\n\n"
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[
"New research from The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) College of Business suggests women seek more options in dating partners near ovulation -- when they are most fertile -- which may lead them to also seek a greater variety of products and services.",
"\n\n\"Just like a fisherman casting a wide net, ovulating women seek to cast a wide net into the dating pool and expand the number of potential suitors they have to choose from,\" says Kristina M. Durante, UTSA marketing assistant professor and lead investigator of the study. \"",
"And, this desire for variety in men at ovulation triggers a variety seeking mindset that carries over into desire for variety in products.\"",
"\n\nForthcoming in the April 2015 issue of the Journal of Consumer Research, \"Playing the Field: The Effect of Fertility on Women's Desire for Variety\" provides some of the first evidence that choice behavior in our personal relationships may influence choice behavior in the marketplace. ",
"Durante and then UTSA visiting assistant professor Ashley Rae Arsena focused their predictions on previous research that finds that ovulation can shift women's mating psychology.",
"\n\nDurante and Arsena conducted four studies that included 553 female participants in the U.S. between 18 and 40 years of age who were not pregnant or taking hormonal contraceptives. ",
"The studies found that women's desire for new options in men triggered a variety seeking mindset that led women to also desire variety in products. ",
"Loyalty to a romantic partner reduced the desire for product variety, suggesting that loyalty in romantic relationships can translate to brand loyalty.",
"\n\n\"From candy bars to cosmetics, ovulating women chose many different options--not just the same product or brand again and again,\" says Durante. \"",
"However, when we had women imagine themselves in a loving relationship with a desirable partner, or when we had married women put on their wedding rings, they no longer desired variety near ovulation.\"",
"\n\nThe study's findings have practical implications for marketers. ",
"For instance, a company might appeal to mate attraction motives in marketing messages to spur increased desire for variety and novelty in consumer choice.",
"\n\n\"For about a week every month, normally cycling women--constituting over a billion consumers--may be especially likely to respond to appeals by competing brands to switch,\" says Durante.",
"\n\nFuture research is needed to examine whether the social value, cost or rewarding nature of the product influences the effect of fertility on variety seeking.",
"\n\nDurante conducts research in the areas of family spending decisions, social influence and the biological basis of consumer behavior using an evolutionary theoretical approach. ",
"Her work has appeared in several top academic journals and has been featured in hundreds of media outlets worldwide."
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to get text from TextView inside a CardView?",
"\n\nInside a CardView I have a LinearLayout with three TextViews in it and I want to get the text from these TextViews. ",
"My XML-file looks like this:\n <LinearLayout\n android:id=\"@+id/defense\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:orientation=\"horizontal\"\n >\n\n <android.support.v7.widget.",
"CardView\n android:id=\"@+id/cardCB\"\n android:layout_width=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_gravity=\"bottom\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n app:cardBackgroundColor=\"@android:color/transparent\"\n app:cardElevation=\"0dp\">\n\n <LinearLayout\n android:id=\"@+id/innerLayout\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:orientation=\"vertical\">\n\n <TextView\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:text=\"Rannochia\"\n android:textAlignment=\"center\"\n android:textStyle=\"bold\"/>\n <TextView\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:text=\"78\"\n android:textAlignment=\"center\"\n android:textStyle=\"bold\"/>\n <TextView\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:text=\"CB\"\n android:textAlignment=\"center\"\n android:textStyle=\"bold\"/>\n\n </LinearLayout>\n </android.support.v7.widget.",
"CardView>\n </LinearLayout>\n\nThen I want to iterate through all CardViews in the parent LinearLayout and get the TextViews. ",
"Something like this:\n for (int i = 0; i < defense.getChildCount(); i++){\n String getName = ((CardView)defense.getChildAt(i)).getText().toString();\n id[i] = getName;\n }\n\nBut I'm not able to call the methods getText().toString(); like this. ",
"How can I get the text from these TextViews inside the CardView?",
"\n\nA:\n\nSo many options in here. ",
"\n1. ",
"Give id for your TextViews\n2. ",
"Use for in LinearLayout with id innerLayout\n3. ",
"When your UI is dynamic and you need to get TextViews from defense\nfor (int i = 0; i < defense.getChildCount(); i++){\n CardView card = defense.getChildAt(i);\n ViewGroup viewGroup = ((ViewGroup)card.getChildAt(0));\n for(int j=0;j<viewGroup.getChildCount();j++){\n String getName = ((TextView)viewGroup.getChildAt(j)).getText().toString();\n id[i] = getName;\n }\n }\n\n"
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[
"Republicans are sick of Michael Jackson: it's a meme! ",
"We don't know why, but it is! ",
"Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty is sick of this nonstop coverage of the death of one of the world's most famous and bizarre people.",
"\n\nLife, and the news, can't be all car chases, legislative gridlock, affairs by prominent Republicans, unrest overseas, war, and Sarah Palin. ",
"It seems eminently understandable that the circus surrounding the early death of a terribly famous man would continue to be considered newsworthy. ",
"But no! ",
"It is all the liberals' fault, or something.",
"\n\n\"[It's] time to move on.\" ",
"He opened his portion of the show talking, unprompted, about the Jackson coverage. \"",
"You can't get away from it. ... ",
"I've had enough of it.",
"\n\n\"It's time to pay our respects and move on.\"",
"\n\nAre we alone in not being bothered, really at all, by the Jackson coverage, which has already tapered off, and which will be much more muted after the funeral, at least until the toxicology report comes back? ",
"We are liberal media elites, though, and so our sympathies, as always, lie with perverts."
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[
" \nForty Ways \nto Look at \nWINSTON \nCHURCHILL\n\n_A Brief Account of a Long Life_\n\nGretchen Rubin\n\nRANDOM HOUSE TRADE PAPERBACKS\n\nNEW YORK\n\n2004 Random House Trade Paperback Edition\n\nCopyright © 2003 by Gretchen Craft Rubin\n\nAll rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. ",
"Published in the United States by Random House Trade Paperbacks, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto.",
"\n\nOwing to limitations of space, permission acknowledgments can be found at the back, which constitute an extension of this copyright page.",
"\n\nRandom House Trade Paperbacks and colophon are trademarks of Random House, Inc.\n\nThis work was originally published in hardcover by Ballantine Books, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, in 2003.",
"\n\nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data\n\nRubin, Gretchen Craft.",
"\n\nForty ways to look at Winston Churchill : a brief account of a long life / Gretchen Rubin.",
"\n\np. cm.",
"\n\nOriginally published: New York : Ballantine Books, 2003.",
"\n\nIncludes bibliographical references and index.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Churchill, Winston, Sir, 1874–1965.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Prime ministers—Great Britain—Biography.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Great Britain—Politics and government—20th century.",
"\n\nI. Title: 40 ways to look at Winston Churchill. ",
"II. ",
"Title.",
"\n\nDA566.9.C5R79 2004\n\n941.084'092—dc22\n\n[B]| 2003069318 \n---|---\n\nwww.atrandom.com\n\neISBN: 978-1-58836-384-8\n\nv3.0_r1\nContents\n\nTitle page\n\nCopyright\n\nEpigraph\n\nHalf title\n\nIntroduction\n\n1.| Churchill as Liberty's Champion: Heroic View \n---|--- \n2.| Churchill as Failed Statesman: Critical View \n3.| Churchill's Contemporaries: Whom He Knew \n4.| Churchill's Finest Hour—May 28, 1940: The Decisive Moment \n5.| Churchill as Leader: Suited to High Office? ",
" \n6.| Churchill's Genius with Words: His Greatest Strength \n7.| Churchill's Eloquence: His Exact Words \n8.| Churchill in Symbols: Metonymy \n9.| Churchill, True: In a Single Word \n10.| Churchill's Desire for Fame: His Motive \n11.| Churchill as Depressive: The \"Black Dog\"? ",
" \n12.| Churchill's Disdain: His Dominant Quality \n13.| Churchill's Belligerence: His Defining Characteristic \n14.| Churchill's Time Line: Key Events \n15.| Churchill as Son: His Most Formative Role \n16.| Churchill as Father: A Good Parent? ",
" \n17.| Churchill the Painter: His Favorite Pastime \n18.| Churchill the Spendthrift: A Weakness \n19.| Conflicting Views of Churchill: How Others Saw Him \n20.| Churchill in Tears: Telling Detail \n21.| Churchill the Drinker: An Alcoholic? ",
" \n22.| Churchill in Context: Facts at a Glance \n23.| Churchill and Sex: Too Interesting to Ignore \n24.| Churchill as Husband: A Happy Marriage? ",
" \n25.| Churchill's Island Story: His Myth \n26.| Churchill in Photographs: How He Changed Through Time \n27.| Churchill as the Hero of a Novel: The Imagined and the Real \n28.| Churchill's Destiny: How He Saw Himself \n29.| Churchill the Imperialist: His Cause \n30.| Churchill's Empire: How He Saw the World \n31.| Churchill and Roosevelt: Friends as Well as Allies? ",
" \n32.| Churchill's Imagination: How He Saw History \n33.| Churchill and Hitler: Nemesis \n34.| Churchill Exposed: Missing Information Supplied \n35.| Churchill True or False: Challenged Assumptions \n36.| The Tragedy of Winston Churchill, Englishman: The Meaning of His Life \n37.| Churchill in Portrait: A Likeness \n38.| Churchill's Last Days: How He Died \n39.| My Churchill: Judgment \n40.| Remember Winston Churchill: Epitaph\n\nNotes\n\nSelect Bibliography\n\nDedication\n\nAcknowledgments\n\nIndex\n\nAbout the Author\n\nAlso by Gretchen Rubin\n\nQuotes\n\nPermission Acknowledgments\nWe shall go on to the end. ",
"We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be. ",
"We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.",
"\n\n—WINSTON CHURCHILL, ADDRESS TO THE HOUSE OF COMMONS JUNE 4, 1940\n\nMany scenes have come & gone unwritten, since it is today the 4th Sept, a cold grey blowy day, made memorable by the sight of a kingfisher, & by my sense, waking early, of being again visited by \"the spirit of delight.\" \"",
"Rarely rarely comest thou, spirit of delight.\" ",
"That was I singing this time last year; & sang so poignantly that I have never forgotten it, or my vision of a fin rising on a wide blank sea. ",
"No biographer could possibly guess this important fact about my life in the late summer of 1926: yet biographers pretend they know people.",
"\n\n—VIRGINIA WOOLF, _Diaries_ \nSEPTEMBER 4, 1927\nForty Ways to Look at \nWINSTON CHURCHILL\nIntroduction\n\nI know exactly when my obsession with Winston Churchill began: on a plane from New York City to Anchorage, while I was reading a World War II history that described a scene at Churchill's country house. ",
"Prime Minister Churchill, we learn, had standing orders that he was to be awakened before 8:00 A.M. only if Britain itself was invaded. ",
"Sometime after 8:00 one morning in 1941, Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden answered a knock by Churchill's valet, who presented him with a cigar on a silver tray. \"",
"The Prime Minister's compliments, and the German armies have invaded Russia.\" ",
"Churchill—what a character! ",
"Not to be disturbed in sleep even for such extraordinarily good news for Britain. ",
"And then to celebrate by sending around a cigar, with that wonderful message, \"The Prime Minister's compliments, and the German armies have invaded Russia.\"",
"\n\nI wanted to read more. ",
"Like many people born after Churchill's death in 1965, I knew little about him. ",
"He'd been a great Prime Minister during that war, and he'd given a famous speech about \"this was their finest hour,\" and after Lady Astor snapped, \"Winston, if I were your wife, I'd put poison in your coffee,\" he'd retorted, \"Nancy, if I were your husband, I'd drink it.\" ",
"That was about the extent of my knowledge. ",
"I dog-eared the page to remind myself to track down a Churchill biography.",
"\n\nBut later at the library, the huge and often multivolume biographies daunted me, and when I turned instead to read Churchill himself, I faced his five-volume history of World War I, his six-volume history of World War II, and his four-volume history of the English-speaking peoples. ",
"I didn't know where to start. ",
"I wanted to know _something_ about Churchill but not _everything_ about him.",
"\n\nBut I was lucky. ",
"I made just the right choice—Churchill's partial memoir, _My Early Life_. ",
"The man was a James Bond who'd _actually lived,_ the hero of a novel that really happened. ",
"I was enthralled by Churchill's fantastic successes and failures, by his outsize character, and by his historic vision. ",
"And his writing was so masterful—I found myself rereading passages to savor his words. \"",
"The senior officers consulted together. ",
"As so often happens when things go wrong formalities were discarded, and I found myself taking part in the discussion.\" ",
"Of his obnoxious ambition as a young soldier, Churchill wrote:\n\nThe expressions \"Medal-hunter\" and \"Self-advertiser\" were used from time to time . . . ",
"in a manner which would, I am sure, surprise and pain the readers of these notes. ",
"It is melancholy to be forced to record these less amiable aspects of human nature, which by a most curious and indeed unaccountable coincidence have always seemed to present themselves in the wake of my innocent footsteps.",
"\n\nThe book's closing paragraph was unforgettable: \"Events were soon to arise in the fiscal sphere which were to plunge me into new struggles and absorb my thoughts and energies at least until September 1908, when I married and lived happily ever afterwards.\" ",
"He published this memoir in 1930.",
"\n\nAfter that first book, I read one volume after another about Churchill and by Churchill. ",
"The scope of his life and experience overwhelmed me: just consider that Churchill was born in 1874 (the American Civil War ended in 1865) and lived to age ninety, entered Parliament first in 1900 at age twenty-five, held seven Cabinet positions between 1908 and 1940, was Prime Minister twice, and finally retired in 1964, at age eighty-nine. ",
"He lived in a time of tremendous change: he fought in a British cavalry charge using lances as weapons; already a Cabinet member in 1910, Churchill urged that Britain contact the _Wright brothers_ —he'd heard about the invention of the _airplan_ _e_ ; he died the year Malcolm X was shot.",
"\n\nAs I plunged into his life, a truth (often noted, often overlooked) confronted me: Churchill's portrait could be drawn in innumerable ways, all \"true.\" ",
"I was struck to see his biographers reach different conclusions from the same facts. ",
"Was Churchill a military genius or a meddling amateur? ",
"Was he a great defender of liberty or a reactionary imperialist? ",
"Was he a success or a failure? ",
"Once I had command of the material, I amused myself by tracing how each account exaggerated certain details, and slid over others, to support its conclusions.",
"\n\nSome issues are complex, so it's unsurprising that biographers weigh the evidence differently or reach contradictory conclusions. ",
"But often even a seemingly straightforward fact takes on a different character when related by different biographers. ",
"For example, in his fascinating account _The Duel: Hitler vs. Churchill,_ John Lukacs observes, \"Churchill, unlike Hitler, was a man of unrepressed feelings. ",
"Tears, on some occasions, would come into his eyes.\" ",
"This is _quite_ an understatement. ",
"Churchill in fact cried often and abundantly—\"he could have filled buckets\" according to one colleague. ",
"Perhaps Lukacs didn't feel comfortable with the notion of a weepy Churchill.",
"\n\nSometimes I'd detect a biographer's reading too much into facts—supplying motives or states of mind—without any apparent evidence. ",
"William Manchester's engaging biography _Churchill: Visions of Glory_ describes a photograph of Churchill's mother, Jennie Jerome, when she was in her late teens: \"Dark, vivacious, and magnificent, she stands alone, staring boldly at the photographer, her left arm outflung, the hand atop a furled umbrella, her hips cocked saucily. ",
"It is almost a wanton pose, the posture of a virgin who can hardly wait to assume another position.\" ",
"How in the world, I asked myself as I studied the picture, did Manchester come up with all _that_? ",
"To me, it looked like a picture of a mother and her three daughters, decked out in Victorian finery. ",
"True, Jennie had her hand on an umbrella, and true, later in her life she'd have many lovers, but her hips didn't look cocked, and her posture certainly didn't look _wanton_. ",
"This description seemed to tell more about Manchester than about Jennie Jerome.",
"\n\nThe distortions of a writer's viewpoint are even more apparent in a memoir. ",
"The \"diary\" of Churchill's carping, self-important doctor Lord Moran is an amusing example of dramatic irony: there's quite a gap between what Lord Moran said happened and what the reader thinks happened. ",
"Lord Moran relates a conversation with Churchill about Churchill's fits of depression, or \"black dog,\" which Moran considered quite serious. ",
"Moran said:\n\n\"Your trouble—I mean the Black Dog business—you got from your forebears. ",
"You have fought against it all your life. ",
"That is why you dislike visiting hospitals. ",
"You always avoid anything that is depressing.\"",
"\n\nWinston stared at me as if I knew too much.",
"\n\nConceited Lord Moran _thought_ Churchill stared at him as if he knew too much. ",
"I suspected Churchill was thinking \"Cheek!\" ",
"or \"No, I don't like visiting hospitals. ",
"Who does?\"",
"\n\nReading multiple biographies of a single figure underscores the range of response that a fact or an event can inspire. ",
"In John Charmley's revisionist account _Churchill: The End of Glory,_ he quotes from Churchill's address to the House of Commons on June 4, 1940:\n\nWe shall go on to the end. ",
"We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be. ",
"We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.",
"\n\nCharmley admits that this speech, considered one of Churchill's most inspiring and significant, was \"sublime,\" but, he concludes, it was \"sublime nonsense.\"",
"\n\nThese examples illustrate the multiple interpretations and characterizations that can be given even to simple facts, and many issues are far more difficult. ",
"Was the Dardanelles strategy wrongheaded or brilliant—and how responsible was Churchill for that military disaster? ",
"Was Churchill an aristocratic snob or a friend of the working class? ",
"Why was he ousted as Prime Minister in 1945? ",
"Layers of facts refute one another. ",
"And there's also the question of what facts matter. ",
"For example, does a biographer emphasize incidents like Tonypandy or Antwerp or Greece—or not? ",
"Explore Churchill's sex life, his financial arrangements, his friendships, his diet, his religious beliefs—or not?",
"\n\nTo make sense of the conflicting evidence, and to establish what I thought important, I decided to write a biography of _my_ Churchill.",
"\n\nChurchill, of course, hasn't lacked biographers. ",
"About 650 biographies cram the shelves, and his official biography alone runs eight volumes and more than nine thousand pages—the _Guinness Book of World Records_ ranked it the longest biography in English. ",
"Added to this are dozens of memoirs by his friends, family, and colleagues; Churchill's appearance in thousands of histories; and Churchill's many accounts of his own life.",
"\n\nUnlike that of his other biographers, my life didn't overlap Churchill's. ",
"Geoffrey Best, John Charmley, Martin Gilbert, Roy Jenkins, John Keegan, John Lukacs, William Manchester, Clive Ponting, Robert Rhodes James, Norman Rose, and all the others can remember the living Churchill, but I was born after he'd died. ",
"Churchill was never a presence in my life. ",
"I'm different in other ways, too: most of his biographers are British, and as far as I can tell, they're all men, except for a few friends and relatives.",
"\n\nI don't feel apologetic, as others have claimed to do, for writing another life of Churchill. ",
"There are many, it's true—even in 1950, Churchill said of his life to a biographer, \"There's nothing much in _that_ field left unploughed\"—but each generation must retell his life, and not only as new facts emerge. \"",
"These facts are not like the facts of science—once they are discovered, always the same,\" observed Virginia Woolf, of biography. \"",
"They are subject to changes of opinion; opinions change as the times change.\" ",
"A biographer must get the facts right, but accuracy is not interpretation—and interpretation can never be final.",
"\n\nI could see a Churchill towering over the pages, vivid, brave, and tragic, and I wanted to describe this Churchill, _my_ Churchill. ",
"As I did my research, I could feel myself skipping and lingering, careful not to discover too much in my scavenger hunt through history. ",
"Would I find only what I was looking for?",
"\n\nTo cure this, I decided to write a biography that would make my case for my Churchill but also press the opposing arguments—a biography that would convey the ambiguities of his character and reputation as well as the elementary themes of his life. ",
"Was he a great champion of democracy, or not? ",
"Was he an alcoholic, or not? ",
"I would present both arguments. ",
"That way, the biography could give the reader a perspective usually only gained by reading ten biographies, with their contrasting viewpoints.",
"\n\nTo capture this complexity, I elected to portray Churchill by looking at him from multiple angles. ",
"And so _Forty Ways to Look at Winston Churchill_ is both about Churchill and about the problem of giving an account of Churchill. ",
"It asks the reader to look at Churchill in multiple ways and, by doing so, to consider the problems inherent in biography.",
"\n\nThis book is divided into forty chapters, each creating a different picture of Churchill. ",
"Why forty? ",
"Historically, _forty_ meant \"many\"—just as we, after inflation, use the word _million:_ \"There are a million reasons to study Churchill.\" ",
"Because form is as influential as substance, _Forty Ways_ exploits various structures, some quite unexpected, to tackle its subject. ",
"And rather than try to reconcile conflicting views, I've kept them distinct, so readers may decide for themselves what picture emerges.",
"\n\nThere's a long tradition of reexamining the same subject in multiple ways: the four Gospels, Bach's _Goldberg Variations,_ Wallace Stevens's \"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird,\" Kurosawa's _Rashomon,_ and Monet's Haystack and Rouen Cathedral series all demonstrate the subtleties that emerge when a single subject is viewed under different lights. ",
"Dark and bright, blame and praise, must both be included: only one with a thorough knowledge of Churchill's character, even his faults, can appreciate his grandeur; only one who sees his inconsistencies can understand his hard core.",
"\n\nThis multi-angle approach is meant to demonstrate biography's limits. ",
"A single biography, read alone, is almost always convincing; as Janet Malcolm observed, \"The lay reader, who knows only what the biographer tells him, reads . . . ",
"in a state of bovine equanimity.\" ",
"The reader who continues to a second biography is more likely to question the facts. ",
"Katherine Anne Porter denied a biographer's ability to capture the truth when she wrote in the margin of a biography about herself, \"Another bloody monkey mind! ",
"Can't you keep your grubby paws off of our lives. ",
"You don't know anything and can't guess right so shut up.\" ",
"By providing multiple interpretations, this biography means to reveal the unreliability of confident conclusions.",
"\n\nTo distill Churchill's sprawling life into its essential elements, each chapter focuses on one question. ",
"What was Churchill's supreme moment? ",
"How did he see the world? ",
"What was his dominant quality? ",
"What were his motives, his formative role, his weaknesses, the important dates of his life? ",
"How did he look? ",
"How did he die? ",
"What made him a hero? ",
"Did he cheat on his wife? ",
"Such questions sound naive when put bluntly, but they are, after all, what we want to learn when we study great lives.",
"\n\nThis fragmented approach seemed the most economical and also the most exciting way of pulling out the essential—essential, to be sure, _in my view_ —from the overwhelming material about Churchill's life. ",
"With so much eliminated, Churchill's themes emerge sharply: the Island and the Empire, the attraction of war, the craving for fame, the tears, the tension between the imagined and the real. ",
"I describe my Churchill—a hero, a genius, one of the greatest men who ever lived. ",
"But this biography also shows there are other Churchills.",
"\n\nAnd so this life of Churchill is irregular; it dwells on some topics and omits others. ",
"I have good precedent for my method. ",
"Churchill, whose lack of university education didn't stop him from writing biographies and histories, wrote of his _History of the English-Speaking Peoples,_ \"This book does not seek to rival the works of professional historians. ",
"It aims rather to present a personal view.\" ",
"Clement Attlee noted of that history, and the observation applies just as well here, that it could have been titled \"Things in History which Have Interested Me.\" ",
"In this account are the things about Churchill which have interested me.",
"\n\nI hope that this biography—inconclusive as it is—will help others to catch a glimpse of Churchill's extraordinary character and life, and to consider, as well, how little we can know anyone, and how impossible is the task of summing up.",
"\n1\n\nCHURCHILL AS LIBERTY'S CHAMPION\n\n_Heroic View_\n\n_As their subtitles reveal, most of Churchill's biographers acclaim him_ ___as a hero: Isaiah Berlin's mystical tribute,_ A Portrait of a Great Man at a Great Moment; _Geoffrey Best's balanced praise,_ A Study in Greatness; _Martin Gilbert's meticulous volumes, including_ The Prophet of Truth _and_ Finest Hour; _William Manchester's virile adventure story,_ The Last Lion. _",
"Memoirs like Violet Bonham-Carter's intimate portrait, Pug Ismay's loyal account, and Jock Colville's reminiscences argue the same case. ",
"And of course, of all the mythmakers, no one did more than Churchill himself to construct the heroic \"Churchill.\"_",
"\n\n_A torrent of facts proves their conclusions: that Churchill was a_ ___great man and the savior of his country; a farsighted statesman; a_ ___brilliant politician, orator, and writer; a loving husband and father; a man with a few endearing faults—or if not endearing, excusable._",
"\n\n_Winston Churchill, June 1943._",
"\n\n_Winston Churchill, June 1943._ ",
" \nPhoto © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS\n\nNo leader did more for his country than Winston Churchill. ",
"Brave, magnanimous, traditional, he was like a king-general from Britain's heroic past. ",
"His gigantic qualities set him apart from ordinary humanity; there seemed no danger he feared, no effort too great for his limitless energies.",
"\n\nChurchill's finest hour came in 1940. ",
"After warning for years against the Nazi threat, he rallied Britain to stand alone against Germany—after France and so many countries had fallen, and before the Soviet Union and the United States could be prodded into action. ",
"Churchill—with his tremendous gifts of eloquence, energy, and refusal to compromise and with his colorful symbols of cigar, whiskey, and V sign—became an icon of courage and liberty. ",
"In the greatest conflict in human history, which consumed the lives of 55 million people, Churchill alone saved England and the world.",
"\n\nBut the famous triumphs of 1940 are just a small part of his story. ",
"Churchill burst into public life as a war hero and journalist and entered national politics at age twenty-five. ",
"Within a few years, he was a leading English figure—in fact, the first Churchill biography appeared when he was merely thirty-one years old. ",
"In his sixty-two years in the House of Commons, Churchill held every major government office, with the exception (ironically, given his tremendous influence in foreign affairs) of Foreign Secretary. ",
"This experience gave him an unparalleled grasp of the workings of Britain's civil and military machinery.",
"\n\nChurchill's abilities weren't exhausted by political administration. ",
"His voluminous writings and speeches were of remarkable quality and influence; he was an accomplished painter, a fast bricklayer, an airplane pilot, a polo player, and a crack shot; he was also a devoted husband and loving father.",
"\n\nThe facts of Churchill's life are fabulous in their sweep—a pageant of English life. ",
"His earliest memory was of watching scarlet soldiers on horseback while his grandfather, the Duke of Marlborough, addressed a crowd in Ireland. ",
"India, primogeniture, the trenches, Windsor Castle, silver trays, labor strikes, puddings, rose gardens, lions, umbrellas . . . ",
"all these weave through his story.",
"\n\nWinston Churchill was born on November 30, 1874. ",
"His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a gifted politician and a descendant of John Churchill, the first Duke of Marlborough and the greatest British general of the eighteenth century. ",
"His mother Jennie, a beautiful, accomplished American, was the daughter of New York financier Leonard Jerome.",
"\n\nFrom boyhood, Churchill had craved adventure, and in 1896, he sailed with the Fourth Hussars to India. ",
"There, restless with a cavalry officer's light duties, he pored over works by Macaulay, Gibbon, Darwin, Plato, and Aristotle, as well as records of parliamentary debates and his father's speeches, in a rigorous program of self-education. ",
"Impatient to make his name, to see action, and to earn money, Churchill also won assignments as a war correspondent. ",
"This began his career as a writer; over his lifetime, he would write acclaimed books about military campaigns he'd seen, biographies, histories, essays, and even a novel, as well as innumerable magazine and newspaper articles.",
"\n\nIn 1899, Churchill set off to report from the Boer War, where he was captured during a brave attempt to rescue an armored train. ",
"He soon managed to escape and, as he stole across enemy countryside, happened by pure luck to knock at the door of a British-born coal-mine manager, who arranged his passage to safety. ",
"He received a hero's welcome, and the thrilling story of a Duke's grandson outfoxing the enemy made him a national celebrity.",
"\n\nBut Churchill knew he wanted to be a politician, not a soldier. ",
"Back in England in 1900, he won his first election and entered the House of Commons as a Conservative at age twenty-five, as his father had done at the same age.",
"\n\nBecause of his strong support for free trade, in 1904 Churchill switched from the Conservative to the Liberal Party. ",
"His talents shot him into prominence, and, already a Cabinet member at age thirty-three, he would go on to hold a remarkable array of offices. ",
"His tremendous abilities, forcefulness, and trenchant wit were acknowledged by everyone. ",
"In no time, Churchill made himself into an outsize public figure famous throughout Britain; he wasn't even thirty-five years old when Madame Tussaud's added his life-size wax figure to its displays.",
"\n\nIn 1908, after a whirlwind courtship, he married Clementine Hozier, to whom he remained happily married for the rest of his life.",
"\n\nIn his early Cabinet posts, Churchill helped build the foundation for the modern welfare state; then, in a move that marked a shift from domestic to military policy, he became First Lord of the Admiralty in 1911. ",
"Although his tenure there was among the most satisfying in his career, it ended in frustration.",
"\n\nDuring World War I, Churchill championed a daring plan to break the war's bloody stalemate by taking the Dardanelles Straits, which lie between the Turkish mainland and the Gallipoli Peninsula. ",
"By forcing the Dardanelles, the link between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, and by seizing Constantinople, the capital of Britain's enemy, Turkey, the allies could ship supplies directly to Russia's Black Sea ports—and by helping the Russian armies, reduce pressure on the Western Front.",
"\n\nThe War Cabinet approved Churchill's plan but failed to ensure sufficient support, and despite Churchill's monumental efforts to save the campaign, it failed. ",
"When the Liberal government fell, the Conservatives insisted on Churchill's ouster as a condition of coalition. ",
"Out of office, discouraged by his inability to contribute to the war effort, Churchill went to serve at the Western Front (no other politician of his stature served in the trenches). ",
"His war against lice, his improvements to conditions, and his fearlessness under fire won the admiration of his men. ",
"Too capable to be allowed to remain in the field for long, he returned to London in 1917 to take up a series of important positions.",
"\n\nAfter returning to the Conservative Party, Churchill ascended in 1924 to Chancellor of the Exchequer—a post second only to the Prime Minister. ",
"He'd nearly reached the summit of power.",
"\n\nIn the \"wilderness period\" of the 1930s, however, the political tide turned against him. ",
"From the sidelines, he hammered against the menace of German rearmament and the policy of appeasing dictators, but for years, no one listened. ",
"Over time, though, as Hitler's treachery confirmed his predictions, Churchill's authority grew. ",
"He'd long urged a confrontation with Germany, and when Britain declared war, it was clear that Churchill must join the fight. ",
"He returned as First Lord of the Admiralty.",
"\n\nWhen Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's government fell in May 1940, the nation turned to Churchill. ",
"At last his unique qualities were brought to bear on a supreme challenge, and with his unshakable optimism, his heroic vision, and above all, his splendid speeches, Churchill roused the spirit of the British people. ",
"Years later, Churchill recalled this time: \"There was a white glow, overpowering, sublime, which ran through our island from end to end.\" ",
"Churchill lit that glow.",
"\n\nOn June 16, 1940, France collapsed. ",
"Britain stood alone, under constant air attack and threat of invasion, while Germany controlled all of Europe. \"",
"Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties,\" Churchill exhorted, \"and so bear ourselves that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, 'This was their finest hour.' \"",
"\n\nOn June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, and Churchill immediately pledged British aid. ",
"On December 7, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, and Britain declared war on Japan even before the U.S. Congress did. ",
"The three great Allies were then engaged, to fight to the end, despite their profound differences. ",
"Slowly, the Allies began to turn the tide, and after years of battle, Germany capitulated. ",
"On May 8, 1945, as Churchill announced victory in Europe, an enormous crowd gathered to cheer him. \"",
"In all our long history,\" he thundered, \"we have never seen a greater day than this.\"",
"\n\nChurchill wasn't allowed to savor victory. ",
"Within weeks, to the shock of the entire world, he was voted out of office by a public determined to put memories of the war and its sacrifices behind them. ",
"With remarkable prescience, Churchill had observed in 1930: \"The Englishman will not, except on great occasions, be denied the indulgence of kicking out the Ministers of the Crown whoever they are.\" ",
"In 1945, the British people showed him just how well he understood them.",
"\n\nOn August 14, 1945, after two strikes by atomic bombs, Japan surrendered.",
"\n\nAfter the war, Churchill devoted himself to writing, but he wasn't content merely to comment on history. ",
"He continued to be an influence on foreign affairs and in March 1946, on a visit to the United States, gave his famous speech: \"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.\" ",
"The public called Churchill back to power in 1951, and he remained Prime Minister until old age finally halted him in 1955. ",
"He took leave of Queen Elizabeth, whose great-great-grandmother had reigned when he received his army commission.",
"\n\nStill active in retirement, in 1962, at age eighty-seven, he broke his hip while abroad. ",
"A French hospital prepared a bed for him, but he said, \"I want to die in England.\" ",
"The Prime Minister sent a Royal Air Force Comet to bring Churchill back to London. ",
"Churchill kept his seat in the House of Commons, the institution he loved so much, until 1964.",
"\n\nWinston Churchill died on January 24, 1965, at age ninety, and in a rare honor, received a state funeral. ",
"Hundreds of thousands of people stood in line for hours to pay their respects to the man who'd done so much, in so many capacities, for his country. ",
"Afterward, his body was carried by train through the winter countryside to Bladon churchyard, where he'd chosen to be buried beside his father.",
"\n\n\"We shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be,\" Churchill had vowed in June 1940. \"",
"We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds . . . ",
"we shall never surrender.\" ",
"His service to his country will never be forgotten, and his words will be celebrated as long as the world rolls round.",
"\n2\n\nCHURCHILL AS FAILED STATESMAN\n\n_Critical View_\n\n_Laboring beside the Churchill mythmakers are the demythologizers, who challenge the heroic accounts by exposing a different set of facts. ",
"Clive Ponting, for example, emphasizes Churchill's reactionary, arrogant ideas; John Charmley argues that Churchill's unrealistic dedication to war and trust in the United States led to the collapse of British power; and David Cannadine amasses evidence of Churchill's many character flaws. ",
"Diaries and letters, such as those by Lord Moran and General Sir Alan Brooke, divulge Churchill's failings as an administrator, a strategist, and a colleague._",
"\n\n_Together, these describe an opportunistic, antidemocratic, warmongering, spendthrift egotist who, with his obstinate belligerence and sentimental trust of the United States, fatally undermined the Empire._",
"\n\nChurchill was a crossbreed of English aristocracy and American plutocracy.",
"\n\n_Winston Churchill, August 1944._",
"\n\n_Winston Churchill, August 1944._ ",
" \nPhoto © CORBIS\n\nOn his father's side, the Churchills were a textbook example of a blue-blooded dynasty in decline. ",
"Though the Marlborough line was venerated, family members distinguished themselves mostly by debts, gambling, drinking, philandering, and scandal. ",
"Churchill's father Randolph shared many of these faults. ",
"He was a brilliant but unstable demagogue who rocketed his way to early political prominence and then threw away his career when, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, he resigned over a budget issue. ",
"He never held office again and died young and insane, likely from syphilis.",
"\n\nThe family of Churchill's American mother, Jennie Jerome, was also inclined toward gambling, profligacy, and infidelity (Jennie was named after one of her father's mistresses, Swedish soprano Jenny Lind). ",
"Jennie escaped none of these undesirable family traits. ",
"She had numerous lovers, many of whom would be conscripted to boost her son Winston's career. ",
"Throughout her life, her extravagance would keep her on the brink of financial disaster.",
"\n\nRandolph and Jennie met on August 12, 1873, and married the following April. ",
"Winston was born only seven months later—according to the _Times,_ prematurely, but not everyone believed that.",
"\n\nToo busy with their fashionable lives to take an interest in their children, Jennie and Randolph left their two sons mostly in servants' care. ",
"Churchill depended on his nanny Mrs. Everest—whom he called \"Woom\" or \"Woomany\"—for affection and attention. ",
"Already at boarding school at age nine, Churchill wrote his negligent mother, \"It is very unkind of you not to write to me before this, I have only had one letter from you this term.\" ",
"When his parents did concern themselves with Winston, he disappointed them with school reports of tardiness, laziness, and misbehavior. ",
"He also lisped on the letter _s,_ which gave his speech a slurred, unattractive sound.",
"\n\nHis father arranged for him to go into the army—not out of any belief in Winston's military abilities but because he'd concluded his son wasn't clever enough to become a lawyer. ",
"Even so, Churchill twice flunked the entry exam for the military academy at Sandhurst and barely squeaked through after six months with a London \"crammer.\" ",
"He qualified only for the cavalry—where, because financial demands on officers were greater, intellectual demands were lower than for the infantry.",
"\n\nChurchill's regiment arrived in India in 1896. ",
"Churchill had skated through school, but at this point he decided that to achieve the fame and power he craved, he must educate himself. ",
"In a crash course of self-improvement, Churchill read through an assortment of books sent by his mother. ",
"Throughout his life, he showed the undisciplined intelligence typical of autodidacts; he was incapable of rigorous analysis, and after making his conclusions, clung to them too stubbornly.",
"\n\nOver the next few years, Churchill schemed to join Britain's \"little wars.\" ",
"He relished these battles: \"This kind of war was full of fascinating thrills . . . ",
"at the worst thirty or forty, would pay the forfeit; but to the great mass of those who took part in the little wars of Britain in those vanished lighthearted days, this was only a sporting element in a splendid game.\" (",
"The \"fascinating thrills\" were perhaps less obvious to those fighting the British. ",
"In the Battle of Omdurman, for example, British losses were 25 dead and 136 wounded; Muslim dervishes had 10,000 dead and 15,000 wounded.)",
"\n\nChurchill exploited every family connection to get himself posted to scenes of military action—so he could win fame either by performing heroic deeds or by writing about them. ",
"He soon appreciated that the quickest path to the limelight was to criticize the most prominent men, and he never shrank from telling others, including military superiors, how to do their jobs. ",
"One early book, _The River War,_ was disparaged as \"A Subaltern's Advice to the Generals.\"",
"\n\nIn 1899, Churchill made his first campaign for a seat in the House of Commons—and suffered his first of many defeats. ",
"After losing, he retreated to South Africa to report on the Boer War and was almost immediately captured. ",
"Abandoning companions who'd planned to escape with him, Churchill bolted from the prisoner-of-war camp and fled to safety. ",
"With his instinct for the spotlight, Churchill exploited the potential of his escape. ",
"He telegraphed ahead with news of his adventure so he could be greeted with a hero's welcome, which he acknowledged with a well-prepared \"impromptu\" speech. ",
"As he'd planned, the press eagerly picked up the story.",
"\n\nBack in England, his carefully managed stature as a war hero helped him win election to Parliament (barely) in 1900. ",
"Churchill waited a mere four days after taking his seat to make his maiden speech; the _Daily News_ reported that \"address, accent, appearance do not help him.\"",
"\n\nFour years after being elected as a Conservative, he decamped to join the stronger party, the Liberals, which rewarded this desertion with an important appointment. ",
"Churchill would use the turncoat trick again, in 1924, to \"re-rat\" to the Conservatives when that party was again in power.",
"\n\nAlthough no one denied his intelligence, responsible people considered Churchill a reckless and conceited opportunist. ",
"Switching parties won him enemies each time, of course. ",
"He also infuriated colleagues in every position he held. ",
"He interfered in other people's responsibilities, exceeded the bounds of his authority, and failed to set sound priorities. ",
"He overworked his staffs and diverted them to work on his pet projects. \"",
"He was hated, he was mistrusted, and he was feared\" was how even a close friend characterized Churchill's reputation. ",
"Even his own family disliked him. ",
"The dowager Duchess of Marlborough admonished the new wife of the ninth Duke: \"Your first duty is to have a child and it must be a son, because it would be intolerable to have that little upstart Winston become Duke.\"",
"\n\nChurchill was a gifted speaker when properly prepared, but he couldn't think on his feet and rarely said anything in public he hadn't memorized. ",
"His speeches were plotted right down to stage directions—\"pause; grope for word\"; \"stammer; correct self\"—meant to give the impression he was extemporizing. ",
"Although his speeches read well today, he often failed to persuade his actual audiences because he couldn't adapt his prefabricated pieces to the mood of the situation.",
"\n\nChurchill made his career in Parliament but had some trouble with elections. ",
"When he lost in 1908, \"What's the use of a W.C. without a seat?\" ",
"was a joke that made the rounds. ",
"In 1922, Churchill lost and was rejected three times by the voters before he finally got himself elected in 1924.",
"\n\nDespite the widespread suspicion he aroused, and despite the elections he lost, Churchill managed to attain several high offices in the 1910s and 1920s. ",
"That period is dominated, however, by the debacle of 1915, when, as First Lord of the Admiralty, Churchill forced through his plans for the disastrous Dardanelles campaign. ",
"Unrealistic in his goals, unwilling to consider his colleagues' grave misgivings, Churchill pressed for commitment of British forces. ",
"The result: a catastrophic slaughter of troops that led to the fall of the government. ",
"Churchill loudly withdrew to the trenches on the Western Front but stayed fewer than six months—fewer than three months in frontline conditions. ",
"He soon managed to rejoin the government as Minister of Munitions, but the grim question \"What about the Dardanelles?\" ",
"would dog him for the rest of his life.",
"\n\nConsistency of policy was not Churchill's hallmark. ",
"Although in the 1930s Churchill would castigate the government for Britain's lagging military might, during the 1920s he himself worked to enfeeble British armed forces. ",
"As Secretary of State for War and Air, he cut Royal Air Force plans for 154 squadrons to a mere 24, and as Chancellor of the Exchequer, he fought to shrink defense spending. ",
"Also as Chancellor, in what he himself later called the \"biggest blunder in my life,\" in 1925 Churchill ignited a monetary crisis when he returned Britain to the gold standard, a policy that led to deflation, unemployment, and industrial unrest.",
"\n\nChurchill supported a large family and a lavish lifestyle on his earnings, and as a result, his finances were always shaky. ",
"In 1929, he lost his savings in the Wall Street crash and kept out of ruin only through his efforts as a writer. ",
"Churchill's major works were all about himself, to greater or lesser extent—his personal experiences, his family, or at most remove, his view of his country. ",
"He churned out material and somehow managed to keep afloat.",
"\n\nFrom 1929 to 1939, shunned by Conservatives and Liberals alike, Churchill was excluded from executive office and influence. ",
"Much of his isolation was due to his vehement resistance to Indian independence; while most Britons supported a policy of gradual concession, he insisted that independence would mark the downfall of the British Empire and would reduce India to despotism.",
"\n\nAlso during the 1930s, safe on the sidelines, Churchill had the luxury of criticizing the government's policies regarding Nazi Germany without having to grapple with the practical limitations of a tight budget, a weak economy, and pacifist public opinion. ",
"His grim warnings about Hitler were blunted by the lurid prophecies he'd made about the threat posed by Indian independence, by the Bolsheviks, by the trade unions, and by the \"Socialists,\" as he called the Labour Party. ",
"His arguments about Germany were often ill informed—for example, he exaggerated German strength—and he proposed impractical measures. ",
"Nevertheless, Hitler's menace was real, and Churchill's position strengthened as the Nazi peril grew.",
"\n\nWhen Britain declared war on Germany, on September 3, 1939, Churchill joined the government as First Lord of the Admiralty. ",
"He became Prime Minister in May 1940, after the failure of the British operation in Norway—one for which, incidentally, Churchill bore most responsibility—led to the fall of Chamberlain's government. ",
"Many didn't want him as Prime Minister; his long-windedness, theatricality, ill judgment, habit of meddling, and also his heavy drinking, were notorious. ",
"However, Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax, the more favored candidate for Prime Minister, refused to accept the position, and so it settled on Churchill.",
"\n\nOnce in office, to secure complete power and without seeking parliamentary approval, Churchill made himself Minister of Defense. ",
"Within two months, he controlled the government, the armed services, and Parliament. ",
"His friend and colleague Lord Beaverbrook admitted, \"Churchill on the top of the wave has in him the stuff of which tyrants are made.\" ",
"Despite the enormity of his responsibilities, Churchill inserted himself into every process down to the size of the jam ration, misspellings in government telegrams, and the fate of bombed zoo animals.",
"\n\nAll who knew Churchill agreed he was rude and egotistical. ",
"He interfered, he wasted time with his harangues and wild schemes, he refused to listen. ",
"Working with Churchill during the war, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff described him as \"temperamental like a film star, and peevish like a spoilt child.\" ",
"In flagrant disregard of severe wartime rationing, Churchill smoked, drank, and ate to excess. ",
"Ordinary Britons were grateful for one egg and a few ounces of meat each week; Churchill's breakfast often exceeded a schoolchild's weekly protein consumption. ",
"At a time when George VI monitored the royal bathtub to limit hot water to five inches, Churchill's aide arranged for a back-up system in case of power outage at Chequers, to ensure that the Prime Minister wouldn't miss his daily hot bath, filled to the brim. ",
"Churchill's selfish habit of working late into the night—at times until 4:00 A.M.—exhausted those working around him. ",
"He raged at the typists who struggled to keep up with his torrent of words and rarely bothered to learn the names of his servants and secretaries.",
"\n\nImagining himself to be the new Marlborough, weeping openly at patriotic scenes, proclaiming on the wireless, and most important, truckling to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Churchill led Britain with little hope of victory until the entry of stronger nations, the Soviet Union and the United States, in 1941. ",
"Churchill and Roosevelt had a much-photographed \"special relationship,\" but beneath the surface, Roosevelt opposed Churchill's reactionary ideas and doubted his enthusiasms. \"",
"Winston has fifty ideas a day,\" Roosevelt observed, \"and three or four are good.\" ",
"He was also exasperated by Churchill's windy discourses. ",
"At one meeting, when Churchill began to speak, Roosevelt passed a colleague an irreverent note, \"Now we are in for one-half hour of it.\"",
"\n\nAs the war ground on, national support for Churchill changed to criticism. ",
"No one doubted his ability to inspire, but what about his other duties? ",
"In 1942, the _Tribune_ asked bluntly, \"How long can we afford a succession of oratorical successes accompanied by a series of military disasters?\" ",
"The lack of a successor protected him. ",
"One officer noted that Churchill \"is virtually dictator, as there is absolutely no one else to take his place. . . . ",
"I am sure [he] has a silent chuckle when he reminds the House that he is entirely their servant.\"",
"\n\nIn time, however, Britain's allies shoved Churchill to the sidelines, and after 1942, effective direction of the war slid from his grasp. ",
"Churchill's sentimental trust in the United States, and in his friendship with Roosevelt, blinded him to the United States's determination to dismantle the Empire by forcing Britain to exhaust its wealth in the war effort and by requiring Britain to adopt pro-American trade policies.",
"\n\nIgnoring some of his wisest advisers, Churchill threw every possible resource into the war effort, and by doing so, he assured the British Empire's liquidation. ",
"The war's heavy human, financial, and material demands exacerbated the strain on the already overextended Empire to the point that, after the war, the depleted Britain could no longer stand as a great power.",
"\n\nChurchill refused to recognize the Empire's vulnerability. ",
"He also refused to acknowledge the changing mood in Britain—the spread of egalitarian feeling and the longing for peaceful prosperity. ",
"His ignorance of the people's hopes and his bitingly partisan campaign—as when he argued that British Socialists inevitably would use some form of \"Gestapo\"—offended the public. ",
"Two months after Germany's surrender, the British people voted Churchill out of office.",
"\n\nTwo years later, Churchill lost a battle he'd considered one of the most important of his life, when Britain granted India its independence. ",
"Over the next few decades, the Empire would be dismantled; once India was gone, maintaining most of the rest of the British Empire in Africa and Asia was unnecessary and unworkable.",
"\n\nIn 1951, at the age of seventy-seven and to the dismay of his long-suffering heir apparent Anthony Eden, Churchill returned as Prime Minister. ",
"In June 1953, he had an incapacitating stroke, which, in a shocking deception, he hid from Parliament and the press. ",
"In 1955 he reluctantly resigned. ",
"He visited the House of Commons for the last time in 1964; he stayed only forty-five minutes and never returned. ",
"He died the next year, at age ninety.",
"\n\nDuring his life, Churchill had seen the Empire at its greatest, and, as he well recognized, he participated in its decline.",
"\n\nMirroring his public life, Churchill's personal life was scarred by repeated failure. ",
"Three women rejected his marriage proposals before Clementine Hozier accepted him. ",
"Even Clementine considered backing out of the engagement, until her brother reminded her that she'd already broken off two engagements and that she couldn't humiliate a public figure like Winston Churchill.",
"\n\nEven in the earliest days of their marriage, Churchill made no attempt to hide his true priorities from his wife: he was talking politics with Lloyd George even before he and Clementine had left the church after their wedding ceremony. ",
"During their marriage, Churchill's relentless demands, extravagance, and disreputable associates drove Clementine to spells of depression. ",
"Eventually, she preferred not to spend too much time with her husband.",
"\n\nMost of Churchill's children didn't lead successful or happy adult lives.",
"\n\nHis eldest daughter, Diana, born in 1909, wanted to be an actress but met with little success. ",
"She was twice divorced, suffered from depression, and died from a pill overdose in 1963.",
"\n\nChurchill's son, Randolph, born in 1911, was a journalist and failed politician. ",
"He was universally considered an overbearing, egotistical snob—in fact, one club's constitution stipulated, \"Randolph Churchill shall not be eligible for membership.\" ",
"Drunken arguments, broken marriages, and unfulfilled ambitions marred his life.",
"\n\nChurchill's daughter Sarah, born in 1914, scandalized her parents first by going on the stage, then by marrying a vaudeville comedian, whom she soon divorced. ",
"She suffered from alcohol problems and unhappy romances.",
"\n\nHis youngest daughter, Mary, born in 1922, had the most settled existence and lived with her family near her parents.",
"\n\nOf the solid virtues specially prized by the English—modesty, steadiness, dignity, composure—Churchill lacked all. ",
"He was loud, pushy, self-advertising; he thundered and wept. ",
"He worked hard but often fruitlessly. ",
"One historian noted, \"Churchill stood for the British Empire, for British independence, and for an 'anti-Socialist' vision of Britain. ",
"By July 1945 the first of these was on the skids, the second was dependent solely upon America, and the third had just vanished in a Labour election victory.\" ",
"Churchill had a long career in British politics—in which all his greatest efforts failed.",
"\n3\n\nCHURCHILL'S CONTEMPORARIES\n\n_Whom He Knew_\n\n_Throughout his ninety years, Churchill crossed paths with the great or future great. ",
"This was partly the result of England's class distinctions, public-school network, and small, concentrated population; partly the result of the fact that Churchill had always been a man to meet. ",
"Even so, the astonishing range of his acquaintances illustrates the scope of a life that spanned many years (187_ _4_ _–1965) and many accomplishments. ",
"One person whom Churchill never met was Hitler._",
"\n\n**Churchill Met:**\n\nEthel Barrymore| Rupert Brooke \n---|--- \nBernard Baruch| Maria Callas \nCecil Beaton| Austen Chamberlain \nGertrude Bell| Joseph Chamberlain \nIrving Berlin| Coco Chanel \nIsaiah Berlin| Charlie Chaplin \nPrince Charles| Somerset Maugham \nChiang Kai-shek| Richard Nixon \nWinston Churchill,| André Maurois \nAmerican novelist| Laurence Olivier \nKenneth Clark| Aristotle Onassis \nClark Clifford| Emmeline Pankhurst \nBuffalo Bill Cody| George Patton \nMichael Collins| John Profumo \nNoël Coward| Eleanor Roosevelt \nAlbert Einstein| Franklin D. Roosevelt \nDwight Eisenhower| Theodore Roosevelt \nMargot Fonteyn| Lord Rothschild \nGreta Garbo| Vita Sackville-West \nBilly Graham| Siegfried Sassoon \nHaile Selassie| Charles Schwab \nPamela Harriman| George Bernard Shaw \n(née Digby)| Joseph Stalin \nWilliam Randolph Hearst| Adlai Stevenson \nAlger Hiss| Tito \nHerbert Hoover| Harry Truman \n·Ismet ·Inönü| Mark Twain \nHenry James| Consuelo Vanderbilt \nHelen Keller| Beatrice Webb \nGrace Kelly| Chaim Weizmann \nJoseph Kennedy| H. G. Wells \nJohn Maynard Keynes| \nRudyard Kipling| \nLawrence of Arabia| \nHenry Luce| \n4\n\nCHURCHILL'S FINEST HOUR—MAY 28, 1940\n\n_The Decisive Moment_\n\n_We search in a biography for the subject's decisive moment, the one that sums up a life's meaning or changes its direction. ",
"Churchill's life was starred with turning points: escaping from the prison camp, winning his first election, fighting for his reputation after the Dardanelles disaster, becoming Prime Minister, proclaiming victory in 1945, losing the election in 1945._",
"\n\n_However, one period—the end of May 1940—stands out from the rest. ",
"It was at this dangerous time that Churchill showed himself most fully and used his gifts with greatest effect._",
"\n\nIn a life crowded with dramatic moments, Churchill's most decisive hour fell in the late afternoon of May 28, 1940. ",
"He'd become Prime Minister just eighteen days before.",
"\n\nHow had he got there? ",
"Though he'd made a spectacular start, his political career had sputtered to a halt over the last decade. ",
"Many in responsible positions considered him, however brilliant, to be unreliable, erratic, a self-advertiser, a warmonger. ",
"The people as well as the government ignored his warnings about the Nazis: the British ruling class, he'd protested to no effect, continued \"to take its weekend in the country,\" while \"Hitler takes his countries in the weekends.\" ",
"Working against Churchill: pacifist sentiment rooted in World War I's destruction, belief that Germany had legitimate grievances, fear of the bomber, hope that a strong Germany would restrain Communism, and the weak British economy.",
"\n\nHowever, Hitler's actions proved Churchill's prophecies to be hideously accurate, and war erupted on September 3, 1939. ",
"That very day, Churchill returned as First Lord of the Admiralty, and when Chamberlain's government fell eight months later, Churchill became Prime Minister.",
"\n\nHis premiership hadn't been a certain thing at all. ",
"Not Churchill but Lord Halifax, Foreign Secretary since 1938 and a proponent of appeasement, was the establishment's candidate to succeed Chamberlain. ",
"Churchill was a less obvious choice. ",
"Aged sixty-five, he qualified for an old-age pension. ",
"He was short, fat, and bald, with a forward stoop and jutting jaw. ",
"He drank constantly, cried frequently, painted pictures, didn't get out of bed until late morning, and recited poetry at the slightest encouragement. ",
"More significant, he'd made bitter enemies in his long parliamentary career. ",
"But at a small, quiet meeting on May 9, Churchill had been recognized as the man to lead the battle against Hitler.",
"\n\nPolitically, he was weak. ",
"True, he'd supplanted Chamberlain as Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was still the leader of the Conservatives, who dominated the House of Commons. ",
"Politically, Churchill had no choice but to include in his five-member War Cabinet two men, Chamberlain and Halifax, who had never believed in pursuing total war against Germany. ",
"Churchill hadn't yet proved himself in office, and his reputation—as a reckless adventurer—clung to him. ",
"Many predicted he wouldn't last long in office.",
"\n\nOn the Continent, the Nazis had swept through Poland, Denmark, Norway, Holland, and Belgium, and on May 16, German troops pierced France's Maginot line. ",
"The French were fighting badly and losing hope; surrender would follow within weeks.",
"\n\nBy the end of May, the British and French armies were trapped along the French coast at Dunkirk. ",
"Even the optimistic Churchill feared that perhaps only thirty thousand of more than three hundred thousand men could be saved. ",
"On May 26, the evacuation began. ",
"Some twenty miles of ocean, the narrow moat that protected the island from invasion, must be crossed by the British to bring their men to safety. ",
"Many—including American ambassador Joseph Kennedy—insisted that Britain couldn't survive.",
"\n\nWhile battle raged across the Channel, Churchill was fighting a fierce action within his War Cabinet. ",
"Although it had been Chamberlain whom Churchill had opposed for years, and whom he'd replaced, it was Halifax who proved his main adversary during his first days in office. ",
"Although no one then could have realized it, the decisive moment came on May 28, 1940.",
"\n\nIn the days before, Halifax had argued that Britain would be \"foolish\" not to make peace, if terms could be reached that preserved its independence. ",
"His aim was to find a \"decent\" way for Britain to keep its Empire and fleet; he dismissed Churchill's hyperbolic resistance to exploring peace terms as \"the most frightful rot.\" (",
"Some historians, too, would later condemn Churchill for refusing to consider a compromise peace; the war's crippling cost, they argue, assured the Empire's collapse. ",
"Such critics don't explain why Churchill should have trusted Hitler, who could have returned to crush Britain once he'd dispatched Russia; or why Churchill should have viewed with composure a Nazi-controlled Continent; or how, in any event, Britain could have managed to continue its grasp on its vast, rebellious possessions.)",
"\n\nTo keep Halifax, Churchill never flatly ruled out a compromise peace, but he didn't hide his own view that the only safety for Britain and France stood in endurance. ",
"He believed that any hint of British willingness to elicit a settlement proposal would wreck public morale and that the possibility of negotiation, once opened, couldn't be closed. ",
"The two men argued for several days, until their conflict reached its crisis on May 28.",
"\n\nChurchill was in a dangerous position. ",
"Across the Channel, prospects looked dire for British forces awaiting evacuation from Dunkirk. ",
"If these men couldn't be saved, Britain's hope of withstanding invasion was bleak. ",
"As for Churchill, the security of his political position depended on his former opponents. ",
"If Halifax resigned to protest Churchill's policy, he would trigger a national crisis that would shake—and perhaps topple—Churchill's government.",
"\n\nAt four o'clock, the War Cabinet met, and again, two visions of Britain's future confronted each other. ",
"Halifax urged consideration of a peace settlement. ",
"He feared—quite rightly, time would show—that without some limit to the conflict, Britain couldn't survive as a great power. ",
"Churchill believed that talks about peace terms were a \"slippery slope\" to capitulation. \"",
"Nations which went down fighting rose again,\" he declared, \"but those who surrendered tamely were finished.\" ",
"With this crucial issue unresolved, the War Cabinet recessed for one hour.",
"\n\nWhat could Churchill do? ",
"He refused to countenance any compromise, but he couldn't risk an outright break with Halifax. ",
"So Churchill did what any embattled executive would do: he stacked a meeting.",
"\n\nDuring a break from the five-member War-Cabinet meeting, Churchill met with the twenty-five members of the full Cabinet. ",
"He explained the imminent troop evacuation, then he said \"quite casually, and not treating it as a point of special significance: 'Of course, whatever happens at Dunkirk, we shall fight on.' \" ",
"Churchill concluded:\n\nI am convinced that every man of you would rise up and tear me down from my place if I were for one moment to contemplate parley or surrender. ",
"If this long island story of ours is to end at last, let it end only when each one of us lies choking in his own blood upon the ground.",
"\n\nHe pretended to read, in these men's hearts, the determination that surged in his own, and the reaction was electric. ",
"The ministers—by no means all Churchill admirers—crowded around and cheered him. ",
"His vow— _whatever happens, we shall fight on_ —and the Cabinet's support turned the weight of opinion. ",
"Halifax stopped his opposition. ",
"That day, Churchill issued a \"strictly confidential\" memo to remind his colleagues there was no place in his government for doubt or half measures.",
"\n\nIn these dark days the Prime Minister would be grateful if all his colleagues . . . ",
"would maintain a high morale in their circles; not minimising the gravity of events, but showing confidence in our ability and inflexible resolve to continue the war . . . ",
"whatever may happen on the Continent, we cannot doubt our duty, and we shall certainly use all our power to defend the Island, the Empire, and our Cause.",
"\n\nThis was Churchill's hour to lead. ",
"His two predecessors—Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain—had had their virtues; but as with all qualities, these virtues took their color from circumstances. ",
"The very attributes that Baldwin and Chamberlain disliked in Churchill—his rashness, his simplicity, his buccaneer spirit—fitted him far better to events than did all their cool reasonableness. ",
"Churchill's vivid historical imagination allowed him to understand Hitler, while they clung to the illusion that Hitler was a statesman who operated by conventional rules.",
"\n\nWithin a week Churchill would give his greatest speech. ",
"On June 4, he spoke in the House of Commons, for little more than thirty minutes, about the extraordinarily successful evacuation of British troops from Dunkirk and concluded:\n\nEven though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. ",
"We shall go on to the end. ",
"We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be. ",
"We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender; and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and liberation of the Old.",
"\n\nSeveral Members of Parliament cried. ",
"So did Churchill.",
"\n\nChurchill's eloquence persuaded the British that their cause was worth every sacrifice, even death. \"",
"You can always take one with you\" was one of his invasion slogans. ",
"The great theme of Churchill's life was _never surrender,_ and he vowed he would lead his country to victory. ",
"So he did, but with what consequence, he never imagined.",
"\n5\n\nCHURCHILL AS LEADER\n\n_Suited to High Office?_",
"\n\n**Winston Churchill Was Well Suited to High Office**\n\nChurchill's qualities made him an outstanding, inspiring leader, as demonstrated by his tremendous accomplishments in office.",
"\n\nOne key to his success was his overwhelming energy. ",
"Abnormal energy coupled with power is a formidable force. ",
"Even detractors admitted he revitalized every office—First Lord, trench commander, Prime Minister—by the intensity of his personality. ",
"He drove others as hard as he drove himself.",
"\n\nChurchill was also able to grasp key facts without labored analysis. ",
"One aide observed that he \"would read a long Cabinet Paper and pick out one or two aspects of the case, frequently those which did not seem the most important. . . . ",
"It was strange how often they turned out in the end to be the principal points at issue.\"",
"\n\nChurchill recognized the value of accountability and opposed efforts to add layers of advisers who lacked actual responsibility. \"",
"Lots of people can make good plans for winning the war if they have not got to carry them out,\" Churchill pointedly noted when he addressed a Joint Session of Congress in 1943. \"",
"I dare say if I had not been in a responsible position I should have made a lot of excellent plans.\"",
"\n\nChurchill saw things clearly, and he wanted others to share his vision: nothing in halftones or muted colors. ",
"During the confusion of war, he refused to allow muddle and drift to obscure what he saw: the tragic simplicity and grandeur of the times and issues at stake. ",
"Against the agonized compromises of the past, his certainty and his energy stood out in bright, bold relief. \"",
"You ask, what is our aim? ",
"I can answer in one word: It is victory.\" ",
"More than anything, his absolute conviction that Britain would triumph, and his ability to inspire his people to share his confidence, lifted the nation out of one of its darkest periods.",
"\n\nIt was for these qualities that Churchill was hailed as the savior of his country.",
"\n\n**Winston Churchill Was Ill Suited to High Office**\n\nChurchill was impulsive, disloyal, overbearing, eccentric, and as Dwight Eisenhower delicately admitted, he \"rarely failed to inject into most conferences some element of emotion.\" ",
"He refused to respect priorities or lines of command, he interfered with commanders in the field, and he rarely listened to anyone. \"",
"All I wanted,\" he explained, only half joking, \"was compliance with my wishes after reasonable discussion.\" ",
"He exhausted everyone around him with his late hours, cigar smoke, and endless monologues. ",
"He telephoned his staff at any hour of day or night, for any trivial reason. ",
"He usually worked on critical matters, especially important speeches, until the very last moment, which further strained those around him. ",
"At times, he could be extraordinarily persuasive, and he used this gift to win arguments he shouldn't have.",
"\n\nChurchill acted on impulse, not analysis. \"",
"Winston was never good at looking at all the implications of any course of action which he favoured,\" admitted General Sir Alan Brooke. \"",
"In fact, he frequently refused to look at them.\" ",
"He insisted on one-page answers to complex questions and showed no appreciation for practical difficulties. ",
"Churchill's lack of focus meant that, for one leading a world war, he spent an astonishing amount of time on trivialities. ",
"He found time in 1942 to write the First Lord to suggest that, in order to save the time of signalmen, cipher staff, and typists, signals should shorten the name of the ship the _Admiral von Tirpitz_ to _Tirpitz_.",
"\n\nChurchill's inability to size up the public mood often undercut his effectiveness. ",
"For instance, he damaged his reputation by defending Edward VIII's extremely unpopular proposal to marry the twice-divorced American Wallis Simpson. ",
"Churchill's support of Edward also shows his inability to take the measure of others; later, the Duke of Windsor's sympathy for the Nazis led Hitler to comment, \"His abdication was a severe loss for us,\" and in fact, the Duke once hailed Hitler with the stiff-armed Nazi salute.",
"\n\nChurchill's zeal for the offensive distorted his judgment. ",
"He admired daredevils and undervalued those he considered too cautious, and this, along with his heedless combativeness, was a serious hazard during his whole career.",
"\n\nBecause of these qualities, Churchill was an irresponsible and erratic leader.",
"\n6\n\nCHURCHILL'S GENIUS WITH WORDS\n\n_His Greatest Strength_\n\n_Biographies of great figures must tackle the essential question: what was the foundation of their genius? ",
"In Churchill's case, it was his extraordinary gift of expression. ",
"Perhaps it is possible for a leader to conceive large ideas without the ability to express them, but a leader unable to articulate such thoughts cannot inspire others to share them. ",
"Churchill was able to describe his timeless, heroic Britain so clearly that the entire nation rose to the level of his vision._",
"\n\nAs soldier and statesman, Churchill had thrust himself into world events from age twenty-one, but, he pointed out, \"Words are the only things which last for ever.\" ",
"Of all his accomplishments, it was his superb command of language that lifted him into triumph.",
"\n\nHis words' power flowed from the fact that, without sounding insincere or affected, he could speak in both an arcane, heroic style and a plain, everyday style. ",
"Together these penetrated deeply into the public mind. ",
"During the Second World War, Churchill's words over the radio—whether in his own voice or read by someone else—were an essential source of the people's courage. ",
"Churchill recognized the significance of the new medium of radio, and he didn't grudge the massive effort needed to prepare his speeches.",
"\n\nThe grand style was his hallmark. ",
"This wasn't bombast adopted for debate or broadcast, but how he naturally thought and spoke. ",
"His vocabulary had an anachronistic flavor, with words like _wickedness, parley, hardy tars, nay,_ and _thrice._ ",
"He liked to use the bygone expression \"pray,\" as in \"Pray let me have a report\"; this useful phrase was more commanding than \"please\" but less peremptory than \"give me.\" ",
"He had his favorite words: _solid, squalid, unflinching, courageous, sultry, bleak, vast, grim, immense._ ",
"He enjoyed heaping adjectives together: Czechoslovakia was \"silent, mournful, abandoned, broken\"; Anglo-American relations would roll like the Mississippi, \"inexorable, irresistible, benignant.\" ",
"But even with his ornate vocabulary, he had a gift for expressing himself so anyone could understand him.",
"\n\nDuring the war, Churchill's high style linked the present danger to Britain's noble history. ",
"He spoke the lordly language of heroes, of King Alfred, Queen Elizabeth, and Lord Nelson, returned from the past to encourage the people. ",
"After all, mixed in with their patriotic zeal, Britons worried about the mundane issues that dogged wartime existence: the blackout, the sugar shortage, the long line at the bus stop. ",
"Churchill inspired them to see their discomfort and fear as part of a glorious pageant.",
"\n\nUnsurprisingly, this grandiloquence irritated the more exact military or bureaucratic types. ",
"Churchill never shrank from introducing ideas that would usually have no place in the official world. ",
"In 1940, the King of Sweden sent George VI a message suggesting that peace possibilities be examined. ",
"On the Foreign Office's draft reply, Churchill admonished, \"The ideas set forth . . . ",
"appear to me to err in trying to be too clever, and to enter into refinements of policy unsuited to the tragic simplicity and grandeur of the times and the issues at stake.\" ",
"His elaborate declaration of war on Japan struck some people as unnecessary flummery:\n\nSir,\n\nOn the evening of December 7th His Majesty's Government . . . ",
"learned that Japanese forces without previous warning . . . ",
"had attempted a landing on the coast of Malaya and bombed Singapore and Hong Kong.",
"\n\nIn view of these wanton acts of unprovoked aggression . . . ",
"His Majesty's Ambassador at Tokyo has been instructed to inform the Imperial Japanese Government in the name of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom that a state of war exists between our two countries.",
"\n\nI have the honour to be, with high consideration,\n\nSir, \nYour obedient servant, \nWinston S. Churchill\n\nIn response to critics, Churchill remarked, \"Some people did not like this ceremonial style. ",
"But after all when you have to kill a man it costs nothing to be polite.\"",
"\n\nChurchill also made use of homely, everyday speech. \"",
"Short words are best,\" he said, \"and the old words when short are best of all.\" ",
"His blunt sentences, with their colorful phrases, were as effective as his magniloquence. \"",
"I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.\" \"",
"London can take it.\" \"",
"Never was so much owed by so many to so few.\" ",
"Often his most stirring lines were in simple language, as in his February 9, 1941, broadcast addressed to the United States:\n\nPut your confidence in us. ",
"Give us your faith and your blessing, and, under Providence, all will be well. ",
"We shall not fail or falter; we shall not weaken or tire. ",
"Neither the sudden shock of battle, nor the long-drawn trials of vigilance and exertion will wear us down. ",
"Give us the tools, and we will finish the job.",
"\n\nChurchill used words to bolster morale; he emphasized, for example, the importance of names. ",
"He intervened to improve the government's choices of names—an undertaking considered by many, no doubt, not to be the _most_ effective use of his energies. ",
"It is easy to read his purpose: to make battles more glorious, weapons more menacing. ",
"He suggested the name \"Mosquito Fleet\" for a fleet of fast, small craft, then bettered it to \"Hornet Fleet\" or \"Shark Fleet\"—\" 'Sharks' for short,\" he added. ",
"During the war's desperate first year, as volunteer defense forces mustered, he noted to the organizer, \"I don't think much of the name 'Local Defence Volunteers' for your very large new force. ",
"The word 'local' is uninspiring. ",
"Mr. Herbert Morrison suggested to me to-day the title 'Civic Guard,' but I think 'Home Guard' would be better.\" ",
"Churchill prevailed.",
"\n\nChurchill also exploited the force of simile and metaphor. ",
"Of his opposition to socialism, he said, \"We are for the ladder. ",
"Let all try their best to climb. ",
"They are for the queue.\" ",
"He wrote of a meeting with Roosevelt and Stalin, \"There I sat with the great Russian bear on one side of me, with paws outstretched, and, on the other side the great American buffalo, and between the two sat the poor little English donkey who was the only one of the three, who knew the right way home.\"",
"\n\nPerhaps his most popular tool, whether in the House of Commons, in conversation, or with his wide readership, was humor, and one of his favorite techniques was anticlimax. ",
"Upon hearing that a captured German general was to eat dinner with the pompous Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, Churchill confided, \"I sympathize with General von Thoma. ",
"Defeated, humiliated, in captivity, and . . . ",
"dinner with General Montgomery.\" (",
"He once characterized Montgomery: \"Indomitable in retreat; invincible in advance; insufferable in victory.\") ",
"Churchill was also master of the most British of comic devices, the understatement. ",
"Ringing church bells had been banned in June 1940, except to warn of imminent attack. ",
"In support of arguments that bell ringing should resume, Churchill admitted, \"I cannot help feeling that anything like a serious invasion would be bound to leak out.\" ",
"He made hilarious, and devastating, use of sarcasm. ",
"Of the \"courage\" of one of his fellow MPs, he said, \"First, it is that kind of courage which enables men to stand up unflinchingly and do a foolish thing, although they know it is popular. ",
"Second it is that kind of courage which cannot only be maintained in the face of danger, but can even shine brightly in its total absence.\" ",
"Even his talk of war could be funny. ",
"Of the June 1940 meeting at which the embattled French asked how Britain would resist invasion, Churchill wrote: \"I said . . . ",
"my technical advisers were of opinion that the best method of dealing with German invasion of the island of Britain was to drown as many as possible on the way over and knock the others on the head as they crawled ashore.\"",
"\n\nOne of Churchill's best targets for his humor was himself. ",
"In 1944, when asked not to repeat mistakes made after the First World War, he replied, \"I am sure that the mistakes of that time will not be repeated; we shall probably make another set of mistakes.\" ",
"He made good fun of his French: in November 1944, he began a speech by warning: \"Be on your guard, because I am going to speak in French, a formidable undertaking and one which will put great demands on your friendship with Great Britain.\" ",
"After the war, he addressed a French audience in English: \"I have often made speeches in French, but that was wartime, and I do not wish to subject you to the ordeals of darker days.\"",
"\n\nWhether exploiting his lofty or common style, Churchill was a brilliant writer. ",
"He produced innumerable articles, books, and speeches and threw off quotable lines in practically every conversation. ",
"Reading a newspaper account of an elderly man arrested for making improper advances to a girl, in icy weather, Churchill said, \"Over 75 and below zero! ",
"Makes you proud to be an Englishman!\" ",
"He'd been sharpening his rhetorical skills since his youth; although schoolmasters couldn't make him work, Churchill decided, in his twenties, that he needed an education. ",
"During the long, dull afternoons of army life in India, Churchill absorbed the works of Macaulay, Adam Smith, Darwin, Plato, and his greatest influence, Edward Gibbon's monumental _The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_. ",
"And he didn't merely learn by reading, but set himself to writing his own speeches on political events of earlier generations, to compare to what William Gladstone or Benjamin Disraeli had actually said.",
"\n\nMany people have been brilliant writers, and many people have been brilliant speakers. ",
"What distinguishes Churchill was his ability to rouse—and indeed, create—the dauntless Britain in which he believed.",
"\n\nChurchill denied that it was he who transformed the nation during the war. ",
"At the triumphant hour of May 8, 1945, Churchill cast the glory to the British people: _\"In all our long history we have never seen a greater day than this_. _\"_ ",
"At his eightieth birthday party a decade later, where he was called \"the lion,\" he gave credit to the people: \"It was a nation and race dwelling all round the globe that had the lion heart. ",
"I had the luck to be called upon to give the roar.\" ",
"In the same vein, a member of his wartime staff wrote, \"His great speeches that thrilled the nation in 1940 expressed in matchless form what the men and women of Britain were feeling inarticulately.\"",
"\n\nThat may have been true, but the men and women of Britain were \"feeling inarticulately\" many warring impulses. ",
"They felt defiant and courageous, yes. ",
"But they also felt fearful, confused, and desperate for peace. ",
"How many would have said they didn't want another war, or they didn't want to get mixed up in matters on the Continent, or they didn't care about fighting for the Poles or the Jews? ",
"At one of the most dangerous points in the war, just after he'd become Prime Minister, Churchill told the Cabinet, \"If this long island story of ours is to end at last, let it end only when each one of us lies choking in his own blood upon the ground.\" ",
"The Ministers jumped up, shouted their agreement, rallied. ",
"But would they have said the same thing themselves, before Churchill had said it? ",
"Churchill found them courageous, but had conciliatory, peace-seeking Lord Halifax been Prime Minister, as many would have preferred, he might have discovered a very different mood. (",
"Churchill once said, \"Halifax's virtues have done more harm in the world than the vices of hundreds of other people.\")",
"\n\nMany people don't know their own opinions until they hear them voiced by someone else. ",
"They're at the mercy of leaders, who, by articulating half-formed beliefs and fears, give them force. \"",
"The stronger man is right,\" said Hitler. ",
"Churchill said, \"We shall never surrender.\" ",
"Churchill led the British people by reminding them of their history of liberty and courage; his courtly language conjured up their dead heroes. ",
"Hitler led the German people by giving voice to their fears, their ancient grudges, their cruel impulses, their rash eagerness for order and prosperity. ",
"Hitler told the Germans that they were a humiliated people, who would seize and destroy to gain their rightful first place; Churchill told the British that they were a valorous people, who would sacrifice everything in glorious defense of their island and of freedom.",
"\n\nMen are seldom more commonplace than on supreme occasions, wrote Samuel Butler. ",
"Churchill was a rare figure who rose to the level of events. ",
"He spoke the timeless speech of a hero, which he was; and also the daily talk of a common man, which he was as well. ",
"His power of expression was his greatest strength.",
"\n7\n\nCHURCHILL'S ELOQUENCE\n\n_His Exact Words_\n\n_With his genius for expression, Churchill could convey his ideas in phrases that burned themselves into people's minds. ",
"Eloquence matters: we cannot persuade others where we cannot voice our own thoughts. ",
"Decades after his death, Churchill remains one of the most frequently quoted figures in history._",
"\n\nOf a controversy that arose in 1894 about the proximity of bars to music halls, Churchill recalled: \"I had no idea in those days of the enormous and unquestionably helpful part that humbug plays in the social life of great peoples dwelling in a state of democratic freedom.\"",
"\n\nIn 1897, Churchill wrote: \"Of all the talents bestowed upon men, none is so precious as the gift of oratory. . . . ",
"Abandoned by his party, betrayed by his friends, stripped of his offices, whoever can command this power is still formidable.\"",
"\n\nWhen Churchill was running for office for the first time, he went door to door to ask for votes. ",
"He knocked on the door of an irritable man who, when Churchill introduced himself, said, \"Vote for you? ",
"Why, I'd rather vote for the devil!\"",
"\n\n\"I understand,\" answered Churchill. \"",
"But in case your friend is not running, may I count on your support?\"",
"\n\n\"I would rather be right than consistent.\"",
"\n\nAs Undersecretary for the Colonies, in 1907, Churchill went to Africa with his private secretary, Eddie Marsh. ",
"After marching more than a hundred miles, he declared, \"So fari—so goodie!\" ",
"On the same trip, a colonial governor told him of the alarming spread of venereal disease. ",
"Churchill nodded, \"Ah, Pox Britannica.\"",
"\n\nBefore the first night of _Pygmalion,_ playwright George Bernard Shaw wired Churchill: \"Am reserving two tickets for you for my premiere. ",
"Come and bring a friend—if you have one.\"",
"\n\nChurchill replied: \"Impossible to be present for the first performance. ",
"Will attend the second—if there is one.\"",
"\n\n\"Success is going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm.\"",
"\n\nIn a speech given in 1908, Churchill proclaimed:\n\nSocialism seeks to pull down wealth, Liberalism seeks to raise up poverty. ",
"Socialism would destroy private interests—Liberalism would preserve private interests in the only way in which they can be safely and justly preserved, namely by reconciling them with public right. ",
"Socialism would kill enterprise; Liberalism would rescue enterprise from the trammels of privilege and preference.",
"\n\n\"Very few men are able to make more than one really bad mistake.\"",
"\n\nWhen, in 1911, Churchill came under fire for his performance as First Lord of the Admiralty, he struck back by describing his critic as \"one of those orators who before they get up, do not know what they are going to say; when they are speaking do not know what they are saying; and when they have sat down, do not know what they have said.\"",
"\n\n\"Megalomania is the only form of sanity.\"",
"\n\n\"Perhaps it is better to be irresponsible and right than responsible and wrong.\"",
"\n\n\"All newborn babies look like me.\"",
"\n\nOn the problems of deploying a fleet during the First World War, Churchill observed, \"Out of intense complexities intense simplicities emerge.\"",
"\n\nOf World War I, Churchill wrote, \"When all was over, Torture and Cannibalism were the only two expedients that the civilised, scientific Christian States had been able to deny themselves: and these were of doubtful utility.\"",
"\n\nIn the 1922 election, the Liberals—and Churchill—suffered massive defeat. ",
"During the election, Churchill had his appendix removed, and he declared he awoke from his operation \"without an office, without a seat, without a party, and without an appendix.\"",
"\n\nWhen Churchill met Hitler associate Putzi Hanfstaengel in Munich in 1932, he warned, \"Tell your boss that anti-Semitism may be a good starter, but it's a bad sticker.\"",
"\n\nAfter touring the United States in the 1930s, Churchill was asked whether he had any criticism of America. ",
"He answered, \"Toilet paper too thin! ",
"Newspapers too fat!\"",
"\n\nChurchill appeared to be asleep in his seat in the House of Commons. \"",
"Must you fall asleep when I am speaking?\" ",
"asked a fellow MP. \"",
"No,\" said Churchill, \"it is purely voluntary.\"",
"\n\n\"Nothing in life is so exhilarating as to be shot at without result.\"",
"\n\nA new barber asked Churchill how he'd like his hair cut. \"",
"A man of my limited resources cannot presume to have a hairstyle. ",
"Get on and cut it,\" answered Churchill.",
"\n\nIn 1935, when Clement Attlee, then Lord Privy Seal, took a misstep and fell to the floor of the House of Commons, Churchill admonished: \"Get up, get up, Lord Privy Seal! ",
"This is no time for levity.\"",
"\n\nWhen, in 1935, Anthony Eden was appointed Foreign Secretary under Baldwin, Churchill wrote Clementine: \"I expect the greatness of his office will find him out.\"",
"\n\n\"It is wonderful how well men can keep secrets they have not been told.\"",
"\n\nOn November 12, 1936, as the Nazi threat grew, he spoke to the House of Commons on the subject of defense:\n\nThe Government simply cannot make up their minds, or they cannot get the Prime Minister to make up his mind. ",
"So they go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all-powerful to be impotent. ",
"So we go on preparing more months and years—precious, perhaps vital to the greatness of Britain—for the locusts to eat.",
"\n\n\"There is never a good time for a vacation, so take one anyway.\"",
"\n\nIn 1936, Churchill criticized Stanley Baldwin: \"Occasionally he stumbled over the truth, but hastily picked himself up and hurried on as if nothing had happened.\"",
"\n\n\"It is a good thing for an uneducated man to read books of quotation. . . . ",
"The quotations when engraved upon the memory give you good thoughts.\"",
"\n\nIn 1938, a colleague compared Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's attempt to convince Clement Attlee to support the Munich appeasement to a \"snake dominating a rabbit.\" ",
"Churchill snorted, \"It's more like a rabbit dominating a lettuce!\"",
"\n\n\"Never stand when you can sit and never sit if you can lie down.\"",
"\n\nIn 1938, during a heated argument, his cousin Lord Londonderry, a pacifist, tried to drive home a point by asking, \"Have you read my latest book?\"",
"\n\n\"No,\" replied Churchill. \"",
"I only read for pleasure or profit.\"",
"\n\nObserving an elderly MP listening to Stanley Baldwin through an ear trumpet, Churchill asked, \"Why does that idiot deny himself his natural advantage?\"",
"\n\n\"We seem to be very near the bleak choice between War and Shame. ",
"My feeling is that we shall choose Shame, and then have War thrown in a little later on even more adverse terms than at present.\"",
"\n\n\"Where there is a great deal of free speech there is always a certain amount of foolish speech.\"",
"\n\nOn October 1, 1939, in his first wartime broadcast, First Lord of the Admiralty Churchill observed, \"I cannot forecast to you the action of Russia. ",
"It is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma.\"",
"\n\nOn the same day, in the House, Churchill declared about the heroic defense of Warsaw: \"The soul of Poland is indestructible. . . . [",
"S]he will rise again like a rock, which may for a spell be submerged by a tidal wave, but which remains a rock.\"",
"\n\nIn October 1939, Churchill's twenty-eight-year-old son Randolph married nineteen-year-old Pamela Digby—because of the war, just weeks after their engagement. ",
"To those who said the couple couldn't afford to marry, Churchill replied: \"What do they need?—cigars, champagne and a double bed.\" (",
"Pamela Digby, later Pamela Harriman, would one day be the U.S. ambassador to France.)",
"\n\nIn January 1940, in a BBC broadcast warning the neutrals of the consequences of not confronting Hitler, Churchill admonished: \"They bow humbly and in fear to German threats of violence, comforting themselves meanwhile with the thought that the Allies will win. . . . ",
"Each one hopes that if he feeds the crocodile enough, the crocodile will eat him last.\"",
"\n\nAt a dinner party, guests answered in turn the question, \"If you could not be who you are, who would you like to be?\" ",
"When Churchill's turn came, he turned to Clementine and said, \"Mrs. Churchill's second husband.\"",
"\n\nOne evening in 1940, Churchill relaxed after dinner by tinkering with, then testing, a model bomb. ",
"He observed to a colleague, \"This is one of those rare and happy occasions when respectable people like you and me can enjoy pleasures normally reserved to the Irish Republican Army.\"",
"\n\nWith words uncannily matched to horrific events of later days, in 1940 Churchill broadcast to the nation about Hitler's bombing of London—on the resonant date of _September 11:_\n\nThese cruel, wanton, indiscriminate bombings of London are, of course, a part of Hitler's invasion plans. ",
"He hopes, by killing large numbers of civilians . . . ",
"that he will terrorise and cow the people of this mighty imperial city. . . . ",
"Little does he know the spirit of the British nation, or the tough fibre of the Londoners . . . ",
"who have been bred to value freedom far above their lives. ",
"This wicked man, the repository and embodiment of many forms of soul-destroying hatred, this monstrous product of former wrongs and shame, has now resolved to try to break our famous Island race by a process of indiscriminate slaughter and destruction. ",
"What he has done is to kindle a fire in British hearts, here and all over the world, which will glow long after all traces of the conflagration he has caused in London have been removed.",
"\n\nIn October 1940, discussing a general who was widely disliked, Churchill observed, \"Remember, it isn't only the good boys who help to win wars; it is the sneaks and the stinkers as well.\"",
"\n\nDescribing Hitler: \"a haunted, morbid being, who, to their eternal shame, the German people in their bewilderment have worshipped as a god.\"",
"\n\nBefore the war, Churchill had strenuously opposed Neville Chamberlain and his appeasement policy. ",
"It was Chamberlain who, after meeting Hitler, decided \"here was a man who could be relied upon when he had given his word.\" ",
"But once Churchill joined his government, he became Chamberlain's loyal servant, and he continued to treat Chamberlain with courtesy after he'd replaced him as Prime Minister. ",
"True, Churchill needed Chamberlain, but so often a gloating victor refuses to put aside grudges and blame—even in self-interest. ",
"Expediency alone doesn't account for Churchill's magnanimity. ",
"When Chamberlain died in 1940, Churchill gave a tribute to Chamberlain that honored his life while acknowledging his mistakes:\n\nIt fell to Neville Chamberlain in one of the supreme crises of the world to be contradicted by events, to be disappointed in his hopes, and to be deceived and cheated by a wicked man. . . . ",
"Whatever else history may or may not say about these terrible, tremendous years, we can be sure that Neville Chamberlain acted with most perfect sincerity according to his lights and strove to the utmost of his capacity and authority, which were powerful, to save the world from the awful devastating struggle in which we are now engaged. . . .",
"\n\nHerr Hitler protests with frantic words and gestures that he has only desired peace. ",
"What do these ravings and outpouring count before the silence of Neville Chamberlain's tomb?",
"\n\n\"Never give in, never give in, never, never, never, never . . . ",
"never give in, except to convictions of honor or good sense.\"",
"\n\nDespite repeated warnings from Britain and the United States, and in violation of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, Soviet Russia was surprised by a German attack on June 22, 1941. ",
"For years, Churchill had denounced Communism, with its contempt for individual freedom, the rule of law, property rights, and the sovereignty of other countries. ",
"Churchill broadcast that night:\n\nThe Nazi régime is indistinguishable from the worst features of Communism. . . . ",
"It excels all forms of human wickedness in the efficiency of its cruelty and ferocious aggression. ",
"No one has been a more consistent opponent of Communism than I have for the last twenty-five years. ",
"I will un-say no word that I have spoken about it. ",
"But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding. ",
"The past with its crimes, its follies and its tragedies, flashes away. . . . ",
"Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid.",
"\n\nIn a lighter mood, he remarked, \"If Hitler invaded Hell, I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.\"",
"\n\nChurchill wrote of his emotions upon hearing that the Japanese had bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941:\n\nNo American will think it wrong of me if I proclaim that to have the United States at our side was to me the greatest joy. . . . ",
"Once again in our long Island history we should emerge, however mauled or mutilated, safe and victorious. . . . ",
"We might not even have to die as individuals. ",
"Hitler's fate was sealed. . . . ",
"As for the Japanese, they would be ground to powder.",
"\n\nIn a speech given November 10, 1942, after Rommel's army was defeated, he said, \"This is not the end. ",
"It is not even the beginning of the end. ",
"But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.\"",
"\n\nIn November 1942: \"The problems of victory are more agreeable than those of defeat, but they are no less difficult.\"",
"\n\nIn 1943, to an American critic of the Raj, Churchill said, \"Before we proceed any further, let us get one thing clear. ",
"Are we talking about the brown Indians in India, who have multiplied alarmingly under the benevolent British rule? ",
"Or are we speaking of the red Indians in America who, I understand, are almost extinct?\"",
"\n\nIn August 1943, for security reasons, Churchill was warned to keep secret how he was going to travel to the Quebec Conference. ",
"Talking to Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King, he said, \"They won't let me tell you how I'm going to travel. . . . ",
"So all I can tell you is that I'm coming by puff-puff, if you know what I mean.\"",
"\n\nIn January 1945, while waiting in Malta for President Roosevelt to arrive so they could proceed to Yalta for the Big Three conference, Churchill cabled Roosevelt: \"No more let us falter! ",
"From Malta to Yalta! ",
"Let nobody alter.\"",
"\n\nOn May 1, 1945, Hitler's death was announced. ",
"When asked in the House of Commons if he had any comment on the war situation, Churchill replied blandly, \"It is definitely more satisfactory than it was this time five years ago.\"",
"\n\nOn July 26, 1945, Churchill was voted out of office. ",
"When his wife tried to comfort him by saying, \"It may be a blessing in disguise,\" he replied, \"Well, at the moment it's certainly very well disguised.\"",
"\n\nIn a speech in the House after the Potsdam Conference, Churchill observed, \"There are few virtues which the Poles do not possess—and there are few errors which they have ever avoided.\"",
"\n\nIn 1945, when invited to send Stanley Baldwin a birthday message, Churchill made a devastating refusal: \"I wish Stanley Baldwin no ill, but it would have been better for our country if he had never lived.\" (",
"It was Baldwin who, after Hitler invaded the Rhineland, refused to appoint Churchill as Minister of Defense because \"If I pick Winston, Hitler will be cross.\")",
"\n\n\"The socialist dream is no longer Utopia but Queuetopia.\"",
"\n\nOn August 9, 1947, he commented on the Labor government: \"The Island is beset by a tribe of neurotic philosophers who, on awakening, begin each day by thinking what there is of Britain that they can give away, and end each day by regretting what they have done.\"",
"\n\n\"Give to me the romance of an eighteenth-century alley with its dark corners, where footpads lurk.\"",
"\n\nWhen an aide returned one of Churchill's memos with a note correcting a sentence that he'd ended with a preposition, Churchill wrote his own note in return: \"This is the sort of pedantic nonsense up with which I will not put.\"",
"\n\nTo the House of Commons on November 11, 1947, Churchill observed: \"No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. ",
"Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of Government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.\"",
"\n\nAsked whether he was flattered by the crowds drawn by his speeches, Churchill replied, \"It is quite flattering, but whenever I feel this way I always remember that, if instead of making a political speech, I was being hanged, the crowd would be twice as big.\"",
"\n\nIn 1953, of an unpromising candidate proposed for a peerage: \"No, but perhaps a disappearage.\"",
"\n\nIn 1954, when Clementine tried to put him on a restricted tomato diet, Churchill wrote, \"I have no grievance against a tomato but I think one should eat other things as well.\"",
"\n\nIn 1955, still firmly in office at age eighty to the consternation of his would-be successor Anthony Eden, Churchill said, \"I must retire soon. ",
"Anthony won't live forever.\" ",
"He also observed, \"When I want to tease Anthony, I remind him that Mr. Gladstone formed his last administration at the age of 83.\"",
"\n8\n\nCHURCHILL IN SYMBOLS\n\n_Metonymy_\n\n_It isn't enough that a biography explain_ what _a person has done; it must explain_ how _he or she was able to do it. ",
"During his life, and even after it, in the thickening haze of distance, Churchill kept his bulky figure fixed in people's view. ",
"He had a genius for presenting himself so he could be understood and remembered by everyone. ",
"How did he do it?—through symbols._",
"\n\nTo drive himself into the public mind, Churchill simplified himself. ",
"As his image multiplied, it became more recognizable, as not only his appearance but even his character was reduced to a few swift strokes.",
"\n\n_The uniform, the cigar, and the V sign make Churchill an instantly recognizable figure._",
"\n\nT _he uniform, the cigar, and the V sign_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Bettman/CORBIS\n\nWhat makes certain bold figures stand out in the crowded bus of history? ",
"Churchill recognized that the public needs to see its heroes clearly. \"",
"One of the most necessary features of a public man's equipment,\" Churchill noted, \"is some distinctive mark which everyone learns to look for and to recognize.\" ",
"Like Hitler's toothbrush mustache, Montgomery's beret, or T. E. Lawrence's Arab robes, Churchill used his V sign, his cigars, his champagne and whiskey to blaze himself on the public mind. ",
"Just as his lisp and his idiosyncratic pronunciation made his voice identifiable on the radio, his distinctive appearance made him easy to recognize.",
"\n\nEarly on, he'd used eccentric hats as one of his marks, and they were a constant subject of photographs and commentary. ",
"Later, he replaced hats with cigars: he was never without one. ",
"The cigar was a prop that gave him an air of manly nonchalance in a time of danger, of sensual pleasure at a time of austerity, and of jolly indifference to warnings about health or foreign protocol. ",
"Churchill was so closely associated with cigars that when he visited Roosevelt after the Pearl Harbor attack, map pins showing the location of the \"Big Three\" leaders were in the shapes not of flags or initials or even of a lion, an eagle, and a bear but of a cigar, a cigarette holder, and a briar pipe.",
"\n\nChurchill's characteristic gesture, the V sign, showed his skill at evoking emotion. ",
"Simple and memorable, it made a terrific contrast to the Nazis' sinister _Heil Hitler_. ",
"The V sign was suitably hostile: with the front of the hand toward the audience, as Churchill did it, it meant \"Victory,\" but by turning the back of the hand to the audience, especially with an upward movement, the gesture became an obscene \"Up yours!\" ",
"It was also a call-and-response gesture that the crowd could use to signal their own confidence in victory. ",
"Leslie Hore-Belisha admitted of Churchill's hats and cigars, \"Perhaps such foibles call attention to himself. ",
"But,\" he continued, \"what of his V-sign? ",
"There we have his knack of evoking a patriotic emotion. ",
"It is a gesture of genius.\"",
"\n\nCasual of his public dignity, Churchill regularly wore a sort of zip-up coverall designed for air raids, which he called a \"siren suit.\" ",
"The siren suits made for Churchill were sewn from different materials like worsted, pinstripe flannel, even black velvet for dinner, and some sported a large breast pocket to hold his cigars. ",
"Churchill's friend Diana Cooper described the effect: \"Winston dresses night and day, and I imagine in bed, in the same little blue workman's boiler suit. ",
"He looks exactly like the good little pig building his house with bricks.\" ",
"Churchill, who loved to wear uniforms of all sorts, made the siren suit his signature garment. ",
"It first appeared in November 1940, and less than a year later, journalist H. V. Morton observed that it was \"already acquiring a definitely historical appearance\" and was \"clearly destined for a glass case in years to come.\" ",
"The siren suit, Morton added with some cheek, made Churchill \"seem rounder, plumper and more of a character than ever.\"",
"\n\nAlthough using these visual emblems—what renowned cartoonist David Low called \"tags of identity\"—may seem crude, the public embraced them. ",
"This was in a time, after all, before television made politicians' faces ubiquitous. ",
"Churchill's peculiarities sharpened his image in the public mind and also, given the English affection for eccentrics, boosted his popularity. ",
"And not only the British appreciated Churchill's symbols. ",
"When he spent Christmas in the White House, the gifts that poured in for him included a six-foot-tall V sign made of flowers and hundreds of boxes of cigars. ",
"Churchill was so closely identified with the cigar and V-for-victory sign that a birthday card that bore no address—just a drawing of a cigar between fingers giving the V sign—nevertheless reached him.",
"\n\nFrom the beginning of the war, Churchill exploited radio, and as the war dragged on, he increasingly relied on film as well. ",
"Newsreels allowed him to project himself through symbols to large audiences, without the exhausting preparation that a speech required. \"",
"His sensitiveness to effect was shown by various small traits of behavior,\" explained Sir John Martin, \"presenting the character which the public expected and wanted to see—the hat, the stern set of the jaw, the cigar.\"",
"\n\nAnd Churchill exaggerated aspects not only of his appearance but also of his disposition. ",
"People feel closer to public figures when they can identify with their likes and dislikes, whether fishing, golf, broccoli, or as in Churchill's case, liquor. ",
"Churchill used his legendary drinking as a running joke that everyone could appreciate. ",
"Once, when asked if he'd like tea, Churchill replied, \"My doctor has ordered me to take nothing non-alcoholic between breakfast and dinner.\" (",
"But then he finished only two drinks all day.) ",
"Defending his request to his doctor to drink alcohol after lunch, Churchill explained, \"I neither want it nor need it but I should think it pretty hazardous to interfere with the ineradicable habit of a lifetime.\"",
"\n\n\"To be great,\" Clementine reminded Churchill, \"one's actions must be understood by simple people.\" ",
"Churchill used symbols to press himself on the minds of the people. ",
"Whatever they thought about him, the British saw Churchill very clearly. ",
"As time passes, the clarity of these symbols helps to keep Churchill in sight while other immense figures—think of Joseph Stalin—begin to fade.",
"\n9\n\nCHURCHILL, TRUE\n\n_In a Single Word_\n\n_Many have tried to distill Churchill's character into a single word. \"",
"Liberty,\" one proposed; others suggested \"courage,\" \"persistence,\" \"his fearlessness both physical and mental,\" \"his vivid imagination,\" his \"capacity for picking out essential things.\" ",
"British writer C. P. Snow, in a Churchillian series of powerful adjectives, described him: \"Massive, witty, inconsiderate, he was sufficient for himself.\"_",
"\n\n_But it was Margery Allingham who best captured Churchill's character and his bond to the English. ",
"In a definition so forceful it bears reading at length, she summed up Churchill's character in a single word:_ true _._",
"\n\nIn 1941, to woo American support for Britain, the mystery writer Margery Allingham wrote _The Oaken Heart,_ a book describing the wartime situation of her Essex village, called Auburn. ",
"Allingham explained how England responded to Churchill as Prime Minister and indeed explained so clearly that she foreshadowed, in 1941, his shocking defeat four years later.",
"\n\nAllingham began with a line from Shakespeare's _King John_ :\n\n_\"Naught shall make us rue, if England to itself do rest but true.\"_",
"\n\nThat is the basic rock, the ultimate secret belief of the instinctive Briton, the touchstone, the magic ring, the root of his pride, the cornerstone of his remembered history.",
"\n\n\"Resting true\" means what it says, too. ",
"It is not only resting honest, according to one's own or anyone else's lights. ",
"True means true. ",
"True as a line or a weight or a wheel is true, true like a ship's compass or a horseshoe or a gunsight. . . .",
"\n\nMr. Churchill saved the government and saved the country and saved Auburn too. ",
"In a week it was over and all was safe and true again, whatever the outward danger. . . .",
"\n\nIt is believed by some less simple people that Mr. Churchill, after having been neglected for years, was suddenly remembered in the hour of stress. ",
"Auburn does not see it in that way at all, as far as I can gather. ",
"From Auburn's point of view . . . ",
"Mr. Churchill has been perfectly recognized and liked and trusted to be true to himself and faithful to his country ever since he first appeared in Parliament. ",
"However, never until now has the country come into line, come into the true, that is, with Mr. Churchill. ",
"He is not a man to rise to an hour. ",
"The hour has had to rise to him. ",
"His is a fixed compass. ",
"The Auburn kind has always enjoyed him and known him as they knew his father and mother before him, and his tremendous qualities and tremendous peculiarities are not only known but understood by the people . . . ",
"and that is for a very good reason indeed.",
"\n\nMr. Churchill is the unchanging bulldog, the epitome of British aggressiveness, and the living incarnation of the true Briton in fighting. . . . ",
"Moreover, he always has been like this as far as anybody remembers, and his family before him. ",
"After half a century the country has got into the true with him, but it is its fighting not its normal angle.",
"\n10\n\nCHURCHILL'S DESIRE FOR FAME\n\n_His Motive_\n\n_Although it is impossible to prove a subject's motives, a biography must probe them, because motive helps to explain a subject's actions. ",
"Why did Churchill do what he did? ",
"To maintain the Empire—because he loved war—to prove himself to his father. ",
"These theories are plausible, but there is another possible explanation as well: to satisfy his overpowering desire for fame._",
"\n\nChurchill was driven by his longing for fame. ",
"He lusted for honors, medals, offices, the respect of kings, a place in history. ",
"He worked constantly to thrust himself into the supreme role he believed he deserved. \"",
"What an awful thing it will be if I don't come off,\" he fretted as a junior officer. \"",
"It will break my heart for I have nothing else but ambition to cling to.\"",
"\n\nGrowing up, Churchill watched his family members bask in public admiration. ",
"One of his grandfathers was the noble Duke of Marlborough; the other was the millionaire \"King of Wall Street.\" ",
"During Churchill's most impressionable years, his father Randolph was a star politician, a figure pointed out on the street, his speeches reported in full in the newspapers. ",
"In 1885, Churchill wrote his father from school, \"Every body wants to get your signature will you send me a few to give away?\" ",
"His mother Jennie was a celebrated society beauty whose photograph sold briskly in the shops during the 1880s and 1890s. ",
"What's more, Churchill claimed a national war hero—the first Duke of Marlborough—as an ancestor. ",
"From his family, Churchill learned early to crave fame for himself. ",
"At Harrow, when one of the senior boys beat him for breaking a school rule, Churchill boasted, \"I shall be a greater man than you.\" \"",
"You can take two more for that,\" the boy replied. ",
"Even in those days, as a schoolboy, Churchill bragged about how important he'd be one day: \"in the high position I shall occupy, it will fall to me to save the Capital and save the Empire.\"",
"\n\nChurchill spun a myth that he'd been ignored as a child, that he was always a dunce in school, and that he was hampered by a limited education. ",
"In truth, he brazenly capitalized on his aristocratic and political relationships. ",
"In particular, he goaded his mother to exploit all her connections for the benefit of his career. ",
"Practically no member of Britain's inner circle was beyond the determined reach of mother and son.",
"\n\nFrom his first days as a subaltern, Churchill sought the spotlight, and in fact, it was his desire for fame that explained his eagerness to be a soldier: \"having seen service with British troops while still a young man must give me more weight politically . . . ",
"and may perhaps improve my prospects of gaining popularity with the country.\" ",
"Polishing his reputation was always Churchill's first priority. ",
"Writing his mother in 1897, he complained that no one had noticed when he'd dragged a wounded soldier to safety: \"given an audience there is no act too daring or too noble. ",
"Without the gallery things are different.\"",
"\n\nLike his father, Churchill had an instinct for grabbing public attention. ",
"He knew it wasn't enough merely to thrust himself into the center of the action—he must also make himself conspicuous. ",
"Churchill cultivated his remarks and appearance, with his cigars, hats, and gestures, to make himself irresistible to the newspapers. ",
"If his contrivances struck many as vulgar, if his blatant self-promotion added to his reputation for wild judgment, he didn't care. ",
"From his early days in India, when his ambitions were taking shape, he warned Jennie, \"If I am to do anything in the world, you will have to make up your mind to publicity and also to my doing unusual things. ",
"Of course a certain number of people will be offended.\"",
"\n\nChurchill was right. ",
"A number of people _were_ offended by his naked ambition, but rather than inhibiting him, this encouraged him. ",
"He embraced the label of troublemaker because he knew that the quickest route to fame was to criticize his most prominent colleagues. ",
"He whipped up strife because he knew that being the object of attack made him a larger figure. ",
"He twice made the controversial decision to change parties. ",
"Churchill used great causes—tariffs, social welfare, the status of Ireland and India, the defeat of the Nazis—as the ropes by which he hauled himself to prominence. ",
"He was in a hurry to beat out everyone else: early on, he confided to a young dinner partner, \"I am thirty-two already. ",
"Younger than anyone else who _counts,_ though.\" ",
"His personal ambitions, he admitted, were \"an ugly and unsatisfactory spectacle by themselves, though nothing but an advantage when borne forward with the flood of a great outside cause.\"",
"\n\nChurchill's love of fame explains his unseemly gusto for war: war always brought him new opportunities to thrust himself into view. ",
"Of Churchill's ouster from power during World War I, Frances Stevenson's diary noted how painful it had been for Churchill to be absent from \"the war to which he had been looking forward all his life.\" ",
"Churchill loved the showy trappings of war: the uniforms, which he wore whenever possible; the brass bands; the medals; the troops standing at attention. ",
"Because of his high position, World War II gave Churchill the widest scope to indulge his appetite for military pomp and ceremony. ",
"He related with glee that during his U.S. travels, the American press accorded his movements the same secrecy as the whereabouts of American battleships. ",
"An official at the Tehran Conference commented dryly on the extravagant number of generals, admirals, and air marshals who accompanied Churchill, solely to make the Prime Minister appear more grand. ",
"For those who didn't share Churchill's attitude, his enthusiasm for war was alarming. ",
"As one colleague pointed out, \"I thought that he was nearly always right. . . . ",
"But I did think that he rather enjoyed a war: and, after three years in the infantry, in Gallipoli and France, I did not.\"",
"\n\nChurchill acknowledged that, in writing his novel _Savrola,_ he gave voice to his own philosophy through his hero. ",
"On the desk in Savrola's library (which contains many of Churchill's own favorite volumes) rests Macaulay's _Essays,_ with a passage marked by Savrola: \"And History, while for the warning of vehement, high, and daring natures, she notes his many errors, will yet deliberately pronounce that among the eminent men whose bones lie near his, scarcely one has left a more stainless, and none a more splendid name.\" ",
"Savrola's craving for fame was also Churchill's.",
"\n11\n\nCHURCHILL AS DEPRESSIVE\n\n_The \"Black Dog\"?_",
"\n\n**Winston Churchill Suffered from the \"Black Dog\"**\n\nChurchill himself spoke freely about his \"black dog,\" as he called depression. ",
"In 1944, he reminisced to his doctor: \"When I was young . . . ",
"black depression settled on me. . . . ",
"I don't like to stand by the side of a ship and look down into the water. ",
"A second's action would end everything.\"",
"\n\nThe black dog appeared several times during Churchill's life. ",
"In July 1911, he wrote Clementine about a doctor who had cured an acquaintance of depression. \"",
"I think this man might be useful to me—if my black dog returns. ",
"He seems quite away from me now—it is such a relief. ",
"All the colours come back into the picture.\" ",
"He fell into depression after he left the Admiralty in May 1915, under the shadow of the Dardanelles disaster and his subsequent fall from office. ",
"Clementine recalled it: \"The worst part of our life together was the failure of the Dardanelles expedition. ",
"Winston was filled with such a black depression that I felt that he would never recover from it, and even feared at one time that he might commit suicide.\" ",
"During this time, the artist Sir William Orpen was painting Churchill's portrait. ",
"One day, Churchill arrived at Orpen's studio for a sitting but did nothing but sit in front of the fire with his head in his hands, without speaking a word. ",
"Orpen went to lunch and returned to find that Churchill hadn't moved.",
"\n\nThe black dog reappeared during the 1930s, when Churchill was out of office, after his defeat in the election of 1945, and after his final resignation as Prime Minister in 1955.",
"\n\nChurchill's close friend Lord Beaverbrook described how Churchill alternated in mood between being \"at the top of the wheel of confidence or at the bottom of an intense depression.\" ",
"Psychiatrist Anthony Storr, in an essay about Churchill's \"black dog,\" based largely on an account written by Churchill's doctor Lord Moran, points out that depression is often inherited; the first Duke of Marlborough and Churchill's father Randolph both suffered recurrent bouts. ",
"Storr also argues that Churchill's very productivity proved depressive tendencies—that Churchill, fearful of falling into despondency, denied himself rest or relaxation. ",
"Churchill certainly kept himself feverishly busy at all times: with official responsibilities, writing, painting, bricklaying, polo, gambling, hunting, flying.",
"\n\n**Winston Churchill Did Not Suffer from the \"Black Dog\"**\n\nChurchill didn't suffer unusually from depression. ",
"In distinguishing his life's unhappiest period—his school days—Churchill described himself: \"I was happy as a child with my toys in my nursery. ",
"I have been happier every year since I became a man.\" ",
"He took voluptuous pleasure in champagne, cigars, and sunshine; in his large, noisy family; and in his passion for politics, writing, and painting.",
"\n\nThe \"black dog\" notion stems chiefly from Churchill's doctor, Lord Moran, who wrote a valuable, but also widely disputed, memoir about Churchill. ",
"From his role as doctor, and with a deep interest in psychology, Lord Moran viewed his patient with a self-centered emphasis on the medical and psychological. ",
"Although Moran's book title claims that it was \"taken from the diaries of Lord Moran,\" the eminent Churchill biographer Martin Gilbert has established that Moran's account was not based on a true diary. ",
"Contrary to Lord Moran, Gilbert concluded that while Churchill did show anger and sorrow in appropriate circumstances, he did not show signs of incapacitating depression.",
"\n\nChurchill did endure periods of despair—for example, after the military disaster at the Dardanelles. \"",
"I thought he would die of grief,\" Clementine said. ",
"But who wouldn't have felt that anguish? ",
"British troops had been devastated to no purpose. ",
"Churchill had been demoted to a position without influence. ",
"His reputation, as he rightly recognized, was permanently tainted. ",
"A spell of hopelessness would seem perfectly fitting. ",
"Over the next decades, during his tumultuous career, he would suffer several more very low periods. ",
"Debilitating bouts of depression, however, didn't mar Churchill's life.",
"\n12\n\nCHURCHILL'S DISDAIN\n\n_His Dominant Quality_\n\n_Often, in a large personality, a single exceptional quality pervades both faults and virtues, and the diligent reader of biography searches for this link, which, once found, will explain the subject's failures and successes, friendships and wardrobe. ",
"In Churchill, this quality was obvious: his disdain for other people's opinions._",
"\n\nThroughout his life, Churchill was indifferent to the opinions of other people, a maddening quality that gave him both his absurdity and his grandeur. \"",
"Of course I am an egotist,\" he said without apology. \"",
"Where do you get if you aren't?\" ",
"Churchill gave no thought to other people's concerns and didn't hide his lack of interest in anyone but himself. ",
"He'd walk into the House of Commons, make a speech, and then walk out again without waiting to hear anyone else.",
"\n\nAs the grandson of a Duke, a product of the Victorian age, and a world statesman, Churchill gave almost no thought to the convenience of his colleagues or servants. ",
"His secretaries worked every day except Christmas. ",
"Once, after arguing with his personal attendant, Churchill complained, \"You were very rude to me\"—to which the attendant retorted, \"Yes, but you were rude too.\" ",
"Churchill thought this over and excused himself, \"Yes, but I _am_ a great man.\" ",
"During the frantic early days of the war, an aide typed a mock minute:\n\nAction this Day\n\nPray let six new offices be fitted for my use. . . . ",
"I will inform you at 6 each evening at which office I shall dine, work and sleep. ",
"Accommodation will be required for Mrs. Churchill, two shorthand typists, three secretaries and Nelson [his black cat]. ",
"There should be shelter for all and a place for me to watch air-raids from the roof. ",
"This should be completed by Monday. ",
"There is to be no hammering during office hours, that is between 7 A.M. and 3 A.M.\n\nW.S.C. \n31.10.40\n\nChurchill's staff didn't question the fake memo's authenticity.",
"\n\nMost taxing on those around him was his idiosyncratic schedule. ",
"He awoke about 8:00 A.M. and for hours worked and received visitors in bed. ",
"Then his ever-present valet helped him dress. ",
"After lunch, he napped for at least an hour. ",
"This was no furtive snooze—\"no half-way measures,\" Churchill said; \"take off your clothes and get into bed.\" ",
"At 8:30 P.M., dinner was served, and at about 10:30 P.M., Churchill went back to work. ",
"To the discomfort of his staff—who didn't share the luxury of being able to nap whenever they pleased—these were his prime working hours. ",
"He and his exhausted aides finally went to bed sometime between 2:00 and 4:30 A.M. Once asleep, Churchill left strict orders that he wasn't to be disturbed until 8:00 A.M., except in the case of actual invasion. ",
"In fact, on the morning of June 22, 1941, Churchill's aide didn't wake him until the usual hour—not even to deliver the staggering, welcome news that the German armies had invaded _Russia_. ",
"But although he himself hated to be interrupted while eating or sleeping, he thought nothing of disrupting anyone else's meal, sleep, or bath.",
"\n\nSelf-important people are unconsciously funny. ",
"One observer recalled, \"He dressed and marched around the room. . . . ",
"He is full of the poor whom he has just discovered. ",
"He thinks he is called by Providence—to do something for them. '",
"Why have I always been kept safe within a hair's breadth of death,' he asked, 'except to do something like this?' \" ",
"When he left the Admiralty to become Prime Minister, he sent a melodramatic message to all Royal Navy personnel: \"I shall not be far away.\" ",
"His histrionic gestures could be seen as heroic—or bathetic.",
"\n\nOn many issues—such as Edward VIII's abdication, independence for India, and the planning for postwar reforms—Churchill's disdain deafened him to the public mood. \"",
"I'm quite satisfied with my views on India, and I don't want them disturbed by any bloody Indian,\" he said, when a colleague suggested he update his views on India by talking to some actual inhabitants of that continent.",
"\n\nBecause he wasn't interested in other people, Churchill's conversation was usually one-sided. ",
"He dominated the talk and didn't bother to hide his boredom when anyone else took a turn. ",
"One hostess mocked him: \"Winston leads general conversation on the hearth rug addressing himself in the looking glass—a sympathetic and admiring audience.\" ",
"Churchill talked for his own amusement, and to persuade others, and to wear them down from sheer exhaustion. ",
"Prime Minister Chamberlain explained that he'd left Churchill out of the Cabinet because he knew that, once there, Churchill wouldn't give anyone else a chance to get a word in. ",
"Dwight Eisenhower put it more tactfully: \"He could become intensely oratorical, even in discussion with a single person.\" ",
"Not even President Roosevelt, on whom Churchill lavished as much charm as he possessed, escaped his late-night monologues—which, an aide admitted, Roosevelt sometimes found \"tedious.\"",
"\n\nEvery characteristic draws others along with it. ",
"Churchill's disdain for others' opinions gave him a quality of naturalness that bordered on the absurd. ",
"He worked each morning, visited by colleagues and secretaries, in a four-poster bed with flowery chintz hangings. ",
"He thought nothing of appearing in his favorite gaudy robe embroidered with scarlet dragons or being watched as he waltzed himself around the middle of a room. ",
"General Sir Alan Brooke described a meeting at the Churchillian hour of 3:00 A.M.: \"[I]n his many coloured dressing gown, with a sandwich in one hand . . . ",
"he trotted round and round the hall giving occasional little skips to the time of the gramophone.\"",
"\n\nEven in public, Churchill could be careless of his dignity. ",
"He wore his siren suits whenever he felt like it and often looked both conspicuous and inappropriate—as when he insulted Soviet leaders by wearing one to a formal dinner at the Kremlin. ",
"He didn't care: he was Winston Churchill. ",
"He'd always been that way. ",
"As a schoolboy at Harrow, where open affection was much scorned, he'd kissed his nanny, Mrs. Everest, in full view of the other boys—a gesture described by war veteran Jack Seely as one of the bravest acts he'd ever seen. ",
"As a world statesman, to onlookers' astonishment, he was no different. ",
"Arriving in France during the \"Phony War,\" he explained to a group of officials his predicament. \"",
"As there was a war on,\" he had decided to travel without his valet, which he hadn't done in twenty years. \"",
"To my surprise,\" he admitted without reserve, \"I found I had no difficulty at all in shaving, brushing my hair—what is left of it—tying my tie, putting on my coat. ",
"It was only when I attempted to respond to your friendly reception I discovered I had left my teeth in the train.\" ",
"Churchill didn't mind if people saw him naked. ",
"He often walked around his country home Chartwell undressed, and he liked to have conversations from the bathtub. ",
"Even his female secretaries got an eyeful. ",
"One noted in her diary that during the day's work, \"I got the best view of his behind that I have ever had. ",
"He stepped out of bed still dictating, and oblivious of his all-too-short bed jacket.\"",
"\n\nChurchill didn't care what anyone else thought. ",
"He never shut up; he was rude; he was undignified. ",
"And yet . . . ",
"and yet strangely this did not mar his dignity but added to it. ",
"Churchill's greatest fault was the fault of his greatest virtue: he was sufficient for himself. ",
"His disdain for others' opinions gave him his own clear vision, and he saw what others missed. ",
"Willingness to consider all points of view can be a source of weakness as well as strength; in 1940, Churchill knew the true course and led the way without listening to anyone.",
"\n\n_In May 1944, touring with Dominion Prime Ministers to inspect Allied troops participating in the liberation of Europe, Churchill unabashedly wears his siren suit._",
"\n\n_In May 1944, touring with Dominion Prime Ministers_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Bettman/CORBIS\n13\n\nCHURCHILL'S BELLIGERENCE\n\n_His Defining Characteristic_\n\n_Virtues and vices—like carpets and hats—obey the law of fashion, and at different times, society, with infuriating inconsistency, punishes or rewards the same trait. ",
"What characteristic, in Churchill, won him adulation and honors? ",
"The same characteristic that earned him censure: his love of war. ",
"He never changed, but the values of the world did._",
"\n\nOn his twenty-first birthday, Churchill heard bullets hit bodies for the first time and by 1899, he'd seen action on three continents. ",
"When he became Prime Minister in 1940, he'd served in the Army, Navy, and Air Force; been a member of Lloyd George's and Chamberlain's War Cabinets; and got a reputation as someone who couldn't resist a fight.",
"\n\nFor good or for ill, right or wrong, Churchill's stomach for war was the defining aspect of his career. ",
"While others shrank from battle, Churchill embraced it. ",
"War allowed him to channel his belligerency into the flood of something finer, something real, historic. ",
"It gave him his greatest moments of adventure and opportunity: the first thrills of battle, his celebrated escape from the Boer camp in 1899, the rigors of the Great War, the stern days of 1940 and 1941. ",
"Churchill dismissed those who derided war. \"",
"People talked a lot of nonsense when they said wars never settled anything; nothing in history was ever settled except by wars.\" \"",
"Look at the Swiss! ",
"They have enjoyed peace for centuries. ",
"And what have they produced? ",
"The cuckoo clock!\" ",
"He told Siegfried Sassoon, a poet who wrote about war's horrors, \"War is the normal occupation of man\" (but then corrected himself, \"war—and gardening\").",
"\n\nCertainly Churchill was always eager to fight. ",
"After leaving Sandhurst in 1896, he strove to push his way into battle, whether as war correspondent or as soldier. ",
"He exploited all his parents' connections in high circles—his mother left \"no stone unturned, no cutlet uncooked\"—to secure a place for him. ",
"He was frustrated by the difficulty of getting into action. \"",
"Nowadays,\" he complained in an 1896 letter, \"every budding war is spoiled and nipped by some wily diplomatist.\"",
"\n\nWar was no remote exercise for Churchill. ",
"He personally killed at close range and, after one battle on horseback, wrote his mother that he \"rode up to individuals firing my pistol in their faces and killing several—3 for certain—2 doubtful—one very doubtful.\" ",
"Years later, he chose to serve in the trenches of the Western Front, with their terrible alternations of boredom and terror, their lice, their mud and rot. ",
"Even as Prime Minister, Churchill longed to be in action. ",
"On D-Day, only the insistence of the King himself stopped Churchill from sailing with the fleet.",
"\n\nTo his regret, over his lifetime Churchill saw war deteriorate from a splendid clash of manly combatants to a statistical race of mass production and indiscriminate slaughter—a contest in which a methodical Speer was far more dangerous than a valiant Rommel. ",
"Later, recalling the pageantry of the old battles, Churchill wrote, \"It is a shame that War should have flung all this aside in its greedy, base, opportunist march, and should turn instead to chemists in spectacles, and chauffeurs pulling the levers of aeroplanes or machine guns.\"",
"\n\nChurchill didn't hide his frank zest for war. \"",
"This, this is living History!\" ",
"he exulted during World War I. \"Everything we are doing and saying is thrilling—it will be read by a thousand generations, think of that! ",
"Why, I would not be out of this glorious delicious war for anything the world could give me.\"",
"\n\nThe public was suspicious of his attitude. ",
"In 1922, Clementine campaigned for him and reported that voters seemed to object to his enthusiasm for war, but that she was presenting him as a \"Cherub Peace Maker\" with \"fluffy wings round your chubby face.\" ",
"This peacemaker Churchill was unconvincing, and he lost the election. ",
"Then, and during the 1930s, and again after World War II, Churchill's eagerness for war cost him public support.",
"\n\nBeneath his happy truculence, however, Churchill recognized the cost of war. ",
"He wrote to Clementine in 1909, \"Much as war attracts me & fascinates my mind with its tremendous situations—I feel more deeply every year—& can measure the feeling here in the midst of arms—what vile & wicked folly & barbarism it all is.\"",
"\n\nChurchill's affinity for war sprang in part from his faith in the possibility of a glorious death. ",
"As Prime Minister, he inspired people with this conviction that death, if it must come, would be meaningful: life was precious, but not more precious than liberty. ",
"Of the desperate months when Britain stood alone, Churchill wrote, \"This was a time when it was equally good to live or die.\" ",
"When he visited his former school Harrow during the war, students added to the school song a new verse, in his honor, about the \"darker days\" of the war. ",
"Churchill asked that the word _darker_ be changed to _sterne_ _r_ —because, he said, they were not dark days, they were great days.",
"\n\nChurchill's great wartime command suited him perfectly. ",
"His faults were harnessed to his great task, and he surprised everyone with his terrific ability. ",
"His natural bellicosity had frequently got him into trouble, but in England's danger, Churchill's fighting nature helped, not hurt, him. ",
"He'd worked to prevent the war, but he was also glad to fight; he'd do anything, and suffer anything, before surrendering. ",
"He promised the demoralized French in 1940, \"Whatever you may do, we shall fight on for ever and ever and ever.\"",
"\n\nAnd if the years before 1940 were a prelude, the years after the war were a long decline. ",
"In the 1945 election, even before Japan surrendered, Churchill was ejected from office. ",
"The public sensed in him the permanent relish for battle, and they wanted no more of it.",
"\n\nOut of office, however, Churchill continued to fight. ",
"He criticized the domestic and imperial policies of Labour, and when public sentiment changed, he returned as Prime Minister in 1951. ",
"But this time, instead of issues of war and peace, he faced economic problems. ",
"In wartime, the country was united behind a single goal, _victory,_ and behind a single man, _Churchill;_ peace brought disagreements about both ends and means. ",
"Churchill observed in 1954 that during the war, \"We always knew exactly where we stood, and we had the power to act as we thought best. ",
"Now everything is different. ",
"There is so much patter, patter, patter, chatter, chatter, chatter it's a wonder anything ever gets done.\"",
"\n\nNothing was the same after 1945. ",
"Churchill once confided to his doctor, \"I feel very lonely without a war. ",
"Do you feel like that?\" ",
"During the war, Churchill had made famous use of his ACTION THIS DAY labels, which he stuck on his most urgent orders to ensure immediate action. ",
"The staff loyally preserved the labels in case of Churchill's return, and when he again became Prime Minister in 1951, a stack was placed on his desk. ",
"But times had changed. ",
"The labels stayed there for more than three years and were never used.",
"\n\nIs it a virtue or a fault to thrive on war? \"",
"In great or small station, in Cabinet or in the firing line, alive or dead, my policy is, 'Fight on.' \" ",
"In _The World Crisis,_ Churchill observed, \"Nations as well as individuals come to ruin through the over-exercise of those very qualities and faculties on which their dominion has been founded.\" ",
"All gifts are not suited to all seasons; Churchill was punished for his combativeness at other times, but it was his aptitude for war that fitted him for his greatest days.",
"\n14\n\nCHURCHILL'S TIME LINE\n\n_Key Events_\n\n_As an attempt to mark all the crucial events in Churchill's life, the_ ___conventional time line surely fails. ",
"His arrival at Harrow rates_ ___the same emphasis as the surrender of Germany, and so many_ ___milestones are left out: the appearance of his nanny, Woom—his vow to_ ___one day become Prime Minister—the day he received his_ ___father's_ ___cruel letter—his first game of polo—the sleepless night in 1938—his first stroke—the day he painted for the last time. ",
"These are not the kinds of events that usually appear on time lines._",
"\n\n**WINSTON LEONARD SPENCER CHURCHILL \n(1874–1965)**\n\n**1874**\n\nBorn November 30, at Blenheim Palace\n\n**1888**\n\nEntered Harrow\n\n**1893**\n\nEntered Royal Military College at Sandhurst as cavalry cadet\n\n**1895**\n\nDeath of his father\n\nCommissioned in the Fourth Hussars\n\n**1895–1898**\n\nMilitary service in India and the Sudan\n\nPublication of _The Story of the Malakand Field Force_ (1898)\n\n**1899**\n\nStood for and lost his first election\n\nEscaped Boer prisoner-of-war camp\n\nPublication of _The River War_\n\n**1900**\n\nElected Conservative Member of Parliament\n\nPublication of _Savrola_\n\nPublication of _London to Ladysmith via Pretoria_\n\nPublication of _Ian Hamilton's March_\n\n**1904**\n\nJoined Liberal Party\n\n**1905–1908**\n\nUndersecretary of State for the Colonies\n\n**1906**\n\nPublication of _Lord Randolph Churchill_\n\n**1908**\n\nMarried Clementine Hozier\n\nPublication of _My African Journey_\n\n**1908–1910**\n\nPresident of the Board of Trade\n\n**1910–1911**\n\nHome Secretary\n\n**1911–1915**\n\nFirst Lord of the Admiralty\n\n**1915**\n\nFailure of the Dardanelles campaign\n\nChancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster\n\n**1915–1916**\n\nLieutenant colonel in France\n\n**1917–1919**\n\nMinister of Munitions\n\n**1919–1921**\n\nSecretary of State for War and Air\n\n**1921–1922**\n\nColonial Secretary\n\nDeath of his mother\n\n**1922**\n\nBought Chartwell Manor\n\n**1923**\n\nPublication of _The World Crisis_ (1923–1931)\n\n**1924**\n\nRejoined Conservative Party\n\n**1924–1929**\n\nChancellor of the Exchequer\n\n**1930**\n\nPublication of _My Early Life_\n\n**1932**\n\nPublication of _Thoughts and Adventures_\n\n**1933**\n\nPublication of _Marlborough: His Life and Times_ (1933–1938)\n\n**1937**\n\nPublication of _Great Contemporaries_\n\n**1939–1940**\n\nFirst Lord of the Admiralty\n\n**1940–1945**\n\nPrime Minister and Minister of Defense\n\n**1940**\n\nBattle of Britain\n\n**1941**\n\nFirst wartime meeting with Roosevelt\n\nSoviet Union and United States enter the war\n\n**1944**\n\nAllied invasion of Normandy\n\n**1945**\n\nSurrender of Germany\n\nDefeated in the general election\n\nSurrender of Japan\n\n**1945–1951**\n\nLeader of the Opposition\n\nPublication of _The Second World War_ (1948–1954)\n\nPublication of _Painting as a Pastime_ (1948)\n\n**1951–1955**\n\nPrime Minister\n\n**1953**\n\nAwarded Nobel Prize in literature\n\nCreated Knight of the Garter\n\n**1956**\n\nPublication of _A History of the English-Speaking Peoples_ (1956–1958)\n\n**1959**\n\nWon his last election to the House of Commons\n\n**1963**\n\nMade honorary citizen of the United States\n\n**1965**\n\nDied January 24\n15\n\nCHURCHILL AS SON\n\n_His Most Formative Role_\n\n_Cut off from any unrecorded thought or gesture, biographers can't divine what drives their subjects: they must guess or accept their subjects' claims._",
"\n\n_Churchill always insisted that his greatest influence was his father. ",
"He memorized his father's words, wrote his biography, imitated his career, and shared his qualities of wit, extravagance, arrogance, ambition, and love for drink and gambling. ",
"From his childhood until his death, Churchill longed to be close to his father._",
"\n\n\"The greatest and most powerful influence in my early life,\" Winston Churchill explained, \"was of course my father. ",
"Although I had talked with him so seldom and never for a moment on equal terms, I conceived an intense admiration and affection for him; and, after his early death, for his memory.\" ",
"In fact, Winston Churchill had two fathers. ",
"One was the cold, disapproving father who died when Winston was twenty; the other was the father whom Winston invented after the real one died.",
"\n\nLord Randolph's political career was packed into a few years and crowned by his appointment as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1886, at the astonishingly young age of thirty-seven. ",
"Winston, then eleven, was immensely proud of his father and kept a scrapbook of news stories and cartoons. ",
"He imitated his father in every way he could, even, while at Harrow, asking for a bulldog, just like his father had had at Eton.",
"\n\nRandolph was a brilliant politician; he was also famously arrogant and rude. ",
"A family friend recalled that once, when Randolph was cornered by a bore, he summoned a waiter and said, \"Waiter—please listen to the end of Colonel B's story.\"",
"\n\nRandolph's overconfidence led to his political suicide within months of reaching high office. ",
"In December 1886, he submitted a budget; the Prime Minister rejected it; to force the issue, Randolph submitted his resignation; and the Prime Minister calmly allowed him to resign. ",
"With that miscalculated risk, Randolph's career crashed to an end. ",
"Only nine years later, at age forty-five, he died, after a long, degenerative illness marked by a savage temper, increasingly bizarre behavior, and physical breakdown. ",
"Though questioned by recent studies, syphilis has commonly been given as the cause of death. ",
"The day of Randolph's death—January 24, 1895—was seventy years to the day before his son was to die.",
"\n\nRandolph did little to earn his son's adulation. ",
"He scorned Winston's hero worship and efforts at intimacy; once, he suggested that Winston substitute \"Father\" for \"Papa\" in his letters. ",
"Randolph rarely spoke or wrote to Winston, except to criticize and to make dire predictions—many of which his son would later fulfill, strikingly, in precise opposite. ",
"Randolph once returned one of Winston's letters with a note: \"This is a letter which I shall not keep but return to you that you may from time to time review its pedantic & overgrown schoolboy style.\" ",
"In July 1893, eighteen-year-old Winston took the Sandhurst examination for the third time. ",
"To his great relief, he managed to qualify for the cavalry, though he missed the necessary score for the infantry. ",
"Winston's reaction was to see the benefits of this result: \"What fun it would be having a horse! ",
"Also the uniforms of the cavalry were far more magnificent than those of the Foot.\" ",
"His father's response was to write a brutal letter:\n\n[In failing to qualify for the infantry] is demonstrated beyond refutation your slovenly happy-go-lucky harum scarum style of work. . . . ",
"I am certain that if you cannot prevent yourself from leading the idle useless unprofitable life you have had during your schooldays & later months, you will become a mere social wastrel . . . ",
"and you will degenerate into a shabby unhappy & futile existence.",
"\n\nEven Winston, with his tremendous loyalty, admitted that the severe letter startled him.",
"\n\nWinston wanted to learn politics from Randolph, but they had only a few serious conversations. \"",
"He seemed to own the key to everything or almost everything worth having,\" Winston wrote. \"",
"But if ever I began to show the slightest idea of comradeship, he was immediately offended; and when once I suggested that I might help his private secretary to write some of his letters, he froze me into stone.\" ",
"When his father died, Winston recalled, \"All my dreams of comradeship with him, of entering Parliament at his side and in his support, were ended. ",
"There remained for me only to pursue his aims and vindicate his memory.\"",
"\n\nAfter Randolph died, however, Winston could replace a critical living father with a noble, inspiring dead father. ",
"Alive, Randolph would have continued to accuse him of \"incessant complaints and total want of application.\" ",
"In _My Early Life,_ Winston joked about his father's low opinion of him, but he didn't deny it. ",
"He described the day his father came to see his toy soldiers in battle formation:\n\nHe spent twenty minutes studying the scene. . . . ",
"At the end he asked me if I would like to go into the Army. ",
"I thought it would be splendid to command an Army, so I said \"Yes\" at once. . . . ",
"For years I thought my father with his experience and flair had discerned in me the qualities of military genius. ",
"But I was told later that he had only come to the conclusion that I was not clever enough to go to the Bar.",
"\n\nThis was the opinion of the living father. ",
"With that father safely dead, Winston reinvented him. ",
"He memorized huge portions of his father's speeches. ",
"He wrote a two-volume biography, _Lord Randolph Churchill,_ that valorized his father's political career. ",
"Winston concluded his maiden speech in the House of Commons with an allusion to his father: \"I cannot sit down without saying how very grateful I am for the kindness and patience with which the House has heard me, and which have been extended to me, I well know, not on my own account, but because of a certain splendid memory which many honourable Members still preserve.\"",
"\n\nWinston's devotion to that \"certain splendid memory\" was devotion to an idol, not his real father. ",
"His version of Randolph was unrecognizable. ",
"No one disputed that Randolph had been brilliant and effective; he'd also been haughty, opinionated, and unstable. ",
"His mottled reputation hung over Winston, especially early on, when many of Randolph's contemporaries remained in power. ",
"Winston exploited his father's high connections, but he also suffered from Randolph's notoriety as an adventurer, opportunist, and gadfly (the same labels were applied to Winston). ",
"Some predicted that with his rash, thoughtless nature, Winston would self-destruct as his father had done.",
"\n\nWas the driving force of Winston's ambition his compulsion to prove himself to his ever-absent father? ",
"In 1924, when Prime Minister Baldwin named Winston as Chancellor of the Exchequer, he said, \"This fulfils my ambition. ",
"I still have my father's robes as Chancellor.\" ",
"Winston followed—and surpassed—his father's accomplishments. ",
"But of course, the dead Randolph could never be confronted with these triumphs. ",
"In 1947, during a family dinner, Winston's daughter Sarah asked, \"If you had the power to put someone in that chair to join us now, whom would you choose?\" ",
"His children expected him to pick Julius Caesar or Napoleon. ",
"He replied, \"Oh, my father, of course.\" ",
"At the end of his life, he decided to be buried not at his beloved country house, Chartwell, but in the churchyard near Blenheim Palace, to be with his father.",
"\n\nBeneath Winston's tremendous stature as a world leader, his belligerence, his confidence, there ran this dark, poignant thread, of a son working vainly to win his father's approval.",
"\n\n_Lord Randolph Churchill, a few years before his death_\n\n_Lord Randolph Churchill, a few years before his death._ ",
" \nPhoto © Bettman/CORBIS\n16\n\nCHURCHILL AS FATHER\n\n_A Good Parent?_",
"\n\n**Winston Churchill Was a Good Parent**\n\nChurchill was a loving father and as attentive as his crowded life permitted. ",
"Throughout his life, his letters show a close involvement in his family's activities and health.",
"\n\nWhen his children were young, he loved to play charades, build sand castles, and chase them in games of \"gorilla.\" ",
"He often read to his children before bedtime, from books like _Treasure Island_ or Kipling's stories. ",
"When they were older, father and children spent happy hours working on Chartwell construction projects, and his children were allowed to join in adult meals and to mingle with the important guests who visited. ",
"Later, the war strengthened their bonds, because Churchill took a lively interest in his children's war work.",
"\n\nWith his affectionate heart, Churchill felt deeply the death of his daughter Marigold, who died of meningitis before her third birthday. ",
"Months later, he wrote Clementine, \"I pass through again those sad scenes of last year when we lost our dear duckadilly. ",
"Poor lamb—it is a gaping wound, whenever one touches it & removes the bandages & plasters of daily life.\"",
"\n\nIn childhood and as adults, Churchill's children followed his political career with pride, and each encouraged and supported him. ",
"When a friend criticized Churchill's war memoirs, Sarah reassured her father, \"You are the best historian, the best journalist, the best poet. . . . [",
"W]rite this book from the heart of yourself, from the knowledge you have, and let it stand or fall by that. ",
"It will stand.\" ",
"Randolph, Sarah, and Mary wrote admiring books about their father.",
"\n\n**Winston Churchill Was Not a Good Parent**\n\nChurchill's children suffered from his frequent absences, his disruptive presence, and the tremendous pressure of having a world figure as a father. ",
"He was often away from home, not only for official business but also for vacations, where he made his own plans away from the uproar of his large family. ",
"For example, barely two weeks after the death of his two-year-old daughter Marigold, Churchill left to visit the Duke of Sutherland. ",
"Only months later, Churchill traveled to France while Clementine stayed home with a house full of children and servants suffering from influenza. ",
"Clementine collapsed from nervous exhaustion; Churchill stayed in France.",
"\n\nChurchill enjoyed his children in the brief moments he spared for them, but he left the burden of raising and disciplining them to Clementine. ",
"Her task was made much harder by Churchill's indulgence—particularly of Randolph, whom Churchill spoiled terribly. ",
"Also, Churchill's personal and public demands on Clementine were so great that she didn't spend much time with the children, either. \"",
"We soon became aware,\" their daughter Mary recalled, \"that our parents' main interest and time were consumed by immensely important tasks, besides which our own demands and concerns were trivial.\"",
"\n\nAs adults, most of Churchill's children were unhappy and unsuccessful. ",
"Arguments and scandal caused constant friction within the family, and alcoholism, depression, bad marriages, and the craving for fame without the talent to win it clouded their lives, except the youngest, Mary.",
"\n\nRandolph, in particular, had a stunted and angry existence. ",
"Winston tried to cure the disdain he'd felt from his own father by lavishing attention on his son. ",
"Accustomed to indulgence and deference from Winston, as an adult Randolph became overbearing when success didn't come easily. ",
"Churchill himself lamented that his son had \"great guns but no ammunition.\" ",
"Randolph had some of his father's abilities, loaded with all his father's faults and bad habits, much aggravated. ",
"Winston made cutting remarks in the House of Commons; Randolph bellowed at his wife in a restaurant. ",
"Winston smoked and drank but was far outpaced by Randolph, who each day smoked eighty to a hundred cigarettes and drank two bottles of whiskey.",
"\n\nRandolph's bad qualities made him very unpopular; despite many tries, and his obvious advantages, he never won a contested election as MP. ",
"As he grew older, and his belligerence strained his relationship with his father, he saw himself cruelly shoved aside in Churchill's affections by surrogate sons: Brendan Bracken, who did nothing to discourage rumors that he was Winston's illegitimate son, and Randolph's brothers-in-law Duncan Sandys and particularly Christopher Soames, who were influential politicians and intimate advisers to his father, as Randolph wanted to be.",
"\n17\n\nCHURCHILL THE PAINTER\n\n_His Favorite Pastime_\n\n_A natural subject of curiosity about a great figure like Churchill is his use of leisure. ",
"Churchill had many hobbies, but his favorite pastime was oil painting. ",
"His love for painting poses a contradiction: on the one hand, it shows he wasn't content to excel in politics and writing but pushed to extend himself in a secondary talent; on the other hand, it shows that, ambitious as he was, Churchill found time to paint, to occupy himself with color and form, though irrelevant to his worldly position._",
"\n\nChurchill's tremendous energies weren't exhausted by politics and writing, and he enjoyed a hodgepodge of pastimes as well. \"",
"To be really happy and really safe,\" Churchill believed, \"one ought to have at least two or three hobbies.\" ",
"He was a firm believer in recreation, especially for those with heavy responsibilities:\n\nMany remedies are suggested for the avoidance of worry and mental overstrain. . . . ",
"Some advise exercise, and others, repose. ",
"Some counsel travel, and others, retreat. ",
"Some praise solitude, and others, gaiety. . . . ",
"But the element which is constant and common in all of them is Change. . . . ",
"A man can wear out a particular part of his mind by continually using it and tiring it, just in the same way as he can wear out the elbows of his coat.",
"\n\n_Churchill painted only one picture during World War II, of_ ___Marrakech, which he considered \"the most lovely spot in the world.\" ",
"He later gave_ The Tower of Katoubia Mosque _(1943) to_ ___President Roosevelt._",
"\n\n_Churchill painted only one picture during World War II_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Bettman/CORBIS\n\nSome leaders lack the intensity that makes a relaxing hobby necessary, but for those who need it, a pastime provides relief. ",
"Churchill's own activities demonstrate the astonishing range of his character: bricklaying, landscaping, butterfly collecting, horse racing, keeping tropical fish, feeding swans, hunting, and playing polo. ",
"What he loved most, however, was painting.",
"\n\nRestless, gregarious, verbose, he found relief in the solitude and color of his canvas. ",
"Churchill discovered painting in the summer of 1915, one of the lowest periods of his life. ",
"As First Lord of the Admiralty, he championed the Dardanelles campaign, and its failure led to his shattering expulsion from office. ",
"His conviction that his plan could have brought an important victory, and the impotence of watching from the sidelines, drove Churchill to near despair. \"",
"In this position I knew everything and could do nothing,\" he recalled. \"",
"Like a sea-beast fished up from the depths, or a diver too suddenly hoisted, my veins threatened to burst from the fall in pressure.\"",
"\n\nSolace came unexpectedly. ",
"One Sunday morning in the country, Churchill became fascinated with experiments with a child's paint box; four days later, he was completely outfitted for painting in oil. ",
"Confronted with a white canvas and gleaming palette, however, even Churchill was daunted. ",
"He hesitated, and just then, his neighbor, a painter, drove by. ",
"She stopped, slashed Churchill's pristine canvas with some strokes of blue, and drove away his inhibitions. ",
"From then on, from his fortieth until his eighty-fifth year, when in the south of France he set up his easel for the last time, Churchill painted when he could. ",
"Despite his sound advice about the importance of relaxation, however, even Churchill didn't have the time to paint during the frantic days of World War II. ",
"He painted only one picture, in Marrakech, which he gave to Roosevelt. (",
"After one illness, Churchill announced that he was strong enough to fight Germans but still too weak to paint a picture.)",
"\n\nHe was proud of his painterly ability, and even in this area drove to excel. \"",
"Every ambition I've ever had has been fulfilled—save one,\" he once admitted. \"",
"I am not a _great_ painter.\" ",
"In 1947, he submitted two paintings to the Royal Academy under a pseudonym. ",
"Of the hundreds of pictures considered, the judges included his among the few to hang in the annual exhibition.",
"\n\nChurchill loved his own pictures—in fact, he almost never gave one away—but he was indifferent to art and didn't visit galleries or museums. ",
"He was only interested in capturing his own impressions and basking in others' admiration of his work.",
"\n\nWhy did oil paints and canvas appeal so deeply to Churchill? ",
"Perhaps because painting gave him an escape from everything that tired him about himself. ",
"Churchill was an indefatigable talker and, even as a writer, worked with a large team of typists, researchers, and aides. ",
"Painting gave him relief from his own relentless nature: only while painting could he remain silent for long. ",
"Few people appear in his paintings. ",
"Most of them are sunny landscapes, light on water, Chartwell scenes, or still-life interiors.",
"\n\nHis painting took him out of the gloom of the House of Commons and the antagonisms of public life, into the bright light of nature. ",
"It was a relief to turn his attention to the serene problems of shade and color; as he once wrote, \"the horrors of war cannot rob the progress of the sun.\" ",
"He loved bright colors (\"I rejoice with the brilliant ones, and am genuinely sorry for the poor browns\") and sunshine (\"Now I am learning to like painting even on dull days. ",
"But in my hot youth I demanded sunshine\"). ",
"It was sunshine that drew him so often to France, the foreign country that he visited far more often than any other. ",
"And although in life he was witness to enormous changes in technology, weaponry, and society, in painting he could sink into timeless views.",
"\n\nHe found a deep sensual pleasure in painting: \"The colours are lovely to look at and delicious to squeeze out. ",
"Matching them, however crudely, with what you see is fascinating and absolutely absorbing.\" ",
"A painter who helped Churchill with his technique remarked of Churchill that \"[h]e would have eaten a tube of white he loved the smell of it so.\"",
"\n\nPainting came to his rescue after the shock of the Dardanelles disaster in 1915. ",
"Painting was also his great consolation after the ordeal of 1945, when Churchill lost the Prime Ministership in the midst of triumph. ",
"Several weeks after the Labour victory, he and his daughter Sarah traveled to Italy. ",
"After years of grueling work, constant meetings, and endless red dispatch boxes, Churchill spent his days of enforced leisure in painting and picnicking; the hours in front of the canvas restored some measure of peace after the blow of the election.",
"\n\n\"Happy are the painters,\" wrote Churchill, \"for they shall not be lonely. ",
"Light and colour, peace and hope, will keep them company to the end, or almost to the end, of the day.\"",
"\n18\n\nCHURCHILL THE SPENDTHRIFT\n\n_A Weakness_\n\n_Money dictates the circumstances of a subject's life, and no biography can ignore it. ",
"Churchill, it happens, was habitually careless with money. ",
"This unattractive fact about Churchill shouldn't be neglected, however, because it sheds light on other important aspects of his personality: his disdain for other people's opinions, his massive productivity, his expectation that his needs be met, his demand for beauty and comfort._",
"\n\nOne of Churchill's most obvious qualities was his self-absorption, and one of the most obvious manifestations of this quality was his persistent trouble with money. ",
"Churchill was one of those heedless people who never thinks much about expenses and trusts that any difficulties will remedy themselves. ",
"He had a clear view of what his standard of living should be, and he spent as he needed, not as he had.",
"\n\nIn this, he was like his spendthrift father and mother: he exhibited the worst habits of careless British aristocrats and American nouveaux riches. ",
"Randolph and Jennie indulged in extravagances they couldn't afford, and their son followed their example. ",
"It is the privilege of the aristocrat to ignore his bills. ",
"Six years after joining the Fourth Hussars, Churchill was still stalling the tailor who made his first uniforms. ",
"He ignored stacks of bills for wine, books, equipment. ",
"With lordly disdain for shopkeepers, he wrote his mother in 1897, \"If I had not been so foolish as to pay a lot of bills I should have the money now.\"",
"\n\nChurchill always managed to live well—\"throughout his life the bells he rang were always answered\"—but because his parents spent most of their money on themselves, he had to earn his own way. ",
"He didn't, however, resort to the solution, then popular with impoverished British aristocrats, of marrying an heiress. ",
"Although descended from one of Scotland's great families, Clementine had grown up in genteel poverty.",
"\n\nWhile becoming the head of a family often has a steadying effect, it didn't change Churchill. ",
"His carelessness was an unceasing irritation for the frugal, nervous Clementine. ",
"In the early days of their marriage, for example, she was shocked by how much he spent on underclothes—finely woven silk of pale pink, required, he claimed, by his sensitive skin.",
"\n\nDespite their financial straits, Churchill refused to scrimp. ",
"His periodic attempts to impose a family budget didn't help, because it was _he_ who wouldn't economize. ",
"He dismissed his wife's anxieties with the nonchalance of one who perpetually disregards the trouble he causes. ",
"He wrote to Clementine in September 1928:\n\n[D]o not worry about household matters. ",
"Let them crash if they will. ",
"All will be well. ",
"Servants exist to save one trouble, & shd never be allowed to disturb ones inner peace. ",
"There will always be food to eat, & sleep will come even if the beds are not made. ",
"Nothing is worse than worrying about trifles.",
"\n\nThis, from a man who didn't tie his own shoelaces or dry himself after his bath but instead depended on his valet; who often lost money gambling; who spent freely on travel, liquor, paint, and his country house; who expected to entertain several times a week; who only once in his life would take the Underground. ",
"It seems unlikely his letter had the intended soothing effect.",
"\n\nThough profligate, Churchill did manage to support himself and his family. \"",
"I have always had to earn every penny I possessed but there has never been a day in my life when I could not order a bottle of champagne for myself and offer another to a friend.\" ",
"How? ",
"By writing. ",
"He earned a huge amount for his work and, furthermore, didn't shrink from exploiting his famous name. ",
"In the particularly lean period of the 1930s, he was driven to writing for popular magazines on unserious topics such as \"The American Mind and Ours,\" \"Iced Water,\" and \"Is There Life on the Moon?\" ",
"He was paid more than £300 an article to retell famous stories, such as _Anna Karenina_ and _Uncle Tom's Cabin,_ which, given that he paid an aide only £25 to write the pieces, earned him a tidy profit.",
"\n\nChurchill was able to earn. ",
"The problem was that while he earned a fortune writing, he spent a still larger fortune. ",
"The family's finances took a blow when Churchill bought the country house Chartwell in 1922. ",
"Churchill loved Chartwell, but for Clementine (whom he hadn't consulted about the purchase), it was an unending source of worry. ",
"In addition to the expense of the payroll alone—cook, farmhand, groom, three gardeners, nanny, nursery maid, odd-jobs man, two housemaids, two kitchen maids, and two pantry maids—Churchill was constantly dreaming up money-consuming projects. ",
"Stock-market reverses and gambling losses also took a toll. ",
"From youth until after the Second World War, Churchill was almost continually in debt.",
"\n\nIn fact, only months before the Munich crisis in 1938, Churchill's money troubles drove him to consider quitting Parliament, a move that would have blocked him from the Prime Ministership in 1940. ",
"He even considered selling his beloved Chartwell. ",
"In one of the fairy-tale solutions that periodically blessed Churchill—as in 1921, when a relative died in a train crash and left his entire Irish estate, worth more than £50,000, to Churchill—an expatriate South African tycoon bailed him out. ",
"Even so, Churchill spent much of the critical prewar period holed up at Chartwell, writing (or rather, dictating) as fast as he could to earn money. ",
"After the war, finally, his memoirs' success solved his money problems.",
"\n\nBecause Churchill liked to enjoy the finest wines, cigars, and surroundings, with wonderful scenery to paint, he lent his prestige to anyone who had a well-appointed villa, private railcar, or yacht. ",
"Churchill also willingly accepted lavish gifts, a habit that today, at least, seems quite inappropriate for a politician. ",
"One controversial financier paid to furnish his drawing room; another time, a group of friends pitched in to buy him a car; more than once, he was rescued from financial distress by a wealthy patron.",
"\n\nChurchill required that he get everything he wanted, and as a result, a pressing need for money was one of the shaping forces of his career.",
"\n19\n\nCONFLICTING VIEWS OF CHURCHILL\n\n_How Others Saw Him_\n\n_When we judge Churchill, we see his life whole, but his contemporaries judged him without the benefit of hindsight. ",
"What did they make of Churchill? ",
"Did they respect him, or not? ",
"Trust him, or not? ",
"Like him, or not? ",
"Evidence in the record supports contradictory conclusions._",
"\n\n_Churchill himself observed, \"One mark of a great man is the power of making lasting impressions upon the people he meets.\" ",
"For better or worse, Churchill certainly did so._",
"\n\n**About Churchill, contemporary accounts tell us** ******.** ******.** ******.**",
"\n\n**That many foresaw his great destiny:**\n\nI feel certain that I shall someday shake hands with you as Prime Minister of England. ",
"You possess the two necessary qualifications: genius and plod.",
"\n\n—CAPTAIN PERCY SCOTT, IN 1899\n\n**That many expected he had no future in public life:**\n\nHe is absolutely untrustworthy as was his father before him, and he has got to learn that just as his father had to disappear from politics so must he, or at all events from official life.",
"\n\n—LORD DERBY, IN 1916\n\n**That he was much like his father:**\n\nHe is most tiresome to deal with & will I fear give trouble—as his father did—in any position to which he may be called. ",
"The restless energy, uncontrollable desire for notoriety & the lack of moral perception make him an anxiety indeed!",
"\n\n—SIR FRANCIS HOPWOOD, IN 1907\n\n**That he didn't measure up to his father:**\n\nGrimthorpe, a friend of Lord Randolph Churchill, compared the father and son. \"",
"It is just the difference between great capacity and genius. ",
"Winston has great ability, but he has not the genius of his father.\"",
"\n\n—LORD GRIMTHORPE\n\n**That even his critics admitted he had great qualities:**\n\nFirst impression: restless—almost intolerably so, without capacity for sustained and unexciting labour—egotistical, bumptious, shallow-minded and reactionary, but with a certain personal magnetism, great pluck and some originality—not of intellect, but of character.",
"\n\n—BEATRICE WEBB, IN 1903\n\n**That even his admirers admitted he had many limitations:**\n\nHe has the defects of his qualities, and as his qualities are large, the shadow which they throw is fairly large also; but I say deliberately, in my judgment, in mental power and vital force he is one of the foremost men in our country.",
"\n\n—ANDREW BONAR LAW, IN 1915\n\n**That he was a gifted strategist:**\n\nSo far every step he contemplates is good, _and he is brave, which is everything! ",
"Napoleonic in audacity, Cromwellian in thoroughness_.",
"\n\n—LORD FISHER, IN 1912\n\n**That he was a poor strategist:**\n\nA complete amateur of strategy, he swamps himself in details he should never look at and as a result fails ever to see a strategic problem in its true perspective.",
"\n\n—GENERAL SIR ALAN BROOKE, IN 1944\n\n**That he could captivate a crowd with his eloquence:**\n\nTo listen to him on the platform or in the House is sheer delight. ",
"The art of arrangement, the unexpected turn, the flashes of sparkling humour, and the torrent of picturesque adjectives combine to put his speeches in a class by themselves.",
"\n\n—NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN, IN 1928\n\n**That he could weary a dinner party with his monologues:**\n\nFor nearly four hours a figure out of history had talked to us without reserve, and yet those who heard him appeared half asleep.",
"\n\n—LORD MORAN, IN 1945\n\n**That he was admired by those who served under him:**\n\nThe man's as brave as six, as good-humored, shrewd, self-confident & considerate as a statesman can be: & several times I've seen him chuck the statesmanlike course & do the honest thing instead.",
"\n\n—T. E. LAWRENCE, IN 1921\n\n**That he was disliked by those who served under him:**\n\nOne of the men in your entourage (a devoted friend) has been to me & told me that there is a danger of your being generally disliked by your colleagues and subordinates because of your rough sarcastic & overbearing manner . . . ",
"you are supposed to be so contemptuous that presently no ideas, good or bad, will be forthcoming.",
"\n\n—CLEMENTINE CHURCHILL, IN 1940\n\n**That he showed tremendous powers of oratory:**\n\nI have heard Mr. Churchill in the House of Commons at intervals over the last ten years. . . . ",
"To-day, he was different. ",
"There was little oratory; he wasn't interested in being a showman. ",
"He spoke the language of Shakespeare with a direct urgency such as I have never before heard in that House. ",
"There were no frills and no tricks.",
"\n\n—EDWARD R. MURROW, OF THE JUNE 4, 1940, \"WE SHALL FIGHT ON THE BEACHES\" SPEECH\n\n**That he sometimes failed to harness his powers of oratory:**\n\nHow I wish Winston would not talk on the wireless unless he is feeling in good form. ",
"He hates the microphone, and when we bullied him into speaking last night, he just sulked and read his House of Commons speech over again. ",
"Now, as delivered in the House of Commons, that speech was magnificent, especially the concluding sentences. ",
"But it sounded ghastly on the wireless.",
"\n\n—HAROLD NICOLSON, OF THE JUNE 18, 1940, \"THIS WAS THEIR FINEST HOUR\" SPEECH\n\n**That he had a deep understanding of the British people:**\n\nBy dramatising their lives and making them seem to themselves and to each other clad in the fabulous garments appropriate to a great historic moment, [he] transformed cowards into brave men.",
"\n\n—ISAIAH BERLIN\n\n**That he had little affinity for ordinary men and women:**\n\nHis background (combined with the British caste system) made him a person who expected to be approached with great respect by those who worked for him. ",
"He was careful to keep each stratum in its proper place.",
"\n\n—ELIZABETH NEL\n\n**That he was a great representative of the nation in war:**\n\nWinston embodied the soul of the nation. ",
"He succeeded in being the nation, for that is what he was. ",
"In the simplified conditions of war he could be that, whereas in the more complex days of peace he never was, never could be, that.",
"\n\n—OLIVER FRANKS, IN 1957\n\n**That he sought personal gain in war:**\n\nWhen the war came he saw in it the chance of glory for himself, & has accordingly entered on a risky campaign without caring a straw for the misery and hardship it would bring to thousands, in the hope that he would prove to be the outstanding man in this war.",
"\n\n—DAVID LLOYD GEORGE, IN 1915\n20\n\nCHURCHILL IN TEARS\n\n_Telling Detail_\n\n_According to Plutarch, in writing lives, \"a slight thing like a phrase or a jest often makes a greater revelation of character than battles where thousands fall.\" ",
"Telling details can be deceptive, because they tell whatever the biographer wants them to tell—and yet we crave them. ",
"Churchill, surprisingly, often wept. ",
"Tears seem out of character with his bulldog nature, but it can be the aspects that seem most uncharacteristic that offer the greatest insights._",
"\n\nOf the many deprecating adjectives lobbed at Churchill— _egotistical, belligerent, stubborn, self-advertising_ —one of the most striking is _sentimental._ ",
"It's plain why Churchill was accused of this. ",
"His rhetoric was often overblown and appealed to capitalized notions of Patriotism and Freedom. ",
"He was an indulgent, emotional friend and father. ",
"And most oddly—for an adult, a statesman, and an Englishman, given the English emphasis on imperturbability, understatement, and dislike of being conspicuous—he often dissolved in tears. ",
"But was he really \"sentimental\"?",
"\n\nSentimentality, or exaggerated tears, arises when an emotional reaction exceeds its cause. ",
"Churchill comprehended the world with tremendous scope and scale, and his emotions were pitched to match.",
"\n\nHe didn't try to hide his tears. \"",
"I blub an awful lot, you know,\" he confessed cheerfully to his new private secretary. \"",
"You'll have to get used to it.\" ",
"Everyone noticed it. \"",
"Then Lloyd George gets up and makes a moving speech telling Winston how fond he is of him. ",
"Winston cries slightly and mops his eyes.\" \"",
"The grand finale ends in an ovation, with Winston sitting there with the tears pouring down his cheeks.\" \"",
"We had two lovely films after dinner. . . . ",
"Winston managed to cry through all of them, including the comedy.\" \"",
"Churchill was affected emotionally, as I knew he would be. ",
"His handkerchief stole from its pocket.\" \"[",
"H]e quotes Kipling's lines about the mine-sweepers, and is so moved by them that he chokes and cannot continue.\" \"",
"We then find him adopting the attitude that he was the only one trying to win the war, that he was the only one who produced any ideas . . . ",
"he worked himself up into such a state from the woeful picture he had painted, that tears streamed down his face!\" \"",
"Not for one moment did Winston stop crying . . . ",
"he could have filled buckets by the time he received the Freedom of Paris.\"",
"\n\nAnother man might have felt these emotions but hidden his tears. ",
"Not Churchill. ",
"He hid nothing—certainly not for dignity's sake. ",
"His peculiar sincerity, and his indifference to other people's opinions, made it hard for him to conceal anything. ",
"There he was, Churchill, perfectly obvious. ",
"His courage, his manliness, his nerves were beyond question, and he felt no need to hide what he felt. ",
"Indeed, far from hiding his tears, Churchill recognized their value. ",
"Very early in his life, before he first entered Parliament, he wrote shrewdly, \"Before [a speaker] can inspire [an audience] with any emotion he must be swayed by it himself. . . . ",
"Before he can move their tears his own must flow.\"",
"\n\nIt's notable that Churchill cried so visibly, but what's more surprising is that he cried at all: adult Englishmen did not often weep. ",
"Churchill's strenuous historical vision allowed him to feel passionately the pathos and grandeur of his times. ",
"It was the thought of sacrifice or courage that moved him most, as when he visited a very poor London neighborhood that had been devastated by the Blitz:\n\nAlready little pathetic Union Jacks had been stuck up amid the ruins. ",
"When my car was recognised the people came running from all quarters, and a crowd of more than a thousand was soon gathered. ",
"All these folk were in a high state of enthusiasm. ",
"They crowded round us, cheering and manifesting every sign of lively affection, wanting to touch and stroke my clothes. ",
"One would have thought I had brought them some fine substantial benefit which would improve their lot in life. ",
"I was completely undermined, and wept. ",
"Ismay, who was with me, records that he heard an old woman say: \"You see, he really cares. ",
"He's crying.\" ",
"They were tears not of sorrow but of wonder and admiration.",
"\n\nChurchill didn't hesitate to express his emotions in frank, even childish terms—such as his way of referring to Hitler as \"that Bad Man.\" ",
"In August 1940, Churchill visited the nerve center of the air battle over Britain, where young pilots were ready to fight and die at a moment's readiness. ",
"Churchill's colleague Ismay described the scene: \"There had been heavy fighting throughout the afternoon; and at one moment every single squadron in the Group was engaged; there was nothing in reserve, and the map table showed new waves of attackers crossing the coast. ",
"I felt sick with fear.\" ",
"After tremendous struggle the Royal Air Force repelled the attack. ",
"Later, as the two men sped away to Chequers, Churchill said to Ismay, \"Don't speak to me; I have never been so moved.\" ",
"It's hard to imagine another statesman sending the plaintive cable he sent to Roosevelt on April 12, 1942, to confide that a serious disagreement \"would break my heart.\" ",
"In March 1945, after telling the House of Commons that David Lloyd George had died, Churchill said, \"I do not think we can do any more business today. ",
"I feel that should be the feeling of the House.\"",
"\n\nWith his family, his emotions gushed even more. ",
"In 1909, he wrote to Clementine, whom he called Cat, Pussy-Cat, or Kat (she called him Mr. Pug or Pig, and he often decorated his letters with drawings of pigs), \"Sweet cat—I kiss your vision as it rises before my mind. ",
"Your dear heart throbs often in my own. ",
"God bless you darling keep you safe & sound. ",
"Kiss the P.K. [Puppy Kitten] for me all over. ",
"With fondest love—W.\"\n\nChurchill is identified with many things—his cigars, his V signs, his hats, his love for liquor, his fighting spirit. ",
"These emphasize the brave, optimistic side of his character. ",
"But Churchill, who promised, \"I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat,\" was unfraid to be seen in tears.",
"\n21\n\nCHURCHILL THE DRINKER\n\n_An Alcoholic?_",
"\n\n**Winston Churchill Was an Alcoholic**\n\nChurchill drank all day long, every day. ",
"He'd have his first whisky and soda—his signature drink—soon after breakfast and kept drinking until he went to sleep. ",
"Liquor of several sorts flowed at lunch and dinner.",
"\n\nChurchill's heavy drinking was no secret. ",
"When he became Prime Minister, President Roosevelt commented that he \"supposed Churchill was the best man that England had, even if he was drunk half of his time.\" ",
"Churchill was recorded to have had eleven whiskies and soda during a single meal. ",
"In the space of two weeks, soon after his 1945 ouster, Churchill with only a bit of help consumed ninety-six bottles of champagne while also drinking six or seven whiskies and soda and three brandies each day as well.",
"\n\nChurchill's associates worried about his prodigious consumption, which Churchill did nothing to hide. ",
"Offered tea one morning, Churchill asked instead for a glass of white wine. \"",
"A tumbler was brought which he drained in one go, and then licked his lips . . . ",
"and said, 'Ah! ",
"That is good, but you know, I have already had two whiskies and soda and 2 cigars this morning.'!! ",
"It was then only shortly after 7:30 A.M.\" Alan Brooke complained in his diary about alcohol's effect on Churchill: \"We had to consider this morning at the [Chiefs of Staff meeting] one of Winston's worst minutes I have ever seen . . . ",
"he must have been quite tight when he dictated it.\"",
"\n\nChurchill made sure never to be far from alcohol. ",
"With the Grenadier Guards during World War I, he moved to a company in the line partly to escape the \"dry\" battalion headquarters. ",
"Traveling in the United States during Prohibition, while recovering from having been hit by a car, he procured a doctor's note: \"This is to certify that the post-accident convalescence of the Hon. ",
"Winston S. Churchill necessitates the use of alcoholic spirits especially at meal times.\"",
"\n\nThis behavior certainly demonstrates a marked and unhealthy dependence on alcohol.",
"\n\n**Winston Churchill Was Not an Alcoholic**\n\nIt's undeniable that Churchill enjoyed liquor and that his consumption, especially by today's far more abstemious standards, was substantial. ",
"However, much of his relish for drinking was for show.",
"\n\nChurchill exaggerated his enjoyment of whisky and champagne to create one of his most distinctive characteristics—an idiosyncrasy that everyone recognized and smiled over and that helped make people feel closer to him. ",
"As one associate observed, \"The glass of weak whisky, like the cigars, was more a symbol than anything else, and one glass lasted him for hours.\" ",
"Each drink was weakened by soda and ice, and Churchill's consumption didn't have much effect. \"",
"He was never the worse for drink in my experience,\" wrote Sir Ian Jacob, \"and, as far as I could see, he never felt the slightest ill-effects in the morning.\" ",
"His lisp gave his speech a slurred sound, which may have made him sound drunk to those who didn't know his voice.",
"\n\nChurchill also used his love for liquor as a handy subject for his wit. ",
"At a meeting with an Arab ruler, Churchill was told that neither smoking nor drinking of alcohol were customary before a Muslim king. ",
"Churchill explained through the interpreter, \"My rule of life prescribed as an absolute sacred rite smoking cigars and also the drinking of alcohol before, after, and if need be during all meals and in the intervals between them.\" \"",
"When I was younger,\" he told King George VI in January 1952, \"I made it a rule never to take strong drink before lunch. ",
"It is now my rule never to do so before breakfast.\"",
"\n\nGiven Churchill's extraordinary accomplishments—both in public office and in private life—and the positions of responsibility he held until he was in his eighties, it's difficult to credit that dependence on alcohol in any way impaired his health or abilities.",
"\n22\n\nCHURCHILL IN CONTEXT\n\n_Facts at a Glance_\n\n_Colorless but useful, bare facts help us grasp the whole of Churchill's life by placing him in context. ",
"Neatly ordered, seemingly without interpretation or bias, their precision is comforting. ",
"We read these facts; we assume these must be ones that matter._",
"\n\n**Churchill's Sovereigns**\n\nQueen Victoria—1837–1901; Diamond Jubilee, 1897\n\nKing Edward VII—1901–1910\n\nKing George V—1910–1936\n\nKing Edward VIII—abdicated, December 1936\n\nKing George VI—1936–1952\n\nQueen Elizabeth II—1952–present (Elizabeth is Victoria's great-great-granddaughter.)",
"\n\n**Prime Ministers During Churchill's Political Career**\n\n1895| Salisbury \n---|--- \n1902| Balfour \n1905| Campbell-Bannerman (Churchill: Undersecretary for the Colonies) \n1908| Asquith (Churchill: President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary, First Lord of the Admiralty) \n1916| Lloyd George (Churchill: Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War and Air, Colonial Secretary) \n1922| Bonar Law \n1923| Baldwin \n1924| MacDonald \n1924| Baldwin (Churchill: Chancellor of the Exchequer) \n1929| MacDonald \n1935| Baldwin \n1937| Chamberlain (Churchill: First Lord of the Admiralty) \n1940| Churchill \n1945| Attlee \n1951| Churchill \n1955| Eden \n1957| Macmillan \n1963| Douglas-Home \n1964| Wilson\n\n**Churchill's Changing Party Alliances**\n\n•| In 1900, he entered Parliament as a Conservative. ",
" \n---|--- \n•| In 1904, he left the Conservatives over the issue of free trade and joined the Liberal Party. ",
" \n•| In 1924, he rejoined the Conservative Party.",
"\n\n**The British Peerage**\n\nThe British hereditary peerage comprises five descending grades of nobility: duke, marquess, earl, viscount, and baron. ",
"Dukes rank significantly above the four lower grades, and only a duke is addressed as \"Your Grace\" instead of \"My Lord.\"",
"\n\nA peer passes his title and estate to his eldest son, and his other children, who aren't peers, must be content with courtesy titles. ",
"For example, the seventh Duke of Marlborough had two sons who survived to adulthood: the elder became the eighth Duke of Marlborough; the younger was \"Lord Randolph,\" but his children didn't inherit a title. ",
"Therefore, Winston Churchill, though the grandson of a Duke, was Mr. Winston Churchill, a commoner. ",
"He became \"Sir Winston Churchill\" in 1953, when, after refusing the distinction for many years, he accepted the Order of the Garter in honor of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation.",
"\n\n**Churchill's Executive Positions**\n\n1905–1908| Colonial Undersecretary \n---|--- \n1908–1910| President of the Board of Trade \n1910–1911| Home Secretary \n1911–1915| First Lord of the Admiralty \n1917–1919| Minister of Munitions \n1919–1921| Secretary of State for War and Air \n1921–1922| Colonial Secretary \n1924–1929| Chancellor of the Exchequer \n_1929–1939_| _\"Wilderness years\"_ \n1939–1940| First Lord of the Admiralty \n1940–1945| Prime Minister \n1951–1955| Prime Minister\n\n**Churchill Statistics**\n\n•| Churchill's height: five feet six inches. ",
" \n---|--- \n•| Churchill's hair color: red. ",
" \n•| The period he described as the unhappiest of his life: his school days at Harrow. ",
" \n•| His best subjects at the Royal Military College at Sandhurst: military topography, tactics, fortifications, horse-riding skills. ",
" \n•| Churchill's age when the first Winston Churchill biography was published: thirty-one. ",
" \n•| Number of silver inkstands he received as wedding gifts: seventeen. ",
" \n•| Months it took him to dictate the first volume of his World War I memoir: three. ",
" \n•| Miles separating the coast of England from the coast of France: twenty-one. ",
" \n•| Temperature constantly maintained in Churchill's bedroom: seventy-four degrees Fahrenheit. ",
" \n•| Temperature maintained in Churchill's bath: ninety-eight degrees Fahrenheit. ",
" \n•| Code name for the preparations for Churchill's state funeral: \"Hope Not.\" ",
" \n•| Weight of Churchill papers, in tons: fifteen. ",
" \n•| Number of times Churchill was on the cover of _Time_ magazine: eight. ",
" \n•| Number of canvases he painted during his life: nearly five hundred. ",
" \n•| Whom he believed to be the greatest man who'd ever lived: Julius Caesar, \"because he was the most magnanimous of all the conquerors.\" ",
" \n•| His mother's birthplace: 426 Henry Street, Brooklyn, New York. ",
" \n•| His attendance at church: infrequent. ",
" \n•| Subject of the biography he wanted to write but never did: Napoleon.",
"\n\n**Churchill's Regiments**\n\nFourth Hussars\n\nThirty-first Punjabi Infantry\n\nTwenty-first Lancers\n\nSouth African Light Horse\n\nOxfordshire Hussars\n\nOxfordshire Yeomanry\n\nGrenadier Guards\n\nRoyal Scots Fusiliers\n\nOxfordshire Artillery\n\n**Churchill's Favorites**\n\n•| Favorite whisky: Johnnie Walker Red Label. ",
" \n---|--- \n•| Favorite champagne: Pol Roger 1928. (",
"Churchill named a racehorse Pol Roger.) ",
" \n•| Favorite cheese: Stilton. ",
" \n•| Favorite cigar: Romeo y Julieta. ",
" \n•| Favorite movies: _Lady Hamilton_ (Churchill saw it seventeen times), Olivier's _Henry V,_ Chaplin's _The Great Dictator._ ",
" \n•| Favorite painting site: Marrakech, in Morocco. ",
" \n•| Favorite pets: his French poodles Rufus I and Rufus II, his cats Whiskey and Marmalade, his bird Toby. ",
" \n•| Favorite card games: bezique, gin rummy, Oklahoma. ",
" \n•| Favorite gift to other people: an autographed, leather-bound copy of one of his own books. ",
" \n•| Some favorite music: Gilbert and Sullivan's comic operas; martial airs; Harrow school songs, particularly \"Forty Years On\"; Noël Coward tunes; \"Rule, Britannia\"; \"Land of Hope and Glory\"; \"Tipperary.\" ",
" \n•| Some favorite hymns: \"Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory of the Coming of the Lord,\" \"Fight the Good Fight with All Thy Might,\" \"O God, Our Help in Ages Past.\" ",
" \n•| Some favorite books: H. Rider Haggard's _King Solomon's Mines_ (Churchill read it twelve times as a boy); T. E. Lawrence's _Seven Pillars of Wisdom;_ Anthony Trollope's political novels, especially (unsurprisingly, given the title) _The Duke's Children._ ",
" \n•| Favorite English poet: A. E. Housman. ",
" \n•| Author most often quoted: Shakespeare, particularly _King John, Richard III, Hamlet._ ",
" \n•| A favorite aphorism: \" _On ne règne sur les âmes que par le calme._ \" ",
" \n•| A favorite Bible verse: \"Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn.\" ",
" \n•| A favorite wartime poem: Arthur Hugh Clough's \"Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth.\"",
"\n\nFor while the tired waves, vainly breaking,\n\nSeem here no painful inch to gain,\n\nFar back through creeks and inlets making\n\nCame silent, flooding in, the main,\n\nAnd not by eastern windows only,\n\nWhen daylight comes, comes in the light,\n\nIn front the sun climbs slow, how slowly,\n\nBut westward, look, the land is bright.",
"\n\n**Notes on the British Form of Government, in Comparison to That of the United States**\n\nThe British Parliament is divided into two Houses: the House of Lords, made up of peers, and the House of Commons, made up of elected representatives. ",
"Members of the House of Commons are elected at a general election; if a Member of Parliament (MP) dies or retires between elections, the constituency elects a new MP at a by-election. ",
"Unlike the United States, where a candidate must live in a place to represent it, a candidate need not have lived in the constituency to \"stand\" for election there.",
"\n\nThe British system doesn't follow a rigid schedule of elections. ",
"A parliament may (but often doesn't) last as long as five years; it also has the power to extend itself. ",
"For example, rather than hold a general election in wartime, the parliaments elected in 1910 and 1935 prolonged their lives, year by year, until 1918 and 1945, respectively. ",
"Thus, for example, Harold Nicolson was an MP—after winning a slender majority in a single election—for ten crucial years, from 1935 to 1945.",
"\n\nIn the United States, the executive and the legislative branches are distinct. ",
"The U.S. President is elected separately from the members of Congress, and he chooses whomever he wants to serve in his cabinet (subject to Senate confirmation).",
"\n\nIn Britain, the executive and the legislative functions are intertwined. ",
"The British Prime Minister is not elected as such but generally takes that office as one who commands a majority in the House of Commons (usually, but not necessarily, the Prime Minister is head of the majority party); the Prime Minister appoints ministers who are, with virtually no exception, drawn from the House of Commons or the House of Lords (as if, in the United States, the President could appoint only Representatives and Senators to cabinet positions). ",
"This circumstance makes individual ministers more independent from the Prime Minister than American cabinet members are from the President.",
"\n\nSubject to Senate confirmation, a U.S. President has the power to appoint not only cabinet secretaries but also a huge number of their deputies, assistants, and other officials. ",
"By contrast, a Prime Minister appoints only the heads of the different branches. ",
"Ministers are intended to set broad policy outlines and leave the actual administration of their departments to the permanent civil service.",
"\n23\n\nCHURCHILL AND SEX\n\n_Too Interesting to Ignore_\n\n_Biographers often justify their prying into a subject's intimate life by making more or less plausible leaps from private to public: Jefferson's conduct influenced his attitude toward slavery; Picasso's lovers inspired his art; a philandering politican may cheat the public; a closet homosexual may have more to hide._",
"\n\n_But we don't need to justify our curiosity with the unconvincing fig leaf of public relevance. ",
"If the goal is to understand a subject's character, sexual life is too interesting to ignore._",
"\n\n_In many cases, the facts about a subject's intimate life confound our expectations. ",
"We expect personalities to be unified, but sex often proves how unpredictable people can be. ",
"In Churchill's case—given his high energy, his urge to dominate, his attraction to luxury and beauty, and his disdain for other people's opinions—perhaps the surprise is the apparent decorousness of his intimate life._",
"\n\nAlong with Karl Marx, the greatest contemporary intellectual influence of Churchill's era was Sigmund Freud. ",
"Although the Freudian revolution—with its emphasis on how sexuality determines character—seems to have had little effect on how Churchill viewed the world, Freud changed how the world views Churchill. ",
"A modern biography must examine the issue of Churchill and sex.",
"\n\nChurchill didn't show much interest in sex.",
"\n\nOften great leaders are flirtatious and promiscuous; they touch and hug, seduce and abandon. ",
"Their predatory sexuality charges their charisma.",
"\n\nChurchill lacked this quality. ",
"He was sufficient for himself and indifferent to sexual distractions. ",
"Unmoved by the flirtatious banter of a dinner party or the heady seduction of a crowd, he sought the company of men and was happiest in an atmosphere of cigars, port, newspapers, and political talk. ",
"A close friend described him as without \"strong sexual desires.\" ",
"Churchill himself reportedly joked that \"the reason I can write so much is that I don't waste my essence in bed.\"",
"\n\nHistorians William Manchester and A.J.P. Taylor maintain that Churchill was \"undersexed\" and hypothesize that his mother's promiscuity stunted his sexual development. ",
"This seems a bit rough on Jennie; while she certainly had many affairs, as was common in her set, Churchill doesn't seem to have been particularly disturbed by that fact. ",
"The belief or suspicion that syphilis caused his father's humiliating, wasting death at age forty-five seems a more likely explanation. ",
"In any case, whether Churchill was in fact \"undersexed\" is disputable; after all, Churchill and Clementine were married less than a month after announcing their engagement, and Clementine was pregnant within a month of their wedding, or even before, and she became pregnant six times (one pregnancy ended in miscarriage).",
"\n\nOver the course of Churchill's long life in the public eye, almost inevitably a few rumors of sexual impropriety swirled around him. ",
"Most improbable was the charge, in 1895, that he was guilty of \"acts of gross immorality of the Oscar Wilde type.\" ",
"These accusations were withdrawn, and his accuser apologized. ",
"He was also rumored to have fathered illegitimate children. ",
"Brendan Bracken, one of Churchill's most loyal supporters, encouraged the rumor that he was Churchill's son, and because of Churchill's fondness for that somewhat limited man, many people believed it. ",
"However, there's no evidence that Churchill had an illegitimate child.",
"\n\nCiting only \"personal information,\" Manchester hints darkly at a single act of infidelity, sometime before 1932, \"with a divorced, titled Englishwoman whose seductive skills and sexual experience far exceeded his.\" ",
"Also, in his last years, Churchill frequently visited Emery Reves and Wendy Russell at their luxurious French villa, and some observers—including Clementine—were uncomfortable with the affection between Churchill and his hostess. ",
"Noël Coward bitingly described Churchill as \"absolutely obsessed with a senile passion for Wendy Russell. ",
"He followed her about the room with his brimming eyes and wobbled after her across the terrace, staggering like a vast baby of two who is just learning to walk.\" ",
"But these episodes stand as exceptions. ",
"Churchill was a faithful husband.",
"\n\nChurchill's writings reflect his lack of interest in sex and its influence. ",
"Although he was fascinated by personality, his Victorian-style biographies and character sketches don't speculate in modern fashion about their subjects' sexual drives.",
"\n\nIf he chose, Churchill certainly had occasion to comment on the carnal influences on public figures. ",
"For example, he forbore to mention Prime Minister Asquith's passionate—and politically indiscreet—relationship with Venetia Stanley, even though this relationship had had serious consequences for Churchill. ",
"While Churchill's Dardanelles campaign was being executed, the sixty-two-year-old Prime Minister was writing love letters during Cabinet meetings to twenty-seven-year-old Venetia. ",
"When, in May 1915, Asquith learned that his soul mate had become engaged to another man, his anguish distracted him from public affairs at a moment of political crisis; otherwise, he might have been able to save his government. ",
"Instead, he formed a coalition government—and a condition of the coalition, imposed by the Conservatives, was Churchill's removal at a time when his great campaign, and his reputation, were at stake. ",
"Nor did fascination with T. E. \"Lawrence of Arabia,\" with his flowing robes, charisma, and abandonment of powerful position to become an ordinary soldier under assumed names, induce Churchill to speculate about the dark desires haunting (quite obviously) Lawrence's extraordinary personality. ",
"In _Marlborough,_ Churchill did expand on the romantic passion between John Churchill and his wife, Sarah, and on Princess, later Queen, Anne's \"strangely intense affection\" for Sarah. ",
"Even here, however, Churchill accepted appearances and didn't probe for hidden impulses.",
"\n\nChurchill took his sport not from flirtation or dissipation but from wall building, lake digging, and painting. ",
"He was preoccupied with military and political battles, with the known lives of great figures and the development of historic institutions. ",
"His pleasures, and his anguish, came from grand public dramas rather than from intimate episodes.",
"\n24\n\nCHURCHILL AS HUSBAND\n\n_A Happy Marriage?_",
"\n\n**Winston Churchill Had a Happy Marriage**\n\nWinston and Clementine met in April 1908, and in September, they married; he was thirty-three years old, she, ten years younger. ",
"They had five children and were married for more than fifty years.",
"\n\nAlthough they had very different temperaments, they were devoted to each other. ",
"Consider this pair of letters, exchanged in March 1916, while Winston was at the front in France during World War I. Clementine wrote of her hope that at their next meeting they would find time to spend alone, before their love had been replaced by \"friendship\"—\"peaceful but not very stimulating.\"",
"\n\nWinston's letters reveal an understanding of himself and his limitations, and his love for Clementine. ",
"He wrote back:\n\nOh my darling do not write of \"friendship\" to me—I love you more each month that passes and feel the need of you & all your beauty. ",
"My precious charming Clemmie—I too feel sometimes the longing for rest & peace. . . .",
"\n\nSometimes also I think I wd not mind stopping living vy much—I am so devoured by egoism that I wd like to have another soul in another world & meet you in another setting, & pay you all the love and honour of the gt romances.",
"\n\nDuring a lifetime of exceptional strain and anxiety, they were each other's best comforters and staunchest supports.",
"\n\n**Winston Churchill Did Not Have a Happy Marriage**\n\nWinston's memoir _My Early Life_ ends like a fairy tale, wrapping up the events that absorbed his life \"at least until September 1908, when I married and lived happily ever afterwards.\" ",
"Characteristically, he preferred the bold and romantic version of history to the more complicated truth. ",
"Winston and Clementine had a difficult marriage, in large part because Winston was such a demanding husband.",
"\n\nThey had very different natures: Winston was free-spending, luxury-loving, inexhaustible; Clementine was austere, high-strung, a perfectionist who often became depressed and agitated. ",
"They had different tastes in people, in hobbies, in the hours they kept, in the holidays they enjoyed. ",
"Soon after they married, they stopped sharing a bedroom (\"Breakfast should be had in bed, alone,\" said Winston), and Clementine often went to sleep hours before her husband.",
"\n\nWinston's commitment to the marriage never wavered. ",
"Their daughter Mary, however, reports that Clementine did briefly fall in love with another man in 1935. ",
"On a yacht cruise without her husband, she had a romance with a fellow passenger, but it ended when they returned. ",
"Clementine suggested another trip, but her husband wouldn't permit it.",
"\n\n_Winston and Clementine, a week before their marriage in September 1908. ",
"This photograph is the first known picture of them together._",
"\n\n_Winston and Clementine, a week before their marriage_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Bettman/CORBIS\n\nAs time passed, the two spent more and more time apart. ",
"Winston loved to spend time at their country house, Chartwell, but Clementine disliked it: Winston had bought it without consulting her, and she never forgave him for it. ",
"She visited mostly on weekends and took long trips apart from her family. ",
"The two generally took separate vacations. ",
"As Churchill biographer Roy Jenkins observed, \"it was almost incredible how Clementine managed to be absent at nearly all the most important moments of Churchill's life.\" ",
"Winston apparently didn't much object.",
"\n\n_Clementine kisses Winston on his return to London from a week's visit to the United States in May 1959._",
"\n\n_Clementine kisses Winston on his return to London_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto courtesy of AP/Wide World Photos\n25\n\nCHURCHILL'S ISLAND STORY\n\n_His Myth_\n\n_\"There is some one Myth for every man,\" wrote William Butler Yeats, \"which, if we but knew it, would make us understand all that he did and thought.\" ",
"Churchill's myth was England. ",
"He described it in_ A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: _the longbow, bastard sons, trial by battle, soldiers on horseback. ",
"Only by considering Churchill's vision of the Island story can we understand the moral and historical framework through which he viewed events in his own time._",
"\n\nAll his life, Churchill was dazzled by the splendor of England. ",
"He loved its traditions and landscapes, its ordered hierarchies, its sailing ships and cottage homes. ",
"He had an emotional, even mystical, faith in its power.",
"\n\nChurchill offered his version of his country's past in _A History of the English-Speaking Peoples,_ in which he explained how English institutions arose from time, battle, and tradition. ",
"His account neglected religion, literature, art, philosophy, economics, and science to dwell on politics and war, the aspects of history that preoccupied him.",
"\n\nChurchill praised England as the foundation of all that was best in society and government, and yet some of his most decided views contradicted its professed political ideals. ",
"For one thing, despite his respect for Parliament and representative government, Churchill was an ardent royalist. ",
"For his loyal soul, England and all its glory were embodied in the Crown. ",
"With a veneration that seems archaic, after meeting a two-year-old Princess Elizabeth in September 1928, he wrote, \"She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant.\" ",
"Clementine confided \"that she thought [Winston] to be the last believer in the Divine Right of Kings: she felt reasonably sure the King was not.\" ",
"Churchill, however, didn't allow his showy reverence for his sovereign to interfere with his championship of other political principles.",
"\n\nMore difficult to reconcile are Churchill's paeans to liberty and his bitter fight to maintain Britain's grip on its colonies, especially India. ",
"He glorified British political traditions—how, then, did he justify keeping India a subject nation? ",
"With Roosevelt, Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter—endorsing the \"right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live\"—but immediately denied that the document applied to India.",
"\n\nThis contradiction—seeming to exalt freedom while promoting unfreedom—didn't exist in Churchill's mind, because he held to a single goal: the glory of England. _",
"Naught shall make us rue, if England to itself do rest but true_. ",
"Churchill revered his sovereign as the personification of English history. ",
"Churchill held to the Empire because England, tiny in land and population, needed its possessions to secure its place among nations. ",
"Churchill was never one of those who pretended that the British were in India purely out of kindness, that they endured voluntary exile for the welfare of the natives. ",
"For Churchill, India was Britain's indispensable prop, and this reality dictated the proper policies. ",
"Without India, without its vast Empire, England wasn't much more than an outcropping off the northern coast of Europe (after all, Britain and Ireland together amount to less than 125,000 square miles). ",
"Therefore, Churchill maintained that India was not the proper inheritor of English freedoms—at least, not yet.",
"\n\nBut within his lifetime, Churchill's version of the Island story came to an end. ",
"He didn't realize it immediately. ",
"Consider his stubborn insistence on giving English pronunciation to foreign names, as he argued to the Foreign Office in 1945. ",
"He adopted a joking tone but in fact was dead serious when he declared that the names of foreign cities should not be pronounced to suit \"the whims of foreigners living in those parts.\" ",
"This memo reveals just how out of touch Churchill was by the end of the war. ",
"He didn't understand that political reality, and the popular mood, required him to be more accommodating of the non-British point of view.",
"\n\nAs Churchill watched, the world he knew disappeared. ",
"When he was born, the bearer of the title Duke of Marlborough held immense authority and prestige; by the end of Churchill's life, the current Duke had opened Blenheim Palace to the public and was complaining about the consequent wear on his carpets. ",
"Churchill had been alive when Queen Victoria was declared Empress of India in 1877 and when the Viceroy's House employed six thousand servants, and he was still alive when King George VI relinquished his Indian title and dropped the \"I\" for Emperor of India from his royal signature. ",
"He watched as power—and with the power, much pageantry—were swept away. ",
"What alarmed Churchill was that few seemed to see clearly, or mind much, what was being lost— _he_ was not, he declared, one of those who \"on waking up in the morning wonder what part of the British Empire could be given away during the day.\"",
"\n\nIn one of his most important speeches, Churchill vowed, \"We shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be.\" ",
"Churchill's Island—whose advancement was at the heart of all he did—was not the actual Britain, smaller than Oregon, with its General Strike, abdicating king, rioting Indians, Labour Party, or slackening grasp on the Empire. ",
"It was Shakespeare's island:\n\nThis royal throne of kings, this scepter'd isle,\n\nThis earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,\n\nThis other Eden, demi-paradise,\n\nThis fortress built by Nature for herself\n\nAgainst infection and the hand of war,\n\nThis happy breed of men, this little world,\n\nThis precious stone set in the silver sea,\n\nWhich serves it in the office of a wall,\n\nOr as a moat defensive to a house,\n\nAgainst the envy of less happier lands,\n\nThis blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.",
"\n\nChurchill had his medals, his plumed hats, his ancestral portraits, horses stamping at the touch of his reins. ",
"This wasn't the diminished England, confined to an island, but an England imperial, expansive, and traditional. ",
"Of course it must end. ",
"But he refused to believe it.",
"\n26\n\nCHURCHILL IN PHOTOGRAPHS\n\n_How He Changed Through Time_\n\n_No matter how vivid a biography, we also demand to see pictures; words can't substitute for an actual_ look _at a subject. ",
"It's not clear what we think we learn from seeing a person's face and watching it change over time, but it's clear we crave to do so. ",
"For this desire, photographs, with their detail and apparent scientific accuracy, are more satisfying than painted portraits._",
"\n\n_A two-year-old Churchill leans against his mother, Jennie. ",
"Later, he would recall that she shone for him as a child like the \"Evening Star.\"_",
"\n\n_A two-year-old Winston leans against his mother_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto courtesy of AP/Wide World Photos\n\n_With his sailor suit, Churchill, aged seven, wears a surprisingly supercilious expression for such a young child._",
"\n\n_With his sailor suit, Churchill, aged seven_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Bettman/CORBIS\n\n_1895. ",
"Churchill, a subaltern, in the ornate full-dress uniform of the Fourth Hussars._",
"\n\n_1895. ",
"Churchill, a subaltern, in the ornate full-dress uniform_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS\n\n_Churchill, a flying enthusiast, stands beside an early aircraft with Clementine in 1914. ",
"As First Lord of the Admiralty, Churchill introduced an_ _Air Arm into the Navy_ _._",
"\n\n_Churchill, a flying enthusiast, stands beside_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS\n\n_In July 1925, Churchill is dressed for a polo match between the House of Commons and the House of Lords (Churchill's team won). ",
"Churchill continued to play polo until he was more than fifty years old._",
"\n\n_In July 1925, Churchill is dressed for a polo match_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS\n\n_1939. ",
"Churchill confers with the main proponent of the appeasement policy, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain._",
"\n\n_1939. ",
"Churchill confers with the main proponent_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS\n\n_September 1940. ",
"Winston and Clementine inspect bomb damage to London docks. ",
"This famous picture was one of their family's favorites._",
"\n\n_September 1940. ",
"Winston and Clementine inspect_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto courtesy of AP/Wide World Photos\n\n_November 1964. ",
"On the eve of his ninetieth birthday, dressed in a green velvet siren suit, Churchill greets well-wishers from his_ ___window._",
"\n\n_November 1964. ",
"On the eve of his ninetieth birthday_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS\n\n_September 1940. ",
"Churchill—an instantly recognizable silhouette—reviews wartime defenses of England._",
"\n\n_September 1940. ",
"Churchill—an instantly recognizable silhouette_ ___._ ___. ._ ",
" \nPhoto © Bettman/CORBIS\n\n_August 1941. ",
"Roosevelt and Churchill lead hymn singing during divine service aboard HMS_ Prince of Wales, _when the two world leaders met secretly at Placentia Bay._",
"\n\n_August 1941. ",
"Roosevelt and Churchill lead hymn singing_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto courtesy of AP/Wide World Photos\n\n_August 1941. ",
"Back in England, Churchill acknowledges the farewell cheers of the crew of HMS_ Prince of Wales.",
"\n\n_August 1941. ",
"Back in England, Churchill acknowledges_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto courtesy of AP/Wide World Photos\n\n_Soon after returning from his meeting with President Roosevelt, Churchill for the first time_ ___brandishes the \"V for victory.\"_",
"\n\n_Soon after returning from his meeting with President Roosevelt_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto courtesy of AP/Wide World Photos\n\n_February 1945. ",
"The \"Big Three\" at Yalta share a moment of jovial informality. ",
"Their casual air hides the dissension, which worsens as peace nears._",
"\n\n_February 1945. ",
"The \"Big Three\" at Yalta_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto courtesy of AP/Wide World Photos\n\n_On the evening of victory, May 8, 1945, upon his return from Buckingham Palace, Churchill addresses a huge crowd:_ \"In all our long history we have never seen a greater day than this.\" _",
"Two months later, Churchill would be voted out of office._",
"\n\n_On the evening of victory, May 8, 1945_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Bettman/CORBIS\n\n_In Berlin, July 1945, amid the wreck of Hitler's chancellery, Churchill's Russian guides show him Hitler's smashed chair._",
"\n\n_In Berlin, July 1945, amid the wreck of Hitler's chancellery_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS\n\n_January 1950. ",
"A seventy-five-year-old Churchill paints a scene in Funchal, Madeira._",
"\n\n_January 1950. ",
"A seventy-five-year-old Churchill paints_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Bettman/CORBIS\n\n_April 1955. ",
"Churchill holds the door for the Queen as she leaves 10 Downing Street after attending a small dinner. ",
"This was Churchill's last night as Prime Minister._",
"\n\n_April 1955. ",
"Churchill holds the door_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS\n\n_1965. ",
"After a service commemorating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Battle of Britain victory, Queen Elizabeth unveils a memorial stone to Churchill in Westminster Abbey. ",
"Clementine and family stand beside pilots who fought in that battle. ",
"The marble tablet reads,_ \"Remember Winston Churchill.\"",
"\n\n_1965. ",
"After a service_ ___._ ___. ._ ",
" \nPhoto courtesy of AP/Wide World Photos\n27\n\nCHURCHILL AS THE HERO OF A NOVEL\n\n_The Imagined and the Real_\n\n_A life doesn't make a good story: it's messy, themeless, with a predictable beginning and end. ",
"Nevertheless, readers of biography expect not only the discipline and reality of truth but also the artistry of novels._",
"\n\n_Many of the most successful biographers make their subjects into almost fictional characters, with motives, symbols, motifs. (\"",
"A human life is always made up of a number of such motifs,\" ventured André Maurois, who found a flower motif in Disraeli's life; \"when you study one of them, it will soon begin to impress itself upon you with a remarkable force.\" ",
"Ordered this way, the subject's life becomes consistent and meaningful._",
"\n\n_This kind of biography is very satisfying—but is it more like fiction, with particular facts weighted to supply plot, unity, and moral? ",
"Like fiction, in which someone's imagination has imposed a pleasing shapeliness on the messy stuff of life?—a shapeliness that may or may not be true. ",
"And yet generally this is the kind of biography that seems_ most _true._",
"\n\nThe impulse to turn Churchill into a literary character is almost irresistible. ",
"The facts of his life adapt so easily to the devices of fiction: irony, suspense, paradox, foreshadowing, reversal, allusion, heightened diction, desperate causes, even witty banter. ",
"His story has a remarkable artfulness, so beautiful in design with its portents, symbols, and themes: it is these qualities that have etched Churchill the hero so deeply in memory. (",
"Of course, Churchill himself encouraged his transformation. ",
"His cigars, his phrases, all simplified himself for public sight.)",
"\n\nIn fact, Winston Churchill, the fictional character, would be unconvincing; the rich episodes of his history aren't lifelike. ",
"When a young Churchill asks for a dog, what novelist would be so unsubtle as to write that Winston demanded a bulldog—as he did? ",
"Or who, after Freud, could invent a hero, neglected by his mother and disdained by his father, who called his beloved nanny \"Woom\"? ",
"This extraordinarily literary—that is, constructed—quality to Churchill's life helps explain its deep resonance in the public mind. ",
"Literary flourishes are not historical facts, and yet the mind seizes on them; and somehow that Churchill loved whiskey or that he wept in public seems to convey as much as a chapter from his official biography. ",
"Real life is often less real than fiction, but the facts of Churchill's life penetrate with all the intensity of an allegory.",
"\n\nThere is something melodramatic—legendary—fantastic about Churchill, a figure galloping out of the past. ",
"Even his name has a Dickensian aptness: sacred and lofty, with decisive, alliterative elements. ",
"Can the facts be true? ",
"Could he really have been a man who was not only a prominent world statesman but also rode to hounds, fenced, flew airplanes, played polo, owned racehorses, painted, farmed, and collected tropical fish? ",
"Who, without a university education, was a celebrated war correspondent, novelist, historian, and biographer—whose books were not only best-sellers but also won their author the Nobel Prize in literature, in the same year, it might be added, he accepted the Order of the Garter? ",
"He was the only person to serve in the War Cabinet in both World War I and World War II; he served in the Army, Navy, and Air Force. ",
"At Sandhurst, he'd learned how to ride bareback and to mount and dismount a trotting horse. ",
"At age seventy, in a shooting contest with General Eisenhower and guards officers, Churchill hit nine shots in the center of a bull's-eye and one on the fringe.",
"\n\nThe story of Churchill's life is weighted with heavy-handed dramatic ironies: Churchill's father raging about his son's \"total worthlessness\"; Churchill writing in despair in the 1930s, \"My career is a failure; it is finished. ",
"There is nothing more to offer\"; and on May 21, 1940, just days after Churchill had become Prime Minister, an MP predicting, \"Winston won't last five months! ",
"Opposition from Tories is already beginning.\" ",
"These pronouncements gratify the reader with the thrill of an impending reversal. ",
"Other prophecies came true: Harold Nicolson wrote, \"He is a man who leads forlorn hopes, and when the hopes of England become forlorn, he will once again be summoned to leadership\"; when asked in the late 1930s whether she thought Churchill would ever be Prime Minister, Clementine answered, \"No, unless some great disaster were to sweep the country, and no one could wish for that\"; on October 24, 1940, Churchill said as people cheered him, \"I represent to them something which they whole-heartedly support: the determination to win. ",
"For a year or two they will cheer me,\" and as it happened, a few years later, those admiring crowds voted him out of office. ",
"The pleasure given by Churchill's story is all the greater, without the distraction of real suspense.",
"\n\nAt the dramatic moments of Churchill's life, supporting characters also obligingly deliver their lines with cinematic flourish or arrange themselves in symbolical tableaux. ",
"After Churchill's humiliating ejection from office after the Dardanelles debacle, his longtime critic Field Marshal Lord Kitchener pronounced, \"There is one thing at any rate they cannot take from you. ",
"The Fleet was ready.\" ",
"Decades later, on August 16, 1939, Churchill visited France's Maginot line and, in typical Churchill fashion, drove within shouting distance of Nazi troops on the Rhine's far side. ",
"Near them was a sign: EIN VOLK, EIN REICH, EIN FüHRER. ",
"On the French bank: LIBERTé, éGALITé, FRATERNITé. ",
"On May 10, 1940, the day that Churchill would become the wartime Prime Minister, he received the simple note, \"His Majesty the King wishes to see you at six P.M.\" Ordinary life rarely supplies these climactic moments, but in Churchill's life, they were commonplace.",
"\n\nChurchill even spoke like the leading character from a Noël Coward play, as he tossed out witty lines that sound too good to be true. ",
"When Lady Astor snapped, \"Winston, if I were your wife, I'd put poison in your coffee,\" he retorted, \"Nancy, if I were your husband, I'd drink it.\" ",
"In 1939, after reading a memo from Admiral Pound, Churchill expressed his disagreement with a single word—\"Pennywise.\" ",
"He remarked that Ramsey MacDonald possessed \"the gift of compressing the largest number of words into the smallest amount of thought.\"",
"\n\nChurchill biographers—like all biographers—decide their stories and include facts to support them. ",
"Someone portraying Churchill as the savior of his country chooses certain facts; someone debunking the Churchill myth chooses others. ",
"In deciding what facts to relate—where each detail must stand in for hundreds of omitted details—biographers act like novelists, using theme, irony, motif, metonymy, description, symbolism, morals, and the like to shape a particular image of their subject.",
"\n\nThis shaping is easy, because merely mentioning a fact freights it with meaning: a gesture becomes suggestive, an incident turns symbolic. ",
"The telling detail has awesome power. ",
"That Churchill wore pale pink silk underwear suggests one view of the man; that he shot several men in the face at close range, another; that he loved butterflies, another. ",
"By using these devices, biographers give their subjects the reassuring coherence associated with fiction. ",
"Biographers must be accurate, of course, but the very facts that restrict them allow them to invent.",
"\n\nA biographer with a flair for symbols could exploit the fact that Churchill loved champagne and Hitler hated champagne; or that near the end of World War II, Churchill peed on the Siegfried line; or that he owned an American Indian chief's feathered warbonnet, bloodstained and hung with scalps. ",
"Despite his reverence for Empire, he never visited Australia or New Zealand and never set foot in India after 1898. ",
"He opposed allowing television cameras inside Westminster Abbey for Queen Elizabeth's coronation ceremony. ",
"He enjoyed playing pinball and cheated when he could. ",
"He loved gambling, picnics, card games, swimming and turning somersaults in his pool at Chartwell, and driving at high speeds. ",
"He bred racehorses and registered under his father's racing colors, chocolate and pink, and was elected to the Jockey Club. ",
"He disliked freshly squeezed orange juice; the smell of wax; the sounds of whistling, cowbells clanging, loud voices, ticking clocks, or telephones ringing. ",
"He was so bored by the movie _Citizen Kane_ that he walked out. ",
"Churchill rarely went to church, but he did enjoy christenings; he traced his American roots back to two forebears who fought against the British in the Revolutionary War and to an Iroquois woman; the \"most overworked word\" in his vocabulary, according to his secretary, was \"prod.\"",
"\n\nImagined with the help of fiction's devices, Churchill sometimes seems less a personality than a personification of a theme: the ancient fighting soul of the British. (",
"It's true that Churchill is romanticized in memory; he _strove_ to be romanticized.) ",
"But he can't be allowed to dissolve into archetype; it's more extraordinary that he actually lived. ",
"Churchill's story, remembered in the trappings of art, achieves mythic scale. ",
"How could his story be true? ",
"Yet it was.",
"\n28\n\nCHURCHILL'S DESTINY\n\n_How He Saw Himself_\n\n_To understand Churchill, we must understand how he viewed himself: a man chosen by Fate to achieve a noble destiny. ",
"And while we might scoff at his superstitious egoism, there's the inescapable fact that, looking at his life, he does appear to have been a man chosen by Fate to achieve a noble destiny. ",
"His American mother, his injured shoulder, the rider on the pale horse, the telegram sent by the general, the years in the wilderness, the reckless vow to fight to the end—all played their part._",
"\n\nFor many great figures, the path to success rises gradually upward, as they overcome temporary obstacles to arrive at their peak. ",
"Not for Churchill. ",
"His jagged career mixed great successes with seemingly insurmountable reverses. ",
"Falling from office after the Dardanelles, during the isolation of the wilderness years, after the shocking defeat in 1945—Churchill somehow fought his way back into a public role each time. ",
"It was his absolute faith in his great destiny that allowed him to persevere against setbacks that would have defeated most people.",
"\n\nAt the same time that Churchill believed destiny was preserving him to fulfill some historic role, however, he was also haunted by a premonition that he'd die before he could fulfill his ambitions. ",
"Asked why he expected to die young, he explained that his father had died at age forty-six. ",
"This was a powerful combination for a leader: a sense of invulnerability, of election, and also of burning urgency.",
"\n\nTrust in his destiny made Churchill fearless. ",
"He wrote to his mother in 1897, while he was still in uniform, \"I am so conceited I do not believe the Gods would create so potent a being as myself for so prosaic an ending.\" ",
"Decades later, he wrote to his wife from the trenches, \"Above all don't be worried about me. ",
"If my destiny has not been already accomplished I shall be guarded surely.\"",
"\n\nChurchill can perhaps be excused for his credulity. ",
"Even putting aside his survival of the normal risks of the battlefield and of prosaic geriatric health problems, Churchill withstood mortal danger a surprising number of times.",
"\n\nTwice, in March 1886 and again in 1943, he fought dangerous bouts of pneumonia.",
"\n\nAt age eighteen, playing tag, Churchill jumped from a bridge thirty feet from the ground; he tried to grab a treetop but fell. ",
"He ruptured his kidney, was unconscious for three days, and received a spine injury that gave him a slight stoop for the rest of his life.",
"\n\nOnly a few months later, he nearly drowned during a holiday in Switzerland.",
"\n\nIn 1899, aged twenty-five, he helped to rescue an armored train under attack by enemy fire and was captured by the Boers. ",
"He soon escaped from the war camp and, with a price on his head, managed to make his way to safety.",
"\n\nWhile still in South Africa, he was thrown by his bolting horse as Boer riflemen drew near. ",
"A mounted British scout on a pale horse appeared just in time—\"Death in Revelation, but life to me!\"—and Churchill mounted up beside him and rode to safety.",
"\n\nNot long after, as a commissioned officer disguised in civilian clothes, he carried an urgent military report through Johannesburg. ",
"If he'd been stopped and searched, he'd have been shot where he stood.",
"\n\nJust a week after arriving at the front in 1915, Churchill received a telegram from a general requesting a meeting. ",
"When Churchill returned after walking for miles in the mud, angry because the meeting hadn't actually taken place, he learned that his shelter had been destroyed by a shell five minutes after he'd left it.",
"\n\nCharacteristically eager to tackle any challenge, Churchill took up flying and survived several near misses in early airplanes. ",
"One plane caught fire; another flipped after takeoff; another crashed after the guiding stick failed. ",
"He finally ended his lessons after a crash landing seriously injured his flight instructor.",
"\n\nAt age fifty-seven, in 1931, he suffered serious injuries after being hit by a car on Fifth Avenue, in New York City.",
"\n\nBrushes with death never cowed Churchill. ",
"When a sniper shot at him during a 1944 visit to Greece, Churchill's reaction was to exclaim, \"Cheek!\"",
"\n\nChurchill believed himself chosen by destiny. ",
"When he became Prime Minister in 1940, he reflected on how the circumstances of his birth, his abilities, and the quirks of his political fortunes had uniquely fitted him to fill his great station: \"I was conscious of a profound sense of relief. ",
"At last I had the authority to give directions over the whole scene. ",
"I felt as if I were walking with Destiny, and that all my past life had been but a preparation for this hour and for this trial.\" ",
"Churchill felt that his American mother—a descendant of a lieutenant in George Washington's army—gave him a special understanding of the \"great Republic,\" and he wrote of the Anglo-American alliance, \"It certainly was odd that it should all work out this way; and once again I had the feeling . . . ",
"of being used, however unworthy, in some appointed plan.\"",
"\n\nAs Churchill himself noticed, even seemingly chance events played their role. ",
"He reflected on the 1896 accident that dislocated his shoulder and prevented him from using a sword; the injury bothered him until he died but perhaps also saved his life.",
"\n\nYou never can tell whether bad luck may not after all turn out to be good luck. ",
"Perhaps if in the charge of Omdurman I had been able to use a sword, instead of having to adopt a modern weapon like a Mauser pistol, my story might not have got so far as the telling. ",
"One must never forget when misfortunes come that it is quite possible they are saving one from something much worse; or that when you make some great mistake, it may very easily serve you better than the best-advised decision.",
"\n\nIn the same disguise, Churchill's banishment to the political wilderness during the 1930s was lucky. ",
"He'd warned of the dangers; he'd been ignored and scorned; in 1940, he bore no responsibility. ",
"As Churchill explained later, \"I could not be reproached either for making the war or with want of preparation for it\"—or, as he put it more poetically, \"Over me beat the invisible wings.\"",
"\n\nThese invisible wings did more than preserve him from death or political extinction. ",
"They covered him with unexpected favors: the rare chance in South Africa to make himself a hero, where by pure luck during his prison escape, he knocked at the one British door for twenty miles; the perfectly timed inheritance from a distant relative that provided the money to buy Chartwell; the 1938 bailout from the rich admirer that allowed him to be a candidate for Prime Minister in 1940.",
"\n\nIt was under the invisible wings that Churchill was chosen to be wartime Prime Minister. ",
"It happened in the afternoon of May 9, 1940, at a meeting at 10 Downing Street to choose Chamberlain's successor, if he couldn't continue as Prime Minister. ",
"Chamberlain faced the two contenders: Halifax and Churchill. ",
"They didn't know it, of course, but within hours Hitler would unleash a brutal attack in western Europe.",
"\n\nBy the end of the meeting, the choice was made. ",
"This decision—Churchill as Prime Minister—blazes from the mass of facts, and yet most accounts of May 1940 accept, with surprising docility, the certainty of this outcome. ",
"But it was hardly inevitable.",
"\n\nIf Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax had pushed for the job, there is little doubt he would have got it. ",
"In Churchill's favor was the fact that his support was growing in the House. ",
"But resigning Prime Minister Chamberlain, and the bulk of the Conservative Party he led, wanted Halifax. ",
"The King wanted Halifax. ",
"The Labour leadership would have accepted Halifax. ",
"True, the fact that Halifax was a peer presented a hurdle, but that could have been solved. ",
"Nevertheless, Halifax bowed out.",
"\n\n_Why_ did Halifax defer to Churchill? ",
"Those in high office seek higher office, and Halifax—a haughty man of terrific ambition—was no exception. ",
"It wasn't that he wanted to leave government: he remained in the Cabinet as an outspoken Foreign Secretary. ",
"It wasn't that he didn't have an opinion about the proper course for Britain: he persistently argued that Britain must consider a negotiated peace. ",
"Did he shrink from bearing so much responsibility? ",
"Unlikely, given a career that included several high posts; in the one he'd most enjoyed, Viceroy of India, he'd decided the fates of more than 300 million. ",
"Did he lack the stomach to be Prime Minister with a restive Churchill under him, speechifying and criticizing at every turn? ",
"Perhaps. ",
"Perhaps he believed he'd be better able to restrain Churchill's wilder ideas if he remained Foreign Secretary, or perhaps he predicted, as many did, that Churchill's government would soon fail and that he could then replace Churchill with that powerful adversary removed. ",
"Or perhaps he truly believed that Churchill, not he, had the qualities needed to lead the country. ",
"Whatever his reason, Halifax did refuse the highest political prize when it was within his grasp.",
"\n\nIt was Halifax's habit, when offered high office, to demur until his superiors pleaded that his service was indispensable. ",
"If Chamberlain had insisted that it was Halifax's patriotic duty to assume the Premiership at this critical hour, Halifax perhaps would have done so, whatever his hesitations. (",
"Halifax certainly performed his greatest service by declining the office. ",
"This was a man who on May 10, 1940—having learned upon waking that, at dawn, Hitler had attacked Belgium and Holland on a path to France, at a time when the British leadership was in crisis—nevertheless left the Foreign Office to keep his _dentist's_ appointment.)",
"\n\nIf Halifax might have accepted the position had Chamberlain insisted, the question becomes, why didn't Chamberlain press Halifax harder? ",
"He said he preferred Halifax, and it would have been only natural for him to feel that way. ",
"Halifax had loyally supported him while Churchill had opposed him. ",
"And yet instead of continuing to push Halifax, Chamberlain turned to Churchill. _",
"Why_?",
"\n\nChamberlain prided himself that he was realistic, businesslike, with a passionate dedication to peace. ",
"He had all these qualities—and these identical defects. ",
"With his narrow, prosaic mind, and in his vanity, Chamberlain simply couldn't comprehend Hitler. ",
"Even as of September 30, 1940, he complained in a letter to the King that his failed attempts to avoid war \"might well have succeeded if they had not come up against the insatiate and inhuman ambitions of a fanatic.\" ",
"Wasn't that the _point_ of all who criticized Chamberlain's policy? ",
"That he'd persisted in his appeasement with utter disregard for Hitler's obvious nature? ",
"Perhaps, at long last, Chamberlain grasped that his virtues (which were also Halifax's) were out of season and that it was Churchill who possessed the necessary qualities of imagination and stomach for war. ",
"And of course, it was Churchill who embodied—for the British people and for the Germans as well—a policy of absolute resistance to Hitler.",
"\n\nChurchill trusted that destiny would guide and protect him. \"",
"Chance, Fortune, Luck, Destiny, Fate, Providence seem to me only different ways of expressing the same thing, to wit, that a man's own contribution to his life story is continually dominated by an external superior power.\" ",
"And yet . . . ",
"Churchill's good fortune was also bad fortune. ",
"He would win a great victory, and fulfill his destiny, but not as he expected—and not as he wanted.",
"\n29\n\nCHURCHILL THE IMPERIALIST\n\n_His Cause_\n\n_Most people live personal, domestic lives; few devote themselves to a great cause. ",
"Early in his life, Churchill settled on his purpose, and he never wavered from it: \"I want to see the British Empire preserved ._ ___._ ___. ",
"in its strength and splendor.\" ",
"Most of what he did—both good and bad—sprang from his desire to maintain the Empire. ",
"Sometimes, he was praised for what he did in the Empire's name, and at other times, abused._",
"\n\nFor the first several decades of his life, just as Churchill's position in the world expanded, so did the British Empire's. ",
"In 1900, Churchill was a newly elected MP, and the Empire was the largest the world had ever seen; after World War I, Churchill was one of the Empire's leaders as it stretched to its widest palmy reach. ",
"Churchill's purpose—what he fought for his whole life—was its advancement.",
"\n\nBorn into the ruling elite, Churchill never doubted his fitness to command, and he expected every class and race to accept its lot cheerfully. \"",
"I was brought up in that state of civilization,\" he explained, \"when it was everywhere accepted that men are born unequal.\"",
"\n\nAt home in England, Churchill wanted to improve the lives of the poor and unfortunate—but from a lordly instinct of benevolence, not from a belief that his fellow Britons were entitled to certain rights and protections. ",
"He wanted to improve the old order, not create a new one. ",
"He reacted harshly to demands, to threats, to strikes (whether by suffragettes, miners, nationalists, or unions); he gave out of condescending generosity, not out of obligation, to his good, loyal people.",
"\n\nThese same beliefs, on a larger scale, shaped Churchill's attitudes toward colonial subjects. ",
"He never doubted that the British, with their genius for government, should shoulder the burden of governing their inferiors in foreign parts. ",
"He was untroubled by the Empire's double nature: for whites, democratic and free; for nonwhites, authoritarian and military. ",
"He took an unabashedly racial view of the matter: the superior white had a _duty_ and a _right_ to rule. ",
"In 1922, he wrote the Governor of Bengal's wife:\n\nI am sure . . . ",
"you will do your best to keep the Flag flying and the prestige and authority of the white man undiminished. ",
"Our true duty in India lies to those 300 millions whose lives and means of existence would be squandered if entrusted to the chatterboxes who are supposed to speak for India today.",
"\n\nEven during the Second World War, while Indian soldiers fought to defend Britain, Churchill carefully distinguished between races. ",
"He wrote the Secretary of State for War to protest the fact that two British brigades went by the name of the \"36th Indian Division\"—a circumstance which he considered to go \"below the level of grovelling to which we have been subject.\" ",
"In 1943, he asked, \"Why be apologetic about Anglo-Saxon superiority? ",
"We are superior.\" ",
"Later, he explained, \"When you learn to think of a race as inferior beings it is difficult to get rid of that way of thinking; when I was a subaltern the Indian did not seem to me equal to the white man.\"",
"\n\nChurchill believed that the purpose of the overseas Empire was to support England's world stature, and in his imperial vision, India shone brightest. ",
"For generations, a tiny number of Britons (at peak, about 150,000) had controlled more than 300 million inhabitants of India, on a subcontinent larger than Europe. ",
"Churchill didn't want to see this arrangement changed, and he isolated himself in the 1930s by opposing even modest steps toward Indian self-government. ",
"Churchill argued that Britain had brought India a civilization \"far above anything they could possibly have achieved themselves or could maintain\" and prophesied that the \"false benevolence\" of granting independence to India would result in chaos, blood, and famine as well as the undermining of Britain's world-power status. ",
"He condemned those who supported self-rule. \"",
"It is alarming and also nauseating to see Mr. Gandhi,\" scoffed Churchill in a 1931 speech, \"now posing as a fakir of a type well-known in the East, striding half-naked up the steps of the Vice-Regal Palace. . . . ",
"Such a spectacle can only increase the unrest in India and the danger to which white people there are exposed.\" (",
"Who was the Viceroy who was willing to meet with Gandhi? ",
"Lord Halifax, in an earlier incarnation.)",
"\n\nAnother major effort by Churchill on the Empire's behalf was his wartime cultivation of Roosevelt, whose aid was crucial to British victory. ",
"Churchill—who never stopped talking, who never listened to anyone else, who excelled at biting criticism—managed to hold his tongue, except to praise and wheedle. \"",
"No lover,\" Churchill said, \"ever studied every whim of his mistress as I did those of President Roosevelt.\" ",
"By careful correspondence, several face-to-face meetings (Churchill did most of the traveling), characteristic eloquence, and uncharacteristic tact, Churchill worked to build American support for Britain. ",
"He didn't enjoy playing the role of supplicant, but he did what he had to do. ",
"In July 1940, as Nazis stormed across Europe, opposed only by Britain, Churchill begged Roosevelt to send destroyers—with dignity, of course, but still he begged: \"Mr. President, with great respect I must tell you that in the long history of the world this is a thing to do _now_.\" ",
"He left many harsh things unsaid—letters rewritten, speeches softened. ",
"He did it for the Empire.",
"\n\nGiven Churchill's intense pride in the British Empire, it's surprising to learn his hopes for the postwar relationship of Britain and the United States: he repeatedly, and approvingly, predicted that they'd unite—he anticipated common citizenship and the \"dollar sterling.\" ",
"His well-publicized friendship with Roosevelt was meant to symbolize the deep affinity of their two countries. ",
"In his famous \"Iron Curtain\" speech of March 5, 1946, Churchill joined the two countries together in rhetoric:\n\nThe United States stands at this time at the pinnacle of world power. . . . ",
"Opportunity is here now, clear and shining for both our countries. . . . ",
"It is necessary that constancy of mind, persistency of purpose and the grand simplicity of decision shall guide and rule the conduct of the English-speaking peoples in peace as they did in war.",
"\n\nBut why would Churchill, who fought so fiercely to preserve the British Empire, welcome the prospect of melding with the United States?",
"\n\nThe answer might also explain why, when the time came, contrary to expectations, he made no real effort as Opposition party leader after 1945 to defeat the Attlee government's policy in favor of Indian independence.",
"\n\nHe hoped to build _another_ Empire, a stronger one. ",
"He foresaw that the existing Empire, based on India, was doomed. ",
"Once India left, the rest of the Empire would collapse as well. ",
"But just as the Indian Empire had once replaced the American Empire, now the United States could replace India. ",
"And what a partner! ",
"The United States was at the pinnacle of world power. ",
"In his August 16, 1945, address to the House of Commons, in a discussion of the use of the atomic bomb, Churchill addressed this preeminence:\n\nThe United States stand at this moment at the summit of the world. ",
"I rejoice that this should be so. ",
"Let them act up to the level of their power and their responsibility, not for themselves but for others, for all men in all lands, and then a brighter day may dawn upon human history.",
"\n\nAnd for all his deference to the United States, in Churchill's view, Britain remained the senior partner of the two. ",
"After all, Churchill emphasized, America owed its best traditions to Britain—their shared language and the values of democracy, personal liberty, and the rule of law. ",
"He pointedly wrote, \"The [United States's] Constitution was a reaffirmation of faith in the principles painfully evolved over the centuries by the English-speaking peoples. ",
"It enshrined long-standing English ideas of justice and liberty, henceforth to be regarded on the other side of the Atlantic as basically American.\"",
"\n\nThe problem with this plan was that the United States didn't want to play that role and didn't see the future as Churchill saw it. ",
"As the years wore on, Churchill realized that, try as he might, he wouldn't live to see a great reunion.",
"\n\nIndia was lost and, after India, the rest of the Empire, and the United States wasn't to be gained. ",
"Churchill had dreaded this dwindling of British stature. ",
"He'd thundered in 1942, \"I have not become the King's First Minister in order to preside over the liquidation of the British Empire.\" ",
"It was one of his life's ironies that, in fact, this was precisely his fate. _\"",
"We shall defend our Island,\"_ he'd pledged in 1940, _\"whatever the cost may be.\"_ ",
"The defense of the Island cost the Empire. ",
"Churchill's reverence for the Empire blinded him to its weak and overtaxed structure, and he didn't appreciate that the added strains of war would cripple it. ",
"And not only did Britain lack the resources to rule its Empire after the war—it had lost the desire to paint the map red. ",
"When peace came, the British wanted to come home, settle down, rebuild. ",
"The principle of self-rule had taken root in the world, and Britain accepted it, too. \"",
"It is with deep grief that I watch the clattering down of the British Empire,\" Churchill said in 1947. \"",
"Many have defended Britain against her foes. ",
"None can defend her against herself.\"",
"\n\nBy the end of his life, Churchill had seen both the Empire's greatest expansion and its contraction into a damp island of some 45 million people. ",
"Churchill's cousin Clare Sheridan observed of him in a 1950 letter, \"Of course he was depressed—says everything he has worked for all his life (the Brit. ",
"Emp.) ",
"has been thrown away by the socialists in power—he accused the U.S. of having been instrumental in breaking up our Colonial Empire.\" ",
"Years later, he told her, \"In the end it has all been for nothing. . . . ",
"The Empire _I_ believed in has gone.\"",
"\n\nBut it wasn't until Churchill died in 1965 that the sun finally set on the Empire. ",
"His mere presence in the world, with his massive prestige and position, upheld the banner of Britain's former glory. ",
"His funeral marked its descent. ",
"The next most memorable occasion of British pageantry was the marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales, to Churchill's distant cousin, Lady Diana Spencer, in 1981. ",
"The world thrilled at the royal splendor: the glass coach bearing the bride to Saint Paul's Cathedral, the throngs of people cheering in the streets, Diana murmuring, \"I, Diana Frances, take thee, Philip Charles Arthur George\" (in the wrong order—his first name is Charles). ",
"But how different everything was. ",
"The Empire had been swept away. ",
"The royal pomp had become a tourist attraction, and though splendid, the ceremony seemed overdone, performed by such a diminished nation.",
"\n30\n\nCHURCHILL'S EMPIRE\n\n_How He Saw the World_\n\n_Understanding_ where _the biography's subject lived is as important as understanding_ when. _",
"Churchill considered himself to live in England, but more important, in the capital of the British Empire. ",
"It's easy, given the Britain of today, to forget the immensity of the Empire at its height, when London directed the government of more than one-quarter of the world's land and population. ",
"Churchill was alive when the Empire's reach was greatest, and its supreme position matched the enormity of his own ambitions. ",
"He never resigned himself to its diminishment._",
"\n\n31\n\nCHURCHILL AND ROOSEVELT\n\n_Friends as Well as Allies?_",
"\n\n**Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt Had a Warm Friendship**\n\nChurchill and Roosevelt were bound together by affection and respect. ",
"Each delighted to share the stage of world history with another of similar outsize abilities. ",
"As Roosevelt wrote Churchill, \"It is fun to be in the same decade as you.\" ",
"They shared many common interests: the war, of course; the navy, in which they had both served and which remained a particular interest for both; the study of history and biography; the pleasures of country and city. ",
"Each was an aristocrat who sought to represent the common people.",
"\n\nTheir relationship embodied and strengthened the bond between Britain and the United States. ",
"In 1939, even before Churchill became Prime Minister, Roosevelt initiated a remarkable correspondence that continued until Roosevelt's death. ",
"They exchanged more than seventeen hundred messages, carried on running jokes, and even exchanged poems.",
"\n\nChurchill gladly pursued the relationship with the American president; he recognized from the beginning that Britain's victory, and perhaps even survival, depended on the United States's support. ",
"Roosevelt, for his part, acknowledged that Britain was holding the line against Nazi Germany at a time when the American public opposed entering the war.",
"\n\nChurchill's cultivation of Roosevelt was particularly critical for Britain in the period before the United States entered the war in December 1941. ",
"In September 1940, Roosevelt consummated the destroyers-for-bases deal, in which U.S. destroyers were exchanged for use of British Atlantic bases, and in March 1941, the United States under Lend-Lease began to \"lend\" military equipment to cash-poor Britain—a Roosevelt policy hailed by Churchill as \"the most unsordid act in the history of any nation.\" ",
"Churchill and Roosevelt's dramatic meeting at sea in August 1941 demonstrated to the world that the two English-speaking countries had a \"special relationship.\" ",
"Churchill was so determined that this first critical wartime meeting go well that, to prepare for the divine service planned for combined American and British crews, he conducted a full rehearsal aboard HMS _Prince of Wales_ while it was on its way to the Atlantic Meeting. ",
"There, the two leaders signed the historic Atlantic Charter, a joint declaration of principles and aims. ",
"After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and Hitler declared war, the two leaders became official allies.",
"\n\nNaturally, Churchill and Roosevelt didn't always agree. ",
"Despite occasional differences, however, a warm friendship bolstered their shared objectives and common ideals.",
"\n\n**Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt Did Not Have a Warm Friendship**\n\nThe emotional Churchill couldn't resist the vision of the two leaders of the great English-speaking nations united as war comrades. ",
"He did feel some real affection for Roosevelt. ",
"Roosevelt, however, was more aloof, more pragmatic. ",
"He'd instantly disliked Churchill when he'd met him at the end of the First World War and was further irritated when Churchill let slip, at the Atlantic Meeting in August 1941, that he didn't remember that first meeting.",
"\n\nThe two men needed each other. ",
"Both worked hard to grease their official relationship with the lubricant of camaraderie, to the point that sometimes their heartiness became treacly, as when Prime Minister Churchill signed himself \"Former Naval Person\" (a coy reference to his former post as First Lord, used to avoid the cold formality of his proper title and to emphasize their common ground). ",
"In truth, however, conflict shadowed their association. ",
"The two leaders clashed on important issues like imperialism, the speed of American entry into the war, Mediterranean strategy, the opening of the second front, military aid to China, and policy toward the Soviets. ",
"Roosevelt returned Churchill's gestures of personal friendship, but at the same time, he worked unsentimentally to undermine the British Empire and to strengthen the position of the United States.",
"\n\nThe myth of their great friendship is due in part to Churchill's effusive praise for Roosevelt. ",
"Desperate for American support at every stage of the war, he wooed the President with public applause—but he was harsher in private. ",
"Away from the microphones, Churchill protested of Lend-Lease, Roosevelt's plan to allow the United States to supply Britain with war materials on credit, that \"we are not only to be skinned, but flayed to the bone.\" ",
"His prediction was correct; the United States used Lend-Lease ruthlessly to strip Britain of its assets.",
"\n\nAnd perhaps Churchill, for all his protestations of affection, wasn't as fond of Roosevelt as he said, at least by the end. ",
"Without a convincing excuse, he decided not to attend Roosevelt's funeral in the spring of 1945, nor did he broadcast to the nation on the occasion. ",
"By not attending the funeral, Churchill also lost the chance to meet the new president, Harry Truman. ",
"Roosevelt had always been the dominant partner in the special relationship, and Churchill had traveled to Washington; with Roosevelt dead, Churchill may have wanted Truman to come to him, to move the seat of the Anglo-American relations to London. ",
"At bottom, the special relationship was a means to promote national interests.",
"\n32\n\nCHURCHILL'S IMAGINATION\n\n_How He Saw History_\n\n_A biography attempts to convey a personality, with its peculiar atmosphere and impulses. ",
"Churchill's personality, it happens, was dominated by his sense of English history._",
"\n\n_\"The fortunate generations are the homogeneous ones,\" Lytton Strachey commented, \"those which begin and end, comfortably, within the boundaries of a single Age. ",
"It is the straddlers who are unlucky.\" ",
"Churchill was a straddler. ",
"The past, as he imagined it, fueled his powers. ",
"He looked backward to a vanished world—the world into which he'd been born—not to the future._",
"\n\nChurchill's faith in Britain and its destiny gave him his courage, his optimism, and his ambition. ",
"However, the traditional vision of Britain that fitted Churchill for his splendid achievements also divided him from the spirit of the age, and by the end of his life, he'd outlived his own time and the version of the Island story he cherished.",
"\n\nChurchill's affinity for history sprang, in part, from the tremendous changes he witnessed in his own life. ",
"He was born in 1874, when the Civil War general Ulysses Grant was U.S. president, before the use of electricity, the phonograph, the cinema, the typewriter, the telephone, the radio, or the automobile. ",
"In 1898, at Omdurman, he fought in the last British cavalry charge to use lances as weapons. ",
"In 1900, during his American lecture tour, Churchill was introduced by Mark Twain—who introduced him then as \"the hero of five wars, the author of six books, and the future Prime Minister of Great Britain.\" ",
"When Churchill entered the House of Commons that year, not even a third of Britons were entitled to vote; he was forty-four years old before any woman could vote. ",
"He saw the apex of the British Empire, made strong and rich by the industrial revolution; these advances initially fortified England in its best defense, the ocean, but Churchill would live to see newer technology—first air power, then atomic power—overcome that protective moat.",
"\n\n_Blenheim Palace was the nation's gift to John Churchill, the first Duke of Marlborough, in thanks for his victories against the French in the early eighteenth century. ",
"Churchill was born at Blenheim and might have taken as his personal charge its Victory Column's inscription,describing the great Duke:_\n\n_The Hero not only of his Nation, but of his Age:_\n\n_Whose Glory was equal in the Council and in the Field;_\n\n_Who, by Wisdom, Justice, Candour, and Address,_\n\n_Reconcil'd various, and even opposite Interests;_\n\n_Acquired an Influence_\n\n_Which no Rank, no Authority can give,_\n\n_Nor any Force, but that of superior Virtue;_\n\n_Became the fixed important Center_\n\n_Which united, In one common Cause,_\n\n_The principal States of Europe._ ___._ ___._ ___._",
"\n\n_When raised the highest, when exerted the most,_\n\n_Rescued the Empire from Desolation,_\n\n_Asserted and confirmed the Liberties of Europe._",
"\n\n_Blenheim Palace was the nation's gift to John Churchill_ ___._ ___._ ___._ ",
" \nPhoto courtesy of AP/Wide World Photos\n\nTo Churchill, the past seemed as immediate as the present. ",
"The places of his childhood reverberated with English history: the Vice-Regal Lodge in Dublin, Blenheim Palace, Harrow, London. \"",
"I can see myself . . . ",
"sitting a little boy,\" he told Harrow students, \"always feeling the glory of England and its history, surrounding me and about me.\" ",
"He believed every prospective officer should read Plutarch's _Lives_. ",
"To denounce the Munich Agreement, he pointed to lessons from King Ethelred the Unready's reign. ",
"One evening in August 1940, when the Nazis threatened across the sea, Churchill told his colleagues, \"I want to discuss the problems of invasion.\" ",
"They met that night expecting, reasonably enough, to discuss possible German attack; instead, they probed the challenges faced by William the Conqueror in 1066. ",
"In 1944, just before D-Day, Churchill asked for all the data on weather, time, and conditions when William had landed on English shores—again, he wanted to study this last successful invasion, even if it had taken place nearly nine hundred years before. ",
"This study of history allowed him to see what others missed. ",
"Few had shared his belief in Russia's ability to hold out against Germany in 1941; the Americans estimated that Russia would last only three months. ",
"Churchill argued he would bet that in two years' time, Russia would still be fighting. ",
"The generals should read about Napoleon and the 1812 retreat from Moscow.",
"\n\nChurchill's historical vision gave him a reverence for the traditional symbols of British power. ",
"Despite wartime distractions, he found time to admonish:\n\nPrime Minister to First Lord 18.IX.40\n\nSurely you can run to a new Admiralty flag. ",
"It grieves me to see the present dingy object every morning.",
"\n\nWhen the Foreign Office proposed to plan the evacuation of the royal family, the Crown jewels, and the coronation chair, Churchill flatly refused. ",
"Legend foretold that if the apes on Gibraltar ever left, British rule there would end; in 1944, when Churchill learned that the apes' numbers were dropping, he ordered that every effort be made to keep at least twenty-four apes on Gibraltar. ",
"Apes' names and ages were recorded on the garrison muster, with births and deaths noted in the casualty lists.",
"\n\nChurchill's strong sense of history helped him in wartime, because he saw war's violent disruption as part of the normal progress of Britain. ",
"It also convinced him that, no matter how bleak the prospects, Britain would win in the end. ",
"So rather than mourn the loss of peace, Churchill rushed to play his part.",
"\n\nChurchill studied history, and he shaped it. ",
"As a consequence, he was preoccupied not only by the achievements of earlier generations but also by how later generations would judge his achievements. ",
"To establish his version of events, he wrote voluminous memoirs. \"",
"These are _my_ story,\" he retorted to criticism of his World War II volumes. \"",
"If someone else likes to write _his_ story, let him.\" ",
"All his books, in one way or another, told his own history. ",
"His reports from the field—books like _The River War, The Malakand Field Force, My Early Life_ —were history as he'd seen it as a dashing young subaltern. ",
"His biographies, _Lord Randolph Churchill_ and _Marlborough,_ recast his forebears' records. ",
"Slightly more impersonally, in _A History of the English-Speaking Peoples,_ Churchill filtered a vast history to teach his version of the Island story. ",
"He preferred the bold and simple; his sense of the past was too romantic, too vivid, to be strictly accurate. ",
"He strove to illuminate the development of the genius of the English race, and in his mind, noble legends were as important as cold facts.",
"\n\nChurchill's most significant works, his memoirs of World Wars I and II, were history as seen by a world statesman. ",
"Churchill knew that the condition of enduring fame is harsh scrutiny, and he wrote these volumes to vindicate himself. \"",
"History will bear me out,\" he declared, \"particularly as I shall write that history myself.\" ",
"He admitted that he exploited hindsight to \"correct or bury\" any mistakes, and he tweaked and even hid the truth when it suited him. ",
"Churchill ignored the contributions of those who had opposed or disappointed him—for example, he barely acknowledged the work of the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Alan Brooke, with whom he battled constantly. ",
"Of the War Cabinet's critical decision to fight on alone during the early days of his Premiership, Churchill claimed:\n\nFuture generations may deem it noteworthy that the supreme question of whether we should fight on alone never found a place upon the War Cabinet agenda. ",
"It was taken for granted and as a matter of course . . . ",
"and we were much too busy to waste time upon such academic, unreal issues.",
"\n\nThis is simply untrue. ",
"Why would Churchill lie to hide the War Cabinet's debates on just that question? ",
"Out of generosity to Halifax; also, publishing this account in 1949, Churchill as Conservative leader had no reason to point out his party's defeatism in 1940; furthermore, Churchill wanted to emphasize the world's debt to Britain and so hid the fact that Britain had ever wavered in its high purpose. ",
"Churchill's war memoirs were not detached accounts but rather personal testimony.",
"\n\nTo mold the impression of future generations, in his accounts Churchill depicted \"Churchill\" with the swashbuckling mannerisms and courtly language worthy of a hero. ",
"Of a 1942 visit to the desert front, he wrote, \"We sallied forth early to see the prospective battlefield and the gallant troops who were to hold it.\" ",
"Few contemporaries would have described their movements as _sallying forth_. ",
"One of his much-studied wartime directives began, \"Renown awaits the Commander who first . . .\" ",
"and was known among his colleagues by the opening phrase, \"Renown Awaits.\" ",
"His comrades-in-arms weren't always capable of the same gallant parlance. ",
"Consider this uneven exchange during the Battle of Alamein. ",
"Churchill wrote with elaborate courtesy to Air Chief Marshal Tedder to congratulate him on the \"magnificent\" fighting of his men, who were \"playing a glorious part\" in battle. ",
"In less heroic terms, Air Chief Marshal Tedder replied that they were indeed \"determined to make a job of it.\" ",
"Always conscious of posterity's eye, and with a vision of himself as a hero in the enduring Island story, Churchill described himself as he wanted to be remembered.",
"\n\nChurchill worried about history's verdict, and he appealed to history's judgment. ",
"In July 1940, after France surrendered, and after the French naval commander at Oran refused to hand over or scuttle his warships, Churchill ordered that the British navy sink the French ships so that they could not fall to the Nazis. ",
"More than a thousand French died. ",
"This violence against Britain's former ally shocked many, and Churchill himself wept when he announced the attack: \"I leave the judgment of our action, with confidence, to Parliament. ",
"I leave it to the nation, and I leave it to the United States. ",
"I leave it to the world and history.\" ",
"Meeting with Stalin in October 1944, Churchill handed Stalin a sheet of paper, \"the naughty document,\" which suggested percentages of British and Soviet predominance in Eastern Europe; Stalin ticked his approval. ",
"Mindful of future scrutiny, Churchill suggested, \"Might it not be thought rather cynical if it seemed we had disposed of these issues, so fateful to millions of people, in such an offhand manner? ",
"Let us burn the paper.\" ",
"Stalin replied, \"No, you keep it.\" (",
"Far from burning it, obviously, Churchill published it.)",
"\n\nBy supplying his own version of history, Churchill tried to define his time—and his place in it. ",
"But although he appears to be a supreme embodiment of his age, he was also outside it. ",
"His message to General Wavell about defending Singapore rings as an anachronism; he insisted that the battle must be fought to the last man to uphold the \"honour of the British Empire\" and the \"reputation of our country and our race.\" ",
"Churchill tried to speak the timeless language of heroes and instead spoke out of the past; this heroic, histrionic language doesn't belong in 1942. ",
"His great speeches evoked the glories and traditions of bygone days—not the promises of the future.",
"\n\nSome personalities take their color from their age, while others seem to belong properly to a different one. ",
"Perhaps, with his love for airplanes, radar, and automobiles, Churchill thought himself a man of the future. ",
"He wasn't. ",
"Churchill displayed the imperial spirit of the nineteenth century, with all its confidence, when Britain had been unrivaled.",
"\n\nStraddlers are unlucky. \"",
"Scarcely anything material or established which I was brought up to believe was permanent and vital, has lasted,\" reflected Churchill. \"",
"Everything I was sure or taught to be sure was impossible, has happened.\" ",
"He wrote that in 1930. ",
"The quality that the public revered in Churchill—his compelling vision of the heroic past—eventually led them to dismiss him as a historical relic. ",
"Churchill lived into an age in which the values he defended—of social tradition, soldierly glory, and British superiority—were undermined. ",
"His certainty didn't suit his age of change and doubt. ",
"At the moment of his country's forlorn hope, his traditional qualities, braced by his imagination, became once again necessary, and he led the country to victory. ",
"But he quickly went out of fashion again, afterward.",
"\n33\n\nCHURCHILL AND HITLER\n\n_Nemesis_\n\n_Most great figures are remembered singly—not Churchill. ",
"He's always framed with his great adversary, Hitler. ",
"Juxtaposition highlights certain facts and obscures others, though not always in predictable ways. ",
"Consider the two men: one was cheerful, witty, and magnanimous; the other was humorless, cruel, a hypochondriac; one was polite, abstemious, austere, self-made; the other was gluttonous, bibulous, sybaritic, and born into privilege. ",
"Each believed in his military genius, artistic soul, and divine destiny as leader of his people. ",
"Each witnessed the end of the empire he'd worked his life to strengthen._",
"\n\n_In contrast to Hitler's evil, Churchill's qualities glow bright and pure. ",
"Churchill was lucky to have been pitted against one so unambiguously wicked; had history instead paired him with Gandhi, for example, he'd be remembered differently._",
"\n\nIn the view of history, despite the presence of other imposing figures—Roosevelt, Stalin, Mussolini, Eisenhower, Montgomery, Chiang Kai-shek, de Gaulle, Tojo—it is the opposition of Churchill and Hitler that captures the essence of the Second World War.",
"\n\nAlthough Churchill claimed that he shared only one thing with Hitler—\"a horror of whistling\"—they shared many of the qualities that buttress a leader's power. ",
"Each had charisma, confidence, eloquence, physical stamina, and a high tolerance for risk. ",
"Each was ruthless, driven, obsessed with military power, fascinated by science, self-educated, self-absorbed, with a strong historical imagination. ",
"They'd both proved themselves in battle, and both had a surprising passion for painting. ",
"They both sought to control every aspect of the war, from grand strategy to minor details (Churchill worrying about soldiers' beer ration, Hitler considering what music should be used as radio fanfares to announce German victories).",
"\n\nEach leader had a deep faith in his destiny and in the destiny of his race. ",
"From his youth, Churchill believed himself fated to play a vital role in preserving the Empire and its traditions. ",
"He saw himself as a bulwark, the savior of something ancient and precious, the leader of a people who would once again triumph in defense of freedom. ",
"Hitler saw himself as a purifier and sole creator of something new. ",
"With the thousand-year Reich—which lasted twelve years, three months, and ten days—he wanted to destroy and transform, not preserve. ",
"Hitler's belief in his destiny was so profound that the near success of a 1944 assassination attempt actually comforted him; he believed his escape proved, once again, that Providence assured him victory. ",
"And after all, it's true that at the Reich's height, by diplomacy and war, Hitler—son of a minor official in rural Austria, a once-aimless drifter with little education—had achieved triumphs worthy of comparison to Napoleon.",
"\n\nBut far more significant than similarities were differences—how Churchill and Hitler each used his capacity for leadership. ",
"Churchill, for all his fascination with modern technology and desire to shape the future, stood as the embodiment of time-honored standards and customs. ",
"Hitler instead wanted to force the future of Germany and the world. ",
"He was the product of past wrongs and grievances, and he ushered in a new order: modern, frighteningly efficient, employing \"science\" for mass destruction, systematic breeding, and racial purification. ",
"The Nazi swastika, the black eagle, the rallies lit by searchlight, were meant to whip individuals into an obedient, frenzied mass. ",
"There were no enduring principles to which Hitler adhered, no code to constrain his actions. ",
"He boasted:\n\nI am willing to sign anything. . . . ",
"I am prepared to guarantee all frontiers and to make non-aggression pacts and friendly alliances with anybody. . . . ",
"Why should I not make an agreement in good faith today and unhesitatingly break it tomorrow if the future of the German people demands it?",
"\n\n(Hitler's candor could give pause to revisionists who argue that Churchill should have found a way to secure peace with Hitler in 1940.)",
"\n\nAlthough both rallied their nations, it was Hitler who held his people in the tighter grip. ",
"Biographer Ian Kershaw noted that \"few, if any, twentieth-century political leaders have enjoyed greater popularity among their own people than Hitler in the decade or so following his assumption of power on 30 January 1933.\" ",
"Churchill inspired respect and affection, but Hitler's effect was of a different magnitude. ",
"His relentless campaigning had given him a deep knowledge of the German people, and he divined the longings and resentments that festered below the surface of ordinary, respectable lives. ",
"Hitler had a profound grasp of the desires and weaknesses of others—other people and other nations—and he brilliantly exploited them. ",
"He saw, for example, how much Neville Chamberlain wanted peace, and he unhesitatingly played to that ambition.",
"\n\nOne of the most characteristic differences between Churchill and Hitler was their attitude toward war and its consequences. ",
"Many considered Churchill a warmonger, but he wanted war to secure peace. ",
"In 1943, watching a film about the bombing of Germany—a policy he supported—he exclaimed, \"Are we beasts? ",
"Are we taking this too far?\" ",
"He was fueled by the desire not to destroy but to preserve. \"",
"I hate nobody except Hitler—and that is professional.\" ",
"On February 1, 1945, at the end of the bitter war, he wrote Clementine:\n\nI am free to confess to you that my heart is saddened by the tales of the masses of German women and children flying along the roads everywhere in 40-mile long columns to the West before the advancing Armies. ",
"I am clearly convinced that they deserve it; but that does not remove it from one's gaze. ",
"The misery of the whole world appals me. . . .",
"\n\nHitler never hesitated in his destruction. ",
"In 1939, he admonished, \"Close your hearts to pity. ",
"Act brutally. ",
"Eighty million people must obtain what is their right. ",
"Their existence must be made secure. ",
"The stronger man is right.\" ",
"When he learned his personal bodyguard division had suffered heavy casualties, he cried, \"Losses can never be too high! ",
"They sow the seeds of future greatness.\" ",
"Hitler deliberately harnessed the very worst in his people and encouraged the methodical expression of their most depraved impulses of extermination, torture, humiliation, and plunder.",
"\n\nA leader must have an instinctual grasp of the people. ",
"Some have argued that Churchill couldn't understand the struggles of ordinary Britons: he was a Duke's grandson and lived a life of valets and silver candlesticks and country houses. ",
"But while Churchill never waited in line for a bus, his imagination and his secure place in the world gave him sympathy for those whose troubles he didn't share. ",
"He visited the front when he could, toured bombed areas, and worried about the public's comforts and conveniences: he wrote countless memos about shortening the bus-stop lines, improving egg production, or making sure the troops got their medals. ",
"He insisted on the dignity of the common people and, for example, wrote General Ismay to insist that the term \"Reserve Brigades\" be used instead of \"low-grade infantry brigades.\"",
"\n\nChurchill's faith in the British never flagged, and, confident of their courage, he never disguised the peril the country faced. ",
"On June 18, 1940, after France surrendered, Churchill addressed the House of Commons:\n\nThe whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. ",
"Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. . . . [",
"I]f we fail, then the whole world, including the United States . . . ",
"will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. ",
"Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties and so bear ourselves that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, \"This was their finest hour.\"",
"\n\nWhen someone told him that the best thing he'd done had been to give the people courage, he contradicted, \"I never gave them courage; I was able to focus theirs.\"",
"\n\nHitler was fueled by resentment and insecurity, both for himself and for Germany. ",
"Unlike Churchill, who thought nothing of being seen in his underwear or wrapped in a towel, Hitler had a morbid fear of looking ridiculous and even refused to be photographed wearing glasses. ",
"Although he claimed to act for Germany's benefit, at bottom, Hitler held the German people in contempt. ",
"Despite his advisers' pleas, Hitler almost never visited bombed cities or the front. ",
"When aides tried to show him pictures of the plight of German refugees, he pushed the photographs aside, saying at one point, \"We can no longer afford to concern ourselves with the population.\" ",
"During the war's final years, Hitler refused to exploit his oratorical gifts to invigorate Germany. ",
"Goebbels urged Hitler to address the war-weary public. \"",
"A talk by the Fuhrer over the radio would be as good as a victorious battle today,\" Goebbels wrote in his diary on March 26, 1945. \"",
"In the hour of Britain's war crisis Churchill addressed himself to the nation in a magnificent speech and put it on its feet again. . . . ",
"Now that we are in a similar, though not much worse situation, we must do the same.\" ",
"Hitler knew his powers; why did he refuse to speak? ",
"Alan Bullock speculated, \"Hitler's gifts as an orator had always depended on his flair for sensing what was in the minds of his audience. ",
"He no longer wanted to know what was in the minds of the German people; at all costs he must preserve his illusions.\" ",
"Hitler knew he wouldn't survive defeat, and he wanted Germany to perish with him. \"",
"If the war is to be lost, the nation also will perish. . . . ",
"There is no need to consider the basis even of a most primitive existence any longer. ",
"On the contrary it is better to destroy even that, and to destroy it ourselves. ",
"The nation has proved itself weak, and the future belongs to the stronger Eastern nation.\"",
"\n\nHistorians battle over whether Hitler was a predictable outgrowth of German history or whether he was a monster utterly outside the ordinary. ",
"Hitler was both. ",
"He was the harvest of the fears, resentments, and yearnings of German history—but that doesn't mean that he was inevitable. ",
"And so with Churchill. ",
"The British experience simultaneously produced the fighter Churchill and the appeaser Chamberlain, whose policy also had logic, strategy, and good intentions behind it.",
"\n\nIt was to Hitler that Churchill owed his enduring stature. ",
"Hitler didn't need Churchill, but Churchill wouldn't have been _Churchill_ without Hitler. ",
"Churchill wrote many fine books, held many prominent offices, fought many battles both military and civilian. ",
"But it was his deep insight into Hitler and the Nazi regime, and his triumph in meeting that challenge, that immortalized Churchill. ",
"It's one of the ironies of history that the \"wicked man\" rescued Churchill from political exile and gave him the opportunity to rise to his great level. ",
"Hitler himself pointed this out: \"But had this war not come, who would speak of Churchill?\"",
"\n\nIn May 1940, Churchill and Hitler faced off to the last. ",
"Alike and unalike, their opposition sums up that terrible age. ",
"Appropriately, for archetypes, both men lived in atmospheres suffused with symbols, portents, divine intervention. ",
"Consider just one historical echo: in ancient times, according to the Greek Herodotus, when King Croesus consulted the Delphic oracle about whether he should invade Persia, the oracle foretold that \" _if Croesus attacked the Persians, he would destroy a mighty empire_.\" ",
"Croesus attacked and lost; he returned to ask the oracle why it had answered falsely. ",
"The priestess explained, \"After an answer like that, the wise thing would have been to send again to inquire which empire was meant.\" ",
"A nice twist; surely, the reader supposes, a clever invention of the priests or Herodotus. ",
"But then read Hitler's speech to the Reichstag on July 19, 1940, in which he predicts accurately:\n\nIt almost causes me pain to think that I should have been selected by Fate to deal the final blow to the structure which these men [Churchill and his colleagues] have already set tottering. . . . _",
"I shall speak a great prophecy. ",
"A great Empire will be destroyed, an Empire which it was never my intention to destroy._",
"\n\nOne modern theory holds that historical change is the result of material conditions and institutions, not the actions and ideas of outstanding individuals. ",
"Churchill and Hitler prove instead that a single person can change the course of history. ",
"Both were saved from death many times; the memory of these uncanny near misses—the bombs that exploded without reaching their targets, the bullets that didn't hit, the nearly fatal accidents and illnesses—provokes awe, with the thought of how different _it might have been_. ",
"Yet it also seems that history could not have been other than it was, with all its forces embodied in these two figures.",
"\n\n_Hitler gives the Nazi salute._",
"\n\n_Hitler gives the Nazi salute._ ",
" \nPhoto © Bettman/CORBIS\n\n_Churchill flashes the V sign._",
"\n\n_Churchill flashes the V sign._ ",
" \nPhoto © Bettman/CORBIS\n34\n\nCHURCHILL EXPOSED\n\n_Missing Information Supplied_\n\n_No biography can be complete or conclusive. ",
"The shelves groan with Churchill biographies, but what's the answer to the simple question, what was his birth weight? (",
"Relevant to whether Churchill was premature when he was born, seven months after his parents married.) ",
"Even the longest account omits most facts about a subject's life, so it's the few chosen facts that give a portrait its shape._",
"\n\n_Layers of fact pile higher and higher, and each additional fact may change the picture of the subject. ",
"A biographer's choice to highlight or dismiss certain episodes—controversial, offensive, or poignant—can vividly color a portrait. ",
"Readers unfamiliar with the subject's life are blind to the artful selection that's taking place._",
"\n\nThis account of Churchill—like many, though not all—will conclude that Churchill was one of the greatest heroes of his time. ",
"But unlike a fictional hero who obediently performs an assigned role, Churchill muddied his identity with contradictions and shortcomings. ",
"Consider some unfortunate facts that, up to this point, have been passed over.",
"\n\nTo shield his reputation, this account has downplayed Churchill's deplorable attitudes toward race. ",
"Churchill used opprobrious terms like _blackamoor, chink, wop,_ and _baboo_ and distinguished between the white race and others. ",
"For example, he wrote that at a September 1944 conference, he was \"glad to record\" that \"the British Empire . . . ",
"was still keeping its position, with a total population, including the Dominions and Colonies, of only seventy million white people.\" ",
"He never outgrew his views. ",
"His doctor recalled that in 1955, Churchill asked whether \"blacks got measles. . . . ",
"When he was told that there was a very high mortality among negroes from measles he growled: 'Well, there are plenty left. ",
"They've a high rate of production.' \"",
"\n\nChurchill's disdain for women's company—except for a few beauties and a few brilliant conversationalists—has also been glossed over. ",
"His cousin Anita Leslie recalled, \"Winston regarded males as the people who mattered; the ones who made the world go round. ",
"This did not mean that he was incapable of deep love for women, but what could women actually do except please and inspire the male sex?\" ",
"Early on, Churchill had opposed votes for women: female suffrage was \"contrary to natural law and the practice of civilized states\"; women were \"adequately represented by their husbands.\" ",
"Later, he supported, in theory, female suffrage. ",
"But militant suffragettes fired his opposition with their demands (he refused to be \"henpecked on a question of such grave importance\"), he thought there were already too many \"ignorant voters,\" and he feared disturbance of the political equilibrium, and so his support was not passionate or even consistent.",
"\n\nAs for the right to vote, contradicting his standing as democracy's great defender, as late as the 1930s, Churchill wrote newspaper articles advocating abandoning the \"complete democracy\" of one adult, one vote and returning to the traditional system that favored \"more responsible elements.\" ",
"Wishing perhaps for the system that had been in place when he entered Parliament in 1900, when not even a third of Britons could vote, in 1930 he wrote with regret about earlier times when \"we had a real political democracy led by a hierarchy of statesmen, and not a fluid mass distracted by newspapers . . . ",
"before the liquefaction of the British political system had set in.\"",
"\n\nThis account has also ignored instances of brutality and vulgarity. ",
"For example, Churchill as Home Secretary advocated the forced sterilization of \"mental degenerates\" and, in a 1910 letter that reads as if drafted by a Nazi, argued, \"The unnatural and increasingly rapid growth of the feeble-minded and insane classes . . . ",
"constitutes a national and race danger which it is impossible to exaggerate.\" ",
"Years later, a young Labour MP drove to Chartwell to apologize to Churchill after insulting him on the floor of the House. ",
"The MP arrived and gave Churchill's valet his name and purpose. ",
"Churchill was on the toilet; when his valet delivered the message, Churchill replied, \"Tell him I'm on the privy and can take only one shit at a time.\"",
"\n\nChurchill never hesitated to use his wit to attack, and his cuts were all the harsher for being so memorable. ",
"In 1931, criticizing Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald during a debate in the House of Commons, Churchill related:\n\nI remember when I was a child, being taken to the celebrated Barnum's Circus which contained an exhibition of freaks and monstrosities, but the exhibit on the programme which I most desired to see was the one described as \"The Boneless Wonder.\" ",
"My parents judged that that spectacle would be too revolting and demoralising for my youthful eyes. ",
"I have waited fifty years to see the Boneless Wonder—sitting on the Treasury Bench.",
"\n\nWhen, returning from Munich in 1938, Prime Minister Chamberlain waved the paper with Hitler's signature, Churchill scoffed, \"See that old town clerk looking at European affairs through the wrong end of a municipal drainpipe.\" ",
"He referred to U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles as \"Dull, Duller, Dulles.\" ",
"Of Labour Prime Minister Clement Attlee's modesty, Churchill said, \"But then, he has a great deal to be modest about.\"",
"\n\nChurchill is praised for his military innovations. ",
"What about all his bad ideas? ",
"Just months before the Munich Agreement, he criticized the Hurricane and Spitfire fighter planes, which would save England in 1940. ",
"He was initially convinced that armored ships were invincible against bombers, unless a bomb dropped down the ship's funnel. ",
"He received £100,000 to develop an earth-cutting machine that came to nothing. ",
"He persisted in believing, contrary to experience, that resistance movements inside occupied countries could be highly effective. ",
"He ordered studies of gas and chemical warfare reprisals as well as a scheme for destroying, one by one, a hundred German towns.",
"\n\nDoes including this suppressed material make the picture of Churchill more or less true? ",
"Both.",
"\n35\n\nCHURCHILL TRUE OR FALSE\n\n_Challenged Assumptions_\n\n_Facts have an irresistible glamor and authority, but they're slippery: the actual life of a public figure like Churchill becomes obscured by myth, by assumptions we make, and by facts we think we know. ",
"Pulling information out of context in a crude \"True or False?\" ",
"quiz highlights the difficulty of grasping the true facts of a life, even a life as familiar as Churchill's._",
"\n\nCircle \"True\" or \"False.\" ",
"See end of chapter for answers.",
"\n\n1.| True / False \n---|--- \n| Churchill was a polo champion. ",
" \n2.| True / False \n| Churchill was a fencing champion. ",
" \n3.| True / False \n| Churchill owned a champion racehorse. ",
" \n4.| True / False \n| As a youth, Churchill hounded his mother for money. ",
" \n5.| True / False \n| As a youth, Churchill paid for his former nanny's funeral and the upkeep of her grave. ",
" \n6.| True / False \n| At age twenty-seven, Churchill was one of the world's highest-paid newspaper reporters. ",
" \n7.| True / False \n| Churchill was offered £10,000 to write a screenplay. ",
" \n8.| True / False \n| When Churchill was captured by the Boers in 1899, it was General Louis Botha, leader of the Commandos and later South Africa's first Prime Minister, who took him prisoner. ",
" \n9.| True / False \n| Churchill's mother married a man sixteen days older than her son. ",
" \n10.| True / False \n| Churchill's mother married a man three years younger than her son. ",
" \n11.| True / False \n| Churchill never attended a university. ",
" \n12.| True / False \n| Churchill won the Nobel Prize in literature. ",
" \n13.| True / False \n| Churchill didn't see _Hamlet_ until he was in his late seventies. ",
" \n14.| True / False \n| Churchill altered his war memoirs to avoid antagonizing President Eisenhower. ",
" \n15.| True / False \n| Churchill was a Freemason. ",
" \n16.| True / False \n| After being blackballed at an exclusive club, Churchill founded his own. ",
" \n17.| True / False \n| Out of superstition, Churchill insisted that a champagne bottle be passed to the left around a table. ",
" \n18.| True / False \n| Churchill had a daughter who died as a child. ",
" \n19.| True / False \n| Churchill had a daughter who became a chorus girl. ",
" \n20.| True / False \n| Churchill had a daughter who committed suicide. ",
" \n21.| True / False \n| Churchill's great-granddaughter was one of Princess Diana's wedding attendants. ",
" \n22.| True / False \n| Churchill's family nickname was \"Pig.\" ",
" \n23.| True / False \n| Clementine once threw a bowl of spinach at her husband's head. ",
" \n24.| True / False \n| Clementine once wrote a Prime Minister to beg him to find Winston a place in the government. ",
" \n25.| True / False \n| Clementine once sold a necklace to pay household expenses. ",
" \n26.| True / False \n| When Clementine learned that Winston had been injured, she rushed to the hospital without putting on her shoes. ",
" \n27.| True / False \n| When Churchill returned in 1939 as First Lord of the Admiralty, a message flashed out to all ships: \"Winston is back.\" ",
" \n28.| True / False \n| Churchill was dressed each day by a valet. ",
" \n29.| True / False \n| Churchill wore pale pink silk underwear. ",
" \n30.| True / False \n| Churchill was accused of homosexual misconduct. ",
" \n31.| True / False \n| One of Churchill's closest associates was an effeminate aesthete. ",
" \n32.| True / False \n| Churchill was rumored to have an illegitimate child. ",
" \n33.| True / False \n| Churchill was accused of accepting a bribe. ",
" \n34.| True / False \n| Churchill hated paper clips. ",
" \n35.| True / False \n| Churchill demanded that the British civil service substitute \"Yes\" for \"The answer is in the affirmative\" in official communications. ",
" \n36.| True / False \n| When reports indicated that Germany was preparing to bomb Coventry, Churchill refused to jeopardize intelligence sources by sending aid. ",
" \n37.| True / False \n| Churchill supported the policy of bombing German civilians. ",
" \n38.| True / False \n| Churchill preferred white wine to red wine. ",
" \n39.| True / False \n| At a conference in Egypt, Churchill wanted Egyptians excluded from his hotel. ",
" \n40.| True / False \n| Churchill sent £2 each month for fifty years to a former Indian servant. ",
" \n41.| True / False \n| Churchill refused the offer of a dukedom. ",
" \n42.| True / False \n| As First Lord in 1940, Churchill traveled with a suicide pill in his pen in case of capture. ",
" \n43.| True / False \n| Churchill pioneered the concept and development of the tank. ",
" \n44.| True / False \n| Churchill pioneered the concept and development of floating landing harbors. ",
" \n45.| True / False \n| Churchill pioneered the establishment of the British Air Force. ",
" \n46.| True / False \n| Churchill worked to ensure that Air Force officers were drawn from the social elite. ",
" \n47.| True / False \n| Churchill once traveled on a holiday with eight hundred pounds of luggage. ",
" \n48.| True / False \n| Churchill was the savior of his country.",
"\n\nChurchill made the following statements:\n\n49.| True / False \n| \"I have a keen aboriginal desire to kill several of these odious dervishes.\" ",
" \n50.| True / False \n| \"I do not care so much for the principles I advocate as for the impression which my words produce and the reputation they give me.\" ",
" \n51.| True / False \n| \"No one can travel even for a little while among the Kikuyu tribes without acquiring a liking for these light-hearted, tractable, if brutish children, or without feeling that they are capable of being instructed and raised from their present degradation.\" ",
" \n52.| True / False \n| \"I only wish I were more worthy of you, and more able to meet the inner needs of your soul.\" ",
" \n53.| True / False \n| \"We have got all we want in territory, and our claim to be left in the unmolested enjoyment of vast and splendid possessions, mainly acquired by violence, largely maintained by force, often seems less reasonable to others than to us.\" ",
" \n54.| True / False \n| Of the Navy: \"Traditions! ",
"What traditions? ",
"Rum, sodomy—and the lash!\" ",
" \n55.| True / False \n| \"I know this war is smashing and shattering the lives of thousands every moment, and yet—I cannot help it—I enjoy every second I live.\" ",
" \n56.| True / False \n| \"As to freedom of the press, why should any man be allowed to buy a printing press and disseminate pernicious opinions calculated to embarrass the government?\" ",
" \n57.| True / False \n| \"A universal suffrage electorate with a majority of women voters will have shown themselves incapable of preserving those forms of government under which our country has grown great.\" ",
" \n58.| True / False \n| \"It is said that famous men are usually the product of an unhappy childhood.\" ",
" \n59.| True / False \n| \"India is no more a political personality than Europe. ",
"India is a geographical term. ",
"It is no more a united nation than the Equator.\" ",
" \n60.| True / False \n| \"Thus the world lives on hopes that the worst is over, and that we may yet live to see Hitler a gentler figure in a happier age.\" ",
" \n61.| True / False \n| \"The greatest cross I have to bear is the Cross of Lorraine.\" ",
" \n62.| True / False \n| \"Kindly remember I am Winston Churchill. ",
"Tell the station master to stop the train.\" ",
" \n63.| True / False \n| \"We have now reached the dawn of what is called the sixteenth century, which means all the years in the hundred years that begin with fifteen.\"",
"\n\n**Answers:** All true, except for 8, 27, 36, 54, and 61. ",
"These well-known Churchill stories are apocryphal.",
"\n36\n\nTHE TRAGEDY OF WINSTON CHURCHILL, ENGLISHMAN\n\n_The Meaning of His Life_\n\n_Within Churchill's ordinary human existence—an epigram thrown off during debate, a hernia operation, a whiskey before lunch—a spontaneous work of art reveals itself. ",
"For when we consider his life in literary, rather than human, terms, we see that it measures up to the strictest standards of composition, those required by_ tragedy. _",
"His biography is like a Greek drama made of facts_ literally true. __",
"\n\n_While it might seem that imposing the literary construction of tragedy on his life would obscure its truth, it is the devices of art that plunge the mind into reality. ",
"It is the presence of this hidden, formal_ _beauty diffused through the record of facts that distinguishes Churchill's_ _life from the lives of other great figures; it gives his story a fatefulness, and a transcendent power, almost never found in real life._",
"\n\nPliny wrote, \"Of all the blessings given to man by nature none is greater than a timely death.\" ",
"Had Churchill died at the end of the war, he'd have died a hero. ",
"He'd been voted out of office, but no one denied that he'd played a matchless part. ",
"The world loaded him with honors and adulation.",
"\n\nBut for two long decades after the war, he watched as the Empire dwindled, as Britain turned Socialist, as the Soviets dropped their iron curtain across Europe. ",
"This long anticlimax crowned Churchill as another kind of hero—a _tragic hero,_ who enacted, in his individual life, a tragic drama of such pure and perfect construction as to stagger belief in its reality. ",
"He wasn't the kind of tragic hero who appears in newspaper headlines (MAILMAN DIES IN TRAGIC FIRE) but one who meets the rigorous formal test of the most exacting, and traditionally the most exalted, of all literary forms: _tragedy_.",
"\n\nAfter twenty-five hundred years, tragedy remains clouded in mystery. ",
"What, precisely, are its elements? ",
"Why does tragedy exhilarate us with the spectacle of suffering? ",
"Is modern tragedy possible? ",
"And how could Winston Churchill, in his actual, day-to-day life, personify a tragedy?",
"\n\nIn its essentials, tragedy demands a hero who commands our attention and goodwill. ",
"Usually, though not necessarily, this figure has high rank and intellectual depth. ",
"A tragic hero comes into his fate at a time of change—in a melancholy twilight when one world is dying (and with it, the old ways and values) and another, rising.",
"\n\nThe hero is brought to disaster by some _hamartia_ (\"error,\" \"flaw\"), a willful pride or obsession that brings about his downfall. ",
"Often, this flaw takes the form of _hubris_ (\"insolence,\" \"pride\"). ",
"The hero's hubris deceives him; knowing himself to be strong, he believes he can overcome any obstacle and hurtles himself toward destruction. ",
"In his overweening commitment to a single purpose, he fails to understand the true relationship between himself and . . . ",
"what? ",
"The gods, fortune, destiny, necessity, binding obligation, inevitability, history, eternal nature, laws beyond human understanding. ",
"And yet, despite this flaw, a tragic hero exhibits a greatness of spirit, a force or sensitivity or representativeness, that enthralls us.",
"\n\nThe tragic hero is driven, with an uncompromising will, to achieve an urgent and significant purpose. ",
"The actions taken in fulfillment of that purpose—and this is tragedy's fearsome crux— _necessarily_ and _inevitably_ condemn the hero to suffer. ",
"Here is the formal perfection of tragedy: doom waits from the first moments of the hero's struggle, and the consummation of his purpose fulfills his pitiful destiny. ",
"King Lear demands to learn how much his daughters love him . . . ",
"and he does.",
"\n\nThe tragic hero's high position and power heighten the pity and fear roused by his downfall; his worldly and spiritual powers allow him to fight more tenaciously and, in defeat, to suffer more deeply. ",
"Tragedy is larger than life, to rouse our emotions.",
"\n\nRarely does actual life attain the clarity and inevitability of literature—especially that of tragedy, a form that exists on the high plane of symbol and archetype. ",
"Churchill's life does.",
"\n\nChurchill exactly embodies the traditional tragic hero: aristocratic, eloquent, and in high office not by inheritance but by having seized supreme powers. ",
"His language was princely and his tears, noble, because commonplaces wouldn't express his passions. ",
"He lived his life not in private but in public, a commander destined to rule others. ",
"He overflowed with energy: a statesman and writer, and also war hero, painter, polo champion, pilot, bricklayer, the head of a family. ",
"He was a son searching for his lost father. ",
"In his world and time, he knew everyone and was part of everything that happened. ",
"Isaiah Berlin described him: \"A man larger than life, composed of bigger and simpler elements than ordinary men, a gigantic historical figure during his own lifetime, superhumanly bold, strong, and imaginative . . . ",
"a mythical hero who belongs to a legend as much to reality, the largest human being of our time.\" ",
"And yet his cigars and champagne, his five children and his debts, remind us of his bonds to the physical, the earthly, the actual; he is greater than us, but one of us.",
"\n\nHe compromised with no one in his pursuit of his goal: the advancement of England. ",
"Whatever he did, he did for England. _",
"Naught shall make us rue, If England to itself do rest but true._ \"",
"His spirit is indomitable,\" noted an associate in 1940, \"and even if France and England should be lost, I feel he would carry on the crusade himself with a band of privateers.\" ",
"Like every tragic figure, Churchill was true to his fault; he held back nothing and refused to surrender. ",
"He recognized this quality in himself. ",
"In his one novel, Churchill described the character Savrola, his double: \"The life he lived was the only one he could ever live; he must go on to the end.\"",
"\n\nAs if his story were written for the stage, there was a precise moment, on June 4, 1940, when Churchill called down his tragic destiny: _\"We shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be.\"_ ",
"It's this pronouncement that hurls Churchill into the ranks of tragic heroes. ",
"It was then, at the dizzying apex, that his fortune began its inexorable descent. ",
"He couldn't see this, but we can.",
"\n\nThe trap was perfect. (",
"Consider Oedipus or Macbeth, for whom similar traps were laid by prophecy.) ",
"Churchill swore to preserve the Empire he loved— _we shall go on to the end,_ he promised; _we shall never surrender, whatever the cost may be_ —and in saving it, he set it speeding toward its demise. ",
"The vast expense of the war, as well as the social forces it accelerated, caused Britain to relinquish its supreme position. ",
"But had Churchill foreseen that outcome, what would he have done differently? ",
"He had to choose and couldn't choose well. ",
"If he'd made a bargain with Hitler, the Empire he loved wouldn't have survived. ",
"All Europe would have been crushed beneath the Nazi boot and Britain reduced to a German satellite—if that. ",
"Even if he'd known the cost of his victory, he would never have made a compromise peace with Hitler, or withdrawn from the war once the United States and Soviet Russia had joined, or husbanded resources from the fight to safeguard the Empire's position after the war. ",
"Instead, under Churchill, Britain impoverished itself by spending massively to defend its Empire in the Middle East and Far East—the very Empire Britain would relinquish soon after the war's end.",
"\n\nChurchill was lionized as the only man who could have unified England against Hitler, the only man who could have led the fight to victory; and therefore, he made himself the chief architect of the Empire's undoing. ",
"That is the tragic paradox: the hero gets what he wanted, but at a price he never imagined, and he could make no better choice. ",
"Churchill's climactic moment— _In all our long history we have never seen a greater day than this_ —contained the turn of the wheel. ",
"He would survive to fight helplessly the consequence of the events he himself had put in motion.",
"\n\nHis bitter destiny attended his very nature and his first hopeful actions. \" _",
"In great or small station, in Cabinet or in the firing line, alive or dead, my policy is, 'Fight on.'_ \" ",
"What was he fighting for? \"",
"I have always faithfully served two public causes which, I think, stand supreme—the maintenance of the enduring greatness of Britain and her Empire, and the historical continuity of our Island life.\"",
"\n\nChurchill lost his struggle. \"",
"We answered all the tests,\" he said. \"",
"But it was useless.\" ",
"A few years before he died, he told his daughters, \"I have achieved much to achieve nothing in the end.\" ",
"He confided, \"In the end it has all been for nothing. . . . ",
"The Empire _I_ believed in has gone.\" ",
"Perhaps the reason he lost the 1945 election is that the British people perceived his relentless will and knew that he was still fighting to save something they knew was already lost, something they didn't wish to keep.",
"\n\nThe fact of Churchill's tragedy doesn't mean it was regrettable that his Empire fell, but even the onlooker who rejoices at its end feels the passion of Churchill's resolution. ",
"The tragedy inheres in his struggle and pain, not in the merit of the object for which he suffered. ",
"Would we say to Antigone, Why throw your life away for your dead brother? ",
"Would we say to Ahab, Stop hunting the whale and save yourself? ",
"We accept the hero's world and, with it, the hero's purpose.",
"\n\nChurchill chose his course. ",
"He suffered a defeat within his victory, but that defeat was also a sublime fulfillment. ",
"The Empire he believed in had gone. ",
"But still, good had won over evil.",
"\n\nGenerally, a tragedy's resolution makes us feel that the hero's suffering has restored the world's disturbed order. ",
"Tragedy sends us away comforted; somehow, despite the frightening tumult of our existence, we feel that \"life is at bottom indestructibly joyous and powerful,\" as Nietzsche described it. ",
"This, the stark tragedy of Winston Churchill accomplishes. ",
"The very familiarity of his story—with its spectacular rises and falls—deepens the satisfaction it gives; no shock of actual surprise distracts us from the tragic spectacle.",
"\n\nChurchill's tragedy exalts us, too, because of the nature of his enemy. ",
"No tyrant—though he may have killed, enslaved, or tortured as many or more—horrifies us as Hitler does. ",
"Germany had been democratic, highly educated, cultured, prosperous, and ruled by law, and it was Hitler who led the German people's descent into barbarism. ",
"Having risen higher, they fell further. ",
"Churchill opposed this threat from its earliest moments. ",
"He, and perhaps only he, rose to the level of events. ",
"He pledged everything to the fight, and in the end, he gave everything.",
"\n\nAs befits a tragic hero, his tragedy was not private—it was endured in public and engaged a nation. ",
"On one hand is the spectacle of a great people, led by their champion, fighting for freedom, until the end. ",
"On the other is the immense vision of a mighty Empire sinking: of course it's true—it _must_ be true—that one of Churchill's greatest influences was Gibbon's _The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_.",
"\n\nThe essence of tragedy is not sorrow but solemnity: the remorseless progress of the world. ",
"That which bore Churchill up, crashed him down. ",
"Having pledged to defend the glory of England _at all costs,_ he must pay the heavy price: the end of the Empire he was so determined to preserve. ",
"Having chosen to resist the Empire's destruction, he must feel its loss more profoundly than anyone else. ",
"Having managed to seize power yet again at the end of his long career, he must confront the brutal reality that his world had vanished beyond his ability to restore it. ",
"Having been given the gift of great vitality, he must bear long life and the knowledge it brought.",
"\n37\n\nCHURCHILL IN PORTRAIT\n\n_A Likeness_\n\n_Recognizing they're at the mercy of their portraitists, most leaders keep images of themselves under the strictest control possible. ",
"Like Alexander the Great, who permitted only a few trusted artists to depict him, and John Kennedy, who surrounded himself with admiring writers, Churchill recognized that a portrait could illuminate his character in dangerous ways._",
"\n\n_In a painted portrait, the full weight of a personality can be seen, with an extra dimension not captured in a photograph. ",
"This wild element worried Churchill, who aimed to control his image in history. ",
"He was painted many times, but the portrait that reveals most about Churchill is the portrait he hated._",
"\n\nIn a unique honor, for Churchill's eightieth birthday, both Houses of Parliament presented him with a portrait of himself painted by Graham Sutherland, one of the finest contemporary artists. ",
"Because Parliament commissioned the birthday portrait, Churchill had no control over the choice of artist or the painting.",
"\n\nAt first, all had gone well with the gift. ",
"Churchill and Clementine liked Sutherland and his wife, and Churchill enjoyed the sittings. ",
"With his love for pomp, uniform, and tradition, he'd wanted to be portrayed wearing his robes of the Garter, but Sutherland insisted that Churchill forgo the resplendent blue velvet mantle and the velvet hat with its sweeping ostrich plume to wear his working-day black coat and bow tie instead.",
"\n\nWhen Churchill saw the completed portrait, he felt betrayed; Sutherland had depicted him as a \"gross & cruel monster.\" ",
"Churchill loathed the picture so much he considered declining to accept it. ",
"In the end, he didn't refuse the painting, but at the presentation ceremony, he didn't say he liked it, either. \"",
"The portrait is a remarkable example of _modern art,_ \" he said with obvious irony to the audience, which erupted in laughter and sympathetic applause. \"",
"It certainly combines force and candour.\" ",
"Privately, he called it \"filthy\" and \"malignant\" and said it made him look like \"a drinking sot.\"",
"\n\nPhotographs from the presentation ceremony emphasize the contrast between the living Churchill and the Churchill portrait. ",
"Standing on the dais, the eighty-year-old Churchill appears filled with energy and humor. ",
"He gestures energetically and sets the crowd laughing. ",
"Behind him, on display, is a different Churchill. ",
"No smile, no cigar, no noble determination: he appears not as a dashing war hero or serene statesman but as an old, stubborn man, weighed down by mortal bulk, with a bald head, fleshy nose, and mouth turned down at the corners. ",
"The portrait doesn't hint at Churchill's famous wit or magnanimity but reveals all his grim determination, pride, and frustration. ",
"Churchill sits braced against some onslaught, wearily ready as always to fight again. ",
"He looks heavy and yet somehow strangely insubstantial, at least in reproduction—and that's the only way to see the portrait now.",
"\n\nThe portrait no longer exists. ",
"Clementine secretly destroyed it sometime in 1955 or 1956. ",
"Churchill's hatred of the picture, and his resentment at how he'd been portrayed, preyed on his mind so much that Clementine promised him it would never be seen again.",
"\n\nWas it the portrait's untruth, or its truth, that caused Churchill so much anguish? ",
"Around the same time he received it, just before his final resignation as Prime Minister, he said of himself, \"I feel like an aeroplane at the end of its flight, in the dusk, with petrol running out, in search of a safe landing.\" ",
"Sutherland had seen this, too.",
"\n\n_Churchill, portrayed by Graham Sutherland._",
"\n\n_Churchill, portrayed by Graham Sutherland._ ",
" \nPhoto courtesy of AP/Wide World Photos\n\n_Churchill and his portrait, photographed during the eightieth-birthday celebration._",
"\n\n_Churchill and his portrait, photographed during the eightieth-birthday celebration._ ",
" \nPhoto courtesy of AP/Wide World Photos\n38\n\nCHURCHILL'S LAST DAYS\n\n_How He Died_\n\n_How a great figure like Churchill died is one of the most interesting facts of his life. ",
"Few choose when or how they die, yet death, however it comes, always seems somehow characteristic; though involuntary, it makes a dramatic flourish that influences our interpretation of the life. ",
"Joan of Arc's martyrdom, Napoleon's captivity, Lincoln's assassination, Oscar Wilde's exile—different deaths would have changed the emphasis of their lives. ",
"The story of Churchill, his life and significance, would have been different had he died by an assassin's bullet, on the battlefield, or in a plane crash. ",
"Instead, he died quietly in his bed, in 1965._",
"\n\nNo one more than Churchill would have wanted to write his own death—a hero's death, at the height of his powers. ",
"Of Roosevelt, who died just before victory, Churchill said, \"He died in harness. . . . ",
"What an enviable death was his!\" ",
"In a 1945 letter, General Sir Alan Brooke observed that Churchill seemed determined to risk his life, and certainly a wartime death would have satisfied Churchill's love for the bold and dramatic. ",
"Clementine believed the war would finish off both of them. \"",
"I never think of after the war,\" Clementine said in 1944. \"",
"I think Winston will die when it's over. . . . ",
"You see, he's seventy and I'm sixty and we're putting all we have into this war, and it will take all we have.\" ",
"Instead, Churchill lived on for two decades.",
"\n\nAmbition had always fueled his terrific energy, and he fought on to achieve a second stint as Prime Minister, after his loss in 1945. ",
"After his retirement in 1955, however, his characteristic vitality dropped. ",
"Churchill once observed that \"the wielding of power keeps men young,\" and when he stepped down from office for the last time, he became slower, more deaf, without focus. ",
"He spent hours listening to recordings of his speeches on a portable record player. ",
"As in a fairy tale, one of Fortune's greatest gifts to Churchill—his indestructibility—twisted itself into an affliction. \"",
"Blessings become curses,\" he said to his doctor. \"",
"You kept me alive and now . . .\" ",
"Churchill hung on in Parliament until 1964, aged eighty-nine, but by then, he'd sunk into the melancholy of old age. \"",
"I've got to kill time till time kills me.\" ",
"He said to his daughter Diana, \"My life is over, but it is not yet ended.\"",
"\n\nChurchill finally died on January 24, 1965, at age ninety. ",
"The date is significant. ",
"Jock Colville recalled a remark Churchill made one morning in the early 1950s: \"Today is the twenty-fourth of January. ",
"It is the day my father died. ",
"It is the day that I shall die too.\" ",
"And in fact, after his final stroke, Churchill lay unconscious for many days until he died on January 24, seventy years to the day of his father's death.",
"\n\nHis last words were, \"I'm so bored with it all.\"",
"\n\nHis death came as a shock to his countrymen. ",
"For most of them, Churchill had been a presence—a name in the newspaper, a caricature in the cartoons, a voice on the radio, a face on the screen—for their entire lives. ",
"After all, he'd thrust himself into the public eye in 1898, with his first book, and had become a national hero in 1899, when he escaped from the Boer military prison.",
"\n\nAnd Churchill? ",
"Did a pageant of memories console him as he lingered on those last silent days, to die on the day he'd chosen, the same day as his father had died? ",
"Perhaps his life slid backward from the present day, with its iron curtain and hydrogen bombs; back from his finest hour, the Second World War; and back from the First World War and the horror of the Dardanelles, and from his daring escape from the Boers, and the dash and glamor of the Indian campaigns; back, back, to his lovely mother, like the Evening Star with diamonds in her hair, and to his disdainful father, whom he admired so much; back to Nanny Everest and his earliest memory, the sight of scarlet soldiers on horseback. ",
"And through it all was his Island, the precious stone set in the silver sea. ",
"He might have remembered all this and more as he waited for his appointed hour.",
"\n\nIt was all finished now. ",
"Throughout his career, responsible people agreed that Churchill, for all his brilliance, lacked judgment. ",
"He thrust himself forward, he interfered, he was mistrusted, feared, disliked.",
"\n\nBut Churchill had his sights fixed on history. ",
"He strove to earn his place there. ",
"His greatest dread was being shut out of responsible position, unable to direct the course of events. ",
"Asked what year of his life he'd choose to relive, he instantly replied, \"Nineteen-forty every time, every time.\"",
"\n\nWhen Churchill died, flags flew at half-mast all over the country. ",
"Big Ben was silenced. ",
"His body lay in state in Westminster Hall for three days, and despite the bitter cold, hundreds of thousands of people filed past the coffin. ",
"Television networks all over the world broadcast the procession and service. ",
"By tradition, the monarch attends only funerals of members of the royal family, but Queen Elizabeth broke with precedent and attended the funeral. ",
"Actor Laurence Olivier read from the great speeches. ",
"Reflecting Churchill's love for military pomp, the funeral featured multigun salutes, an RAF fly-past, and the playing of \"Rule, Britannia.\"",
"\n\nChurchill's body was taken up the Thames and then by train to Oxfordshire, then buried in the Bladon village churchyard, near Blenheim Palace. ",
"He had planned to be buried at his beloved Chartwell, but changed his mind in 1959: he wanted to be buried alongside his father. ",
"This ceremony was simple, with only two wreaths: \"To my Darling Winston, Clemmie\" and \"From the Nation and Commonwealth. ",
"In grateful remembrance. ",
"Elizabeth R.\"\n\nIn Westminster Abbey rests a marble tablet inscribed \"Remember Winston Churchill.\"",
"\n39\n\nMY CHURCHILL\n\n_Judgment_\n\n_Every biography raises questions of judgment, because without judgment, the life lacks significance._",
"\n\n_Now you must arrive at your own verdict, must decide how to balance faults against virtues and successes against failures, what to pardon because of changing standards, how much to be swayed by sentiment, how to weigh the evidence. ",
"The facts mount up, but what is true?_",
"\n\n_Here is_ my _Churchill. ",
"Others look at this history and see a different \"Churchill,\" but this is mine. ",
"It's a bold and simple view, which is, after all, how he saw the world himself and how he sought to be remembered._",
"\n\nNow time's lens pulls back to reveal more of the whole, less detail. ",
"Only the most significant people and events remain visible; small incidents blur and vanish. ",
"My Churchill comes into view—not in shades of gray, only brilliant colors—embodying a few bright themes. ",
"His noble tragedy is part of history now.",
"\n\nIt's a relief to consider Churchill, so true, so bold, with his heroic values, his exaltation of raw ambition into his country's larger good, his immense energy and insight. ",
"His certainty and grandiosity—even his whiskey and cigars—light up our modest age. ",
"He held to a single conviction: _Naught shall make us rue, If England to itself do rest but true_. ",
"What was the source of his greatness? ",
"Not his predictions or his strategies, but his determination to fight on, whatever the cost, for everything that mattered most.",
"\n\nHe pushed his way through the changes that engulfed his Victorian world. ",
"There he was, the fighting spirit of Britain: the grandson of a Duke, a mongrel half-American, a self-advertiser, a drinker, an imperialist, in debt—dressed in his siren suit and waving a cigar. ",
"He cried, he sang, he called Hitler \"that Bad Man,\" he decorated his signature with drawings of pigs. ",
"He had nothing to explain or excuse. ",
"He didn't pretend to pay attention to other people, or accommodate himself to popular positions, or even trouble about his own dignity. ",
"He imagined himself the romantic hero in the Island story—and it was true, he _was_ that hero.",
"\n\nThe time-bound Churchill possessed contradictions and faults that diminished him; his tremendous virtues were tainted by his flaws. ",
"He did not rise above many of the limitations of his age or his character. ",
"But let that history fall away now. ",
"Time passes, and although his faults aren't forgotten, from our distant vantage point, we can remember Churchill as he wanted to be remembered.",
"\n\nAt the end, he believed his struggles had failed: \"The Empire _I_ believed in has gone.\" ",
"But had he lived longer, he would have seen that _he'd won after all_. ",
"He hoped to see a world led by English-speaking people, united by the English language, fighting for English ideals. ",
"All this has happened. ",
"The Island story he loved has changed, but not ended.",
"\n\nNow _my_ Churchill can emerge, more forceful, more true, than that other Churchill, who lived and died. ",
"He's taken his place in the finest hour of the glorious history he imagined—a history of an ancient race, thatched cottages, noble battles, and a father who loved him.",
"\n\nThere he is, my Churchill, braced on the quarterdeck of HMS _Prince of Wales,_ cigar in his hand, surrounded by British and American sailors. ",
"For the moment, the urgencies of war have quieted the restlessness and ambition that dog him. ",
"His powers, too strenuous for peacetime, at last suit the hour.",
"\n\nNow he addresses the troops. _\"",
"We shall go on to the end,\"_ he promises; _\"we shall never surrender.\"_ ",
"Flags snap in the breeze, and Roosevelt's wheelchair creaks its way across the deck, and Churchill leads everyone, Britons and Americans together, in singing. ",
"In all his long history he will never see a greater day than this. ",
"Tears are running down his cheeks, tears not of sorrow but of wonder and admiration.",
"\n\nThis isn't everyone's Churchill, but it's my Churchill.",
"\n\nIt all happened long ago and far away, but I can see Winston Churchill more clearly than I can see the page on which I write.",
"\n40\n\nREMEMBER WINSTON CHURCHILL\n\n_Epitaph_\n\nIt is all true, or it ought to be; and more and better besides. ",
"And wherever men are fighting against barbarism, tyranny, and massacre, for freedom, law, and honour, let them remember that the fame of their deeds, even though they themselves be exterminated, may perhaps be celebrated as long as the world rolls round.",
"\n\n—WINSTON CHURCHILL, _A History of the English-Speaking Peoples_\n\n_Statue of Winston Churchill in the snow._ ",
" \nPhoto © Bettman/CORBIS\nNOTES\n\n**Introduction**\n\n_Prime Minister Churchill . . . ",
"Russia.\"_ ",
"Doris Kearns Goodwin, _No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II_ (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 254–55.",
"\n\n_\"this was their finest hour,\"_ David Cannadine, ed., _",
"Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat: The Speeches of Winston Churchill_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1989), 178.",
"\n\n_\"The senior officers . . . ",
"discussion.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _My Early Life_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), 144.",
"\n\n_The expressions \"Medal-hunter\" . . . ",
"footsteps._ ",
"Ibid., ",
"162.",
"\n\n_\"Events were soon . . . ",
"afterwards.\"_ ",
"Ibid., ",
"372.",
"\n\n_\"Churchill, unlike Hitler . . . ",
"eyes.\"_ ",
"John Lukacs, _The Duel: Hitler vs. Churchill: 10 May–31 July 1940_ (London: Phoenix Press, 1990), 7.",
"\n\n_\"he could have filled buckets\"_ Harold Nicolson, _Diaries and Letters,_ vol. ",
"2, _The War Years, 1939–1945,_ ed. ",
"Nigel Nicolson (New York: Atheneum, 1967), November 14, 1944.",
"\n\n_\"Dark, vivacious, and magnificent . . . ",
"position.\"_ ",
"William Manchester, _The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874–1932_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1983), 100.",
"\n\n_\"Your trouble . . . ",
"much._ ",
"Lord Moran, _Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966), 180. ",
"Diary entry of August 14, 1944; footnote omitted.",
"\n\n_We shall go on . . . ",
"nonsense.\"_ ",
"John Charmley, _Churchill: The End of Glory_ (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1993), 411.",
"\n\n_\"There's nothing much . . . ",
"unploughed.\"_ ",
"Virginia Cowles, _Winston Churchill: The Era and the Man_ (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953), vii.",
"\n\n_\"These facts are . . . ",
"change.\"_ ",
"Virginia Woolf, _Collected Essays,_ vol. ",
"4 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1953), \"The Art of Biography,\" 226.",
"\n\n_\"The lay reader . . . ",
"equanimity.\"_ ",
"Janet Malcolm, _The Silent Woman: Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes_ (New York: Vintage, 1993), 175.",
"\n\n_\"Another bloody monkey mind! . . . ",
"shut up.\"_ ",
"Paula R. Backscheider, _Reflections on Biography_ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 90.",
"\n\n_\"This book does not . . . ",
"view.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _A History of the English-Speaking Peoples,_ vol. ",
"1, _The Birth of Britain_ (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1956), viii.",
"\n\n**1: Churchill as Liberty's Champion**\n\n_\"There was a . . . ",
"end.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War_ , vol. ",
"2, _Their Finest Hour_ (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949), 100.",
"\n\n_\"Let us therefore . . . ",
"hour._ _'_ _\"_ ",
"David Cannadine, ed., _",
"Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat: The Speeches of Winston Churchill_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1989), 177–78.",
"\n\n_\"In all our . . . ",
"this.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _War Speeches_ , vol. ",
"5, _Victory_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1946), 167.",
"\n\n_\"The Englishman will not . . . ",
"are.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _My Early Life: A Roving Commission_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), 221.",
"\n\n_\"From Stettin in the Baltic . . . ",
"Continent.\"_ ",
"Geoffrey Best, _Churchill: A Study in Greatness_ (New York: Hambledon and London, 2001), 278.",
"\n\n_\"I want to die in England.\"_ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _Churchill: A Life_ (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1991), 957.",
"\n\n_\"We shall fight . . . ",
"surrender.\"_ ",
"Churchill, _Their Finest Hour,_ 118.",
"\n\n**2: Churchill as Failed Statesman**\n\n_such as those by . . . ",
"colleague_. ",
"Several of Churchill's colleagues underwent name changes as a result of receiving titles; they are referred to throughout by the name most likely to be familar to readers. ",
"Thus, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff is called \"General Sir Alan Brooke\" in the text, though his diary, reflecting the title he was later given, is published under the name \"Lord Alanbrooke.\"",
"\n\n_Winston was born . . . ",
"that._ ",
"William Manchester, _The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874–1932_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1983), 108.",
"\n\n_\"It is very unkind . . . ",
"term.\"_ ",
"Randolph S. Churchill, _Winston S. Churchill_ , companion vol. ",
"1, part 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 88.",
"\n\n_\"This kind of war . . . ",
"game.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _My Early Life: A Roving Commission_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), 180.",
"\n\n_\"He was hated . . . ",
"feared\"_ Lord Beaverbrook, _Politicians and the War_ (Garden City: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1959), 17.",
"\n\n_\"Your first duty . . . ",
"Duke.\"_ ",
"Consuelo Balsan, _The Glitter and the Gold_ (Maidstone: George Mann Books, 1953), 57.",
"\n\n_His speeches were . . . ",
"extemporizing._ ",
"William Manchester, _The Last Lion: William Spencer Churchill: Alone, 1932–1940_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988), 34.",
"\n\n_\"What's the use . . . ",
"seat?\"_ ",
"Manchester, _Visions of Glory_ , 394.",
"\n\n_As Secretary of State . . . ",
"spending._ ",
"Basil Liddell Hart, \"The Military Strategist,\" in _Churchill Revised: A Critical Assessment,_ by A.J.P. Taylor et al. (",
"New York: Dial Press, 1969), 200–201.",
"\n\n_\"Churchill on the top . . . ",
"made.\"_ ",
"Beaverbrook, _Politicians and the War,_ 284.",
"\n\n_\"temperamental like a film star . . . ",
"child.\"_ ",
"Lord Alanbrooke, _War Diaries: 1939–1945_ , eds. ",
"Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 450. ",
"Diary entry of August 30, 1943.",
"\n\n_Ordinary Britons were grateful . . . ",
"consumption_. ",
"John Keegan, _The Mask of Command_ (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 274.",
"\n\n_At a time when . . . ",
"brim_. ",
"John Pearson, _The Private Lives of Winston Churchill_ (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), 283.",
"\n\n_At one meeting . . . ",
"of it.\"_ ",
"Alger Hiss, _Recollections of a Life_ (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1988), 124. ",
"At Yalta, to Secretary of State Edward Stettinius.",
"\n\n_\"is virtually dictator . . . ",
"servant.\"_ ",
"Brian Gardner, _Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970), 213, quoting Admiral W. M. James, February 4, 1943.",
"\n\n_Even Clementine considered . . . ",
"Churchill._ ",
"Mary Soames, _Clementine_ _Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979), 63.",
"\n\n_in fact, one club's constitution . . . ",
"membership.\"_ ",
"Manchester, _Alone,_ 254.",
"\n\n_\"Churchill stood for . . . ",
"victory.\"_ ",
"John Charmley, _Churchill: The End of Glory_ (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1993), 649.",
"\n\n**4: Churchill's Finest Hour: May 28, 1940**\n\n_In the days before . . . ",
"independence._ ",
"John Lukacs, _Five Days in London: May 1940_ (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 117.",
"\n\n_His aim was . . . ",
"rot.\"_ ",
"Earl of Birkenhead, _Halifax: The Life of Lord Halifax_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966), 458, quoting Halifax diary of May 27, 1940.",
"\n\n_\"Nations which went down . . . ",
"finished.\"_ ",
"Raymond Callahan, _Churchill: Retreat from Empire_ (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1984), 6.",
"\n\n_\"quite casually . . . ",
"fight on.' \"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War_ , vol. ",
"2, _Their Finest Hour_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949), 100.",
"\n\n_I am convinced . . . ",
"ground._ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _Churchill: A Life_ (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1991), 651.",
"\n\n_In these dark days . . . ",
"Cause._ ",
"Churchill, _Their Finest Hour_ , 91–92.",
"\n\n_Even though large . . . ",
"the Old._ ",
"Ibid., ",
"118.",
"\n\n\" _You can always . . . ",
"you\"_ Ibid., ",
"279.",
"\n\n**5: Churchill as Leader**\n\n\" _would read a long . . . ",
"issue.\"_ ",
"John Colville, _The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955_ (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985), 126.",
"\n\n\" _Lots of people . . . ",
"plans.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _War Speeches_ , vol. ",
"3, _Onward to Victory_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1944), 126.",
"\n\n\" _You ask, what is . . . ",
"victory.\"_ ",
"Roy Jenkins, _Churchill_ (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 591.",
"\n\n\" _rarely failed to inject . . . ",
"emotion.\"_ ",
"Dwight D. Eisenhower, \"Churchill as an Ally in War,\" in _Churchill by His Contemporaries,_ ed. ",
"Charles Eade (London: Reprint Society, 1953), 132.",
"\n\n_\"Winston was never good . . . ",
"them.\"_ ",
"Lord Alanbrooke, _War Diaries: 1939–1945,_ eds. ",
"Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 214. ",
"Note accompanying December 23, 1941.",
"\n\n_He found time . . ._ ",
"Tirpitz _._ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War,_ vol. ",
"4, _The Hinge of Fate_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950), 844.",
"\n\n_\"His abdication . . . ",
"for us.\"_ ",
"Albert Speer, _Inside the Third Reich,_ trans. ",
"Richard and Clara Winston (New York: Touchstone, 1970), 72.",
"\n\n_and in fact . . . ",
"salute._ ",
"Frances Lonsdale Donaldson, _Edward VIII_ (Philadelphia: Lippincott & Company, 1974), 354.",
"\n\n**6: Churchill's Genius with Words**\n\n_whether in his own . . . ",
"else_ For a thorough examination of the controversy regarding the use of an actor, Norman Shelley, to mimic Churchill's voice for broadcast of some speeches, see the essay by D. J. Wenden, \"Churchill, Radio, and Cinema,\" in _Churchill: A Major New Assessment of His Life in Peace and War,_ eds. ",
"Robert Blake and William Roger Louis (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1993), 236, appendix.",
"\n\n_\"The ideas set forth . . . ",
"stake.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War_ , vol. ",
"2, _Their Finest Hour_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949), 262.",
"\n\n_Sir, . . . ",
"polite.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War,_ vol. ",
"3, _The Grand Alliance_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950), 610–11.",
"\n\n_\" 'Sharks' for short,\" he added._ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War,_ vol. ",
"4, _The Hinge of Fate_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950), 956.",
"\n\n_\"I don't think . . . ",
"better.\"_ ",
"Churchill, _Their Finest Hour,_ 166.",
"\n\n_\"There I sat . . . ",
"home.\"_ ",
"Essay by John Colville, in _Action This Day: Working with Churchill,_ ed. ",
"John Wheeler-Bennett (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969), 96, n. 1.",
"\n\n_\"I cannot help feeling . . . ",
"leak out.\"_ ",
"Peter Fleming, _Operation Sea Lion: The Projected Invasion of England in 1940_ (New York: Akadine Press, 1956), 97.",
"\n\n_\"First, it is . . . ",
"absence.\"_ ",
"Robert Rhodes James, _Churchill: A Study in Failure_ (New York: World Publishing Company, 1970), 33. ",
"Speech in the House of Commons, August 7, 1911.",
"\n\n_\"I said . . . ",
"ashore.\"_ ",
"Churchill, _Their Finest Hour_ , 155.",
"\n\n_\"Be on your guard . . . ",
"Britain.\"_ ",
"Kay Halle, _Irrepressible Churchill_ (New York: World Publishing Company, 1966), 163.",
"\n\n_\"I have often made . . . ",
"days.\"_ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _Churchill: A Life_ (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1991), 954.",
"\n\n_\"Over 75 and below . . . ",
"Englishman!\"_ ",
"Halle, _Irrepressible Churchill,_ 167.",
"\n\n_\"In all our . . . ",
"than this.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _War Speeches,_ vol. ",
"5, _Victory_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1946), 167.",
"\n\n_\"It was a nation . . . ",
"roar.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches 1897–1963,_ vol. ",
"8, ed. ",
"Robert Rhodes James (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1974), 8608.",
"\n\n_\"His great speeches . . . ",
"inarticulately.\"_ ",
"Essay by Sir Ian Jacob, in _Action This Day: Working with Churchill,_ ed. ",
"John Wheeler-Bennett (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969), 182.",
"\n\n_\"If this long island . . . ",
"ground.\"_ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _Churchill: A Life_ (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1991), 651.",
"\n\n_\"Halifax's virtues . . . ",
"people.\")_ ",
"Lord Moran, _Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966), 347. ",
"Diary entry of December 7, 1947.",
"\n\n_\"The stronger man is right,\"_ Ian Kershaw, _Hitler, 1939–1945: Nemesis_ (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000), 209.",
"\n\n_\"We shall never surrender.\"_ ",
"Churchill, _Their Finest Hour,_ 118.",
"\n\n**7: Churchill's Eloquence**\n\n_These cruel, wanton . . . ",
"removed._ ",
"Winston Churchill, _Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches 1897–1963_ , vol. ",
"6, ed. ",
"Robert Rhodes James (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1974), 6276–77.",
"\n\n_It fell to Neville Chamberlain . . . ",
"tomb?_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _War Speeches,_ vol. ",
"1, _The Unrelenting Struggle_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1942), 4–5.",
"\n\n_The Nazi régime . . . ",
"aid._ ",
"Ibid., ",
"171, 173.",
"\n\n_No American will think . . . ",
"powder._ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War,_ vol. ",
"3, _The Grand Alliance_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950), 607.",
"\n\n**8: Churchill in Symbols**\n\n_\"One of the most necessary . . . ",
"recognize.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _Amid These Storms_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932), 34.",
"\n\n_The V sign was . . . ",
"yours!\"_ ",
"Paul Fussell, _Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War_ (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 149–50.",
"\n\n_\"Perhaps such foibles . . . ",
"genius.\"_ ",
"Leslie Hore-Belisha, \"How Churchill Influences and Persuades,\" in _Churchill by His Contemporaries,_ ed. ",
"Charles Eade (London: Reprint Society, 1953), 271.",
"\n\n_\"Winston dresses night and day . . . ",
"bricks.\"_ ",
"Diana Cooper, _Trumpets from the Steep_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1960), 158.",
"\n\n_\"already acquiring a definitely . . . ",
"than ever.\"_ ",
"H. V. Morton, _Atlantic Meeting_ (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1943), 18.",
"\n\n_When he spent Christmas . . . ",
"cigars._ ",
"David Stafford, _Roosevelt and Churchill: Men of Secrets_ (New York: Overlook Press, 1999), 125.",
"\n\n_Churchill was so closely . . . ",
"reached him._ ",
"Roy Howells, _Churchill's Last Years_ (New York: David McKay Company, 1965), 192.",
"\n\n_\"His sensitiveness to effect . . . ",
"cigar.\"_ ",
"Essay by Sir John Martin, in _Action This Day: Working with Churchill,_ ed. ",
"John Wheeler-Bennett (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969), 149.",
"\n\n_Once, when asked if . . . ",
"day.)_ ",
"Brian Gardner, _Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970), 29.",
"\n\n\" _I neither want it . . . ",
"lifetime.\"_ ",
"Kay Halle, _Irrepressible Churchill_ (New York: World Publishing Company, 1966), 268.",
"\n\n**9: Churchill, True**\n\n_\"Massive, witty, inconsiderate . . . ",
"himself.\"_ ",
"C. P. Snow, _Variety of Men_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1966), 169.",
"\n\n_\"Naught shall make us rue . . . ",
"angle._ ",
"Margery Allingham, _The Oaken Heart_ (London: Michael Joseph Ltd., 1941), 168–70.",
"\n\n**10: Churchill's Desire for Fame**\n\n_\"What an awful thing . . . ",
"cling to.\"_ ",
"Clive Ponting, _Churchill_ (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994), 21.",
"\n\n_\"Every body wants . . . ",
"away?\"_ ",
"Randolph S. Churchill, _Winston S. Churchill,_ companion vol. ",
"1, part 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 103.",
"\n\n_\"I shall be . . . ",
"for that,\"_ Sir Gerald Woods Wollaston, \"Churchill at Harrow,\" in _Churchill by His Contemporaries,_ ed. ",
"Charles Eade (London: Reprint Society, 1953), 3.",
"\n\n_\"in the high position . . . ",
"Empire.\"_ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _In Search of Churchill_ (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994), 214–15. ",
"In 1891.",
"\n\n_\"having seen service . . . ",
"country.\"_ ",
"Randolph S. Churchill, _Winston S. Churchill,_ companion vol. ",
"1, part 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), 781. ",
"Winston Churchill, letter to his mother, August 29, 1897.",
"\n\n_\"given an audience . . . ",
"different.\"_ ",
"Richard Hough, _Winston and Clementine_ (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), 79.",
"\n\n_\"If I am to do . . . ",
"offended.\"_ ",
"Randolph S. Churchill, _Winston S. Churchill,_ companion vol. ",
"1, part 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 814.",
"\n\n_\"I am thirty-two . . . ",
"though.\"_ ",
"Lady Violet Bonham-Carter, _Winston Churchill: An Intimate Portrait_ (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965), 3.",
"\n\n_\"the war to which . . . ",
"life.\"_ ",
"Frances Stevenson, _Lloyd George: A Diary_ (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 253. ",
"Diary entry of February 13, 1934.",
"\n\n_An official at . . . ",
"grand._ ",
"Lord Alanbrooke, _War Diaries: 1939–1945,_ eds. ",
"Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 297. ",
"Note accompanying entry of August 11, 1942.",
"\n\n_\"I thought that . . . ",
"did not.\"_ ",
"A. P. Herbert, _Independent Member_ (Garden City: Doubleday and Company, 1951), 94.",
"\n\n_\"And History, while . . . ",
"name.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _Savrola_ (New York: Random House, 1956), 31.",
"\n\n**11: Churchill as Depressive**\n\n_\"When I was young . . . ",
"everything.\"_ ",
"Lord Moran, _Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966), 179. ",
"Diary entry of August 14, 1944.",
"\n\n_\"I think this man . . . ",
"picture.\"_ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _In Search of Churchill_ (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994), 210.",
"\n\n_\"The worst part . . . ",
"suicide.\"_ ",
"Earl of Birkenhead, _Churchill, 1874–1922_ (London: Harrap, 1990), 392.",
"\n\n_During this time . . . ",
"moved_. ",
"Frances Stevenson, _Lloyd George: A Diary_ (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 253. ",
"Diary entry of February 13, 1934.",
"\n\n_\"at the top of the wheel . . . ",
"depression.\"_ ",
"Lord Beaverbrook, _Politicians and the War_ (Garden City: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1959), 128.",
"\n\n_Psychiatrist Anthony Storr . . . ",
"relaxation._ ",
"Anthony Storr, _Churchill's Black Dog, Kafka's Mice, and Other Phenomena of the Human Mind_ (London: William Collins Sons and Company, 1965), 3–51.",
"\n\n_\"I was happy . . . ",
"a man.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _My Early Life: A Roving Commission_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), 38.",
"\n\n_Although Moran's book title . . . ",
"diary_. ",
"Gilbert, _In Search of Churchill,_ 233.",
"\n\n_Gilbert concluded that . . . ",
"depression_. ",
"Ibid., ",
"209.",
"\n\n_\"I thought he would die of grief,\"_ Mary Soames, _Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979), 161.",
"\n\n**12: Churchill's Disdain**\n\n_\"You were very rude . . . ",
"great man.\"_ ",
"Roy Howells, _Churchill's Last Years_ (New York: David McKay Company, 1965), 62.",
"\n\n_Action this Day . . . ",
"authenticity._ ",
"John Colville, _The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955_ (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985), 280. ",
"Diary entry of October 31, 1940.",
"\n\n_\"no half-way measures . . . ",
"into bed.\"_ ",
"Walter Graebner, _My Dear Mr. Churchill_ (Boston: Riverside Press, 1965), 45.",
"\n\n_\"He dressed and . . . ",
"like this?' \"_ ",
"Lucy Masterman, _C.F.G. Masterman: A Biography_ (London: Nicholson and Watson, 1939), 97.",
"\n\n_\"I shall not be far away.\"_ ",
"John Strawson, _Churchill and Hitler: In Victory and Defeat_ (New York: Fromm International, 1997), 257.",
"\n\n_\"I'm quite satisfied . . . ",
"continent._ ",
"James Morris, _Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat_ (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1978), 298. ",
"To Lord Irwin, later Lord Halifax.",
"\n\n_\"Winston leads general conversation . . . ",
"audience.\"_ ",
"Piers Brendon, _Winston Churchill_ (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), 37.",
"\n\n_\"He could become . . . ",
"person.\"_ ",
"Dwight D. Eisenhower, \"Churchill as an Ally in War,\" in _Churchill by His Contemporaries_ , ed. ",
"Charles Eade (London: Reprint Society, 1953), 128.",
"\n\n_Not even President Roosevelt . . . ",
"tedious.\"_ ",
"Essay by Sir Ian Jacob, in _Action This Day: Working with Churchill,_ ed. ",
"John Wheeler-Bennett (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969), 207–8.",
"\n\n_\"[I]n his many colored . . . ",
"gramophone.\"_ ",
"Lord Alanbrooke, _War Diaries: 1939–1945,_ eds. ",
"Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 194. ",
"Diary entry of October 26, 1941.",
"\n\n_As a schoolboy at Harrow . . . ",
"seen._ ",
"Virginia Cowles, _Winston Churchill: The Era and the Man_ (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953), 36.",
"\n\n_\"As there was a war on . . . ",
"train.\"_ ",
"Kay Halle, _Irrepressible Churchill_ (New York: World Publishing Company, 1966), 152.",
"\n\n_\"I got the best view . . . ",
"jacket.\"_ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _Churchill: A Life_ (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1991), 794. ",
"Quoting diary entry of secretary Marian Holmes for September 24, 1944.",
"\n\n**13: Churchill's Belligerence**\n\n_\"People talked a lot . . . ",
"by wars.\"_ ",
"John Colville, _The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955_ (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985), 273. ",
"Diary entry of October 22, 1940.",
"\n\n_\"Look at the Swiss! . . . ",
"clock!\"_ ",
"Kay Halle, _Irrepressible Churchill_ (New York: World Publishing Company, 1966), 136. ",
"In 1938.",
"\n\n_\"War is the normal occupation . . . ",
"gardening\"_ Siegfried Sassoon, _Siegfried's Journey, 1916–1920_ (New York: Viking Press, 1946), 119.",
"\n\n_\"no stone unturned . . . ",
"uncooked\"_ Winston Churchill, _My Early Life: A Roving Commission_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), 152.",
"\n\n_\"Nowadays,\" he complained . . . ",
"diplomatist.\"_ ",
"Richard Hough, _Winston and Clementine_ (New York: Bantam Books, 1991), 61.",
"\n\n_\"rode up to individuals . . . ",
"doubtful.\"_ ",
"William Manchester, _The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874–1932_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1983), 278.",
"\n\n_\"It is a shame . . . ",
"guns.\"_ ",
"Churchill, _My Early Life_ , 64.",
"\n\n_\"This, this is living . . . ",
"give me.\"_ ",
"John Pearson, _The Private Lives of Winston Churchill_ (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), 146.",
"\n\n_In 1922, Clementine . . . ",
"face.\"_ ",
"Mary Soames, ed., _",
"Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills_ (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999), 265. ",
"Clementine Churchill, letter to Winston Churchill, November 9, 1922.",
"\n\n_\"Much as war attracts . . . ",
"all is.\"_ ",
"Ibid., ",
"30. ",
"Winston Churchill, letter to Clementine Churchill, September 15, 1909, after he attended German army maneuvers at the Kaiser's invitation.",
"\n\n_\"This was a time . . . ",
"or die.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War_ , vol. ",
"2, _Their Finest Hour_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949), 279.",
"\n\n_When he visited . . . ",
"days._ ",
"Elizabeth Layton Nel, _Mr. Churchill's Secretary_ (New York: Coward-McCann, 1958), 53–54.",
"\n\n_\"We always knew exactly . . . ",
"done.\"_ ",
"Walter Graebner, _My Dear Mr. Churchill_ (Boston: Riverside Press, 1965), 8–9.",
"\n\n_\"I feel very lonely . . . ",
"that?\"_ ",
"Lord Moran, _Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966), 273. ",
"Diary entry of June 22, 1945.",
"\n\n_During the war, Churchill . . . ",
"never used._ ",
"Essay by John Colville, in _Action This Day: Working with Churchill,_ ed. ",
"John Wheeler-Bennett (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969), 119.",
"\n\n_\"In great or small station . . . '",
"Fight on.' \"_ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _Winston S. Churchill,_ vol. ",
"3, _The Challenge of War_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1971), 694. ",
"Winston Churchill, letter to his mother from the trenches, January 29, 1916.",
"\n\n_\"Nations as well as . . . ",
"founded.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The World Crisis,_ vol. ",
"3 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1927), 217.",
"\n\n**15: Churchill as Son**\n\n_\"The greatest and most powerful . . . ",
"memory.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _Amid These Storms_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932), 51–52.",
"\n\n_\"Waiter—please listen . . . ",
"story.\"_ ",
"Lady Violet Bonham-Carter, _Winston Churchill: An Intimate Portrait_ (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965), 269, asterisked note.",
"\n\n_Only nine years later . . . ",
"death._ ",
"John Mather, \"Lord Randolph Churchill: Maladies et Mort,\" _Finest Hour: The Journal of the Churchill Center and International Churchill Societies_ 93 (winter 1996–1997): 23–28.",
"\n\n_\"This is a letter which . . . ",
"style.\"_ ",
"Keith Alldritt, _Churchill the Writer: His Life as a Man of Letters_ (London: Hutchinson, 1992), 2.",
"\n\n_\"What fun it would be . . . ",
"Foot.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _My Early Life: A Roving Commission_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), 35.",
"\n\n_[In failing to qualify . . . ",
"existence._ ",
"Randolph Churchill, _Winston S. Churchill,_ companion vol. ",
"1, part 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 390–391. ",
"Randolph Churchill, letter to Winston Churchill, August 9, 1893.",
"\n\n_\"He seemed to own . . . ",
"stone.\"_ ",
"Churchill, _My Early Life_ , 46.",
"\n\n_\"All my dreams . . . ",
"memory.\"_ ",
"Ibid., ",
"62.",
"\n\n_\"incessant complaints . . . ",
"application.\"_ ",
"Randolph Churchill, _Churchill_ , companion vol. ",
"1, part 1, 390.",
"\n\n_He spent twenty minutes . . . ",
"the Bar._ ",
"Churchill, _My Early Life_ , 19.",
"\n\n_\"I cannot sit down . . . ",
"preserve.\"_ ",
"James C. Humes, _Churchill: Speaker of the Century_ (New York: Stein and Day, 1980), 80.",
"\n\n_\"This fulfils my ambition . . . ",
"Chancellor.\"_ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _Churchill: A Life_ (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1991), 465.",
"\n\n_In 1947, during a family . . . ",
"course.\"_ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _In Search of Churchill_ (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994), 315.",
"\n\n_At the end of his life . . . ",
"father._ ",
"Lord Moran, _Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966), 814.",
"\n\n**16: Churchill as Father**\n\n_He often read . . . ",
"stories._ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _In Search of Churchill_ (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994), 205.",
"\n\n_\"I pass through again . . . ",
"life.\"_ ",
"Mary Soames, _Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979), 269. ",
"Winston Churchill, letter to Clementine Churchill, August 14, 1922.",
"\n\n_\"You are the best . . . ",
"stand.\"_ ",
"Gilbert, _In Search_ , 207–8.",
"\n\n_\"We soon became aware . . . ",
"trivial.\"_ ",
"Soames, _Clementine Churchill,_ 313.",
"\n\n_\"great guns but no ammunition.\"_ ",
"Norman Rose, _Churchill: The Unruly Giant_ (New York: Free Press, 1994), 257.",
"\n\n_Randolph bellowed at his . . . ",
"whiskey._ ",
"Winston S. Churchill, _His Father's Son: The Life of Randolph Churchill_ (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996), 389.",
"\n\n**17: Churchill the Painter**\n\n_\"To be really happy . . . ",
"hobbies.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _Painting as a Pastime_ (New York: Cornerstone, 1950), 8.",
"\n\n_Many remedies are suggested . . . ",
"coat._ ",
"Ibid., ",
"7.",
"\n\n_Churchill painted only one picture . . . ",
"Roosevelt._ ",
"David Coombs, _Churchill: His Paintings_ (catalog) (New York: World Publishing Company, 1967), plate 54 (381), _Tower of Katoubia Mosque,_ 1943.",
"\n\n_\"In this position . . . ",
"pressure.\"_ ",
"Churchill, _Painting as a Pastime,_ 16.",
"\n\n_\"Every ambition I've ever had . . . ",
"painter.\"_ ",
"Walter Graebner, _My Dear Mr. Churchill_ (Boston: Riverside Press, 1965), 83.",
"\n\n_Churchill loved his own . . . ",
"museums._ ",
"William Manchester, _The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874–1932_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1983), 761.",
"\n\n_\"the horrors of war . . . ",
"the sun.\"_ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _In Search of Churchill_ (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994), 76.",
"\n\n( _\"I rejoice with . . . ",
"browns\")_ Churchill, _Painting as a Pastime_ , 24.",
"\n\n( _\"Now I am learning . . . ",
"sunshine\")_ Ibid., ",
"32.",
"\n\n_\"The colours are lovely . . . ",
"absorbing.\"_ ",
"Ibid., ",
"19.",
"\n\n_\"[h]e would have eaten . . . ",
"of it so.\"_ ",
"Gilbert, _In Search_ , 76.",
"\n\n_\"Happy are the painters . . . ",
"the day.\"_ ",
"Churchill, _Painting as a Pastime,_ 13.",
"\n\n**18: Churchill the Spendthrift**\n\n_\"If I had not been . . . ",
"now.\"_ ",
"Randolph S. Churchill, _Winston S. Churchill,_ companion vol. ",
"1, part 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 672.",
"\n\n_\"throughout his life . . . ",
"answered\"_ Lady Violet Bonham-Carter, _Winston Churchill: An Intimate Portrait_ (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965), 107.",
"\n\n_In the early days . . . ",
"skin._ ",
"Ibid., ",
"173.",
"\n\n_[D]o not worry . . . ",
"trifles._ ",
"Mary Soames: _Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979), 304.",
"\n\n_\"I have always had . . . ",
"friend.\"_ ",
"Bonham-Carter, _An Intimate Portrait_ , 107.",
"\n\n_From youth until . . . ",
"debt._ ",
"David Cannadine, _Aspects of Aristocracy_ (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), 144.",
"\n\n**19: Conflicting Views of Churchill**\n\n_One of the . . . ",
"forthcoming_. ",
"Clementine Churchill, letter to Winston Churchill, June 27, 1940, Churchill Archives Centre, Baroness Spencer-Churchill Papers, CSCT 1-24.",
"\n\n**20: Churchill in Tears**\n\n_\"Then Lloyd George gets up . . . ",
"eyes.\"_ ",
"Harold Nicolson, _Diaries and Letters,_ vol. ",
"2, _The War Years, 1939–1945,_ ed. ",
"Nigel Nicolson (New York: Atheneum, 1967), 85. ",
"Diary entry of May 13, 1940.",
"\n\n_\"The grand finale . . . ",
"cheeks.\"_ ",
"Ibid., ",
"100. ",
"Diary entry of July 4, 1940.",
"\n\n_\"We had two lovely films . . . ",
"comedy.\"_ ",
"Diana Cooper, _Trumpets from the Steep_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1960), 69.",
"\n\n_\"Churchill was affected . . . ",
"pocket.\"_ ",
"Brian Gardner, _Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970), 130, quoting journalist H. V. Morton, writing about the Atlantic Meeting.",
"\n\n_\"[H]e quotes Kipling's lines . . . ",
"continue.\"_ ",
"Nicolson, _Diaries and Letters_ , September 9, 1941.",
"\n\n_\"We then find him . . . ",
"face!\"_ ",
"Lord Alanbrooke, _War Diaries: 1939–1945_ , eds. ",
"Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 324. ",
"Note accompanying entry of September 24, 1942.",
"\n\n_\"Not for one moment . . . ",
"Paris.\"_ ",
"Nicolson, _Diaries and Letters_ , November 14, 1944.",
"\n\n_\"Before [a speaker] can . . . ",
"flow.\"_ ",
"Randolph S. Churchill, _Winston S. Churchill_ , companion vol. ",
"1, part 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 818. ",
"Quoting Churchill's unpublished 1897 essay \"The Scaffolding of Rhetoric.\"",
"\n\n_Already little pathetic Union Jacks . . . ",
"admiration._ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War,_ vol. ",
"2, _Their Finest Hour_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949), 348.",
"\n\n_\"There had been heavy fighting . . . ",
"so moved.\"_ ",
"Lord Ismay, _The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay_ (New York: Viking Press, 1960), 179–80.",
"\n\n_\"would break my heart.\"_ ",
"David Kennedy, _Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945_ (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 574.",
"\n\n_\"I do not think . . . ",
"House.\"_ ",
"Andrew Barrow, _Gossip: A History of High Society from 1920 to 1970_ (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1978), 130.",
"\n\n_\"Sweet cat—I kiss . . . ",
"love—W.\"_ Mary Soames, ed., _",
"Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills_ (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999), 30. ",
"Winston Churchill, letter to Clementine Churchill, September 15, 1909.",
"\n\n_\"I have nothing to offer . . . ",
"sweat,\"_ Roy Jenkins, _Churchill_ (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 591.",
"\n\n**21: Churchill the Drinker**\n\n_In the space of . . . ",
"as well._ ",
"Clive Ponting, _Churchill_ (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994), 726.",
"\n\n_\"A tumbler was brought . . . ",
"7:30_ _A_. _",
"M_. _\"_ ",
"Lord Alanbrooke, _War Diaries: 1939–1945_ , eds. ",
"Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 370. ",
"Note accompanying entry of January 26, 1943.",
"\n\n\" _We had to consider . . . ",
"dictated it.\"_ ",
"Ibid., ",
"683. ",
"Diary entry of April 12, 1945.",
"\n\n_With the Grenadier Guards . . . ",
"headquarters_. ",
"Winston Churchill, _Amid These Storms_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932), 104–5.",
"\n\n_\"This is to certify . . . ",
"times.\"_ ",
"William Manchester, _The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874–1932_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1983), 880–81.",
"\n\n_\"The glass of weak whisky . . . ",
"hours.\"_ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _In Search of Churchill_ (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994), 209, quoting John Peck.",
"\n\n_\"He was never the worse . . . ",
"morning.\"_ ",
"Essay by Sir Ian Jacob, in _Action This Day: Working with Churchill_ , ed. ",
"John Wheeler-Bennett (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969), 183.",
"\n\n_\"My rule of life . . . ",
"them.\"_ ",
"Brian Gardner, _Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970), 277.",
"\n\n_\"When I was younger . . . ",
"breakfast.\"_ ",
"Kay Halle, _Irrepressible Churchill_ (New York: World Publishing Company, 1966), 268.",
"\n\n**22: Churchill in Context**\n\n_\"because he was . . . ",
"conquerors.\"_ ",
"Virginia Cowles, _Winston Churchill: The Era and the Man_ (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953), 8.",
"\n\n_For while the tired waves . . . ",
"bright._ ",
"Arthur Hugh Clough, _The Poems of Arthur Hugh Clough_ (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), 63.",
"\n\n**23: Churchill and Sex**\n\n_\"strong sexual desires.\"_ ",
"John Colville, _Winston Churchill and His Inner Circle_ (New York: Wyndham Books, 1981), 143.",
"\n\n_\"the reason I can write . . . ",
"in bed.\"_ ",
"Norman Rose, _Churchill: The Unruly Giant_ (New York: Free Press, 1994), 254.",
"\n\n_Historians William Manchester . . . ",
"development._ ",
"William Manchester, _The Last Lion: William Spencer Churchill: Alone, 1932–1940_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988), 15.",
"\n\n_\"acts of gross immorality . . . ",
"type.\"_ ",
"William Manchester, _The Last Lion: William Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874–1932_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1983), 212.",
"\n\n_\"with a divorced . . . ",
"his.\"_ ",
"Manchester, _Alone_ , 15.",
"\n\n_\"absolutely obsessed with a senile passion . . . ",
"walk.\"_ ",
"Noël Coward, _The Noël Coward Diaries,_ eds. ",
"Graham Payn and Sheridan Morley (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1982), 323. ",
"Diary entry of June 9, 1956.",
"\n\n**24: Churchill as Husband**\n\n_Oh my darling . . . ",
"romances._ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _Winston S. Churchill,_ vol. ",
"3, _The Challenge of War_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1971), 744–45.",
"\n\n_\"at least until September 1908 . . . ",
"afterwards.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _My Early Life_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), 372.",
"\n\n_\"Breakfast should be had . . . ",
"alone,\"_ Walter Graebner, _My Dear Mr. Churchill_ (Boston: Riverside Press, 1965), 46.",
"\n\n_\"it was almost incredible . . . ",
"life.\"_ ",
"Roy Jenkins, _Churchill_ (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 786, asterisked note.",
"\n\n**25: Churchill's Island Story**\n\n_\"that she thought [Winston] . . . ",
"was not.\"_ ",
"Essay by John Colville, in _Action This Day: Working with Churchill,_ ed. ",
"John Wheeler-Bennett (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969), 75–76.",
"\n\n_He adopted a . . . ",
"parts.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War,_ vol. ",
"6, _Triumph and Tragedy_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1953), 752–53.",
"\n\n_\"on waking up . . . ",
"the day.\"_ ",
"Essay by Lord Normanbrook, in _Action This Day_ , 41.",
"\n\n_This royal throne . . . ",
"England._ ",
"William Shakespeare, _The Tragedy of King Richard II_ , 2.1.40–45.",
"\n\n**26: Churchill in Photographs**\n\n_September 1940. ",
"Winston and Clementine . . . ",
"favorites._ ",
"Mary Soames, _Family Album_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1982), photograph 262.",
"\n\n_\"In all our long . . . ",
"than this.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _War Speeches,_ vol. ",
"5, _Victory_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1946), 167.",
"\n\n**27: Churchill as the Hero of a Novel**\n\n_\"A human life is . . . ",
"force.\"_ ",
"André Maurois, _Aspects of Biography_ (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1929), 71.",
"\n\n_At age seventy . . . ",
"fringe._ ",
"William Manchester, _The Last Lion: William Spencer Churchill: Alone, 1932–1940_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988), 24.",
"\n\n_\"My career is a failure . . . ",
"offer\"_ A.J.P. Taylor, _The Warlords_ (New York: Atheneum, 1978), 72.",
"\n\n_\"Winston won't last . . . ",
"beginning.\"_ ",
"Andrew Roberts, _Eminent Churchillians_ (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 159, quoting Robert Bruce Lockhart's diary, May 21, 1940, recording that MP Peter Eckersley said, \"Winston won't last five months! ",
"Opposition from Tories is already beginning.\"",
"\n\n_\"He is a man who leads . . . ",
"leadership\"_ Raymond Callahan, _Churchill: Retreat from Empire_ (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1984), 11, quoting Harold Nicolson, 1931, _Vanity Fair_.",
"\n\n_\"No, unless some . . . ",
"for that\"_ Mary Soames, _Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979), 361.",
"\n\n_\"I represent to them . . . ",
"cheer me,\"_ John Colville, _The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955_ (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985), 275. ",
"Diary entry of October 24, 1940.",
"\n\n_\"There is one thing . . . ",
"ready.\"_ ",
"Richard Hough, _Winston and Clementine_ (New York: Bantam Books, 1988), 285.",
"\n\n_\"His Majesty the King . . . ",
"six_ _P_ _._ _",
"M_.\" ",
"Ibid., ",
"407.",
"\n\n_Churchill loved champagne . . . ",
"scalps._ ",
"Lord Alanbrooke, _War Diaries: 1939–1945_ , eds. ",
"Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 667–68, note accompanying March 3, 1945; Kay Halle, _Irrepressible Churchill_ (New York: World Publishing Company, 1966), 108.",
"\n\n_\"most overworked word\" . . . \"",
"prod.\"_ ",
"Phyllis Moir, _I Was Winston Churchill's Private Secretary_ (New York: Wilfred Funk, Inc., 1941), 121.",
"\n\n**28: Churchill's Destiny**\n\n_Asked why he expected . . . ",
"forty-six._ ",
"Lady Violet Bonham-Carter, _Winston Churchill: An Intimate Portrait_ (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965), 10.",
"\n\n_\"I am so conceited . . . ",
"ending.\"_ ",
"Randolph S. Churchill, _Winston S. Churchill_ , companion vol. ",
"1, part 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 839.",
"\n\n_\"Above all don't be . . . ",
"surely.\"_ ",
"Mary Soames, ed., _",
"Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills_ (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999), 120. ",
"Winston Churchill, letter to Clementine Churchill, November 27, 1915.",
"\n\n_\"Death in Revelation . . . ",
"me!\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _My Early Life: A Roving Commission_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), 340.",
"\n\n_\"Cheek!\"_ ",
"Andrew Barrow, _Gossip: A History of High Society from 1920 to 1970_ (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1978), 129.",
"\n\n_\"I was conscious of . . . ",
"trial.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War,_ vol. ",
"1, _The Gathering Storm_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company 1948), 667.",
"\n\n_\"It certainly was odd . . . ",
"plan.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War_ , vol. ",
"3, _The Grand Alliance_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950), 671.",
"\n\n_You never can tell . . . ",
"decision._ ",
"Churchill, _My Early Life_ , 102.",
"\n\n_\"I could not be reproached . . . ",
"invisible wings.\"_ ",
"Churchill, _Gathering Storm_ , 667, 181.",
"\n\n_By the end of the meeting . . . ",
"inevitable_. ",
"For lengthier discussion of the choice of Churchill over Halifax to succeed Chamberlain, see Andrew Roberts, _\"The Holy Fox\": The Life of Lord Halifax_ (London: Phoenix Giant, 1991), 197–209; Roy Jenkins, _Churchill_ (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 583–87.",
"\n\n_Perhaps he believed . . . ",
"Foreign Secretary,_ Roberts, _Holy Fox_ , 199.",
"\n\n_or perhaps he predicted . . . ",
"removed_. ",
"Jenkins, _Churchill_ , 585.",
"\n\n_This was a man who . . . ",
"appointment_. ",
"Roberts, _Holy Fox_ , 208.",
"\n\n_\"might well have succeeded . . . ",
"fanatic.\"_ ",
"Keith Feiling, _The Life of Neville Chamberlain_ (Hamden: Archon Books, 1970), 452.",
"\n\n_\"Chance, Fortune, Luck . . . ",
"power.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _Amid These Storms_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932), 106.",
"\n\n**29: Churchill the Imperialist**\n\n_\"I was brought up . . . ",
"unequal.\"_ ",
"Lord Moran, _Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966), 576.",
"\n\n_I am sure . . . ",
"today._ ",
"Raymond Callahan, _Churchill: Retreat from Empire_ (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1984), 28.",
"\n\n_He wrote the Secretary . . . ",
"subject.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War,_ vol. ",
"6, _Triumph and Tragedy_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1953), 692.",
"\n\n_\"Why be apologetic . . . ",
"superior.\"_ ",
"Christopher Thorne, _Allies of a Kind_ (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), xxiii.",
"\n\n_\"When you learn to think . . . ",
"white man.\"_ ",
"Moran, _Diaries_ , 394. ",
"Diary entry of January 19, 1952.",
"\n\n_\"far above anything . . . ",
"maintain\"_ Andrew Roberts, _Eminent Churchillians_ (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 214.",
"\n\n_\"It is alarming . . . ",
"exposed.\"_ ",
"David Cannadine, ed., _",
"Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat: The Speeches of Winston Churchill_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1989), 103.",
"\n\n_\"No lover,\" Churchill said . . . ",
"Roosevelt.\"_ ",
"Roy Jenkins, _Churchill_ (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 784.",
"\n\n_\"Mr. President, with . . ._ ",
"now. _\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War,_ vol. ",
"2, _Their Finest Hour_ (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949), 402.",
"\n\n_The United States stands . . . ",
"in war._ ",
"Cannadine, _Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat_ , 296–97.",
"\n\n_The answer might also . . . ",
"independence._ ",
"Callahan, _Retreat from Empire,_ 255. __",
"\n\n_The United States stand . . . ",
"history._ ",
"Winston Churchill, _War Speeches_ , vol. ",
"5, _Victory_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1946), 295.",
"\n\n_\"The [United States's] Constitution . . . ",
"American.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _A History of the English-Speaking Peoples,_ vol. ",
"3, _The Age of Revolution_ (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1957), 256.",
"\n\n_\"I have not become . . . ",
"Empire.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _War Speeches,_ vol. ",
"2, _The End of the Beginning_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1943), 268. ",
"Winston Churchill's Guildhall speech of November 10, 1942.",
"\n\n_\"It is with deep grief . . . ",
"herself.\"_ ",
"Clive Ponting, _Churchill_ (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994), 741.",
"\n\n_\"Of course he was depressed . . . ",
"Empire.\"_ ",
"Anita Leslie, _Clare Sheridan_ (Garden City: Doubleday and Company, 1977), 299.",
"\n\n_\"In the end . . . ",
"gone.\"_ ",
"Ibid., ",
"304–5.",
"\n\n**31: Churchill and Roosevelt**\n\n_\"It is fun . . . ",
"as you.\"_ ",
"John Lukacs, _Churchill: Visionary. ",
"Statesman. ",
"Historian_. (",
"New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 56.",
"\n\n_\"the most unsordid . . . ",
"nation.\"_ ",
"David Kennedy, _Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War_ , _1929–1945_ (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 475.",
"\n\n_\"we are not only . . . ",
"bone.\"_ ",
"Clive Ponting, _Churchill_ (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994), 510.",
"\n\n**32: Churchill's Imagination**\n\n_\"The fortunate generations . . . ",
"unlucky.\"_ ",
"Lytton Strachey, _Biographical Essays_ (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1949), \"Charles Greville,\" 243.",
"\n\n_\"the hero of five wars . . . ",
"Britain.\"_ ",
"John Pearson, _The Private Lives of Winston Churchill_ (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), 105.",
"\n\n_One evening in August . . . ",
"in 1066._ ",
"A.J.P. Taylor, _The Warlords_ (New York: Atheneum, 1978), 86–87.",
"\n\n_Few had shared his belief . . . ",
"Moscow._ ",
"John Colville, _Winston Churchill and His Inner Circle_ (New York: Wyndham Books, 1981), 213.",
"\n\n_Prime Minister to First Lord . . . ",
"morning._ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War_ , vol. ",
"2, _Their Finest Hour_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949), 465.",
"\n\n_in 1944, when Churchill . . . ",
"Gibraltar._ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War,_ vol. ",
"6, _Triumph and Tragedy_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1953), 703. ",
"Memorandum to Colonial Secretary, September 1, 1944.",
"\n\n_\"These are_ my _story . . . ",
"let him.\"_ ",
"Lord Tedder, _With Prejudice: The War Memoirs_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1966), i.\n\n_He admitted that . . . ",
"mistakes,_ Brian Gardner, _Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970), 218, quoting Captain H. C. Butcher, naval aide to Eisenhower, diary of May 31, 1943.",
"\n\n_Future generations may deem . . . ",
"issues._ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War,_ vol. ",
"2, _Their Finest Hour_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949), 177.",
"\n\n_\"We sallied forth . . . ",
"hold it.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War,_ vol. ",
"4, _The Hinge of Fate_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950), 516.",
"\n\n_One of his much-studied . . . ",
"Awaits.\"_ ",
"Colville, _Inner Circle_ , 187.",
"\n\n_Churchill wrote with . . . ",
"of it.\"_ ",
"Churchill, _The Hinge of Fate_ , 596.",
"\n\n_\"I leave the judgment . . . ",
"history.\"_ ",
"Gardner, _Churchill in Power,_ 72.",
"\n\n_Meeting with Stalin . . . ",
"keep it.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War_ , vol. ",
"6, _Triumph and Tragedy_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1953), 227–28.",
"\n\n_he insisted that . . . ",
"race.\"_ ",
"Churchill, _The Hinge of Fate,_ 100. ",
"In fact, Churchill did permit the British commander to surrender to the Japanese.",
"\n\n_\"Everything I was sure . . . ",
"happened.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _My Early Life: A Roving Commission_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), 67.",
"\n\n**33: Churchill and Hitler**\n\n_\"a horror of whistling\"_ John Colville, _The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955_ (New York: W. W. Norton & Company 1985), 158. ",
"Diary entry of June 15, 1940.",
"\n\n_I am willing to sign . . . ",
"demands it?_ ",
"John Strawson, _Churchill and Hitler: In Victory and Defeat_ (New York: Fromm International, 1997), 203.",
"\n\n_\"few, if any . . . ",
"1933.\"_ ",
"Ian Kershaw, _The \"Hitler Myth\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich_ (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 1.",
"\n\n_\"Are we beasts? . . . ",
"too far?\"_ ",
"Piers Brendon, _Winston Churchill: A Biography_ (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), 190.",
"\n\n_\"I hate nobody . . . ",
"professional.\"_ ",
"John Colville, _Winston Churchill and His Inner Circle_ (New York: Wyndham Books, 1981), 11.",
"\n\n_I am free to confess . . . ",
"appals me._ ",
"Mary Soames, ed., _",
"Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills_ (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999), 512. ",
"Winston Churchill, letter to Clementine Churchill, February 1, 1945.",
"\n\n_\"Close your hearts . . . ",
"right.\"_ ",
"Ian Kershaw, _Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis_ (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000), 209.",
"\n\n_\"Losses can never . . . ",
"greatness.\"_ ",
"John Strawson, _Churchill and Hitler: In Victory and Defeat_ (New York: Fromm International, 1997), 207.",
"\n\n_wrote General Ismay to . . . ",
"brigades.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War_ , vol. ",
"6, _Triumph and Tragedy_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1953), 732.",
"\n\n_The whole fury . . . ",
"finest hour.\"_ ",
"David Cannadine, ed., _",
"Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat: The Speeches of Winston Churchill_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1989), 177–78.",
"\n\n_\"I never gave them . . . ",
"theirs.\"_ ",
"Diana Cooper, _Trumpets from the Steep_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1960), 69.",
"\n\n_\"We can no longer afford . . . ",
"population.\"_ ",
"Albert Speer, _Inside the Third Reich,_ trans. ",
"Richard and Clara Winston (New York: Touchstone, 1970), 439.",
"\n\n_\"A talk by the Fuhrer . . . ",
"the same.\"_ ",
"Joseph Goebbels, _Final Entries 1945: The Diaries of Joseph Goebbels,_ ed. ",
"Hugh Trevor-Roper, trans. ",
"Richard Barry (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1978), 237. ",
"Diary entry of March 26, 1945.",
"\n\n_\"Hitler's gifts as an orator . . . ",
"illusions.\"_ ",
"Alan Bullock, _Hitler: A Study in Tyranny_ (New York: HarperPerennial, 1962), 423–24.",
"\n\n_\"If the war is . . . ",
"nation.\"_ ",
"H. R. Trevor-Roper, _The Last Days of Hitler_ (New York: Macmillan Company, 1947), 82.",
"\n\n_\"But had this war . . . ",
"Churchill?\"_ ",
"Brian Gardner, _Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1910), 150. ",
"Hitler broadcast of January 30, 1942.",
"\n\n_It almost causes . . . ",
"destroy._ ",
"John Strawson, _Churchill and Hitler: In Victory and Defeat_ (New York: Fromm International, 1997), 277.",
"\n\n**34: Churchill Exposed**\n\n_\"glad to record\" . . . ",
"people.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _The Second World War_ , vol. ",
"6, _Triumph and Tragedy_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1953), 150.",
"\n\n_whether \"blacks . . . ",
"production._ _'_ _\"_ ",
"Lord Moran, _Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966), 692. ",
"Diary entry of April 8, 1955.",
"\n\n_\"Winston regarded males . . . ",
"male sex?\"_ ",
"Anita Leslie, _Clare Sheridan_ (Garden City: Doubleday and Company, 1977), 42.",
"\n\n_\"contrary to natural law . . . ",
"states\"_ Randolph S. Churchill, _Winston S. Churchill_ , companion vol. ",
"1, part 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 765.",
"\n\n_\"adequately represented by their husbands.\"_ ",
"Ibid.",
"\n\n_Later, he supported . . . ",
"consistent_. ",
"William Manchester, _The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874–1932_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1983), 245, 375.",
"\n\n_as late as the 1930s . . . ",
"elements.\"_ ",
"David Cannadine, _Aspects of Aristocracy_ (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), 158.",
"\n\n_\"we had a real . . . ",
"set in.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _My Early Life: A Roving Commission_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), 359.",
"\n\n\" _The unnatural and increasingly . . . ",
"exaggerate.\"_ ",
"Clive Ponting, _Churchill_ (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994), 101–2; private letter to Prime Minister Asquith.",
"\n\n_Years later, a young . . . ",
"at a time_.\" ",
"William Manchester, _The Last Lion: William Spencer Churchill: Alone, 1932–1940_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988), 109.",
"\n\n_He ordered studies . . . ",
"towns_. ",
"Roy Jenkins, _Churchill_ (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 747.",
"\n\n**35: Churchill True or False**\n\n_When Churchill was captured . . . ",
"prisoner_. ",
"False. ",
"Richard Hough, _Winston and Clementine_ (New York: Bantam Books, 1991), 109, explains that Field Cornet Oosthuizen, not Botha, made the capture.",
"\n\n_Churchill didn't see_ Hamlet . . . _",
"seventies_. ",
"Clive Ponting, _Churchill_ (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994), 43.",
"\n\n_Churchill altered his . . . ",
"Eisenhower_. ",
"John Colville, _The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries_ , _1939–1955_ (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985), 658. ",
"Diary entry of January 1, 1953.",
"\n\n_Churchill was a Freemason_. ",
"From 1901 to 1912. ",
"Ponting, _Churchill,_ 43.",
"\n\n_Out of superstition . . . ",
"table._ ",
"Walter Graebner, _My Dear Mr. Churchill_ (Boston: Riverside Press, 1965), 51.",
"\n\n_Churchill's great-granddaughter . . . ",
"attendants._ ",
"Churchill, whose full name was Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, and Princess Diana, the former Lady Diana Frances Spencer, were distant cousins related through the Spencer line, descendants of the first Duchess of Marlborough. ",
"Churchill's five-year-old great-granddaughter had been Diana's kindergarten pupil.",
"\n\n_Clementine once threw . . . ",
"head._ ",
"Mary Soames, _Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979), 305.",
"\n\n_Clementine once sold . . . ",
"expenses._ ",
"David Cannadine, _Aspects of Aristocracy_ (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), 145.",
"\n\n_When Churchill returned . . . ",
"back.\"_ ",
"False. ",
"Martin Gilbert, _In Search of Churchill_ (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994), 232. ",
"Biographer Martin Gilbert, who wrote the exhaustive and authoritative life of Churchill, could find no record to show that this famous message had ever actually been sent.",
"\n\n_When reports indicated . . . ",
"sending aid._ ",
"False. ",
"Ibid., ",
"684.",
"\n\n_Churchill sent £2 . . . ",
"servant._ ",
"James Morris, _Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat_ (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1978), 546.",
"\n\n_As First Lord in 1940 . . . ",
"capture._ ",
"William Manchester, _The Last Lion: William Spencer Churchill: Alone, 1932–1940_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988), 553.",
"\n\n_Churchill once traveled . . . ",
"luggage._ ",
"Andrew Barrow, _Gossip: A History of High Society from 1920 to 1970_ (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1978), 175.",
"\n\n_\"I have a keen . . . ",
"dervishes.\"_ ",
"Randolph S. Churchill, _Winston S. Churchill_ , companion vol. ",
"1, part 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 963. ",
"Winston Churchill, letter to his mother, August 10, 1898.",
"\n\n_\"I do not care so much . . . ",
"give me.\"_ ",
"Ibid., ",
"933. ",
"Winston Churchill, letter to his mother, May 16, 1898.",
"\n\n_\"No one can travel . . . ",
"degradation.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _My African Journey_ (New York: George H. Doran Company, 1908), 37–38.",
"\n\n_\"I only wish . . . ",
"soul.\"_ ",
"Mary Soames, ed., _",
"Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills_ (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999), 81. ",
"Winston Churchill, letter to Clementine Churchill, November 3, 1913.",
"\n\n_\"We have got . . . ",
"to us.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill to Cabinet, January 10, 1914.",
"\n\n_Of the Navy . . . ",
"lash!\"_ ",
"False. ",
"See Gilbert, _In Search_ , 232.",
"\n\n_\"I know this war . . . ",
"I live.\"_ ",
"Lady Violet Bonham-Carter, _Winston Churchill: An Intimate Portrait_ (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965), 295; in 1915.",
"\n\n_\"As to freedom . . . ",
"government?\"_ ",
"Piers Brendon, _Winston Churchill: A Biography_ (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), 105.",
"\n\n_\"A universal suffrage . . . ",
"great.\"_ ",
"Essay by Robert Rhodes James, in _Churchill: A Major New Assessment of His Life in Peace and War,_ eds. ",
"Robert Blake and William Roger Louis (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993), 114.",
"\n\n_\"India is no more . . . ",
"Equator.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, speech at the Constitution Club, March 11, 1931.",
"\n\n_\"Thus the world lives . . . ",
"age.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _Great Contemporaries_ (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937), \"Hitler and His Choice,\" 268.",
"\n\n_\"The greatest cross . . . ",
"Lorraine.\"_ ",
"False. ",
"Gilbert, _In Search,_ 233.",
"\n\n_\"Kindly remember I am . . . ",
"train.\"_ ",
"Ponting, _Churchill,_ 730. ",
"Churchill remark upon learning that a train was not scheduled to stop in Annecy, from which he wished to leave.",
"\n\n_\"We have now reached . . . ",
"fifteen.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _A History of the English-Speaking Peoples,_ vol. ",
"2, _The New World_ (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1956), 3. ",
"This curious observation is the first line of the volume.",
"\n\n**36: The Tragedy of Winston Churchill, Englishman**\n\n_\"A man larger than . . . ",
"our time.\"_ ",
"Isaiah Berlin, _Mr. Churchill in 1940_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949), 39.",
"\n\n_\"His spirit is indomitable . . . ",
"privateers.\"_ ",
"John Colville, _The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955_ (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985), 136. ",
"Diary entry of May 19, 1940.",
"\n\n_\"The life he lived . . . ",
"the end.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _Savrola_ (New York: Random House, 1956), 32.",
"\n\n_Instead, under Churchill . . . ",
"war's end._ ",
"Robert Skidelsky, _John Maynard Keynes,_ vol. ",
"3, _Fighting for Freedom, 1937–1946_ (New York: Viking, 2000), 125, 142.",
"\n\n_\"I have always faithfully . . . ",
"life.\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _Maxims and Reflections,_ ed. ",
"Colin Coote (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1947), 33.",
"\n\n_\"We answered all the tests . . . ",
"useless.\"_ ",
"Lord Moran, _Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966), 744. ",
"Diary entry of June 19, 1956.",
"\n\n_\"I have achieved much . . . ",
"the end.\"_ ",
"Sarah Churchill, _A Thread in the Tapestry_ (London: André Deutsch, 1967), 17.",
"\n\n_\"In the end . . . ",
"gone.\"_ ",
"Anita Leslie, _Clare Sheridan_ (Garden City: Doubleday and Company, 1977), 304–5.",
"\n\n_\"life is at bottom . . . ",
"powerful,\"_ Friedrich Nietzsche, _The Birth of Tragedy and the Genealogy of Morals_ (Garden City: Doubleday and Company, 1956), 50.",
"\n\n**37: Churchill in Portrait**\n\n_\"gross & cruel monster.\"_ ",
"Mary Soames, _Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979), 666.",
"\n\n_\"The portrait is . . . ",
"candour.\"_ ",
"Ibid., ",
"588.",
"\n\n_Clementine secretly destroyed it . . . ",
"again._ ",
"Ibid., ",
"664.",
"\n\n_\"I feel like an aeroplane . . . ",
"landing.\"_ ",
"Norman Rose, _Churchill: The Unruly Giant_ (New York: Free Press, 1994), 414.",
"\n\n**38: Churchill's Last Days**\n\n_\"He died in harness . . . ",
"his!\"_ ",
"Winston Churchill, _War Speeches_ , vol. ",
"5, _Victory_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1946), 137. ",
"Eulogy in the House of Commons, April 17, 1945.",
"\n\n_\"I never think of . . . ",
"have.\"_ ",
"Diana Cooper, _Trumpets from the Steep_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1960), 189.",
"\n\n_He spent hours listening . . . ",
"player._ ",
"Roy Howells, _Churchill's Last Years_ (New York: David McKay Company, 1965), 169.",
"\n\n_\"Blessings become curses,\" he said . . . ",
"and now . . .\"_ ",
"Lord Moran, _Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966), 311.",
"\n\n_\"I've got to kill . . . ",
"ended.\"_ ",
"Martin Gilbert, _Churchill: A Life_ (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1991), 956.",
"\n\n_\"Today is the twenty-fourth . . . ",
"too.\"_ ",
"John Colville, _Winston Churchill and His Inner Circle_ (New York: Wyndham Books, 1981), 30.",
"\n\n_\"I'm so bored with it all.\"_ ",
"Mary Soames, _Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979), 646.",
"\n\n_\"Nineteen-forty . . . ",
"every time.\"_ ",
"Moran, _Diaries_ , 348. ",
"Diary entry of December 7, 1947.",
"\n\n_He had planned to be . . . ",
"father._ ",
"Ibid., ",
"814. ",
"Diary entry of December 16, 1959.",
"\nSELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY\n\n_Forty Ways to Look at Winston Churchill_ rests on the work of more comprehensive biographers. ",
"It was a pleasure to draw upon the huge, fascinating literature about Winston Churchill and his time, and I hope my brief account of Churchill's life will inspire readers to read further. ",
"Listed here are principal works consulted as well as sources related to the study of biography.",
"\n\nThe most authoritative account of Churchill's life is the eight-volume biography with companion volumes of relevant documents, begun by Randolph Churchill and completed by Martin Gilbert (1966–1988).",
"\n\nAlanbrooke, Lord. _",
"War Diaries: 1939–1945_. ",
"Edited by Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman. ",
"Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.",
"\n\nAlldritt, Keith. _",
"Churchill the Writer: His Life as a Man of Letters_. ",
"London: Hutchinson, 1992.",
"\n\nAllingham, Margery. _",
"The Oaken Heart_. ",
"London: Michael Joseph Ltd., 1941.",
"\n\nAshley, Maurice. _",
"Churchill as Historian_. ",
"New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968.",
"\n\nBackscheider, Paula R. _Reflections on Biography._ ",
"Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.",
"\n\nBarnes, Julian. _",
"Flaubert's Parrot_. ",
"New York: Vintage International, 1984.",
"\n\nBarrow, Andrew. _",
"Gossip: A History of High Society from 1920 to 1970_. ",
"New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1978.",
"\n\nBeaton, Cecil. _",
"The Years Between: Diaries, 1939–1944._ ",
"New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, _1965._",
"\n\nBerlin, Sir Isaiah. _",
"The Hedgehog and the Fox_. ",
"Chicago: Elephant Paperback, 1953.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Mr. Churchill in 1940_. ",
"Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949.",
"\n\nBest, Geoffrey. _",
"Churchill: A Study in Greatness_. ",
"London: Hambledon and London, 2001.",
"\n\nBirkenhead, Earl of. _",
"Halifax: The Life of Lord Halifax_. ",
"Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1965.",
"\n\nBlake, Robert, and William Roger Louis, eds. _",
"Churchill: A Major New Assessment of His Life in Peace and War_. ",
"New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1993.",
"\n\nBonham-Carter, Lady Violet. _",
"Winston Churchill: An Intimate Portrait_. ",
"New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965.",
"\n\nBoswell, James. _",
"The Life of Samuel Johnson_. ",
"London: Penguin Classics, 1986.",
"\n\nBotton, Alain de. _",
"Kiss and Tell_. ",
"New York: Picador, 1995.",
"\n\nBrendon, Piers. _",
"Winston Churchill: A Biography_. ",
"New York: Harper & Row, 1984.",
"\n\nBrittain, Vera. _",
"Testament of Experience_. ",
"New York: Macmillan and Company, 1957.",
"\n\nBullock, Alan. _",
"Hitler: A Study in Tyranny_. ",
"New York: HarperPerennial, 1962.",
"\n\nByatt, A. S. _The Biographer's Tale_. ",
"New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001.",
"\n\nCallahan, Raymond. _",
"Churchill: Retreat from Empire_. ",
"Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1984.",
"\n\nCannadine, David. _",
"Aspects of Aristocracy_. ",
"New York: Penguin Books, 1994.",
"\n\n———. _",
"History in Our Time_. ",
"New York: Penguin Books, 1998.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire_. ",
"New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.",
"\n\n———, ed. _",
"Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat: The Speeches of Winston Churchill_. ",
"Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1989.",
"\n\nCharmley, John. _",
"Churchill's Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship, 1940–57_. ",
"New York: Harvest Books, 1995.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Churchill: The End of Glory_. ",
"New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1993.",
"\n\nChurchill, Randolph. _",
"Winston S. Churchill,_ vols. ",
"1–2. ",
"With companion volumes. ",
"Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966–1967.",
"\n\nChurchill, Sarah. _",
"A Thread in the Tapestry_. ",
"London: André Deutsch, 1967.",
"\n\nChurchill, Winston. _",
"Amid These Storms_. ",
"New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Great Contemporaries_. ",
"Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937.",
"\n\n———. _",
"A History of the English-Speaking Peoples_. ",
"4 vols. ",
"New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1956–1958.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Lord Randolph Churchill_. ",
"2 vols. ",
"New York: Macmillan and Company, 1906.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Marlborough: His Life and Times_. ",
"6 vols. ",
"New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933–1938.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Maxims and Reflections_. ",
"Edited by Colin Coote. ",
"Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1947.",
"\n\n———. _",
"My African Journey_. ",
"New York: George H. Doran Company, 1908.",
"\n\n———. _",
"My Early Life: A Roving Commission_. ",
"New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Painting as a Pastime_. ",
"New York: Cornerstone, 1950.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The River War_. ",
"London: Longmans, Green, and Company, 1899.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Savrola_. ",
"New York: Random House, 1956.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The Second World War_. ",
"6 vols. ",
"Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1948–1953.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The World Crisis_. ",
"5 vols. ",
"New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1923–1931.",
"\n\nChurchill, Winston S. _His Father's Son: The Life of Randolph Churchill_. ",
"London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996.",
"\n\nClifford, James L., ed. _",
"Biography as an Art: Selected Criticism, 1560–1960._ ",
"New York: Oxford University Press, 1962.",
"\n\nCockshut, A.O.J. _Truth to Life: The Art of Biography in the Nineteenth Century_. ",
"New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974.",
"\n\nColville, John. _",
"The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955_. ",
"New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Winston Churchill and His Inner Circle._ ",
"New York: Wyndham Books, 1981.",
"\n\nCoombs, David. _",
"Churchill: His Paintings_ (catalog). ",
"New York: World Publishing Company, 1967.",
"\n\nCooper, Diana. _",
"Trumpets from the Steep_. ",
"Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1960.",
"\n\nCorrigan, Robert W., ed. _",
"Tragedy: Vision and Form_. ",
"New York: Harper & Row, 1965.",
"\n\nDelafield, E. M. _The Provincial Lady in Wartime_. ",
"New York: Harper & Brothers, 1940.",
"\n\nEade, Charles, ed. _",
"Churchill by His Contemporaries_. ",
"London: Reprint Society, 1953.",
"\n\nEdel, Leon. _",
"Literary Biography_. ",
"Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Writing Lives: Principia Biographica._ ",
"New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1959.",
"\n\nErikson, Erik. _",
"Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence_. ",
"New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1969.",
"\n\nEvans, Richard J. _In Defence of History_. ",
"London: Granta Books, 1997.",
"\n\nFeiling, Keith. _",
"The Life of Neville Chamberlain_. ",
"Hamden: Archon Books, 1970.",
"\n\nFleming, Kate. _",
"The Churchills_. ",
"New York: Viking, 1975.",
"\n\nFleming, Peter. _",
"The Flying Visit_. ",
"New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Operation Sea Lion: The Projected Invasion of England in 1940_. ",
"New York: Akadine Press, 1956.",
"\n\nFuchs, Thomas. _",
"A Concise Biography of Adolf Hitler_. ",
"New York: Berkley Books, 1990.",
"\n\nFussell, Paul. _",
"The Great War and Modern Memory_. ",
"New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War_. ",
"New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.",
"\n\nGardner, Brian. _",
"Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries_. ",
"Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970.",
"\n\nGathorne-Hardy, Jonathan. _",
"The Unnatural History of the Nanny_. ",
"New York: Dial Press, 1973.",
"\n\nGilbert, Martin. _",
"Churchill: A Life_. ",
"New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1991.",
"\n\n———. _",
"In Search of Churchill_. ",
"New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Winston S. Churchill_ , vols. ",
"3–8. ",
"With companion volumes. ",
"Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1971–1988.",
"\n\nGittings, Robert. _",
"The Nature of Biography_. ",
"Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978.",
"\n\nGoebbels, Joseph. _",
"Final Entries 1945: The Diaries of Joseph Goebbels_. ",
"Edited by Hugh Trevor-Roper. ",
"Translated by Richard Barry. ",
"New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1978.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The Goebbels Diaries, 1942–1943_. ",
"Edited and translated by Louis P. Lochner. ",
"New York: Doubleday and Company, 1948.",
"\n\nGolding, William. _",
"The Paper Men_. ",
"New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1984.",
"\n\nGorky, Maxim. _",
"Reminiscences of Tolstoy, Chekhov and Andreev_. ",
"Translated by Katherine Mansfield, S. S. Koteliansky, and Leonard Woolf. ",
"London: Hogarth Press, 1968.",
"\n\nGraebner, Walter. _",
"My Dear Mr. Churchill_. ",
"Boston: Riverside Press, 1965.",
"\n\nGraves, Robert. _",
"Good-Bye to All That_. ",
"New York: Anchor Books, 1929.",
"\n\nHalifax, Earl of. _",
"Fulness of Days._ ",
"New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1957.",
"\n\nHalle, Kay. _",
"Irrepressible Churchill_. ",
"New York: World Publishing Company, 1966.",
"\n\nHayward, Steven F. _Churchill on Leadership_. ",
"Rocklin: Prima, 1997.",
"\n\nHitler, Adolf. _",
"Hitler's Secret Conversations, 1941–1944_. ",
"Translated by N. Cameron and R. H. Stevens. ",
"Introduction by H. R. Trevor-Roper. ",
"New York: Farrar, Straus, & Young, 1953.",
"\n\nHobsbawm, Eric, and Terence Ranger, eds. _",
"The Invention of Tradition_. ",
"Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.",
"\n\nHolley, Darrell. _",
"Churchill's Literary Allusions_. ",
"Jefferson: McFarland & Company, 1987.",
"\n\nHolmes, Richard. _",
"Footsteps: Adventures of a Romantic Biographer_. ",
"New York: Penguin Books, 1985.",
"\n\nHomberger, Eric, and John Charmley, eds. _",
"The Troubled Face of Biography_. ",
"New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988.",
"\n\nHough, Richard. _",
"Winston and Clementine_. ",
"New York: Bantam Books, 1990.",
"\n\nHowells, Roy. _",
"Churchill's Last Years_. ",
"New York: David McKay Company, 1965.",
"\n\nIsmay, General Lord. _",
"The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay_. ",
"New York: Viking Press, 1960.",
"\n\nJames, Henry. _",
"The Aspern Papers_. ",
"New York: Dell Publishing Company, 1959.",
"\n\nJames, Lawrence. _",
"Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India_. ",
"New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.",
"\n\nJenkins, Roy. _",
"Churchill_. ",
"New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001.",
"\n\nKeegan, John. _",
"The Face of Battle_. ",
"New York: Penguin Books, 1976.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The Mask of Command_. ",
"New York: Penguin Books, 1987.",
"\n\nKendall, Paul. _",
"The Art of Biography_. ",
"London: Allen & Unwin, 1965.",
"\n\nKennedy, David. _",
"Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression_ ___and War, 1929–1945_. ",
"New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.",
"\n\nKershaw, Ian. _",
"Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis_. ",
"New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The \"Hitler Myth\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich_. ",
"New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.",
"\n\nKimball, Warren F. _Forged in War: Roosevelt, Churchill, and the Second World War_. ",
"New York: William Morrow & Company, 1997.",
"\n\nKipling, Rudyard. _",
"Plain Tales from the Hills_. ",
"New York: Penguin Books, 1987.",
"\n\nKoestenbaum, Wayne. _",
"Jackie Under My Skin: Interpreting an Icon_. ",
"New York: Penguin Books, 1995.",
"\n\nLeslie, Anita. _",
"Clare Sheridan_. ",
"Garden City: Doubleday and Company, 1977.",
"\n\nLukacs, John. _",
"Churchill: Visionary. ",
"Statesman. ",
"Historian_. ",
"New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The Duel: Hitler vs. Churchill: 10 May–31 July 1940_. ",
"London: Phoenix Press, 1990.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Five Days in London: May 1940_. ",
"New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The Hitler of History_. ",
"New York: Vintage Books, 1997.",
"\n\nLurie, Alison. _",
"The Truth about Lorin Jones_. ",
"New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1988.",
"\n\nMalcolm, Janet. _",
"The Crime of Sheila McGough_. ",
"New York: Vintage Books, 1999.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The Silent Woman: Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes_. ",
"New York: Vintage Books, 1993.",
"\n\nManchester, William. _",
"The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Alone, 1932–1940_. ",
"Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 187_ _4_ _–1932_. ",
"Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1983.",
"\n\nMandel, Oscar. _",
"A Definition of Tragedy_. ",
"New York: New York University Press, 1961.",
"\n\nMasani, Zareer. _",
"Indian Tales of the Raj_. ",
"Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.",
"\n\nMaurois, André. _",
"Aspects of Biography_. ",
"Translated by Sydney Castle Roberts. ",
"New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1929.",
"\n\nMazower, Mark. _",
"Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century_. ",
"New York: Vintage Books, 1998.",
"\n\nMoir, Phyllis. _",
"I Was Winston Churchill's Private Secretary_. ",
"New York: Wilfred Funk, Inc., 1941.",
"\n\nMoran, Lord. _",
"Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran_. ",
"Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966.",
"\n\nMorris, James. _",
"Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat_. ",
"New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1978.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Pax Britannica: The Climax of an Empire_. ",
"New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1968.",
"\n\nMorris, Jan. _Fisher's Face: Or, Getting to Know the Admiral_. ",
"New York: Random House, 1995.",
"\n\nMosley, Leonard. _",
"The Reich Marshal: A Biography of Hermann Goering_. ",
"New York: Doubleday and Company, 1974.",
"\n\nMurrow, Edward R. _This Is London_. ",
"Edited by Elmer Davis. ",
"New York: Schocken Books, 1941.",
"\n\nNabokov, Vladimir. _",
"Pale Fire_. ",
"New York: Vintage International, 1962.",
"\n\nNadel, Ira Bruce. _",
"Biography: Fiction, Fact, and Form_. ",
"New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984.",
"\n\nNel, Elizabeth Layton. _",
"Mr. Churchill's Secretary_. ",
"New York: Coward-McCann, 1958.",
"\n\nNicolson, Sir Harold. _",
"The Development of English Biography_. ",
"London: Hogarth Press, 1959.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The English Sense of Humour and Other Essays_. ",
"New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1968.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Some People_. ",
"New York: Oxford University, Press, 1934.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Diaries and Letters,_ vol. ",
"2, _The War Years, 193_ _9_ _–1945_. ",
"Edited by Nigel Nicolson. ",
"New York: Atheneum, 1967.",
"\n\nNovarr, David. _",
"The Lines of Life: Theories of Biography, 188_ _0_ _–1970_. ",
"West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1986.",
"\n\nPachter, Marc, ed. _",
"Telling Lives: The Biographer's Art_. ",
"Washington, D.C.: New Republic Books, 1979.",
"\n\nPagden, Anthony. _",
"Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present_. ",
"New York: Modern Library, 2001.",
"\n\nParker, R.A.C. _Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War_. ",
"London: Macmillan, 1993.",
"\n\nPawle, Gerald. _",
"The War and Colonel Warden_. ",
"New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963.",
"\n\nPaxman, Jeremy. _",
"The English: A Portrait of a People_. ",
"New York: Over-look Press, 2000.",
"\n\nPearson, John. _",
"The Private Lives of Winston Churchill_. ",
"New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991.",
"\n\nPonting, Clive. _",
"Churchill_. ",
"London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994.",
"\n\n———. _",
"1940: Myth and Reality_. ",
"Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1990.",
"\n\nRhodes James, Robert. _",
"Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900–1939_. ",
"New York: World Publishing Company, 1970.",
"\n\nRoberts, Andrew. _",
"Eminent Churchillians_. ",
"New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.",
"\n\n———. _\"",
"The Holy Fox\": The Life of Lord Halifax_. ",
"London: Phoenix Giant, 1991.",
"\n\nRose, Norman. _",
"Churchill: The Unruly Giant_. ",
"New York: Free Press, 1994.",
"\n\nRose, Phyllis. _",
"Parallel Lives: Five Victorian Marriages_. ",
"New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983.",
"\n\nRosenbaum, Ron. _",
"Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil_. ",
"New York: HarperPerennial, 1998.",
"\n\nSackville-West, Vita. _",
"The Edwardians_. ",
"New York: Literary Guild of America, 1930.",
"\n\nSassoon, Siegfried. _",
"Siegfried's Journey, 1916–1920_. ",
"New York: Viking Press, 1946.",
"\n\nScott, Paul. _",
"The Day of the Scorpion_. ",
"Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.",
"\n\n———. _",
"A Division of the Spoils_. ",
"Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The Jewel in the Crown_. ",
"Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The Towers of Silence_. ",
"Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.",
"\n\nSkidelsky, Robert. _",
"John Maynard Keynes_ , vol. ",
"3, _Fighting for Freedom, 1937–1946_. ",
"New York: Viking, 2000.",
"\n\nSnow, C. P. _Variety of Men_. ",
"New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1966.",
"\n\nSoames, Mary. _",
"Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage_. ",
"Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Family Album_. ",
"Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1982.",
"\n\n———, ed. _",
"Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills_. ",
"New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999.",
"\n\nSontag, Susan. _",
"On Photography_. ",
"New York: Anchor Books, 1977.",
"\n\nSpeer, Albert. _",
"Inside the Third Reich_. ",
"Translated by Richard and Clara Winston. ",
"New York: Touchstone, 1970.",
"\n\nStafford, David. _",
"Roosevelt and Churchill: Men of Secrets_. ",
"New York: Overlook Press, 1999.",
"\n\nStevenson, Frances. _",
"Lloyd George: A Diary_. ",
"New York: Harper & Row, 1971.",
"\n\nStorr, Anthony. _",
"Churchill's Black Dog, Kafka's Mice, and Other Phenomena of the Human Mind_. ",
"London: William Collins Sons and Company, 1965.",
"\n\nStrachey, Lytton. _",
"Biographical Essays_. ",
"New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1949.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Elizabeth and Essex_. ",
"London: Chatto and Windus, 1928.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Eminent Victorians_. ",
"New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1918.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Literary Essays_. ",
"New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1949.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Queen Victoria_. ",
"New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1921.",
"\n\nStrawson, John. _",
"Churchill and Hitler: In Victory and Defeat_. ",
"New York: Fromm International, 1997.",
"\n\nSymons, A.J.A. _The Quest for Corvo: An Experiment in Biography_. ",
"Hopewell: Ecco Press, 1955.",
"\n\nSzarkowski, John. _",
"The Photographer's Eye_. ",
"New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1966.",
"\n\nTaylor, A.J.P. _English History, 1914–1945_. ",
"Oxford History of England. ",
"Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Englishmen and Others_. ",
"London: Hamish Hamilton, 1956.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The Origins of the Second World War_. ",
"New York: Atheneum, 1961.",
"\n\n———. _",
"A Personal History_. ",
"New York: Atheneum, 1983.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The Warlords_. ",
"New York: Atheneum, 1978.",
"\n\nTaylor, A.J.P., Robert Rhodes James, J. H. Plumb, Basil Liddell Hart, and Anthony Storr. _",
"Churchill Revised: A Critical Assessment_. ",
"New York: Dial Press, 1969.",
"\n\nTrevor-Roper, H. R. _The Last Days of Hitler_. ",
"New York: Macmillan and Company, 1947.",
"\n\nWaugh, Evelyn. _",
"Put Out More Flags_. ",
"Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1942.",
"\n\nWheeler-Bennett, Sir John, ed. _",
"Action This Day: Working with Churchill_. ",
"New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969.",
"\n\nWoolf, Leonard. _",
"Downhill All the Way: An Autobiography of the Years 1919 to 1939_. ",
"New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1967.",
"\n\n———. _",
"The Journey Not the Arrival Matters: An Autobiography of the Years 1939 to 1969_. ",
"New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969.",
"\n\nWoolf, Virginia. _",
"Collected Essays_. ",
"Vol. ",
"4. ",
"New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1953.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Flush: A Biography_. ",
"New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1933.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Jacob's Room_. ",
"London: Hogarth Press, 1922.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Orlando: A Biography_. ",
"New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1928.",
"\n\n———. _",
"Roger Fry: A Biography_. ",
"London: Hogarth Press, 1940.",
"\n_To my mother and father_\nACKNOWLEDGMENTS\n\nMy deep thanks go to the two people who made _Forty Ways to Look at Winston Churchill_ possible, my agent, Christy Fletcher, and my editor, Nancy Miller.",
"\n\nSpecial thanks to those who commented on _Forty Ways_ at its various stages: Elizabeth Bogner, David Brock, Matthew Doull, Julie Hilden, Jed Weissberg, and particularly Reed Hundt, and my parents, Karen and Jack Craft. ",
"Stuart Vance did a wonderful job designing my Web site.",
"\n\nLast, thanks to Jamie, my long-suffering, revision-reading, morale-boosting husband, and to my sister Elizabeth, my best reader and friend.",
"\nINDEX\n\n*The following items may be used as a guide to search for information in this eBook.",
"\n\nNote: Winston Churchill is referred to as W. C.\n\nAitken, William (Lord Beaverbrook)\n\nAlanbrooke. _",
"See_ Brooke, Alan (Lord Alanbrooke)\n\nAlexander the Great\n\nAllingham, Margery\n\nAnne, Queen of England\n\nAsquith, Herbert\n\nAstor, Nancy\n\nAtlantic Charter\n\nAttlee, Clement\n\nBach, Johann Sebastian\n\nBaldwin, Stanley\n\nBalfour, Arthur\n\nBarrymore, Ethel\n\nBaruch, Bernard\n\nBeaton, Cecil\n\nBeaverbrook, Lord. _",
"See_ Aitken, William (Lord Beaverbrook)\n\nBell, Gertrude\n\nBerlin, Irving\n\nBerlin, Isaiah\n\nBest, Geoffrey\n\nbiography\n\ncompleteness\n\nconsiderations of sexuality\n\nconveyance of personality\n\nfictionalization of subjects\n\njudgments of subjects\n\nmultiplicity of viewpoints\n\nrole of photographs\n\nslipperiness of facts\n\nthe tragic hero\n\nof W. C.\n\nBlenheim Palace\n\nBoer War\n\ncapture of W. C.\n\nprison escape\n\nBonar, Andrew Law\n\nBonham-Carter, Violet\n\nBracken, Brendan\n\nBritain. _",
"See_ Island story of W. C.\n\nBritish Empire. _",
"See_ Empire story of W. C.\n\nBritish government structure\n\nBritish peerage\n\nBrooke, Alan (Lord Alanbrooke)n\n\nin W. C.'s memoirs\n\non W. C.'s character\n\nBrooke, Rupert\n\nBullock, Alan\n\nButler, Samuel\n\nCallas, Maria\n\nCampbell-Bannerman, Henry\n\nCannadine, David\n\nCecil, Robert (Lord Salisbury)\n\nChamberlain, Austen\n\nChamberlain, Neville\n\nappeasement policy\n\nchoice of W. C. as Prime Minister\n\nopposition to World War II\n\npre-war government\n\nW. C.'s eulogy for\n\non W. C.'s eloquence\n\nChanel, Coco\n\nChaplin, Charlie\n\ncharacter and personal qualities of W. C.\n\nadmiration for his father\n\nambition and desire for fame\n\nbelief in his own destiny\n\nbelligerence\n\nclothing\n\ncontrasted with Hitler\n\nconversational style\n\ndaily schedule and work habits\n\ndependence on valets\n\ndepression\n\ndetermination\n\negoism and indifference to others\n\nelitism and class consciousness\n\nemotional nature\n\nenergy and forcefulness\n\nfascination with modern technology\n\nfinancial problems\n\nharshness of personal attacks\n\nhistorical vision\n\nimpulsivity and risk-taking\n\nlove of airplanes\n\nopportunism\n\npainting and other leisure activities\n\nracism\n\nsexism\n\nsexuality\n\nsuitability for high office\n\nsuperstition\n\n\"true,\" 6\n\nuse of alcohol\n\nwit\n\n_See also_ symbols of W. C.\n\nCharles, Prince of Wales\n\nCharmley, John\n\nChartwell Manor\n\nChiang Kai-shek\n\n_Churchill: A Study in Greatness_ (Best)\n\nChurchill, Clementine (wife of W. C.)\n\nadvice and comments to W. C.\n\non the \"black dog,\"\n\nfamily responsibilities\n\nfinancial worries\n\nmarriage to W. C.\n\nnicknames\n\nphotographs\n\npolitical activities\n\nprediction of W. C.'s death\n\nSutherland's portrait of W. C.\n\nChurchill, Diana (Mrs. Duncan Sandys, daughter of W. C.)\n\nChurchill, Jennie (mother of W. C.)\n\naffairs\n\nbirth\n\ndeath\n\nextravagance\n\nmarriages\n\nreputation as a beauty\n\nWilliam Manchester's description of\n\nChurchill, John, 1st Duke of Marlborough\n\nChurchill, John, 7th Duke of Marlborough (grandfather of W. C.)\n\nChurchill, Marigold (daughter of W. C.)\n\nChurchill, Mary (Lady Soames, daughter of W. C.)\n\nChurchill, Randolph (father of W. C.)\n\ndeath\n\ndepression\n\ndisappointment in his son\n\nextravagance\n\ninfluence on his son\n\npolitical career\n\nsexual activity\n\nW. C.'s writings about\n\nChurchill, Randolph (son of W. C.)\n\nChurchill, Sarah, 1st Duchess of Marlborough\n\nChurchill, Sarah (Lady Audley, daughter of W. C.)\n\n_Churchill: The End of Glory_ (Charmley)\n\n_Churchill: Visions of Glory_ (Manchester)\n\nChurchill, Winston\n\nbirth\n\nburial at Blenheim Palace\n\nchildhood pets\n\nchildren\n\ndeath\n\nearly childhood\n\nfacts and assumptions\n\nfamily background\n\nfatherhood and family life\n\nfuneral\n\nhealth\n\nheroic views of\n\nhistorical context\n\nhonors and awards\n\nillnesses and injuries\n\nmarriage\n\nmemorial in Westminster Abbey\n\nnicknames\n\nretirement\n\ntimeline of key events\n\nvital statistics\n\n_See also_ character and personal qualities of W. C.; photographs of W. C.; political career of W. C.\n\nChurchill, Winston, American novelist\n\n_Citizen Kane,_\n\nClarke, Kenneth\n\nClifford, Clark\n\nClough, Arthur Hugh\n\nCody, Buffalo Bill\n\nCollins, Michael\n\nColville, John (Jock)\n\nConservative Party\n\n_See also_ political career of W. C.\n\ncontemporaries of W. C.\n\nCooper, Diana\n\nCoward, Noël\n\nCowles, Virginia\n\n_The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_ (Gibbon)\n\nDerby, Lord\n\nDiana, Princess of Wales\n\nDigby, Pamela\n\nDouglas-Home, Alec\n\n_The Duel: Hitler vs. Churchill_ (Lukacs)\n\n_The Duke's Children_ (Trollope)\n\nDulles, John Foster\n\nEckersley, Peter\n\nEden, Anthony\n\neducation of W. C.\n\nat boarding school\n\nat Harrow\n\nat Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst\n\nself-teaching\n\nEdward VII, King of England\n\nEdward VIII, King of England\n\nEinstein, Albert\n\nEisenhower, Dwight\n\nElizabeth II, Queen of England\n\nEmpire story of W. C.\n\nclass contexts\n\ndecline of the Empire\n\nheroic tragedy of W. C.\n\nhopes for union with the U.S.\n\nimpoverishment by World War II\n\nIndian independence\n\nmap\n\nracial contexts\n\ntravel of W. C.\n\n_Essays_ (Macaulay)\n\nEthelred the Unready, King of England\n\nEverest, Elizabeth (nanny \"Woom\")\n\nFisher, Lord\n\nFonteyn, Margot\n\nFranks, Oliver\n\nFreemasonry\n\nFreud, Sigmund\n\nGandhi, Mahatma\n\nGarbo, Greta\n\nGeorge V, King of England\n\nGeorge VI, King of England\n\nGibbon, Edward\n\nGibraltar's apes\n\nGilbert, Martinn\n\nGilbert and Sullivan operas\n\nGladstone, William\n\nGoebbels, Joseph\n\n_Goldberg Variations_ (J. S. Bach)\n\nGospels of the New Testament\n\ngovernment posts held by W. C.\n\nChancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster\n\nChancellor of the Exchequer\n\nColonial Secretary\n\nFirst Lord of the Admiralty\n\nFirst Lord of the Admiralty\n\nHome Secretary\n\nMinister of Defense\n\nMinister of Munitions\n\nPresident of the Board of Trade\n\nSecretary of State for War and Air\n\nUndersecretary of State for the Colonies\n\n_See also_ Prime Ministry of W. C.\n\nGraham, Billy\n\nGrant, Ulysses\n\n_Great Contemporaries_ (W. Churchill)\n\n_The Great Dictator_ (film)\n\nGrimthorpe, Lord\n\nHaggard, H. Rider\n\nHaile Selassie\n\nHalifax, Lord. _",
"See_ Wood, Edward (Lord Halifax)\n\n_Hamlet_ (Shakespeare)\n\nHanfstaengel, Putzi\n\nHarriman, Pamela\n\n\"Haystack\" series (Monet)\n\nHearst, William Randolph\n\n_Henry V_ (Shakespeare)\n\nheroic views of W. C.\n\ncriticism of\n\nsupport for\n\ntragic hero version\n\nHiss, Alger\n\n_A History of the English-Speaking Peoples_ (W. Churchill)n\n\nfocus on politics and war\n\nthe Island story\n\nHitler, Adolf\n\n\"A great Empire will be destroyed . . .\" ",
"speech\n\ndeath\n\non the Duke of Windsor\n\n\"I am willing to sign anything. . . .\" ",
"speech\n\nleadership style\n\npersonal insecurity\n\n\"The stronger man is right . . .\" ",
"speech\n\nW. C.'s insight into\n\nHoover, Herbert\n\nHopwood, Francis\n\nHore-Belisha, Leslie\n\nHouse of Commons\n\n_See also_ political career of W. C.\n\nHousman, A. E.\n\nHozier, Clementine. _",
"See_ Churchill, Clementine\n\n_Ian Hamilton's March_ (W. Churchill)\n\nImperialism. _",
"See_ Empire story of W. C.\n\nIndia\n\nW. C.'s opposition to independence\n\nW. C.'s racist attitudes towards\n\nInönü, Ismet\n\nIsland story of W. C.\n\nIsmay, Hastings (Pug)\n\nJacob, Ian\n\nJames, Henry\n\nJenkins, Roy\n\nJerome, Jennie. _",
"See_ Churchill, Jennie\n\nJerome, Leonard\n\nJulius Caesar\n\nKeegan, John\n\nKeller, Helen\n\nKelly, Grace\n\nKennedy, John F.\n\nKennedy, Joseph\n\nKershaw, Ian\n\nKeynes, John Maynard\n\nKing, Mackenzie\n\n_King John_ (Shakespeare)\n\n_King Solomon's Mines_ (Haggard)\n\nKipling, Rudyard\n\nKitchener, Lord\n\nKurosawa, Akira\n\n_Lady Hamilton_ (film)\n\n_The Last Lion_ (Manchester)\n\nLawrence, T. E. (of Arabia)\n\nLeslie, Anita\n\nLiberal Party\n\n_See also_ political career of W. C.\n\nLind, Jennie\n\n_Lives_ (Plutarch)\n\nLloyd George, David\n\nLockhart, Robert Bruce\n\nLondonderry, Lord\n\n_London to Ladysmith via Pretoria_ (W. Churchill)\n\n_Lord Randolph Churchill_ (W. Churchill)\n\nLow, David\n\nLuce, Henry\n\nLukacs, John\n\nMacaulay, Thomas\n\nMacDonald, Ramsey\n\nMacmillan, Harold\n\nMadame Tussaud's Wax Museum\n\n_The Malakand Field Force_ (W. Churchill)\n\nMalcolm, Janet\n\nManchester, William\n\nmap of the British Empire\n\n_Marlborough: His Life and Times_ (W. Churchill)\n\nMarlborough, 1st Duke of. _",
"See_ Churchill, John, 1st Duke of Marlborough\n\nMarlborough, 7th Duke of. _",
"See_ Churchill, John, 7th Duke of Marlborough\n\nMarsh, Edward\n\nMartin, John\n\nMarx, Karl\n\nMaugham, Somerset\n\nMaurois, André\n\nmilitary service of W. C.\n\nambition\n\narmy service\n\nin India\n\nin \"little wars,\"\n\nduring World War I\n\nMoir, Phyllis\n\nMonet, Claude\n\nMontgomery, Bernard\n\nMoran, Lord. _",
"See_ Wilson, Charles McMoran (Lord Moran)\n\nMorrison, Herbert\n\nMorton, H. V.\n\n_Mr. Churchill in 1940: A Portrait of a Great Man at a Great Moment_ (Berlin)\n\nMurrow, Edward R.\n\n_My African Journey_ (W. Churchill)\n\n_My Early Life_ (W. Churchill)\n\nNapoleon\n\nNel, Elizabeth\n\nNicolson, Haroldn\n\nNietzsche, Friedrich\n\nNixon, Richard\n\nNobel Prize in literature\n\n_The Oaken Heart_ (Allingham)\n\nOlivier, Laurence\n\nOnassis, Aristotle\n\nOrder of the Garter\n\nOrpen, William\n\n_Painting as a Pastime_ (W. Churchill)\n\nPankhurst, Emmeline\n\nPatton, George\n\nphotographs of W. C.\n\naged seven\n\nin Berlin\n\nbeside an airplane\n\ncelebrating victory in Europe\n\nwith Chamberlain\n\nwith Clementine\n\nin Fourth Hussars uniform\n\nwith his mother\n\non HMS _Prince of Wales_\n\npainting\n\nat polo match\n\nwith Queen Elizabeth II\n\nwith Roosevelt\n\nin siren suit\n\nstatue in Parliament Square, London\n\n\"V\" for victory\n\nof W. C.'s symbols\n\nof World War II activities\n\nat Yalta\n\nPliny\n\nPlutarch's _Lives,_\n\npolitical career of W. C.\n\nACTION THIS DAY labels\n\nbelief in his own destiny\n\nbelligerence\n\ncomments on socialism\n\nDardanelles campaign\n\ndefeat of 1899\n\ndefeat of 1922\n\ndefeat of 1945\n\ndefense of Edward VIII's marriage\n\ndemands on his staff\n\ndomestic policies\n\nemotionalism in public\n\nestablishment of the British Air Force\n\nfascination with modern technology\n\n\"finest hour,\" May 28\n\nfirst election to the House of Commons\n\ninfluence of his father\n\ninsight into the Nazi threat\n\nLeader of the Opposition\n\nleadership style\n\nlove of pomp and ceremony\n\nmanagement style\n\nparty switching\n\nreactionary views\n\nrelationship with FDR\n\nrises and falls\n\nroyalist beliefs\n\nviews on women's suffrage\n\nvision of England's glory\n\nwilderness years (1929–1939)\n\n_See also_ Empire story of W. C.; government posts held by W. C.; Island story of W. C.; Prime Ministry of W. C.\n\nPonting, Clive\n\nPorter, Katherine Anne\n\nportraits of W. C.\n\nPound, Admiral\n\nPrime Ministry of W. C.\n\nfrom 1951–1955\n\nbelief in his own destiny\n\nchoice of, by Chamberlain\n\ndefeat in 1945\n\n\"finest hour,\" May 28\n\nindifference to public opinion\n\nmanagement style\n\nuse of media\n\nduring World War II\n\n_See also_ public speaking; World War II\n\nProfumo, John\n\npublic speaking of W. C.\n\nability to inspire\n\nhumor\n\ninability to extemporize\n\nquotability\n\nrole of emotionn\n\nstyle and vocabulary\n\nuse of a proxyn\n\n_See also_ speeches\n\n_Pygmalion_ (Shaw)\n\n_Rashomon_ (Kurosawa)\n\nReves, Emery\n\nRhodes, James Robert\n\n_Richard II_ (Shakespeare)\n\n_Richard III_ (Shakespeare)\n\n_The River War_ (W. Churchill)\n\nRoosevelt, Eleanor\n\nRoosevelt, Franklin D.\n\non alcohol use of W. C.\n\ncorrespondence with W. C.\n\nmeetings with W. C. and others\n\nrelationship with W. C.\n\nundermining of the British Empire\n\nW. C.'s behavior towards\n\nRoosevelt, Theodore\n\nRose, Norman\n\nRothschild, Lionel Walter\n\n\"Rouen Cathedral\" series (Monet)\n\nRoyal Academy exhibition of 1947\n\nRussell, Wendy\n\nSackville-West, Vita\n\nSalisbury, Lord. _",
"See_ Cecil, Robert\n\nSandys, Duncan\n\nSassoon, Siegfried\n\n_Savrola_ (W. Churchill)\n\n\"Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth\" (Clough)\n\nScott, Percy\n\n_The Second World War_ (W. Churchill)\n\nSeely, Jack\n\nservants of W. C.\n\nMrs. Everest (nanny)\n\nvalets\n\n_Seven Pillars of Wisdom_ (Lawrence)\n\nShakespeare\n\nShaw, George Bernard\n\nShelley, Norman\n\nSheridan, Clare\n\nSimpson, Wallis\n\nSnow, C. P.\n\nSoames, Christopher\n\nspeeches\n\n\". . . ",
"a greater day . . .\"",
"\n\n\". . . ",
"a riddle wrapped in a mystery . . .\"",
"\n\n\". . . ",
"blood, toil, tears and sweat.\"",
"\n\n\". . . ",
"certain splendid memory . . .\"",
"\n\nChamberlain's eulogy\n\n\". . . ",
"each one of us lies choking,\"\n\n\". . . ",
"if he feeds the crocodile . . .\"",
"\n\n\". . . ",
"iron curtain . . .\"",
"\n\n\"London can take it.\"",
"\n\n\". . . ",
"lots of people can make good plans . . .\"",
"\n\n\"Never give in . . .\"",
"\n\n\"Never was so much owed . . .\"",
"\n\n\". . . ",
"Poland is indestructible . . .\"",
"\n\n\"Put your confidence in us . . .\"",
"\n\n\". . . ",
"slippery slope,\"\n\n\"Socialism seeks to pull down . . .\"",
"\n\n\". . . ",
"the lion heart.\"",
"\n\n\". . . ",
"the liquidation of the British Empire.\"",
"\n\n\". . . ",
"the tough fibre of the Londoners . . .\"",
"\n\n\". . . ",
"the worst features of Communism . . .\"",
"\n\n\". . . ",
"this was their finest hour,\"\n\n\". . . ",
"we shall never surrender;\"\n\n\". . . ",
"whatever happens at Dunkirk . . .\"",
"\n\nStalin, Joseph\n\nStanley, Venetia\n\nStettinius, Edward\n\nStevens, Wallace\n\nStevenson, Frances\n\nStorr, Anthony\n\n_The Story of the Malakand Field Force_ (W. Churchill)\n\nStrachey, Lytton\n\nSutherland, Graham\n\nsymbols of W. C.\n\ncigars\n\nhats\n\nsiren suits\n\nuniforms\n\nuse of liquor\n\n\"V\" for victory\n\nTaylor, A.J.P.\n\nTedder, Arthur\n\n\"The Scaffolding of Rhetoric\" (W. Churchill)\n\n\"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird\" (Stevens)\n\n_Thoughts and Adventures_ (W. Churchill)\n\ntime line of key events\n\n_Time_ magazine\n\nTito, Josip Broz\n\n\"The Tower of Katoubia Mosque\" (W. Churchill)\n\ntragic hero version of W. C.'s life and career\n\nTrollope, Anthony\n\nTruman, Harry\n\nTwain, Mark\n\nUnited States\n\nAtlantic Charter\n\nentry into World War II\n\nhonorary citizenship of W. C.\n\nW. C.'s hopes of union with\n\nW. C.'s trust in\n\nVanderbilt, Consuelo\n\nVice-Regal Lodge, Dublin\n\nVictoria, Queen of England\n\nWavell, Archibaldn\n\nWebb, Beatrice\n\nWeizmann, Chaim\n\nWells, H. G.\n\nWestminster Abbey\n\nWilliam the Conqueror\n\nWilson, Charles McMoran (Lord Moran)\n\nWilson, Harold\n\n_Winston S. Churchill: Finest Hour_ (Gilbert)\n\n_Winston S. Churchill: The Prophet of Truth_ (Gilbert)\n\nWood, Edward (Lord Halifax)\n\nWoolf, Virginia\n\n_The World Crisis_ (W. Churchill)\n\nWorld War I\n\nDardanelles campaign\n\nemergence of pacifism\n\nFirst Lord of the Admiralty\n\nmilitary service of W. C.\n\nWorld War II\n\nAtlantic Charter\n\nBattle of Britain\n\nD-Day\n\ndeclaration of war on Japan\n\ndefeat of Rommel's army\n\nevacuation of Dunkirk\n\n\"finest hour\" of W. C.\n\nheroic view of W. C.\n\nimpoverishment of the Empire\n\ninvasion of the U.S.S.R.\n\nJapan's surrender\n\nLend–Lease Act\n\nLondon blitz\n\nMunich appeasement\n\nNorway campaign\n\npacifist views\n\nPearl Harbor attack\n\nPlacentia Bay meeting\n\nPotsdam Conference\n\nQuebec Conference\n\nSingapore surrendern\n\nTehran Conference\n\nUnited States' role\n\nvictory in Europe\n\nW. C.'s support of resistance movements\n\nW. C.'s visits to the front\n\nW C.'s visit to Berlin\n\nYalta meetingn\n\nwritings of W. C.\n\nbiographies\n\nBritish history\n\ncorrespondence with FDR\n\nearnings from\n\nheroic language use\n\nhistoric memoirs\n\njournalism career\n\nlack of interest in romance and sexuality\n\nquantity\n\nquotability\n\n_See also_ names of specific works\n\nYeats, William Butler\n\nPHOTO: © DAVE CROSS\n\nGRETCHEN RUBIN received her undergraduate and law degrees from Yale and was editor-in-chief of the _Yale Law Journal._ ",
"She clerked for Justice Sandra Day O'Connor of the U.S. Supreme Court and served as counsel to Federal Communications Commission Chairman Reed Hundt. ",
"She teaches at Yale Law School and School of Management and is the author of _Power Money Fame Sex: A User's Guide._",
"\n\nVisit the author's website at www.gretchenrubin.com.",
"\nBy Gretchen Rubin\n\n_Forty Ways to Look at Winston Churchill_\n\n_Power Money Fame Sex: A User's Guide_\nPRAISE FOR Forty Ways to Look at Winston Churchill\n\n\"A compelling read . . . ",
"that achieves the considerable feat of distilling an epic life to its essence while deconstructing the art of biography. _",
"Forty Ways to Look at Winston Churchill_ does for the writing of history what Wallace Stevens's 'Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird' did for poetry—both does it and shows us how it's done.\"",
"\n\n—JAMES ATLAS, author of _Bellow: A Biography_\n\n\"Was there ever a better subject for biography? ",
"Heroic, petty, noble, selfish, courageous, devious, grandiloquent, plain-speaking, generous, tyrannical, Churchill was all these and more. ",
"Rubin strives to capture the essence of her larger-than-life subject not through a head-on assault, but by circling him and taking snapshots from a multiplicity of angles. ",
"Her _Forty Ways to Look at Winston Churchill_ is a feat of intelligent compression, a stereoscopic portrait for the space age, a biography in miniature, and not least, a rattling good read.\"",
"\n\n—MICHAEL SCAMMELL, author of _Solzhenitsyn: A Biography_\n\n\"An excellent introduction to one of the most written-about men in history . . . ",
"Rubin's unique approach works surprisingly well, bringing fresh insight to an exhaustively covered subject.\"",
"\n\n— _Publishers Weekly_\nPERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\n\n**Text**\n\nThe author gratefully acknowledges the permission granted by the Masters, Fellows and Scholars of Churchill College, Cambridge, for the use of an excerpt from the letter of Clementine Churchill to Winston Churchill dated June 27, 1940.",
"\n\nQuotations from _My Early Life: A Roving Commission_ by Winston Churchill, pages 2, 3, 18, 23, 84, 93, 94, 105, 106, 153, 180, 181, 210, and 223 reprinted with the permission of Scribner, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group and Curtis Brown Ltd., London, from _My Early Life: A Roving Commission_ by Winston Churchill. ",
"Copyright © 1930 by Charles Scribner's Sons; Copyright renewed © 1958 by Winston Churchill.",
"\n\nQuotations from _Painting as a Pastime_ and _The Second World War: Their Finest Hour_ by Winston Churchill, from _Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills_ edited by Mary Soames, Copyright © Lady Soames, and from _Winston S. Churchill_ by Randolph Churchill and Martin Gilbert, reproduced with permission of Curtis Brown Ltd., London, on behalf of Winston S. Churchill. ",
"Copyright © Winston S. Churchill.",
"\n\nQuotations from _The Oaken Heart_ by Margery Allingham reproduced with permission of Curtis Brown Group Ltd., London, on behalf of Rights Ltd. Copyright © Margery Allingham 1941.",
"\n\n# _What's next on \nyour reading list?_",
"\n\n[Discover your next \ngreat read!](http://links.penguinrandomhouse.com/type/prhebooklanding/isbn/9781588363848/display/1)\n\n* * *\n\nGet personalized book picks and up-to-date news about this author.",
"\n\nSign up now.",
"\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nEditText Values in Android Fragment do not refresh\n\nI'm using the Viewpager to switch between 3 fragments, everything is working fine, except the refreshing of the second tab (or fragment). ",
"In this tab, I have a picture, some static Textviews, some dynamic TextViews and some EditText fields.",
"\nEverytime the second tab is selected, there will be called setText() on all dynamic fields. ",
"TextView components and the spinner are refreshing and updating their contents, but EditText elements do not.",
"\nI don’t understand why these fields are not updating. ",
"After tab change, I call notifiyDataSetChanged() in TabsAdapter. ",
"It calls onViewCreated() everytime I change the tab. ",
"In onViewCreated() of the second fragment I am changing the contents of the elements.",
"\nThat’s the code of my fragment:\n @Override\npublic View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n\n hA = (HelloAndroidActivity)this.getSherlockActivity();\n appState = ((TestApplication)this.getSherlockActivity().getApplicationContext());\n final PersistenceHelper pH = new PersistenceHelper(appState);\n m = pH.readMitarbeiter(toDisplay);\n\n // Inflate the layout for this fragment\n v = inflater.inflate(R.layout.detailfragment, container, false);\n\n if(m==null) { \n //If Mitarbeiter is empty\n pH.closeDB();\n return v;\n }\n\n //Inflating Elements\n\n employeeName = (TextView)v.findViewById(R.id.employee_name);\n cDate = (TextView)v.findViewById(R.id.department);\n currentPlace = (TextView)v.findViewById(R.id.place_label);\n\n comment_text = (EditText)v.findViewById(R.id.comment_text);\n reachable = (EditText)v.findViewById(R.id.reachable_text);\n state = (Spinner)v.findViewById(R.id.spinner_state);\n durchwahl = (EditText)v.findViewById(R.id.durchwahl);\n department = (EditText)v.findViewById(R.id.department_edit);\n email = (EditText)v.findViewById(R.id.email_edit);\n\n img = (ImageView)v.findViewById(R.id.userPic);\n\n changeData = (Button)v.findViewById(R.id.changeButton);\n\n //Setting Elements\n\n employeeName.setText(m.getL_name());\n currentPlace.setText(m.getStatus()); \n\n comment_text.setText(m.getBemerkung());\n\n reachable.setText(m.getErreichbar()); \n\n email.setText(m.getS_name()+\"\"); \n durchwahl.setText(m.getDurchwahl()+\"\",TextView.",
"BufferType.",
"EDITABLE);\n\n department.setText(m.getFunktion(),TextView.",
"BufferType.",
"NORMAL);\n\n //Spinner\n\n String[] values = { \"Anwesend\", \"Mittagspause\" , \"Ausser Haus\" , \"Dienstreise\", \"Krankenstand\" ,\"Zeitausgleich\", \"Urlaub\",\"Abwesend\" };\n ArrayAdapter spinnerArrayAdapter = new ArrayAdapter(this.getSherlockActivity(), android.",
"R.layout.simple_spinner_item,values);\n state.setAdapter(spinnerArrayAdapter);\n\n state.setSelection(StateMapper.returnState(m.getStatus()));\n\n //Image\n //.......\n return v;\n}\n\nAs I mentioned before, my Image, TextView and Spinner Elements are refreshing their content. ",
"I also checked the content of all variables, everything seems to be fine, except these EditText elements. ",
"If I cast the EditText elements into TextView, the content is changing (in code but not in the GUI). ",
"What also makes me desperate is, that the EditText refreshes the first time I set the value.",
"\nHas anybody an idea, how I’m able to refresh the content of my EditText fields?",
"\n\nA:\n\ni am not sure but try onResume() and set your text in resume state.",
"\nor try\nIntent.",
"FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP on tab change.",
"\n\n"
] |
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] | 0.000864 | 22 |
[
"University of Nebraska–Lincoln\n\nFrame by Frame\n\nPosts Tagged ‘Bastards’\n\nAlthough such lists are inherently ridiculous, here are my ten best films of 2013, in no particular order.",
"\n\nLe Weekend (Roger Michell)\n\nBlackfish (Gabriela Cowperthwaite)\n\nIn A World (Lake Bell)\n\nWhat Maisie Knew (Scott McGehee, David Siegel)\n\nThe Hunt (Thomas Vinterberg)\n\n12 Years A Slave (Steve McQueen)\n\nThe Purge (James DeMonaco)\n\nA Teacher (Hannah Fidell)\n\nAdore (aka Two Mothers; Anne Fontaine)\n\nBastards (Claire Denis)\n\nSignificantly, none of these films with the exception of The Purge got any real national distribution, and many people will no doubt think this an aberrant choice, and perhaps it is, but for me, The Purge was economical, sharply observed, made some good points about the direction our society is headed in, and then got out of the room in under 85 minutes, which alone makes it an outlier in the bloated consumer economy of today’s mainstream cinema; Le Weekend tries to pass itself off as a comedy in the DVD packaging and posters, but it’s one of the most devastating and personal examinations of loss and failure I’ve ever seen; Blackfish is a properly despairing and unforgiving documentary, further testament to the fact that we’re destroying the planet and killing its wildlife in the process, all in the name of amusement; Lake Bell pulled off a triple-threat effortlessly with In A World, in which she wrote, directed and acted in a comedy/drama about a young woman trying to break into the voiceover business; and What Maisie Knew placed Henry James in modern Manhattan with style and immaculate conciseness.",
"\n\nThe Hunt is a ringing indictment of mob mentality in a small town, with an unforgettable and absolutely “right” ending; Twelve Years A Slave was the most unflinching look at slavery that the screen has yet given us; A Teacher got unjustly trashed by nearly every other critic out there, but I thought it was a smart and affecting first feature, and will look for more from Hannah Fidell in the future; Adore (aka Two Mothers, aka Perfect Mothers, aka Adoration — make up your mind already!) ",
"offered a brilliant Doris Lessing novella adapted for the screen, a modern day family horror story in which two women take each other’s sons for lovers with predictably disastrous results, directed with a sure hand by the gifted Anne Fontaine; and Bastards shows us why Claire Denis continues to be one of the directors who matter, with a gritty 21st century Neo-Noir that is both compelling and stylish.",
"\n\nThere were other worthy films out there, but not much mainstream work; as always, new cinema comes from the margins.",
"\n\nAbout the Author\n\nWheeler Winston Dixon, Ryan Professor of Film Studies at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, is an internationally recognized scholar and writer of film history, theory and criticism. ",
"He is the author of thirty books and more than 100 articles on film, and appears regularly in national media outlets discussing film and culture trends. ",
"Frame by Frame is a collection of his thoughts on a number of those topics. ",
"All comments by Dixon on this blog are his own opinions. ",
"To contact Prof. Dixon for an interview, reach him at wdixon1@unl.edu or wheelerwinstondixon.com"
] |
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] | 0.02724 | 10 |
[
"Q:\n\nHow do I query this 20 million record view faster?",
"\n\nFor a search functionality I am using a view that has the records from all the tables within which I need to search for. ",
"The view has almost 20 million records. ",
"Searches against this view are taking too much time.",
"\nWhere should I look to improve the performance of this view?",
"\nThe rough definition for the view is below. ",
"It includes thirteen tables and around thirty fields.",
"\nCREATE VIEW [dbo].[v_AllForSearch]\nAS\nSELECT \n FT.firstField AS [firstField]\n, FT.fld_primary AS [fld_primary]\n, FT.fld_thirdField AS [thirdField]\n, FT.fld_fourthField AS [fourthField] \n, ISNULL(ST.[fld_firstSearchField],'') AS [firstSearchField]\n, ISNULL(TT.[fld_thirdSearch],'') AS thirdSearch\n, ISNULL(TT.[fld_fourthSearch],'')AS fourthSearch\n, ISNULL(TT.[fld_fifthSearch],'')AS fifthSearch\n, ISNULL(FRT.[fld_sixthSearch],'') As [sixthSearch]\n, ISNULL(FRT.[fld_seventhSearch],'') AS [seventhSearch]\n, ISNULL(FRT.[fld_eightSearch],'')AS [eightSearch]\n, ISNULL(FIT.[fld_nineSearch],'') AS [nineSearch]\n, ISNULL(SIT.[fld_tenthSearch],'')AS [tenthSearch]\n, ISNULL(SET.[fld_eleventhSearch],'') AS [eleventhSearch]\n, ISNULL(ET.[twelthSearch],'')AS [twelthSearch]\n, ISNULL(NT.[thirteenthSearch],'')AS [thirteenthSearch]\n, ISNULL(NT.[fourteenSearch],'') AS [fourteenSearch]\n, ISNULL(NT.[fifteenSearch],'') AS [fifteenSearch]\n, ISNULL(NT.[sxteenSearch],'') AS [sxteenSearch]\n, ISNULL(NT.[seventeenSearch],'') AS [seventeenSearch]\n, ISNULL(NT.[eighteenSearch],'')AS [eighteenSearch]\n, ISNULL(TT.[ninteenSearch],'') AS [ninteenSearch]\n, ISNULL(ELT.[twentySearch],'') AS [twentySearch]\n, ISNULL(ELT.[twentyOneSearch],'') AS [twentyOneSearch]\n, ISNULL(TWT.[twentyTwoSearch],'') AS [twentyTwoSearch]\n, ISNULL(THT.twentyThree,'') AS [twentyThree]\n, ISNULL(THT.twentyFour,'') AS [twentyFour]\n, ISNULL(THT.twentyFive,'') AS [twentyFive]\n, ISNULL(THT.twentySix,'') AS [twentySix]\nFROM \n tblFirstTable AS FT \n LEFT JOIN [tblSecondTable] AS ST \n ON ST.[fld_primary] = FT.[fld_primary] \n LEFT JOIN [tblThirdTable] AS TT \n ON TT.[fld_primary] = FT.[fld_primary] \n LEFT JOIN [tblFourthTable] AS FRT \n ON FRT.[fld_primary] = FT.[fld_primary] \n LEFT JOIN [tblFifthTable] AS FIT \n ON FIT.[fld_primary] = FT.[fld_primary] \n LEFT JOIN [tblSixthTable] AS SIT \n ON SIT.[fld_primary] = FT.[fld_primary] \n LEFT JOIN [tblSeventhTable] AS SET \n ON SET.[fld_primary] = FT.[fld_primary] \n LEFT JOIN [tblEighthTable] AS ET \n ON ET.[fld_primary] = FT.[fld_primary] \n LEFT JOIN [tblNinthTable] AS NT \n ON NT.[fld_primary] = FT.[fld_primary] \n LEFT JOIN [tblELTnthTable] AS TT \n ON TT.[fld_primary] = FT.[fld_primary] \n LEFT JOIN [tblEleventhTable] AS ELT \n ON ELT.[fld_primary] = FT.[fld_primary] \n LEFT JOIN [tblTwelthTable] AS TWT \n ON TWT.[fld_id] = ELT.[fld_id] \n LEFT JOIN [tblThirteenthTable] AS THT\n ON THT.[firstField]= FT.[firstField]\nWHERE fld_Status ..\n\nA:\n\nA view is macro that expands. ",
"So if your view is a JOIN of 2 tables, the execution plan will show the 2 tables. ",
"The view is transparent.",
"\nThis doesn't apply if the view is indexed/materialised. ",
"However then you wouldn't be asking this question.",
"\nSo, what does the execution plan say? ",
"The DTA? ",
"Missing indexes dmv query? ",
"Most expensive dmv query?",
"\n\nA:\n\nWithout more details about the view and tables the answer is \"it depends\", but you could start looking at the WHERE clause of your view for the fields that may require indexes.",
"\n\nA:\n\nIn addition to what others have said (WHERE clause, INDEXes that might help) I suggest you might want to consider indexed views - assuming it's even possible to create indexes on the view (details). ",
"Then you may be able to also apply the NOEXPAND hint in your queries (details).",
"\n\n"
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[
"Stephenville\n\nStephenville may refer to:\n\n Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada\n Stephenville, Texas, United States\n\nSee also\n\n Stephenville Crossing\n Stephenville Dome\n Stephenville High School\n Stephenville International Airport"
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"\"It is long since the DPRK's nuclear striking means have entered the stage of producing smaller nukes and diversifying them,\" the spokesman said, using the acronym of North Korea's official name, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. \"",
"The DPRK has reached the stage of ensuring the highest precision and intelligence and best accuracy of not only medium- and short-range rockets, but long-range ones.\"",
"\n\nIf the North's claim is true, it presents a fresh threat to the security of South Korea and Japan, as well as the United States. ",
"Pyongyang has previously claimed that it has the technology to build a nuclear weapon small enough to fit on an intercontinental ballistic missile, which could reach the U.S. mainland.",
"\n\nKrauthammer said that \"this is scary.\"",
"\n\n\"...The North Korea leadership is probably clinically nuts, certainly paranoid,\" Krauthammer stated. \"",
"And we have no idea what they can do and what they will do.\"",
"\n\nKrauthammer said that if the reports are true, the miniaturized warheads could actually \"hit San Francisco or Los Angeles.\"",
"\n\nHe added that North Korea shares everything and that they're helping Syria and Iran.",
"\n\n\"If they learn how to miniaturize and they transfer the intelligence, that accelerates Iran going nuclear,\" Krauthammer said.",
"\n\nFox Nation Is LIVE\n\nLatest from Fox News Channel\n\nFormer Acting ICE Director Thomas Homan said Tuesday on \"The Ingraham Angle\" that if Republicans and Democrats in Congress closed \"loopholes\" in the law that allow for \"catch and release\" and other perceptively problematic situations, the migrant caravans would cease to exist."
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[
"Officials: Washed up whale died due to human interaction\n\nSEA ISLE CITY, N.J. (AP) — Officials believe a whale that washed ashore in New Jersey died due to human interaction.",
"\n\nWCAU-TV in Philadelphia (http://6abc.cm/2dbtmdH ) reports that a necropsy on the 20-ton, 33-foot whale revealed it was emaciated.",
"\n\nOfficials with the Marine Mammal Stranding Center in Brigantine say the whale may have been caught in fishing line at some point, causing an injury that left the mammal unable to eat enough. ",
"They also believe it was hit by a ship after it had died.",
"\n\nFILE - In a Friday, Sept. 16, 2016 file photo, a dead humpback whale is pulled up the beach by a bulldozer after the mammal washed up on the beach at the Jersey Shore in Sea Isle City. ",
"N.J. Officials believe the whale died due to human interaction. ",
"A a necropsy completed Saturday on the 20-ton, 33-foot whale revealed it was emaciated. (",
"Jacqueline L. Urgo/The Philadelphia Inquirer via AP)\n\nOfficials believe the whale was dead in the water for several days before it washed up on the beach in Sea Isle City on Friday afternoon."
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[
0.0013490674318745732,
0.0008841794915497303,
0.0006924199406057596,
0.0029398214537650347,
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[
"**2 - 2*o to s*o + m*o**3 + z*o**2 + u + w*o**4 and give z.\n7\nRearrange 5*u - 17 - 6*u**2 + 17 - 38*u**3 + 35*u**3 to the form k*u + i*u**3 + a + z*u**2 and give k.\n5\nExpress (z**2 - 2*z**2 + 0*z**2)*(56*z - 11*z + 0*z) + 2*z**3 + 4*z**3 - 4*z**3 as m*z**2 + v*z + y*z**3 + i and give v.\n0\nExpress -20*w - 28*w - 18*w + 53*w as o*w + r and give r.\n0\nRearrange (7 - 7 + 4)*(-3*j**2 + 2*j**2 - j**2) + (-28*j + 19 - 19)*(-2*j - j + 4*j) - j**2 - j**2 + 0*j**2 to the form t*j + x + r*j**2 and give r.\n-38\nRearrange -5*g + 65*g**3 - 134*g**3 + 84*g**3 - 3*g**2 + g to w*g**2 + x + i*g + j*g**3 and give i.\n-4\nExpress (172 + 219 - 35)*(-2 + 1 - 2)*(z + 1 - 2*z - z) in the form j*z + i and give i.\n-1068\nExpress -7*l - 46*l - 85*l + (-2*l - l + l)*(3 - 3 - 2) as d + v*l and give v.\n-134\nRearrange 6 - 829*y**3 - 3*y + 420*y**3 + 415*y**3 to the form d*y + r*y**3 + z*y**2 + c and give r.\n6\nExpress u**3 - 98 - 32 - 127 + 70 as y*u**2 + l*u**3 + q + a*u and give q.\n-187\nRearrange -4 - 15*t**2 - 3*t - 4063*t**4 + 2 + 4066*t**4 to h*t**3 + c*t**2 + i + x*t + y*t**4 and give i.\n-2\nExpress 2*v**4 - 22*v**4 + 9677*v**2 + 3*v**3 - 9676*v**2 as i*v**3 + c + g*v**2 + l*v + x*v**4 and give c.\n0\nRearrange 2*s + 2 + 2*s - 14 + 11*s + 0 to l + i*s and give i.\n15\nExpress 1978*m - 198 - 186 + 384 - 479*m in the form s*m + t and give s.\n1499\nRearrange -533*m - 415*m + 2*m**2 + 820*m - 5*m**2 + 2*m**2 + 4*m**2 + (-2*m**2 + 3*m - 3*m)*(1 - 2 + 0) to o + k*m**2 + h*m and give o.\n0\nRearrange -a**4 + 2*a**2 + 0*a**2 + 10954*a**3 - 4*a - 10957*a**3 + 1 to z*a**3 + k*a**4 + p*a**2 + s*a + r and give k.\n-1\nExpress (-5 + 4 - 15)*(-3*q + 25*q - 3*q) as a + c*q and give c.\n-304\nRearrange 4*w - 3*w - 3*w**2 - 3 + 5 + 346*w**3 - 340*w**3 to k*w**2 + o*w**3 + s + u*w and give k.\n-3\nExpress -1265 + 644 - 8*d**2 + 645 + 5 - 5 + d**2 + (1 + 1 + 0)*(2 - d**2 - 2) as g*d**2 + o*d + i and give g.\n-9\nExpress (-64 - 62*p**3 + 64)*(3*p + p - p) + 3 + 5*p**4 - 3 as k + x*p + r*p**3 + c*p**4 + n*p**2 and give c.\n-181\nExpress -49 - 57 + 106 - 612*o + 2833*o in the form g*o + z and give g.\n2221\nRearrange -7 - 8 - 9 + 12*u - 5 - 3 to l + m*u and give l.\n-32\nRearrange (-87*q**3 - 119*q**3 + 42*q**3)*(5 - 2 - 1)*(3 - 1 + 5) to the form v + g*q**3 + w*q + k*q**2 and give g.\n-2296\nExpress 140*f + 2 + 4 - 14 + 7 in the form i + q*f and give i.\n-1\nExpress 25 + 23 + 9 - 58 + 14 + 18*d**2 as t + m*d + y*d**2 and give y.\n18\nExpress (0*d**2 + 0*d**2 + d**2)*(553 + 3*d - 1029 + 563) as m + o*d + h*d**2 + a*d**3 and give m.\n0\nRearrange -5*k**3 + 2*k**2 - 2*k**2 + (9*k**2 - 18*k**2 - 59*k**2)*(-k + k - 2*k) to the form z*k**3 + b*k**2 + d + s*k and give z.\n131\nExpress (-3*s - 4*s + 6*s)*(-2 + 2*s + 2) - 40*s**2 + 29*s**2 + 24 + 14*s**2 in the form m + v*s + f*s**2 and give f.\n1\nExpress 8*n**2 - 52*n + 26*n - 82 + n**2 - n**3 + 83 + 0*n**3 as q*n + m + f*n**2 + t*n**3 and give t.\n-1\nExpress -278 - 18*w - 273 - 22*w + 548 as f + a*w and give a.\n-40\nRearrange (-2*o**2 + 0 + 0)*(o + 0*o + 0*o) + (6*o**2 - 2*o**2 - 2*o**2)*(3*o + 319*o - 154*o) to the form s*o**2 + f + x*o + d*o**3 and give d.\n334\nRearrange (-t + t + t)*(651 + 372 + 327) to y*t + v and give y.\n1350\nRearrange (-6*o - 452 + 4*o - 25)*(-2*o + 4*o - 3*o) to the form w*o + t + j*o**2 and give w.\n477\nRearrange 83*n**3 - 74*n**3 + 2 + 2*n**2 + 0 to the form x + o*n**3 + q*n**2 + i*n and give q.\n2\nExpress -183 + 183 + 178*v**2 as a*v**2 + k + u*v and give k.\n0\nExpress (2 - 1 + 1)*((-2*j - 1 + 1)*(4 - 3 + 1) + 1118 - 133*j - 1118)*(j**2 + 2*j**2 + 0*j**2) as p*j**2 + c*j + l + x*j**3 and give x.\n-822\nRearrange (-2 - 38*b + 25*b - 38*b)*(2 + 1 - 4 - 10*b) to z*b**2 + y*b + g and give g.\n2\nRearrange -6 - 590*n**2 - 3*n + 590*n**2 - 31*n**3 + 33*n**3 to k + w*n + o*n**2 + m*n**3 and give m.\n2\nExpress 30*f**4 + 1 - 24*f**4 + 12*f - 17*f in the form s + c*f**2 + i*f**4 + a*f**3 + q*f and give q.\n-5\nRearrange (-2*g + 2*g - 2*g**2)*(0 - 1 + 2) + 3*g**2 - 6*g**2 + g**2 - 1 - 3*g**2 + 1 - 33373*g + 46*g**2 - 2 + 33373*g to o + x*g**2 + i*g and give x.\n39\nRearrange 37 - 12*w + 8*w - 32 - 3*w**2 + 3*w**2 - 2*w**3 to o*w + v*w**2 + g + l*w**3 and give l.\n-2\nExpress 1 + 12*b - 11 + 2 + 3 in the form u + r*b and give r.\n12\nRearrange -1 - 4*z**2 + 1 + (2*z + 2*z - 5*z)*(-2*z + 0*z + 3*z) + (-3 - 1 + 1)*(0 + z**2 + 0) to the form n*z**2 + q*z + o and give o.\n0\nExpress 14*r - 10*r + 15*r + 2 - 2 + r + (0*r - 2*r + 4*r)*(0 + 0 + 4) in the form d*r + j and give d.\n28\nExpress (94*d - 25*d + 91*d)*(7*d**3 + 3 - 3) as n*d + q*d**2 + o + p*d**3 + l*d**4 and give l.\n1120\nRearrange -4*z - 28*z - 19*z to the form f*z + v and give f.\n-51\nRearrange (2 + 0 + 1)*(-1 + u + 1) + (3*u + 5 - 5)*(1 - 2 + 2) + 11 - 11 - u + 7*u - 6*u - 15*u to the form l*u + f and give f.\n0\nRearrange ((-1 + 5 - 2)*(4*l - 2*l + 0*l) - 2 + 2 + l + 3*l - l + 0*l)*(13 - 20 - 128) to u*l + t and give u.\n-945\nExpress (-t + t - 4*t)*(3 - 1 - 3 - 3 + 1 + 1 + (-3 + 3 - 1)*(-1 - 1 + 0) + 3 + 1 - 2 + 4 + 5 + 1) as r + x*t and give x.\n-48\nRearrange (-434*k - 588*k - 271*k - 207*k)*(-k - k + 3*k) to the form b + u*k**2 + n*k and give u.\n-1500\nRearrange 3*r**2 + 11*r + 9*r + 12 - 14 to the form v*r + z*r**2 + c and give v.\n20\nExpress -4*w**2 + 1346*w**3 - 2069*w + 2*w**2 + 2069*w as q*w + g*w**3 + u*w**2 + o and give u.\n-2\nRearrange (-3*l - 3*l + 0*l)*(-253*l - 15 - 2 + 17) to the form f*l**2 + j*l + h and give f.\n1518\nExpress (g + g - g + (-g + g + 4*g)*(-13 - 23 + 11))*(-g**3 - 2*g**3 + g**3) as v*g**4 + i*g**2 + k*g + l + n*g**3 and give v.\n198\nRearrange (-44*b - 27*b - 67*b + 68*b)*(-3*b + b - 6*b) to the form k*b + y*b**2 + i and give y.\n560\nRearrange (1 - 1 + 4)*(2383*f**2 - 3635*f**2 + 1991*f**2) to x*f**2 + d + z*f and give x.\n2956\nExpress (4*i - 29*i - 33*i)*(1 - 2*i**2 - 1) + i**3 - 3*i**3 + 0*i**3 as n + g*i + l*i**3 + d*i**2 and give l.\n114\nExpress y - y**4 - y + (5 + 0 - 3)*(0*y**4 - 3*y**4 + 5*y**4) - 8481*y + 5*y**4 + 6*y**2 - 8467*y + 16928*y as z*y**4 + g*y**2 + w*y**3 + j + q*y and give g.\n6\nExpress (-8*g**3 + 5*g**3 - 6*g**3)*(1 + 5 - 2)*(-g - g + 0*g + 2) as v*g**3 + m*g**2 + r*g + x*g**4 + j and give r.\n0\nExpress l**3 - 1598*l**2 + 1596*l**2 + 54 - l**4 - 2*l - 70 in the form h*l**2 + s*l**4 + u + o*l + z*l**3 and give z.\n1\nRearrange -6*l**3 - 20*l**4 - 3*l**2 - 2 + 34*l**4 + 6*l**2 - 13*l**4 to m + g*l + t*l**2 + y*l**3 + q*l**4 and give t.\n3\nRearrange 9*r**2 - 1 - 1 + 699*r**3 - 703*r**3 to the form d*r + k + z*r**3 + f*r**2 and give k.\n-2\nRearrange (0*r + r + r)*(-3*r - 5*r + 67*r) + 4*r - 4*r + 4*r**2 to the form l*r + y*r**2 + p and give y.\n122\nExpress -2*b + 2*b + b + (-3*b - 2*b + 3*b)*(1 + 1 - 3) - 3 - b + 3 + (b + 3*b - 2*b)*(-1 - 83 - 142) as r + j*b and give j.\n-450\nExpress (-243*q + 558*q + 15 - 15)*(14 + 2 - 8) in the form x*q + y and give x.\n2520\nExpress -5*i**2 - 1 - 19*i**2 + 2*i**3 + 39*i**2 - 9*i**2 as v + b*i**3 + s*i**2 + g*i and give b.\n2\nExpress 2 - 1 + 75*g**2 - 2 - 26*g**2 + 2*g + 0 in the form o*g**2 + z + p*g and give z.\n-1\nExpress -269*c**2 - 24*c + 131*c**2 - 35*c + 127*c**2 in the form d + g*c + f*c**2 and give f.\n-11\nExpress ((2 - 4 + 4)*(-1 - 1 + 3) + 3 + 2 - 3)*(-6*l + 64*l + 104*l) as o + p*l and give p.\n648\nRearrange (3*p - 3*p + 35*p**2 + 2*p)*(-5 + 4 - 2) to t + y*p + g*p**2 and give g.\n-105\nExpress 292*g**2 - 8 - 155*g**2 + 2*g - 132*g**2 - 2*g**2 + 2*g - 2*g + (-2*g + 6*g - 2*g)*(-g + 2*g - 2*g) as x*g + k + a*g**2 and give a.\n1\nRearrange -2*s**2 + 3*s**2 + s**2 + 139*s**2 + 2*s**2 + 44*s**2 + (-3 + 2*s + 3)*(5*s - 9 + 9) to the form x + n*s + o*s**2 and give o.\n197\nExpress (-4 + 1 + 1)*(2053*s + 10824 - 10824) in the form b + u*s and give u.\n-4106\nRearrange 187 - 15*h**3 - 184 - 9*h**3 to z + j*h + n*h**2 + q*h**3 and give z.\n3\nRearrange 458 - 549*a + 453 - 911 to the form c + g*a and give g.\n-549\nExpress ((-2*v + 3*v + v)*(2 - 2 - 2) + v + 3*v - 2*v)*(50*v - 229 - 95*v + 43*v) in the form l*v**2 + j + h*v and give l.\n4\nRearrange (-g**2 + 3 - 3)*(-g - 4*g + 3*g) - 736*g**3 + 24*g**2 - 25*g**2 + 732*g**3 - 15*g to i*g**3 + l + v*g + r*g**2 and give r.\n-1\nExpress -41*y - 42*y + 4*y**3 + 124*y + 13 + 11*y**3 - 42*y as z*y**2 + r*y**3 + l + p*y and give r.\n15\nRearrange (t**3 + t**3 + 36*t**3)*(-22 - 56 + 21 + 0) to h + z*t + b*t**3 + m*t**2 and give b.\n-2166\nRearrange "
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[
0.5962916612625122
] | 0.596292 | 1 |
[
"Jean-Loup Baer\n\nJean-Loup Baer is a computer scientist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Washington.",
"\n\nBiography\nJean-Loup Baer received the Diplome d'Ingénieur in Electrical Engineering and the Doctorat 3e cycle in Computer Science from the University of Grenoble (France) and the Ph.D. from UCLA in 1968 under the supervision of Gerald Estrin.",
"\n\nAwards and honors\n\nIn 1997, the Association for Computing Machinery named him an ACM Fellow \"for contributions to the design and evaluation of parallel processing systems, in particular in the areas of cache coherence protocols and techniques to tolerate memory latency\".",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n University of Washington: Professor Emeritus, University of Washington homepage\n\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:University of Washington faculty\nCategory:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery\nCategory:Guggenheim Fellows"
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[
"Low temperature growth of cobalt on Cr2O3(0 0 0 1).",
"\nThe thickness and temperature dependence of in situ grown cobalt thin films on Cr2O3(0 0 0 1) single crystalline substrate has been studied by low energy electron microscopy (LEEM). ",
"The LEEM images indicate that growth of thin Co films (⩽5 monolayers) on chromia at 100 K tends to be continuous and flat with suppressed island growth compared to films grown on chromia at room temperature and above (to ~440 K). ",
"Low energy electron diffraction indicates that disorder builds and crystallinity of the cobalt thin film decreases with increased film thickness. ",
"Compared with cobalt thin films on Al2O3(0 0 0 1) single crystalline substrate, cobalt thin films on Cr2O3(0 0 0 1) show larger magnetic contrast in magnetic force microscopy indicating enhancement of perpendicular anisotropy induced by Cr2O3."
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"#!",
"/usr/bin/env bash\nreset\npylint src/django_elasticsearch_dsl_drf/\n"
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"Click on the video player above to watch the Canadian Premier League match between Cavalry FC and FC Edmonton\n\nCBC Sports and CBCSports.ca will live stream 20 Canadian Premier League games.",
"\n\nThe CPL is Canada's new tier-one men's professional soccer league. ",
"Seven teams from coast to coast will square off over two distinct halves of the season.",
"\n\nTeams are located in Vancouver Island (Pacific FC), Edmonton (FC Edmonton), Calgary (Cavalry FC), Winnipeg (Valour FC), Hamilton (Forge FC), York Region, Ont., (",
"York9 FC) and Halifax (HFX Wanderers FC).",
"\n\nThe fall campaign begins on July 6 and concludes Oct. 19."
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[
"Short Rib Goulash at the Library at the Public\n\nA soul-warming dish perfect for the last act of spring\n\nCan’t get in to Andrew Carmellini’s clamorous new Lafayette? ",
"No drama—just take a walk across the street to the Public Theater. ",
"You can eat the acclaimed chef’s food there, too, and you don’t have be a theater ticket holder to dine and drink at the cozy Library, hidden on the mezzanine level of NoHo’s most famous theater. ",
"One dish that is currently enjoying an extended run thanks to the lingering chill in the air is short rib goulash ($26), a delicious assortment of tender, long-stewed beef, sweet carrots and earthy turnips in punchy paprika sauce, cooled by the anise scent of caraway sour cream.",
"\n\nDimly lit and furnished with books, banquettes and high-backed chairs, the room feels erudite yet snug, a place where professors with pipes might discuss the subtext of Shakespeare or the avant-garde antics of Richard Foreman. ",
"Carmellini (also of Locanda Verde and The Dutch) established the dining program behind the renovated 19th century space, named for the building’s former life as the Astor Library, in the fall. ",
"A tip: go during performance time—instead of pre-or post-theater—to avoid crowds.",
"\n\nThe Library at the Public\n425 Lafayette St.\n212-539-8777\nthelibraryatthepublic.com"
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[
"St. Brigid Roman Catholic Church (Manhattan)\n\nSt. Brigid's Roman Catholic Church, also known as St. Brigid's or Famine Church, is a church located at 123 Avenue B, on the southeast corner of East 8th Street, along the eastern edge of Tompkins Square Park in the Alphabet City section of the East Village of Manhattan, New York City. ",
" Associated with the church is a parish school, Saint Brigid School, consisting of grades Pre-K through 8, which has been in existence since 1856.",
"\n\nThe church is named after St. Brigid, the patron saint of babies, blacksmiths, boatmen, cattle, chicken farmers, children whose parents are not married, dairymaids, dairy workers, fugitives, Ireland, mariners, midwives, nuns, poets, printing presses, scholars and travellers. ",
"Like the neighborhood it serves, Saint Brigid's Church has had a colorful and tumultuous history since its beginnings in 1848. ",
"In 2013, St. Emeric Church on Avenue D was closed and the parish merged with St. Brigid. ",
"It is now called St. Brigid-St. Emeric Church.",
"\n\nHistory \nThe parish was organized in 1847 by Rev. Richard Kein, pastor of the Church of the Nativity. ",
"Construction began in 1848 by Irish shipwrights for those fleeing the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849). ",
"The architect of the church was Patrick Keely, who handcarved the gothic reredos himself. ",
"It was built by Irish boatwrights from the East River boatyards. ",
"The church was dedicated by Bishop John Hughes on December 2, 1849. ",
"Kein resigned the pastorate in 1852 due to poor health and was briefly succeeded by Thomas Martin O.P. Rev. Thomas J. Mooney was appointed pastor in 1853. \"",
"In its early years, St. Brigid’s served as a haven for Irish immigrants fleeing the famine, and later as a stalwart presence for the ever-changing immigrant populations to the neighborhood, from the Polish and Germans, to Ukrainians and Puerto Ricans.\"",
"\n\nFr. ",
"Mooney and \"the Fighting 69th\"\n\nThe second pastor of the church, the Reverend Thomas Mooney, also served as chaplain to the nearby 69th New York State Militia. ",
" Upon its formation in 1851 it was called the 2nd Regiment of Irish Volunteers, a citizen-militia made up of Irish-Catholic diaspora from the Great Irish Famine. ",
"Father Mooney travelled with the 69th to Virginia and was beloved by the men for his spirit and sagacious counsel. ",
" Fr.",
"Mooney held daily Masses for the regiment and served as confessor for the largely Catholic regiment. ",
" The regimental choir was headed by Capt. ",
"Maxwell O'Sullivan, formerly the choirmaster at St. Brigid's church. ",
" Mooney was lauded for his establishment of a temperance society and for encouraging many wayward souls to return to the Faith.",
"\n\nFather Mooney was recalled by New York Archbishop John \"Dagger\" Hughes in response to Mooney's baptism of a 64 lb. ",
"Columbiad cannon. ",
" Archbishop Hughes later suggested that Mooney was recalled after climbing the flagstaff of Fort Corcoran. ",
" Mooney was in the process of straightening an American flag that became stuck during a flag raising ceremony. ",
"Mooney's return was much bemoaned by the men of the regiment, but Mooney was warmly welcomed on his return to the city by 4,000 parishioners assembled in Tompkins Square. ",
" \n\nDuring the New York City draft riots of July 1863, Mooney organized organized a neighborhood group to counter the federal troops sent to New York. ",
"When the 69th returned to New York following the Bull Run Campaign, Mooney marched at the head of the regiment. ",
" On August 14, 1861 a Requiem Mass was held for the men of the 69th NYSM who had been killed in action. ",
" The St. Brigid's choir sang Mozart's Requiem during the service. ",
" Fr. ",
"Mooney was conspicuously present at all future Irish Brigade functions and was much beloved by the men who survived to remember him.",
"\n\nA special feature of the New York Times in 1901, mentioned the church among other Catholic structures in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, describing the group \"for the most part...limit[ing] themselves to the functions of a parish church, in districts where social needs are otherwise supplied.\" ",
"The article clarified that the upper church was Irish and the basement used by Italians. ",
"In addition, the Sisters of Charity had a convent next door to the church, and there was an attached parochial school.",
"\n\nFr. ",
"Kuhn and the Tompkins Square riot \n\nDuring the 1988 Tompkins Square Park Riot, the church allowed homeless advocates and protesters of the police action to mobilize under its roof. ",
"A year later, when a shantytown in the park was dismantled, church pastor Rev. George Kuhn led a group of parishioners taking food to protesters and homeless people holed up in an abandoned school on East 4th Street. ",
" Father Kuhn was arrested when he defied orders not to cross a police line to deliver the food, saying, \"I'm working under orders, too. ",
" The order I have is to feed the hungry, and that comes from a higher authority.\" ",
"St. Brigid's Church served as a place for protesters to organize and receive medical attention during the riot.",
"\n\nClosure and partial demolition \nThe church's main building closed in 2001 because of a crack in the building. ",
"The rear wall of the building had begun to pull away from the rest of the structure and the floor joists had separated several inches from the back wall. ",
"Mass was then held in the adjoining school while the parishioners rallied to raise money to save the church.",
"\n\nIn September 2003, the Archdiocese of New York filed with the city an application to convert the church into apartments, but an archdiocese spokesperson said was only protecting its options. ",
"In September 2004 the Archdiocese officially closed the church when the Trinitarian Order left. ",
"In 2006 demolition commenced, Archdiocesan spokesman Joe Zwilling stating: \"It's a hazard. ",
"It could have literally fallen over at any point in time.\" ",
"At that time, the spokesperson further stated that the property would not be turned into condominiums or apartments, (as nearby St. Ann's Church had been when it was converted into a dormitory for New York University). ",
"Zwilling said the church had no interest in selling the property. \"",
"It will be used for some other form of ministry, whether for educational or charitable or healthcare purposes, possibly senior housing,\" said a spokesperson for the archdiocese. ",
"Some criticized the Archdiocese for what New York Times columnist Dan Barry called its \"tone-deaf\" handling of parishioner and community concern.",
"\n\nEarlier in 2006, Manhattan Supreme Court Justice Barbara Kapnick ruled against the Committee to Save St. Brigid's (CSSB) and allowed plans for demolition to proceed. ",
" In June, the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division upheld that decision, Then in August Kapnick agreed to hear a separate suit in which the CSSB asserted that ownership and right to demolish are invalid due to the lack of a five-person board of trustees (including two parishioners) governing the church as required by New York law. ",
" The archdiocese said it convened such a board, in a meeting on July 18, where it agreed on demolition. ",
"The archdiocese also pointed out that the city did not question the church's ownership when they filed the building permits for demolition.",
"\n\nOn July 26, 2006, Judge Barbara Kapnick declined to halt demolition plans, but asked lawyers on both sides to appear in her courtroom to hear arguments on the building's ownership. ",
" Before those arguments were to take place, a demolition crew arrived. ",
"The destruction amounted to a hole in the rear wall, damage to the interior, and damage to at least one of the stained glass windows, the window depicting Jesus’ life which bore the names of victims of the Great Irish Famine and benefactors of the church. ",
"The following day workers wielding crowbars knocked out the stained glass windows on the north wall. ",
"Community leaders, among them St. Brigid's parishioner and City Councilmember Rosie Mendez, then-Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer, State Senator Martin Connor, and Assemblywoman Sylvia Friedman, who made statements denouncing the demolition and accusing the Archdiocese of greed during an overheated real estate market. ",
" A spokesperson for the Archdiocese said the demolition had nothing to do with money, again pointing out that there are no designs to sell the property.",
"\n\nOn August 24, 2006, Justice Kapnick extended an order staying the demolition of the church.",
"\n\nReopening \nOn May 22, 2008, the Archdiocese of New York announced it had received an “unexpected but very welcome gift” of $20 million from an anonymous donor after a private meeting with Cardinal Edward M. Egan, the archbishop of New York. ",
"The gift includes $10 million to restore the building itself; $2 million to establish an endowment for the parish “so that it might best meet the religious and spiritual needs of the people living in the community”; and $8 million to support St. Brigid’s School and other Catholic schools in need. ",
"Cardinal Egan further said in a statement: “This magnificent gift will make it possible for Saint Brigid’s Church to be fittingly restored with its significant structural problems properly addressed. ",
"The two additional gifts, to create an endowment for the parish and to support the parish school, are a powerful testament to the donor’s goodness and understanding. ",
"He has my heartfelt gratitude, as I recently told him at a meeting in my residence.”",
"\n\nOn January 27, 2013, worshipers, including descendants of some of the original Irish parishioners, gathered as Timothy Michael Cardinal Dolan consecrated and dedicated the newly renovated building.",
"\n\nWith the restoration complete, the nearby church of St.Emeric on Avenue D was closed and the parish merged with St. Brigid. ",
"The name of the new parish is \"St. Brigid-St. Emeric\".",
"\n\nArchitecture\nSt. Brigid's was built in 1848 to a Carpenter Gothic design by twenty-five year old Patrick Keely, who carved the five-pinnacle reredos, organ case, and wooden altar himself.",
"\n\nExterior\nThe brownstone church of St. Brigid’s has a tripartite front façade flanked by bell towers, which once supported spires. ",
"The two steeples were removed in 1962 due to safety concerns. ",
"The wide center nave is vaulted with an unusual ceiling resembling an upside-down ship’s hull, a nod to the shipwright carpenters whose memory is preserved in corbels decorated with their sculpted faces. ",
"In 1877 the wooden beams of the towers, by then decayed and sagging, were replaced with iron.",
"\n\nInterior\nThe oil paintings of the stations of the cross, purchased in Paris in the 1870s, are believed to be the work of Théophile-Narcisse Chauvel. ",
"The stained glass windows were imported from Bavaria. ",
"It was at that time, a carved marble altar replaced the wooden one. ",
"\n\nThe archdiocese hired Michael F. Doyle of the Acheson Doyle Partners architecture firm to supervise the renovations. ",
"Stucco was removed from the stone façade, the building's foundations stabilized, and the remaining stained glass windows returned from storage. ",
"Additional stained glass was moved from St. Thomas the Apostle Church in Harlem, which had closed in 2003. ",
"The restoration received the 2013 Engineering New-Record Construction Award for best cultural/worship project, citing attention to detail.",
"\n\nSchool \n\nThe Rev. Thomas Mooney, pastor of St. Brigid's, founded the school in 1856 in the mostly Irish immigrant section of what was then called the Lower East Side. ",
"At first, classes were held in the basement of the church. ",
"The school building was built and dedicated in 1858 and was located on 8th Street between Avenues B and C. The Christian Brothers taught the boys of the school and the Sisters of Charity taught the girls. ",
"Soon after the founding of the school, Fr. ",
"Mooney asked the Sisters of Charity to open St. Brigid's Academy on 10th Street, an \"excellent select school\" with an average enrollment of 200 students. ",
"In 1914 enrollment averaged 130 boys and 200 girls.",
"\n\nBy 1934, the conditions of the school building had become poor. ",
" Because of the Great Depression, the school was forced to closed. ",
" By the Post War Period of the 1950s, the parish population increased prompting the building of a new school building at 7th Street between Avenue B and C. The new building opened on September 12, 1954 with an enrollment of 124 students under the direction of the Sisters of Charity. ",
" The building was solemnly dedicated and blessed on November 6, 1955 by Francis Cardinal Spellman, Archbishop of New York. ",
" The old school building was demolished in 1970.",
"\n\nBy the 1990s, the school was ailing: attendance had plummeted from 200 students to 74 in two years, and the number of teachers fell from nine to five. ",
"Father Kuhn, who was the church's pastor at the time, attributed it to local poverty. ",
" However, others in the community reported as the cause anger by some local parents at Father Kuhn because in a dispute over direction and control of the parish school he fired the popular principal, Maureen Delaney, and three teachers in the middle of the school year. ",
"In the 1990s, the Sisters of Charity relinquished their ministry of the school.",
"\n\nA spokeswoman for the Schools of the Archdiocese of New York stated in 1995: \"The Cardinal believes very much in the school. ",
" We are all operating on the premise that St. Brigid will be with us for a while.\" ",
"From 1995, the parish and school were staffed by the Trinitarians until the closing of the parish church in 2004.",
"\n\nIn 2006, the school started a Partnership Program with St. John's University in Literacy and Math. ",
" Within a year, the partnership yielded higher student test scores.",
"\n\nAs of 2010, the school had approximately 120 students enrolled. ",
"On July 15, 2019, the school closed permanently.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Archdiocese of New York's Statement on Saint Brigid's Church, Press Release\n St. Brigid's School\n\nCategory:Roman Catholic churches in Manhattan\nCategory:Cultural history of New York City\nCategory:East Village, Manhattan\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1896\nCategory:Patrick Keely buildings\nCategory:Private middle schools in Manhattan\nCategory:Religious organizations established in 1848\nCategory:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York\nCategory:Catholic elementary schools in New York City\nCategory:1848 establishments in New York (state)\nCategory:Private elementary schools in Manhattan"
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[
"Transience and settlement: Singapore's foreign labor policy.",
"\n\"Foreigners constitute 15 percent of the population and over 20 percent of the labor force in Singapore.... This large foreign labor force is managed by a comprehensive and highly selective foreign labor policy, which is described in this paper. ",
"The strict enforcement of a guestworker policy of transience on the one hand, and the liberal encouragement of settlement on the other, are the twin pillars of this policy. ",
"Seen originally as a dispensable appendage to a labor-scarce economy, foreign labor has now become integral to the economic and increasingly, population policy of the country, as evidenced by the recent announcement of a national policy to ¿attract foreign talent'.\""
] |
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[
"‘The Dead’ (PG)\n\nBy Desson Howe\nWashington Post Staff Writer\nDecember 18, 1987\n\n\"The Dead\" requires a little nostalgic override to enjoy it, as did those veteran finales \"On Golden Pond\" and Bergman's \"Fanny and Alexander.\" ",
"The late John Huston's last film was made in his beloved Ireland, adapted from favorite author James Joyce and featuring his son Tony and daughter Anjelica.",
"\n\nThere's a certain disarming sweetness to the film. ",
"The scenes are lit in amber warmth and Joyce's Dublin fable of lost hopes and living memories is treated with respect. ",
"But the acting pool is only adequate. ",
"In \"The Dead\" -- the film, that is -- the characters are uniformly empathetic, doing nothing to make you dislike them, carrying on with their lives quietly. ",
"No one particularly lights up the screen, though Donal Donnelly as the perpetually besotted Freddy and Bairbre Dowling as Miss Higgins come the closest.",
"\n\nAnjelica Huston as Gretta Conroy has little to do but look radiant (she has a sort of Rorschach beauty -- many see a butterfly, others make lowing noises). ",
"As the woman affected by a folk song, her supposedly pivotal role doesn't quite pivot. ",
"Her wistful confession to her husband about Michael, a former lover who died at a young age -- like many of the scenes in this film -- has only secondhand poignance. ",
"You ride on the power of Joyce's story rather than the film's adaptation.",
"\n\nThe camera, loaded down with respect for Joyce, seems to forget that it's capable of moving about, changing its angle, closing in, catching a glance here, a movement there. ",
"It stays put -- a beaming, shy guest. ",
"You notice this when the camera finally does shift itself (which it's forced to do because people are leaving the party).",
"\n\nThere's a memorable finale, a pleasant sequence of snow flakes falling over Irish countryside -- the \"general snow over Ireland\" segment of Joyce's story -- that wraps the film up with a warm flourish. ",
"But it comes too late. ",
"This was the kind of party that, unless you knew the people very well, you wouldn't go out of your way to attend."
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"Catheter ablation for ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients supported by continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices.",
"\nVentricular arrhythmias (VAs) are common after implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and in a subset of patients may be refractory to medication. ",
"Morbidity from VA in this population includes right ventricular failure (RVF). ",
"We sought to evaluate the efficacy of catheter ablation for VA in patients with LVAD. ",
"A retrospective analysis of patients supported by continuous-flow LVAD referred for catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) between 2008 and the present was performed. ",
"Seven patients were referred for VT ablation an average of 236 ± 292 days after LVAD implantation. ",
"Three patients (42.9%) developed RVF in the setting of intractable arrhythmias. ",
"A transfemoral approach was used for six patients (85.7%) and an epicardial for one patient (14.3%). ",
"The clinical VT was inducible and successfully ablated in six patients (85.7%). ",
"The location of these arrhythmias was apical in three cases (42.9%). ",
"A total of 13 VTs were ablated in seven patients. ",
"Although the majority had reduction in VA frequency, recurrent VAs were observed in six patients (85.7%). ",
"One patient (14.3%) experienced a bleeding complication after the procedure. ",
"For patients with a high VA burden after LVAD implantation, VT ablation is safe and feasible, but VA frequently recurs."
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[
"Q:\n\nLinking/Makefile trouble between 3 .c/.h files and a main\n\nI have 2 .h files that contain definitions for functions, and 2 .c files related to the .h files. ",
"There is a third .c file (not main) that has a header file and wants to use functions from the other 2 .c files. ",
"Using the makefile:\nCC=gcc\nCFLAGS=-Wall -std=c99 -I headers\n\nmain: main.o carFunctions.o\n $(CC) $(CFLAGS) build/main.o build/carFunctions.o -o main\ncarFunctions.o: source/carFunctions.c\n $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c source/carFunctions.c -o build/carFunctions.o\nlinkedList.o: source/linkedList.c\n $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c source/linkedList.c -o build/linkedList.o\nfileManage.o: source/fileManage.c\n $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c source/fileManage.c -o build/fileManage.o\nmain.o: source/main.c\n $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c source/main.c -o build/main.o\nclean:\n rm -i build/*.o\n\nresults in the error:\ngcc -Wall -std=c99 -I headers -c source/main.c -o build/main.o\ngcc -Wall -std=c99 -I headers -c source/carFunctions.c -o build/carFunctions.o\nsource/carFunctions.c: In function ‘test’:\nsource/carFunctions.c:9:9: warning: ‘tes3t’ is used uninitialized in this function [-Wuninitialized]\n tes3t = push(tes3t,\"TEST\");\n ^\ngcc -Wall -std=c99 -I headers build/main.o build/carFunctions.o -o main\nbuild/carFunctions.o: In function `test':\ncarFunctions.c:(.text+0x15): undefined reference to `push'\ncollect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status\nmakefile:5: recipe for target 'main' failed\nmake: *** [main] Error 1\n\nThe three .c files for functions are as follows:\ncarFunctions.c:\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include \"carFunctions.h\"\n#include \"linkedList.h\"\n#include \"fileManage.h\"\n\nvoid test()\n{\n LL* tes3t;\n tes3t = push(tes3t,\"TEST\");\n printf(\"it works?\");",
"\n}\n\nfileManage.c:\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include \"fileManage.h\"\n\nvoid test2()\n{\n printf(\"fileman\");\n}\n\nand linkedList.c:\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include \"linkedList.h\"\n\nstruct LLStruct\n{\n char* plateNum;\n struct LLStruct* next;\n};\n\nLL* push(LL* myList, char* data)\n{\n LL* newNode = malloc(sizeof(LL));\n if(newNode !",
"= NULL)\n {\n newNode->plateNum = data;\n newNode->next = myList;\n return newNode;\n }\n else\n {\n return myList;\n }\n}\n\nThe header files:\ncarFunctions.h:\n#ifndef CARFUN\n#define CARFUN\n\nvoid test();\n\n#endif\n\nfileManage.h:\n#ifndef FILEMAN\n#define FILEMAN\n\nvoid test2();\n\n#endif\n\nlinkedList.h:\n#ifndef LINKLIST\n#define LINKLIST\n\ntypedef struct LLStruct LL; // Defines a structure for linked lists as \"LL\"\nLL* push(LL* myList, char* data); // Adds an item to the linked list\n#endif\n\nAnd finally, main.c:\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include \"carFunctions.h\"\n\nint main()\n{\n test();\n return 0;\n}\n\nI am not really too sure where the error is coming from, as I don't think there are any missing brackets. ",
"It may be the file linking/makefile, but I am not good enough with file linking to check.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThere are actually two things going on here:\n\nFirst:\nsource/carFunctions.c: In function ‘test’:\nsource/carFunctions.c:9:9: warning: ‘tes3t’ is used uninitialized in this function [-Wuninitialized]\n tes3t = push(tes3t,\"TEST\");\n\nThis is showing you that you passed an uninitialized pointer as the first argument to the function push. ",
"Since the pointer is uninitialized, it could contain anything at all, pointing to any arbitrary place in memory, and the behavior of your program when you run it could vary wildly depending on what happens to be at that memory address.",
"\nHowever, this is a warning, which means it's not ultimately responsible for the failure of your build process. (",
"Often warnings can show the underlying reasons for more confusing errors that appear later on, so it's good to pay attention to them, though.)",
"\nSecond:\nbuild/carFunctions.o: In function `test':\ncarFunctions.c:(.text+0x15): undefined reference to `push'\ncollect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status\n\nThis is showing you that the linker wasn't able to find the compiled machine code for the function push. ",
"In this case, that's because you simply didn't include the object file which contains that machine code (linkedList.o) in the linker command line. ",
"Under different circumstances, this kind of error can sometimes mean that you made a mistake in the definition of a function and forgot to include the appropriate header file to allow the compiler to catch that mistake.",
"\n\n"
] |
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0.0006802576826885343,
0.002705278107896447,
0.0033362361136823893,
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0.0006845368770882487,
0.000685756909660995,
0.001995444530621171
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[
"Metazoan parasites as biological tags for stock discrimination of whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri.",
"\nExamination of 248 adult specimens of whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri from five localities along the Brazilian coast revealed 8735 parasites belonging to 41 metazoan species. ",
"Samples from Ceará to Bahia and Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catarina showed a high level of correct assignation (92 and 87%, respectively) and cross assignation (i.e. almost all specimens misidentified in Ceará were assigned to Bahia and almost all specimens misidentified in Bahia were classified as Ceará), so samples were pooled in the northern and south-eastern samples, and Rio Grande do Sul was considered a southern area. ",
"Eight parasite species were characteristic of the northern localities, five species were found just in the area associated with south-eastern localities and two species were characteristic of the southern area providing first evidence of stock discreteness. ",
"The multivariate discriminant analysis successfully discriminated three groups of localities associated with three stocks of M. furnieri in Brazil: a northern stock associated with Ceará and Bahia, a south-eastern stock related to Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina and a southern stock in the area of Rio Grande do Sul, which could be considered as the northern limit of the stock associated with the Common Fishing Zone of Uruguay and Argentina."
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0.0124770263209939,
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[
"Health-promoting effects of bovine colostrum in Type 2 diabetic patients can reduce blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and ketones.",
"\nBovine colostrum (BC) has been reported to enhance immune function, reduce fat accumulation and facilitate the movement of glucose to the muscle. ",
"However, very few attempts have been made to examine its anti-diabetic effects in diabetes patients. ",
"The aim of this study was to evaluate whether BC decreases blood glucose, as well as cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) and ketones levels, which can be elevated by obesity and stress in Type 2 diabetic patients. ",
"Sixteen patients (men=8, women=8) with Type 2 diabetes were randomized into the study. ",
"Each ingested 5 g of BC on an empty stomach every morning and night for 4 weeks. ",
"Blood glucose, ketones (beta-hydroxybutyric acid), total cholesterol and TGs were measured every week. ",
"In both the men and women, blood glucose levels at 2 and 8 h postprandial decreased continually during the experimental period. ",
"The rate of decrease in blood glucose at 8 h postprandial was not different between the men and women, but was higher in the women (14.25+/-2.66) than in the men (10.96+/-1.82%) at 2 h postprandial. ",
"Total cholesterol and TG levels decreased significantly in both the men and women after 4 weeks. ",
"Also, beta-hydroxybutyric acid level decreased with BC ingestion, but this was not significant. ",
"These results suggest that BC can decrease levels of blood glucose and ketones, as well as reduce cholesterol and TGs, all of which may cause complications in Type 2 diabetic patients."
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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0.001906552817672491,
0.0008666805806569755,
0.0007448291871696711,
0.000745708413887769,
0.000592277676332742,
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0.0008444749400950968,
0.00106817705091089,
0.0023455580230802298,
0.001515704789198935
] | 0.001227 | 12 |
[
"Other\n\nThe 20 worst smells in Toronto\n\nLike any city, Toronto is home to a wonderful range of smells - good and bad. ",
"There's nothing like a hot summer today to elevate bad smells to a whole new intolerable level. ",
"For every pocket of the city that smells like something you'd like to bottle - the strong scent of cookies on O'Connor Drive near the Kraft cookie factory and bubble gum around the Oak Leaf Confections plant on Comstock Road come to mind - there are notorious foul smelling areas like the abattoir near King and Bathurst or the Nitta Gelatin plant near Bloor and Landsdowne.",
"\n\nThe abattoir was there before that area of Toronto was residential. ",
"Their zoning is therefore grandfathered. ",
"And for everyone else who thinks the smell is from the slaughtered hogs, it isn't. ",
"It's the manure from the living ones who are awaiting their fate.",
"\n\nFourthed. ",
"At least with sewage and slaughterhouses the queeziness goes away once the smell goes away. ",
"Be even a little sensitive to strong perfumy smells and a lush can ruin your afternoon with a powerful headache\n\nI do believe the abattoir on Niagara was there long before any of the condos. ",
"Perhaps the condo dwellers should do a little more fact checking on the 'hood before signing on the dotted line from plans in some condo office ...\n\nWhen I was younger I worked at the Sobeys across from the Humber Treatment Plant. ",
"It was the worst in the summer time heat, made the whole area smell rancid. ",
"When I go visit my parents, it's like a pungent reminder that I've entered Etobicoke.",
"\n\n\"Mcdonalds vent coming out of union station on bay street.\"",
"\nha ha ha YES\nI love how idiots stand and sit out there in the FULL GODDAMN MACDONALD'S VENT FLOW smoking their butts. ",
"They don't even realize they stink heading back to their cubicles.",
"\n\nThere are still butchers/slaughter houses in the area; but every time I pass Keele/St. Clair -- it smells. ",
"Maybe it's in the ground forever, maybe the stench is in my sub-conscious.. but it smells! :-)",
"\n\nThe Stockyards at Keele and St. Clair Avenue West most certainly are not gone. ",
"There is still a stretch of them on Glen Scarlett Road. ",
"When I worked in that area I used to cut through a recreation trail just north of them to get to the streetcar. ",
"The smell isn't just the animal feces and flesh, it's also the ammonia used to clean the killing floors. ",
"In the winter the vented ammonia gas turns back into a liquid when it hits the cold air and it rains down on you.",
"\n\nI'd also like to give a stinky shout out to Kipling Avenue and Horner Avenue and our good friends at National Silicates.",
"\n\nAnd to the comments about City Hall going after smells -- they don't care. ",
"I'm familiar with both the stockyards and National Silicates because I used to work in municipal offices located right next door to them. ",
"And let's not forget about all of the City-operated culprits -- sewage plants, garbage dumps, etc.",
"\n\nSorry, how is this supposed to remind people \"how awful the meat industry and agroindustry in general is\"? ",
"Did I miss something? ",
"Did the evil slaughterhouse and factory farmers plot to make Toronto residents feel ill every time they bike or stroll past King and Bathurst?",
"\n\nI'm with Trev: \"Perhaps the condo dwellers should do a little more fact checking on the 'hood before signing on the dotted line from plans in some condo office ...\"\n\nAs some one who lives in the area, it definitely still does rank to high heaven of dead animals. ",
"Just the other day I saw a truck full of cow hides, still bloody, covered in birds and flies. ",
"Was amazing. ",
"And yes, it smelt.",
"\n\nI go to Humber North campus. ",
"Yes, there's a bakery of some sort up in the industrial lands just north of Finch. ",
"I'm not sure if I'd explicitly describe it as a bad smell; it might not be the best thing in the world but it's certainly tolerable!",
"\n\nThe tunnel at Eglinton Station, west side. ",
"As soon as you pass into that corridor, there's a brief smell that can best be described as \"poopy\", but thankfully it lasts for only a few metres. ",
"It's been there for months.",
"\n\nIt has something to do with their bread, which is made from frozen dough and may have something added to it (fragrance/flavouring) to give that fakey 'freshly baked' smell that permeates the whole store and clings to you if you so much as set foot in the place.",
"\n\nPleasant smells around Toronto: the Wing's plant at Bathurst and Dupont when they're making fortune cookies and the 'roasted coffee cloud' that hangs over Kensington sometimes.",
"\n\nOkay, last night I was reminded of one.",
"\nDriving up Parkside, between High Park Blvd. ",
"and Bloor; you always get this rotting; mossy, shit smell. ",
"I have no idea what it is, but when it's damp or raining, it's even worse!",
"\n\nI have very little sympathy for the people that moved next to the butcher. ",
"That business has been there long before any of us were. ",
"You should've researched the area before you moved in. ",
"You should've researched your real estate agent as well, since the should've told you about it.",
"\n\nBut as far as bad smells, Toronto smells like a flower shop compared to Terre Haute, Indiana.",
"\n\nThat abattoir has been there nearly a century before your mom and daddy put a down payment on your condo. ",
"Suck it up, if you wanna keep eating suckling piggies,bbq pork and bacon Toronto's restaurants forever and ever!",
"\n\nThe surprising thing is that the Unilever soap factory at the bottom of the Don Valley smelled worse than any meat processing facility's emanations. ",
"Found myself stopped at the lights there while on a bike ride a few years ago and was genuinely holding back the retches."
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0.0010478246258571744,
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0.0007445981027558446,
0.0007142171962186694,
0.0006122038466855884,
0.007276139687746763,
0.0005553780356422067,
0.0006615524180233479,
0.0015907168854027987,
0.9532889127731323,
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0.0008887368021532893,
0.0006659514037892222,
0.0006046027992852032,
0.0006146965897642076,
0.0010870243422687054,
0.048593148589134216,
0.9965852499008179,
0.0018588303355500102,
0.022088725119829178
] | 0.091816 | 55 |
[
"Facile access to highly fluorescent nanofibers and microcrystals via reprecipitation of 2-phenyl-benzoxazole derivatives.",
"\n2-Phenyl-benzoxazole and five derivatives bearing an alkyl or alkoxy substituent on the phenyl ring were used to prepare aqueous suspensions of particles via a solvent-exchange method. ",
"In these conditions, the methyl and methoxy derivatives spontaneously gave nanofibers, while the other compounds led to microcrystals. ",
"This shows that minor chemical changes are enough to direct the formation of a given type of particle. ",
"From a spectroscopic viewpoint, all compounds strongly emit blue light in the solid state, with spectra much broader than those registered in n-heptane and ethanol solutions. ",
"The photoluminescence quantum yields reached 38% and were slightly affected in aqueous suspension by the polarity of the environment. ",
"The molecular arrangement, deduced from X-ray analysis for the methyl and methoxy derivatives, was used to explain the fluorescence properties in the solid state. ",
"This work shows that 2-phenyl-benzoxazole derivatives are interesting candidates for applications as fluorescent nanomaterials, including in aqueous and biological media."
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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0.009747502394020557,
0.0008998072589747608,
0.0006272349855862558,
0.0006024333997629583,
0.0005608793580904603,
0.0005883182166144252,
0.0005720831686630845,
0.0006085496279411018
] | 0.001776 | 8 |
[
"WomenNC’s mission is to lead North Carolina’s young adults in the elimination of injustice against women and girls. ",
"Our vision is to raise a generation that will honor women’s human rights. ",
"This blog follows the experiences of our talented fellows. ",
"Enjoy reading about their journeys!",
"\n\nMonday, March 4, 2013\n\nLearning, exploring, and making connections\n\nIt’s\nday 3 in New York for the WomenNC CSW Fellows. ",
"I am incredibly thankful for\nthis opportunity that has been about learning, exploring, and making\nconnections. ",
"I have learned something new each day, gaining valuable insight\ninto my research area.",
"\n\nYesterday\nwas Consultation day; the day where NGOs come together to discuss some of the\nmost critical issues related to the CSW’s theme. ",
"There were panels and\ndiscussions on many issues, but one prominent issue was human trafficking. ",
"At\nthe beginning of the session, there was an incredible performance by Girl Be Heard, a New York based non-profit\ntheater collective and educational program that uses theater to empower young\nwomen. ",
"Focusing on sex trafficking, the girls gave moving, inspirational, and\namazing performances depicting the struggle and reality of sex trafficking.",
"\nRight away, I was moved by the performance and remembered why I am so passionate\nabout this issue. ",
"It was also so encouraging to see young women using theater\nand art as way to communicate and advocate for survivors of human trafficking.",
"\n\nConsultation\nday also included a panel on human trafficking which was comprised of\npoliticians, judges, advocates, and representatives of UN Women. ",
"This panel was\nextremely enlightening and useful. ",
"I learned about the connection between femicide\nand human trafficking, human rights and human trafficking, and the relationship\nbetween the judiciary and human trafficking. ",
"One of the most beneficial\nelements of this panel was connecting with these incredible global human\ntrafficking advocates. ",
"I really enjoyed connecting with Judge Lillian\nHofmeister from Austria who said it is important to achieve a world where “women\nlike men are the standard of the legal system.” ",
"All of the panelists brought\ntheir passion and concern. ",
"I also really enjoyed Dr. Helga Konrad’s comments.",
"\nShe noted that we are currently just managing human trafficking and not\ncombatting it. ",
"Her comments were motivating because she pushed to think past\nthe status quo to more effective legislation, services, and solutions. ",
"One important\nshe empathized was making sure we utilize or laws and legislation. ",
"While\ntrafficking looks different in every country, it was beneficial to know how\nother individuals work to combat the practice.",
"\n\nMy\nconnections with the global anti-trafficking community did not end there. ",
"This\nmorning, I had the opportunity to attend a panel sponsored by the San Francisco\nDepartment on the Status of Women, and the East Women’s Intercultural Network\n(WIN). ",
"At the panel, I met representatives from the Manhattan District\nAttorney’s Office who are working to combat trafficking in the city. ",
"It was\ninteresting to see how large communities and cities are tackling the problem.",
"\nCurrently, the Manhattan DA’s office includes human trafficking in their\nSpecial Victims Unit. ",
"They have a team of investigators who work with survivors\nto ensure that perpetrators are caught. ",
"They also work with individuals with\nprostitution charges to see if there was any trafficking involved in those\nsituations.",
"\n\nToday\nwas also our panel! ",
"The panel was a great experience. ",
"I was able to communicate\nmy interest in human trafficking to a group of amazing individuals and groups.",
"\n\nSo\nfar, the CSW has been amazing experience. ",
"Each day, I learn something new about\nmy research area and ending violence against women in general. ",
"Seeing how\ndifferent groups, governments, and individuals tackle these large issues has\nbeen educational and inspiring. ",
"I feel fortunate to have this opportunity and\ncan’t wait to see what the rest of the week has in store!"
] |
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0.0005264080828055739,
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[
"Non-immune hydrops fetalis associated with impaired fetal movement: a case report and review.",
"\nNon-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) is due to many different causes. ",
"Fetal hypomobility has been alluded to as a possible cause. ",
"We present a preterm fetus with NIHF secondary to fetal hypomobility. ",
"Fetal movements were undetected after the 20th week of gestation. ",
"The infant was born 8 weeks later and was edematous, had pleural effusions, and no spontaneous movements. ",
"He died on day four of life. ",
"Diffuse massive central nervous system (CNS) destruction found on post-mortem examination was thought to be the origin of the hypomobility. ",
"As all other causes of NIHF were eliminated, we propose that the NIHF in this infant was due to the hypomobility. ",
"This case then gives support to the assertion that fetal hypomobility is another cause of NIHF. ",
"The cause of the CNS catastrophy remains unelucidated."
] |
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[
"\n\n<!",
"doctype html>\n\n<html xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">\n <head>\n <meta http-equiv=\"X-UA-Compatible\" content=\"IE=Edge\" />\n <meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n <title>Map projections — Google Earth Enterprise 5.3.4 documentation</title>\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"../../static/bizstyle.css\" type=\"text/css\" />\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"../../static/pygments.css\" type=\"text/css\" />\n <script type=\"text/javascript\" id=\"documentation_options\" data-url_root=\"../../\" src=\"../../static/documentation_options.js\"></script>\n <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../../static/jquery.js\"></script>\n <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../../static/underscore.js\"></script>\n <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../../static/doctools.js\"></script>\n <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../../static/bizstyle.js\"></script>\n <link rel=\"index\" title=\"Index\" href=\"../../genindex.html\" />\n <link rel=\"search\" title=\"Search\" href=\"../../search.html\" />\n <link rel=\"next\" title=\"Map buttons\" href=\"mapButtons.html\" />\n <link rel=\"prev\" title=\"Non-clickable icons\" href=\"nonClickableIcons.html\" />\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0\">\n <!",
"--[if lt IE 9]>\n <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"static/css3-mediaqueries.js\"></script>\n <![",
"endif]-->\n </head><body>\n <div class=\"related\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"related navigation\">\n <h3>Navigation</h3>\n <ul>\n <li class=\"right\" style=\"margin-right: 10px\">\n <a href=\"../../genindex.html\" title=\"General Index\"\n accesskey=\"I\">index</a></li>\n <li class=\"right\" >\n <a href=\"mapButtons.html\" title=\"Map buttons\"\n accesskey=\"N\">next</a> |</li>\n <li class=\"right\" >\n <a href=\"nonClickableIcons.html\" title=\"Non-clickable icons\"\n accesskey=\"P\">previous</a> |</li>\n <li class=\"nav-item nav-item-0\"><a href=\"../../index.html\">Google Earth Enterprise 5.3.4 documentation</a> »</li>\n <li class=\"nav-item nav-item-1\"><a href=\"../fusionResAndProj.html\" accesskey=\"U\">Fusion Resources and Projects</a> »</li> \n </ul>\n </div>\n <div class=\"sphinxsidebar\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"main navigation\">\n <div class=\"sphinxsidebarwrapper\">\n <h4>Previous topic</h4>\n <p class=\"topless\"><a href=\"nonClickableIcons.html\"\n title=\"previous chapter\">Non-clickable icons</a></p>\n <h4>Next topic</h4>\n <p class=\"topless\"><a href=\"mapButtons.html\"\n title=\"next chapter\">Map buttons</a></p>\n<div id=\"searchbox\" style=\"display: none\" role=\"search\">\n <h3>Quick search</h3>\n <div class=\"searchformwrapper\">\n <form class=\"search\" action=\"../../search.html\" method=\"get\">\n <input type=\"text\" name=\"q\" />\n <input type=\"submit\" value=\"Go\" />\n <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"check_keywords\" value=\"yes\" />\n <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"area\" value=\"default\" />\n </form>\n </div>\n</div>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>\n </div>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"document\">\n <div class=\"documentwrapper\">\n <div class=\"bodywrapper\">\n <div class=\"body\" role=\"main\">\n \n <p><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"../../images/googlelogo_color_260x88dp2.png\"><img alt=\"Google logo\" src=\"../../images/googlelogo_color_260x88dp2.png\" style=\"width: 130px; height: 44px;\" /></a></p>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"map-projections\">\n<h1>Map projections<a class=\"headerlink\" href=\"#map-projections\" title=\"Permalink to this headline\">¶</a></h1>\n<div class=\"docutils container\">\n<div class=\"content docutils container\">\n<p>Google Maps use Mercator projection for browser-based maps. ",
"When\nFusion creates a map that uses <strong>maps.google.com</strong> imagery as the\nsource, it uses Google Maps projection for the rasterized vectors\nso that they match the underlying Google Map tiles. ",
"This EPSG code\nis <strong>EPSG:900913</strong> or <strong>EPSG:3785</strong>.</p>\n<p>However, GEE builds 3D data using the\n<a class=\"reference external\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Geodetic_System\">WGS84</a>\ndatum (<strong>EPSG:4326</strong>). ",
"If you want to reuse 3D database\nresources, you can create a flat map using the Fusion Flat (Plate\nCarrée) projection.</p>\n<p>If you build a Mercator-based database, you must build resources\nspecifically for use with Mercator-based projection.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"clearer\"></div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"related\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"related navigation\">\n <h3>Navigation</h3>\n <ul>\n <li class=\"right\" style=\"margin-right: 10px\">\n <a href=\"../../genindex.html\" title=\"General Index\"\n >index</a></li>\n <li class=\"right\" >\n <a href=\"mapButtons.html\" title=\"Map buttons\"\n >next</a> |</li>\n <li class=\"right\" >\n <a href=\"nonClickableIcons.html\" title=\"Non-clickable icons\"\n >previous</a> |</li>\n <li class=\"nav-item nav-item-0\"><a href=\"../../index.html\">Google Earth Enterprise 5.3.4 documentation</a> »</li>\n <li class=\"nav-item nav-item-1\"><a href=\"../fusionResAndProj.html\" >Fusion Resources and Projects</a> »</li> \n </ul>\n </div>\n <div class=\"footer\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n © Copyright 2020, Open GEE Contributors.",
"\n Created using <a href=\"http://sphinx-doc.org/\">Sphinx</a> 1.7.5.",
"\n </div>\n </body>\n</html>"
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[
"The email to Princess Cruises was peppered with typos and awkward grammar, but the warning was unmistakable. ",
"An 80-year-old passenger had tested positive for the new coronavirus after getting off the Diamond Princess cruise ship in Hong Kong.",
"\n\n“Would kindly inform the ship related parties and do the necessary disinfection,” Princess’s port representative wrote on Feb. 1, relaying a warning from Hong Kong health officials. “",
"Many thanks!”",
"\n\nNothing happened. ",
"Princess says it believes the alert sat unread in unmonitored inboxes. ",
"Grant Tarling, the company’s top doctor and the person in charge of responding to outbreaks, said he hadn’t learned about the infection until the following day — after being alerted to a post on social media.",
"\n\nThe fumbled alert was just the beginning of a broader breakdown by both the company and the Japanese authorities who quarantined the ship in Yokohama. ",
"Hobbled by confusion and mistakes, they played down the risk of infection, ignored best medical practice for evacuating passengers, and activated only low-level protocols for dealing with outbreaks. ",
"Ultimately, eight people died and more than 700 were infected, including some government officials."
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"Q:\n\nWhen is there an inner product making a given matrix unitary?",
"\n\nThe unitarity of a given operator/matrix $A$ depends on the underlying inner product, so I guess it in principle possible for a given non-unitary $A$ to act as a unitary with respect to a different choice of inner product.",
"\nIs this ever possible? ",
"If yes, are there necessary and sufficient conditions on $A$ that make it unitary with respect to some inner product?",
"\n\nA:\n\nA diagonalizable matrix with all eigenvalues of modulus 1 is \"unitarizable\" by selecting an inner product in which its eigenvectors with distinct eigenvalues are all mutually orthogonal.",
"\n\n"
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"There's no similarity between the corporate media and a \"free press\". ",
"The corporate media operates according to its structural make-up, which requires it to serve the interests of ownership and maximize profits. ",
"Its top-down style of management ensures that it aligns itself with the political powers that, in turn, create the opportunity for greater prosperity. ",
"This explains why media giants have consistently concealed the Bush administration's attack on civil liberties, supported the expansion of executive power, and paved the way for global war. ",
"After all, they are just acting in their own best interest, accommodating the political establishment to allow for more consolidation and expansion. ",
"One hand washes the other\n\n\"The Central Intelligence Agency owns everyone of any significance in\nthe major media.\"",
"\n\n- William Colby, former Director of the CIA\n\nHere is one example\n\nLeadership Team\nDr. Chung Hwan Kwak\nChairman and President, United Press International. ",
"Chairman and President, News World Communications, Inc.\nDr. Chung Hwan Kwak has been UPI's Chairman and President since 2002. ",
"He is also Chairman of UPI's parent company, News World Communications, which also owns The Washington Times and numerous other publications, including The Middle East Times and Tiempos del Mundo, a Spanish-language newspaper published in 16 countries throughout the Americas.",
"\n\nNicholas Chiaia\nUPI Senior Vice President\nAs UPI’s Senior Vice President, Nicholas Chiaia oversees the Company’s global business operations, including its financial, legal, sales,marketing, network operations, web development and general administration. ",
"Mr. Chiaia has over 20 years experience in business administration, 14 years experience as a civil attorney, and 10 years experience in the news and information media industry.",
"\n\nPrior to his tenure at UPI, Mr. Chiaia served in varying executive capacities for Potomac Television Communications, Inc. and Atlantic Video, Inc. Mr. Chiaia was a litigator in California, has served as an Adjunct Law Professor, and continues to maintain a private mediation practice. ",
"He is an alumnus of San Francisco State University and the University of San Francisco School of Law; and is licensed to practice law in Washington, D.C. and the state of California.",
"\n\nChristopher Ching\nUPI Vice President of Finance\nChristopher Ching has been in strategic planning and financial management for publishing, media and entertainment businesses since 1981. ",
"Since receiving his MBA degree at New York University, he has worked in book publishing, print brokering and magazine production, radio and television advertising production, events and television production, and technical services for cable news production. ",
"Chris is responsible for UPI’s financial planning and business development.....\n\nNews World Communications\nNews World Communications, a global media company, acquired United Press International in May 2000. ",
"News World’s flagship newspaper, The Washington Times, was founded in 1982 and has gained a reputation for hard-hitting investigative reporting and thorough coverage of politics and policy. ",
"In addition, News World publishes newspapers and magazines in more than 20 countries and in four languages.",
"\nOther News World properties include:\nWashington Times\nThe Washington Times National Weekly\nThe World & I\nMiddle East Times\nTiempos del Mundo\nUltimas Noticias\nThe World Peace Herald\nSegye Ilbo\nSegye Times USA\nSekai Nippo\nChongyohak Shinmun\nWashington Golf Monthly\nPhiladelphia Golf Monthly\n\nThe U.S. Global Strategy Council was established with the help of former deputy CIA director Ray Cline. ",
"The council is designed to advise the government on foreign policy matters. (",
"1) The International Federation for Victory Over Communism is the original political arm of the Unification Church. (",
"59) It was founded in 1968 in Seoul. (",
"67) Its U.S. affiliate, the Freedom Leadership Foundation (FLF) was established in 1969 in Washington DC (67) For the most part, the FLF is no longer active, with CAUSA assuming most of its political functions. (",
"67)\nThe International Relief Friendship Foundation (IRFF) was started in 1976 with a $225,000 grant from the Unification Church. (",
"33) The IRFF acts as a humanitarian aid arm of the church. (",
"33)\nCAUSA International's affiliates include the Freedom Leadership Forum, Freedom Research Foundation, Korean Cultural Freedom Foundation, Little Angels of Korea Folk Ballet, Little Angels Schools Foundation, One World Crusade, and Radio Free Asia. (",
"23).",
"\nThe church has many business enterprises as well. ",
"Tong Il Co. Ltd manufactures weapons and machine parts in South Korea. (",
"34) Other UC business enterprises include the Il Hwa Co. Ltd (S. Korea), Il Shin Stoneworks (S. Korea), Hankook Titanium Co. Ltd. (S. Korea), Happy World Inc (Japan), Unification Church Intl, McLean (a holding company including Intl Oceanic Enterprises Inc. , Intl Seafood Corp Inc, newspapers, tuna fleets, fish-processing plants, and boat-building, televisionproduction, and other enterprises in the United States), One Up Enterprises (U.S. ), News World Communications (U.S. ) and the Washington Times (U.S. ). (",
"34)The Intl Conference on the Unity of the Sciences (ICUS) and the Professors World Peace Academy are offshoots of the Moonfunded Intl Cultural Foundation (ICF). (",
"3,37) Based in New York City, the ICF is an umbrella organization for church academic programs and projects involved in studying values and science. (",
"37,56)......\nMedia enterprises are important components of the UC's international political efforts. ",
"The Washington Times, a conservative news daily in Washington DC , is owned by News World Communications, a for-profit holding company which is owned by church officials. ",
"The newspaper was established in l982. ",
"Another newspaper owned by the Unification Church is The New York City Tribune. ",
"Insight, a national news magazine, is product of the Moon organization and is also owned by News World Communications. (",
"61) The World and I is an encyclopedic monthly magazine, running to some 700 pages, which is produced by the organization. (",
"45) Noticias Del Mundo is a Spanish-language newspaper published by the UC organization. (",
"3) The World Media Association is a nonprofit international consortium of individuals and organizations in media which is sponsored by News World Communications. (",
"26)........\nThe Washington Times was targeted as a major recipient of the funds sent into the U.S. from foreign church holdings. (",
"34) It has been reported that the Washington Times has been subsidized by the South African government for $900,000 annually. (",
"1)......\nTong Il Industries is 53 percent owned by the Unification Church. ",
"Tong Il is the major investor in the Washington Times. (",
"58)\nAs of 1984, the church was spending $1. ",
"5 million a year on the Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy. (",
"37).....\n\nThe Unification Church is a by product of the CIA. ",
"It in turn owns multi media outlets some listed above. ",
"Not the least of which is the UPI and the Washington Times. ",
"TV News can you now see just one aspect of the news and how it can be and is manipulated from the very top down to as low as it wants to go."
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0.0006197771872393787,
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[
"The oral clearance of chlorhexidine solutions and gels.",
"\nThe oral clearance of 4 chlorhexidine (CH) preparations was investigated. ",
"Two 0.2% CH-solutions, Plak-Out liquid, a 10% alcoholic CH-solution and an aqueous ICI-Hibitane solution were compared with two chlorhexidine gels, Corsodyl gel (0.1%) and a test CH-gel (1.0%) prepared in this laboratory. ",
"Thirty subjects, 17 to 57 years of age and exhibiting a variety of oral hygiene conditions, participated in supervised rinsing with CH-solutions and toothbrushing with gels carried out at weekly intervals to eliminate carry-over effects. ",
"Mixed saliva samples were taken 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes following each administration and were analysed spectrophotometrically. ",
"The relative oral CH-retention values were for Plak-Out liquid 91%, aqueous Hibitane solution 69%, Corsodyl gel 46% and with the laboratory chlorhexidine gel 37%."
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"Good news for DirecTV customers who have been paying for over two dozen blacked-out channels for the last week or so (seriously DirectTV, can we get some money back on our next bill for that mess?): ",
"Viacom and DirecTV have settled their dispute, and Viacom has restored 17 of the 26 channels it blocked when a distribution deal between the two companies expired and new terms couldn’t be reached.",
"\n\nIt’s not clear what the financials of the new deal are--neither company disclosed them--but a Bloomberg report has it pegged at $600 million. ",
"Previously, DirecTV said that Viacom wanted a cool billion, so the former is getting a great deal.",
"\n\nEven so, it doesn’t appear that the two sides are done fighting; even their respective press releases announcing the agreement differ in detail and tone. ",
"For example, DirecTV says that Viacom has restored 17 channels, including Nickelodeon, Comedy Central, MTV, BET, Spike, CMT, and TV Land, while Viacom says it brought back all 26.",
"\n\nFurther, executive VP of Content Strategy and Development for DirecTV Derek Chang positively crowed in the press release:\n\nThe attention surrounding this unnecessary and ill-advised blackout by Viacom has accomplished one key thing: it serves notice to all media companies that bullying TV providers and their customers with blackouts won’t get them a better deal. ",
"It’s high time programmers ended these anti-consumer blackouts once and for all and prove our industry is about enabling people to connect to their favorite programs rather than denying them access.",
"\n\nAlas, this sounds like a temporary peace to us, but at least people can watch some of their favorite shows again."
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[
"Unilateral orbital floor fractures.",
"\nNinety patients operated on, on suspicion of unilateral orbital floor fractures are described. ",
"Age, sex, and etiology are given. ",
"Operative indication is examined and related to the operative findings. ",
"Fifty-six of the patients had fractures requiring transplantation, 24 had fractures which did not. ",
"Ten patients had no fractures. ",
"Only autogenous bone graft was used. ",
"The patients were examined three months and one to 11 years postoperatively (questionnaire). ",
"Of 82 operated patients who answered the questionnaire diplopia was found in eight, enophthalmos in two, hypesthesia in 18, reduced mobility in four and sinuitis in four. ",
"Preoperative X-ray: Three patients showed false positive X-ray findings. ",
"In 19 patients with false negative X-ray findings 12 required transplantation. ",
"Twenty-five tomographed patients showed fractures, two of which proved to be false positives. ",
"In eight patients with negative tomographical findings, fractures were found, seven of which required transplantation. ",
"The frequency of complications assessed in relation to the time of operation shows no significant difference, if surgery takes place within seven days of injury. ",
"Surgery performed later than this seems to produce more cases of chronic sinuitis."
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[
"Q:\n\nBetter more efficient bash script (grep)\n\nI have a script that I built .. And it works fantastically -- BUT it's going to take an estimated 4 days to run! ",
" I was wondering if there's a more efficient way of doing this.",
"\nHere's what the script does:\n\nIt gets all files from imageserver and loads them into imageserver.txt\nIt formats the file paths for grepping\nLoops through imageserver.txt and greps /var/www/html per line\nWrites to 2 formatted (exist and no) files for later usage\nWrite to log file for tail to track script progress\n\nWhat I have is 2 files. ",
" \n\nimageserver.txt (about 250,000 lines)\nimageserver/icons/socialmedia/sqcolor_tumblr.png\nimageserver/icons/socialmedia/sqcolor_gaf.png\nimageserver/icons/socialmedia/sqcolor_yelp.png\nimageserver/icons/socialmedia/sqcolor_linkedin.png\nimageserver/icons/socialmedia/sqcolor_twitter.png\nimageserver/icons/socialmedia/sqcolor_angies.png\nimageserver/icons/socialmedia/sqcolor_houzz.png\n\nsearch.sh\n#!",
"/bin/bash\n\necho \"\\n\\n Started ...\\n\\n\"\n\n# Clear Runtime Files\n> doesExist.txt\n> nonExists.txt\n> imgSearch.log\n\necho \"\\n\\n Building Image List ...\\n\\n\"\n\n#write contents of imageserver to imageserver.txt\nfind /var/www/imageserver/ -type f > imageserver.txt\n\n# Remove /var/www\nfind ./imageserver.txt -type f -readable -writable -exec sed -i \"s/\\/var\\/www\\///g\" {} \\;\necho \"\\n\\n Finished Building Start Searching ...\\n\\n\"\n\nlinecount=$(wc -l < ./imageserver.txt)\n\nwhile IFS= read -r var\ndo\necho \"$linecount\\n\\n\"\necho \"\\n ... Searching $var\\n \"\n\nresults=$(grep -rl \"$var\" /var/www/html)\nif [ $? ",
"-eq 0 ]; then\n echo \"Image exists ...\\n\"\n echo \"$var|||$results^^^\" >> doesExist.txt\n echo \"$linecount | YES | $var \" >> imgSearch.log\nelse\n echo \"Image does not exist ... \\n\"\n echo $var >> nonExists.txt\n echo \"$linecount | NO | $var \" >> imgSearch.log\nfi\n\nlinecount=$((linecount-1))\ndone < ./imageserver.txt\n\necho \"\\n\\n -- FINISHED -- \\n\\n\"\n\nBasically I am checking to see if the images are used withing ANY of the html within the /var/www/html directory.",
"\nWith that said .. Each iteration of grep takes about .5 - 1 second. ",
" At my calculations that's 3 - 4 days.. While I SUPPOSE that's exceptable .. Is there a better (more efficient) way of accomplishing this?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe performance of the script is not your problem.",
"\nYou are grepping each find under /var/www/html 250,000 times!",
"\nYou'll want to replace that while loop with:\ngrep -rl -F -f ./imageserver.txt /var/www/html > grep_output\n\nAnd then you'll parse that output file to get your statistics. ",
"Which will be tricky, but it won't take 4 days.",
"\nor, maybe as simple as\ngrep -Ff ./imageserver.txt -o grep_output | sort -u\n\nto get the list of images used. ",
"You could use comm to compare this against the imageserver.txt to find the images not used.",
"\n\n"
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"Friday, January 11, 2013\n\nThe Origin of my Obsession with Wunderkammer\n\nBeing someone who is considerably influenced by her surrounding aestethics, I am constantly reflecting (and overanalyzing) about design and who may have been the person to open my eyes to concepts, ideas, patterns... There is no doubt that my mother and grandmother had an intense influence on my life as the number one and two tastemakers. ",
"Even the constant chatter between the two of them on types of wood in antiques osmosed its way into my mental encyclopedia.",
"\nThere is one very colorful character who also appeared consistently in my life, my childhood physician, Dr. Koelliker. ",
"I had an epiphany the other day that this man single handedly influenced my comforting love of the Wunderkammer (Cabinet of Curiosities).",
"\nDr. Koelliker was a piece of work, and that is an understatement. ",
"He was a wonderful doctor - a true intuitive physician. ",
"I don't think I had a throat culture until college because Dr. Koelliker could diagnose strep throat simply by observing my appearance (this is a slight exaggeration). ",
"I knew he was nutty in the best kind of way, even when I was five.",
"\nHis office was decorated like an antique apothecary. ",
"The man's true passion was antiques. ",
"I think he kept his practice going for the mere chance to converse with (or buy from) some of the best dealers in Northeastern Ohio. ",
"There were shelves of bottles, specimen, books, labeled drawers, and feathers. ",
"Rugs, leather, nail heads and trunks furnished the waiting room...you can see where I am going with this.",
"\nA Character attracts other Characters (my family being some of them, and my family being antique dealers...). ",
"I remember one visit when Dr. Koelliker ran very behind in his schedule (there were so many wonderful things to look at every time I didn't really mind waiting for what seemed like two hours in kid-time) brokered some kind of deal for a trunk or a rug while hanging out of the open window of his waiting room with a man in the parking lot. ",
"I cannot make these things up.",
"\nDr. Koelliker's office nurse, Angie, was incredible, too. ",
"She was the perfect yin to his yang. ",
"They both hustled around the office in white, rolled quickly on the small leather stools in examination rooms, and were quick in their deliberations. ",
"The best part for me, as a child, was that they bickered constantly. ",
"Angie wore a white nurse's dress and those huge orthopaedic looking wedge lace-ups topped off with the most incredible late Seventies glasses. ",
"And she had a blond Bob haircut. ",
"Well that's how I remember her at least. ",
"She also slung responses to Dr. Koelliker's nips and gnats that made me a little afraid of her, and also led me to believe nurses were in charge of doctors.",
"\nDr. Koelliker was a genius. ",
"He wasn't a peditrician, he was our family doctor. ",
"We were lucky enough to be invited to his \"barn\" where so many antique treasures lived. ",
"He gave me a teddy bear from the barn, and my mom talked antiques with him. ",
"I wish I could have access to that barn now. ",
"At the time I think he was making space for one of his kids to move into the barn, but I am not sure. ",
"That memory is about thirty years old now.",
"\nHere's a thanks to Dr. Koelliker for exposing me to another level of an education on taste, style, antiques, curiosities, and breaking new developments in flavored penicillians in hte early 80s. ",
"When I find myself loving shelves filled with odd bits of this and that, and cabinets of drawers, I will think of that waiting room where I spent hours of my life unknowingly absorbing his style.",
"\n\nexcellent display at The Paris Market - where I had the epiphany about Dr. Koelliker's stylistic influence on my life."
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[
"With 35-50% of home sales attributed to first-time buyers (depending on the year and survey), it’s vital for mortgage marketers and industry watchdogs to understand the traits and risks of this demographic. ",
"That includes understanding how well prepared young Canadians are to buy a home, and to handle rate hikes, price corrections and unemployment.",
"\n\nGenworth and Environics polled some 1,800 first-time homebuyers recently to get a handle on these questions. ",
"We delved through their report to pull out the meatiest data. ",
"Here are six findings of note about first-time buyers:\n\nThey’re paying more than ever The numbers: The median price paid by a first-timer is now $293,000 nationwide ($420,000 in Vancouver)\n\nAs prices increase, so do the minimum down payments and default insurance premiums. ",
"Sixty-three percent of today’s first-timers get insured mortgages with the median down payment being $34,000 (12%)\n\nIn big cities in particular, countless young borrowers wouldn’t have a hope of home ownership were it not for default insurance, gifted down payments and borrowed down payments. ",
"Nationwide, 28% use a gift or loan to bolster their down payment. ",
"Contrast that with 40% in Vancouver Big lump-sum prepayment privileges often go to waste The numbers: Just 1 in 4 first-timers (26%) made a lump-sum prepayment in the past year\n\nSome pay 10-20 basis points more for mortgages with bigger prepayment options. ",
"In many cases that’s a complete waste of money. ",
"Five or ten percent lump-sum prepayments are more than ample for the vast majority of first-timers It often takes two The numbers: 62% of first-time buyers purchased with a spouse/partner\n\nThat means there’s generally two incomes (roughly $90,000 to $100,000 total on average, says Genworth), helping them qualify for a bigger mortgage and better absorb potential rate hikes They’re going to have kids The numbers: Almost 6 in 10 (59%) are planning for children in the next five years and another 17% aren’t sure\n\nThis implies that many will need to up-size their property. ",
"In fact, half refer to their purchase as a “starter” home\n\nThat heightens the importance of picking a mortgage with either good refinancing terms or a fair penalty calculation (in case they have to increase and/or break the mortgage early) Debt ratios are mostly conservative The numbers: The average Genworth-insured borrower has a 34% total debt service (TDS) ratio\n\n(Thank you, Genworth, for providing this data, which has been hard to come by. ",
"We have no idea why CMHC doesn’t do the same.)",
"\n\n(Thank you, Genworth, for providing this data, which has been hard to come by. ",
"We have no idea why CMHC doesn’t do the same.) ",
"The ratio has “crept up gradually over the last couple of years,” which is a function of rising home prices, says Genworth CEO Stuart Levings\n\nOnce you start getting up to 40%+ TDS, that’s “high,” Genworth says\n\nAbout 8% of Genworth’s portfolio is in the 42%+ range. ",
"These tend to be folks with higher earning potential–many of them professionals\n\nThere’s a large buffer between the average (34%) and the maximum allowed (44%), which acts as a shock absorber for rate hikes\n\nGenworth estimates the average first-time homebuyer’s debt ratios would increase 2 points (e.g., from a 34% TDS ratio to 36%) for every point that interest rates increased.",
"\n\nOther notable first-time buyer stats:\n\n80%+ choose fixed rates\n\n73% rated mortgage brokers/specialists as important sources for mortgage info (31% consulted a broker and 66% consulted a lender’s specialist)\n\n66% rated bank/credit union representatives important sources for mortgage info\n\n61% rated personal finance websites and media websites as important info sources\n\n80% of respondents bought an existing re-sale house\n\n20% bought new construction\n\n55% bought a fully detached home\n\n17% bought a condo (47% in Vancouver, 40% in Montreal and 39% in Toronto)\n\n16% don’t plan to have kids\n\n20% were born in another country\n\n73% rented before buying\n\n24% lived with parents/other relatives before buying\n\n39% strongly (10%) or somewhat (29%) agree that they are concerned about making ends meet month to month\n\n61% pay off their credit cards in full each month\n\n7% pay only the minimum balance on their credit card\n\n86% of millennials “want to own a home” (Source: Royal LePage survey)\n\nHere’s Genworth’s statistics presentation for those who want to delve deeper into the numbers."
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[
"UK Judge Strikes Out Craig Wright’s Libel Lawsuit Against Roger Ver\n\nAccording to documents from the U.K.’s High Court of Justice published on July 31, a judge has denied Craig Wright’s libel lawsuit against Roger Ver. ",
"Wright filed the charge against Ver when the early bitcoin investor told the public he believed Wright was a “liar and a fraud.” ",
"However, the court found “no evidence at all of any actual reputational harm” and further emphasized that the England and Wales court system wasn’t the “most appropriate place” to bring the claim handle on such complaints.",
"\n\nAlso Read: Btc.top CEO Highlights the Benefits and ‘Golden Mean’ of Bitcoin Cash\n\nNo Objective Evidence of Any Harm to Reputation\n\nAn England and Wales High Court Judge ruled against Craig Wright’s libel lawsuit against Bitcoin.com’s Roger Ver this week. ",
"According to the U.K. judge, Wright failed to produce and has not satisfied the court with objective evidence of any harm to his reputation in England and Wales. ",
"In consequence, “the court has no jurisdiction to hear and determine the action,” Judge Nicklin ruled. ",
"Wright and his legal team decided to serve Ver in London with a suit at a Bitcoin Cash meetup in May. The lawsuit claimed Ver had defamed Wright and asserted that Ver’s statements hurt his reputation.",
"\n\nAt the time, Decrypt Media was present at the BCH meetup and asked Ver if he was worried about the lawsuit. “",
"I’m not worried one bit. ",
"I’m annoyed that I have to spend some money on the lawsuit rather than hire one developer to build more tools to bring more economic freedom to the world,” Ver explained to the media outlet. ",
"He told the publication that Wright’s litigation tactics weren’t helping the reputation of Bitcoin SV (BSV) and said the bad press would hurt the coin’s growth. “",
"If you’re busy suing everybody, people aren’t going to be your friend. ",
"It’s that simple. ",
"Look at the lawsuits, all the exchanges that delisted BSV,” Ver noted.",
"\n\nThe libel suit didn’t work out for Wright as the action was “struck out” and he must also bear Ver’s legal fees. ",
"The justice presiding over the case said Wright’s legal counsel presented weak evidence. “",
"In my judgment, the claimant’s evidence as to the extent of harm that the publications have caused (or are likely to cause) is weak, lacks detail and the three paragraphs I have set out, put forward evidence at a level of generality that is almost entirely speculative,” Judge Nicklin said. ",
"The U.K. Justice continued:\n\nThere is no objective evidence of any harm to reputation in England and Wales. ",
"The claimant has failed completely to address whether and to what extent the publications complained of have harmed his reputation in other jurisdictions.",
"\n\nBitcoin Is a Global Community\n\nJudge Nicklin further stated that there is no evidence at all of any actual reputational harm that Wright has suffered as a result of any of Ver’s publications. ",
"The judge also said that he accepted the fact that Wright filed the case in England and Wales for convenience because he lived in the U.K. “Nevertheless, these are minor factors which carry little weight when assessed against the extent of publication and harm to reputation,” the judge conceded.",
"\n\n“In my judgment, [Wright] has failed to demonstrate that, judged in terms of harm to reputation, England and Wales is clearly the most appropriate place to bring this defamation claim,” Nicklin ruled. ",
"Moreover, Judge Nicklin said that the Ver’s remarks were not addressed to citizens located in England and Wales, but rather the cryptocurrency community in general.",
"\n\n“In reality, the Defendant addressed his remarks to the global Bitcoin community, not any sector of it exclusively in the UK. ",
"It is true that the claimant has been resident in the UK since 2015, but has little to do with the issue of targeting,” the Judge detailed. “",
"The message in the publications complained of would have been targeted at him in whatever jurisdiction he lived. ",
"These were global publications disseminated on global platforms.”",
"\n\nIt is uncertain how the decision against Wright’s defamation claims against Ver will affect the other lawsuits he started. ",
"In addition to Roger Ver, Hodlonaut, and Peter McCormack, BSV supporters also said John McAfee would be served alongside Ethereum cofounder Vitalik Buterin. ",
"Wright is also dealing with a lawsuit in Florida, where he is accused of manipulating billions of dollars worth of assets that allegedly belonged to the now-deceased David Kleiman. ",
"In that case, another self-proclaimed Satoshi Nakamoto came forward with a written letter to the court and the Kleiman estate’s expert witness told the court he believed Wright’s court documents were modified and backdated.",
"\n\nWith the dismissed libel lawsuit against Ver, Judge Nicklin said that Wright had explained his efforts to file a copyright registration for the Bitcoin whitepaper in the U.S. but mentioned that these details were not “particularly material.” ",
"The judge noted during his conclusion that Bitcoin is not represented by a specific country of users. “",
"I would note here that Bitcoin is a global cryptocurrency and, likewise, the Bitcoin community that [Wright] described in his statement is a global community, not one limited to the UK.”",
"\n\nWhat do you think about the Judge ruling against Craig Wright’s libel case against Roger Ver? ",
"Do you think he will also be defeated in his libel claims against Hodlonaut, Peter McCormick, John McAfee, and Vitalik Buterin? ",
"Let us know what you think about this subject in the comments section below.",
"\n\nImage credits: Shutterstock, Bailii.org, and Pixabay.",
"\n\nAre you feeling lucky? ",
"Visit our official Bitcoin casino where you can play BCH slots, BCH poker, and many more BCH games. ",
"Every game has a progressive Bitcoin Cash jackpot to be won!"
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[
"Robust\nSolo\nMutig\nHart\nFrech\nKühn\nSanft\nLocker\nPfiffig\nLasch\nScheu\nHastig\nErnst\nFroh\nNaiv\nMäßig\nMild\nRuhig\nZaghaft\nHitzig\nStill\nZart\nForsch\nSacht\nKauzig"
] |
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[
"Q:\n\nContouring a mesh and assigning magnitude arrows in Matlab\n\nI want to assign vector to a contourf graph, in order to show the direction and magnitude of wind. ",
"\nFor this I am using contourf(A) and quiver(x,y), where as A is a matrix 151x401 and x,y are matrices with the same sizes (151x401) with magnitude and direction respectively.",
"\nWhen I am using large maps i get the position of the arrows but they are to densily placed and that makes the graph look bad.",
"\n\nThe final graph has the arrows as desired, but they are to many of them and too close, I would like them to be more scarce and distributed with more gap between them, so as to be able to increase their length and at the same time have the components of the contour map visible.",
"\nCan anyone help , any pointers would be helpful \n\nA:\n\ni know its been a long time since the question was asked, but i think i found a way to make it work.",
"\nI attach the code in case someone encounters the same issues\n[nx,ny]= size(A) % A is the matrix used as base\nxx=1:1:ny; % set the x-axis to be equal to the y\nyy=1:1:nx; % set the y-axis to be equal to the x\ncontourf(xx,yy,A)\nhold on, delta = 8; %delta is the distance between arrows)\nquiver(xx(1:delta:end),yy(1:delta:end),B(1:delta:end,1:delta:end),C(1:delta:end,1:delta:end),1) % the 1 at the end is the size of the arrows\nset(gca,'fontsize',12);, hold off\n\nA,B,C are the corresponding matrices ones want to use\n\n"
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[
"[Effect of feiliuping ointment and its disassembled prescriptions on dendritic cell of mice with transplanted Lewis lung cancer].",
"\nTo explore the possible immuno-regulating mechanism of action of Chinese drugs in different combinations (assembled depending different therapeutic principles) through observing the effects of Feiliuping ointment (FLP) and its disassembled prescriptions on dendritic cells (DC) in blood, spleen and tumor in mice with transplanted Lewis lung cancer (LLC). ",
"Percentages of DC in blood, spleen and tumor of mice with transplanted LLC treated by FLP and its disassembled prescriptions were estimated, and the S-100 protein expression in tumor tissue was detected by immunohistochemical method. ",
"The percentage of DC (per thousand) in tumor bearing mice was 0.43 +/- 0.26 in peripheral blood, and 0.32 +/- 0.16 in spleen, significantly lower than those in normal mice 4.68 +/- 0.90 and 3.68 +/- 1.58, P<0.01); and S-100 protein expression in tumor was weakened. ",
"After FLP treatment, the percentages of DC (per thousand) in tumor bearing mice were increased to 2.55 +/- 0.29 in peripheral blood and 2.70 +/- 0.63 in spleen (P<0.01), with the S-100 protein expression in tumor tissue up-regulated significantly (P<0.01). ",
"Study on different assembled prescriptions of FLP showed that the qi supplementing components of FLP displayed the optimal actions. ",
"FLP, a Chinese herbal prescription made depending on Chinese medicine therapeutic principle of strengthening body resistance and consolidating constitution, has an obvious anti-tumor effect, to improve the immunological anti-tumor function of organism by promoting the amount and expression of DC might be the possible intrinsic mechanism."
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[
"\nPeter Thiel and the Undecided Trump Voter - arigold123\nhttp://abovethelaw.com/2016/10/peter-thiel-and-the-undecided-trump-voter/\n======\nbrickmort\nThe mentality of \"if your opinions don't align with mine, you should be\nsilenced and banned\" is the exact reason that I began moving away from the\nLeft, despite still considering myself socially liberal. ",
"Speaking for myself,\nI hit a point where I realized that any slight questioning or dissent of the\ngeneral ideology was returned with vehement backlash by the left.",
"\n\nI would consider most undecided voters to be sane, rational people with good\nconsciences because I admit that both candidates have their warts and what it\nall boils down to is what would best for the country. ",
"With that said, the\nundecided voter knows better than to even think about publicly expressing that\nthey _might_ consider voting Trump, out of fear of having their property\nstolen or burned, reputation tarnished, etc.",
"\n\nThe left has been hijacked by extreme left-wing groups taking the podium from\nclassical liberals, and the party itself is imploding under the repeated\nrevelations from Wikileaks and Project Veritas. ",
"It truly is an election that\nwill go down in history.",
"\n\n~~~\nnorea-armozel\n\"The mentality of \"if your opinions don't align with mine, you should be\nsilenced and banned\" is the exact reason that I began moving away from the\nLeft, despite still considering myself socially liberal.\"",
"\n\nBeing banned on social media or not invited to a conference isn't illegal\nsince your free to speak and associate with whom you wish. ",
"If Twitter/Facebook\nor some private organization doesn't want to associate with you doesn't mean\nyou're forced to not speak. ",
"You just can't speak with or through them.",
"\n\nAs for the rest of your comment it just smacks of naivety of someone who's not\nstudied political history. ",
"First, classical liberalism use to be the left but\nceased to be the left the moment it shifted rightward toward sympathizing with\nfascists as what happened in countries like Germany under the Weimer Republic.",
"\nSecond, left-wing groups that you deem extreme in the United States are fairly\nmoderate in terms of global left-right politics. ",
"Asking for LGBT people to be\nadded to the protected classes under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 isn't\nextreme. ",
"If such legal extensions are extreme to you then you need to ask\nyourself if you're actually a liberal and not some Burkean libertarian\nconservative.",
"\n\n~~~\ndmix\nThe OP didn't say it was illegal, nor should that be the metric for deciding\nthat such an idea is entirely distasteful and not something you want to\nassociate yourself with.",
"\n\nAny tech/business/non-political conference that decides to go through each\npersons political leanings and decides whether or not the group finds them\nsatisfactory before allowing them to talk is such a dangerous idea IMO. ",
"It is\nindeed a voluntary action and one that I want nothing to do with. ",
"The fact\nthat so many people on HN can't see the problems with mixing partisan politics\nwith business in order to shame another persons views scares me.",
"\n\nIf this was any other forum such as a news site's comment section or one of\nthose protests by inexperienced university kids then I would be more\nunderstanding. ",
"But I don't believe I can hold the people on HN or in the tech\ncommunity to that low standard... they should really know better. ",
"Sadly the\nmedia feeds into this hysteria.",
"\n\nThis Less Wrong article has never been more relevant:\n\n\"People go funny in the head when talking about politics.\"",
"\n[http://lesswrong.com/lw/gw/politics_is_the_mindkiller/](http://lesswrong.com/lw/gw/politics_is_the_mindkiller/)\n\nor better yet\n[http://lesswrong.com/lw/gt/a_fable_of_science_and_politics/](http://lesswrong.com/lw/gt/a_fable_of_science_and_politics/)\n\n~~~\nnorea-armozel\n\"The OP didn't say it was illegal, nor should that be the metric for deciding\nthat such an idea is entirely distasteful and not something you want to\nassociate yourself with.\"",
"\n\nSo it's distasteful that I don't want to associate with people of my own free\nwill? ",
"Are you serious?",
"\n\n\"The fact that so many people on HN can't see the problems with mixing\npartisan politics with business in order to shame another persons views scares\nme.\"",
"\n\nWhat scares me if folks like you that want to use force of another kind to\nobligate me to associate with people I wouldn't urinate on if they were on\nfire. ",
"Seriously, I would never work for the likes of Peter Thiel under any\ncircumstances. ",
"I have my standards, you should too.",
"\n\n\"If this was any other forum such as a news site's comment section or one of\nthose protests by inexperienced university kids then I would be more\nunderstanding. ",
"But I don't believe I can hold the people on HN or in the tech\ncommunity to that low standard... they should really know better. ",
"Sadly the\nmedia feeds into this hysteria.\"",
"\n\nSorry, but none of that gives a moral theory of obligation for me to work for\nor with people like Peter Thiel.",
"\n\n\"This Less Wrong article has never been more relevant.\"",
"\n\nI don't give two craps about LessWrong pseudo-intellectualism. ",
"Either present\na theory that I'm obligated to associate with the likes of Peter Thiel or\nadmit you have no moral theory or basis from which to obligate me or others to\nassociate with those we choose freely not to associate with.",
"\n\n~~~\nNadya\nSeparating yourself from people with differing views doesn't do either side\ngood. ",
"It actively works to reinforce an \"Us vs Them\" mentality. ",
"Instead of\nspeaking to each other, you speak past one another. ",
"Two groups unable to\ncommunicate with words tend to eventually resort to weapons to \"get the other\nside to understand\".",
"\n\nOn some level - I think it is fine to choose your social contacts. ",
"Taken to\nextreme, as many people seem to do on social media, filters your social bubble\nto only \"Other Yous\". ",
"I feel doing that actively harmful to one's self.",
"\nStifling their own view of the world and limiting it only to the parts they\nagree with. ",
"Nobody is saying you should go grab a beer with Peter Thiel. ",
"It is\nbetter to try and understand each other's opinions, even if you disagree, than\nto demonize or dehumanize anyone for their beliefs.",
"\n\nThe line between \"Those people are violent and dangerous and I wouldn't save\ntheir lives if I could\" to \"Those people should be rounded up and killed for\nthe benefit of everyone else\" has been historically thin and often crossed. ",
"If\nthey're such bad people, does the world really need them? ",
"It's an easy and\nrational conclusion to make if you truly believe it.",
"\n\nOne person's terrorist is another person's freedom fighter and all that. ",
"It's\nbetter to understand the other viewpoint than to assert that it is wrong,\nsimply for \"being wrong\".",
"\n\n~~~\nnorea-armozel\n\"Separating yourself from people with differing views doesn't do either side\ngood. ",
"It actively works to reinforce an \"Us vs Them\" mentality. ",
"Instead of\nspeaking to each other, you speak past one another. ",
"Two groups unable to\ncommunicate with words tend to eventually resort to weapons to \"get the other\nside to understand\".\"",
"\n\nKinda hard to listen to someone who thinks me being transgender makes me\nsubhuman or mentally incompetent. ",
"It's a basic standard that you have to see\nthe other person as a person first before any meaningful exchange is possible.",
"\nAnd to assert it is my moral duty to make them understand is nonsensical.",
"\n\n\"aken to extreme, as many people seem to do on social media, filters your\nsocial bubble to only \"Other Yous\". ",
"I feel doing that actively harmful to\none's self. ",
"Stifling their own view of the world and limiting it only to the\nparts they agree with.\"",
"\n\nI've ranged the political spectrum more than most. ",
"From nationalism (with some\nracialist notions) to currently a Mutualist. ",
"I seriously doubt there's\nanything I can learn from the likes of Ben Shapiro when it comes to\nconservatism. ",
"Those folks are light weights compared to George Will and the\nlate William F Buckley Jr. If I want to refresh my memory on conservative\nideology I got dozens of essays by more competent people from years past to\nread. ",
"I don't need to listen someone spew an Obama birther theory to expand my\nhorizons.",
"\n\n\"The line between \"Those people are violent and dangerous and I wouldn't save\ntheir lives if I could\" to \"Those people should be rounded up and killed for\nthe benefit of everyone else\" has been historically thin and often crossed. ",
"If\nthey're such bad people, does the world really need them? ",
"It's an easy and\nrational conclusion to make if you truly believe it.\"",
"\n\nYeah cause me not listening to a bigoted relative tell me that water\nfluoridation turned me a \"tranny queer\" is going to lead to people putting\nthem in a concentration camp.",
"\n\nIn all seriousness, your logic is very tenuous as there's no evidence of a\nmassive liberal or progressive wave of hate coming. ",
"I don't know of any\nmainstream liberal or even a decently read anarchist advocating for the\nextermination of social conservatives. ",
"Rather I read every day CNS or Free\nRepublic or Townhall how being a \"transgendered\" is \"dangerous and\ndelusional.\" ",
"So frankly, I'm not gonna be friends with such people. ",
"Would you?",
"\n\n~~~\nNadya\n_> Kinda hard to listen to someone who thinks me being transgender makes me\nsubhuman or mentally incompetent. ",
"It's a basic standard that you have to see\nthe other person as a person first before any meaningful exchange is possible.",
"\nAnd to assert it is my moral duty to make them understand is nonsensical._",
"\n\nIt is extremely difficult to treat people as people when they refuse you the\nsame respect. ",
"The answer isn't to step down to their level though. ",
"It may be\n\"childish\" or \"naive\" advice but it is a virtue I hold myself to all the same.",
"\n\n _> I've ranged the political spectrum more than most. ",
"From nationalism (with\nsome racialist notions) to currently a Mutualist. ",
"I seriously doubt there's\nanything I can learn from the likes of Ben Shapiro when it comes to\nconservatism. ",
"Those folks are light weights compared to George Will and the\nlate William F Buckley Jr. If I want to refresh my memory on conservative\nideology I got dozens of essays by more competent people from years past to\nread. ",
"I don't need to listen someone spew an Obama birther theory to expand my\nhorizons._",
"\n\nThe social-bubble comment was speaking in general, not necessarily of you. ",
"I\napologize if I failed to make that clear enough. ",
"Choosing who one associates\nwith is fine. ",
"Choosing what they prefer to hear or listen to is fine in\nmoderation. ",
"I believe there is such a thing as \"too much filtering\" and anyone\nregardless of their political leanings is at risk of sealing themselves off in\nan echo chamber. ",
"A few days on Twitter is enough to see many, many echo\nchambers shouting past their opposites and \"circlejerking\" their own\nideologies. ",
"Both sides only increasing the divide between themselves.",
"\n\n _> In all seriousness, your logic is very tenuous as there's no evidence of a\nmassive liberal or progressive wave of hate coming. ",
"I don't know of any\nmainstream liberal or even a decently read anarchist advocating for the\nextermination of social conservatives._",
"\n\nWe must be in two very, very different social bubbles. ",
"Thankfully more\nproperty has been damaged than people killed at this point - but I'm not\nlooking forward to what the next decade brings. ",
"The past twelve years has seen\na drastic and increasingly large ideological gap between people. ",
"With the\nwidening gap - and escalation of threats and \"acceptable behavior\" has risen,\nprogressively worsening each year.",
"\n\nOne side championing various forms and various levels of \"social justice\",\nsome more agreeable than others, and the \"racist/sexist/___ist bigots\" who\ndisagree, even if only in extremity. ",
"One of these two sides receives a\ndisproportionate amount of mob justice, internet/social-media brigades, and\ndehumanization for \"having the wrong beliefs\". ",
"The bullying behavior is\nexcused with reasons such as \"They deserve it for their bigoted beliefs!\" ",
"or\n\"They're racists/sexists/misogynists!\". ",
"I've noticed the accusations only\nsometimes match up with reality and slowly increasing number have been proven\nto have been fabricated entirely. ",
"Either for attention or an excuse to act out\n- I'm not sure which but I do hold a bias in one direction.",
"\n\nNow pardon me, I went off on a tangent below. ",
"I left it however, as I feel it\nmay provide some insight into why I believe what I believe.",
"\n\nSeeing as you twice mentioned transgenderism, surely you have heard of Paul R.\nMcHugh? ",
"Based only on what you've said in your post, I would assume your\nthoughts on him are negative: He's a bigot, a \"tranny hater\", lacks any\ncredibility, that sort of stuff.",
"\n\nNow here is one of the largest reasons I've come to hold the beliefs I hold:\nI've received death threats for the cardinal sin of giving even the smallest\namount of thought towards the idea that he _might_ be right. ",
"For most\ntransexuals, I've now been placed in the \"asshole bucket\" so to speak. ",
"The\nfact I identify as the opposite gender _doesn 't matter_. ",
"I'm a self-hater, an\n\"enemy\", brainwashed, \"not a real transexual\", a bigot myself! ",
"You name it,\nI've been called it by this point.",
"\n\nI don't see these people as being any different than the bigots we have both\ndealt with. ",
"I'm able to see where they stand. ",
"They refuse to see where I\nstand. ",
"It isn't even an inability to see things my way - but a complete and\nutter refusal. ",
"I do not see that as being good.",
"\n\n~~~\nnorea-armozel\n\"It is extremely difficult to treat people as people when they refuse you the\nsame respect. ",
"The answer isn't to step down to their level though. ",
"It may be\n\"childish\" or \"naive\" advice but it is a virtue I hold myself to all the\nsame.\"",
"\n\nAgain, is it my moral duty to be a nice person to what amounts to as jerks?",
"\nThis seems to be something you can't provide so how about you admit I have no\nsuch duty to be nice to said jerks. ",
"Because that's really what it boils down\nto which seems to me that people want to put up fake politeness when in\npractice all that does is stress out the jerk in question and the person\ntrying to be nice to said jerk.",
"\n\n\"Choosing what they prefer to hear or listen to is fine in moderation. ",
"believe\nthere is such a thing as \"too much filtering\" and anyone regardless of their\npolitical leanings is at risk of sealing themselves off in an echo chamber.\"",
"\n\nNo it's called my moral right of free association. ",
"I'm not going to listen to\na David Duke or a Paul McHugh ever. ",
"As in never. ",
"And there's no reason to\nmoderate that practice. ",
"I don't listen to Neo Nazis. ",
"I don't listen to alt-\nmedicine crackpots. ",
"I don't listen to Flat Earthers. ",
"So, there's no need to\nmoderate this when the other side of the argument is categorical wrong. ",
"You\ndon't debate someone who screams that 2 plus 2 equals 5.1. ",
"You just shake your\nhead and move on. ",
"Such people have nothing to contribute in terms of my\nknowledge base and to entertain them is to waste your time and theirs.",
"\n\n\"Thankfully more property has been damaged than people killed at this point -\nbut I'm not looking forward to what the next decade brings.\"",
"\n\nTweets and facebook memes don't constitute assault nor vandalism. ",
"And you have\na higher chance today from dying a car wreck of your own making than from a\nrandom act of terrorism.",
"\n\n\"The past twelve years has seen a drastic and increasingly large ideological\ngap between people. ",
"With the widening gap - and escalation of threats and\n\"acceptable behavior\" has risen, progressively worsening each year.\"",
"\n\nYeah that gap is widening because certain people (aka social conservatives)\ndon't want to move on. ",
"Specifically, the social conservatives in question\ndemand LGBT people like myself to be in the closet or forced into mental wards\nwhere I'm to be subjected to \"reparative therapies (usually includes things\nlike ECT aka electro-shock therapy).\" ",
"So, I'm sorry if I'm not going to listen\nto or be polite to such people. ",
"Either they need to acknowledge my civil\nrights or don't bother interacting with me at all. ",
"I don't think what I state\nis extreme, it's quite moderate in terms of global political movements. ",
"Even\nconservatives in other countries agree with my position, so basically there's\nno excuse at this point for the US social conservatives to keep fighting these\nissues.",
"\n\n\"Seeing as you twice mentioned transgenderism, surely you have heard of Paul\nR. McHugh? ",
"Based only on what you've said in your post, I would assume your\nthoughts on him are negative: He's a bigot, a \"tranny hater\", lacks any\ncredibility, that sort of stuff.\"",
"\n\nYes and he's a complete dirtbag when it comes to defending Cardinal Law from\nthe investigation on the molestation accusations. ",
"Dude went as far as to claim\nthe victims were deluded or mentally incompetent. ",
"So no, I don't listen to\ndirtbag rent-o-shrinks that have no moral spine to stand up to his own church\nwhen it has corrupt cardinals and other staff protecting molesters.",
"\n\n\"Now here is one of the largest reasons I've come to hold the beliefs I hold:\nI've received death threats for the cardinal sin of giving even the smallest\namount of thought towards the idea that he might be right.\"",
"\n\nWell I don't think you deserve threats but you are a dirtbag by implication at\nworse or outright dumb at best. ",
"McHugh's thesis holds no water in light of the\nvarious studies so far. ",
"All you have to do is search for it on Google Scholar\nto see why.",
"\n\n\"I don't see these people as being any different than the bigots we have both\ndealt with. ",
"I'm able to see where they stand. ",
"They refuse to see where I\nstand. ",
"It isn't even an inability to see things my way - but a complete and\nutter refusal. ",
"I do not see that as being good.\"",
"\n\nSorry but McHugh is a dirtbag for so many reasons and no I won't ever\nentertain his positions. ",
"If this is too much for you it's best you stop\nreplying to my comments or never engage me again. ",
"McHugh is basically the\ncreationist of gender identity, so I don't listen to said crackpots. ",
"Deal with\nit.",
"\n\n------\nnorea-armozel\nSo I want to address the article directly. ",
"People who are \"Undecided\" Trump\nvoters as he's described aren't exactly good folks even if they were Decided\nTrump voters since many like Ben Shapiro (whom he referenced) are strongly\nopposed to personal civil rights when it comes to LGBT people. ",
"So all the\nauthor proved to me that there's educated bigots (yes, let's call them what\nthey are and not shy away from it). ",
"Whether it's Shapiro's own belief that\ntrans women are just mentally ill men or David Duke's beliefs that African\nAmericans are less intelligent it's all about using such beliefs to control\nthose whom they disparage. ",
"And they're not born out of paternalistic concern,\nthey're born out of the same base desire to control and dominate people whom\nothers see as less than human. ",
"So, I'm sorry if I don't want to give those\npeople a hearing who want to do that but this is the modern age where we know\nbetter both scientifically and morally. ",
"There's no more room to debate the\nmoral agency of people who work, live, and serve in the countries around this\nworld just because they're different from us. ",
"I don't think less of the\nShapiros in the world but I do question their intentions. ",
"If Ben Shapiro would\nsupport unconditionally my civil rights as a trans woman despite not agreeing\nwith the prescribed course I've taken to resolve my gender dysphoria then all\nwould be well. ",
"And that's all he and folks like him have to do. ",
"I'm not asking\nhim to pay for my gender transition or to cheer me on. ",
"Just afford me my civil\nrights (the same rights that protect his faith as a Jew) and move on.",
"\n\n~~~\ngragas\nLiterally every single person I know that's voting for Trump (and there's a\nlot of them) has no problem with same-sex marriage, or any other LGBTQ issue\nfor that matter. ",
"The people voting for Trump are the people voting\n\n1\\. Against corruption\n\n2\\. For specific values of the Republican party, primarily these three things\n---in no particular order: (a) lower taxes, less government (b) tighter\nimmigration (c) preservation of conservative culture and the constitution.",
"\n\nI am a bleeding liberal when it comes to almost all social issues. ",
"But I share\nthe GOP's principles as they relate to fiscal policy and the boundaries of the\ngovernment.",
"\n\n~~~\nnorea-armozel\nAnd literally every Trump supporter I've talked to online opposes anti-\ndiscrimination laws protecting LGBT people like me. ",
"So don't expect me to be\nnice to them or to associate with them. ",
"Sorry but my life, my time, my money,\nmy way or the highway. ",
"If that frightens them then they shouldn't try to talk\nto me in the first place.",
"\n\n~~~\ngragas\nPeter Thiel and I are both LGBT people and we both oppose those laws. ",
"It's not\nthat we \"hate gays\" or can't tolerate LGBT. ",
"Of course not. ",
"We simply disagree\nwith the laws for other reasons (mostly government over-reach and\nconstitutional issues).",
"\n\n~~~\nnorea-armozel\nyou seem to be missing the point. ",
"If you oppose civil rights protections for\nLGBT people but support them for non-LGBT people then you're a hypocrite. ",
"But\nmore so you're also for the same socioeconomic system that supports oppression\nof minorities which means you're acting against your self interest and that of\nothers. ",
"And throwing out that you're LGBT doesn't exempt you from criticism\nfrom anyone especially me since I'm a bi trans woman. ",
"So trying that \"but I'm\nLGBT how can I vote against my self interests\" meme doesn't mean much when\nyour ideology opposes individual freedom and the protection thereof.",
"\n\n~~~\ngragas\nI simply disagree. ",
"I don't believe there is systemic racism or systemic\ndiscrimination. ",
"If you provide evidence that there is systemic discrimination\nI would love to see it. ",
"Mostly all I've seen is people blaming \"the system\"\nfor all their failings in life when in reality, no one gives a fuck about what\nthey look like or what their skin color is. ",
"This is just like BLM. ",
"I am\nabsolutely opposed to racism. ",
"I just don't think it exists to the extent that\nBLM activists think it does. ",
"The FBI and numerous other reputable\norganizations release information about crime and discrimination each year,\nand _absolutely none of it_ provides evidence in favor of \"systemic\ninequality\" against minorities. ",
"In fact, it has always done the opposite. ",
"It\nhas always shown that minorities commit overwhelmingly more violent crime\nagainst non-minorities than the other way around.",
"\n\nBut that's beside the point. ",
"The point I'm trying to make is this: no one\ncares that you're trans. ",
"And no one cares that I'm bi. ",
"We all have the same\nrights. ",
"We don't need to be granted more \"civil rights\" because we fall into\nsome group. ",
"Blaming the system is simply not valid unless you can provide\nevidence.",
"\n\n~~~\nnorea-armozel\nMy comment has nothing to do with systemic anything. ",
"It has to do with the\nfact that we have laws on the books protecting people on the basis of race,\nsex, religion, and political affiliation. ",
"Are you saying you think those laws\nare a bad idea? ",
"If so, then we can't have kind of discussion here. ",
"Those civil\nrights are a bare minimum for me to consider any social conservative's\nopinion. ",
"If you don't agree to those terms then move on.",
"\n\n~~~\ngragas\nYou said:\n\n>system that supports oppression of minorities which means you're acting\nagainst your self interest and that of others\n\nTo which I said that I don't think we're in a system that does that. ",
"I don't\nthink we're \"oppressed by the system\". ",
"I work with trans people and gay\npeople. ",
"I'm LGBT myself. ",
"Everyone is paid the same. ",
"No one cares that some of\nus are \"minorities\".",
"\n\n~~~\nnorea-armozel\n\"To which I said that I don't think we're in a system that does that. ",
"I don't\nthink we're \"oppressed by the system\".\"",
"\n\nThat doesn't imply the system oppresses. ",
"People oppress people and systems can\naid or mitigate that oppression.",
"\n\n\"I work with trans people and gay people. ",
"I'm LGBT myself. ",
"Everyone is paid\nthe same.\"",
"\n\nStatistics on employment and wages say otherwise.",
"\n\n\"No one cares that some of us are \"minorities\".\"",
"\n\nTell that to the evangelical Christians who number at least 50 million in the\nUnited States and many of whom own and operate businesses which a couple I've\npersonally worked at while in the closet.",
"\n\nIn short, your belief is that there's no culture of oppression among social\nconservatives in the work place, housing, or even medical care? ",
"Can you back\nthat up with actual statistics showing that in contradiction to existing\npublished data? ",
"Or are you one of those folks that think your big city life\nencompasses the whole of the United States (aka I got mine so screw you\nmentality)?",
"\n\n~~~\ngragas\nI'm sorry that you're so oppressed. ",
"I grew up in a very conservative, rural\nstate, and I think being LGBT has almost nothing to do with success. ",
"Here's a\npaper that supports my opinion:\n\n\"Using data from the 2000 U.S. Census, the authors explore two alternative\nexplanations for the sexual orientation wage gap: occupational sorting, and\nhuman capital differences. ",
"They find that lesbian women earned more than\nheterosexual women irrespective of marital status, while gay men earned less\nthan their married heterosexual counterparts but more than their cohabitating\nheterosexual counterparts. ",
"Results of a Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition indicate\nthat the relative wage advantages observed for some groups of lesbians and gay\nmen were mainly owing to greater levels of human capital accumulation\n(particularly education), while occupational sorting had little or no\ninfluence.\"",
"\n\n[http://www.jstor.org/stable/25249171](http://www.jstor.org/stable/25249171)\n\nI respect the fact that you hold an opinion that opposes mine, but you haven't\nconvinced me that you are right and I am wrong.",
"\n\nI'm all for disallowing discrimination based on sexuality and gender identity\nin the workplace. ",
"But I see mandates on pronoun use (and other issues of that\nnature) as the government forcing an ideology upon people. ",
"And I certainly\ndon't think being LGBT holds anyone back from reaching their goals in this\ncountry.",
"\n\n~~~\nnorea-armozel\n\"I'm sorry that you're so oppressed. ",
"I grew up in a very conservative, rural\nstate, and I think being LGBT has almost nothing to do with success. ",
"Here's a\npaper that supports my opinion...\"\n\nYour paper doesn't refute the the studies done by others which shows LGBT\npeople are more likely to be unemployed and physically/sexually assaulted.",
"\nThese are reported even by the police in major cities in the US as a\nsignificant problem. ",
"It gets worse when you factor in race as part of the\nbackground in these studies. ",
"So, you'll have to excuse me if I don't take your\none study as the biblical truth on the condition of LGBT people in the United\nStates (of whom I am a part).",
"\n\n\"I respect the fact that you hold an opinion that opposes mine, but you\nhaven't convinced me that you are right and I am wrong.\"",
"\n\nNot my job. ",
"Open your eyes and look at the world beyond your comfort zone is\nall I can tell you.",
"\n\n\"But I see mandates on pronoun use (and other issues of that nature) as the\ngovernment forcing an ideology upon people.\"",
"\n\nNew York is one state with such a law. ",
"No other state with anti-discrimination\nprotections for LGBT people have such provisions in theirs. ",
"So the tone of\nsuch laws goes against your hyperbole. ",
"Also, if you think addressing someone\n(trans or otherwise) by their preferred pronouns is such a bad thing I think\nyou got your priorities mixed up. ",
"Me being trans myself I think pronouns are\nimportant as much as getting my legal name right, but slip ups can and do\noccur (hell, my mom still mixes up my name with that of her grand son's, no\nclue why) which is fine. ",
"But if you willfully call a trans woman a him then\nyou're just being a dick. ",
"And don't expect said trans woman to be kind to you\nin any setting (professional or otherwise).",
"\n\n\"And I certainly don't think being LGBT holds anyone back from reaching their\ngoals in this country.\"",
"\n\nYou have your view versus thousands of LGBT people who aren't having such a\nfun time looking for work. ",
"Especially transgender people. ",
"And the fact you\nside with Donald Trump, who is the Republican Party's candidate makes it\nworse. ",
"Not so much because Trump, but because Trump represents a repugnant\npolitical party that even refuses to acknowledge that sexual orientation does\nnot need to be cured. ",
"That's a bare minimum to get the mind-share of the\nmajority of LGBT people in the United States. ",
"Drop the anti-LGBT reparative\ntherapy plank in the platform then you'll get many more of us LGBT people\nconsidering your platform. ",
"Otherwise, we'll just vote Democrat since they\noppose such therapies in their platform. ",
"If that's too hard for your side to\ndo (BTW, even Log Cabin Republicans aren't support the GOP at this point) then\nexpect to have bad time with your LGBT siblings. ",
"We're not backing down, ever.",
"\n\n------\nnikolay\nThe Liberals are anything but liberal about what others think - they are the\nsame kind of people like the PETA supporters who would kill a human to save an\nanimal. ",
"I think one day this will be classified as a mental disorder. ",
"It's an\ninternal struggle between their imperfect self and the image they want to\nadvertise in the society.",
"\n\nAs somebody raised during Communism in Bulgaria, I can say all Left are the\nsame - eventually, they either turn Nazi or Stalinist!",
"\n\nThe gay parades are one of those extreme manifestations.",
"\n\nWell, of course, times today are slightly different than during Hitler or\nStalin, but the cruelty against people who think differently is the same order\nof magnitude!",
"\n\nThe patronizing, the unsubstantiated claim of superiority, the low-class\nridicule of half of America is simply disgusting.",
"\n\nI watched Michael Moore yesterday, and he is a manifestation of that kind.",
"\nBut, I guess, the culture in the states have totally destroyed by the TV and\nmovie culture promoting ridicule and pranks! ",
"In general, there's no more\nrespect, there's Narcissism, and all this is not going to end up well!",
"\n\n~~~\nnorea-armozel\n\"The Liberals are anything but liberal about what others think - they are the\nsame kind of people like the PETA supporters who would kill a human to save an\nanimal.\"",
"\n\nPETA isn't liberal.",
"\n\n\"As somebody raised during Communism in Bulgaria, I can say all Left are the\nsame - eventually, they either turn Nazi or Stalinist!\"",
"\n\nStalinism isn't socialism either, it's just industrial capitalism with a cult\nof personality.",
"\n\n\"The gay parades are one of those extreme manifestations.\"",
"\n\nClearly you're not gay so you've never had to deal with thugs like skinheads\ntry to turn your face into a fine red paste on the pavement. ",
"Pride parades are\nbasically a big middle finger to people like those skinheads. ",
"LGBT people\nengage in them to show that they'll never stop being themselves. ",
"If this is\noffensive to you then you need to grow a thicker skin.",
"\n\n\"Well, of course, times today are slightly different than during Hitler or\nStalin, but the cruelty against people who think differently is the same order\nof magnitude!\"",
"\n\nYeah gay pride parades are totally Stalinist rallies considering Stalin put\nLGBT people into gulags. ",
"/s\n\n\"The patronizing, the unsubstantiated claim of superiority, the low-class\nridicule of half of America is simply disgusting.\"",
"\n\nI think you're confusing brogressives for actual leftists. ",
"Brogressives (like\nhow they're portrayed by South Park) aren't legitimately progressive or left\nsince to them it's about the performance of appearing left rather than\nsupporting or engaging in leftist ideas (think dudes who claim to support\ngeorgism but oppose implementing Land Value Tax). ",
"So please make the\ndistinction between the PCbros and actual leftists.",
"\n\n\"I watched Michael Moore yesterday, and he is a manifestation of that kind.",
"\nBut, I guess, the culture in the states have totally destroyed by the TV and\nmovie culture promoting ridicule and pranks! ",
"In general, there's no more\nrespect, there's Narcissism, and all this is not going to end up well!\"",
"\n\nIf being smug is your sufficient condition to becoming literally Stalin I'm\nnot sure your thesis really makes sense. ",
"Stalin wasn't just some smug jerk\nfrom Georgia but an actual murderous thug that was paranoid beyond belief. ",
"A\nliberal being smug isn't an exclusive trait to liberals anymore than it's an\nexclusive trait to conservatives (Rush Limbaugh is the essence of conservative\nsmugness). ",
"Smugness is a human trait and to make it into something otherwise\nbetrays your position. ",
"I suggest you think it over and question whether or not\nyou're just upset that some leftists aren't listening to you online. ",
"Because\nyou're not owed a hearing (nor am I) online/offline just because you have\nopinions.",
"\n\n------\nrahrahrah\nPoor Peter Thiel, he just wanted to get in the game of bribing politicians.",
"\n\n~~~\ngragas\nYou are delusional if you think Thiel is bribing politicians and HRC/DNC is\nnot. ",
"Have you not seen the videos? ",
"Top DNC staffers were fired. ",
"People are\ngoing to jail.",
"\n\n~~~\nrahrahrah\nYou are delusional if you think I said anything about Clinton.",
"\n\n~~~\ngragas\nYou're right. ",
"I was on edge.",
"\n\n"
] |
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[
"Il Movimento 5 Stelle e la Lega stanno trattando accordi e condizioni per arrivare alla formazione di un governo politico, e dopo che mercoledì sera Silvio Berlusconi aveva dato una specie di assenso alla loro alleanza, una condizione che la Lega aveva definito necessaria. ",
"Nel primo giorno di trattative Luigi Di Maio, capo politico del Movimento 5 Stelle, e Matteo Salvini, segretario della Lega, hanno fatto sapere che sono stati fatti “passi avanti” nella formazione del governo. ",
"I due partiti hanno poi chiesto al presidente della Repubblica tempo fino a domenica per poter trattare su programmi e nomine.",
"\n\nFinito l’incontro con Matteo Salvini. ",
"Vi racconto come sta andando, collegatevi! ",
"Gepostet von Luigi Di Maio am Donnerstag, 10. ",
"Mai 2018\n\nL’avvicinamento tra i due schieramenti era arrivato mercoledì, proprio nel giorno in cui il presidente della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella avrebbe dovuto annunciare il suo “governo neutrale” (come possibile presidente del Consiglio si era parlato di Elisabetta Belloni). ",
"In serata era stata diffusa una nota di Silvio Berlusconi in cui si legge che – per quanto Forza Italia avrebbe preferito un governo di centrodestra che «avrebbe certamente trovato i voti per governare», dichiarazione falsa fino a prova contraria – «non abbiamo posto e non poniamo veti a nessuno» e che «se un’altra forza della coalizione di centrodestra ritiene di assumersi la responsabilità di creare un governo con i Cinque Stelle, prendiamo atto con rispetto della scelta». ",
"Berlusconi aggiunge che Forza Italia «non potrebbe certamente votare la fiducia», ma valuterà «in modo sereno e senza pregiudizi l’operato del governo che eventualmente nascerà».",
"\n\n++++ La nota di Berlusconi sul governo 5 stelle-Lega pic.twitter.com/gpOsXN8CSM — Marco Di Fonzo (@marcodifonzo) May 9, 2018\n\nMovimento 5 Stelle e Lega provano ad accordarsi dalle elezioni dello scorso 4 marzo, ma finora senza successo: e rimangono comunque molte cose da decidere, sia sulla composizione del governo – non è chiaro chi farà il presidente del Consiglio – né sul suo programma. ",
"Anche per queste incertezze, questa settimana era diventata imminente la nascita di un “governo neutrale” su iniziativa del presidente della Repubblica per mancanza di alternative, che portasse alle elezioni anticipate in estate o al più tardi nei primi mesi del 2019. ",
"L’idea di andare a votare subito, e quindi affrontare una nuova costosa campagna elettorale e rimettere in discussione la ripartizione dei seggi uscita con le elezioni del 4 marzo, secondo molti osservatori ha avuto un ruolo non indifferente nel portare a questa nuova trattativa e a questo apparente nuovo atteggiamento di Forza Italia."
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"DES MOINES — Martin O’Malley has rarely broken above 5 percent in Iowa polls, but on caucus night he could be the most popular person in the room — or, rather, his supporters will be, as activists for Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders desperately try to scoop them up.",
"\n\nThe arcane rules of Iowa’s Democratic caucuses mean that most O’Malley supporters will be ruled “nonviable” if he does not get 15 percent support at a caucus; his supporters will then be up for grabs by another candidate. ",
"With polls showing the race between Mrs. Clinton and Mr. Sanders narrowing to a near tie, O’Malley supporters, along with attendees who enter their neighborhood caucuses undecided, could swing the results.",
"\n\n“The most coveted person in Iowa politics is an undecided person or the O’Malley nonviable folks,” said Kevin Geiken, a Democratic strategist in the state.",
"\n\nBoth the Clinton and Sanders campaigns, which have spoken to nearly every potential caucusgoer in the state by now, know who is supporting Mr. O’Malley and, more important, who their second choice is. ",
"After an initial count at each of the 1,681 caucus sites, supporters of Mrs. Clinton and Mr. Sanders will get a chance, in an often emotional and chaotic scene, to woo O’Malley supporters if they make up less than 15 percent of the people in the room."
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"Collateral sensitivity: ABCG2-overexpressing cells are more vulnerable to oxidative stress.",
"\nMultidrug resistance (MDR), which is the main obstacle to cancer chemotherapy, is mainly due to overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, especially ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein), ABCC1 (MRP1), and ABCG2 (BCRP). ",
"A novel idea to overcome MDR is that of collateral sensitivity, i.e., finding a treatment to which cells overexpressing ABC transporters are more sensitive than cells that do not overexpress them. ",
"In this study we demonstrate for the first time that MDCKII-BCRP cells, overexpressing ABCG2, are more vulnerable to exogenous oxidative stress induced by several oxidants, viz. ",
"paraquat, menadione, hydrogen peroxide, tert-butylperoxide, and 2,2-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride. ",
"MDCKII-BCRP cells have significantly decreased glutathione level and decreased activities of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase, which may underlie their augmented vulnerability to oxidative stress. ",
"These results suggest the possibility of using agents that induce oxidative stress to selectively kill cells overexpressing BCRP."
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"Students Taking Advantage Of Tuition Discount\n\nMany people spend years after college paying off student loans and in most cases, tuition only gets higher. ",
"But that's not the case everywhere.",
"\n\nThe University Center in Sioux Falls is about halfway through the first semester of a new pilot program aimed at helping more people get a college education.",
"\n\nIt's called the UC Foundation and the South Dakota Board of Regents approved the program earlier this year.",
"\n\nIt reduces the cost of a credit for around 30 of the University Center's 100 and 200-level classes by $100. ",
"Students say it's making a huge difference.",
"\n\n\"It means less debt later in life for the same education so it pays off; it's a double benefit,\" freshman Kristi Long said.",
"\n\nLong, a Harrisburg native, decided to stay closer to home and still be able to get a degree from South Dakota State University for a much cheaper cost.",
"\n\n\"It's definitely a nice benefit of paying like almost half of what they're paying up there. ",
"So it’s definitely going to help out in the end,\" Long said.",
"\n\nUniversity Center Director of Marketing and Communication Jennie Doyen says there was a 13 percent rise in credit hours taken in the courses with the cheaper cost.",
"\n\n\"We know adults make decisions the way a consumer makes decisions, based on cost, because they have to. ",
"So this program is definitely attractive. ",
"It’s definitely a value to students who are making cost based decisions,\" Doyen said.",
"\n\nSenior Kriss Kuyper says her tuition has dropped around $1,000 to $2,000 from last semester, leaving her extra money for books and most importantly, less in student loans.",
"\n\n\"I am worried about it because I’m going to school longer because I’m getting an extra part of my degree. ",
"So instead of having just four years to pay off, I'll have at least six. ",
"And I don’t want to be 80 and just finally paying all my loans off and getting my money worth out of my schooling,\" Kuyper said.",
"\n\nThe 13 percent increase doesn't necessarily mean there are more students on campus, just that more of the students are taking the reduced-rate credits."
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"Computational Fluid Dynamics to Evaluate the Management of a Giant Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm.",
"\nGiant intracranial aneurysms are rare lesions that present uniquely complex therapeutic challenges. ",
"Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used to simulate the hemodynamic environments of developing and ruptured cerebral aneurysms. ",
"In this study, we use CFD to examine retrospectively hemodynamic changes during the complicated clinical course of a giant carotid aneurysm. ",
"To take an innovative, CFD-based approach to retrospective analysis of the surgical management and clinical course of a giant carotid aneurysm. ",
"Pre- and posttreatment image data were first segmented to produce computational aneurysm models. ",
"Flow within the models was then simulated using CFD. ",
"Simulated flow and wall shear stress (WSS) profiles were analyzed and used to examine hemodynamic changes during the clinical course of the patient, after 2 independent treatments. ",
"Greater WSS magnitudes and a more localized flow impingement region were observed at the distal portion of the aneurysm after both clinical interventions. ",
"These relative, acute changes in hemodynamic features at the distal aneurysm wall were greatest after the second intervention and may have preceded rupture of the aneurysm in that region. ",
"The application of CFD to the management of a giant intracranial aneurysm showed unexpected posttreatment changes in flow and WSS profiles. ",
"The simulation results offer a viable explanation for the observed clinical course. ",
"This study demonstrates potential for the use of CFD preoperatively for decision-making in the surgical and endovascular management of intracranial aneurysms."
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"Pharmacokinetic changes in critical illness.",
"\nPhysiologic alterations in critically ill patients can significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs used in the critically ill patient population. ",
"Understanding these pharmacokinetic changes is essential relative to optimizing drug therapy. ",
"This article outlines the major differences seen in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in critically ill patients. ",
"Important strategies for drug therapy dosing and monitoring in these patients are also addressed."
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"Internally threaded fasteners are used in numerous applications for fastening joints. ",
"A common embodiment of such a fastener is the hex nut, which can be coupled to an externally threaded male fastener portion, such as to affix an appurtenance onto a structure using compressive force generated by tightening the nut against the appurtenance. ",
"Often, the appurtenance to be attached has mounting holes, bores, or sleeves to accommodate the externally threaded male fastener portion. ",
"A spacer between the appurtenance and structure is sometimes required to create a stand-off, such as when excessive heat or vibration is a concern. ",
"Sometimes the male fastener portion is placed through a sleeve, which can act as a crush limiter when the appurtenance to be attached includes compressible materials such as rubber or plastic.",
"\nOne disadvantage to internally threaded fasteners known to the art is that such fasteners must be aligned precisely with a male fastener portion to properly engage the threads. ",
"Such precise alignment can be difficult to achieve. ",
"Misalignment can cause the internally threaded fastener to fail prematurely or to exert insufficient clamping force after installation. ",
"To ensure proper alignment, internally threaded fasteners are generally started onto the male fastener portion by hand, which is a slow process. ",
"Further, fasteners known to the art often require the use of washers to provide stability. ",
"Since such washers are separate from the internally threaded fastener and the male fastener portion, they can easily become lost prior to or during installation, or if the internally threaded fastener fails or becomes cracked. ",
"Additionally, fasteners known to the art depend on the structural integrity of the internally threaded fastener to secure the connection. ",
"Should the internally threaded fastener crack or break, a connection secured by fasteners known to the art will fail.",
"\nThere is a need in the art for an internally threaded fastener that self-aligns with a male fastener portion, increasing the speed of installation and decreasing the risk of mis-threading, cross-threading, insufficient clamping force, or premature connection failure. ",
"Embodiments of the present invention satisfy many of these needs. ",
"There is, further, a need in the art for fasteners that decrease the problems associated with separate washers and that provide a fail-safe means of connection if the internally threaded fastener fails. ",
"Embodiments of the present invention satisfy these needs. ",
"There is, further, a need in the art for fasteners that can retain connection with a male fastener member even if the internally threaded fastener cracks or breaks. ",
"Embodiments of the present invention satisfy these needs."
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"Please excuse the French for believing they lived in a free country and not some Russian gulag—obviously, they were mistaken. ",
"For the first time since France became civilized, its workers are expected to work until age 62.",
"\n\nFun fact: since 1983, Frenchies have been able to retire at the youthful age of 60! (",
"They also work 35 hours per week). ",
"This is due to the French economy's need for large numbers of pensioners to have time to write existentialist, world-weary memoirs. ",
"Yes, there's a \"$40 billion in the pension program alone this year.\" ",
"But, counterpoint: French people don't want to work more.",
"\n\n\"Today is a day of sadness and anger,\" agreed Jean-Luc Melanchon, who heads the Left Party. \"",
"The end of retirement at 60 is the end of a world.\"",
"\n\nThe world of laziness.",
"\n\n[WP. ",
"Pic of French stereotype via]"
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"\n897 So.2d 1048 (2004)\nBOSCHERT MERRIFIELD CONSULTANTS, INC.",
"\nv.\nMASONITE CORPORATION et al.",
"\n1031061.",
"\nSupreme Court of Alabama.",
"\nSeptember 24, 2004.",
"\nRoss Diamond III of Diamond, Hasser, Frost & Luckie, Mobile, for appellant.",
"\nSandy G. Robinson and Ian D. Rosenthal of Cabaniss, Johnston, Gardner, Dumas & O'Neal, Mobile; and Janice Vaughn Mock of Nossaman, Guthner, Knox & Elliott, LLP, San Francisco, California, for appellees.",
"\nWOODALL, Justice.",
"\nBoschert Merrifield Consultants, Inc. (\"Boschert\"), filed a notice of appeal from *1049 an order denying Boschert's motions to vacate and stay two interlocutory orders of a special master appointed to oversee the administration and enforcement of a class-action settlement agreement. ",
"We dismiss the appeal.",
"\nThe underlying dispute began in December 1994, when Judy Naef filed a class action (\"the Naef case\") against Masonite Corporation and International Paper Company (hereinafter referred to collectively as \"Masonite\"). ",
"Ex parte Masonite Corp., 681 So.2d 1068, 1069 (Ala.1996).[1] The complaint alleged \"that hardwood siding sold by the defendants was inherently defective and that the defendants had systematically misled their customers about the product.\" ",
"681 So.2d at 1076 (Maddox, J., concurring in the result in part and dissenting in part). ",
"The trial court certified a nationwide class. ",
"The class was defined as \"all persons who have owned, or own, property on which Masonite Hardwood Siding has been incorporated and installed in the United States ... from January 1, 1980, to the date of the Final Order and Judgment in this Action.\"",
"\nThe Naef case was tried to a jury on the sole issue of liability. ",
"On September 13, 1996, the jury, on special interrogatories, found (1) that the hardwood siding \"fail[ed] to meet the reasonable expectations of an ordinary customer,\" was \"unreasonably prone to failure,\" was \"not fit for the ordinary purposes for its intended use,\" and (2) that a \"prudent company making exterior siding ... would not have put [the hardwood siding] on the market.\" ",
"Subsequently, the parties executed an agreement settling the claims. ",
"An \"amended settlement agreement\" was approved by the trial court in a \"judgment, final order, and decree granting final approval to the class settlement and Rule 54(b)[, Ala. R. Civ. ",
"P.,] determination,\" dated January 21, 1998.",
"\nThe court-approved settlement agreement provided for the selection of a firm to serve as an independent claims administrator, which was to \"administer the relief provided by [the agreement].\" ",
"The agreement also provided for the appointment of a \"special master,\" who would \"preside over implementation of the Settlement Agreement\" and who would have the \"power to make decisions in all matters pertaining to administration and enforcement of the Settlement Agreement, subject to review by the court upon request of any Party.\"",
"\nSubsequently, Boschert began doing business with class members as a \"claims service.\" ",
"Boschert's business and its relationship with the claims administrator were described by the special master as follows:\n\"[Boschert] is a claims service that seeks out property owners who might be eligible to file claims in this class action. ",
"Its agents purport to advise their potential customers whether they might have an eligible claim for damage [] to their property. ",
"Their promise to the customer is to offer an assessment of the probability of success of the claim, to ensure that the necessary information is obtained to fulfill the requirements of the claims administrator, and to relieve the customer of further responsibility for going forward with administrative matters relating to the claim. ",
"Its fee is most often thirty per cent of any recovery attained.",
"\n\"Some of the requirements to be met in presenting a proper claim include establishing *1050 proof of ownership of the subject property; whether the product was installed within a time which would bring it within the eligible class period; presenting a sample of the product taken from the property, or submitting a deposit of $100.00; ensuring that the relevant information regarding the customer is complete and correct; and seeing that any documents, such as powers of attorney and assignment of interests are authenticated properly. ",
"The correctness of all such matters [is] necessary in order for the claims administrator to validate the claim, and submit it for inspection so that damages if any, can be determined, and payment made.",
"\n\"When these threshold matters are dealt with properly, [Boschert] then is expected to submit the claim. ",
"The claims administrator examines the material submitted by [Boschert]. ",
"If any of it is incomplete, or incorrect, the submission is returned for correction or for clarification. ",
"Obviously [,] considerable vital information, such as ownership of the property and the correctness of the authentication of documents, is uniquely within the purview of the customer, and its agent, [Boschert], not the claims administrator.\"",
"\nOn March 12, 2003, Masonite \"served\" on Boschert an instrument styled as a \"motion for order (1) prohibiting submission by and payment of claims to [Boschert] ... in the Masonite class action settlement program, and (2) placing a temporary hold on all further payments to [Boschert] and its affiliates until a final order has been entered on this motion.\" ",
"The motion, which bore the case style and case number of the Naef case, was directed to the special master, seeking to prohibit Boschert \"from further participation in any Masonite Settlement Program.\" ",
"It alleged that Boschert had, among other things, submitted \"bogus claims with fake siding samples\" and claims from individuals who were not members of the settlement class.",
"\nFollowing a hearing on that motion, the special master issued an order dated June 2, 2003, granting in part and denying in part the relief requested by Masonite. ",
"More specifically, it declined to prohibit Boschert from \"filing claims or representing claimants in [the] class action.\" ",
"However, the order required Boschert to submit $100 with each claim it filed, pending further orders from the special master. ",
"Additionally, it gave Masonite \"30 days to establish the number of out-of-class claims [that had] been paid to [Boschert's] claimants, and the amount paid.\"",
"\nOn January 30, 2004, the special master issued a second order, finding that Boschert had \"improperly submitted\" 35 claims and that the \"amount paid by the claims administrator to [Boschert] on behalf of the claimants [was] $111,133.36.\" ",
"The special master also found that Masonite had incurred \"$36,532.36 in legal fees and costs resulting from the need to have [the] matter reviewed.\" ",
"The order stated:\n\"Restitution of claims paid and fees and costs is to be made to [Masonite by Boschert] within 30 days from this date. ",
"In failure thereof, I shall instruct the claims administrator to accept no further claims from [Boschert], as it will have again demonstrated that it has forfeited the good faith it owes to this class action process, and to the claims administrator and claimants.\"",
"\nOn February 20, 2004, Boschert filed two motions in the Naef case. ",
"One motion was styled as a \"motion to vacate orders of special master and for entry of order defining and limiting the power of the special master in this case\" (\"the motion to vacate\"). ",
"The other motion was styled as a \"motion to stay order of special master\" *1051 (\"the motion to stay\"). ",
"In the motion to vacate, Boschert conceded that it was not a party to the action. ",
"Nevertheless, it sought an order from the Mobile Circuit Court setting aside the orders of the special master, on the grounds that the findings of the special master were contrary to the weight of the evidence and that the orders exceeded the scope of the special master's authority. ",
"In the motion to stay, Boschert specifically sought an order from the Mobile Circuit Court staying the special master's proposed instructions in its January 30, 2004, order to the \"claims administrator to refuse all further claims from [Boschert],\" pending a resolution of the motion to vacate. ",
"The trial court scheduled a hearing on Boschert's motions.",
"\nBefore the hearing was conducted, Masonite's counsel notified Boschert's counsel that the special master had taken \"the necessary steps to enforce [his] order[s]\" and that the claims administrator was no longer entertaining claims submitted by Boschert. ",
"Subsequently, Boschert filed a motion styled as a \"motion for temporary restraining order,\" seeking an order directing the claims administrator \"to continue accepting class claims submitted by [Boschert], pending further orders of [the] court on the [motion to vacate] and the [motion to stay].\"[2]\nOn March 19, 2004, the trial court denied all three of Boschert's motions in open court with the following colloquy:\n\"[The court:] The court finds that it has not been shown that the special master acted either outside his authority or arbitrarily and unreasonably, and I deny the motion[s]. ",
"If [Boschert] here feels that the special master has unlawfully or tortiously interfered with [its] business, then I assume [it] has every right to bring whatever independent action it wants to under the laws of whatever state is applicable against the special master or anyone else that may have committed such a tort, but I do not find that the terms of either this court order, the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure, or the settlement agreement have been violated. ",
"Thank you all very much.",
"\n\"[Counsel for Boschert:] Can you enter a [Ala. R. Civ. ",
"P.] 54(b) order?",
"\n\n\"[The court:] Sure. ",
"And the court find[ing] that there being no reason for delay certifies this as a final order.\"",
"\n(Emphasis added.) ",
"From that order, Boschert filed a notice of appeal; the notice of appeal is styled \"Boschert Merrifield Consultants, Inc. v. Masonite Corporation et al.,\" ",
"and references the lower-court case number assigned to the Naef case.",
"\nOn appeal, Boschert concedes that it is not a party in this case. ",
"Indeed, Masonite contends that the appeal must be dismissed for that reason. ",
"Specifically, Masonite argues that because Boschert is not a party in this case, it \"has no standing to appeal.\" ",
"Masonite's brief, at 16. ",
"We agree with Masonite.",
"\n\"Unless a person is a party to a judgment, he can not appeal from that judgment. ",
"That fundamental principle is one of the oldest in Alabama jurisprudence.\" ",
"Daughtry v. Mobile County Sheriff's Dep't, 536 So.2d 953, 954 (Ala.1988). \"",
"One must have been a party to the judgment below in order to have standing to appeal any issue arising out of that judgment.\" ",
"Mars Hill Baptist Church of Anniston v. Mars Hill Missionary Baptist Church, 761 So.2d 975, 980 (Ala.1999) (emphasis *1052 added). ",
"See also Triple J Cattle, Inc. v. Chambers, 621 So.2d 1221 (Ala.1993).",
"\nBoschert has never been a defendant, a representative, or a member of the plaintiff class in the Naef case. ",
"It is not an intervenor. ",
"Consequently, the notice of appeal filed by Boschert failed to invoke the appellate jurisdiction of this Court. ",
"For these reasons, the appeal must be dismissed.[3]\nAPPEAL DISMISSED.",
"\nNABERS, C.J., and HOUSTON, LYONS, and JOHNSTONE, JJ., ",
"concur.",
"\nNOTES\n[1] International Paper Company purchased Masonite Corporation, Ex parte Masonite, 681 So.2d at 1069 n. 1, and was the \"parent company of Masonite Corporation during the lawsuit and settlement period.\" ",
"Masonite's brief, at 6 n. 1.",
"\n[2] This motion has never been treated by any of the disputants as a motion, pursuant to Ala. R. Civ. ",
"P. 65, for injunctive relief.",
"\n[3] Our holding that Boschert has no standing to appeal renders it unnecessary for us to consider Masonite's contention that the trial court's order denying Boschert's motions was not an appealable final judgment.",
"\n"
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[
"\n166 So.2d 168 (1964)\nR.H. BURRITT, Appellant,\nv.\nBob HARRIS, Ray Greene, Lem Merritt, Julian Warren, and Fletcher Morgan, as and Constituting the Board of County Commissioners of Duval County, Florida, and John H. Crosby, as Zoning Director of Duval County, Florida, Appellees.",
"\nNo. ",
"E-310.",
"\nDistrict Court of Appeal of Florida. ",
"First District.",
"\nJuly 2, 1964.",
"\n*170 Marks, Gray, Yates, Conroy & Gibbs, Jacksonville, for appellant.",
"\nJ. Henry Blount and Thomas D. Oakley, Jacksonville, for appellees.",
"\nMASON, Associate Judge.",
"\nThis is the second appeal of this case. ",
"The first was an interlocutory appeal brought by the appellees herein from an interlocutory order of the chancellor refusing to dismiss this suit on appellees' motion. ",
"Appellees (defendants below) sought to dismiss the complaint on the ground that an original suit did not lie in equity to review a decision of a county zoning board, but that the same could only be reviewed by certiorari. ",
"We affirmed the chancellor under authority of Harris et al. ",
"v. Goff et al., ",
"Fla. App., ",
"151 So.2d 642, and held that the actions of a county zoning board were legislative in character and not quasi-judicial. ",
"Harris et al. ",
"v. Burritt, Fla., 151 So.2d 645. ",
"Thereupon a final hearing was held upon the complaint and answer of the appellees herein and testimony taken, and decree was entered by the chancellor dismissing the complaint with prejudice.",
"\nThe sole question to be determined is whether appellees abused their authority in refusing to rezone appellant's land from residential to industrial use. ",
"It is the position of appellant that the record upon which the chancellor's order of dismissal with prejudice is based does not reflect such substantial and reasonable relationship between the public health, morals, safety and welfare of the citizens of Duval County and a residential-use zoning as to justify and sustain the refusal of the County Zoning Board (appellees herein) to rezone so as to permit him to use his land for industrial purposes. ",
"He assigns as error the chancellor's order of dismissal, the effect of which order is to uphold the action of the Zoning Board.",
"\nThe record herein discloses that pursuant to statutory authority the appellees constituting the Board of County Commissioners of Duval County adopted a zoning resolution for the unincorporated areas of Duval County including the property now owned by appellant. ",
"This resolution was adopted prior to appellant's purchase of the property in 1957, and zoned the property in question as \"Residence `A'\". ",
"Property zoned as \"Residence `A'\" has its use thereby restricted exclusively to residences, publicly owned and operated recreational facilities, churches and schools, and non-commercial boat piers or slips for docking private watercraft, and accessory buildings. ",
"After purchasing the property appellant tried unsuccessfully several times to have the appellees rezone his property from \"Residence `A'\" use to permit industrial use of it. ",
"Each time he was turned down by the appellees. ",
"His last application was a request to have the zoning of his property changed from \"Residence `A'\" to \"Industrial `A'\". ",
"This suit is one to have the Court declare the \"Residence `A'\" zoning *171 classification void as unreasonable, arbitrary, and confiscatory of appellant's property, and to enjoin appellees from enforcing as against appellant's property any zoning restrictions more stringent than \"Industrial `A'\".",
"\nProperty zoned \"Industrial `A'\" by the zoning regulations may be used for light to medium manufacturing and industry, including sawmills and machine shops, for certain commercial uses, and for retail establishments. ",
"Testimony before the chancellor establishes that appellant paid $23,500 for his property zoned \"Residence `A'\", and that its value so zoned at the time of final hearing was $32,500. ",
"If the zoning classification were changed to \"Industrial `A'\" its value would approximate $65,000.",
"\nAppellant's property on its western boundary abuts and is contiguous to the eastern boundary of Imeson Municipal Airport, the commercial airport serving the City of Jacksonville and owned and operated by that city. ",
"A portion of the Airport also borders upon the southern boundary of appellant's property, so that his property is bounded on the south and the west by the Airport. ",
"To the east and north of appellant's property lies other residentially-zoned property which borders upon the Broward River. ",
"Thus appellant's property is bounded on the north and east by other residentially-zoned property, and upon the south and west by the Airport. ",
"Appellant's property has no water frontage. ",
"The Airport is not under the jurisdiction of county zoning. ",
"Therefore, the City as owner does not have to conform to any regulations of the County. ",
"The Airport has an east-west runway, the easternmost end of which lies approximately 700 feet south of the south line of appellant's property. ",
"There is a north-east south-west runway, the north end of which lies to the west of plaintiff's property. ",
"However, the City of Jacksonville has secured aviation easements over the area which lies between said northern terminus of said runway and the Broward River to the north. ",
"The easternmost boundary of this easement is within 1000 feet of the northwest corner of appellant's property. ",
"The only way of ingress and egress to appellant's property is a county owned and maintained road known as Cedar Bay Road which begins at Main Street Road to the west of appellant's property and runs easterly north of appellant's property, turning south at the northeast corner thereof and dead-ending at a point east of the southeast corner of his said property. ",
"Main Street Road is a thoroughfare running generally north and south to the west of and parallel to the Airport, and parallel to the residential property which lies north of said Cedar Bay Road. ",
"There are residences scattered along this Cedar Bay Road in an area zoned \"Residence `A'\". ",
"Aircraft using the north-east south-west runway approach and leave this runway over the easement adjacent to and across said Cedar Bay Road. ",
"Jet aircraft, including F 102 jets operated by the Air National Guard, use this runway for take-off and landing. ",
"At the time of the final hearing the Airport had a combined total of 608 scheduled commercial flights daily in and out of said airport. ",
"Six commercial air lines use the Airport and operate 18 daily jet flights from it. ",
"There was testimony that numerous complaints had been made to the City of Jacksonville by the residents along Cedar Bay Road concerning the noise made by jets taking off from the Airport from this north-cast south-west runway. ",
"The City Commissioner in charge of the Airport testified that these complaints, along with the opinion of the Federal Aviation Agency that the area around the Airport was too crowded, has caused the City to consider building a new airport for the City of Jacksonville.",
"\nAppellant produced testimony that his property is of the same type, i.e., rolling sand hills, scrub oaks and pine, as that of adjacent properties lying to the south-east and south of him and which are zoned for industrial use, and which are now being used by various oil companies as oil terminals. ",
"Two real estate appraisers testified that appellant's property is unsuitable for *172 residential purposes due to its proximity to the airport and that the highest and best use to which it could be put is industrial use. ",
"These witnesses testified that the Veterans Administration and Federal Housing Administration would not approve mortgage loans for residences upon this property because of its airport proximity. ",
"St. Regis Paper Company operates a paper mill on the other side of Broward River from appellant's property and the real estate experts testified that the odors from the mill were detrimental to residential use of appellant's property.",
"\nThe Zoning Director of Duval County testified that adjacent properties zoned for industrial use by appellees were so zoned because they had river frontage; that \"Industrial `A'\" zoning requested by appellant, if granted, would permit light (and under certain conditions, heavy) industries and manufacturing which could have smokestacks that could produce smoke. ",
"This, in the judgment of appellees, would be detrimental to aircraft taking off and landing upon the north-east south-west runway used mostly by jet aircraft, both because of the possible height of the stacks and smoke emanating therefrom. ",
"The City Commissioner of Jacksonville in charge of the Airport also testified that industrial smoke emanating from existing industry has created a hazard to aircraft using the Airport. ",
"The Zoning Director also testified that a change in zoning of appellant's property to industrial use would be detrimental to the owners of residences in the residential area adjacent to appellant's property. ",
"Thus, the refusal to rezone appellant's property was based upon two factors, viz.: ",
"safety and anticipated damage and injury to adjacent residents. ",
"The Zoning Director also stated that the Zoning Board considered as premature a change of this property to industrial use at the time of its last refusal, in view of the uncertainty of the future use of Imeson Airport.",
"\nTwo of the conditions which appellant claims makes his property undesirable for residential purposes, viz.: ",
"proximity to the Airport and proximity to the St. Regis Paper Mill, existed at the time appellant purchased his property. ",
"Also, at the time of his purchase, the property was zoned for residential use only.",
"\nThere are certain principles pertinent to the disposition of this appeal. ",
"First, the right of an owner to devote his land to any legitimate use is property within the terms of both the Federal and State Constitutions, and zoning authorities may not, under the guise of the police power, impose unnecessary or unreasonable restrictions upon such use. ",
"Blitch v. City of Ocala, 142 Fla. 612, 195 So. ",
"406; State of Washington ex rel. ",
"Seattle Title Trust Company v. Roberge, 278 U.S. 116, 49 S.Ct. ",
"50, 73 L.Ed. ",
"210; Friedland v. Hollywood, Fla.App., ",
"130 So.2d 306. ",
"Zoning boards are in the same category as all other administrative boards with reference to validity of regulations or ordinances promulgated by them, and although their ordinances and regulations will be given serious consideration and their judgments great weight, where it is conclusively shown that they deprive a person of his property without due process or otherwise infringe on state or federal constitutional guarantees unreasonably, such ordinances and regulations cannot be said to be reasonably debatable, and will be declared invalid. ",
"Zoning regulations which have no substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals, and general welfare, are arbitrary, unreasonable, and unconstitutional. ",
"City of Miami Beach v. Lachman, Fla., 71 So.2d 148; Tollius v. City of Miami, Fla., 96 So.2d 122. ",
"When property, restricted to a defined use by a zoning regulation, changes its character to the extent that it is no longer adaptable to the use it is zoned for, it then becomes the duty of the zoning authorities to relax its restrictions if a failure to do so would result in confiscation of the property. ",
"Forde v. City of Miami Beach, 146 Fla. 676, 1 So.2d 642. ",
"When a particular attempted exercise of the police power by a state, or under its authority, passes the bounds of reason and assumes *173 the character of a merely arbitrary fiat, it will be stricken down and declared void. ",
"Purity Extract & Tonic Company v. Lynch, 226 U.S. 192, 33 S.Ct. ",
"44, 57 L.Ed. ",
"184, \"Spot zoning\", that is to say, variances from the general pattern of the zoning regulation, which permits a less restrictive use of some properties in the area zoned than other properties therein, and which violate the integrity of the district and destroy the character of the neighborhood, is universally condemned by the courts. ",
"City of Miami Beach v. Midcentury Corp., Fla., 75 So.2d 606; Parking Facilities v. City of Miami Beach, Fla., 88 So.2d 141.",
"\nThe burden is upon the appellant to show reversible error, for the decree of the chancellor comes before this Court clothed with the presumption of correctness. ",
"City of Miami v. Hollis, Fla., 77 So.2d 834. ",
"One who assails the validity of a zoning regulation must carry the burden of proving its invalidity, and this burden is an extraordinary one. ",
"Blank et al. ",
"v. Town of Lake Clarke Shores, Florida, decided by the District Court of Florida, Second District, 161 So.2d 683, opinion filed February 28, 1964; City of Miami Beach v. Silver, Fla., 67 So.2d 646. ",
"The Zoning board acts in a legislative capacity and the Court in reviewing its action may not substitute its judgment for that of the legislative body. ",
"City of Miami Beach v. Ocean & Inland Co., 147 Fla. 480, 3 So.2d 364. ",
"Legislative intent will be sustained if the validity of the regulation in its application to the property in question is \"fairly debatable\". ",
"City of Miami Beach v. Wiesen, Fla., 86 So.2d 442. ",
"The regulation is said to be \"fairly debatable\" when for any reason it is open to dispute or controversy on grounds that make sense or point to a logical deduction that in no way involves its constitutional validity. ",
"City of Miami Beach v. Lachman, Fla., 71 So.2d 148. ",
"The fact that property zoned residential is more valuable for commercial purposes does not of itself invalidate a zoning regulation or ordinance. ",
"Polk Enterprises, Inc. v. City of Lakeland, Fla. App. ",
"1962, 143 So.2d 917. ",
"The fact that a property owner purchased the property with knowledge of the restriction placed upon its use by a zoning regulation is a factor to be considered by the zoning board in considering his application for a variance or change on the claim of hardship, even though he still could attack its validity on the ground that the regulation was void from its inception on constitutional grounds. ",
"Mayer v. Dade County, Fla., 82 So.2d 513.",
"\nWe have considered the facts of this case as reflected in the record before the chancellor in the light of the several principles enunciated, supra, and arrive at the conclusion that the chancellor did not err in dismissing this suit with prejudice. ",
"We, therefore, affirm.",
"\nInherent in the order of dismissal below is the finding by the trial court that the appellees did not abuse their authority in refusing to rezone appellant's land to permit industrial use of it. ",
"As to appellant's charge that a continuation of residential-use zoning amounts to confiscation of his property, this is refuted by the fact that the value of his property actually increased from its purchase price of $23,500 to $32,500, between the date of purchase in June of 1957 to the date of the final hearing herein on June 3, 1963. ",
"We fail to see that an increase of over 38% in value during a six-year period amounts to confiscation. ",
"Furthermore, appellant has failed to carry the burden of showing that the character of his property has so changed as to make a refusal by the Zoning Board to alter its zoning classification, confiscation of his property.",
"\nNor do we believe that the appellant has carried the burden of establishing that the action of the appellees, acting as the Zoning Board, in continuing the residential-use character of his property, was, under the circumstances as reflected in the testimony and evidence before the chancellor, either arbitrary, unreasonable or discriminatory. ",
"We conclude that the *174 chancellor was correct in concluding that their action was not permeated with either of said vices. ",
"It is true that the evidence before him was conflicting, but we hold that he was justified in determining, as he evidently did in dismissing the suit, that there was such a substantial and reasonable relationship between the public safety and welfare of the citizens and residents of the County and a residential-use zoning as to justify and sustain appellees' refusal to rezone appellant's property to permit its industrial use. ",
"The evidence is ample to support a finding that to permit industrial use of this property would increase an already existing hazardous condition surrounding Imeson Airport, and thus make the use of the Airport more unsafe than it now is, without the addition of more buildings and structures which could be located on appellant's property if it were permitted to be put to industrial use. ",
"The fact that appellant's property lies contiguous to the terminus of the runway of the Airport which is most used for landings and take-offs of aircraft, particularly large jets, would alone justify appellees' refusal to permit its industrial use. ",
"And certainly the appellees should, as they evidently did, consider the welfare of the residents of dwellings located along Cedar Bay Road to the north and east of appellant's property. ",
"These people had the right to be secure in the fact that the area in which they established their dwellings, and which includes appellant's land, was and would remain residential in character, and that they would not have to be subjected to the various nuisances to abutting residents usually associated with the industrial use of property. ",
"At any rate, appellant purchased this land knowing at the time that it could be put to residential use only and thus by his own conduct created the exact hardship of which he now complains.",
"\nAppellant charges that appellees have been guilty of \"spot zoning\" in the general area of his property, in violation of the provision of the statute under which they act as a Zoning Board, which requires that zoning regulations \"shall be made in accordance with a comprehensive plan\". ",
"He cites in support of this charge seven variances granted by the Zoning Board since 1950. ",
"However, an examination of the map of the area (plaintiff's Exhibit 4), refutes this charge, for all of the variances involve properties lying great distances from appellant's land, with one exception, and that is the property now zoned \"Industrial `B'\", lying to the south and east of his land, with only a small portion of it touching his southeast corner. ",
"The Zoning Director distinguished the character of this latter area from that of appellant's land, stating that all of it was waterfront property, and that appellant's was not. ",
"The aerial map in evidence of the general area surrounding appellant's property, of the Airport, of the industrial areas to the west, south and east of the Airport, and of the residential areas lying to the north and east of appellant's land, depicts the fact that there are no residences in the areas rezoned from residential to industrial use. ",
"The same map depicts numerous residences spotted throughout the areas still zoned \"Residence `A'\", and lying to the north and cast of appellant's property. ",
"As we have seen, appellant's property is completely surrounded by either the Airport or other residence property. ",
"Therefore, the granting of the variances complained of in no wise affects the character of the neighborhood in which his property lies. ",
"It is evident that the variances granted by appellees, and the granting of which appellant says is discriminatory in relation to the Zoning Board's refusal to grant his request, in no wise violate the integrity of the area in which appellant's land lies, nor destroy the character of that neighborhood as a residential district.",
"\nWe cannot say that the action of the Zoning Board has been proven herein to have been either arbitrary or unreasonable. ",
"Nor has it been shown to have been discriminatory, or confiscatory as it affects appellant's property. ",
"Certainly, this record reflects that in its application to *175 appellant's property the regulation of the Zoning Board which zoned such property for residential use only is \"fairly debatable\", and being so, the legislative intent is sustained.",
"\nThe order of the chancellor below dismissing appellant's suit with prejudice is therefore affirmed.",
"\nAffirmed.",
"\nCARROLL, DONALD K., Acting C.J., concurs.",
"\nRAWLS, J., dissents.",
"\nRAWLS, Justice (dissenting).",
"\nI have no quarrel with the law cited by my learned colleagues in the majority opinion; however, I cannot escape the conclusion that they have wandered onto the \"road of error\" in applying same to the undisputed facts appearing in this record.",
"\nAn examination of elemental, yet no less fundamental, principles of constitutional law is in order. ",
"The right to devote one's real estate to any legitimate use is properly within the protection of the Constitution of the United States. ",
"Legislators, may not under the guise of the police power, impose restrictions that are unnecessary or unreasonable upon the use of private property or upon the pursuit of useful activities. ",
"State ex rel. ",
"Henry v. City of Miami, 117 Fla. 594, 158 So. ",
"82 (1934). ",
"When a particular attempted exercise of the police power by a state, or under its authority passes the bounds of reason and assumes the character of a merely arbitrary fiat, it will be stricken down and declared void. ",
"Purity Extract & Tonic Co. v. Lynch, 226 U.S. 192, 33 S.Ct. ",
"44, 57 L.Ed. ",
"184. \"",
"It is well settled law that when a Zoning Ordinance in its application has the effect of completely depriving an owner of the beneficial use of his property, the ordinance should be altered or amended so as to prevent a confiscation of property without compensation. ",
"See State ex rel. ",
"Taylor v. City of Jacksonville, 101 Fla. 1241, 133 So. ",
"114; State ex rel. ",
"Helseth v. Du Bose, 99 Fla. 812, 128 So. ",
"4.\" ",
"Ex parte Wise, 141 Fla. 222, 192 So. ",
"872, 875 (1940).",
"\nPlaintiff's 65 acre unimproved tract of land was zoned Residence \"A\" at the time he purchased same in the year 1957 and this classification continued until the institution of this suit. ",
"Residence \"A\" is the most restricted zone in the Duval County Zoning Regulations, which contains five residence zones. ",
"The uncontradicted testimony, including that of the zoning body, is to the effect that the property is unsuitable for residences. ",
"Therefore, at the outset this record conclusively discloses that plaintiff has been deprived of the use of his property through the arbitrary fiat of the legislative body and such a confiscation of an individual's property under the guise of the police power should not be allowed to stand.",
"\nPlaintiff seeks in this action an injunction prohibiting defendant from classifying his property in a zone more restrictive than Industrial \"A\", which is the most restrictive of the two industrial zones. ",
"As to the differences in these industrial zones, Mr. John H. Crosby, County Engineer Zoning Director, testified that \"A\" included light to medium industries and in some instances heavy industry which would not emit odor, noise and other detriments to the neighborhood though they could produce smoke and have smokestacks. ",
"He stated that Industrial \"B\" was a catch-all zoning covering anything obnoxious, short of constituting a public nuisance. ",
"The Regulations further indicate that airports may be built in any zone between Agricultural \"A\" and Industrial \"B\", though Imeson is owned by the City and is not subject to zoning regulations. ",
"Bearing these facts in mind, a look at the attached drawing indicates that plaintiff's 65 acre tract is a very small segment of land compared to the size of the whole \"peninsula\" like area on which it is located. ",
"A large portion of the \"peninsula\" is occupied by Imeson Airport. ",
"Almost all of\n*176 *177 the remainder of the peninsula is zoned Industrial \"B\". ",
"One small plot about the size of plaintiff's land is zoned Industrial \"A\". ",
"The only indicated part of the peninsula which is zoned residential is plaintiff's property and a small fringe of land north and east of plaintiff's property. ",
"The thirteen notations \"Pet.\" ",
"followed by a numeral date indicate the areas rezoned upon petition and the date thereof.",
"\nThe uncontradicted evidence is that plaintiff purchased his property in June 1957. ",
"The property owners, who own a majority of the peninsula (other than that occupied by the City or the U.S. Navy), in that year petitioned for rezoning of their property, and in that year, that portion of the peninsula was for the first time zoned Industrial \"B\". ",
"Since that time three oil companies have built installations on the peninsula and American Oil was to begin operations only a few days after the hearing in this cause. ",
"A fourth oil company, Frontier, has just completed the purchase of over 100 acres of the remaining industrial property, a corner of which touches plaintiff's lands, upon which it plans to build an oil refinery. ",
"Since plaintiff's purchase, St. Regis Paper Company has doubled the size of its plant and the prevailing easterly winds carry the obnoxious odors emitted by it[1] to plaintiff's property. ",
"The City, in order to accommodate the increasing jet traffic, has recently lengthened its northeast runway for which it purchased 25 acres of the property zoned as Residence \"A\". ",
"This purchase decreased the number of residences by approximately one-half. ",
"It gobbled up 16 houses, 7 small rental units, and one church, leaving 16 to 20 waterfront homes and 4 not on the water. ",
"The appraiser who worked for the City in the purchasing of this property testified that the price of the land so purchased was low because of its proximity to the airport. ",
"Mr. Ritter, Airport Zoning Commissioner and City Commissioner in charge of highways and airports, testified that he is receiving an increasing number of complaints from the residents about the noise since jets have been using the airport. ",
"The City is presently faced with the prospect of building a new airport or modernizing Imeson. ",
"There is no evidence that the modernizing process will require additional lands. ",
"There is evidence that if a new airport is built, the City will sell Imeson for its best use, and the city appraiser has determined its best use to be industrial.",
"\nPlaintiff testified that he had been unable to sell his property because of the zoning. ",
"Two expert appraisers testified that the property is unsuitable for agriculture, it being sandy land partially covered by scrub oaks and cut over pines, and it is likewise unsuitable for residences because of the following factors:\n1. ",
"The obnoxious odor from the St. Regis paper plant.",
"\n2. ",
"The noise from the airport [City records show 608 daily scheduled commercial flights constituting 44% of the air traffic at the airport.]",
"\n3. ",
"No schools or shopping center in the area.",
"\n4. ",
"Neither FHA nor VA, which finances 90 to 95% of all residential construction, will make loans in areas located within 1/2 mile of a runway. ",
"This limitation takes in all of plaintiff's property.",
"\n5. ",
"Financial institutions such as Federal Savings and Loan Associations don't generally make loans in areas as controversial as this.",
"\n6. ",
"The tract is not large enough to install water and sewer systems which are economically feasible.",
"\nThese appraisers further testified that the highest and best use for plaintiff's property would be general industries, manufacturing and warehousing.",
"\n*178 The most favorable evidence adduced by the defendant was that plaintiff's land was suitable for warehouses which are permitted in zone Business \"B\" down through Industrial \"B\". ",
"The defendants introduced no evidence of a comprehensive zoning plan and no evidence that plaintiff's property was suitable for Residence \"A\". ",
"When asked if the highest and best use for plaintiff's property is Industrial \"A\", Crosby replied that he had twice recommended against re-zoning plaintiff's property \"not because of the proximity of the airport * * * but because of the fact that this is an encroachment on the good people that have spent a great deal of time and money to develop residential property which would be devalued by the encroachment of the zoning * * * these people have a substantial investment, they know it's [the airport] there and we have to give every consideration to their maintaining their investment so it is for that reason that I say at this time the highest and best use is not for industrial purposes.\"",
"\nThere was evidence that Cedar Bay Avenue is the only road to plaintiff's property and at present it is a quiet dead-end, narrow, paved street used by only the local homeowners. ",
"The defendant's map shows that this street dead-ends at property which it rezoned on June 12, 1957 as Industrial \"B\", and that this is the only street serving the north end of that property should it be developed for industrial purposes.",
"\nThe majority opinion places emphasis upon testimony that plaintiff's property has increased in dollar value from the date of purchase until the present date, and, therefore, it cannot find any confiscation by the zoning authority of plaintiff's property. ",
"Somehow, the majority has substituted a mythical increase or decrease in dollar value as the test for confiscation. ",
"I do not understand such to be the correct test. ",
"It is the right of an individual to own and use property in this nation of free people that is guaranteed by our Federal and State Constitutions, and the arbitrary action of a governmental body in depriving an individual of the use of his property will be stricken down by the courts. ",
"The applicable rule is clearly stated by Judge Kanner in Waring v. Peterson, 137 So.2d 268 (Fla.App.2d 1962), viz.:",
"\n\"* * * [F]inancial advantage or disadvantage to owners as a result of it or its enforcement is not the test of its validity. ",
"Because of the common effect on properties coming under the general plan of the zoning ordinance, reduction in values shared by most or all the owners in a locality is not enough, of itself, to render the ordinance confiscatory. ",
"On the contrary, if the limitations upon the use of the property are constitutional and applied reasonably and fairly to all, they are valid and the individual hardship and loss must be endured to the end that the greater advantage to the community as a whole is made possible. ",
"See McQuillin, Municipal Corporations, 3rd Ed., ",
"Vol. ",
"8, Section 25.44, p. 98; Yokley Zoning Law and Practice, Vol. ",
"1, Section 35, p. 58.\"",
"\nThus, the test is not whether a person can sell his property for a given number of dollars by reason of a particular zoning classification being assigned to a parcel of property. ",
"The test which must be applied is with respect to the reasonableness of the limitation placed upon the use of said parcel by the legislative body. ",
"In the instant case the Duval County Commissioners have determined that the subject property may only be used for the highest residential classification, that being Residence \"A\". ",
"Every factual circumstance existing in this record including the admission of counsel at the argument of this cause, proves that the subject property was not suitable in the year 1957 for use under such classification, has not since said time been suitable for such use, and is not suitable at this time for such use. ",
"Clearly, such a classification bears no substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals or general welfare, and presents no debatable question.",
"\n*179 The majority opinion places emphasis upon the following factual observation: \"The evidence is ample to support a finding that to permit industrial use of this property would increase an already existing hazardous condition surrounding Imeson Airport, and thus make the use of the Airport more unsafe than it now is, without the addition of more buildings and structures which could be located on appellant's property if it were permitted to be put to industrial use.\" ",
"I have been unable to discover such ample evidence in this record. ",
"The sole evidence that I can find concerning a hazard factor is the following testimony by Mr. Ritter, an Airport Zoning Commissioner:\n\"Q. Are you at the present concerned at all with the smoke or smog condition caused by industry?",
"\n\"A. The Federal Aviation industry last week asked the City of Jacksonville or some of the city officials who flew through town were somewhat concerned about the stacks and smoke being produced by St. Regis and we have sent photographs of that situation to the F.A.A. as of last week.",
"\n* * * * * *\n\"Q. In this Airport Zoning Commission, have you all developed the need for controlled zoning around airports as far as hazards are concerned?",
"\n\"A. We have discussed it at length for many times and I believe they don't control usage of lands but only height.\"",
"\nIt appears that the majority is utilizing the foregoing testimony upon which to support a debatable issue as to an effect upon the \"public health and safety\". ",
"I do not think such weight can be assigned to these isolated statements, especially in view of the repeated efforts of plaintiff to procure a rezoning classification of his property since 1957 and considering the numerous \"variances\" or \"spot zonings\" granted by the zoning authority in the year 1957.",
"\nFurthermore, we are not here confronted with the question of whether there could possibly be established in zone Industrial \"A\" an industry which would be a hazard to the airport. ",
"Appellee Duval County zoning authority is not charged with nor does it have jurisdiction of matters which might constitute airport hazards. ",
"Jurisdiction of such matters is vested in the Jacksonville Airport Zoning Commission. (",
"See Chapter 333, Florida Statutes, F.S.A., which authorizes political subdivisions owning an airport to establish airport zoning regulations for the prevention of airport hazards and Waring v. Peterson, supra.) ",
"The property in question is subject to the regulations of both the Duval Board of County Commissioners (appellee) and the Airport Zoning Commission. ",
"For this reason the chancellor at the hearing correctly sustained objections to other questions delving into airport hazards. ",
"In my opinion, the instant zoning restriction does not bear a substantial relationship to public health, morals, safety or public welfare.",
"\nThe fact that this owner purchased the land knowing the zoning classification, has no effect upon the questions presented, and the principle of law cited in the majority opinion, viz.:",
"\n\"The fact that a property owner purchased the property with knowledge of the restriction placed upon its use by a zoning regulation is a factor to be considered by the zoning board in considering his application for a variance or change on the claim of hardship, even though he still could attack its validity on the ground that the regulation was void from its inception on constitutional grounds. ",
"Mayer v. Dade County, Fla., 82 So.2d 513\",\nis not applicable in this case. ",
"Justice Drew, speaking for our Supreme Court in Oka v. Cole, 145 So.2d 233, 236 (Fla. 1962), clearly and concisely expressed the law applicable to a property owner who seeks a variance as distinguished from the situation existing when a property owner, as in the *180 instant case, directly attacks the constitutionality of a zoning classification assigned to a particular parcel of property, that statement being:\n\"Nor can we find support in reason or authority for the perpetuation of an absolute rule applicable to hardship which is `unactionable because self-imposed.' ",
"The doctrine was applied in Josephson v. Autrey, Fla. 1957, 96 So.2d 784, to one attempting to obtain a variance from a zoning board whose authority under the enabling ordinance did not encompass the power to amend or determine the validity of a zoning classification, but merely to waive in a particular instance a restriction which was otherwise recognized as valid and effective. ",
"The rationale of the decision was that the character of hardship upon which the board's exercise of variance power was conditioned, i.e. `unique or unnecessary,' precluded exercise of such power on the basis of `self-created' hardship. ",
"The opinion clearly differentiated `our cases where we have held that a property owner will not be precluded from attacking the basic validity of a zoning ordinance merely because the ordinance was in force when he acquired the property,' at page 789.\" [",
"Emphasis supplied.]",
"\nI am convinced that the decision of the majority is in direct conflict with our Supreme Court's decision in Forde v. City of Miami Beach, 146 Fla. 676, 1 So.2d 642 (1941). ",
"The factual situations existing in the Forde decision and the instant cause are strikingly analogous. ",
"Similarities existing in both cases are: 1. ",
"The plaintiff-owners purchased their property in recent years after it was zoned residential. ",
"2. ",
"The uncontradicted testimony was to the effect that the property was unsuitable for residences in that financing same would be very difficult. ",
"3. ",
"The homeowners across the street complained that they had built subject to the restriction and that a change would cause too much traffic on their street. ",
"4. ",
"The character of plaintiff's property has changed. ",
"In Forde, erosion had decreased the depth of the property since the adoption of the ordinance in 1930, and the cost of a seawall and fill would be prohibitively expensive for a homeowner. ",
"Although the facts in the instant case failed to show the date of original zoning, the changes occurring at the time of and since plaintiff's purchase are more formidable than those in the Forde case. ",
"These include the rezoning and recent development of large nearby areas as Industrial \"B\", the doubling of the size of St. Regis paper mill, the extension of the airport runway to accommodate increased jet traffic, the swallowing-up by the airport of 25 acres of the remaining residential zone, and the fact that financing housing has been shown to be almost impossible due to the above factors. ",
"The property in the Forde case was bordered on two sides by hotels and apartment houses and by the airport in the instant case. ",
"6. ",
"The evidence showed the feasible use for the property in the Forde case was for hotels and apartment houses and in the instant case for manufacturing, industrial and warehouses. ",
"The differences in the two cases are: 1. ",
"In the instant case there was some evidence tending to indicate spot zoning and an absence of such in the Forde case. ",
"2. ",
"The Forde case contained evidence that the annual property taxes amounted to about $500.00 per lot, but that opinion did not reveal what proportion of the value of the lots this would be. ",
"The instant case contained no evidence as to the amount of the annual taxes. ",
"3. ",
"In Forde there was some evidence that the City's growth should cause a future trend toward greater demand for beach residence property. ",
"No trend was shown in the instant case except that of recent years toward industrial development of the area and the demand by the Federal Aviation Authority for future airport improvements. ",
"Thus, the Forde case held that the property was unfit for the purpose to which it was restricted; the restriction was unreasonable; and property owners should not be required to wait until their property becomes suitable for the restricted purpose since taxes *181 could consume a large part of the value of the property while the owners wait for the demand for private beach property to increase. ",
"The principle relied upon there is:\n\"* * * Restrictions on private property must be kept within the limits of necessity for the public welfare or it will be recognized as an unlawful taking. ",
"Arverne Bay Constr. ",
"Co. v. Thatcher, 278 N.Y. 222, 15 N.E.2d 587, 117 A.L.R. 1110. ",
"And when property, restricted to a defined use by a zoning ordinance, changes its physical character from natural causes to the extent that it is no longer adaptable to the use it is zoned for, then it becomes the duty of the zoning board to relax its restrictions to prevent confiscation just as much so as in the case where the regulation was invalid in the first instance. ",
"See State ex rel. ",
"Taylor v. Jacksonville, supra; Ex parte Wise, 141 Fla. 222, 192 So. ",
"872.\" [",
"Emphasis supplied.]",
"\nAnd in State ex rel. ",
"Taylor v. City of Jacksonville, 101 Fla. 1241, 133 So. ",
"114, 116 (1931), the rule is stated as follows:\n\"It has been frequently held that, if the application of a zoning ordinance has the effect of completely depriving an owner of the beneficial use of his property, it would become the duty of the zoning board to relax its restrictions so as to prevent confiscation of a complainant's lands without compensation, otherwise the ordinance would be held bad. ",
"State ex rel. ",
"Helseth v. Du Bose et al., ",
"99 Fla. 812, 128 So. ",
"4; Sundlun v. Zoning Board of Review of City of Pawtucket, 50 R.I. 108, 145 A. 451.\" [",
"Emphasis supplied.]",
"\nSince the evidence in the instant cause conclusively shows that the property is unfit for residential purposes (the defendant having offered no contradictory evidence), in my opinion, the duty is upon the Duval County zoning board to rezone plaintiff's property.",
"\nFor the above reasons, I would grant that portion of plaintiff's prayer which sought to have the courts declare the present zoning restriction invalid.",
"\nThe second portion of plaintiff's prayer seeks an injunction restraining the County Commissioners from zoning plaintiff's property in a more restricted class than Industrial \"A\". ",
"The evidence going toward this point is stated in detail in this and the majority opinion and need not be reiterated here. ",
"It includes that evidence relating to the best use for plaintiff's property, the characteristics of land making it unsuitable for agriculture, the distance of the land from well traveled roads, the character of Cedar Bay Avenue which serves the property, the nearness of residences, the nearness and the recent development of Industrial \"B\" property, the obnoxious smell of the paper, mill, the noise of the jets, the lack of a water front such as existed in the cases of other tracts of nearby land rezoned Industrial \"B\", the fact that warehousing is permissible in more restricted zones than Industrial \"A\", the fact that Cedar Bay Avenue is available for use by property already zoned industrial, and that some of the property already zoned industrial is situated further inland than plaintiff's property.",
"\nThe plaintiff sustained the burden placed upon him and proved that his property was unsuitable for classifications more restrictive than Industrial \"A\". ",
"The burden then fell upon defendants to show that it is at least a \"debatable question\" as to whether plaintiff's property could be used for the general purposes set forth in a more restricted class. ",
"This the appellee wholly failed to do. ",
"It did not offer contradictory evidence. ",
"The only evidence submitted by the Board to show that the question was \"fairly debatable\" was proof that the property was suitable for warehousing and that warehouses are permitted in more restricted zones. ",
"A perusal of the Zoning Regulations show that warehouses of specified types are permissible in the business zones. *",
"182 However, the Board of County Commissioners not only failed to introduce any evidence showing that plaintiff's property was suitable for those specified types of warehouses, but being bound by its own zone classifications it had the burden of presenting a debatable issue as to the reasonableness of any higher classification than Industrial \"A\" for assignment to plaintiff's property. ",
"This it failed to do.",
"\nThis case is not controlled by that class of cases which have held that rezoning property is not a function of the court but is a function of the appropriate zoning authorities, [Schoenith v. City of South Miami, 121 So.2d 810 (Fla.App.3d, 1960); City of Tampa v. Consolidated Box Co., 110 So.2d 446 (Fla.App.2d, 1959); City of Miami Beach v. Wiesen, 86 So.2d 442 (Fla. 1956)] for here the plaintiff does not ask the courts to rezone his property but he is seeking in one suit to have the present zoning restriction declared invalid and to have a determination of that point at which any future zoning restriction would likewise be invalid. ",
"It should be remembered that this is the fourth time plaintiff has petitioned for rezoning and that in the past the Duval County zoning authority has given full consideration to the decreasing number of existing home owners without any consideration for plaintiff's constitutional rights. ",
"Plaintiff should not be required to continually seek the assistance of the courts. ",
"His right may and should be settled in one action. ",
"Although the courts may not direct zoning authorities to rezone plaintiff's property in a specified classification, they are authorized to direct the authority to rezone the property in some classification less restrictive than the zone which has been shown to be void. ",
"In this instance I would direct the authority to rezone appellant's property to a classification not more restrictive than Industrial \"A\".",
"\nThis record presents a classic example of the reason and necessity for judicial review of legislative enactments restricting the use of property.",
"\nAppellee says in effect, \"We realize that this property is not fit for use by its owner within the zoning classification that we have assigned under authority of law and that such has been the case for several years. ",
"However, we contemplate new changes in that area[2] and when that comes to pass we plan to take another look at this entire area and do something at such time. ",
"In the meantime the individual owner cannot have the beneficial use of his property because we have assigned to it the highest residential classification available even though we know the property is not fit for such use.\"",
"\nThere are some forces in this nation which would abolish \"property rights\". ",
"Property has no \"right\"; however, so long as life is given to the fundamental provisions of our constitutions, individuals living in this country possess inalienable rights as to the use of their property.",
"\nThe judiciary of this state has traditionally protected an individual's rights from the arbitrary edicts of the other arms of government, and once it ceases to fulfill this role, we then may contemplate the full impact of the heel of autocratic bureaucracy. ",
"An affirmance of this action by the county zoning authority constitutes, in my opinion, a deprivation of appellant's property without due process of law.",
"\nI dissent.",
"\nNOTES\n[1] Judicial notice can be taken of the fact that property within close proximity to a paper mill is not suitable for a residential area.",
"\n[2] The Board emphasized that Imeson Airport might be closed in the future after a new airport has been built, and at such time the land it occupies would be available for zoning. ",
"Since argument of this case it is noted that the freeholders of the City of Jacksonville have defeated a bonding proposal for financing the construction of a new airport.",
"\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nSolve NotSerializableException\n\nI'm fairly new to Java, and I cannot seem to solve this NotSerializableException that I receive. ",
"I'm writing an object to the sdcard of the user and next I need to read it back.",
"\nThis is my code:\n@Override\nprotected void createAndAttachView(int id, FrameLayout frame) {\n\n //Read the panel from the memory\n PanelWrapper pnl = (PanelWrapper) readObjectFromMemory(B4AHelper.getDirDefaultExternal(), \"layout.frame\");\n\n //Add the view\n frame.addView(pnl.getObject());\n\n //Broadcast an intent to the user.",
"\n intent = new IntentWrapper();\n intent.",
"Initialize(\"createAndAttachView\", \"\");\n intent.",
"PutExtra(\"id\", id);\n intent.",
"PutExtra(\"message\", \"View Attached\");\n sendBroadcast(intent.getObject());\n\n //Log - debugging\n Log.i(\"B4A\", \"View attached!\");",
"\n}\n\nI'm using readObjectFromMemory and writeObjectFromMemory from here and this is the error:\nError Message: anywheresoftware.b4a.",
"BALayout\n\nError Message: Read an exception; java.io.",
"NotSerializableException: anywheresoftware.b4a.",
"BALayout\n\nCaused by: java.lang.",
"NullPointerException\n at com.rootsoft.standout.",
"MostBasicWindow.createAndAttachView(MostBasicWindow.java:53)\n at com.rootsoft.standout.",
"StandOutWindow$Window.<init>(StandOutWindow.java:2213)\n at com.rootsoft.standout.",
"StandOutWindow.show(StandOutWindow.java:1416)\n at com.rootsoft.standout.",
"StandOutWindow.onStartCommand(StandOutWindow.java:716)\n at android.app.",
"ActivityThread.handleServiceArgs(ActivityThread.java:2359)\n ... 10 more\n\nI'd like if is it possible to explain as good as possible as I'm fairly new and this might help other people too.",
"\n\nA:\n\nHere you can read about serialization in java in common. ",
"\nhttp://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/Programming/serialization/\nIn a nutshell, a serializable object has a static long field named serialVersionUID generated from the member fields and methods of the class. ",
"It is used to check if class's definitions match.",
"\nFor example you have a Serializeable object, you write it into a file as byte[] and you want to read it back later. ",
"If in the meantime you changed some fields or methods in your class (eg. ",
"the class definition in the file, and the class definition currently in use aren't the same anymore), than java can discover these differences from the invalid UID and it will know, that although they might be the same type, they are not compatible.",
"\nOfcourse you can assign a default UID as well, or you can leave it blank if you know that such a scenario won't happen for sure.",
"\nAs for getting rid of your exception, you just have to implement the Serializable interface in your class in question (in your case anywheresoftware.b4a.",
"BALayout).",
"\n\n"
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[
"Naming the fossil of an extinct pig-like swamp creature after Mick Jagger might not sound like much of a tribute to the aging rock 'n' roll star — unless it's an honor bestowed by scientists. ",
"Ellen Miller, an associate professor of anthropology at Wake Forest University, paid homage to the pouty-lipped Rolling Stones frontman by giving the scientific name Jaggermeryx naida, or “Jagger’s water nymph,\" to the fossil of a large-lipped animal she and colleagues discovered. “",
"I like the Rolling Stones,” Miller said in a news release issued by Wake Forest. “",
"I’m a huge Stones fan.” ",
"The deer-sized creature lived 19 million years ago in Africa, and is described by researchers as something of a cross between a long-legged pig and a slender hippo. ",
"Miller was among a group of researchers who found several fossilized jaw fragments belonging to the animal at a remote site in the Egyptian desert. ",
"She is co-author of a paper detailing the discovery published in the September issue of the Journal of Paleontology. ",
"The creature belonged to a family of extinct hippopotamus-like mammals called anthracotheres.",
"\n\nIN-DEPTH\n\nSOCIAL\n\nBest news of the day! ",
"They've named a dinosaur after Mick Jagger! ",
"Guess why, Laura Saunders!! ",
"Jaggermeryx naiad... http://t.co/15G9bRc2KU — Vicki Boyer (@Vickitkd) September 11, 2014\n\n— James Eng"
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[
"Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge\n\nThe Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge was a vertical-lift bridge in the Port of Los Angeles. ",
"Dedicated on January 10, 1948, the bridge allowed State Route 47 (the Terminal Island Freeway) to cross over the Cerritos Channel. ",
"Named after Schuyler F. Heim, who was in command of the Naval Air Station on Terminal Island in 1942, the bridge was one of the largest vertical-lift bridges on the West Coast. ",
" At the time of its opening, it was the highest in the country with the deck weighing about . ",
" Its towers are tall above the roadway deck and about tall when measured from the water level at high water. ",
" The bridge was decommissioned on October 12, 2015 and will be replaced by a new, six-lane fixed-span bridge in order to meet current safety and earthquake standards. ",
"A replacement bridge, tentatively titled State Route 47 Schuyler Heim Bridge Replacement, is expected to open in early 2017.",
"\n\nHistory\n\nEarly connections to Terminal Island\nThe San Pedro, Los Angeles and Utah Railroad was incorporated on October 8, 1887 with the goal to build a line from Rattlesnake Island (renamed Terminal Island by 1897) on the east side of San Pedro Bay to Utah. ",
"The same \"English syndicate\" which had purchased Catalina Island was said to have secured the right-of-way between Los Angeles and Rattlesnake Island in 1889, with plans to have the rail line operated by the Santa Fe. ",
"However, the Los Angeles Terminal Railway, which had purchased Rattlesnake Island and the right-of-way by 1890, was the first to build tracks on the island, completing the line along the western and northern sides of the island to Long Beach on November 7, 1891, as the start of a planned transcontinental route. ",
"The line included a pile bridge spanning the mouth of the Los Angeles River, near the present site of the Gerald Desmond Bridge.",
"\n\nSince the trestle bridge effectively blocked marine traffic from passing through the east end of Cerritos Slough, the War Department ordered the Salt Lake Railroad to demolish it in 1906. ",
"Although a tunnel was proposed as a replacement in February 1907, the Salt Lake had already applied to replace the fixed trestle span with a drawbridge in September 1906. ",
"The location for the new drawbridge was set in May 1907, and the first piles were driven in December 1907. ",
"The bridge was completed in 1908 as a Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge.",
"\n\nAs port traffic increased, plans to widen Cerritos Slough to were advanced in 1914, connecting the Port of Los Angeles to the Port of Long Beach. ",
"However, the widened channel would require the newly-renamed Salt Lake Railroad to move its tracks on Terminal Island and remove its 1908 bridge. ",
"After several years of negotiation, a compromise was reached. ",
"After widening, the waterway was renamed Cerritos Channel. ",
"As part of the compromise, in exchange for Salt Lake moving its tracks and ceding land to accommodate the widened channel, the city took on obligations to reconstruct wharves and build a replacement bridge. ",
"That replacement bridge was completed in 1924 as the Badger Avenue Bridge (later renamed to Henry Ford Bridge), a double-leaf bascule bridge wide enough to accommodate two railroad tracks and two lanes for road traffic. ",
"The 1908 bridge was moved to Washington State in 1934, where it is still in use as a bridge for BNSF Railway over the Cowlitz River near its mouth at Longview.",
"\n\nDespite these early rail bridges, a road bridge was keenly desired by residents of Terminal Island, who had asked for a wagon bridge in 1894 and again in 1906.",
"\n\n1948 Schuyler Heim vertical-lift bridge\n\n1924 also saw work begin on a Naval Air Base San Pedro at Terminal Island. ",
"Port traffic continued to increase and the United States Navy began to expand its presence on Terminal Island in the early 1940s, including an expanded air base. ",
"Expansion plans for the Navy called for more workers than could be accommodated over the Henry Ford Bridge, so the Navy commissioned a new road bridge in 1941. ",
"Construction on the bridge began in 1946. ",
"The Chief Engineer for the project until October 1947 was H. E. Wilson. ",
" The bridge was named in honor of Commodore Schuyler Franklin Heim, who was in command of the Naval Air Station on Terminal Island in 1942.",
"\n\nThe state of California took over operation of the bridge from the city of Los Angeles in 1964. ",
"As of 1988, the bridge was being raised frequently, about 8,500 times per year.",
"\n\nReplacement fixed-span bridge\nThe State Route 47 Schuyler Heim Bridge Replacement project will replace the liftspan portion of the original bridge with a fixed-span bridge. ",
"The replacement bridge will have a total of six lanes for vehicular traffic, three in each direction, and span . ",
"The new bridge will allow for a permanently navigable shipping channel, wide with a vertical clearance of . ",
"Construction was expected to complete in early 2017, but has since been delayed to late 2020.",
"\n\nAlthough the vertical clearance is being reduced from with the 1948 lift bridge raised to with the replacement fixed bridge, the lift bridge was already unable to accommodate large cargo ship traffic. ",
"Work on the replacement bridge began in 2011.",
"\n\nDesign\nThe deck of the bridge was an open grid design to decrease weight and ease lifting of the bridge to allow ship traffic to pass underneath. ",
" The bridge used > counterweights to lift the deck span portion to allow tall-masted vessels underneath.",
"\n\nState Route 47 and the connecting State Route 103 are heavily used by trucks to bypass part of the crowded Interstate 710 freeway. ",
" Due to the large amount of heavy truck traffic over the bridge, the deck was subject to excessive wear. ",
" The deck was completely replaced in 1997 but was still under extreme distress. ",
" The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) installed eight experimental fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) panels and attached sensors to test stress, load bearing, and temperature variations of the panels to determine their effectiveness as a permanent replacement. ",
"Chicago-based engineering firm CTLGroup installed strain gages and thermocouples within the layers of the FRP. ",
"Each month, technicians perform a remote static load test of the bridge, providing direction to onsite Caltrans staff while monitoring real-time data from the firm's Chicago office.",
"\n\nIn popular culture\n\n The bridge is seen in the opening credits of the American television series Mannix. ",
"Mike Connors, playing Joe Mannix, is seen running across the bridge.",
"\n It was also seen on an episode of the 1970s TV series Emergency!.",
"\n The bridge plays a key role in the plot of the 2010 film Inception.",
"\n A representation of the bridge is shown in the fictional city of Los Santos in the 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V\n\nSee also\nHenry Ford Bridge — adjacent railroad bridge\nVincent Thomas Bridge\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Bridges in Los Angeles County, California\nCategory:Demolished bridges in the United States\nCategory:Demolished buildings and structures in Los Angeles\nCategory:Former road bridges in the United States\nCategory:Los Angeles Harbor Region\nCategory:Terminal Island\nCategory:Road bridges in California\nCategory:Vertical lift bridges in California\nCategory:Bridges completed in 1948\nCategory:Buildings and structures demolished in 2016\nCategory:1948 establishments in California\nCategory:2016 disestablishments in California\nCategory:Historic American Engineering Record in California"
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[
"[Halothane: another resource for the asthmatic patient].",
"\nA case of severe asthma which did not improve with the usual management is presented. ",
"Ventilations was assisted with an orotracheal cannula and the patient was given halothane with a good response and improvement of his crisis. ",
"Halothane must be considered as a possibility in the treatment of severe asthma. ",
"However, further studies in this area are necesary."
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[
"Granville F.C.\n\nGranville Football Club were a 19th-century football club based in Glasgow that were one of the original 16 teams to participate in the inaugural season of the Scottish Cup.",
"\n\nGranville suffered defeat in the first round of the 1873–74 season, losing 6–0 to eventual finalists Clydesdale. ",
"The team did not play in subsequent tournaments.",
"\n\nGranville dissolved in 1878.",
"\n\nGranville F.C. is also noted for fielding three players in the first ever official international football match in 1872, though all players officially played for Queen's Park. ",
"Captain Robert W. Gardner, William Ker, and either Joseph Taylor or James J. Thomson (depending on the source) played against England in a 0–0 draw at Hamilton Crescent.",
"\n\nExternal links\nScottish Football Club Directory\nRSSSF: Scottish Cup\nRSSSF: Scottish Internationals\nEngland Football Online\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Defunct football clubs in Scotland\nCategory:Football clubs in Glasgow\nCategory:Association football clubs established in 1872\nCategory:Association football clubs disestablished in 1878\nCategory:1872 establishments in Scotland\nCategory:1878 disestablishments in Scotland\nCategory:Scottish Football Association founder members"
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"Q:\n\nPremature end of file using JAXB and Unmarshaller. ",
"The xml fromt he response looks valid to me\n\nI don't know what to do anymore. ",
"Everything seems correct; input/output. ",
"\nI generate xml file and send to some service to validate.",
"\nThe response is: \n11:10:34,922 INFO [STDOUT] printing out the input stream\n<?",
"xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?><Response>\n <Method name=\"XML/Release/New\" time=\"2013-04-23T15:10:35.1446238Z\">\n <ResponseStatus>100</ResponseStatus>\n </Method>\n</Response>\nfinished printing out the input stream\n11:10:34,922 INFO [STDOUT] got the unmarshaller\n11:10:34,925 ERROR [PRNDataAccessUtil] Caught an error: javax.xml.bind.",
"UnmarshalException\n - with linked exception: [org.xml.sax.",
"SAXParseException: Premature end of file.] : ",
"null\n\nThe code:\ntry {\n out = connection.getOutputStream();\n ByteArrayOutputStream bos = PRNPostNewsReleaseUtil.createNewsReleaseXml(newsRelease);\n bos.writeTo(out);\n\n JAXBContext context = JAXBContext.newInstance(Response.class.getPackage().getName());\n in = connection.getInputStream();\n\n BufferedReader inp = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));\n System.out.println(\"printing out the input stream\");\n String line;\n while((line = inp.readLine()) !",
"= null) {\n System.out.println(line);\n }\n System.out.println(\"finished printing out the input stream\");\n\n Unmarshaller unmarshaller = context.createUnmarshaller();\n response = (Response) unmarshaller.unmarshal(in);\n\n } catch (Exception ex) {\n log.error(\"Caught an error: \" + ex + \" : \" + ex.getMessage());\n return null;\n } finally {\n if (null !",
"= in) connection.disconnect();\n }\n\nA:\n\nYou are getting the error because the InputStream has been advanced to the end during the output. ",
"Assuming the buffer in your BufferedReader is large enough to contain the whole XML document you can reset it after outputting and then unmarshal that. ",
" \n\nA:\n\nOne time happened to me that I was using the wrong class name to build the JAXBContext object, so when I tried to marshall an object, an empty XML file was created, thus making the unmarshaller fail.",
"\nSo make sure the JAXBContext object is instantiated with the class you're trying to marshall.",
"\n\n"
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[
"THIS NIGHT *WILL* BE DIFFERENT THAN ALL THE OTHER NIGHTS!Join over 500 gay Jews as we party the night away as if we just left Egypt!",
"\nFind a boy to bring home for seder and enjoy this night before you spend a week ordering your bacon cheeseburgers without the bun!"
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[
"FAQ\n\nAtari Flashback 9 Gold\n\n1) What should I do if the screen freezes?Power off the console and then restart.",
"\n\n2) What should I do if there no picture on my TV (all black/all blue/“no signal”)?Unplug the HDMI cable and plug it in again. ",
"Make sure all connections are securely made and your TV is set to the proper HDMI input. ",
"In rare instances, the TV may be incorrectly performing the HDMI handshake, a problem which may be cleared by turning off the TV, unplugging the TV power cable from the wall outlet, plugging it back in, and turning on the TV again.",
"\n\n3) Why doesn't the game screen picture go all the way to the left and right sides of my TV screen? ",
"Doesn't this mean the game isn't HD?The games in the Flashback were originally designed to be played on screens with a 4:3 aspect ratio. ",
"In order to preserve the proper, intended shapes of on screen objects, rather than having everything stretched to be “fat,” the Flashback positions the original 4:3 game picture in the center of the screen and fills in the remaining left and right spaces of the widescreen display with stand-in visuals. ",
"The 4:3 game picture is still HD, meaning it is a sharper picture, made up of more individual pixels, than the game’s presentation on its original game console.",
"\n\n4) What should I do if the game has no audio?Go back to the main menu and restart the game.",
"\n\n5) What should I do if my 2.4GHz wireless controllers are not working?Your Atari Wireless controller may need to be re-synced to the console. ",
"Hold the “Fire” and “Up” buttons simultaneously while inserting the batteries. ",
"Once the batteries have been inserted, the controller light should blink indicating that it’s trying to sync with the console. ",
"Power on the console and the controller will be synced.",
"\n\n6) How do I bring up the in-game pop-up menu with wired controllers?Press the SELECT button on the console and DOWN on the wired joystick simultaneously.",
"\n\n7) How do I navigate the main menu with wired controllers?Press the SELECT or START button on the console to go up or down the menu categories.",
"\n\n8) Rewind and save aren’t working for me in Frogger and Space Invaders. ",
"What’s wrong?These features are not available in Frogger or Space Invaders.",
"\n\n9) Why does my wireless controller have a delayed response?2.4GHz remote devices like the wireless controllers may occasionally be interfered with by other 2.4GHz radio sources, such as microwave ovens, cordless phones, Bluetooth-enabled devices, and Wi-Fi networks. ",
"Please check if there are other 2.4GHz sources around. ",
"The distance between the console and controller can also potentially cause a delay. ",
"Please make sure they’re within 5 meters (about 16 feet) of each other.",
"\n\n10) Any thoughts on why the response time of the game would be slow?That has to do with some TVs and image processing features they use to upgrade picture quality. ",
"You may need to enable your television’s “Game Mode” or equivalent to turn off such features, shortening image processing time and improving performance.",
"\n\n11) Some Atari games were designed to work with paddle controllers. ",
"Where and how do get I get them?All Atari Flashback games, even those originally designed for paddle controllers, are playable with joysticks. ",
"The reason why users opt to purchase paddle controllers is to have more precise control for games originally designed for that format, or, with two sets of paddle controllers, to play select games that support up to four players at once. ",
"You will soon be able to purchase additional paddles from the AtGames eCommerce Store or other eCommerce sites.",
"\n\n12) Can paddles from previous Atari Flashback versions or the original Atari work on the Atari Flashback 9?Atari Flashback 9 Boom and Atari Flashback 9 Gold are not compatible with original Atari paddle controllers or previous AtGames paddle controllers. ",
"The 2018 versions of the AtGames paddles only work with the Atari Flashback 9 Boom and Atari Flashback 9 Gold, and do not work on any other platforms or previous AtGames systems.",
"\n\nSega Genesis Flashback\n\n1) What should I do if the screen freezes?Power off the console and then restart.",
"\n\n2) What should I do if there no picture on my TV (all black/all blue/“no signal”)?Unplug the HDMI cable and plug it in again. ",
"Make sure all connections are securely made and your TV is set to the proper HDMI input. ",
"In rare instances, the TV may be incorrectly performing the HDMI handshake, a problem which may be cleared by turning off the TV, unplugging the TV power cable from the wall outlet, plugging it back in, and turning on the TV again.",
"\n\n3) Why doesn't the game screen picture go all the way to the left and right sides of my TV screen? ",
"Doesn't this mean the game isn't HD?The games in the Flashback were originally designed to be played on screens with a 4:3 aspect ratio. ",
"In order to preserve the proper, intended shapes of onscreen objects, rather than having everything stretched to be “fat,” the Flashback positions the original 4:3 game picture in the center of the screen and fills in the remaining left and right spaces of the widescreen display with stand-in visuals. ",
"The 4:3 game picture is still HD, meaning it is a sharper picture, made up of more individual pixels, than the game’s presentation on its original game console.",
"\n\n4) What should I do if the game has no audio?Go back to the main menu and restart the game.",
"\n\n5) How do I bring up the in-game pop-up menu with wired controllers?Press the MENU button on the console.",
"\n\n6) How do I save my game? ",
"Press MENU to call up the in-game pop-up menu and then press A to save.",
"\n\n7) Can I play games with a 3-button Sega controller?The original Sega 3-button controller is compatible with most games. ",
"Some fighting games require a 6-button controller. ",
"Please use the 6-button wireless/wired controllers to play these games.",
"\n\n8) Why does my wireless controller have a delayed response?2.4GHz remote devices like the wireless controllers may occasionally be interfered with by other 2.4GHz radio sources, such as microwave ovens, cordless phones, Bluetooth-enabled devices, and Wi-Fi networks. ",
"Please check if there are other 2.4GHz sources around. ",
"The distance between the console and controller can also potentially cause a delay. ",
"Please make sure they’re within 5 meters (about 16 feet) of each other.",
"\n\n9) Any thoughts on why the response time of the game would be slow?That has to do with some TVs and image processing features they use to upgrade picture quality. ",
"You may need to enable your television’s “Game Mode” or equivalent to turn off such features, shortening image processing time and improving performance.",
"\n\n10) Do my cartridges work on the Sega Genesis Flashback?The Sega Genesis Flashback has been tested to work with a wide range of cartridge games. ",
"However, due to the overall volume and type of available cartridges, cartridge age, and other conditions that may affect functionality, not every available game will be compatible.",
"\n\nLegends Flashback\n\n1) How do I use the save, load, and rewind features on the Legends Flashback console?",
"\n\nPress “Start” and “Left” while in a game to rewind games.",
"\n\nPress “Start” and “Up” while in a game to bring up the in-game menu. ",
"Here, players can insert additional credits, save their game, or access the scanline feature.",
"\n\nPress “Start” and “Down” as a shortcut to insert additional credits.",
"\n\nPress “Start” and “Right” simultaneously to bring up the key configuration menu to remap your controller.",
"\n\n2) What should I do if the screen freezes?Power off the console and then restart.",
"\n\n3) Why isn’t an HDMI cable included with my console?Because of the abundance of HDMI cables in most households, we have decided not to include an HDMI cable with this year’s console.",
"\n\n4) What should I do if there no picture on my TV (all black/all blue/“no signal”)?Unplug the HDMI cable and plug it in again. ",
"Make sure all connections are securely made and your TV is set to the proper HDMI input. ",
"In rare instances, the TV may be incorrectly performing the HDMI handshake, a problem which may be cleared by turning off the TV, unplugging the TV power cable from the wall outlet, plugging it back in, and turning on the TV again.",
"\n\n5) Why doesn't the game screen picture go all the way to the left and right sides of my TV screen? ",
"Doesn't this mean the game isn't HD?",
"\n\nThe games in the Flashback were originally designed to be played on screens with a 4:3 aspect ratio. ",
"In order to preserve the proper, intended shapes of onscreen objects, rather than having everything stretched to be “fat,” the Flashback positions the original 4:3 game picture in the center of the screen and fills in the remaining left and right spaces of the widescreen display with stand-in visuals. ",
"The 4:3 game picture is still HD, meaning it is a sharper picture, made up of more individual pixels, than the game’s presentation on its original game console.",
"\n\n6) What should I do if the game has no audio?Go back to the main menu and restart the game.",
"\n\n7) What is the purpose of the SD card slot?The SD card slot is used for firmware updates that will be released periodically as well for additional save file storage. ",
"For alternative uses, please refer to online forums and future news releases from AtGames.",
"\n\n8) What are possible causes for slower response times in a game?That has to do with some TVs and image processing features they use to upgrade picture quality. ",
"You may need to enable your television’s “Game Mode” or equivalent to turn off such features, shortening image processing time and improving performance.",
"\n\n9) What other controllers can be used with the two controller ports on the console?Users can use most original Sega or Atari controllers with our products.",
"\n\n10) What should I do if my wired controllers are not working?If you only have a controller plugged into the P2 socket, turn off your console and connect the controller to the P1 (left) controller port. ",
"Then, turn on the console and try again. ",
"Note: Please make sure the controllers are plugged into the console when the console is turned off. ",
"Otherwise, the controllers may not work as expected.",
"\n\n11) What is Overdrive Mode?Overdrive Mode helps to process games with multiple sprites on screen. ",
"Overdrive mode will reduce flickering caused by multiple sprites.",
"\n\nAtari Portable\n\n1) Why is my SD card not working on my Portable?The SD card you have could be SDHC or SDXC, which are incompatible with our Portables. ",
"Please use a standard SD card (8GB or smaller).",
"\n\n2) My Portable doesn't recognize the card! ",
"What can I do to fix it?Make sure it's formatted properly. ",
"Customers have found that the SD Association's Card Formatter utility produces better results than the built-in utilities in Windows or Mac OS.",
"\n\n3) My Portable screen is scratched, right out of the box!The Portables are shipped with a firmly affixed screen protector. ",
"Make sure to peel it off!",
"\n\n4) I want to play my Portable on my television. ",
"How do I do that?There is an AV-out mini-jack port on the top of the unit. ",
"You can use that and the appropriate wire to connect your Portable to the AV jacks on your television.",
"\n\n5) Which AV cable should I purchase to hook the Portable up to my TV?The AV cable should be 1 to 2. ",
"Two connectors (white, yellow, 3.5mm RCA jack) go to TV and one connector goes to the Portable. ",
"Please see the below image for reference.",
"\n\nUltimate Portable Game Player\n\n1) Why is my SD card not working on my Portable?The SD card you have could be SDHC or SDXC, which are incompatible with our Portables. ",
"Please use a standard SD card (8GB or smaller).",
"\n\n2) My Portable doesn't recognize the card! ",
"What can I do to fix it?Make sure it's formatted properly. ",
"Customers have found that the SD Association's Card Formatter utility produces better results than the built-in utilities in Windows or Mac OS.",
"\n\n3) My Portable screen is scratched, right out of the box!The Portables are shipped with a firmly affixed screen protector. ",
"Make sure to peel it off!",
"\n\n4) I want to play my Portable on my television. ",
"How do I do that?There is an AV-out mini-jack port on the top of the unit. ",
"You can use that and the appropriate wire to connect your Portable to the AV jacks on your television.",
"\n\n5) Which AV cable should I purchase to hook the Portable up to my TV?The AV cable should be 1 to 2. ",
"Two connectors (white, yellow, 3.5mm RCA jack) go to TV and one connector goes to the Portable. ",
"Please see the below image for reference."
] |
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[
"Q:\n\nJones vector and matrices\n\nWith Jones vectors and matrices one can describe the change in polarization of a EM wave. ",
"What is the convention of the reference coordinate system; Is it fixed or does it change whenever the direction of the wave changes?",
"\nIn other words: I have a +45° linear polarized wave traveling in $+z$ direction towards a metallic mirror where it becomes reflected back in $-z$ direction.",
"\nOne can now either choose a fixed coordinate system so that the polarization remains +45° also for the back-travelling wave (but with an additional phase of $\\pi$). ",
"Or one can choose a coordinate system \"attached\" to the wave so that here the reflected wave again travels in positive z direction but now with a -45° polarization (and an additional phase of $\\pi$) in this attached coordinate system.",
"\nWhat is the conventional choice?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThere is no conventional choice, the Jones vector formalism must be attached to\n\nA local coordinate system dependent on the $\\bf{k}$-vector and its direction. ",
" The Jones vector is always chosen so that the $\\bf{k}$-vector corresponds to the positive $z$-axis. ",
" This is the current way that optical professionals and particularly professionals in polarization optics define it (as far as I know), see below for further discussion.",
"\nA right-handed coordinate system.",
"\n\nYou do have a choice between the increasing and decreasing phase conventions, which will change signs all over the place, and can make calculations incorrect if you mix them up. ",
" Be very careful of the wikipedia article on Jones vectors and matrices, they do not use a consistent phase convention (even though they state that they do at the top).",
"\n\nDecreasing phase: $({\\bf{k}}\\cdot {\\bf{r}}-\\omega t)$\nIncreasing phase: $(\\omega t-{\\bf{k}}\\cdot {\\bf{r}})$\n\nSince the Jones vector is attached to a (possible changing) local coordinate frame, a good way to do a polarization ray trace is to use a global three dimensional coordinate system. ",
" This has been accomplished by Yun, Crabtree, McClain and Chipman in their papers \"Three-dimensional polarization ray-tracing calculus\": \"definition and diattenuation\" (Appl. ",
"Optics 50 no. ",
"18, pp. ",
"2855-2865 (2011), doi:10.1364/AO.50.002855), and \"retardance\" (Appl. ",
"Optics 50 no. ",
"18, pp. ",
"2866-2874 (2011), doi:10.1364/AO.50.002866).",
"\nTake note that because of the inherent rotation of the coordinate system through/from interfaces, the Jones matrices will appear to have retardances that are not physically created, but are just a geometrical artifact of the change of local coordinate system.",
"\n\nPoynting vector vs $\\bf{k}$-vector definitions\nAs user17581 pointed out, some people have defined the Poynting vector as the direction of the $+z$-axis. ",
" This makes sense because ${\\bf{S}}={\\bf{E}}\\times{\\bf{H}}$ so the electric field is always perpendicular to ${\\bf{S}}$ and ${\\bf{H}}$. The question is then, why isn't it defined that way?",
"\nI believe it is because in a material, like a crystal, there are two or three indices of refraction, in two or three particular directions. ",
" If a Jones matrix is described for a particular input angle via the Poynting vector in a crystal then a particular Jones matrix is obtained (i.e., it really doesn't describe the entire space of possible inputs to the crystal). ",
" This matrix, however, doesn't really make sense because the underlying material properties are anisotropic. ",
" If you, however, define the Jones matrices for each index of refraction (and the associated $\\bf{k}$-vectors), and model the propagation as two (or more) rays through the crystal, then recombine them at the end, then you basically have a \"basis\" of Jones matrices for the crystal, which you do not have to recompute each time.",
"\n\n"
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[
"package net.filebot.similarity;\n\nimport static java.util.regex.",
"Pattern.*;",
"\nimport static net.filebot.util.",
"RegularExpressions.*;",
"\n\nimport java.util.regex.",
"Matcher;\nimport java.util.regex.",
"Pattern;\n\npublic class Normalization {\n\n\tpublic static final Pattern APOSTROPHE = compile(\"['`´‘’ʻ]+\");\n\tpublic static final Pattern PUNCTUATION_OR_SPACE = compile(\"[\\\\p{Punct}\\\\p{Space}]+\", UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS);\n\tpublic static final Pattern WORD_SEPARATOR_PUNCTUATION = compile(\"[:?._]\");",
"\n\n\tpublic static final Pattern TRAILING_PARENTHESIS = compile(\"(?<!^)[(]([^)]*)[)]$\");\n\tpublic static final Pattern TRAILING_PUNCTUATION = compile(\"[!?.]+$\");\n\tpublic static final Pattern EMBEDDED_CHECKSUM = compile(\"[\\\\(\\\\[](\\\\p{XDigit}{8})[\\\\]\\\\)]\");\n\n\tprivate static final Pattern[] BRACKETS = new Pattern[] { compile(\"\\\\([^\\\\(]*\\\\)\"), compile(\"\\\\[[^\\\\[]*\\\\]\"), compile(\"\\\\{[^\\\\{]*\\\\}\") };\n\n\t// ' and \" all characters that are more or less equivalent\n\tprivate static final char[][] QUOTES = { { '\\'', '\\u0060', '\\u00b4', '\\u2018', '\\u2019', '\\u02bb' }, { '\\\"', '\\u201c', '\\u201d' } };\n\n\tpublic static String normalizeQuotationMarks(String name) {\n\t\tfor (char[] cs : QUOTES) {\n\t\t\tfor (char c : cs) {\n\t\t\t\tname = name.replace(c, cs[0]);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn name;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static String trimTrailingPunctuation(CharSequence name) {\n\t\treturn normalize(name, TRAILING_PUNCTUATION, \"\");\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static String normalizePunctuation(String name) {\n\t\treturn normalizePunctuation(name, \"\", \" \");\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static String normalizePunctuation(String name, String apostrophe, String space) {\n\t\t// remove/normalize special characters\n\t\tPattern[] pattern = { APOSTROPHE, PUNCTUATION_OR_SPACE };\n\t\tString[] replacement = { apostrophe, space };\n\n\t\treturn normalize(name, pattern, replacement);\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static String normalizeBrackets(String name) {\n\t\t// remove group names and checksums, any [...] or (...)\n\t\treturn normalize(name, BRACKETS, \" \");\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static String normalizeSpace(String name, String space) {\n\t\tPattern[] patterns = { WORD_SEPARATOR_PUNCTUATION, SPACE };\n\t\tString[] replacements = { \" \", space };\n\n\t\treturn normalize(name, patterns, replacements);\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static String replaceSpace(CharSequence name, String replacement) {\n\t\treturn normalize(name, SPACE, replacement);\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static String replaceColon(String name, String ratio, String colon) {\n\t\tPattern[] pattern = { RATIO, COLON };\n\t\tString[] replacement = { ratio, colon };\n\n\t\treturn normalize(name, pattern, replacement);\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static String getEmbeddedChecksum(CharSequence name) {\n\t\tMatcher m = EMBEDDED_CHECKSUM.matcher(name);\n\t\tif (m.find()) {\n\t\t\treturn m.group(1);\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn null;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static String removeEmbeddedChecksum(CharSequence name) {\n\t\t// match embedded checksum and surrounding brackets\n\t\treturn normalize(name, EMBEDDED_CHECKSUM, \"\");\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static String removeTrailingBrackets(CharSequence name) {\n\t\t// remove trailing braces, e.g. Doctor Who (2005) -> Doctor Who\n\t\treturn normalize(name, TRAILING_PARENTHESIS, \"\");\n\t}\n\n\tprivate static String normalize(CharSequence name, Pattern pattern, String replacement) {\n\t\treturn pattern.matcher(name).replaceAll(Matcher.quoteReplacement(replacement)).trim();\n\t}\n\n\tprivate static String normalize(String name, Pattern[] pattern, String replacement) {\n\t\tfor (int i = 0; i < pattern.length; i++) {\n\t\t\tname = normalize(name, pattern[i], replacement);\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn name;\n\t}\n\n\tprivate static String normalize(String name, Pattern[] pattern, String[] replacement) {\n\t\tfor (int i = 0; i < pattern.length; i++) {\n\t\t\tname = normalize(name, pattern[i], replacement[i]);\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn name;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static String truncateText(String title, int limit) {\n\t\tif (title == null || title.length() < limit) {\n\t\t\treturn title;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tString[] words = SPACE.split(title);\n\t\tStringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();\n\n\t\tfor (int i = 0; i < words.length && s.length() + words[i].length() < limit; i++) {\n\t\t\tif (i > 0) {\n\t\t\t\ts.append(' ');\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\ts.append(words[i]);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn s.toString().trim();\n\t}\n\n}\n"
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[
"Potter sequence\n\nPotter sequence is the atypical physical appearance of a baby due to oligohydramnios experienced when in the uterus. ",
"It includes clubbed feet, pulmonary hypoplasia and cranial anomalies related to the oligohydramnios. ",
"Oligohydramnios is the decrease in amniotic fluid volume sufficient to cause deformations in morphogenesis of the baby.",
"\n\nOligohydramnios is the cause of Potter sequence but there are many things that can lead to oligohydramnios. ",
"It can be caused by renal diseases such as bilateral renal agenesis (BRA), atresia of the ureter or urethra causing obstruction of the urinary tract, polycystic or multicystic kidney diseases, renal hypoplasia, amniotic rupture, toxemia, or uteroplacental insufficiency from maternal hypertension.",
"\n\nThe term Potter sequence was initially intended to only refer to cases caused by BRA; however, it is now commonly used by many clinicians and researchers to refer to any case that presents with oligohydramnios or anhydramnios regardless of the source of the loss of amniotic fluid.",
"\n\nTypes\nSince its initial characterization, Potter sequence has been defined into five distinct subclassifications. ",
"There are those in the medical and research fields that use the term Potter sequence to specifically refer to only cases of BRA, while other groups use the term to loosely refer to all instances of oligohydramnios and anhydramnios regardless of the specific cause. ",
"The assignment of nomenclature to the various causes (types) was employed in order to help clarify these discrepancies, but these subclassifications and nomenclature system have not caught on in the medical and research communities.",
"\n\nSigns and symptoms\nThe failure of the metanephros to develop in cases of BRA and some cases involving unilateral renal agenesis (URA) is due primarily to the failure of the mesonephric duct to produce a ureteric bud capable of inducing the metanephric mesenchyme. ",
"The failed induction will thereby cause the subsequent degeneration of the metanephros by apoptosis and other mechanisms. ",
"The mesonephric duct(s) of the agenic kidney(s) will also degenerate and fail to connect with the bladder. ",
"Therefore, the means by which the fetus produces urine and transports it to the bladder for excretion into the amniotic sac has been severely compromised (in the cases of URA), or completely eliminated (in the cases of BRA). ",
"The decreased volume of amniotic fluid causes the growing fetus to become compressed by the mother's uterus. ",
"This compression can cause many physical deformities of the fetus, most common of which is Potter facies. ",
" Lower extremity anomalies are frequent in these cases, which often presents with clubbed feet and/or bowing of the legs. ",
" Sirenomelia, or \"Mermaid syndrome\" (which occurs approximately in 1:45,000 births) can also present. ",
"In fact, nearly all reported cases of sirenomelia also present with BRA.",
"\n\nOther anomalies of the classic Potter sequence infant include a parrot beak nose, redundant skin, and the most common characteristic of infants with BRA which is a skin fold of tissue extending from the medial canthus across the cheek. ",
"The ears are slightly low and pressed against the head making them appear large. ",
"The adrenal glands often appear as small oval discs pressed against the posterior abdomen due to the absence of upward renal pressure. ",
"The bladder is often small, nondistensible and may be filled with a minute amount of fluid. ",
"In males the vas deferens and seminal vesicles may be absent, while in females the uterus and upper vagina may be absent. ",
"Other abnormalities include anal atresia, absence of the rectum and sigmoid colon, esophageal and duodenal atresia, and a single umbilical artery. ",
"Presence of a diaphragmatic hernia is also common in these fetuses/infants. ",
"Additionally, the alveolar sacs of the lungs fail to properly develop as a result of the reduced volume of amniotic fluid. ",
"Labor is often induced between 22 and 36 weeks of gestation (however, some of these pregnancies may go to term) and unaborted infants typically survive for only a few minutes to a few hours. ",
"These infants will eventually die as either a result of pulmonary hypoplasia or renal failure.",
"\n\nCauses\n\nThe Potter sequence is due to restricted ability for certain organs to grow due to severe oligohydramnios.",
"\n\nIn one study, the causes leading to Potter sequence were bilateral renal agenesis in 21.25% of cases; cystic dysplasia in 47.5%; obstructive uropathy in 25%; and others in 5.25%.",
"\n\nBilateral renal agenesis\n\nBilateral renal agenesis has been estimated to occur at a frequency of approximately 1:4000 to 1:8000 fetuses and neonates. ",
"However, recent analysis has estimated that the condition may occur at a much greater frequency. ",
"The condition has been reported to occur twice as commonly in males as in females, suggesting that certain genes of the Y chromosome may act as modifiers. ",
"However, no candidate genes on the Y chromosome have yet been identified.",
"\n\nBRA appears to have a predominantly genetic etiology and many cases represent the most severe manifestation of an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. ",
"There are several genetic pathways that could result in this condition. ",
"In 2017 researchers identified heritable autosomal dominant mutations in the gene GREB1L in two unrelated families as being the cause of both BRA and URA utilizing Exome Sequencing and direct sequence analysis. ",
"This is the first reported genetic lesion implicated in the activation of Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) Targets that has been associated with renal agenesis in humans. ",
"The majority of other possible candidate genetic pathways are autosomal recessive in nature and do not coincide with the frequency or penetrance at which BRA typically occurs in the human population. ",
"Additionally, candidate genetic pathways would be expected to involve genes expressed in the developing urogenital system (UGS). ",
"Often, these same genes and/or pathways of interacting genes are also expressed in the developing UGS as well as the central nervous system (CNS), gut, lung, limbs, and eyes.",
"\n\nPathogenesis\nDevelopment of the mature kidney begins between weeks 5 and 7 of gestation. ",
"Fetal urine production begins in early gestation and comprises the majority of the amniotic fluid in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. ",
"The fetus continuously swallows amniotic fluid, which is reabsorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and then reintroduced into the amniotic cavity by the kidneys via urination. ",
"Oligohydramnios occurs if the volume of amniotic fluid is less than normal for the corresponding period of gestation. ",
"The fetal urine is critical to the proper development of the lungs by aiding in the expansion of the airways - alveoli, by means of hydrodynamic pressure and by also supplying proline which is a critical amino acid for lung development. ",
"Alveoli are the small sacs in the lungs that exchange oxygen with the blood. ",
"If the alveoli, and thereby the lungs, are underdeveloped at the time of birth the infant will not be able to breathe air properly and will go into respiratory distress shortly after birth due to pulmonary hypoplasia (underdeveloped lungs). ",
"This is the primary cause of death to Potter sequence infants secondary to renal failure. ",
"The fetal urine also serves to cushion the fetus from being compressed by the mother's uterus as it grows.",
"\n\nPrognosis\nThe outcome of Potter's Sequence is poor. ",
"A series of 23 patients in 2007 recorded 7 deaths, 4 in the neonatal period. ",
"All 16 survivors have chronic kidney disease, with half developing end stage renal failure (median age 0.3 years, range 2 days to 8.3 years). ",
"Survivors had growth impairment (44%) and cognitive and motor development delay (25%)\n\nThe first child to survive Bilateral Renal Agenesis (BRA), Abigail Rose Herrera Beutler, was born on July 2013 to US Congresswoman Jaime Herrera Beutler.",
"\nA few weeks before she was born, Dr. Jessica Bienstock, a professor of maternal-fetal medicine at Johns Hopkins Hospital, administered a series of saline solution injections into the mother's womb to help the baby's lungs to develop. ",
" After Abigail was born, the procedure was considered a success. ",
"The infant did not need artificial respiration and could breathe on her own. ",
"Her parents kept her on kidney dialysis at home until old enough for a kidney transplant. ",
"On February 8, 2016, at the age of two, Abigail received a kidney from her father at the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford in California.",
"\n\nHistory\nBilateral renal agenesis (BRA) was first recognized as a defect of human fetal development in 1671 by Wolfstrigel.",
"\n\nIn 1946, Edith Potter (1901–1993) described a series of 20 cases with absent kidneys, noting the characteristic appearance of the head and lungs. ",
"Up until this time, the condition itself was considered to be extremely rare. ",
"However, in part to Potter's work, it has come to light that the condition presents far more frequently than previously reported. ",
"Potter analyzed approximately 5000 autopsy cases performed on fetuses and newborn infants over a period of ten years and found that 20 of these infants presented with BRA, all of which had distinctive facial characteristics which did not appear to them to have any specific embryologic correlation with the renal anomaly. ",
"It was only much later when she and others attributed the multiple congenital deformities, including the features of Potter's facies and also pulmonary hypoplasia, to have been caused by the prolonged severe lack of amniotic fluid. ",
"These facial characteristics have subsequently been termed as being known as Potter facies. ",
"From her analysis, she was able to deduce the sequence of events that leads to what is now known as Potter sequence.",
"\n\nPotter went on to become a pioneer in the field of human renal development and her contributions are still employed and appreciated by clinicians and researchers to this day.",
"\n\nTerminology\nPotter syndrome is not technically a syndrome as it does not collectively present with the same telltale characteristics and symptoms in each and every case. ",
"It is more accurately described as a \"sequence\" or chain of events that may have different beginnings (absent kidneys, cystic kidneys, obstructed ureters or other causes), but which all end with the same conclusion (absent or reduced volume of amniotic fluid). ",
"This is why Potter syndrome is often called Potter sequence or oligohydramnios sequence by some clinicians and researchers. ",
"The term Potter syndrome is most frequently associated with the condition of oligohydramnios sequence regardless of the root cause of the absence or reduced volume of amniotic fluid. ",
"However, as noted in this article, the term Potter syndrome was initially coined in order to refer to fetuses and infants with BRA. ",
"It was not until later that the term became more encompassing as it was noted that other causes of failed fetal urine production also resulted in similar physical characteristics and prognoses of the fetuses and infants with BRA (that which Potter originally described in 1946). ",
"Since then, the term Potter syndrome has become a misnomer and experts have attempted not to eliminate the terminology, but to modify it in a way so as to be able to determine the different root causes by creating a nomenclature system. ",
"However, this classification system has not caught on in the clinical and research fields.",
"\n\nSee also\nKidney development\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\nCategory:Nephrology\nCategory:Congenital disorders of urinary system\nCategory:Syndromes\n\nde:Oligohydramnion#Oligohydramnion-Sequenz"
] |
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[
"Register or Login\n\nXbox Addict\n\nSTAFF REVIEW of Furi (Xbox One)\n\nYou awaken to find yourself locked in a prison and doomed to be tortured for all eternity. ",
"You struggle to break free only to realize that in order to gain your freedom you must press onward until you finally escape. ",
"This is the vague opening to Furi, an title developed by The Game Bakers. ",
"Priced at $19.99(USD), this indie game seems like a mix of Tron, Afro Samurai, and El Shaddai all rolled up into one intense and explosive boss fight after another. ",
"So can this indie title slash a hole in your wallet, or are there better places where you can spend your $20?",
"\n\nYou should know that Furi is setup like a multi-staged boss fight. ",
"Similar to the very core that we've seen even from old movies such as The Game of Death, Furi begins with you imprisoned for some unknown reason and all you observe is your jailer reveling in their joy of torturing you repeatedly. ",
"You feel that all hope is lost when all of s sudden, out of nowhere comes a character dressed like they are straight out of an Alice in Wonderland movie on bad acid trip. ",
"Somehow he seems to free you, effortlessly, and also arms you with a sword that, when wielded in your hands, becomes a charged blade of pure energy. ",
"As you stagger slowly to your feet your told that you have to go and kill your Jailer, and that's when the game unfolds before you.",
"\n\nYou learn that the prison you currently inhabit is but one of 12 prisons that have been put in place to prevent your escape. ",
"With that in mind, I should warn you that you should be prepare yourself to die, a lot. ",
"Furi is nothing more than a simplistic hack and slash game that has been stripped to its core to provide an incredibly frustrating experience, yet it is an incredibly rewarding one all at the same time. ",
"Each boss battle is setup in an identical manner. ",
"While the attacks vary in style, force, and other areas, the similarities equate to a simple test of your ability to press the right buttons at the right time. ",
"Oh, but it's not so simple. ",
"As you progress you'll rapidly become in love with your dodge ability, and if you want to have any chance at success you will have to learn how to parry, almost constantly.",
"\n\nThanks to a very simplistic control scheme, Furi becomes more of a reflex exercise. ",
"You'll start out by walking incredibly slow between each encounter and during this time if you press the A button you will auto walk. ",
"This can cut down on the tediousness of each stroll as you can literally just set the controller down for your brief moment of Zen, but there are some instances where walking on your own can be a benefit. ",
"Granted it will take what seems like eternity to move at a snail's pace, but there are achievements that can be earned and an essentially meaningless dialogue to be heard, but once you've walked your way to the arena, it's time to fight.",
"\n\nEach boss fight begins with your character, and the opposing boss, having a health bar, and below this health bar you'll see small squares which I simply regard as lives. ",
"The rules are simple; attack the boss until their health bar is depleted and they will lose one of their 'life' squares. ",
"Once all the lives are gone the battle is over. ",
"Things seem simple on the outside, however, when you dive deeper into the game you'll see an exponential learning curve that will constantly alter and adapt to your current boss fight. ",
"What I mean by this is that your opponent at the time will change up attacks and expand their arsenal, so you must also adapt on the fly. ",
"For example, should you lose a life, you will start with full health on the boss stage you were just in, so if you die on the boss' 3rd life stage, then that's where you start again with both of you having full health. ",
"Given how many times your character will die; you'll be thankful for this.",
"\n\nDespite all the simplicity of the game, Furi looks beautiful. ",
"As I mentioned earlier, Furi looks like a hybrid of Tron, Afro Samurai, and El Shaddai all wrapped into one beautiful package. ",
"Each level is very well is done in its own unique beautiful way including those times when you find yourself making meaningful progress between fights. ",
"During these moments you'll also be treated to an electronic, energetic score that helps keep the energy up, where it needs to be, but yet it is not so overpowering or in your face. ",
"Granted the voice acting is far from entertaining, but the overall feel of both graphics and sound are true experiences in their own right.",
"\n\nSo after all this, is Furi worth the $19.99 price tag? ",
"Sadly, I'm going to say no. ",
"When you break it down you're paying $19.99 to go on 12 boss fights and that's it. ",
"Nothing more, nothing less. ",
"12 fights for 20 bucks. ",
"When you couple that with a tremendously lackluster story, some of the slowest walking in gaming history, and the sheer shallowness of Furi itself, I'd say a better price would be $14.99 tops, or a must buy at $9.99. ",
"If you're looking for a game that will give you ample frustration mixed with tremendous excitement, then Furi could be on your list. ",
"Don't get me wrong, Furi is a beautiful game to behold that can be a frustrating one to play, and it is a satisfying one to master, but the price of admission seems a bit too high for what you get as a whole package."
] |
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[
"Q:\n\nImage upload form in PHP does nothing, no error\n\nI have the following PHP code that I am using to upload an image to MySQL. ",
"When I click submit nothing happens. ",
"\ninclude (\"connect.php\");\nsession_start();\n$login = $_SESSION['wname'];\n\nif((@$_POST['submit'])&&(isset($_FILES[\"myfile\"]))){\n // properties of the uploaded file\n $name = $_FILES[\"myfile\"][\"name\"];\n $type = $_FILES[\"myfile\"][\"type\"];\n $size = $_FILES[\"myfile\"][\"size\"];\n $temp = $_FILES[\"myfile\"][\"tmp_name\"];\n $error = $_FILES[\"myfile\"][\"error\"];\n\n if($name){\n die(\"Error uploading file! ",
"Code $error.\");",
"\n } else {\n $place = \"avatars/$name\";\n move_uploaded_file($tmp_name,$place);\n $query = mysql_query(\"UPDATE page SET pid_image_name = '$place' WHERE wname = '$login' \");\n die(\"upload complete <a href='index.php'>View image</a>\");\n echo \"Upload complete!\";",
"\n }\n} else {\n die(\"select a file\"); \n}\n\nHere's my form:\n<form action='up.php' method='POST' enctype='multipart/form'> \n<input type='file' name='myfile'>\n<p> <input type='submit' name='submit' value=\"upload\">\n\nWhat am I doing wrong?",
"\n\nA:\n\nAnother important parameter to check out in php.ini is post_max_size. ",
"If you set upload_max_filesize > post_max_size the result is that no data is written to $_POST nor $_FILES for files which sizes exceed post_max_size but are below upload_max_filesize\n\n"
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[
"For the past several years, motivation for developing flexible optoelectronic technologies has proceeded toward the achievement of fabricating low-cost plastic substrates, due to solution processing, low-cost materials, and lightweight devices[@b1][@b2]. ",
"Presently, the most commonly used transparent electrodes in optoelectronics devices have been indium tin oxides (ITO). ",
"However, several drawbacks exist with regard to their usage, i.e., high production costs due to vacuum deposition requirements, rapidly depleting indium sources, and poor mechanical properties resulting in crack formation under low bending stress values[@b3]. ",
"Accordingly, the realization of mechanically stable large-area optoelectronics devices on flexible substrates would require the development of alternative transparent conducting electrode (TCE) materials to replace ITO. ",
"Thereby, finding suitable ITO replacements remains a challenge.",
"\n\nExtensive effort has been devoted to the replacement of ITO with alternative solution-processed materials for flexible TCEs such as graphene[@b4][@b5], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)[@b6][@b7], carbon nanotubes[@b8][@b9], and metal oxides[@b10][@b11]. ",
"Despite their potential as an ITO replacement, these materials suffer from classic trade-offs between optical transmittance and electrical conductivity. ",
"Thicker layers afford high conductivity, but this increase comes at the expense of optical transmittance and vice versa, thus frequently affecting the performance of optoelectronic devices[@b12]. ",
"It is possible to improve the conductivity of TCEs through the use of metallic materials such as metal nanowires (NWs) and metal nano-mesh/micro-mesh materials[@b13][@b14]. ",
"Recently, metal NWs, such as silver NWs, copper NWs, and gold NWs, have shown promise as alternative TCEs due to their high conductivities, transparency, and excellent flexibility[@b15][@b16][@b17]. ",
"However, metal NW-based TCEs typically possess high surface roughness due to interconnections between their junctions; the materials are also easily oxidized in air, often degrading the performance of optoelectronic devices[@b18][@b19]. ",
"Metal micro- and nano-mesh electrodes have attracted considerable attention recently because the thickness, spacing, and line-widths of metal patterns can be easily modified to obtain desirable optical and electrical properties with the benefit of air-processable conditions. ",
"These metal meshes have been fabricated by various methods such as pattern-masked evaporation[@b20][@b21], nanoimprint lithography[@b17][@b22][@b23], inkjet[@b24], flexographic[@b25], transfer[@b26][@b27] and gravure-offset printing[@b12][@b28]. ",
"However, these electrodes also suffer from high surface roughness, resulting in the possibility of electrical short-circuits between the TCEs and the top electrode. ",
"To prevent this, metallic TCEs should be embedded within the polymer substrate[@b29]. ",
"These techniques have shown TCEs to be promising for large-area flexible substrates with the advantages of thicker metal grids that can provide additional conductive current paths[@b30]. ",
"Previously, we have demonstrated flexible TCEs comprised of Ag grids with a combination of vacuum-sputtered amorphous-ITO in organic solar cells (OSCs) and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) applications[@b12]. ",
"Although promising results for the optical, electrical, and mechanical properties have been demonstrated, the device performance of OSCs and OLEDs is still relatively low compared to ITO/glass-based devices, and still requires vacuum-deposited ITO electrodes.",
"\n\nHerein, we report fully printed TCEs under air atmosphere conditions with high conductivities (sheet resistance \\~4 Ω □^−1^), high transparency (optical transmittance \\~90% at a wavelength of 550 nm), low roughness (root-mean-square roughness \\~1 nm), and high flexibility (bending radius \\~1 mm) through the simultaneous use of a combination of embedded metal grids and conducting polymers within a polymer substrate. ",
"Henceforth, these materials are denoted as metal grid-embedded TCEs (ME-TCEs). ",
"ME-TCEs were used to fabricate flexible OSCs and OLEDs that exhibited performance values that were close to and superior to those of devices fabricated on ITO/glass substrates, respectively. ",
"The flexibility of flexible ME-TCEs and organic devices did not reveal degradation in their performance even after demonstrating a bending radius of \\~1 mm. ",
"Our findings suggest that ME-TCEs are promising alternatives to ITO with potential applications in large area optoelectronic devices.",
"\n\nExperimental Procedures\n=======================\n\nFabrication of the bendable substrates\n--------------------------------------\n\nFirst, glass substrates (Corning, Co. Korea) were each successively ultrasonicated in acetone, ethanol, and boiled isopropyl alcohol (IPA) for 5 mins. ",
"Subsequently, the substrates were dried at 120 °C for 30 mins in a laboratory oven. ",
"Surface treatment was performed with a commercially available plasma treatment system (GENIA Tech) with a radio frequency (RF) power density of 1.6 mW/cm^2^ at a pressure of 0.2 Torr for 15 s with a controlled N~2~ gas flow of 80 sccm, generating a hydrophilic surface, as shown in [Fig. ",
"1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"A PEDOT: PSS (Clevious P PH 1000) layer was spin coated at 2000 rpm for 40 s onto the plasma-treated glass substrates (150 mm × 150 mm) followed by annealing at 150 °C for 5 min; the surfaces were additionally treated with ethylene glycol (Aldrich, 99.8%) to improve their conductivity and were annealed at 150 °C for 5 mins in ambient air, yielding thicknesses of \\~90 nm. ",
"Ag grids with an approximate thickness of \\~1.3 μm and width of \\~32 μm were measured via surface profilometry (KLA Tencor, P-10) and were printed with a Ag ink paste (70.82% Ag content, Advanced Nano Product Co.) via a gravure off-set method (DCN Co, Ltd., Roll printer) onto the PEDOT:PSS layer; this was followed by thermal curing at 200 °C for 1 hr in a laboratory oven. ",
"Meanwhile, the sheet resistance of PEDOT:PSS only slightly increases upon annealing at 200 °C in an oven as shown in [Figure S1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ",
"The UV-curable polymer NOA 63 (Norland Products Inc.) was spin coated onto the PEDOT:PSS/Ag grid composite layer at 1000 rpm for 40 s and was cured under UV light (365 nm, 20 mWcm^−2^, NEXTRON, LIT-2000) for 20 mins, yielding a layer thickness of \\~50 μm. ",
"Finally, the PEDOT:PSS/Ag grid embedded-transparent conducting electrodes (*i.e*., ",
"ME-TCEs) were detached from the glass substrates and cut into various sample sizes using a cutter or another sharp utensil (A video of the fabrication process is available as Supporting Video).",
"\n\nFabrication of the bendable inverted OSCs\n-----------------------------------------\n\nPrior to spin coating the ZnO layer, the ME-TCE films were subjected to a N~2~ plasma treatment at 10 W and 0.2 Torr for 30 s. The ZnO precursor was first prepared by dissolving zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH~3~COO)~2~·2H~2~O, Aldrich, 99.9%, 1.64 g) and ethanolamine (NH~2~CH~2~CH~2~OH, Aldrich, 99.5%, 0.5 g) in 2-methoxyethanol (CH~3~OCH~2~CH~2~OH, Aldrich, 99.8%, 10 g)[@b31][@b32] under vigorous stirring for 30 mins without heat in a hydrolysis reaction. ",
"The ZnO precursor was then filtered with a 0.25 μm polypropylene (PP) filter and spin-coated onto the substrates at 5000 rpm for 40 s, followed by annealing at 150 °C for 20 min. ",
"A mixed solution of PTB7 and PC~71~BM (1:1.5) in chlorobenzene/1,8-diiodoctane (DIO) (97:3 by volume) was stirred at 60 °C overnight and filtered through a 0.20 μm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter. ",
"The ZnO coated substrates were then transferred to a nitrogen glove box and the active layer solution was spin-coated at 1000 rpm for 40 s to yield a layer thickness of approximately 90 nm. ",
"Subsequently, PEDOT:PSS (Clevios P VP AI 4083) in isopropyl alcohol at a ratio of 1:15 was spin-coated onto the active layer to obtain a film with a thickness of approximately 10 nm. ",
"The devices were subsequently transferred to a vacuum chamber without further annealing. ",
"Finally, an Ag top electrode was deposited through a shadow mask depending on the device active area (rate of 0.2 nm s^−1^) via thermal evaporation in a vacuum pressure of 10^−6 ^Torr.",
"\n\nFabrication of bendable OLEDs\n-----------------------------\n\nThe phosphorescent emission layer (EML) consisted of a blend of poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (PVK), N,N′-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-\\[1,1′-biphenyl\\]-4,4′-diamine) (TPD), 2-(tert-butylphenyl)-5-biphenylyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole) (PBD), and 2-(4-biphenyllyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyllyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol (Ir(mppy)~3~) in chlorobenzene with a blend ratio of 0.61, 0.09, 0.24, and 0.06 mg/ml, respectively. ",
"PVK (Mw = 1,100,000) was purchased from Aldrich, whereas, TPD, PBD, and Ir(mppy)~3~ were purchased from Electronic Materials Index. ",
"To fabricate the flexible OLEDs, PEDOT:PSS (Clevios PVP A 4083) was filtered and spin-coated onto ME-TCEs substrate to yield a 30 nm layer and were annealed at 150 °C for 5 mins in air. ",
"A 44 nm thick EML was achieved by spin coating the solution blend of PVK:TPD:PBD:Ir(mppy)~3~ in chlorobenzene onto the PEDOT:PSS layer and annealing at 80 °C for 20 mins under an atmosphere of N~2~. The electron-transport layers (ETL), 2,2′,2′-(1,3,4-phenylene)-tris\\[1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole\\] (TPBI, 40 nm) (Nichem Fine Technology Co., Ltd.) were deposited on top of the EML via thermal evaporation. ",
"Subsequently, lithium fluoride (LiF, 1 nm) and aluminum (Al, 100 nm) were deposited via thermal evaporation at a base pressure of 10^−6 ^Torr. ",
"The emission area of the devices was 0.11 cm^2^.\n\nCharacterization\n----------------\n\nThe surface morphology and cross-sections of the ME-TCEs were recorded via field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Helios 650) equipped with a focused ion beam. ",
"The surface topography of the substrates was characterized via atomic force microscopy (AFM, Park systems, NX-10 microscope) in semi-contact mode. ",
"In order to accurately measure the sheet resistance of the ME-TCE substrates, a non-contact resistance measurement instrument (Napson, EC-80 P) was employed. ",
"The photovoltaic characteristics of the OSC devices were measured in ambient air under AM 1.5G illumination at 100 mWcm^−2^ and the current density--voltage (*J--V*) curves were measured with a Keithley 2400 SMU. ",
"The external quantum efficiency was measured using an EQE system (Oriel IQE-200), which was calibrated with a silicon photodetector. ",
"Film thicknesses were measured with an Alpha-Step, and the current density-voltage-luminance characteristics of the devices were measured with a Keithley 236, meanwhile the electroluminescence (EL) spectra and international commission on illumination (CIE) coordinates were obtained using a spectrophotometer (Photo-research, CS-2000).",
"\n\nResults and Discussion\n======================\n\n[Figure 1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} schematically demonstrates the main step-by-step process with regard to fabricating solution-processed, highly transparent, highly conductive, and extremely smooth ME-TCEs under an air atmosphere. ",
"Details with regard to the fabrication conditions are explained in the experimental section. ",
"A key concept of the fabrication process is a fully embedded architecture consisting of both the metal-grid and conducting polymer within the flexible substrate, leading to extremely smooth surface morphology. [",
"Figure 1(a,b)](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} depicts the N~2~ plasma treatment that was employed to improve the wetting properties of the glass substrate, where the contact angle of PEDOT:PSS solution on top of glass surface was significantly suppressed from 66.5 to 28.0°, rendering it hydrophilic. ",
"These steps are important for the ease of ME-TCEs film detachment from the glass substrate. ",
"The Ag grids were printed onto the PEDOT:PSS-coated glass with different spacing sizes (4, 2 and 1 mm) or denoted as grid pitch (GP); the detailed process can be refer to Experimental Procedures. ",
"Subsequently, UV-curable NOA 63 polymer was spin-coated onto the Ag-grid/PEDOT:PSS/glass substrate, resulting in a layer thickness of 50 μm, as shown in [Fig. ",
"1(c)](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"Finally, the film was cut to the desired size and detached from the glass substrate resulting in PEDOT:PSS/Ag grids embedded within flexible substrates, i.e., ME-TCEs. ",
"Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the ME-TCE substrates were obtained by using a focused ion beam as shown in [Fig. ",
"1(d)](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"It was clearly observed that both the printed Ag grids and PEDOT:PSS were fully embedded within the polymer substrate.",
"\n\n[Figure 2(a,b)](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} show the surface of the ME-TCE films after embedding, which showed root-mean-square (rms) surface roughness \\<1.0 nm and maximum peak-to-valley height \\<7 nm, dramatic reductions compared to the surface before embedment (rms roughness \\<10 nm and peak-to-valley height \\<50 nm). ",
"These findings show that the fully solution-processed ME-TCE films exhibited extremely smooth surfaces. ",
"Additionally, the photograph exhibits high transparency with a symbol mark in the background that could be clearly seen through the ME-TCE substrate as seen in [Fig. ",
"2(c)](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}; the film also exhibited excellent mechanical flexibility, demonstrating functional blue-light emission of the LED even after ME-TCE, with the ability to be folded into an origami bird shape ([Fig. ",
"2(d)](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"As a result, the fabricated ME-TCEs demonstrate great potential for applications in various flexible optoelectronic devices. [",
"Figure 2(e)](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} depicts the transmittance spectra of the ME-TCE films with various GP sizes. ",
"For comparison, ITO exhibited a transmittance value of \\~94% at a wavelength of 550 nm (excluding the substrate), whereas pristine PEDOT:PSS (without a Ag grid) exhibited a transmittance value of \\~96%. ",
"By inserting Ag grids with different GP sizes, the transmittance values decreased slightly from \\~95% (ME-TCEs-GP 4 mm) to \\~90% (ME-TCEs-GP 1 mm). ",
"Accordingly, the pristine PEDOT:PSS films exhibited sheet resistance (*R*~*sheet*~) values of \\~250 Ω □^−1^ and decreased significantly to \\~4 Ω □^−1^ after inserting the Ag grids (ME-TCEs-GP 1 mm) as shown in [Fig. ",
"2](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}(f).",
"\n\nThe mechanical bending properties of the ME-TCE films with different bending radii and bending cycles are shown in [Fig. ",
"3(a)](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, which are based on the average values of four different batches of samples. ",
"The percentage changes in resistance of the flexible electrodes can be denoted as the ratio between the change in resistance after bending and the initial resistance. ",
"Interestingly, the ME-TCEs-GP 1 mm exhibited superior mechanical flexibility and excellent fatigue strength with a change in resistance of less than 0.2% amid being bent 10,000 times at a bending radius of 1 mm. ",
"In comparison to the ITO/PET films, the resistance change by more than 10-fold and it is most likely that the ITO layer was cracked due to its poor mechanical properties. ",
"Additionally, reliability of the ME-TCEs was determined by monitoring the changes of *R*~*sheet*~ during long-term storage in ambient air at 25 °C (RH \\~30%) up to 30 days as shown in [Fig. ",
"3(b)](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"The ME-TCE films were considerably stable in air without significant changes to *R*~*sheet*~. On the contrary, PEDOT:PSS embedded within the NOA63 substrate exhibited a gradual increase in *R*~*sheet*~ from 250 Ω □^−1^ up to 380 Ω □^−1^. The significant increase of *R*~*sheet*~ in air was expected due to the acidic nature of PEDOT:PSS and its chemical instability due to the moisture in air[@b33][@b34][@b35]. ",
"Interestingly, the degradation of PEDOT:PSS did not significantly affect the Ag grid underneath (96% of its initial resistance was retained up to 30 days), which was unlike the corrosion that was widely reported with ITO[@b36]. ",
"In other words, the Ag grid is highly stable in ambient air and chemically stable toward PEDOT:PSS degradation. ",
"It is noteworthy to mention that the changes in *R*~*sheet*~ of PEDOT:PSS did not affect the total *R*~*sheet*~ as clearly seen in Figures S2(a,b), due to the parallel connection between PEDOT:PSS and the Ag grid. ",
"Therefore, the major contribution to the total *R*~*sheet*~ is from the resistance of the Ag grid itself.",
"\n\n[Figure 3(c)](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} demonstrates the relationship between the transmittance of the ME-TCE film at a wavelength of 550 nm (*T*~*550 nm*~) as a function of *R*~*sheet*~, where the estimated value was calculated based on the aperture ratio of the metal grid[@b12]. ",
"In general, the performance of a transparent conductor can be determined by figure of merit (FoM) values of *σ*~*DC*~/*σ*~*Opt*~ (λ at 550 nm), as shown in Eq. ",
"1, where *σ*~*DC*~ and *σ*~*Opt*~ represent the direct current and optical conductivity, respectively[@b37].",
"\n\nThis expression has been widely used to describe the quality and performance of transparent conducting films, where typical FoM values greater than 35 are a minimum requirement for the commercial viability of transparent electrodes[@b38]. ",
"In the present work, the FoM value of *σ*~*DC*~/*σ*~*Opt*~ increased from 350 (GP 4 mm) to 790 (GP 1 mm), which is significantly two-fold higher than that of earlier studies based on a-ITO/Ag-grids (FoM \\~392)[@b12] and PET/ITO (FoM \\~200)[@b39]. ",
"Notably, these values are extremely large for transparent electrodes based on metal-grids. ",
"Therefore, these methods can be used to overcome the drawbacks between transmittance and conductivity, where PEDOT:PSS/Ag-grid embedded polymer substrates demonstrate high conductivity while maintaining high transparency. ",
"Another FoM can be defined as to determine the practical limitation of ME-TCEs with different GPs[@b40], and the estimated values of T~550 nm~ and R~sheet~ were simulated based on different aperture ratio of the Ag grid. ",
"As shown in [Fig. ",
"3(d)](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, with decreasing GP sizes in ME-TCE films up to 1 mm, higher *ϕ*~*TC*~ values can be reached. ",
"The optimum *ϕ*~*TC*~ value of 85 × 10^−3 ^Ω^−1^ with ME-TCEs-GP 1 mm films was much higher than that of 18 × 10^−3^ and 36 × 10^−3 ^Ω^−1^ for Ag-mesh[@b26] and aligned Ag NWs[@b15], respectively, as well as other TCEs. ",
"Additionally, the estimated value showed that further decreases to the optimum GP size below 1 mm would suffer from low transmittance and a significant drop in the *ϕ*~*TC*~ value.",
"\n\nTo investigate the potential of the ME-TCEs as a transparent electrode, an inverted OSC (IOSC) devices with a device structure of ME-TCEs/ZnO/photoactive-layer/PEDOT:PSS/Ag was fabricated. ",
"The photoactive layer was a bulk heterojunction blend consisting of thieno\\[3,4-b\\]thiophene/benzodithiophene (PTB7) and \\[6,6\\]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC~71~BM). ",
"Various devices with different GP sizes were fabricated and subsequently ITO/glass and PEDOT:PSS-only were used for comparison. [",
"Figure 4(a)](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the current density-voltage (*J-V*) characteristics of the IOSCs based on ME-TCE films which were measured under AM 1.5 G illumination with a device active area of 0.38 cm^2^. Additionally, the average values of four samples with extracted photovoltaic parameters can be seen in [Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"The reference device with an ITO-coated glass substrate exhibited a short-circuit current density (*J*~*sc*~) of 16.67 mA cm^−2^, open circuit voltage (*V*~*oc*~) of 0.710 V, and fill-factor (FF) of 64.6%, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.65%. ",
"Remarkably, the IOSCs fabricated using ME-TCEs-GP 1 mm films exhibited high PCEs of 7.46%, amid a slightly reduced *J*~*sc*~ of 14.93 mA cm^−2^; however, the efficiency was compensated by an improvement in the FF up to 68.5% and the *V*~*oc*~ up to 0.729 V. An enhancement of the FF could be explained due to the decrease in *R*~*sheet*~, and the increase in *V*~*oc*~ could be attributed to a reduced leakage current (as shown in [Figure S3](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ",
"Meanwhile, further increasing the GP size (ME-TCEs-GP 4 mm), the *J*~*sc*~ increased even more to 15.30 mA cm^−2^, however, FF was lowered due to higher *R*~*sheet*~ of the ME-TCEs. ",
"As a result, the PCE decreased noticeably to 6.18%. ",
"By contrast, the PEDOT:PSS film (without Ag grid) exhibited an even lower PCE of 3.50% due to a considerably low FF value. ",
"Additionally, the above findings were in good agreement with the estimated value of *ϕ*~*TC*~, which yielded the optimum value in the ME-TCEs-GP 1 mm film. [",
"Figure 4(b)](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} depicts the EQE spectra for all the devices. ",
"The calculated *J*~*sc*~ from the EQE spectra exhibited a similar trend in the *J*~*sc*~ value obtained from the *J-V* measurement. ",
"Furthermore, there was a correlation between the ME-TCE GP size and *J*~*sc*~ value, where higher GP sizes yielded higher *J*~*sc*~ values. ",
"This negative effect could be explained by shadow loss from the Ag grid electrode resulting in a decreased *J*~*sc*~ value in the device, which was commonly observed in IOSC devices, where shadow losses increased linearly with the number of grid lines[@b41][@b42][@b43].",
"\n\n[Figure 4(c)](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} depicts the PCE as a function of active area for the ITO and ME-TCE based IOSCs. ",
"It was clearly observed that IOSCs based on ITO substrates yielded a linear decrease in PCEs from 7.65% to 3.85% for 0.38 cm^2^ and 2.10 cm^2^, respectively, resulting from a drastic FF reduction from 64.6% to 36.9% (as shown in [Figure S4](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [Table S1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ",
"Meanwhile, ME-TCEs-GP 1 mm film based devices exhibited relatively high PCEs of 5.79% up to an active area of 2.10 cm^2^ due to a small FF drop from 68.5% to 60.0% (as summarized in [Table S1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ",
"The photography images of large device active area of 2.10 cm^2^ for flexible IOSC device based on ME-TCEs-GP 1 mm substrate are depicts in [Fig. ",
"4(e)](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"Furthermore, for the ITO based substrates, a linearly increasing trend of series resistance (*R*~*s*~) was observed with increases in device active area, where a linear slope of 14.3 Ω was recorded as shown in [Fig. ",
"4](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}(d)[@b44]. ",
"Remarkably, the IOSC devices based on ME-TCE substrates produced only slight changes in the *R*~*s*~ values with a slope of 2.28 Ω, which was 6-fold lower than that of ITO/glass. ",
"It has been reported that the slope originated from the combination of *R*~*sheet*~ and the cell geometry factor[@b34]. ",
"Based on this result, it showed that the ME-TCE films have potential to be applied in large area optoelectronics. ",
"Furthermore, the mechanical stability of the flexible IOSCs was measured at the low bending radii (*R*) of 1 and 2 mm, as shown in [Fig. ",
"4(f)](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and its bending radii dependence can be seen in [Figure S5](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ",
"The flexible IOSCs based on ME-TCEs retained PCE values up to \\~95% and \\~98% even after 1,000 bending cycles for *R* \\~1 mm and 2 mm, respectively.",
"\n\nOLEDs performance has been reported as being highly dependent on surface roughness, where high surface roughness could result in shunted pathways, resulting in lower device performance. ",
"Therefore, the performance of OLEDs based on ME-TCEs was beneficial due to its extremely low surface roughness, preventing leakage and shunt currents in the devices. ",
"In order to further evaluate the performance and compatibility of the ME-TCEs, flexible OLEDs were fabricated using the following device architecture: ME-TCEs/PVK:TPD:PBD:Ir(mppy)~3~/TPBI/LiF/Al, where PVK is poly(N-vinyl carbazole), TPD is N,N′-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-\\[1,1′-biphenyl\\]-4,4′-diamine), PBD is 2-(tert-butylphenyl)-5-biphenylyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole), Ir(mppy)~3~ is 2-(4-biphenyllyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyllyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol, and TPBI is 2,2′,2′-(1,3,4-phenylene)-tris\\[1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole\\]. ",
"The characteristic properties of these devices can be seen in [Fig. ",
"5](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"} and are summarized in [Table 2](#t2){ref-type=\"table\"}; comparisons are made with a control device fabricated onto ITO-coated glass substrates ([Fig. ",
"5(a--c)](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Accordingly, as observed in [Fig. ",
"5(a)](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, ME-TCE based OLEDs exhibited smaller leakage currents with a turn-on voltage of 4.2 V compared to ITO/glass and PEDOT:PSS substrates, which could be attributed due to extremely smooth surfaces (as shown in [Figure S6](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ",
"The luminance efficiency (LE) and power efficiency (PE) of the devices can be seen in [Fig. ",
"5(b,c)](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"} as a function of current density. ",
"The device with ME-TCEs-GP 1 mm films exhibited a maximum LE of 50.2 cd A^−1^ and PE of 32.2 lm W^−1^, which was higher than that of the ITO/glass (LE \\~42.8 cd A^−1^ and PE \\~26.0 lm W^−1^) and PEDOT:PSS (LE \\~33.3 cd A^−1^ and PE \\~20.9 lm W^−1^). ",
"The ME-TCE devices also exhibited excellent mechanical flexibility, as seen in [Fig. ",
"5(d)](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, with only a small decrease in the emitted light intensity.",
"\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nIn conclusion, highly bendable organic devices such as IOSCs and OLEDs were fabricated using ultra-smooth and fully printed ME-TCE substrates. ",
"The use of a fully embedded architecture that simultaneously incorporated both a metal-grid and conducting polymer into a flexible substrate, led to an extremely smooth surface and an increase in conductivity without a reduction in transmission. ",
"This study provided insight toward overcoming the classic trade-off between optical transmittance and electrical conductivity via facile fabrication methods. ",
"The flexibility of the organic devices did not degrade their performance even after being bent to a bending radius of \\~1 mm. ",
"Our findings suggest that ME-TCEs are a promising alternative to ITO and show potential for application toward large-area optoelectronic devices via solution based printing processes.",
"\n\nAdditional Information\n======================\n\n**How to cite this article:** Jin, W.-Y. *et al*. ",
"Ultra-Smooth, Fully Solution-Processed Large-Area Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Organic Devices. *",
"Sci. ",
"Rep.* **6**, 36475; doi: 10.1038/srep36475 (2016).",
"\n\n**Publisher's note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.",
"\n\nSupplementary Material {#S1}\n======================\n\n###### Supplementary Material\n\n###### Supplementary Movie\n\nThis work was supported in part by the Pioneer Research Center Program (NRF-2013M3C1A3065528) through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning and by the \"Technology Development of Low cost Flexible Lighting Surface\" funded by the R&D program of Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute. ",
"R.T.G. acknowledges support of this work by Korea Research Fellowship Program through the NRF of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning.",
"\n\n**Author Contributions** J.-W.K. conceived and designed the experiments and wrote the manuscript; W.-Y.J. fabricated and characterized the ME-TCEs; W.-Y.J. and R.T.G. fabricated and characterized the OSCs; K.-J.K. fabricated and characterized the OLEDs. ",
"All authors contributed to manuscript preparation, data analysis and discussed the results.",
"\n\n{#f1}\n\n{#f2}\n\n![(**",
"a**) Resistance changes of the TCEs with various quantities of bending cycles and bending radii. (**",
"b**) Sheet resistance (*R*~*sheet*~) values of TCEs films stored in ambient air at 25 °C vs. storage time. (**",
"c**) Optical transmittance (*T*~*550\\ nm*~) values plotted as a function of sheet resistance for ME-TCEs with different GP sizes. (**",
"d**) Φ~TC~ values as a function of transmittance. ",
"For comparison, the Φ~TC~ value of Ag mesh[@b45], aligned Ag NW[@b15], Ag nanomesh[@b26], Cu flexible TCEs (FTCEs)[@b46], reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/Au grids[@b4], graphene/Ag grids[@b47], AgCu alloy mesh[@b48], and modified PEDOT:PSS[@b6] are also shown.](srep36475-f3){#f3}\n\n{#f4}\n\n{#f5}\n\n###### Photovoltaic characteristics of flexible IOSCs based on ME-TCEs with different GP sizes.",
"\n\n Device Transmittance (%) Sheet resistance (Ω ◻^−1^) *V*~*oc*~ (V) *J*~*sc*~ (mA/cm^2^) FF (%) PCE (%)\n ----------------- ------------------- ---------------------------- --------------- ---------------------- -------------- -------------\n ITO/glass 93.6 10 0.710 ± 0.001 16.67 ± 0.07 64.62 ± 0.10 7.65 ± 0.01\n PEDOT:PSS 96.6 250 0.720 ± 0.001 14.26 ± 0.08 36.46 ± 0.05 3.50 ± 0.09\n ME-TCEs-GP 4 mm 94.6 19 0.722 ± 0.001 15.30 ± 0.15 55.98 ± 0.80 6.18 ± 0.16\n ME-TCEs-GP 2 mm 93.5 9 0.732 ± 0.009 15.03 ± 0.09 61.79 ± 0.76 6.80 ± 0.17\n ME-TCEs-GP 1 mm 89.8 4 0.729 ± 0.001 14.93 ± 0.13 68.50 ± 0.01 7.46 ± 0.07\n\n###### Summary of flexible OLED performance based on ME-TCEs with different GP sizes.",
"\n\n Device Turn-on^a)^ (V) Maximum LE^b)^ (cd A^−1^) Maximum PE^c)^ (lm W^−1^) \\@1000 cd m^−2^ \n ----------------- ----------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ----------------- --------------\n ITO/glass 4.5 42.87 ± 2.31 26.08 ± 1.85 34.01 ± 0.73 12.57 ± 1.14\n PEDOT:PSS 4.9 33.38 ± 1.28 20.97 ± 1.89 --- ---\n ME-TCEs-GP 4 mm 4.2 47.73 ± 1.62 29.31 ± 3.76 35.70 ± 3.00 15.28 ± 1.81\n ME-TCEs-GP 2 mm 4.2 50.18 ± 1.36 31.26 ± 1.77 35.63 ± 3.19 15.97 ± 2.03\n ME-TCEs-GP 1 mm 4.2 50.27 ± 1.74 32.23 ± 1.85 35.94 ± 0.32 16.85 ± 0.15\n\n^a)^Turn on voltage with luminance of 1 cd m^−2^; ^b)^Maximum LE: maximum luminance efficiency; ^c)^Maximum PE: maximum power efficiency.",
"\n\n[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.",
"\n"
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
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[
"The discussion below is merely provided for general background information and is not intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.",
"\nAspects of the present disclosure relate to a method of monitoring aspects of a well pumping system while operating and/or optimizing the performance of the well pumping system, and a system for monitoring aspects of the system while operating and/or optimizing the performance of the well pumping system. ",
"One industry where the monitoring of the pump jack system is in the exploration and production of oil in an oil field. ",
"However, a pump jack system can also be utilized in other industries besides the production of oil.",
"\nWhen a pump jack system is installed, a down-hole pump assembly is secured to a sucker rod and positioned within the well. ",
"A polished rod (sucker rod carrier) is attached to the sucker rod where the polished rod moves through a casing head at the ground level of the hole and a stuffing box. ",
"The stuffing box provides a seal and prevents oil from exiting between the interface between the stuffing box and the polished rod.",
"\nA bridle bar is coupled to an upper end of the polished rod and also to an end (commonly referred to as a horsehead) of the pump jack system with a plurality of cables (bridle). ",
"The position of the bridle bar and the sucker rod carrier are manually adjusted relative to each other on the pump jack to obtain maximum pump stroke of the sucker rod without striking the bottom of the well with the down-hole pump assembly. ",
"Once the optimum position of the polished rod and bridle bar are determined, the position of the polished rod and the bridle bar are fixed, typically with a clamp positioned about a circumference of the polished rod, or some other frictional engagement.",
"\nOver time, the clamp that is secured to the polished rod has a tendency of working loose or moving on the polished rod, or the down rod string stretches, which can adversely affect the performance of the well. ",
"The movement of the clamp on the polished rod causes the polished rod to move downward relative to the bridle bar. ",
"When the polished rod moves downwardly relative to the bridle bar, the down-hole section of the pump can strike the bottom of the well on the down stroke of the pump jack, which is commonly referred to as bottoming out. ",
"This action reduces the amount of oil produced with each pump cycle and can cause damage to the pumping system from the shock or impact caused by the down-hole section hitting the bottom as well.",
"\nWhen the down-hole section strikes the bottom of the well, the downward movement of the sucker rod and the polished rod is abruptly stopped. ",
"However, the bridle bar continues to move downwardly until the pump jack completes the downward stroke. ",
"As the pump jack reverses direction and moves in its upward stroke, the bridle bar moves upwardly quickly because there is no resistance from the sucker rod or the down-hole pump assembly. ",
"At some point during the upward stroke, the bridle bar re-engages the clamp attached to the polished rod and causes additional shock to the pump jack system due to the impact between the bridle bar and the clamp attached to the polished rod.",
"\nThe operation of the jack pump system can also be adversely affected when the movement of the polished rod through the stuffing box and/or the well casing and/or the rod guides becomes restricted or the downward movement of the sucker rod and/or the down-hole pump assembly becomes impeded. ",
"When the downward movement of any of the polished rod, the sucker rod or the down-hole pump assembly becomes impeded, the bridle bar will move downwardly at a faster rate than the polished rod and separate from the clamp attached to the polished rod. ",
"When the jack pump moves in the upward stroke, the bridle bar will move upwardly quickly until the bridle bar re-engages the clamp which causes a sudden deceleration and has the similar detrimental effects as when the down-hole pump assembly strikes the bottom of the well."
] |
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"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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[
"Removal of cholesterol from extrahepatic sources by oxidative mechanisms.",
"\nSterol 27-hydroxylase is an evolutionarily old cytochrome P450 species that is critical for oxidation of the side chain of cholesterol in connection with bile acid biosynthesis in the liver. ",
"The wide tissue and organ distribution of the enzyme suggests that it may also have other functions. ",
"It was recently shown that some cells (e.g. macrophages) have a high capacity to convert cholesterol into both 27-hydroxycholesterol and cholestenoic acid and that there is a significant flux of these steroids from extrahepatic sources to the liver where they are further oxidized into bile acids. ",
"The magnitude of this flux is such that it may be of importance for overall homeostasis of cholesterol. ",
"Very recently it was shown that the brain utilizes a similar mechanism for removal of cholesterol. ",
"A unique brain-specific 24S-hydroxylase converts cholesterol into 24S-hydroxycholesterol that is transported over the blood-brain barrier much more rapidly than unmetabolized cholestero. ",
"When 24S-hydroxycholesterol has reached the circulation it is taken up by the liver and further metabolized, most probably into bile acids. ",
"This flux is likely to be of importance for cholesterol homeostasis in the brain. ",
"This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding oxidative mechanisms for removal of extrahepatic cholesterol. ",
"It is evident that some cells utilize these mechanisms as alternatives or complements to the classical HDL-dependent reverse cholesterol transport."
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"Lifetime prevalence of sexual abuse in a Swedish pregnant population.",
"\nOur primary purpose was to determine the prevalence of sexual abuse in a non-selected pregnant population. ",
"We also endeavored to establish the age at which the abuse had occurred and the identity of the perpetrator and to analyze in sexually abused vis-à-vis non-abused women, various socio-economic and clinical variables. ",
"Over a period of 6 months, all women registered at antenatal clinics in Uppsala, Sweden, were questioned by their midwives regarding exposure to sexual abuse. ",
"Data from antenatal records were used to compare abused with non-abused women concerning socio-economic characteristics, previous ill health, reproductive history, pregnancy complications, and pregnancy outcome. ",
"Continuous variables were compared using the Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test and categorical variables using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. ",
"Of 1038 women assessed, 84 (8.1%) reported that at some time in their life they had been forced to participate in or subjected to sexual activity against their will. ",
"In most cases the perpetrator was someone the woman knew. ",
"When compared with non-victims, those abused were more likely to report general health problems, especially gynecologic ill health and surgery, pulmonary disease/asthma, and/or psychiatric care. ",
"However, no differences were found regarding pregnancy outcome. ",
"It was found that one pregnant woman in 12 had reported sexual abuse at some time in their life. ",
"To midwives and obstetricians who work closely both physically and emotionally with pregnant women, an awareness of the extent of the problem and of possible sequelae is essential."
] |
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"1999 Euro Beach Soccer League\n\nThe 1999 Euro Beach Soccer League, was the second edition of the Euro Beach Soccer League (EBSL), the premier beach soccer competition contested between European men's national teams, known as the European Pro Beach Soccer League at the time, occurring annually since its establishment in 1998. ",
"The league was organised by Beach Soccer Company (BSC) between May 22 and September 20, 1999 in five different nations across Europe.",
"\n\nThe format established in the maiden season continued to be used; the teams of the league continued to compete as one group across a number of rounds of fixtures to gain regular match points and additional bonus points for the overall league table.",
"\n\nSwitzerland did not return from last season and were replaced by Austria who competed for the first time. ",
"Yugoslavia, who competed in 1998, were due to participate again, however to due political reasons were forced to withdraw.",
"\n\nBy winning the final in Monte Carlo, Spain secured their first European title. ",
"Defending champions Germany finished fifth.",
"\n\nParticipating teams\nSix teams took part in the 1999 season of the EBSL.",
"\n\nOrganisation\n\nFormat\nThe format remained the same as that established in 1998, only adjusted to the differing number of stages this year than in previous editions as follows:\n\nMatches were split into six rounds of fixtures known as stages, with two stages hosted Italy and one in Austria, Spain, Monaco and Portugal, whilst the other participating nation, Germany, did not host any stage. ",
"Four teams took part in each, with each individual team taking part in four of the six stages overall.",
"\n\nEach stage was played as a small knock-out tournament, with semi-finals, the final and a third place decider being the fixtures throughout all six rounds. ",
"Teams earned points for their successes per game and per stage which were then tallied up in the final league table.",
"\n\nThe team who topped the table after all six stages was crowned the winner of the league.",
"\n\nPoint distribution\nPoints were allocated for the following achievements in each stage, contributing to the final points total in the league table.",
"\n\nStages\n\nStage 1\nThe first stage took place in A Coruña, Spain. ",
"Portugal were crowned champions of the opening stage of the season.",
"\n\nStage 2\nThe second stage took place in Syracuse, Italy. ",
"The Spanish were the victors in the second stage.",
"\n\nStage 3\nThe third stage took place in Vienna, Austria. ",
"Germany won the stage, their first title of the season.",
"\n\nStage 4\nThe fourth stage took place in Figueira da Foz, Portugal. ",
"Matches that were being played as primarily part of a different event, the 1999 Mundialito tournament, were simultaneously counted as stage 4 of this year's EBSL.",
"\n\nThe four nations took part in the European group of the Mundialito's group stage, played in a round robin format. ",
"The 1st round of group games were concurrently classed as the semi finals of stage 4. ",
"The subsequent round of group stage matches that saw the corresponding winners of the semi finals face-off and the losers also play each other counted as the stage final and third place respectively – this happened to be the 3rd and final round of matches of the group stage. ",
"These results originally saw Portugal crowned champions of the stage:\n\nHowever, after the Mundialito took place, a retrospective decision was made to void Portugal's results above in terms of being part of the EBSL's fourth stage. ",
"Portugal's results were documented as punitive forfeits.",
"\n\nWith Portugal's semi final win vs. France changed to a forfeit, this meant that the \"new\" stage final was the match which saw the amended semi final winners of Germany and now France play each other, whilst the \"new\" third place match was that which saw the amended semi final losers of Austria and now Portugal face-off. ",
"These fixtures happened during the 2nd round of group stage matches and hence the results of said round were retrospectively considered as the official stage final and third place match instead.",
"\n\nThese amendments saw France crowned stage champions.",
"\n\n110–0 is the standard scoreline recorded in the event of a forfeit in beach soccer\n\nStage 5\nThe fifth stage took place in Scoglitti, Italy. ",
"Portugal claimed their second stage title.",
"\n\nStage 6\nThe sixth stage took place in Monte Carlo, Monaco. ",
"Spain secured the title by beating Italy in the final match of the season to claim the stage.",
"\n\nStage winners\n\nFinal Table\n\nWinners\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n Roonba\n RSSSF\n\nCategory:Euro Beach Soccer League\nCategory:1999 in beach soccer"
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[
"Q:\n\nWCF DataContract Serialization of Bidirectional Entities or Circular dependencies\n\nI am implementing a Sample WCF service to understand How DataContractSerializer serializes bidirectional entities. ",
"I have the following DataContracts.",
"\n[DataContract]\npublic class Process\n{\n [DataMember]\n public string ProcessName { get; set; }\n [DataMember]\n public string Memory { get; set; }\n [DataMember]\n public User UserOfProcess { get; set; }\n}\n\n[DataContract]\npublic class User\n{\n [DataMember]\n public string UserID { get; set; }\n [DataMember]\n public string UserName { get; set; }\n [DataMember]\n public List<Process> ProcessesOfUser { get; set; }\n}\n\nAs you may notice that User have number of Process and every Process in turn has a User associated with it.",
"\n [OperationContract]\n User GetUser();\n\nWhen I run this method from WCFTestClient, I get an exception and that is understandable because whenever we serialize ProcessOfUser in User it in trun will serialize User again.",
"\nTo avoid this, I remove the DataMember attribute from UserOfProcess in Process[DataContract]. ",
"It works fine.",
"\nMy question is,\n1. ",
"Is it the right way to solve this problem,or Is there some other way to this?",
"\n I also find the [IgnoreDataMember] attribute to avoid its serialization.",
"\n2. ",
"Can I add or remove the [DataMember] attribute programmatically?",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou can use the [IsReference] attribute to tell WCF to resolve circular dependencies.",
"\nHowever, after using this myself on business objects, I ran into too many complications and ended up using explicit DTOs instead, and effectively doing what you've done and omit the circular reference. ",
"I wire up the references again at the client end when the DTO is transformed back to a business object.",
"\nIsReference should be fine for simple object graphs though.",
"\nEDIT: Regarding DTO's\nAs I said I originally serialised domain objects across the wire but it got way too messy in the end. ",
"\nFirstly because I also serialise those same objects for persistence, so I ended up with conflicting serialisation needs, but mainly because DataContractSerializer does not call constructors so you have no guarantee that your object is valid. ",
"I ended up having large [OnDeserialized] methods to make sure members weren't null etc. ",
"Doing this on collection members caused MASSIVE headaches due to the way WCF serialises object graphs. ",
"\nUsing DTO's makes it all go away and exposes a really clean object showing exactly what's going over the service. ",
"You get a DTO and then can do your mapping knowing everything is in place and not in some wierd semi-serialised state. ",
"If your domain objects are really simple you might get away with it, but I personally wouldn't recommend it after the pain is caused me.",
"\nThe DTO's are stupidly simple:\n[DataContract]\npublic class UserProcessesDTO\n{\n [DataMember] public string UserID { get; set; }\n [DataMember] public string UserName { get; set; }\n [DataMember] public ProcessDTO[] Processes { get; set; }\n}\n\n[DataContract]\npublic class ProcessDTO\n{\n [DataMember] public string ProcessName { get; set; }\n [DataMember] public string Memory { get; set; }\n}\n\nAll my collections now go over the wire as simple arrays. ",
"Dictionaries etc in business objects get cleanly built at the client end rather than trying to serialise them.",
"\n\n"
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[
"Robert Kobayashi\n\nRobert Kobayashi (1925–2015) was a Hawaiian-born artist who made abstract expressionist paintings at the beginning of his career and later produced pointillist paintings and pointillist-derived sculptures in the folk art tradition. ",
"Known for the \"whimsical, childlike quality\" of his work, he rarely exhibited in commercial galleries, preferring to work and display his creations in a studio called \"Moe's Meat Market\" that he and his wife owned in the NoLita section of Manhattan.",
"\n\nEarly life and training\n\nKobayashi was born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii. ",
"His parents having divorced before he was five, he and his four sisters lived with his mother on the northern fringe of the business district. ",
"After graduating from high school in 1946, he served in the U.S. Army until the end of World War II and then enrolled in the studio school of the Honolulu Art Academy. ",
"His instructors there included Louis Pohl and Willson Stamper, the latter of whom became Kobayashi's mentor. ",
"In 1949 Kobayashi moved to New York to study at the Brooklyn Museum Art School under John Ferren and in 1950 temporarily left the school in order to spend much of the year in Paris where his sister, Fumi, was then living. ",
"In 1954 he was hired as caretaker for the Museum of Modern Art's Japanese Exhibition House. ",
"After the house exhibit closed, Kobayashi stayed on as a warehouse worker at the museum, working there, with brief interruptions, until 1978.",
"\n\nCareer\n\nBefore he opened his own gallery Kobayashi rarely offered his work for sale to the public. ",
"In 1950 he showed sculpture in the New York gallery owned by Samuel M. Kootz. ",
"In the late 1950s and early 1960s he showed works in an artist cooperative, the Brata Gallery. ",
"He was given his first solo exhibition in 1962 in a gallery called Gima's in Honolulu. ",
"In 1977 Kobayashi and his wife bought a building in what was then a run-down section of New York's Little Italy and turned its storefront shop into a gallery. ",
"The storefront had been a butcher shop called Moe's Meat Market and that became the name of the gallery as well. ",
" They made living quarters and a studio upstairs and rented out apartments in the upper stories. ",
"Kobayashi showed his own and other artists' work intermittently during the first few years and in 2000 his wife and curator Phyllis Stigliano opened the gallery to the public as a full-time commercial gallery devoted to his work. ",
"Stigliano also began showing his work at her gallery in Brooklyn. ",
"In 1980 Kobayashi was given a solo exhibition at the Equator folk art gallery in SoHo and in 2001 he contributed work to a group exhibition at the Luise Ross Gallery on 57th Street. ",
"In 2009 he showed with two friends, Satoru Abe and Harry Tsuchindana, in a multi-gallery exhibition in Honolulu's Luxury Row & Cedar Street Galleries.",
"\n\nKobayashi's appearances in exhibitions at museums and non-commercial galleries were also infrequent. ",
"As a student, in 1950, he participated in a show of 23 painters that his teacher John Ferren presented in New York's Argent Gallery. ",
"In 1952 he showed at the Honolulu Academy of Arts and a year later at Brooklyn Museum. ",
"In 1988, after seeing his work at Moe's Meat Market, Phyllis Stigliano put together a large exhibition of his work at the Nassau County Museum of Art and the following year he was included in two group shows, one at the Wunsch Arts Center in Glen Cove, N.Y., and the other at the Museum of Modern Art. ",
"In 2002 he contributed works to an exhibition in the East Galleries, New York University, and in 2005 he was included in a show at the Contemporary Museum, Honolulu.",
"\n\nOn two occasions Kobayashi contributed drawings to publications. ",
"In 1991 he wrote and illustrated Maria Mazaretti Loves Spaghetti (Alfred A. Knopf, N.Y.). ",
"The book consists of two short stories, both of them based on the habits of his neighbor across the street, Mary Albanese. ",
"Writing in Newsday, a reviewer said \"Kobayashi's full-page illustrations here are ebullient and his text has that special kind of simple, gentle humor that signifies a classic.\" ",
"He also made illustrations for a book written by a second grade student at Mariners Elementary School in Newport Beach, California and produced in a self-publishing house by her father: Annie and the Magic Book by Grace Vaughan (27 pages, AuthorHouse, Bloomington, Indiana, 2012).",
"\n\nArtistic style\n\nUntil the mid-1960s Kobayashi made paintings and sculptures in an abstract expressionist style. ",
"In 1950 Stuart Preston of The New York Times described a sculpture of his as a \"restless and urgent abstract.\" ",
"A few years later another critic said his works were \"based on a wiry, expansive imagery composed of tensile lines vibrating from central axes.\" ",
"From the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s he made pointillist paintings, some of them in a surrealist style. ",
"His painting, \"Seascape\" was completed toward the end of this period. ",
"In a surrealist manner it shows a sandy shore on which the waves have cast up a button, a pocket watch, a lock, and a fork. ",
"As one critic noted, its technique is pointillist and its style draws on folk and native art. ",
"\n\nAfter he moved into the building that contained Moe's Meat Market, he began to work in sheet metal, making portraits and still lifes using metal obtained from discarded stamped ceiling tin and cans that had held olive oil, beer, or ground coffee. ",
"These pieces, which a critic dubbed \"clouages,\" were nailed into a wood frames and contained decorative patterns made of many tiny nails. ",
"Critics saw them as strange and whimsical, a kind of idiosyncratic folk art having a childlike quality. ",
"One late piece in this style is \"Nine White Flowers\" of 2013. ",
"A critic noted that \"despite the coldness one would expect from the medium of tin, Kobi’s work subtly suggests a gentle wit and a delicate touch. ",
" The rigid nature of the metal is softened into a suppleness of shape and color. ",
" The chill warms with the nimble diligence of his fingers guided with the expressiveness of his affectionate mind.\"",
"\n\nThroughout his career Kobayashi made free-standing sculptures as well as wall-mounted works. ",
" Some of these were toy-like objects such as a cat in a four-poster bed fashioned out of an old radio, a stool with sneakers on its four legs, and wooden puppets. ",
"Others were more traditionally artistic, such as portraits of friends and relatives or flower arrangements. \"",
"Flowers Seeking Affection\" (2002) is an example of the last named. ",
"A critic said, \"within these flowers there is the charm in the uniqueness of each bloom gesturing with personality.\"",
"\n\nPersonal life and family\n\nKobayashi was born on May 5, 1925. ",
"His father, Hiroshi Kobayashi, was a post office clerk, born in Hawaii Territory in 1896. ",
"Having obtained a divorce in the early 1920s, Kobayashi's mother, Yoshimi Kusaka Kobayashi, had full responsibility for raising him and his four sisters. ",
"Kobayashi attended local schools in Honolulu and graduated in 1945 from McKinley High School. ",
"He joined the U.S. Army in April 1945, served as a private with an Army tank battalion in Germany, and was discharged not long after the war came to a close.",
"\n\nIn 1946, at the urging of his sister Fumi (or Peggy), he used the G.I. Bill to attend art school, first in Honolulu and then in New York. ",
"He spend about a year in Paris and in the mid-1950s obtained work first as a gardener and later as part of the warehouse staff at the Museum of Modern Art. ",
"He left the museum in 1978 having bought the building that contained Moe's Meat Market the year before. ",
"Some years after Moe's Meat Market was transformed into a full-time gallery, Kobayashi's health began to fail. ",
"He and his wife then returned to Honolulu, and bought a home in the Manoa neighborhood where he died on December 14, 2015.",
"\n\nOther names used\n\nKobayashi used the nickname Kobi, as in Kobi Kobayashi. ",
"In the United States Census of 1930 his given name appears as Hiroshi. ",
"In the Census of 1940 it appears as Robert. ",
"His obituary in the New York Times gives his full name as Robert Hiroshi Kobayashi.",
"\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1925 births\nCategory:2015 deaths\nCategory:20th-century American artists\nCategory:21st-century American artists\nCategory:Artists from Hawaii"
] |
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[
"The Miller Center is a nonpartisan affiliate of the University of Virginia that specializes in presidential scholarship, public policy and political history and strives to apply the lessons of history to the nation’s most pressing contemporary governance challenges. ",
"more →\n\nWelcome to the Miller Center\n\nFrom presidents Carter, George H.W. Bush, Clinton, and George W. Bush.",
"\n\nBetween War and Words: Financial Sanctions and U.S. Foreign Policy\n\nApril 17, 200810:00 AM\n\nBetween War and Words: Financial Sanctions and U.S. Foreign Policy\n\nNational security has traditionally been the domain of diplomats and military strategists. ",
"But as money flows across borders to finance terrorism and weapons proliferation, global banking officials are increasingly finding themselves on the front lines of national security policy. ",
"This panel took place April 17, and featured financial leaders and experts from the private sector, government, academia, and journalism.",
"\n\nRobert Werner, Managing Director at Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. and former Director of the Treasury Department's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) as well as former Director of the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control."
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[
"Everyone is fooled by the view of self. ",
"So much suffering is created through the greed, hatred and delusion generated from the view of self. ",
"Ajahn Vayama gives wise advice on how we can start seeing through the illusion of the view of self through to seeing this as they really are."
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"WWE TLC 2012 Results: Dolph Ziggler's Win over John Cena Could Have Meant More\n\nWWE Tables, Ladders & Chairs has come to a conclusion, and Dolph Ziggler left the pay-per-view with a victory over John Cena. ",
"What was a career-defining victory should be celebrated healthily by the heel star. ",
"But at the end of the day, the Ziggler character didn't progress nearly as much as it could have.",
"\n\nFor once, Ziggler's Money in the Bank briefcase took center stage. ",
"He was set to defend the briefcase against John Cena in a ladder match.",
"\n\nZiggler's chance to cash in the briefcase was fresh on the minds of wrestling fans. ",
"This created a setting for him to finally make the most of his lucrative opportunity.",
"\n\nEarlier in the night, Big Show defeated Sheamus in a brutal chair match for the world championship. ",
"But instead of any extra curricular activity involving steel chairs, the 500-lb. ",
"giant retreated to the locker room in an uneventful post-match ceremony.",
"\n\nThis meant that, at best, Ziggler would retain his Money in the Bank briefcase. ",
"Not the sexiest of headlines.",
"\n\nA chair match presented an opportunity to incapacitate the world champion, which could have led to a cash-in opportunity for Ziggler. ",
"But Ziggler was nowhere to be found by match's end.",
"\n\nZiggler's absence defeated the purpose of a vow made by Ziggler earlier in the night that \"everything will change.\"",
"\n\nAfter a monumental victory over John Cena, the only thing that changed was AJ Lee's status as a babyface.",
"\n\nZiggler is still a Money in the Bank holder, and John Cena is still in pre-WrestleMania purgatory.",
"\n\nIt was a night that could have seen Ziggler potentially win a world title (remember, the Money in the Bank briefcase can be cashed in any time) only to successfully defend a world title against John Cena.",
"\n\nBut for Dolph Ziggler, TLC served as another WWE pay-per-view that delivered the status quo, albeit spectacularly."
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[
"This Contractor serves as a clinical center in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). ",
"SHEP is designed to determine if isolated systolic hypertension should be treated in an elderly population. ",
"The general research design is to be implemented in three phases. ",
"Phase I will consist of refining the preliminary draft protocol and the development of an operations manual. ",
"Phase I is anticipated to last eight months. ",
"During Phase II, participants will be recruited, treated, and followed; Phase II will last approximately six years. ",
"Phase III is for analysis and dissemination of results. ",
"This will require two and a half years."
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[
"Q:\n\nComparing a float and an int\n\nDue to safety reasons, I need to perform the same computation twice, one time with only integer (int32) variables and another time with only float (float32) variables. ",
"At the end of the computation a comparison between the two results is taking place.",
"\nI read the article about comparing floating point numbers.",
"\nThere are few things I don't understand:\n\nI haven't the following compression for float number: Assuming a and b are floats, is this way of comparison correct:\nif !(",
"a > b) && !(",
"a < b) is true, then _a_ and _b_ are probably identical otherwise not.",
"\n\nIf I cast a float number to integer, I get the integer part of the number, why by using an union object and there defining the same memory as int32 and float32 I get different solution? ",
"Doesn't it cast the float number to int32 as well?",
"\n\nA:\n\nwhy by using an union object and there defining the same memory as int32 and float32 i get different solution? ",
"\nThe only reason the float/int union even makes sense is by virtue of the fact that both float and int share a storage size of 32-bits. ",
"What you are missing is an understanding that floats (in fact all floating point numbers) are stored in IEEE-754 Floating Point Format (floats are single-precision, doubles are double-precision, etc..) \nWhen you use the float/int union trick, you see the integer value that is the integer equivalent to the IEEE-754 Single-Precision Floating Point Format for the float. ",
"The two values have nothing to do with representing the same numeric value. ",
"You can just look at the memory they occupy as either a float or as an integer by virtue of them both occupying 32-bits of memory. ",
"If you look through the float window, you see what those 32-bits mean as a float. ",
"If on the other hand, you look at the same 32-bits as an integer, you see nothing more that what those same 32-bits would be if taken as an integer. ",
"An example looking at the binary representation usually helps.",
"\nTake for example, the float value 123.456. ",
"If you look at the 32-bits in memory you see:\nThe float value entered : 123.456001\n\nbinary value in memory : 01000010-11110110-11101001-01111001\n\nAs unsigned integer : 1123477881\n\nThe IEEE-754 Single Precision Floating Point Representation is a specific floating point format in memory comprised of the following 3-components:\n 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1\n|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -|\n|s| exp | mantissa |\n\nWhere s is the sign-bit, exp is the biased exponent with the remaining 23-bits called the mantissa.",
"There is no way you can expect to cast the float 123.456 and get anything close to integer 123, you are off by about 7 orders of magnitude\nDoesn't it cast the float number to int32 as well?",
"\nAnswer: No\n\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nWhat is \"masu-stem + ざま\"?",
"\n\nHere is a part of a sentence from my book:\n\n・・・・手裏剣をよけざま・・・・\n\nI can't find any help in any of my references on the pattern of \"masu-stem + ざま\", which makes me hesitant to say that's exactly what it is, but I also can't figure out anything else it could be. ",
"From what it looks like to me it says \"(he) dodged the shuriken\", and I want to say that that \"ざま\" is 様, meaning \"state\" (and without the kanji I'm assuming it's \"よけ\" as in the masu-stem of \"避ける\" meaning \"to avoid\").",
"\nAm I right about the formation of this phrase? ",
"Can anyone add/correct anything?",
"\n\nA:\n\n手裏剣をよけざま\n\n「よけ」 should be 避ける（avoid/dodge）. 「",
"～しざま」 means \"while / the moment / at the same time\". ",
"It can be rephrased like 「～する際」 「～しながら」. ",
"So the sentence appears to be \"he did something while he dodged the shuriken\". ",
"It needs more context to be accurate.",
"\nさま2 【様・▽方】\n\n［2］ 現代では普通「ざま」の形をとる。動詞連用形に付く。",
"\n （イ） …する瞬間、…すると同時の意を表す。",
"\n 「すれ違い―」\n 「振り向き―」 \n\nsource: 大辞林 提供： 三省堂\n\n"
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe invention relates to newly identified mammalian chemosensory G protein-coupled receptors, to family of such receptors, and to the genes and cDNA encoding said receptors. ",
"More particularly, the invention relates to newly identified mammalian chemosensory G protein-coupled receptors active in taste signaling which function as hetero-oligomers.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nThe taste system provides sensory information about the chemical composition of the external world. ",
"Taste transduction is one of the most sophisticated forms of chemical-triggered sensation in animals. ",
"At present, the means by which taste sensations are elicited remains poorly understood. ",
"See, e.g., Margolskee, BioEssays, 15:645-50 (1993); Avenet et al. ",
"J. Membrane Biol., ",
"112:1-8 (1989). ",
"Taste signaling is found throughout the animal kingdom, from simple metazoans to the most complex of vertebrates. ",
"Taste sensation is thought to involve distinct signaling pathways. ",
"These pathways are believed to be mediated by receptors, i.e., metabotropic or inotropic receptors. ",
"Cells which express taste receptors, when exposed to certain chemical stimuli, elicit taste sensation by depolarizing to generate an action potential, which is believed to trigger the sensation. ",
"This event is believed to trigger the release of neurotransmitters at gustatory afferent neuron synapses, thereby initiating signaling along neuronal pathways that mediate taste perception. ",
"See, e.g., Roper, Ann. ",
"Rev. Neurosci., ",
"12:329-53 (1989).",
"\nAs such, taste receptors specifically recognize molecules that elicit specific taste sensation. ",
"Those molecules are also referred to herein as “tastants.” ",
"Many taste receptors belong to the 7-transmembrane receptor superfamily (Hoon et al., ",
"Cell 96:451 (1999); Adler et al., ",
"Cell 100:693 (2000)), which are also known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). ",
"Other tastes are believed to be mediated by channel proteins. ",
"G protein-coupled receptors control many physiological functions, such as endocrine function, exocrine function, heart rate, lipolysis, carbohydrate metabolism, and transmembrane signaling. ",
"The biochemical analysis and molecular cloning of a number of such receptors has revealed many basic principles regarding the function of these receptors.",
"\nFor example, U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,691,188 describes how upon a ligand binding to a GPCR, the receptor presumably undergoes a conformational change leading to activation of the G protein. ",
"G proteins are comprised of three subunits: a guanyl nucleotide binding α subunit, a β subunit, and a γ subunit. ",
"G proteins cycle between two forms, depending on whether GDP or GTP is bound to the α subunit. ",
"When GDP is bound, the G protein exists as a heterotrimer: the Gαβγ complex. ",
"When GTP is bound, the α subunit dissociates from the heterotrimer, leaving a Gβγ complex. ",
"When a Gαβγ complex operatively associates with an activated G protein-coupled receptor in a cell membrane, the rate of exchange of GTP for bound GDP is increased and the rate of dissociation of the bound Gα subunit from the Gαβγ complex increases. ",
"The free Gα subunit and Gβγ complex are thus capable of transmitting a signal to downstream elements of a variety of signal transduction pathways. ",
"These events form the basis for a multiplicity of different cell signaling phenomena, including for example the signaling phenomena that are identified as neurological sensory perceptions such as taste and/or smell.",
"\nMammals are believed to have five basic taste modalities: sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and umami (the taste of monosodium glutamate). ",
"See, e.g., Kawamura et al., ",
"Introduction to Umami: A Basic Taste (1987); Kinnamon et al., ",
"Ann. ",
"Rev. Physiol., ",
"54:715-31 (1992); Lindemann, Physiol. ",
"Rev., 76:718-66 (1996); Stewart et al., ",
"Am. ",
"J. Physiol, 272:1-26 (1997). ",
"Numerous physiological studies in animals have shown that taste receptor cells may selectively respond to different chemical stimuli. ",
"See, e.g., Akabas et al., ",
"Science, 242:1047-50 (1988); Gilbertson et al., ",
"J. Gen. Physiol., ",
"100:803-24 (1992); Bernhardt et al., ",
"J. Physiol., ",
"490:325-36 (1996); Cummings et al, J. Neurophysiol., ",
"75:1256-63 (1996).",
"\nIn mammals, taste receptor cells are assembled into taste buds that are distributed into different papillae in the tongue epithelium. ",
"Circumvallate papillae, found at the very back of the tongue, contain hundreds to thousands of taste buds. ",
"By contrast, foliate papillac, localized to the posterior lateral edge of the tongue, contain dozens to hundreds of taste buds. ",
"Further, fungiform papillac, located at the front of the tongue, contain only a single or a few taste buds.",
"\nEach taste bud, depending on the species, contains 50-150 cells, including precursor cells, support cells, and taste receptor cells. ",
"See, e.g., Lindemann, Physiol. ",
"Rev., 76:718-66 (1996). ",
"Receptor cells are innervated at their base by afferent nerve endings that transmit information to the taste centers of the cortex through synapses in the brain stem and thalamus. ",
"Elucidating the mechanisms of taste cell signaling and information processing is important to understanding the function, regulation, and perception of the sense of taste.",
"\nAlthough much is known about the psychophysics and physiology of taste cell function, very little is known about the molecules and pathways that mediate its sensory signaling response. ",
"The identification and isolation of novel taste receptors and taste signaling molecules could allow for new methods of chemical and genetic modulation of taste transduction pathways. ",
"For example, the availability of receptor and channel molecules could permit the screening for high affinity agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists, and modulators of taste activity. ",
"Such taste modulating compounds could be useful in the pharmaceutical and food industries to improve the taste of a variety of consumer products, or to block undesirable tastes, e.g., in certain pharmaceuticals.",
"\nComplete or partial sequences of numerous human and other eukaryotic chemosensory receptors are currently known. ",
"See, e.g. Pilpel, Y. and Lancet, D., Protein Science, 8:969-977 (1999); Mombaerts, P., Annu. ",
"Rev. Neurosci., ",
"22:487-50 (1999). ",
"See also, EP0867508A2, U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,874,243, WO 92/17585, WO 95/18140, WO 97/17444, WO 99/67282. ",
"Because of the complexity of ligand-receptor interactions, and more particularly tastant-receptor interactions, information about ligand-receptor recognition is lacking. ",
"In part, the present invention addresses the need for better understanding of the interactions between chemosensory receptors and chemical stimuli. ",
"The present invention also provides, among other things, novel chemosensory receptors, and methods for utilizing such receptors, and the genes a cDNAs encoding such receptors, to identify molecules that can be used to modulate chemosensory transduction, such as taste sensation."
] |
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[
"538 F.2d 316\nU. S.v.",
"Snow\nNo. ",
"75-1420, 76-1105\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit\n5/26/76\n\n1\nS.D.N.Y.\n\n\n2\nAFFIRMED*\n\n\n\n*\n Oral opinion delivered in open court in the belief that no jurisprudential purpose would be served by a written opinion. ",
" An oral opinion or a summary order is not citable as precedent. ",
" Local Rule Sec. ",
"0.23\n\n\n"
] |
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[
"Protesters angry at the financial world continued their \"occupation\" of Wall Street in New York on Monday by dressing up as corporate zombies to greet bankers on their way to the office.",
"\n\nThe diverse group has been using unconventional means to protest the greed and fraud they perceive in the corporate community for the past three weeks. ",
"About 700 protesters were arrested as they marched on the Brooklyn Bridge over the weekend.",
"\n\nFor Monday's protest, Patrick Bruner, a spokesman for the group, said demonstrators are being urged to dress in business wear with white faces and blood, and will march while eating Monopoly money. ",
"He said financial workers should see them \"reflecting the metaphor of their actions.\"",
"\n\nP.O.V. Are these types of protests effective? ",
"Take our survey.",
"\n\nIt's not yet known how big the protest might grow. ",
"The movement started with fewer than a dozen college students spending days and nights in Zuccotti Park, a plaza near the city's financial centre. ",
"But it has grown.",
"\n\nThus far, the protesters lack an organized cohesive strategy. ",
"But Wall Street has become the rallying point for a diverse group of people speaking against corporate greed, social inequality, global climate change and other concerns.",
"\n\nLater Monday, Bruner said, an anti-police brutality protest is planned on the steps of city hall.",
"\n\nCelebrities such as filmmaker Michael Moore and actor Alec Baldwin have lent their support to the movement, and on Monday, billionaire financier George Soros expressed cautious support for the protesters.",
"\n\nDuring a news conference at UN headquarters about his participation in an African development, Soros said he sympathizes with the protesters. ",
"He said he understands the frustrations of small business owners, including those who have seen credit card charges soar during the current crisis.",
"\n\nSimilar movements have sprung up elsewhere, including Boston and Los Angeles. ",
"There's a planned demonstration in Toronto starting Oct. 15.",
"\n\nOccupations are also planned in the streets in other Canadian cities, including Vancouver, Montreal and Calgary."
] |
{
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}
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0.0005516812088899314
] | 0.002071 | 19 |
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