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533,244 | 533,890 |
INES Platforma europeana pentru prevenirea consumului de droguri dezvoltata cu ajutorul cadrelor didactice si Articolul apare prima data in
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Universitatea Transilvania din Brasov a incheiat cu succes proiectul european INES Modalitati inovatoare de predare si invatare in scopul prevenirii abuzului de noi droguri Proiectul desfasurat in perioada cu finantare ERASMUS a avut ca scop elaborarea unei platforme educationale online accesibile gratuit tuturor profesorilor din Romania si din intreaga lume pentru prevenirea consumului de The post appeared first on
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INES – Platforma europeană pentru prevenirea consumului de droguri
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Platformă europeană pentru prevenirea consumului de droguri, dezvoltată cu ajutorul cadrelor didactice și al studenților Universității Transilvania din Brașov
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2025-01-21 13:02:23
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2025-01-21 12:27:02
| 1 |
603,918 | 58,569 |
Our new interactive map features precinct level results that anyone can download
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Unsere interaktiven Karten zeigen bis auf das Wahllokal genau wie die zehn größten Städte gewählt haben Und an welchen Straßen die politischen Grenzen verlaufen
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We’re Sharing the Data Behind Our Detailed 2024 Election Map
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Wahlergebnisse in Großstädten: Sie waren Hochburgen der Grünen – und wählen jetzt links
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2025-01-15 22:57:57
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2025-02-25 19:32:28
| 0 |
453,132 | 987,896 |
In aceasta iarna au fost mai mult temperaturi de primavara in Capitala Astazi s au inregistrat cincisprezece grade desi in mod normal nu ar fi trebuit sa fie mai mult de doua grade celsius
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Temperatura permafrostului montan de pe teritoriul Europei a crescut cu grad Celsius in ultimii ani potrivit unui nou studiu stiintific publicat marti informeaza DPA transmite Agerpres Incalzirea permafrostului montan este semnificativa si este evidenta in toate regiunile adancimile si perioadele pe care le am analizat a spus unul dintre coautorii studiului Jeannette Nötzli care Articolul apare prima data in
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VIDEO Premieră în Capitală. O iarna întreagă fără zăpadă
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STUDIU/ Temperatura permafrostului montan din Europa a crescut cu 1 grad Celsius într-un deceniu
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2025-01-27 18:31:55
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2024-12-11 23:30:05
| 0 |
401,991 | 849,799 |
Cu totii stim ca atunci cand vedem imagini cu oameni care lucreaza la birou sau din cafenele un laptop Apple este aproape intotdeauna prezent De ce a devenit acest dispozitiv atat de popular si de ce este asociat cu productivitatea si profesionalismul Ce anume face laptopurile Apple sa fie atat de speciale Descopera cateva dintre
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Construirea unui PC de la zero sau modernizarea unuia existent poate fi o experienta entuziasmanta dar si o provocare Cu atat de multe optiuni disponibile este important sa cunosti principalele componente si sa intelegi cum sa le alegi astfel incat sa obtii performanta dorita Indiferent daca esti un gamer pasionat un creator de continut sau un utilizator obisnuit configurarea unui sistem personalizat iti poate oferi un avantaj semnificativ Cand cauti componente PC de la SouqeShop trebuie sa ai o imagine clara asupra nevoilor tale bugetului disponibil si compatibilitatii intre diversele Articolul apare prima data in
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Laptopurile Apple: motivul pentru care profesioniștii le aleg
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Alegerea componentelor PC potrivite: ghid esențial pentru configurarea unui sistem performant
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2025-01-31 07:52:02
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2024-12-23 12:37:52
| 0 |
40,734 | 42,939 |
Un restaurant din Bacau a fost recent amendat de Garda de Mediu Bacau deoarece functiona fara a detine o autorizatie de mediu valabila neavand viza anuala necesara Cu acest prilej Garda de Mediu Bacau atrage atentia asupra faptului ca autorizatia de mediu si viza anuala sunt obligatorii pentru restaurantele de peste de locuri Autorizatia
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Un restaurant din Bacau a fost recent sanctionat pentru ca functiona fara autorizatie de mediu valabila si fara viza anuala necesara In caz ca nu stiati restaurantele cu peste de locuri trebuie sa respecte aceste obligatii pentru a proteja mediul si sanatatea publica anunta Garda de Mediu Bacau Un restaurant din Bacau a fost Articolul apare prima data in
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Restaurant AMENDAT de Garda de Mediu Bacău. Ce NEREGULI au fost găsite
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Garda de Mediu Bacău a amendat un restaurant din oraș pentru lipsa autorizației de mediu: „Fără acest document, activitatea restaurantului este ilegală.”
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2025-02-26 19:08:59
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2025-02-26 16:32:26
| 1 |
273,939 | 85,212 |
In baza unui acord de colaborare semnat de Universitatea de Medicina Farmacie Stiinte si Tehnologie George Emil Palade din Targu Mures si Federatia Romana de Teqball pentru promovarea disciplinelor sportive Teqball si Teqvoly in mediul universitar in cadrul
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Performanta deosebita pentru elevul David Rusu de la Scoala Gimnaziala Teodor Murasanu Turda Acesta a reusit o performanta extraordinara la Campionatul National de Kickboxing organizat de Federatia Romana de Freestyle Kickboxing Pe in Brazii de Sus judetul Prahova David a demonstrat munca determinare si talent reusind sa obtina Titlul de campion national la
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UMFST Târgu Mureş va găzdui, în premieră mondială, o competiţie internaţională de Teqball între universităţi
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Școala Teodor Murășanu Turda are un campion național la Kickboxing
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2025-02-10 10:11:53
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2025-02-24 10:00:08
| 0 |
819,575 | 820,611 |
Portarul Angliei Jordan Pickford demonstreaza inca o data ca este un specialist al penalty urilor Jordan Pickford a reusit sa faca din nou istorie apararea sa la penalty ul executat de Erling Haaland din meciul Manchester City Everton fiind un moment de referinta al zilei Portarul echipei nationale a Angliei a demonstrat pentru a doua
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Manchester City Everton Jordan Pickford de ani loveste din nou A reusit sa apere penalty ul executat de Erling Haaland de ani si sa mentina rezultatul de egalitate
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Pickford, maestrul penalty-urilor! Cum a știut unde va executa Haaland
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Bidonul fermecat s-a întors Pickford, maestrul penalty-urilor ! Cum a știut unde va executa Haaland
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2024-12-26 17:24:38
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2024-12-26 15:14:29
| 1 |
544,608 | 937,865 |
Multi oameni cred ca paprika este un condiment de sine statator Totusi paprika se poate prepara si acasa Articolul apare prima data in
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Incaltamintea curata vorbeste despre tine Descopera Papucino si promotia speciala de sarbatori Ai grija de imaginea ta pana la ultimul detaliu Ei bine incaltamintea curata nu este doar un semn de respect pentru cei din jur ci si pentru tine insuti Intr o lume in care prima impresie conteaza pantofii impecabili pot face diferenta Iar daca The post first appeared on
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Din ce este făcută, de fapt, paprika
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Încălțămintea curată vorbește despre tine! Descoperă Papucino și promoția specială de sărbători
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2025-01-20 17:30:19
|
2024-12-16 12:01:43
| 0 |
791,757 | 792,095 |
We in the media and chattering class jeered at a man who probably improved more lives over a longer period than any other recent president
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We in the media and chattering class jeered at a man who probably improved more lives over a longer period than any other recent president
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President Carter Deserves Our Thanks and Respect
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Jimmy Carter Deserved Our Thanks and Respect, Not Our Sneers
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2024-12-30 03:13:36
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2024-12-29 23:42:57
| 1 |
859,110 | 35,313 |
Viele Menschen entdecken das langsame Gärtnern für sich Slow Gardening lädt dazu ein das grüne Areal im eigenen Tempo zu bewirtschaften Das bringt Vorteile mit sich für die Natur und auch für den Gärtner oder die Gärtnerin Slow Gardening lädt dazu ein ohne Zeitdruck zu gärtnern Das bringt Vorteile mit sich nicht nur für die Natur
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Pasiunea pentru plante a inceput pentru Laura Popescu fondatoare Floare cu Floare un start up in domeniul ilustratiilor si jucariilor crosetate in timpul facultatii in cadrul cursurilor de botanica si tot atunci s a decis sa infiinteze o forma juridica pentru a putea vinde produsele pe care le creeaza
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Bloß keine Hetze!
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GEN Z Trends. Din experienţa unui start-up în domeniul ilustraţiilor. Cum porneşti un business de pe băncile facultăţii şi ce trebuie să ştii când vrei să devii antreprenor full-time. „Creşterea unei afaceri nu se întâmplă peste noapte, iar fiecare pas înainte necesită timp, dedicare şi învăţare continuă“
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2024-12-22 15:19:00
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2025-02-27 07:30:00
| 0 |
344,904 | 362,388 |
Joao Felix a plecat de la Chelsea dupa doar sase luni Prezentat oficial la o zi de la inchiderea ferestrei de mercato
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S a facut Joao Felix a plecat de la Chelsea si va juca pentru o forta a Europei
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Joao Felix a plecat de la Chelsea, după doar șase luni! Prezentat oficial la o zi de la închiderea ferestrei de mercato
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S-a făcut! Joao Felix a plecat de la Chelsea și va juca pentru o forță a Europei
|
2025-02-04 17:52:49
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2025-02-03 15:40:59
| 1 |
490,073 | 870,131 |
The newest theatrical release from Angel Studios Brave the Dark portrays the true story of a young teenager who received a helping hand from one of his teachers creating a tale of redemption and hope for youth struggling and those seeking to aid these children The film details the journey of Nate a teenager at
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Pe decembrie Aradul a fost gazda premierei mult asteptatului film Ecaterina care a avut loc la Cinema City O poveste tulburatoare despre curaj si speranta Ecaterina este mai mult decat un simplu film este o incursiune profunda in lupta pentru dreptate o poveste ce exploreaza curajul unei fetite care se confrunta cu tragedii
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Angel Studios’s Brave the Dark explores ‘redemption’ of struggling youth
|
Premiera filmului “Ecaterina”, la Cinema City Arad
|
2025-01-24 11:00:00
|
2024-12-21 08:54:47
| 0 |
236,028 | 338,919 |
Amtsinhaber Robert Zillmann muss sich zwei Herausforderern stellen Die haben die erste Hürde im Wahlkampf bereits genommen Die Kandidaten im Überblick
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Robert Zillmann will erneut Bürgermeister in Colditz werden Doch was hat er während seiner ersten Amtszeit in der Stadt bewegt wo hat es gehakt und wo will in der in den kommenden sieben Jahren anpacken Die LVZ hat nachgefragt und Bilanz gezogen
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Wahlausschuss: Kandidaten für Colditzer Bürgermeisterwahl stehen fest
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Bürgermeisterwahl Colditz: Was Zillmann schaffte, was gescheitert ist
|
2025-02-12 17:01:00
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2025-02-05 08:05:30
| 1 |
41,131 | 498,545 |
Former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo joins Columbia University months after not being tapped for the second administration
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Columbia University has enlisted a Trump transition alumnus to lobby for the institution on issues related to higher education and appropriation as Republicans threaten to tax the Ivy League institution s billion endowment The post appeared first on
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Cut Off by Trump, Mike Pompeo to Teach at Columbia University
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Columbia Hires Trump Transition Alum To Lobby on 'Appropriations' Amid Threats To Tax $15 Billion Endowment
|
2025-02-26 18:36:36
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2025-01-23 17:25:59
| 0 |
811,931 | 121,577 |
How to tell when the best is no better than the rest
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Sa privesti un film bun la finalul unei zile obositoare si stresante poate fi cea mai buna terapie Cu toate acestea este important sa alegi un film bun astfel incat sa te poti bucura pe deplin de el Nu este simplu sa alegi un film bun mai ales ca exista o varietate foarte bogata de optiuni disponibile Nu toate filmele sunt atat de bune precum ti ai dori iar daca iti doresti sa alegi un film dintr un domeniu palpitant asa cum sunt pariurile sportive iti va fi cu atat mai dificil sa gasesti un titlu pe cinste In randurile urmatoare vei
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A ‘best of’ list might be OK for a movie — but to find star money managers?
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Top 7 filme care te vor inspira in lumea pariurilor
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2024-12-27 13:05:00
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2025-02-21 05:46:24
| 0 |
148,879 | 201,303 |
Unlike his first term Trump faced little organized opposition from the public during the early weeks of his second term
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It has been days since President Trump returned to the Oval Office and he has kept his campaign promises which have included mass firings sweeping layoffs and the upending of international policy and all of that in just the last few days Major Garrett discusses some of the biggest actions from the Trump administration and what they could mean moving forward
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Trump Makes Sweeping Changes in First 30 Days in Office
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The headlines from Trump's first weeks in office
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2025-02-19 10:00:53
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2025-02-15 01:11:00
| 1 |
836,076 | 63,611 |
Israelul a anuntat marti ca o fosta ostatica decedata dupa ce s a imbolnavit ca urmare a captivitatii sale in Gaza a fost declarata victima a ©
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TEL AVIV Israel AP An Israeli hostage freed in the current ceasefire between Israel and Hamas said Tuesday that
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Fostă ostatică israeliană decedată ca urmare a captivităţii sale în Gaza, declarată ‘victimă a terorismului’
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Freed Israeli hostage held onto faith to get through months of captivity in Gaza
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2024-12-24 15:11:05
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2025-02-25 14:02:45
| 0 |
779,814 | 799,180 |
Primaria Chisinau continua si in acest an traditia de a oferi un suport financiar cuplurilor longevive si persoanelor centenare in semn de recunostinta fata de stabilitatea loialitatea si contributia in comunitate de cupluri longevive si persoane cu varsta de peste de ani au primit ajutor financiar in cadrul unui program dedicat lor transmite IPN Pentru cuplurile care au
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Primaria Chisinau continua sa onoreze familiile si persoanele care sunt exemple de stabilitate loialitate si contributie valoroasa in comunitate In anul municipalitatea a oferit suport financiar pentru de cupluri longevive si persoane centenare ca parte a unui program dedicat acestora Cupluri longevive de ani de casatorie de cupluri au Post ul apare prima data in
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Premii pentru 621 de cupluri longevive și 8 vârstnici de peste 100 de ani
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Primăria Chișinău, în anul 2024, a oferit suport financiar pentru 621 de cupluri longevive și 8 persoane centenare
|
2024-12-31 05:00:00
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2024-12-29 05:49:27
| 1 |
931,276 | 519,375 |
The president of the National Log Cabin Republicans has blasted the gay left for attempting to stoke fear among gay people about the incoming second Trump presidency saying President elect Donald Trump is the best president the Republican party has ever had on LGBTQ issues The post appeared first on
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A promis si a facut o Noul presedinte american Donald Trump a anuntat in primul sau discurs dupa ce a depus juramantul luni ianuarie ca SUA recunosc doar doua sexe barbat si femeie intr o ofensiva fata de comunitatea LGBTQ Inca din primul discurs Donald Trump a confirmat cele mai mari temeri ale comunitatii mentionate care
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Exclusive -- Log Cabin GOP Leader Blasts Gay Left's Fear Mongering: Trump Is 'Best President the Republican Party Has Ever Had on LGBTQ'
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SUA: Temerile comunităţii LGBT – confirmate
|
2024-12-16 19:57:37
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2025-01-22 11:35:51
| 0 |
646,684 | 431,584 |
Norvegia a exportat o cantitate record de gaze naturale anul trecut iar volumele ar urma sa ramana aproape de acest nivel in urmatorii ani arata datele oficiale si previziunile publicate Articolul a aparut prima data pe
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Se estimeaza ca sectorul de conducta Nord Stream A avariat contine aproximativ milioane m de gaze naturale in The post appeared first on
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Norvegia estimează că va produce 120,4 miliarde mc de gaze în 2025
|
Danemarca permite lucrări la gazoductul explodat Nord Stream 2
|
2025-01-13 05:01:45
|
2025-01-29 08:59:04
| 0 |
459,421 | 511,345 |
Brittany Aldean wife of Jason Aldean said that a new Trump presidency has opened her eyes to some light at the end of the tunnel The post appeared first on
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Brittany Aldean has shared her thoughts on President Trump s inauguration now that she s back home in Florida Aldean shared that she s so happy the once former president is back in office
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Brittany Aldean Sees 'Light at the End of the Tunnel' with Trump Presidency
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Brittany Aldean believes there's 'a light at the end of the tunnel' now that Trump is back in office
|
2025-01-27 11:38:05
|
2025-01-22 21:40:33
| 1 |
3,720 | 4,137 |
Third year Auburn Tigers head coach Hugh Freeze has been diagnosed with prostate cancer according to a statement from the school He is expected to continue his normal coaching duties
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Auburn s head coach Hugh Freeze who has previously worked for Lambuth Ole Miss and Liberty has been diagnosed with cancer but is expected to continue coaching the Tigers
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Auburn football coach Hugh Freeze diagnosed with early-stage prostate cancer, school says
|
Hugh Freeze diagnosed with cancer as Auburn makes health announcement
|
2025-03-01 00:40:17
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2025-02-28 22:50:59
| 1 |
106,281 | 151,087 |
In preajma alegerilor parlamentare autoritatile accelereaza procesul de reinnoire a Curtii Constitutionale un organism care ar putea juca un rol cheie in sintetizarea rezultatelor votului Cu toate acestea expertii considera ca este vorba de un joc politic si de o dorinta de a asigura loialitatea Curtii Constitutionale Puteti citi mai multe pe aceasta tema in noua editie Materialul il p
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Cu putin timp inainte de expirarea mandatului actualului parlament autoritatile au decis sa accelereze reinnoirea componentei Curtii Constitutionale CC a Republicii Moldova un organ care poate juca un rol cheie la totalizarea rezultatelor viitoarelor alegeri parlamentare Noua lege privind Curtea Constitutionala elaborata de Ministerul Justitiei si prezentata legislativului modifica proce
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Ascultă Noi: În Moldova va fi înființată o nouă Curte Constituțională
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Înainte de alegeri, în Moldova va fi creată o nouă Curte Constituțională
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2025-02-22 08:00:13
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2025-02-19 08:00:30
| 1 |
61,650 | 919,706 |
What was special about the house Consider the rumpus room
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Seit Jahren steht das Rheinbold Haus in Hügelsheim leer Das Fachwerkhaus erzählt von einem entbehrungsreichen Leben zweier Schwestern
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NE Portland midcentury house with ‘vintage vibes’ sells fast, over asking price. Why that’s unusual
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Lost Place: Ein Rundgang durch das verlassene Haus der Rheinbold-Schwestern in Hügelsheim
|
2025-02-25 15:55:14
|
2024-12-17 15:42:00
| 0 |
516,471 | 606,428 |
House Republicans are holding a press conference Wednesday morning after meeting at the Republican National Committee headquarters in Washington Following President Trump s inauguration this week the White House and Congress are getting to work on carrying out Trump s agenda including a wide ranging reconciliation bill Meanwhile a number of Republicans in the Senate have criticized Trump s
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House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries D N Y holds a weekly press conference at p m ET on Jan
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Watch live: House GOP leaders hold press conference
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House Democratic Leader Jeffries Holds a Weekly Press Conference
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2025-01-22 14:15:00
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2025-01-15 18:08:07
| 1 |
503,582 | 435,229 |
The supermarket says it is facing a challenging cost environment and has had to make tough choices
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Starbucks CEO Brian Niccol said during a Tuesday earnings call that the coffee giant will cut of its menu offerings this year AP Photo Lindsey Wasson File Starbucks CEO Brian Niccol said the coffee giant will cut of its menu offerings this year In an earnings call Niccol told investors the cuts are part of Starbucks plan to streamline service Since becoming CEO in September Niccol has rolled out efforts to get back to Starbucks is a thing of the past CEO Brian Niccol told investors during a Tuesday earnings call Niccol said the international coffee chain plans to cut of its food and drink offerings by the end of its fiscal year which for the company is in September as part of his effort to streamline service at Starbucks stores We ve been focused on simplifying our menu to position partners for success improve consistency drive customer satisfaction and enhance our economics Niccol said As part of this work we made some late simplifications to our holiday product line up and believe we have more opportunity ahead as we follow a discipline stage gate process to innovate and bring to market fewer better beverage and food offerings that reflect our premium positioning The Starbucks corporate office will continue to work with its in store partners for inspiration on new product lines based on changing consumer preferences like it did with its last year Niccol said as well as release new cultural offerings like its current Dubai matcha drink A representative for Starbucks declined to answer specific questions about the planned menu simplification such as which menu items will be targeted or when the cuts will be made when reached by Business Insider The new CEO who took the job in September has rolled out several initiatives in an attempt to fix slumping sales at the coffee giant and improve the chain s reputation which in recent years has been marred by inconsistent drink preparations and long wait times One longtime barista previously told Business Insider the chain has become a rather than the quirky local coffee shop it started as Niccol s strategy which includes bringing back on your coffee cup and installing new has earned the approval of Starbucks former CEO Howard Schultz who last year said he has total faith in Niccol s It also appears to be resonating with customers and shareholders as the company s first quarter earnings despite a decline in sales and shares are up more than in the last month Read the original article on
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Sainsbury's to cut 3,000 jobs and shut cafés
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Starbucks to cut a third of its menu offerings this year as the coffee giant streamlines service
|
2025-01-23 12:09:49
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2025-01-29 01:56:34
| 0 |
753,460 | 527,281 |
On Thursday s Alex Marlow Show host and Breitbart Editor in Chief Alex Marlow talked about news on research funded by Bill Gates using mosquitos as vaccinators Marlow said It sounds like a sci fi plot but it s not I ll tell you if The post appeared first on
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The San Francisco housing market has seen a near five percent drop in housing prices over the last days
|
Alex Marlow: Bill Gates-Funded Researchers Turned Mosquitoes into Flying Syringes to Deliver Vaccines
|
San Francisco Sees Housing Prices Drop
|
2025-01-03 01:39:20
|
2025-01-21 20:49:43
| 0 |
767,418 | 734,706 |
Warum ein Interview führen mit einem einstigen hauptberuflichen Mitarbeiter des DDR Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit Und warum so ausführlich
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Adio bun gasit Ultimele ore la birou Proteste presa nemultumiri bucurii realizari neajunsuri Dam inainte La multi ani tuturor Dan Halchin Intr un context in care politistii de penitenciare pierd drepturi importante actualul director general pare sa se afla intr un permanent acces de narcisism preocupat mai mult de selfies decat de problemele
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Anmerkungen zum Interview mit einem Ex-Stasi-Offizier
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Lacrimi și nepăsare: Mesajul unui angajat al Sistemului în fața ignoranței
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2025-01-01 12:00:00
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41,415 | 59,994 |
Rep Adam Smith D Wash said it was an absolute lie that President Trump and Elon Musk were increasing government efficiency through a series of federal employee layoffs and cuts to federal agency budgets Today they re Republicans planning on voting for a budget resolution that is going to increase the debt by trillion over the next decade This is
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Representative Adam Smith D WA said Tuesday on MSNBC s Ana Cabrera Reports that President Donald Trump is telling the American people an absolute lie that the Department of Government Efficiency DOGE is about making the federal government more efficient The post appeared first on
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House Democrat: 'Absolute lie' that Trump, Musk are boosting government efficiency
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Dem Rep. Smith: 'Absolute Lie' Trump, Musk Making Government More Efficient
|
2025-02-26 18:13:40
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2025-02-25 17:39:15
| 1 |
138,947 | 901,632 |
In viata fiecarui artist exista cumpene momente greu de depasit si cu toate astea interpretii sunt nevoiti sa se prezinte pe scena in fata publicului Asa s a intamplat si in cazului indragitei Miki de la K pital care ne a povestit in revista VIVA cat de crunt a fost sa cante imediat dupa ce asistase la inmormantarea
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Bei einem Besuch in einem Seniorenheim ließ Mette Marit ihren Gefühlen freien Lauf und weinte
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Miki de la K-pital a fost nevoită să urce pe scenă imediat după înmormântarea celei mai bune prietene: „A fost crunt. Am clacat, am început să plâng pe scenă, moment în care…” / EXCLUSIV
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Mette-Marit von Norwegen: Sie bricht in Tränen aus bei Adventskonzert
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2025-02-19 22:00:00
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2024-12-18 20:45:00
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128,631 | 165,126 |
Gala Societatii Civile GSC un proiect The Institute pentru sustinerea si promovarea activitatii sectorului non profit si neguvernamental din Romania anunta deschiderea inscrierilor pentru editia Acestea au loc pana pe martie iar procesul de inscrieri se desfasoara exclusiv pe website ul competitiei In cadrul acestei editii The Institute continua sa sprijine si sa promoveze initiativele The post appeared first on
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Gala Societatii Civile GSC un proiect The Institute pentru sustinerea si promovarea activitatii sectorului non profit si neguvernamental din Romania anunta deschiderea inscrierilor pentru editia
|
The Institute lansează apelul de proiecte pentru cea de-a 23-a ediție a Galei Societății Civile
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Au început înscrierile pentru Gala Societății Civile, ediția a XXIII-a
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2025-02-20 14:30:25
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2025-02-18 09:22:10
| 1 |
202,818 | 845,277 |
We sometimes say that email is the biggest problem hiding in plain sight a tech CEO told Newsweek explaining how AI can help workplaces be more productive
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Getty Images Andrius Banelis for BI In the business world there are few areas that artificial intelligence hasn t touched Many industries are rushing to adopt AI and the technology is changing how employees collaborate and complete tasks Generative AI is a major buzzword for business leaders But actually integrating AI can be a different story A lot of our clients have dozens of AI pilots everywhere Jack Azagury the group chief executive for consulting at Accenture said at one Workforce Innovation roundtable Very few have a coherent business case and a true reinvention and transformation How do companies move forward as the novelty of AI wears off Business Insider s Julia Hood asked members of the Workforce Innovation board how they transitioned their AI pilots into real world use cases Board members shared five major ways their companies were moving AI from theory to operations Before we go and tell our clients to embark on AI fully we want to be an AI first organization said Anant Adya an executive vice president service offering head and head of Americas delivery at Infosys We want to show our clients we are using AI whether it is in HR when it comes to driving better employee experience or when it comes to recruitment Members also highlighted employee training and peer to peer learning opportunities The roundtable participants were Anant Adya an executive vice president service offering head and head of Americas Delivery at Infosys Lucrecia Borgonovo a chief talent and organizational effectiveness officer at Mastercard Neil Murray the CEO of Work Dynamics at JLL Justina Nixon Saintil a vice president and chief impact officer at IBM Marjorie Powell a chief HR officer and senior vice president at AARP The following has been edited for length and clarity Identify early adopters like human resources Nixon Saintil Because we provide these platforms and solutions to clients we are usually client zero We implemented AI across our business and multiple functions and one of the first things we did was our AskHR product which I think answered over of questions employees had HR employees now spend time doing higher order work and partnerships with business units instead of answering basic questions that a virtual assistant can answer I think that s when you start seeing a lot of the benefits of it Borgonovo HR has been leading the way in terms of embedding AI to enhance the employee experience end to end right before you hire somebody all the way to after they leave the organization There are tons of opportunities to improve performance and productivity and provide greater personalization Invest in ongoing training Adya There are certain AI certifications and courses that everybody has to take to be knowledgeable about AI So we are driving education in terms of what is the impact of AI what is gen AI what are LLMs and how you look at use cases And certainly educating everybody that it s not about job losses but about amplifying your potential to do more Powell We have hands on skill building This past year we posted over AI workshops helping teams integrate AI into their work We really encourage our staff to participate We have a product we re using behind our firewall so they can engage and play with it We re just telling them go ahead and try to break it so they can give us feedback on what s working There was a team of people who said we want to see how you could use AI with PowerPoint or Excel And they re finding well it s not so good in those things But as it continues to grow they ll be ready for that and they ll know what it was able to do and what it wasn t I think it s just making it fun and that way it s not so scary Murray Our internal large language model is now a widget on everybody s dashboard that is accessible on your landing page Training is super important here to make people comfortable with it Even if it s just an online module you have to get people comfortable Nixon Saintil We ve also done companywide upskilling We had two Watsonx challenges Watsonx is our AI data platform This is one of the ways we ve upskilled a majority of the organization The outcome of that is there are some great ideas that employees actually ideated and they re now implementing those ideas and solutions in different functions Borgonovo Employees want to use AI and I think they re eager to learn how to use AI to augment their jobs For that we built a three tiered learning approach One is democratizing access for everybody and building general knowledge of AI The second tier is much more role specific How do we drive new ways of working by having people in different roles embrace AI tools Software engineering consulting sales you name it And then something we definitely want to build for the future is thinking proactively about how you re skill people whose roles may be impacted by AI so they can become more comfortable doing high level tasks or can shift to a different type of role that is emerging within the organization The other piece is where we re seeing the greatest demand internally which is for knowledge management It s gathering information from a lot of different sources in a very easy way Another job family that is very eager to get their hands on new AI technology is software engineering We have taken a very measured approach in deploying coding assistants within the software engineering community This year we did a pilot with a subset of them using coding assistants The idea is to just learn and based on our learning scale more broadly across our software engineering community in One of the really interesting learnings from this pilot was that the software engineers who were using the coding assistants probably the best were people who had received training What we re learning is that before you start rolling out all of these technologies or AI specific platforms for different job families you have got to be really intentional about incorporating prompt training Unlock peer to peer learning Powell We have idea pitch competitions and a year round idea pipeline program where people can put in ideas on how to use AI and share what they ve learned It sparks a lot of peer learning and creativity on our digital first capabilities to help us with our digital transformation Then we collaborate through community We have a generative AI community of practice This is somewhat like how companies have employee resource groups we have communities of practice as well They give employees a space to share their techniques and learn from each other and stay ahead of evolving trends They meet monthly they have an executive sponsor and they have all kinds of activities and learning opportunities Murray As we monitored AI use and what sort of questions were being asked we identified super users across all departments so the people who were capable of developing the most evolved prompts I suppose those prompts are now appearing in pull down menus to help people who maybe aren t as advanced in their use of it because prompting is a really important part of this And so the super users are driving everybody else to show them what s possible across the organization Find customer pain points to solve Borgonovo One of the use cases that drives not only knowledge management but also efficiencies is around customer support Customer support is probably one of the areas that has been leading the way We have a customer onboarding process that can be very lengthy very technical involving hundreds of pages of documentation and reference materials It was our first use case for a chat based assistant that we processed in terms of streamlining and creating greater efficiency and a much better customer experience Reinforce responsible leadership Powell We want our leaders people leaders particularly to guide employees to use AI effectively and responsibly We want to make sure they re emphasizing privacy policy and efficiency So we encourage managers to point the staff toward training that we offer and we offer quite a bit of training Read the original article on
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AI Tools Are Saving a Consulting Firm's Leaders Six Hours per Week Each
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Business leaders share 5 ways they're taking AI from pilot to use case
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2025-02-14 19:58:15
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2024-12-23 18:42:31
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262,939 | 810,695 |
It just shouldn t be the American taxpayer
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America s current foreign assistance is untethered to our desired foreign policy outcomes
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Marco Rubio Says US Is Not Walking Away From Foreign Aid, Only ‘Foreign Aid That Is Dumb’
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Conservatives are correct: America’s foreign aid system is broken
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2025-02-11 03:53:10
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2024-12-27 15:00:00
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27,827 | 63,037 |
People are only just realising how Bluetooth got its peculiar name and it has nothing to do with the colour blue
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Bluetooth is the technology that allows our devices to connect and exchange data wirelessly over a short distance but not many people know the interesting reason behind its name
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People are BAFFLED after discovering how Bluetooth got its peculiar name
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People are finally learning 'charming' reason Bluetooth got its name
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184,348 | 669,500 |
Bihorul intra sub influenta unui val de aer polar in perioada februarie cu temperaturi The post first appeared on
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Ametistul este una dintre cele mai indragite si valoroase pietre pretioase fiind asociata cu luna februarie si avand o semnificatie speciala atat in istorie cat si in zilele noastre Cu nuantele sale vibrante de mov si cu o eleganta naturala ametistul este considerat un simbol al intelepciunii al pacii interioare si al spiritualitatii Descopera in
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Ger de crapă pietrele în Bihor, în 17-24 februarie: -9° Aleșd, -13° Nucet, -7° Oradea, -9° Beiuș și -7° Salonta
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Ametistul, piatra pretioasa a lunii februarie
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Sursa foto Shutterstock com Calatoriile sunt o experienta de neuitat dar bucuria explorarii unor destinatii noi poate fi umbrita de griji financiare Alegerea inteligenta a modului in care iti planifici calatoria poate face diferenta intre a te relaxa complet si a te confrunta cu probleme neprevazute Descopera sfaturi esentiale care te vor ajuta sa reduci riscurile Articolul apare prima data in
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Sursa foto pexels com Calatoriile sunt momente de explorare si aventura dar pot veni si cu surprize neprevazute care iti pot afecta starea de spirit si financiarele Inainte de a ti face bagajele si de a pleca spre noi orizonturi asigura te ca esti pregatit sa gestionezi orice situatie financiara neplacuta care poate aparea pe parcurs In acest Vezi mai multe stiri pe
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Cum să călătorești inteligent: sfaturi pentru reducerea riscurilor financiare
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Cum să călătorești liniștit: Înțelegerea opțiunilor de protecție financiară pentru călători
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342,951 | 405,541 |
Philadelphia Eagles pass rusher Brandon Graham thought his career was over after tearing his triceps in November but he s making a push to play in the Super Bowl
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The Philadelphia Eagles opened Brandon Graham s practice window giving the star defensive end a chance to return for the Super Bowl against the Chiefs
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Eagles' Brandon Graham expects to play in Super Bowl LIX after what he thought was career-ending injury
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Eagles star Brandon Graham has chance to play in Super Bowl LIX after injury derailed season
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2025-02-04 21:11:06
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407,291 | 408,059 |
OpenAI struck an agreement with the U S National Laboratories and plans to support work on nuclear security and more
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OpenAI announced Thursday it is partnering with the Los Alamos National Laboratory to install its newest artificial intelligence models onto the lab s supercomputer for national security research We care a lot about AI and science we ve talked about this for a very long time This is what we think will be on the most important
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OpenAI announces US National Laboratories partnership, plans to support work on nuclear security and more
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OpenAI to partner with US National Laboratories to boost national security
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2025-01-30 18:11:58
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2025-01-30 17:11:30
| 1 |
385,484 | 412,818 |
I got into politics because of my experience with health care and it informs how I think about keeping Americans safe and well today
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I got into politics because of my experience with health care and it informs how I think about keeping Americans safe and well today
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RFK Jr. Is Bad for Our Health
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Sen. Tammy Baldwin: RFK Jr. Is Bad for Our Health | Opinion
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2025-02-01 13:05:28
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2025-01-30 12:01:01
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854,034 | 867,291 |
Aeroportul din orasul rus Kazan s a redeschis sambata dupa ce a fost inchis temporar mai devreme in cursul zilei in urma unui atac ucrainean cu drone a anuntat Rosaviatsia organismul rus de supraveghere a aviatiei Agentiile ruse de presa de stat au relatat atacul cu drone asupra unui complex rezidential si a altor zone din Articolul apare prima data in
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Aeroportul din orasul rus Kazan s a redeschis sambata dupa ce a fost inchis temporar mai devreme in cursul zilei in urma unui atac ucrainean cu drone a anuntat Rosaviatsia organismul rus de supraveghere a aviatiei
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Aeroportul din Kazan, redeschis după atacul ucrainean cu drone
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Aeropoturile ruse se redeschid, după atacul ucrainean cu drone din Kazan. Zaharova: Ucraina „își descarcă furia impotentă pentru înfrângerile militare reale asupra populației pașnice”
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2024-12-23 07:53:10
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2024-12-21 14:19:05
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477,964 | 845,725 |
Genetica din spatele culorii vibrant portocalii din blana felinelor este in sfarsit confirmata dupa
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Test de iluzie optica Gaseste pisica ascunsa in marea de Mos Craciuni Atentie ai la dispozitie doar secunde Articolul apare prima data in
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Misterul pisicii roșcate a fost deslușit. De ce nu toate pisicile au aceeași culoare?
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Test de iluzie optică. Doar persoanele cu ochi de vultur pot găsi pisica ascunsă în grămada de Moș Crăciuni
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2025-01-25 13:09:16
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2024-12-23 17:58:08
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835,127 | 869,878 |
The movie is a must watch over the holidays and is still popular years after its release
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Este acea perioada din an in care ne aducem aminte din nou de filmul care a devenit un adevarat brand de Craciun Te invitam asadar sa descoperi unde sunt acum actorii din rolurile principale
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A 'Christmas Story' Cast: Where Are They Now?
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"Singur acasă", după 34 de ani: unde sunt acum actorii din celebrul film de Crăciun
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2024-12-24 17:11:32
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2024-12-21 09:23:06
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428,147 | 861,338 |
Some lecturers at Cardiff University have begun getting letters advising them their post is at risk
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Im Jahrhundert bietet der Krankenschwestern Beruf Frauen eine Chance auf mehr Unabhängigkeit Aber zu welchem Preis Ein Blick die Situation in Baden
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Cardiff uni job cuts threaten supply of nurses, union boss says
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So hart war der Alltag von Krankenschwestern im Großherzogtum Baden
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2025-01-29 12:17:07
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2024-12-22 11:02:00
| 0 |
576,793 | 576,794 |
Amenintarea numarul la adresa securitatii noastre interne este granita de sud cu Mexicul a declarat vineri Kristi Noem nominalizata de presedintele ales al SUA Donald Trump ca secretar al Departamentului Securitatii Interne responsabil in special cu controlul
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Amenintarea numarul la adresa securitatii noastre interne este granita de sud cu Mexicul a declarat vineri Kristi Noem nominalizata de presedintele ales al SUA Donald Trump ca secretar al Departamentului Securitatii Interne responsabil in special cu controlul imigratiei relateaza AFP conform Agerpres Donald Trump a dat asigurari ca imediat ce va depune juramantul luni Post ul apare prima data in
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Echipa Trump: 'Ameninţarea nr. 1' la adresa securităţii interne a SUA este granița de sud
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Echipa Trump: ‘Ameninţarea nr. 1’ la adresa securităţii interne a SUA este granița de sud
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2025-01-17 17:10:27
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Elena Ionescu in varsta de de ani a recunoscut ca este singura insa se simte foarte bine Fosta solista de la Mandinga a declarat ca nu ii este greu sa fie mama singura conform
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Elena Ionescu de ani este o aparitie Artista s a afisat la un eveniment monden intr o forma de zile mari chiar in ziua in care a lansat o noua piesa intitulata Inima nebuna
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Elena Ionescu, despre viața ca mamă singură: „E o bucurie sufletească, radiez când vorbesc despre fiul meu”
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Cum se simte Elena Ionescu ca mamă singură? Este sau nu artista îndrăgostită din nou? „Nu vreau să am așteptări”
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2025-02-26 21:40:11
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2025-02-26 20:00:25
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Ieri decembrie Inspectoratul General al Politiei de Frontiera a incheiat cu succes proiectul strategic Dezvoltarea unitatii de monitorizare aeriana in cadrul Politiei de Frontiera a Republicii Moldova implementat cu sprijinul Guvernului Republicii Federale Germania prin intermediul Global Security Sector Reform Foundation GS Foundation Proiectul desfasurat intre si a beneficiat de un Articolul apare prima data in
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Armata Statelor Unite a primit unda verde pentru a continua construirea noului sau avion de spionaj cu Sierra Nevada Corporation SNC dupa ce agentia guvernamentala de audit a respins protestul formulat de LHarris Detalii ale acordului Pentagonul a anuntat ca acordul acopera de unitati ale avionului de lupta tri variant dintre care unele sunt destinate
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Poliția de Frontieră a Moldovei își modernizează monitorizarea aeriană cu sprijin german
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Armata amână lucrările pentru Planul HADES, dar colaborează cu SNC pentru un nou avion de spionaj
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2024-12-20 12:41:49
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2024-12-27 08:12:01
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Iraker hatte angedroht aus oberer Etage eines Hochhauses zu springen Was bis jetzt über den dramatischen Einsatz in Mülheim bekannt ist
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In Mülheim läuft ein dramatischer Einsatz Ein Iraker hat angedroht sich aus einer oberen Etage eines Mehrfamilienhauses zu stürzen
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Abschiebung: Mülheimer Polizisten verhindern Sturz aus Fenster
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Drohende Abschiebung: Mann steht am Fenster und will springen
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2025-02-14 13:09:25
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618,804 | 727,477 |
Sie denken Sie verfügen über ein ausgeprägtes Allgemeinwissen egal ob Geografie Geschichte Sport und Dinge des alltäglichen Lebens Dann stellen Sie Ihr Können in unserem Quiz des Tages unter Beweis Und eines versprechen wir Ihnen Mit jedem Quiz lernen Sie etwas dazu garantiert
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Sie denken Sie verfügen über ein ausgeprägtes Allgemeinwissen egal ob Geografie Geschichte Sport und Dinge des alltäglichen Lebens Dann stellen Sie Ihr Können in unserem Quiz des Tages unter Beweis Und eines versprechen wir Ihnen Mit jedem Quiz lernen Sie etwas dazu garantiert
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Testen Sie Ihr Wissen: Auf welcher Insel befindet sich Deutschlands kleinster Nationalpark?
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Testen Sie Ihr Wissen: Auf welcher Inseln befindet sich Deutschlands kleinster Nationalpark?
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2025-01-14 23:40:00
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2025-01-06 00:06:00
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693,915 | 700,433 |
There is no need to panic the government s overall fiscal strategy is the right one Spending cuts would be a mistake The cost of UK government borrowing is higher than it has been since just before the global financial crisis of The yield on five year gilts the interest rate the government is paying on the £ bn it to finance the deficit is about nearly five times what it was a decade ago and higher than at any time during the Liz Truss meltdown So have the so called come after Rachel Reeves selling off their holdings of government bonds en masse as they did after Truss and Kwasi Kwarteng s budget Not really The Truss debacle was the consequence of a of irresponsible tax cuts institutional vandalism and a near death spiral in an obscure part of the pensions market all of which were UK specific By contrast since the start of UK long term interest rates have broadly followed US ones upwards While part of this reflects the fact that UK inflation has been somewhat more persistent than the Bank of England hoped it is mostly driven by global developments and especially those in the US where growth and inflation are somewhat higher than expected It s this far more than anything the new UK government has done that has driven the rise in borrowing costs Jonathan Portes is professor of economics and public policy at King s College London and a former senior civil servant
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The interest rate on year gilts the government s long term financing vehicle reached per cent yesterday the highest level for years
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The spiralling cost of borrowing spells trouble for Rachel Reeves – but she must hold her nerve | Jonathan Portes
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Labour's borrowing costs surge 'worse than Liz Truss chaos': Rachel Reeves faces spending crisis after interest rates hit 27-year high on fears of 'Stagflation'
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2025-01-08 16:53:33
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2025-01-08 09:30:16
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20,529 | 56,213 |
Covering a president as part of the White House press pool dates back to the presidency of Franklin D Roosevelt The pool assignments are done on a rotating basis which the White House Correspondents Association handled until this week Now the Trump White House will assign one or two slots in the pool Marie Aberger a former communications aide in the Obama administration joins America Decides to examine the significance of the move
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It will determine which outlets participate in the rotating pool that reports from the Oval Office and Air Force One
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Trump administration taking control of White House press pool
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White House takes control of press pool that covers Trump
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2025-02-28 00:22:00
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2025-02-26 00:04:08
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26,583 | 20,020 |
Jessica Alba isi transforma durerea intr un simbol al renasterii Actrita de de ani si a aratat cel mai recent tatuaj un mesaj profund despre schimbare la doar cateva saptamani dupa ce a cerut oficial divortul de sotul sau Cash Warren punand astfel punct unei casnicii de aproape ani Jessica Alba marcheaza un nou inceput
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Un El pe nume Rule adica noul Romeo are ceea ce se cheama un corp de invidiat si e invadat de tatuaje Este asemenea fratilor lui artist specializat in domeniu Stie cand si cum cineva e si pregatit si demn sa se tatueze pe bune Stie insa si sa aprecieze pictura lui Piet Mondrian E
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Jessica Alba își tatuează un nou început! Mesajul misterios apare după divorțul de Cash Warren
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Love story cu tatuaje
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2025-02-27 15:20:11
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2025-02-28 03:04:03
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652,252 | 707,818 |
Teoriile recente ale conspiratiei online includ Fogvid ceea ce este o nebunie Unii cred ca ceata densa care invaluie sectiuni din SUA este o arma chimica In primele zile ale anului o misterioasa a invaluit portiuni uriase din SUA provocand mirosuri neobisnuite probleme de respiratie si epuizare Mii de videoclipuri cu oameni care isi indreptau lanternele in ceata pe timp de noapte pentru a arata particule neobisnuit de mari au fost postate pe site uri de socializare precum X si TikTok starnind ingrijorarea ca ar fi vorba despre o arma biologica plina de substante chimice Unii teoreticieni ai conspiratiei leaga ceata de observarea dronelor in intreaga tara in timp ce altii sustin ca improasca o multime de substante chimice prin ceata Descrisa ca o patura groasa si persistenta ceata i a imbolnavit pe oameni multi experimentand brusc simptome asemanatoare racelii sau gripei dupa doar o scurta expunere a comentat un utilizator X Unii suferinzi au experimentat o pierdere neasteptata de energie din cauza Fogvid Un proprietar din Florida a declarat pentru Daily Mail In aproximativ o ora am stranutat incontinuu timp de aproximativ trei ore iar ochii mi s au umflat foarte tare M am incalzit foarte tare si am simtit ca am febra si crampe O postare X explica mirosul ciudat asemanator sulfului si senzatia de arsura din nari ca fiind faptul ca guvernul a aruncat o gramada de microbi asupra tarii in aceasta saptamana sub forma de ceata Din fericire majoritatea ideilor conspirationiste au explicatii stiintifice Atunci cand saturatia de apa se apropie de punctul de roua se formeaza ceata in apropierea suprafetei Pamantului Acesta este motivul pentru care razele intense de lumina mai ales noaptea fac vizibile aceste particule Ceata absoarbe poluantii si alte particule in suspensie prin urmare este destul de neobisnuit ca aceasta sa contina compusi artificiali in special in zonele poluate In cele din urma umiditatea ridicata a cetii si micile cristale de gheata pot induce iritatii ale gatului daca respirati pe gura in loc de nas
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Teoria conspiratiei revine in forta cu o alta vedeta Fogvid este numele dat celui mai recent f
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Teoria conspirației virale susține că ceața este o armă chimică
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VIDEO Teoria conspirației lovește din nou. Ce este Fogvid-24? Legătura sa cu armele chimice
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2025-01-12 10:44:21
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2025-01-07 16:09:13
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540,061 | 617,175 |
Platforma open source Pixelfed fara reclame si care spune ca protejeaza datele utilizatorilor lanseaza aplicatii oficiale pentru iOS si Android Fondata in Pixelfed ofera o alternativa fara reclame la Instagram concentrandu se pe confidentialitatea utilizatorilor si evitand partajarea datelor acestora cu terti Platforma functioneaza pe protocolul ActivityPub acelasi care alimenteaza alte retele descentralizate din fediverse precum
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Pixelfed o platforma sociala descentralizata care ofera functionalitati similare cu cele disponibile pe Instagram si a lansat oficial aplicatiile mobile
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Pixelfed, alternativa Instagram, disponibil acum pe iOS și Android
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O alternativă descentralizată la Instagram şi-a lansat aplicaţiile mobile
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2025-01-21 06:01:12
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2025-01-15 06:16:35
| 1 |
5,760 | 29,557 |
'Talent is not enough,' roared former Manchester United captain Roy Keane in an passionate argument with Ian Wright over current Red Devils skipper Bruno Fernandes.
As a symbol of United's glory days, Keane has not shirked his responsibility to lambast a succession of players who have, in his view, failed to live up to the demands of Old Trafford.
And with the side in its modern nadir - resident in the bottom half of the Premier League table and with a myriad of off-field issues, ranging from baffling to deeply troubling - the Irishman took aim at their current leader.
'I see fans at matches and they're singing for Bruno. I see these boys, I think you're f***ing imposters!' said Keane on the latest episode of the Stick To Football Podcast, brought to you by Sky Bet. 'Talent is not enough! You keep going back to talent - Bruno's a talented player, but it's not enough!'
Keane's United swipes have gone under the radar in recent years, with the likes of Gary Neville, Rio Ferdinand and Paul Scholes stealing the spotlight in the booming 'Roasting-Man United' market.
But that should not detract from some of his all-time hits, the likes of which have yet to be replicated by his former team-mates.
'These players are no good to you!'
We'll begin with a Keane rant for the ages following Manchester United's 2-0 derby defeat by City in November 2021.
The Red Devils began the campaign with four wins and a draw but quickly suffered a winless run that cost Ole Gunnar Solskjaer his job.
Having seen his former side lose at home to Aston Villa, away to Leicester and be humbled 5-0 by Liverpool at Old Trafford in recent weeks, it's little wonder Keane let rip on several in the United dressing room.
And that's ignoring the context of the previous seasons under Solskjaer where the club could only flirt with competence and cohesion.
Keane unleashed on a United squad that contained the likes of Cristiano Ronaldo, Harry Maguire and Marcus Rashford and insisted the players 'are no good'.
'I can imagine Ole [Gunnar Solskjaer] and I try to picture a manager,' he said on Sky Sports.
'I've been there as a manager where you don't know what you're going to get.
'These players are no good to you. You don't know what you're going to get with Manchester United. Micah [Richards] is going to enjoy his day and Man City and Liverpool, with one title in 30-odd years.
'Man United are in a a bad place but there's a way out of it. Is Ole the man to do it? Huge question marks.'
Solskjaer was not the man to do it. The Norwegian was relieved of his duties the following week after a 4-1 defeat by Watford.
Ralf Rangnick took temporary charge until the end of the season before Erik ten Hag's was appointed and the post-Sir Alex Ferguson cycle began anew.
Maguire the robot
Keane's analysis of Manchester United ahead of their clash against Spurs the previous week deserves inclusion solely for his Harry Maguire impression.
The then-United skipper had the unenviable task of fronting up to the cameras after an embarrassing performance and or defeat. And his monotone delivery got on Keane's wrong side.
The former star reflected on Maguire's contrition after United's historic 5-0 home defeat by rivals Liverpool, in which the visitors stopped attacking in the last 30 minutes with the scoring complete and Old Trafford barely a third full.
'I heard Maguire talking during the week,' said Keane. 'He was like a robot, "er apologies to the fans", there was no emotion behind it.
'And these guys are off the back of a good European Championship for England so they've turned up before for big matches and [Luke]Shaw has fallen back into his old habits from a few years ago.'
'I would be swinging punches at that guy'
Maguire took a portion of the blame in perhaps Keane's most iconic United rant in recent years.
The centre-back was a common target for the former midfielder during the Solskjaer years but it was goalkeeper David De Gea who suffered the harshest barbs.
The Spaniard was undoubtedly a hero at Old Trafford, saving the side on many occasions with incredible stops.
However, by 2021, the pendulum had firmly swung, with him now as likely to prevent a goal as essentially assist one for the opposition.
This was the case against Tottenham in 2020 when De Gea failed to keep out a strike and United headed into the interval a goal down.
'I am flabbergasted,' said a visibly shaken Keane. 'There's got to be some stuff going on at half-time. If I was Ole I'd make some changes, get some lads off the pitch.
'Spurs have been okay, but Man United,' he fumed. 'Maguire and De Gea, I wouldn't even let them on the bus after the match. Get a taxi back to Manchester. These are established international players and I know we have to analyse the game.
'Analyse it until the cows come home. You do your job. We're trying to get into the top four, not win leagues by the way - god forbid about winning trophies. Shocking! I am disgusted with it.
'Maguire and De Gea, you should hang your heads in shame.'
He later added: 'I am sick to death of this goalkeeper. I would be fighting him at half-time. There's no getting away from that. I would be swinging punches at that guy.'
'I might smash into somebody'
Keane's willingness to engage in violence comes as little surprise, given the robust way he played the game for many years.
Feared during his time with the Red Devils, Keane's hardman persona was no act.
In a very telling window in his psyche during his rant about his former side after the defeat to Man City mentioned earlier, he revealed how he dealt with poor starts to games.
Effectively urging United's current crop to heed his advice in order to recover from their slump.
'This team doesn't have personality,' he said. 'They're trying things.
I'm sure they're a decent group, they go for lunch and this type of thing but it's what happens when the referee blows the whistle.
'There's one yellow card for United today. Now I'm not saying "go out and get seven, eight yellow cards" that doesn't win you football matches but it is a derby game.
'You have to show your quality but you do have to show some sort of emotion.
'I've often had it when I've not been at the races and I go, "you know, I might smash into somebody just to make me feel better". Sometimes it gets a reaction from the players and the fans.'
'Talent is not enough'
Next to the episode that inspired this list, Keane was on top form as he ripped into Fernandes amid United's dismal campaign.
The Portuguese's captaincy has drawn plenty of criticism in recent seasons, with fingers pointed to his perceived petulance and histrionics on the field as reasons why he is perhaps not the best leader.
However the attacking midfielder is undoubtedly the most talented player at the club, and as such presents an example and a standard for the rest of his side to try to live up to.
But with United struggling down in 14th place in the table, things are hardly going swimmingly at Old Trafford.
'Talent is not enough! You keep going back to talent - Bruno's a talented player, but it's not enough!' he told Wright.
'Who were you in the dressing room with, Tony Adams! Tony Adams was this, Tony Adams was that, because he was a fighter!
'You've got young players who have to look at somebody and go "I like what he does". They all can't put the ball in the top of the net from 25 yards, I get that, but you want someone who's going "Lads, are you with me? Are you with me?"'
He added: 'Let me tell you something, when you close somebody down, this is what I call a bluffer, I'm closing you down, but I'm not really closing you down-' Keane mimes half-heartedly pretending to close down Wright - 'and you pass it, "I've done my bit!"
'F*** off! Excuse my language.'
'At this level, you've got to hit people'
A rare instance of Keane aiming his fury at a team and players unconnected to Man United came during the European Championship last summer. The former Ireland captain torched Scotland's stars for 'letting down supporters' after their 5-1 destruction by Germany - and ripped into Andy Robertson for his post-match comments.
Scotland were 3-0 down and left with 10 men after a disastrous first half and couldn't muster much of a response as Germany's attacking talents ran riot.
Andy Robertson lamented a lack of aggression after the game and vowed that Scotland would be angry with themselves on Saturday morning.
'He said they weren't aggressive enough,' he told ITV. 'You have to be aggressive in a game of football. When you're up against opposition who are much stronger than you, being aggressive is part of being a footballer.
'My goodness, when you're playing at this level, you've got to hit people. Hit them properly, hit them aggressively, do it in the right way.
'If you step off them like Scotland did tonight... It's no good talking after the game saying we had a game plan. It's rubbish! Andy Robertson... it's all just rubbish coming out.
'You knew before the game what was at stake and after the game it's no good saying "we'll regroup and be angry tomorrow." You should be angry for a long time.
'They spoke before the game about creating history - they're creating history by playing as bad as that and letting their manager and supporters down.'
'Imagine you're depending on these guys'
Keane's 10-minute long tirade against Man United in 2021 was really the peak of a genre. The dialogue contained enough quotable moments to fill a list all on its own.
And his closing statement that day, where he questioned why Solskjaer continued to play the Brazilian Fred despite the team lacking quality in midfield, provides a cautionary tale. Keane could not have foreseen the future he and Man United fans inhibit.
Perhaps the moral of the story is to be careful what you wish for. Like the 1993 D:Ream classic states, 'Things Can Only get Worse'. I'm sure that was it.
'He came into Man United at a difficult time,' Keane said. 'He's managing one of the biggest sides in the world but if you've goy bluffers on the bus with you and you're dependent Shaw and [Aaron] Wan-Bissaka.
'Imagine you're depending on these guys. Ole, you might be better off out of it.'
He added: 'If Ole walked in here now, I'd grab him and go "why are you playing Fred?" Managers have to make their own decisions, they're working with them day-in and day-out but I would look at him and ask "why are you playing Fred in the middle of the park?"
'He has to take responsibility for that.'
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Fernandes s captaincy has drawn plenty of criticism in recent seasons with fingers pointed to his perceived petulance and histrionics on the field as reasons why he is perhaps not the best leader
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Roy Keane's ANGRIEST punditry moments: Brutally mocking Harry Maguire, exploding at Ian Wright in row over Bruno Fernandes - and claiming he'd be 'swinging punches' at error-prone Man United star
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Roy Keane EXPLODES at Ian Wright in his angriest-ever punditry moment in row over Bruno Fernandes and Man United's team of 'f***ing imposters'
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I represent a border district that was swamped by illegal immigration What I m seeing now might surprise you
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As we prepare to enter the new year we re taking you back to some of The Daily Wire s best reporting from This article was originally published on August With more than million illegal crossings recorded since President Biden and Vice President Harris took office the southern border faces an unprecedented crisis In
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Hailey Bieber has made no secret of the fact that she looks to Princess Diana for style inspiration increasingly turning to her signature low key looks when putting together her casual ensembles
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Justin Bieber sparked confusion after leaving a sweet comment under one of actress Keke Palmer s recent Instagram posts which many perceived as flirty
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Revealed: The popular royal Hollywood A-lister Hailey Bieber looks up to for style inspiration
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Justin Bieber quizzed over showing 'love' for sexy snap of popular Hollywood actress amid Hailey marriage woes
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As women we are conditioned to always present ourselves as lesser playing down our achievements and shrinking our personalities so that we take up less space in the world
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Doua prietene stau de vorba
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It's time to stop doing yourself down! Women are terrible at minimising themselves, says this top psychotherapist. Here's how to be MUCH more confident in 2025
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Today my ex boyfriend called me on my birthday for our annual catch up or as I see it his yearly opportunity to rub my nose in it
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The author not pictured received a voice note from her ex Westend Getty Images Westend I was dating a guy I met on Hinge for two months before we had a fight After the fight he sent me a voice note telling me he wanted to end our relationship I felt hurt because I deserved better but I m proud of how I handled the situation At the start of this year I dated a guy for two months We I loved spending time with him because he never made me question whether he was into me He was always attentive and validated my feelings He d bring me flowers and ask me about my day We got into the habit of sending each other and keeping each other updated on our daily lives Sometimes I would rant to him if I had a bad day at work and he was always there to listen and validate my emotions He d tell me about his family his dog and his friends But never in my wildest dreams did I imagine he would with me via voice note while I was on a work trip abroad We had gotten into a fight right before my trip I expressed that I didn t like it when he had no plan for our dates in advance We started bickering about in relationships and then our fight escalated I felt angry that we were bickering over something in texts that was supposed to be an in person conversation and was only getting worse But at no point did I think something so silly could lead us to call things off I thought it would be good to spend days apart I traveled to Tbilisi Georgia for work which was a seven hour flight away from him But five days later during my trip I decided to send a voice note apologizing I m an and as a kid whenever my needs were unmet by my emotionally unavailable parents my coping mechanism was to throw a tantrum to get them to notice my needs Hence when I felt like he wasn t meeting my needs I bull dozed into complaining rather than healthily addressing it He sent a voice note back breaking up with me Of course it was confusing and painful I couldn t believe it was real I cried for two weeks straight after the breakup The pain still haunts me Finding out I was single again via a voice note was hard I understand that no one really owes anyone anything for just two months of dating but I still feel like I deserved a It felt like my feelings didn t matter in this scenario But I m proud of myself because I was vulnerable for the first time in a relationship especially during those breakup voice note exchanges Before that I was always playing the chill cool girl who just didn t care because I wanted to hold the power I am also proud that I didn t try to get him to change his mind once he said that he wanted to break up A previous version of me would have done that Plus I definitely won t be sending constant voice notes in the future when I have just started dating someone I realized it builds a false sense of intimacy We got into a pattern of constant voice notes because I was anxious that he would be so I wanted to know what he was doing throughout the day I can see that now now that I ve had some space from this experience Thankfully I ve learned to be more secure in my relationships Moving forward I plan to move important conversations about relationships out of the phone and prioritize connection via in person experiences Read the original article on
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Why I bitterly regret leaving my wealthy ex: Andrew was boring so I ditched him for handsome Mark. It's only 25 years later when he calls me that I realise my catastrophic mistake: JOAN SMYTH
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My ex dumped me by sending a voice note. It was painful and confusing.
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Сотрудники НЦБК задержали двух сотрудников столичного управления городской мобильности мунсовета Кишинева
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Folia stretch este un instrument de ambalare indispensabil in logistica si depozitare Desi poate parea banala la prima vedere utilizarea ei corecta poate face o diferenta uriasa in protejarea produselor si in optimizarea costurilor Daca te ai intrebat vreodata cum sa obtii cele mai bune rezultate ai ajuns unde trebuia Prin urmare iata cateva sfaturi care
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Cuplajele elastice sunt esentiale in utilajele grele din constructii minerit si industrie asigurand transmiterea eficienta a puterii compensarea nealinierilor si reducerea vibratiilor Acestea conecteaza doi arbori rotativi absorbind socurile si minimizand uzura componentelor critice
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STANFORD Calif AP Maxime Raynaud had points and rebounds for his nation leading st double double of the season
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Maine Calin Georgescu ar castiga cu la suta
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Maxime Raynaud has another double-double and Stanford topples Boston College 78-60
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The Boston Red Sox could turn to the Los Angeles Angels to try to poach an outfielder from them though it s not likely
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Red Sox Predicted To Swing Massive Trade For $85 Million Cubs Star Outfielder
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unitati livrate in marcheaza nu doar o crestere de fata de anul precedent ci si un semn clar al consolidarii pozitiei Volvo Cars pe piata auto premium din Romania Aceasta performanta confirma increderea clientilor romani in marca Volvo in ciuda unui context dificil pentru industria auto
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Anul a fost unul de referinta pentru Volvo Cars Romania cu un nou record absolut de livrari unitati comercializate marcand o crestere de fata de anul precedent Acest rezultat confirma pozitia puternica
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The comedian and his dance partner looked in great spirits as they led the Strictly stars leaving a London hotel on Saturday morning
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The couple led the glamorous departures with Jade Thirlwall Vanessa Kirby and Maisie Williams also in attendance
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Chris McCausland and Dianne Buswell beam as they leave hotel alongside fellow Strictly stars after he admitted to feeling 'emotional' and 'worn down'
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Comedian Michelle Buteau went after Dave Chappelle for daring to joke about transgender people The year old New Jersey native who has appeared in Hollywood films and reality TV shows made the remarks during her new Netflix comedy special Michelle Buteau A Buteau ful Mind at Radio City Music Hall Buteau s set included a graphic joke about
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Tavex Romania parte a grupului Tavex cel mai mare comerciant de aur de investitii din Europa de Nord raporteaza o cifra de afaceri de aproximativ de milioane de euro aferenta anului Aceasta performanta marcheaza o crestere de aproape fata de anul precedent consolidand pozitia companiei pe piata de aur de investitii din
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Tavex Romania parte a grupului Tavex cel mai mare comerciant de aur de investitii din Europa de Nord raporteaza o cifra de afaceri de aproximativ de milioane de euro pentru anul Performanta marcheaza o crestere de aproape fata de anul precedent consolidand pozitia companiei pe piata de aur de investitii din Romania The post appeared first on
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Tavex România continuă creșterea accelerată: cifră de afaceri de 35 de milioane de euro în 2024
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President Donald Trump attends the Interfaith Service of Prayer for the Nation at the National Cathedral on Tuesday January The post appeared first on
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President Donald Trump is joining the National Prayer Breakfast at the Capitol on Thursday honoring a more than year old Washington tradition The post appeared first on
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Watch: Donald Trump Attends National Prayer Service
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Impactul Cora asupra Carrefour. Vânzările retailerului au sărit de 3 miliarde de euro, după singurul avans din Europa
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Veterans Line Up To Show Support for Pete Hegseth
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2025-02-24 11:09:38
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2025-01-14 18:00:46
| 0 |
803,679 | 76,696 |
Ein Essener hat aus einem ehemaligen Leichenwagen einen auffälligen Camper gemacht Er sagt Ich schlafe in dem Auto wie ein Toter
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Ein Wanderweg zur Zugspitze ist vorerst gesperrt Der Grund Er verfällt Doch niemand fühlt sich zuständig Ein Mensch ist dort bereits ums Leben gekommen
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Für Festivals: Essener baut Leichenwagen zum Camper um
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Urlauber bereits in den Tod gestürzt – beliebter Alpenpfad ist jetzt gesperrt
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2024-12-28 12:02:00
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2025-02-24 18:10:28
| 0 |
253,569 | 253,991 |
Notfallprävention gesunde Ernährung und Stadtplanung mit viel Grün können Allergikern helfen
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Äpfel können bei Allergikern zu Juckreiz und Schwellungen im Mund führen und Erstickungsgefühle auslösen Betroffene lassen also lieber die Finger davon Nun gibt es Neuigkeiten
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Pollensaison | Neue Apfelsorten für Allergiker
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Apfel für Allergiker soll im Herbst in Supermärkte kommen
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2025-02-11 14:41:41
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2025-02-11 14:17:19
| 1 |
176,949 | 177,250 |
Back in November I wrote a that discussed the likely adverse effects of President Trump s proposed tariffs on U S farmers The piece noted that million acres of cropland has been added to the mix around the world since the start of this century notably in tropical regions such as Brazil and India There is increasing competition for U S farmers in export markets The United States alone cannot absorb all that we produce here Many farmers voted for Trump because he promised less regulation and greater prosperity for America s farmers The hard truth is that like most of the folks who voted for Trump farmers failed to do their homework about the reality of the new administration All of this has occurred in the context of higher input costs and tight margins for virtually all crops We are now living and working in an environment where the only constant is chaos Chaos produces uncertainty and that leads to loss of trust The buyers of U S farm products are not going to deal with nations that cannot be trusted There are plenty of options in today s world for those buyers to bypass the United States Why on God s green earth would they put up with the insanity that we have in Washington now It is almost laughable that some Republicans have come to the defense of Trump s proposed tariffs and that some of those same Republicans have promised to help the farmers who feel the impact Really We have an unelected multibillionaire who in effect bought the Trump presidency now running amok in Washington On the one hand we see unprecedented efforts that is without the advice and consent of the Congress by some entity called DOGE to slash government spending and on the other we hear some of Trump s cronies promise aid for farmers The two cannot be squared Setting aside your political views this is an unprecedented assault on the Constitution and the separation of powers Take your pick of programs The Climate Smart programs designed to help farmers monetize carbon reduction practices on their farms are going away The future of the Z tax credit is well who knows What about export assistance programs urgently needed to help U S farmers counter the effects of the Trump tariffs and the rise of our global competitors such as Brazil and India And how about the price subsidies that featured prominently in the U S Department of Agriculture s farm support programs What happens when How about the effect of soft power from the programs that USAID has provided in many impoverished parts of the world By some accounts USAID buys about billion dollars of US farm products annually USAID is being dismantled by the dodgy group To his credit Sen Jerry Moran about this travesty Others must do the same or our political and economic competitors will fill the gap Who suffers Most certainly not Trump and his band of billionaires Farmers small towns and Main Street businesses bear the brunt of this ill conceived approach Don t bet the farm on help coming your way from this administration Remember the old saying Fool me once shame on you Fool me twice shame on me My fellow farmers you ve been played This nation cannot exist as an island But that is the path that this administration is on and the onus is on responsible folks from all political persuasions to find common ground to stop this madness Farmers are you listening These fundamental questions go to the heart of our democracy From what we have seen this far this nation is on a path that is at odds with our established role in the world and the economic and social consequences could be unprecedented Like Minnesota Reformer is part of States Newsroom a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a c public charity Kansas Reflector maintains editorial independence Contact Editor Sherman Smith for questions is part of States Newsroom a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a c public charity Minnesota Reformer maintains editorial independence Contact Editor J Patrick Coolican for questions
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Back in November I wrote a column for Kansas Reflector that discussed the likely adverse effects of President Trump s proposed tariffs on U S farmers The piece noted that million acres of cropland has been added to the mix around the world since the start of this century notably in tropical regions such as Brazil
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Played for suckers: Kansas farmer blasts Trump voters in scathing editorial
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A farmer writes: With Trump and Musk driving U.S. policy, farmers have been played for suckers
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2025-02-17 12:16:03
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2025-02-17 12:00:04
| 1 |
931,363 | 290,471 |
FOX Business Stuart Varney discusses how president elect Trump has been keeping busy following the election
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This week s White House Report Card finds that President Donald Trump continues to be on quite a roll in his third week And the proof is that the storied Obama coalition of modern voters likes what it is seeing Report card grader and Democratic pollster John Zogby found that younger voters and parents that made
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Stuart Varney: President-elect Trump is on a roll
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White House Report Card: Even Obama supporters like what Trump’s doing
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2024-12-16 19:49:26
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2025-02-08 15:29:11
| 0 |
435,375 | 877,236 |
The actress shared a photo of a sweet tribute to her three kids which came with a hefty price tag
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Kim Kardashian stie cum sa isi surprinda prietenii Miliardara nu se uita la bani cand vine vorba de cadouri iar cea mai recenta surprinza pe care i a facut o celei mai bune prieteni i a lasat pe multi fara cuvinte inclusiv pe sarbatorita scrie protv ro
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Mindy Kaling Reveals $80K Tribute to Her 3 Young Kids
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(video) „Dumnezeule, ai înnebunit?”: Incredibil ce i-a dăruit Kim Kardashian celei mai bune prietene în ziua în care aceasta a împlinit 45 de ani
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2025-01-29 00:37:13
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2024-12-20 14:21:29
| 0 |
399,420 | 282,484 |
Presedintele american a amenintat cu taxe vamale pentru Uniunea Europeana cu conditia ca blocul sa cumpere mai multi combustibili fosili din Statele Unite Oficialii UE sunt dispusi sa negocieze si chiar pregatesc un pachet de oferte pentru Trump scrie POLITICO Insa pentru Paris acest lucru nu ar trebui sa insemne cedarea Aceste negocieri vor fi The post appeared first on
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Directorii executivi sunt rezervati cu privire la amploarea si impactul oricaror taxe impuse de SUA asupra importurilor din UE Marile firme europene se pregatesc pentru o lovitura financiara din cauza unui potential razboi comercial cu SUA unii directori de top avertizand ca incertitudinea privind politica comerciala a lui Donald Trump afecteaza deja planurile de investitii
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Franța avertizează UE în privința războiului comercial cu Donald Trump: „Nu cedați nimic încă”
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Marile companii europene se pregătesc pentru o lovitură financiară din cauza unui potențial război comercial cu SUA
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2025-01-31 10:26:58
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2025-02-09 14:56:47
| 1 |
666,738 | 759,001 |
Oil futures rose sharply early Friday trading at their highest since October with support tied to cold weather in the U S and supply concerns
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A wave of predictions that a polar vortex will make this January the coldest in years sent natural gas prices up this week and experts say it could test supplies in the US and Europe
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Oil prices jump 4% on cold weather, supply concerns
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Natural gas prices spike on forecasts of colder than expected winter
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2025-01-10 15:22:00
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2025-01-02 12:00:15
| 1 |
861,281 | 277,892 |
Markus Miles wird neuer leitender katholischer Pfarrer in Karlsruhe Der Jährige scheut auch kontroverse innerkirchliche Debatten nicht
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Bedingungslose Treue zur Kirche attestiert der Postulator für diözesane Seligsprechungsverfahren im Erzbistum München Johannes Modesto dem Religionsphilosophen Roman Guardini
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Der künftige leitende Pfarrer fühlt sich in Karlsruhe bestens aufgenommen
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Postulator: Guardini ist immer als Christ wahrgenommen worden
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2024-12-22 11:10:00
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2025-02-10 05:41:00
| 0 |
517,362 | 7,373 |
Droht dem Raum Karlsruhe Ettlingen und Rastatt am Mittwochabend nochmals Blitzeis Es gibt eine entsprechende Warnung Wir haben nachgefragt
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Er war für einen Vortrag in Thüringen angefragt der abgesagt wird Die Angst hat auch mit dem Bundestagswahlergebnis der AfD zu tun
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Warnung vor Glatteisbildung im Raum Karlsruhe, Ettlingen und Rastatt
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Angst um Mitarbeiter: Promi sagt Vortrag in Thüringen ab
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2025-01-22 13:29:31
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2025-02-28 17:30:00
| 0 |
755,367 | 765,458 |
FEC records show that New Orleans terror suspect Shamsud Din Jabbar made two donations between and
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Shamsud Din Jabbar who the FBI said was killed after committing a New Years Eve terror attack in New Orleans has donated to Democrat politicians over the years including the chair of the DNC Federal Election Commission data shows
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Fact Check: Did New Orleans Terror Suspect Donate to Democrats?
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Alleged New Orleans Terrorist Donated To Democrats
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2025-01-02 18:13:46
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2025-01-01 15:57:03
| 1 |
792,094 | 327,289 |
The New York Giants had their best home performance of the season Sunday beating the Indianapolis Colts for their first win in New Jersey in months
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The New York Giants hold off on drafting a quarterback in Lance Zierlein s first projections
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The New York Giants picked the worst time for their first home win of the season
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Giants Pass On Quarterback In Lance Zierlein's First Mock Draft
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2024-12-29 23:43:45
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2025-02-05 21:07:17
| 0 |
653,162 | 655,872 |
Elon Musk a vorbit in cadrul emisiunii Saturday Night Live in despre problemele medicale pe care le are El a marturisit ca are sindromul Asperger detaliu care i a influentat viata Ce este sindromul Asperger La inceputul anilor sindromul Asperger a fost adoptat ca un diagnostic pentru persoanele autiste fara dificultati de invatare In
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Elon Musk a vorbit in cadrul emisiunii Saturday Night Live in despre problemele medicale pe care le are El a marturisit ca are sindromul Asperger detaliu care i a influentat viata La inceputul anilor sindromul Asperger a fost adoptat ca un diagnostic pentru persoanele autiste fara dificultati de invatare In urma cu zece ani eticheta a fost abandonata tulburarea din spectrul autismului il acopera acum Medicii nu mai diagnosticheaza sindromul Asperger insa unii fosti pacienti pot folosi inca termenul Este deosebit de controversata din cauza omonimului sau psihiatrul austriac Hans Asperger Acesta a colaborat cu nazistii in timpul Holocaustului Majoritatea persoanelor cu autism au deficiente de invatare insa sindromul Asperger este o varianta inalt functionala Deficienta de dezvoltare cauzeaza in general probleme cu relatiile sociale indiciile sociale si interpretarea si exprimarea emotiilor Miscarile necoordonate alterarea rutinei si problemele legate de scrisul de mana pot fi de asemenea simptome Unii pacienti dobandesc interese obsesive pentru anumite subiecte si le este mai usor sa memoreze cunostinte Musk a afirmat intr o conferinta Ted Talk din ca a avut probleme cu socializarea in copilarie El a recunoscut Indiciile sociale nu erau intuitive asa ca am fost foarte ca la carte Altii intelegeau ceva ce era intuitiv Eu luam lucrurile literal ca si cum ar fi insemnat exact ce spuneau A iesit prost Nu toata lumea spune ceea ce vrea sa spuna Multe alte lucruri sunt insemnate Asta mi a luat ceva timp sa mi dau seama CEO ul Tesla a declarat ca a invatat indicii sociale din literatura in ciuda unei copilarii dure Interesul sau deosebit pentru stiinta si tehnologie si capacitatea de a se concentra asupra muncii pot explica de asemenea diagnosticul sau Musk Imi placea sa programez computere singur toata noaptea potrivit publicatiei Express Tastarea unor simboluri ciudate pe un computer toata noaptea nu este pe placul majoritatii oamenilor Gasesc asta neplacut De fapt mie imi placea Printre persoanele renumite cu sindromul Asperger se numara Albert Einstein care ar fi putut avea acelasi tip de autism ca si alte persoane renumite Potrivit rapoartelor fizicianul teoretician de origine germana care a dezvoltat teoria relativitatii avea o dezvoltare intarziata a limbajului si dificultati sociale Sir Anthony Hopkins a fost diagnosticat cu Asperger la varsta de de ani Actorul galez in varsta de de ani a numit diagnosticul o eticheta fantezista Greta Thunberg o activista suedeza pentru clima a fost diagnosticata la ani Superputerea ei o ajuta sa vada lucrurile diferit
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Elon Musk a ținut ascunsă afecțiunea de care suferă. Despre ce boală este vorba
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Afecțiunea pe care Elon Musk a ținut-o ascunsă de-a lungul anilor
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2025-01-12 09:00:04
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2025-01-11 19:11:41
| 1 |
695,024 | 696,434 |
Meghan Markle Ducesa de Sussex s a declarat devastata dupa moartea cainelui sau Guy caruia i a adus un omagiu printr o postare emotionanta pe retelele sociale Meghan Markle e devastata de moartea cainelui sau Intr o postare pe
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Herzogin Meghan ist seit ein paar Tagen zurück bei Instagram Ihren dritten Beitrag widmet sie ihrem verstorbenen Hund Meghans Fans bekommen besondere Einblicke
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Meghan Markle se declară „devastată” de moartea câinelui său. Cum i-a ales numele
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Herzogin Meghan trauert um ihren Hund Guy
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2025-01-08 15:30:11
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2025-01-08 13:55:17
| 1 |
553,960 | 554,716 |
milioane de oameni au murit de cancer in lume iar pana in se estimeaza ca numarul cazurilor depistate va ajunge la de milioane de milioane de povesti inca nespuse Mai mult decat orice razboi Asta e pacea pe care trebuie sa o gasim si razboiul pe care trebuie sa l castigam Primele spitale
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milioane de oameni au murit de cancer in lume iar pana in se estimeaza ca numarul cazurilor depistate va ajunge la de milioane de milioane de povesti inca nespuse Mai mult decat orice razboi Asta e pacea pe care trebuie sa o gasim si razboiul pe care trebuie sa l castigam
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Dan Negru: Sănătatea este mai prețioasă decât banii
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Sănătatea este mai prețioasă decât banii
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2025-01-20 08:08:05
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2025-01-20 07:24:14
| 1 |
690,800 | 704,152 |
Major Michael Stockin pleaded guilty to counts of abusive sexual contact and five of indecent viewing on Tuesday
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An Army doctor pleaded guilty in a military court on Tuesday to sexually assaulting dozens of his patients, bringing one of the military's largest sex abuse cases closer to resolution.
The doctor, Maj. Michael Stockin, who is currently serving at Joint Base Lewis-McChord in Washington State, was accused of touching or viewing the genitals of 41 of his male patients under the guise of medical treatment between 2019 and 2022, according to court documents.
At a hearing on Tuesday, he admitted to 36 counts of abusive sexual contact and five of indecent viewing, according to Michelle McCaskill, a spokeswoman for the U.S. Army Office of Special Trial Counsel.
The plea agreement is subject to acceptance by a military judge, who will determine whether there is enough evidence to support the plea during hearings this week. If the plea is accepted, Major Stockin faces up to 13 1/2 years in prison, according to Ryan Guilds, a lawyer representing some of the victims.
Mr. Guilds said the plea was "an important step in the pursuit of justice." He said the victims had chosen to come forward "despite the guilt and shame that often accompany being a victim of sexual assault, especially for male soldiers in our Army."
Sexual assault by men against men is a widespread problem in the U.S. military, with many cases going unreported as a result of stigma and fear of retaliation, according to a government report on sexual assaults of male service personnel.
Women in the military face significantly higher rates of sexual assault than men. However, because men vastly outnumber women in the ranks, the total number of male and female victims in recent years has been roughly equal.
Major Stockin has served as an anesthesiologist in the Army since 2013. He was assigned in July of 2019 to Joint Base Lewis-McChord, where he worked at Madigan Army Medical Center.
In February 2022, the Army started an investigation into a number of allegations of sexual misconduct against Major Stockin, leading to his suspension from patient care, according to Ms. McCaskill. He continued to work at the medical center and was reassigned to administrative duties.
In August 2023, Major Stockin was formally charged in a case involving 23 victims. By the start of the following year, the number of victims involved in the case had risen to 41, Ms. McCaskill said.
A lawyer for Major Stockin did not respond to a request for comment.
In addition to the criminal case, more than 20 administrative complaints have been filed on behalf of victims against the Army and the Department of Defense, accusing the military of failing to adequately protect patients who were under Major Stockin's care.
Christine Dunn, a lawyer representing the victims in the complaints, said that many of their lives had been derailed by the abuse, leaving them with intense anxiety. Some now avoid medical attention, fearing another assault, she said.
"The reason they sought treatment in the first place was because they were suffering from chronic, debilitating pain and needed medical care," she said. "It's heartbreaking that they are now declining medical attention because of what happened to them."
One of the complaints stated: "I struggle daily with feelings of shame, worthlessness, and anger. The military was my life and my identity. Now, I feel like a stranger to myself and to those I love."
Bryce Dubee, an Army spokesman, said in a statement that the Army would not comment on the pending complaints because they were the subject of potential litigation.
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US Military Doctor Pleads Guilty to Sexually Abusing Dozens of Soldiers
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Army Doctor Pleads Guilty to Sexually Assaulting Dozens of Patients
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2025-01-08 22:24:30
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2025-01-08 00:52:39
| 1 |
285,819 | 777,192 |
Jeder Katzenbesitzer kennt es Katzen können die lustigsten Marotten entwickeln Zum Beispiel Mr Biscuits Der dreibeinige Kater trinkt am liebsten aus Mini Cocktailgläsern
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Sie hebt eine Pfote hält häufig eine Münze in der anderen und scheint uns zu grüßen Häufig heißt es die Glückskatze komme aus China und winke dem Betrachter freundlich zu beides ist falsch
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„Er ist süchtig nach seinen Cocktails“: Katze trinkt zu wenig, was Besitzer auf kuriose Idee bringt
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Internationaler Glücksbringer: Was hat es mit der winkenden Katze auf sich?
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2025-02-09 08:30:00
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2024-12-31 09:35:00
| 0 |
109,068 | 125,200 |
In contextul international creat de intalnirile Rusia - SUA, respectiv cele ale liderilor europeni, legate de incheierea razboiului din Ucraina, Romania Curata va prezinta studiul profesoarei de stiinte politice Alina Mungiu-Pippidi, "Unde va fi frontiera estica a Europei", publicat, initial, in Journal of Common Market Studies (JCMS), in luna octombrie a anului trecut. Versiunea in limba romana a fost editata de catre autoare, pastrand stilul de citare din jurnalele stiintifice. Aceasta este a doua parte a studiului, prima parte si bibliografia le puteti gasi la link-ul de mai jos (Romania Curata)
Alina Mungiu-Pippidi: Unde va fi noua frontiera estica a Europei? (I)
Din cuprinsul partii a doua:
SUA si Marea Britanie, alaturi de Rusia, au obtinut renuntarea Ucrainei la arsenalul sau nuclear la inceputul anilor 1990, fara sa discute dimensiunea frontierelor si oferind garantii de securitate iluzorii.
NATO, respectiv UE au promis Georgiei, Moldovei si Ucrainei, la summitul NATO de la Bucuresti (2008), integrarea, fara sa ia in calcul reactia Rusiei.
Rusia n-a fost complet pasiva in fata extinderii ,,frontierei vestice": doar ca n-a tras semnale suficient de puternice pentru a descuraja acest proces.
Judecand dupa cazurile Irlandei si fostei Iugoslavii, precum si dupa atitudinea Rusiei, Statele Unite vor avea ultimul cuvant in ceea ce priveste momentul finalizarii razboiului.
UE trebuie sa militeze pentru o solutionare definitiva a razboaielor de succesiune post-sovietice, nu doar o pace intre Ucraina si Rusia. Altfel, aceste conflicte vor continua sa submineze stabilitatea UE, la o scara fara precedent (Pace, 2008).
Frontiera democratiei
Multi observatori considera ca actualul conflict dintre Vest, care sprijina Ucraina, si Rusia reprezinta, in esenta, o confruntare intre democratie (in sens liberal larg, care include criteriile de la Copenhaga - stat de drept, drepturile omului, protectia minoritatilor) si autocratie (Applebaum, 2024).
Despotismul rusesc a supravietuit mai multor schimbari de regim. In 1835, Alexis de Tocqueville prezicea ca Statele Unite si Rusia isi vor imparti lumea in secolul XX, bazandu-se exclusiv pe expansiunea teritoriala si cresterea demografica. Observa ca SUA isi consolideaza pozitia acordand libertate cetatenilor de a-si urmari propriile interese, pe cand Rusia concentreaza toata puterea in mainile unui singur om. Insa, daca raportam Rusia la democratia tanara din SUA (ignorand sclavia), ea nu era neaparat mai ,,rea" decat alti vecini ai acelei epoci, precum Imperiul Otoman in secolul al XIX-lea sau Germania nazista, cu care a semnat, in 1939, un pact. Inaintea Razboiului Crimeii, tabara pro-razboi britanica sustinea, de asemenea, ca Occidentul trebuie sa confrunte Rusia deoarece este o tiranie. Lord Palmerston si aliatii sai considerau ca e preferabil ca populatiile ortodoxe din sud-estul Europei sa ramana sub jug otoman, decat sa fie ,,eliberate" de o Rusie despotica (Figes, 2010, pp. 71-78).
Exista doua seturi complementare de date care pot verifica aceasta teorie: mai intai, o comparatie intre Rusia si restul Europei post-comuniste in materie de democratie si, apoi, una intre Rusia si intreaga alianta condusa de UE impotriva sa.
Tarile din Europa Centrala, statele baltice si Balcanii au cunoscut tranzitii democratice reale, chiar in conditii initiale dificile, devenind democratii electorale. Unii cercetatori sustin insa ca Rusia nu a avut nicio tranzitie propriu-zisa la democratie, ci doar o perioada in care statul sau autocratic a slabit (Shevtsova, 2010; Plokhy, 2023).
Tendintele privind democratia in Rusia se deterioreaza constant dupa 1990, cand momentul separarii de URSS a reprezentat un varf, urmat de un declin lent, iar apoi accelerat (Freedom in the World, 2024; Papada et al., 2023). Totusi, rusii nu intelegeau democratia in vreun mod ,,exotic": un sondaj din 2012 arata ca 77% dintre ei o asociaza cu ,,egalitatea cetatenilor in fata legii", iar doar 27% sunt interesati de ,,revenirea Rusiei la statutul de superputere" (Tsygankov, 2014).
Ucraina avea scoruri mai bune decat Rusia in clasamentele democratice anterioare razboiului, dar tot nu era considerata ,,libera" de Freedom House (2024). De altfel, cele doua tari erau mai degraba apropiate din perspectiva unor indicatori de guvernanta, de pilda independenta sistemului judiciar (scor in jur de 4 pe o scara 1-10, conform World Economic Forum) (Corruption Risk Forecast, n.d.).
Ambele au avut economii post-sovietice cu un grad inalt de concentrare a bogatiei in mainile oligarhilor. Intre 2005 si 2012, miliardarii rusi cumulau 40% din venitul national, de patru ori mai mult decat omologii din SUA sau Germania (Novokmet, Piketty & Zucman, 2018). Fostul sistem comunist a convertit influenta politica in putere economica in ambele tari, pana la un punct (Szelenyi & Szelenyi, 1995; Carriere d'Encausse, 2010, pp. 73-18).
Insa, treptat, divergentele au crescut. Societatea civila din Rusia, deja vulnerabila, a continuat sa se erodeze pana la anihilare, in timp ce societatea civila din Ucraina a ajuns sa depaseasca, de pilda, nivelul Ungariei (afectata de derive iliberale) (Nations in Transit. A Region Reordered by Autocracy and Democracy, 2024).
Razboiul a afectat democratia in ambele tari. Ucraina, fiind sub lege martiala, a inchis cateva posturi TV si a obligat presa sa difuzeze mai ales mesaje oficiale, anulandu-si si alegerile parlamentare si prezidentiale (Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report; Gfoeller & Rundell, 2023). Presedintele Vladimir Putin a fost reales in 2024 dupa ce principalii sai oponenti au fost asasinati, au murit in conditii suspecte sau li s-a interzis sa candideze. Violenta impotriva politicienilor si jurnalistilor din opozitie este mult mai grava in Rusia decat in Europa Centrala ori de Vest.
Daca plasam insa scorurile Freedom House pe o harta (Freedom House by Our World in Data 2024), apar doua aspecte care estompeaza ideea unui contrast perfect intre tabara ,,democratica" si cea ,,autocratica". Intrucat Ungaria si Polonia au regresat, majoritatea tarilor din Europa Centrala, la fel ca si cele din Balcanii de Vest, nu au atins statutul de ,,total libere". Orice nuanta din partea de vest paleste insa atunci cand privim inelul de autocratii care margineste UE de la nord la sud, pe latura estica. Pe langa Rusia si Belarus, Turcia si Azerbaidjan, parteneri de-ai Europei, sunt la acelasi nivel de incalcare a drepturilor omului. Din 100 de puncte posibile pe scala Freedom House (2024), Rusia obtine 13, Turcia 33 si Azerbaidjanul 7.
Invazia Rusiei in Ucraina din februarie 2022 a facilitat regimului autoritar din Azerbaidjan lansarea asaltului final impotriva Nagorno-Karabah, in septembrie 2023, si alungarea totala a armenilor din regiune. Pentru UE, Azerbaidjanul e un partener apropiat, furnizand o varianta alternativa la gazul rusesc, in pofida faptului ca acest stat a corupt oficiali europeni pentru a bloca rezolutii privind drepturile omului (Knaus, 2015). Alaturi de Turcia, face parte din Politica Europeana de Vecinatate (ENP) (The European Union, 2021).
Turcia, stat membru NATO, si-a abandonat practic cursul european in 2018, iar UE se bazeaza totusi masiv pe aceasta pentru controlul migratiei, pentru lupta impotriva terorismului si pentru sprijinul acordat Ucrainei. Cand Consiliul Europei (CoE) a expulzat Rusia (membra din 1996) in primavara lui 2022, atat Azerbaidjanul, cat si Turcia aveau toate motivele sa nu voteze in favoarea expulzarii si exact asta au facut (Sassounian, 2022).
Frontiera civilizatiilor
Ideea unui conflict civilizational a fost mereu prezenta in discursurile istorice despre marginea sud-estica a Europei, insa Samuel Huntington a propulsat-o in atentia generala prin teoria ,,Ciocnirii civilizatiilor". El a dedicat trei pagini Ucrainei, privita ca parte a ,,vecinatatii imediate" a Rusiei (Huntington, 1998, pp. 167-170). Definind civilizatia in special prin religie, Huntington considera ca Ucraina e profund divizata intre estul ortodox si vestul catolic, cu trei scenarii posibile: partajare, unificare sub dominatia Rusiei sau razboi cu Rusia. Isi propunea si un test pentru propriile idei, sustinand ca, daca ipoteza despre conflictele civilizationale post-ideologice e adevarata, violenta dintre rusi si ucraineni nu ar trebui sa existe, fiindca ambele grupuri sunt ,,slavi, in majoritate ortodocsi si profund inter-inruditi" (Huntington, 2011, p. 167).
Huntington ar fi fost, asadar, surprins nu doar de izbucnirea razboiului ruso-ucrainean, ci si de confruntarea paralela in plan religios: scindarea Bisericii Ortodoxe Ruse in biserici nationale diferite, in noile state independente care au aparut dupa 1991. Si totusi, exista un precedent istoric. In sud-estul Europei, dupa prabusirea Imperiului Otoman, tarile noi - incepand cu Grecia - si-au creat biserici nationale, subordonate statului (Kitromilides, 2010), pentru ca Patriarhia Ecumenica ramasese sub administratia otomana (si apoi turceasca) in Istanbul. In traditia bizantina, patriarhii ortodocsi erau numiti cu acordul conducatorilor seculari (precum in Rusia, dupa Petru cel Mare), iar practica a continuat si in statele balcanice, ai caror lideri sustineau si controlau biserica. Dupa destramarea URSS, Biserica Ortodoxa Rusa (BORu) a fost singura institutie pan-rusa care a rezistat si regimului tarist, si celui sovietic, incercand sa-si mentina unitatea in noile conditii statale.
In Ucraina, situatia a escaladat dupa Revolutia Portocalie, cand presedintele Petro Porosenko a fortat crearea unei biserici autocefale, subordonate direct Patriarhiei Ecumenice de la Constantinopol, anuland acte bisericesti vechi de secole, pentru a rupe definitiv Ucraina de Rusia. Filiala care ramasese fidela Patriarhiei Moscovei, Biserica Ortodoxa a Ucrainei (UOC), si-a intrerupt oficial legaturile cu Moscova dupa invazia Rusiei din 2022, fiindca Biserica Ortodoxa Rusa s-a aliniat aproape total cu Kremlinul inca din 2014 (Luchenko, 2023). Cu toate acestea, in ochii autoritatilor de la Kiev, UOC era de ani buni perceputa drept ,,coloana a cincea" a Rusiei (Bachega, 2023). In august 2024, presedintele Volodimir Zelenski a interzis complet BORu in Ucraina, dupa ce, in aprilie 2023, aceasta fusese evacuata din Lavra Pecerska (manastire cu o istorie de un mileniu) (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 2024).
In Republica Moldova, un stat vorbitor de limba romana desprins din URSS, dar cu o minoritate rusa relevanta, doua biserici - una subordonata Moscovei si cealalta Patriarhiei Romane - lupta pentru influenta, de cand Moldova a devenit stat independent in 1991 (Higgins, 2024). In FUS, Bisericile ortodoxe depind de stat pentru aspectele administrative: nu exista o garda elvetiana privata care sa-i apere pe patriarhi, ca la Vatican, ci agentii locali de securitate. Dupa ce Moldova si Ucraina au ales lideri pro-europeni si anti-rusi, statul a intervenit impotriva Bisericii subordonate Moscovei (Gfoeller & Rundell, 2023). Divergentele politice - pro sau anti-Rusia - au trecut astfel in plan religios.
Biserica Ortodoxa Rusa n-a fost doar o victima in acest proces. Ea si-a oferit sprijinul fata de liderii seculari, inclusiv fata de presedintele Putin, solicitand in schimb anumite ,,garantii" ideologice din partea statului. De pilda, retorica oficiala anti-LGBT a presedintelui Putin isi are radacina si in pozitiile BORu, prezentate ca un scut impotriva unui Occident ,,decadent" (Stoeckl, 2020).
Astfel de vederi se regasesc, insa, pe scara larga in regiunea de la frontiera estica, independent de religie (Evans & Baronavski, 2018). In UE, Ursula von der Leyen a amenintat Polonia cu suspendarea fondurilor europene pentru ,,zonele libere de LGBT" (Rankin, 2020). Polonia catolica a instituit o interdictie la avort, in timp ce Rusia a renuntat la discutiile despre un proiect similar (Stoeckl, 2020). In realitate, Rusia si Belarus se numara printre tarile cel mai putin religioase din regiune, conform World Values Survey, unde Turcia (stat majoritar musulman) are un scor mult mai ridicat, comparabil cu Spania si Polonia (World Values Survey Wave 2: 1990-1994, n.d.).
Prin urmare, paradigma ciocnirii civilizatiilor in Europa de Est este alimentata mai degraba de nationalisme de stat decat strict de religie. Totusi, ea poate fi instrumentalizata de institutii religioase puternice, care accentueaza divizarea pe criterii culturale. De la retorica lui Vladimir Putin privind Rusia drept ultim bastion al valorilor familiei traditionale din Europa (Carrere d'Encausse, 2010) si pana la mesaje oficiale ucrainene care compara Rusia cu ,,Mordor" si rusii cu ,,orcii" din J. R. R. Tolkien, se contureaza un discurs despre un ,,conflict ireconciliabil" intre doua lumi. In 2016, niste hackeri au facut ca Google Translate sa redea ,,mordor" prin ,,Rusia", cand se traducea din ucraineana (Leloup, 2022). Asadar, fictiunea, preluata si multiplicata, poate contribui si ea la consolidarea perceptiei unui conflict civilizational.
Frontiera realismului
Dimensiunea (teritoriala) conteaza. In secolul al XIX-lea, de la Alexis de Tocqueville la Lord Palmerston, liderii occidentali erau ingrijorati de marimea Rusiei si de expansiunea ei, estimata la sute de mile patrate pe zi (Cobden, 1854). Suprafata imensa si resursele naturale au determinat strategi americani precum Brzezinski ori Kissinger sa afirme ca, si dupa destramarea URSS, Rusia ramane un jucator cheie in ecuatia globala. Geopolitica, ideea ca factorul geografic exercita o influenta structurala asupra politicilor umane, ar putea explica de ce, la peste un secol si jumatate dupa Razboiul Crimeii, Occidentul s-a aliat din nou cu Turcia, pentru a opri ascensiunea Rusiei expansioniste. Vechiul ,,dosar oriental" al diplomatilor britanici reapare de parca cele doua razboaie mondiale si comunismul nu s-ar fi petrecut niciodata.
Rivalitatea dintre marile puteri - Imperiul Otoman, Habsburgic si Tarist - a fost mereu explicatia traditionala a configurarii frontierei de stepa (McNeill, 1964). Exista dovezi clare despre discutii privind ,,impartirea sferelor de influenta" intre Winston Churchill (care viza salvarea Greciei, pentru pozitia sa strategica in Mediterana) si Iosif Stalin (The National Archives, 1944). Desi factorul determinant pentru Europa de Est nu a fost vreo discutie, ci ocuparea ei de catre Armata Rosie prin victoria contra Germaniei si aliatilor sai.
In interiorul URSS si in blocul ocupat dupa 1945, Uniunea Sovietica a trasat frontierele in mod arbitrar. Crimeea, anexata de la tatari, a fost parte din Rusia intre 1783 si 1954, cand guvernul sovietic a transferat-o Republicii Sovietice Socialiste Ucrainene (RSSU).
Oficial, decizia a fost legata de sarbatorirea a ,,300 de ani de la reunificarea Ucrainei cu Rusia", pentru a celebra ,,increderea nelimitata si dragostea poporului rus pentru cel ucrainean" (Kramer, 2014). Regimul stalinist deportase deja majoritatea tatarilor crimeeni in Asia Centrala. Crimeea arata limpede de ce istoria frontierei estice ar trebui scrisa mai degraba pe regiuni decat pe ,,state", acestea capatandu-si forma actuala in urma unor intamplari istorice petrecute inainte ca procesul de construire nationala sa se incheie. Precum Crimeea, provincii precum Galitia, Silezia, Basarabia, Transcarpatia, Bucovina, Podolia, Livonia s.a. au tot schimbat ,,proprietarul" de-a lungul timpului.
In 2000, in vestul Moldovei si Ucrainei (de la Marea Neagra pana in Polonia) inca mai traiau oameni care se gasisera in patru state succesive, fara sa se fi mutat vreodata din casele mostenite de la stramosi, putand intona patru imnuri diferite (Mungiu-Pippidi, 2009).
La nivel continental, frontiera estica a fluctuat in functie de interese geopolitice. Edmund Burke argumenta, in 1791, ca Imperiul Otoman nu apartine ,,sistemului european de state", fiind mai degraba ,,asiatic" (Burke, 1791). Totusi, din motive ce tineau de rivalitatea britanica cu Rusia pentru India, Turcia a devenit un pion vital in echilibrul de putere. Lord Grey spunea ca tarmurile Marii Negre sunt de maxim interes pentru fiecare taran englez (Cobden, 1854). In secolul anterior, Franta incurajase trupele otomane sa intervina pentru Polonia, doar ca sa opreasca expansiunea rusa si prusaca, in vreme ce britanicii considerau util sa sprijine marina rusa, pentru a mentine un echilibru pe continent (Plokhy, 2015, pp. 139-140).
Intr-un final, rusii au infrant flota turca si au anexat Crimeea, confruntandu-se un secol mai tarziu cu o coalitie formata din britanici, francezi si otomani. Nimic contradictoriu, daca scopul strategic a fost mereu un ,,echilibru de putere", definit drept ,,o asezare a lucrurilor astfel incat niciun stat sa nu poata prevala absolut si sa impuna tuturor vointa sa" (Vattel, 1797, cartea 3, cap. 3, par. 47). In aceeasi logica, importanta Crimeei, preponderent musulmane, in conflictele ruso-turce se explica prin valoarea strategica a peninsulei in Marea Neagra, nu prin motive religioase.
Nu cu mult inainte de finalul celui de-al Doilea Razboi Mondial, frontiera estica era plasata la Berlin si Viena, impartite intre Aliatii invingatori, inclusiv URSS. Armata Rosie s-a retras pasnic din Austria in 1955 si din Romania in 1958 (sub Nikita Hrusciov). In 1991, tarile Pactului de la Varsovia au dizolvat alianta fara vreun conflict armat, iar Armata Rosie a parasit complet Europa Centrala. O explicatie consta in mixul de factori geopolitici si geoeconomici: URSS se retrasese in propriile ,,frontiere naturale", fiind tot mai costisitor sa mentina o Europa Centrala anticomunista, subventionata prin mecanismele pietei comune socialiste (Bunce, 1985).
Cu toate acestea, inca inainte de sosirea lui Putin la putere, Rusia a incercat sa impiedice desprinderea noilor republici ex-sovietice, chiar si pe vremea lui Gorbaciov (De Stefano, 2023). Boris Eltin, presedintele Rusiei, i-a scris lui Bill Clinton ca Uniunea Sovietica s-a retras, fiindca spiritul Tratatului ,,2+4" privind reunificarea Germaniei (in 1990) excludea posibilitatea extinderii NATO in teritoriile pe care URSS le eliberase pasnic (The National Security Archive, 1994). Pe de alta parte, Eltin preciza in scrisoare ca orice tara are libertatea de a adera la ce alianta doreste, insa sfarsitul pasnic al Razboiului Rece fusese posibil, in viziunea sa, pentru ca Rusia nu credea ca va fi izolata si ca statele retrase vor ramane neutre (Wiegrefe, 2022).
Rusii nu anticipasera ca URSS se va dezintegra. Acest fapt a insemnat inca o retragere: din tarile baltice, Moldova, Ucraina, adica dincolo de frontierele lui Petru cel Mare si ale Ecaterinei celei Mari. Tarile recent eliberate (inclusiv cele baltice, foste republici sovietice) s-au grabit sa intre in UE si NATO. Eltin insusi si-a dat acordul ca Polonia sa adere la NATO, cu conditia ca Varsovia sa nu intervina vreodata in Ucraina (Sarotte, 2019). A aparut notiunea de ,,vecinatate apropiata" (near abroad) pentru a desemna fostele republici sovietice despartite de Rusia, dar inca legate prin populatii rusofone si prin legaturi culturale.
Ulterior, au intervenit ajutoarele occidentale pentru ,,democratizare" (SUA si Europa), cu o doctrina care prevedea explicit schimbarea de regim si care a ajutat la inlaturarea unor lideri precum Milosevici (Serbia), Sevarnadze (Georgia) si Ianukovici (Ucraina). Putin n-avea motive sa creada ca va fi exceptat, stiind ca ONG-uri finantate de Occident organizau proteste si discutau public cum sa-l indeparteze de la putere (Mearsheimer op. cit.; McFaul, Sestanovich & Mearsheimer, 2014).
Inaintarea UE spre est nu a facut, totusi, parte dintr-un plan expansionist propriu-zis. Extinderea europeana s-a produs in general ca reactie la cererea tarilor candidate, intr-un mod similar rundelor de extindere anterioare: nu a fost nici strategie, nici politica de sine statatoare, cel putin pana la esecul UE in fosta Iugoslavie (Le Gloannec, 2017, p. 201; Lucarelli, 2000).
Ulterior, realitatea geopolitica a determinat extinderea UE si NATO catre sud-est si est, intr-o incercare de a preintampina dezbinarea si instabilitatea pe continent (Fischer et al., 2000), desi abordarea strict ,,institutionala" a ramas aceeasi (Zielonka, 2007, cap. 1).
In chestiunile de securitate, UE juca un rol marginal: nici macar nu era semnatara a Tratatului de Neproliferare Nucleara (TNP). SUA si Marea Britanie, alaturi de Rusia, au obtinut renuntarea Ucrainei la arsenalul sau nuclear la inceputul anilor 1990, fara sa discute dimensiunea frontierelor si oferind garantii de securitate iluzorii.
Dupa negocierile de pace de la Dayton (1995), conduse de SUA, UE a promis, in 2003, perspectiva de aderare pentru statele din Balcanii de Vest, unde constructia statala era incompleta, pentru a le stabiliza. Din acel moment, considerentele geopolitice au impins clar extinderea UE si NATO catre Marea Neagra si Marea Baltica, pe teritoriile abandonate de URSS. Zbigniew Brzezinski (1998, p. 18) afirma ca Europa ramanea ,,o treaba neterminata" cata vreme nu ajungea la frontiera Rusiei, subliniind ca ,,si numai o privire asupra hartii arata de ce actuala intindere nu poate fi considerata finala". Asa a ajuns NATO, respectiv UE, sa promita si Georgiei, Moldovei si Ucrainei, la summitul NATO de la Bucuresti (2008), integrarea, fara sa ia in calcul reactia Rusiei.
Ucrainenii au incercat sa negocieze cu ambele ,,tabere" si au esuat. Acordul de asociere cu UE (DCFTA) din 2013 prevedea scaderea tarifelor vamale, dar tratatul concurent din Uniunea Economica Eurasiatica sponsorizata de Rusia cerea majorarea lor. Nu s-a gasit cale de mijloc intre UE si Moscova inainte de 2014 (Le Gloannec, 2017, p. 189). Jocul a devenit unul cu suma zero. Odata cu fuga presedintelui Viktor Ianukovici din tara, dupa protestele Euromaidanului (Revolutia Demnitatii), Rusia a sprijinit imediat fortele separatiste din Crimeea si Donbas. Ar fi putut-o face inca din 1991-1992, precum in cazul Moldovei si Georgiei, care parasisera primele Comunitatea Statelor Independente. Faptul ca frontiera de est a Rusiei ajunsese mai aproape de Moscova decat oricand dupa Petru cel Mare era deja o problema strategica, fara a mai pune la socoteala riscul ca Ucraina sa devina membru al NATO (Marshall, 2015; Kissinger, 2015, p. 52).
Putin a ajuns la putere dupa ce NATO si UE se extinsesera deja substantial. El a reluat si a intensificat strategii mai vechi, precum sprijinirea separatistilor, embargoul, presiunea energetica, trimiterea de trupe (Bugajski, 2010). Acordul Minsk II, care propunea un Donbas autonom capabil sa blocheze orientarea externa a Kievului, e exemplul cel mai elocvent de continuitate a politicii ruse, doar la alta scara. Dimitri Kozak, reprezentantul Kremlinului, avansase o propunere similara cu aproape douazeci de ani inainte, in legatura cu conflictul transnistrean din Moldova (Baban, 2015).
Prin urmare, Rusia n-a fost complet pasiva in fata extinderii ,,frontierei vestice": doar ca n-a tras semnale suficient de puternice pentru a descuraja acest proces. A fost nevoie de retragerea haotica a SUA din Afganistan si de esecul implementarii Minsk II, pentru ca Rusia sa se hotarasca, in 2022, sa invadeze Ucraina (Plokhy, 2023).
Dinspre UE, vreme de decenii a lipsit o strategie coerenta fata de Rusia, iar istoria a luat-o prin surprindere (Le Gloannec, 2017, p. 169). Vaclav Havel (1993, p. 3) spunea ca Rusia nu isi afla locul in UE, fiind o alta civilizatie, dar ca UE si Rusia trebuie sa se trateze ,,ca egale". Ar fi implicat un statut special pentru Rusia - niciodata pus pe masa. UE a invitat Rusia sa se alature Politicii Europene de Vecinatate, odata cu restul vecinilor, dar Moscova a refuzat. Dupa ce NATO a decis, la Bucuresti in 2008 (impotriva obiectiei Angelei Merkel), sa ofere promisiuni de integrare Georgiei si Ucrainei, insecuritatea Rusiei privind frontiera estica a ajuns la un punct critic, determinandu-l pe Putin sa reactioneze ferm (Le Gloannec, 2017, p. 174).
Ca are Europa de ales?
In concluzie, perspectivele europene actuale privind frontiera estica proiecteaza doua identitati profund ostile de-o parte si de alta a granitei si implica faptul ca ,,celalalt" - fie regimul, identitatea ori civilizatia sa - e incompatibil cu Europa. Conflictul pare, astfel, inevitabil. Singura solutie care reiese din paradigmele identitatii, democratiei si civilizatiei ar fi ,,infrangerea Rusiei", pentru a o democratiza, sau izolarea ei totala printr-un ,,zid".
Insa Europa si aliatii sai (nici macar sub presedintia Biden) nu intentioneaza sa cucereasca Rusia, nici s-o divizeze ca pe Germania de dupa Al Doilea Razboi Mondial. Analogia cu Munchen, vehiculata dupa 2022, omite ca Occidentul a luptat in cele din urma cu Germania, pe cand SUA si UE exclud clar un conflict militar direct cu Rusia, detinatoarea celui mai mare arsenal nuclear global.
Pentru UE, un bloc interguvernamental fara forte armate proprii si aflat deja in dificultate cand vine vorba de impunerea unei viziuni unitare a statului de drept in interiorul propriilor granite, ideea unui razboi cu Rusia, chiar daca Europa este, economic, mai puternica, este de neconceput.
Dupa cum observa Kissinger (2015, p. 95), Europa si-a ,,externalizat" nevoia de securitate, iar astfel de decizii nu mai depind exclusiv de UE. Rusia, pe de o parte, si Statele Unite, pe de alta parte, influenteaza in mod decisiv securitatea europeana. In plus, tocmai UE, alaturi de Ucraina, suporta cele mai grave consecinte ale conflictului ruso-ucrainean. Desi au fost impuse sanctiuni, economia Rusiei a depasit-o ca ritm de crestere pe cea europeana in 2023 (si pe cea a Statelor Unite), iar prognozele pentru 2024 arata un tablou similar: economia rusa s-a adaptat mai bine la situatia de razboi (Islam & Mullane, 2024).
Immanuel Kant remarca in Perpetual Peace and Other Essays (1983) ca tiraniile recurg mai usor la razboi pentru cucerire decat ,,republicile", unde decizia e luata de cetateni. Multi i-au dat dreptate, existand si unele dovezi empirice (Singer & Small, 1972).
Tot Kant anticipa insa ca republicile pot ajunge sa poarte razboaie din ratiuni morale. Conflictul din Ucraina - asemenea bombardarii Serbiei in razboaiele iugoslave ori invaziilor americane din Irak si Afganistan - apare ca un ,,razboi just", acceptat initial de opinia publica.
La inceputul lui 2024, peste trei sferturi din cetatenii UE sustineau implicarea occidentala in sprijinul Ucrainei, furnizarea de armament si munitie, precum si ajutoarele financiare (EP, Directorate General for Communication & Kantar Public, 2023). In timp ce in Europa au loc proteste masive impotriva operatiunilor Israelului in Gaza, aproape nimeni nu mai organizeaza marsuri pentru pace in Ucraina.
Urmand paradigmele idealiste pana la capat, ar insemna ca UE trebuie sa lupte cu Rusia - si sa sufere o transformare radicala pentru a face asta. ,,Soft power"-ul european pare insuficient in epoca actuala, desi UE a obtinut unele acorduri cu Moscova in trecut, de pilda cu privire la Kaliningrad ori Karelia (Le Gloannec, 2017).
In scenariul unui conflict indelungat cu Rusia, reactia hibrida a UE nu este suficienta pentru a rezolva ,,dosarul de est" (Youngs, 2017). UE ar avea nevoie de armata proprie, scut antiracheta, reconversie economica de razboi si o evolutie rapida catre un model de tip imperial (Zielonka, 2017).
Initiatorii Comunitatii Politice Europene se gandesc deja la o entitate neo-imperiala, cu cateva centre si numeroase periferii interne, plus un cordon sanitar extern (Ministere de l'Europe et des Affaires etrangeres, 2022). Dar, chiar si pentru a consolida o asemenea Comunitate, e nevoie sa se transeze, la nivel european, dosarul frontierelor rezultate din destramarea URSS, cu participarea Rusiei si a tuturor statelor, regiunilor sau grupurilor implicate, astfel incat conflictele inghetate ori active sa fie rezolvate definitiv. Din pacate, raportul ,,Sailing on High Seas: Reforming and enlarging the EU for the 21st century" (Costa et al., 2023), comandat de UE expertilor franco-germani, are cincizeci de pagini in care cuvantul ,,frontiera" nu apare deloc. In schimb, UE a promis de facto o extindere consistenta pentru Ucraina, Moldova si Georgia.
Extinderea a functionat in Balcanii de Vest, ca un tip de politica de reconstructie, stabilizare si dezvoltare (Le Gloannec, 2017; Bechev, 2024). Cu toate acestea, dupa zece ani de negocieri cu UE, Serbia a deschis doar 22 de capitole (din 33) si a inchis provizoriu doua, in timp ce Muntenegru, dupa doisprezece ani, a inchis doar trei (din 31) (Bechev, 2024). Prin recunoasterea independentei Kosovo, SUA, UE si aliatii lor au acceptat modificarea unei frontiere - un precedent care a infuriat Rusia - dar n-au rezolvat conflictul, in ciuda investitiilor masive. Administrarea acestei situatii a devenit o sarcina permanenta (si o cheltuiala) pentru UE. Prin analogie, UE planuieste sa aloce fonduri similare pentru ,,reconstructia" Ucrainei, dar aici razboiul nu s-a incheiat, iar extinderea UE nu poate pune singura capat ostilitatilor.
Paradigma realismului recunoaste ca inaintarea UE (si NATO) spre est s-a intersectat cu razboaiele de succesiune ale Uniunii Sovietice, o consecinta neprevazuta si nedorita. Nimeni nu a planuit acest tablou (desi ar fi trebuit), si totusi a rezultat un razboi de frontiera ,,total", plus un nou Razboi Rece. Judecand dupa cazurile Irlandei si fostei Iugoslavii, precum si dupa atitudinea Rusiei, Statele Unite vor avea ultimul cuvant in ceea ce priveste momentul finalizarii razboiului.
E greu de evitat ca pacea sa nu implice o reasezare a echilibrului global de putere, asa cum subliniaza Kissinger (2015, p. 371). Deja la conferinta de la Munchen din 2025, J.D. Vance a atacat Europa, nu Rusia, iar reprezentantul Chinei a anuntat ca nimeni nu vrea sa distruga Occidentul, dar suprematia sa s-a incheiat.
Poate totusi UE sa aiba un rol in felul cum se va incheia razboiul si sa-si recastige o parte din vechea ,,soft power", in niste negocieri conduse de echipa Trump? Daca tot a fost un conflict atat de distructiv, UE trebuie sa militeze pentru o solutionare definitiva a razboaielor de succesiune post-sovietice, nu doar o pace intre Ucraina si Rusia. Altfel, aceste conflicte vor continua sa submineze stabilitatea UE, la o scara fara precedent (Pace, 2008). Acordul final ar trebui sa fie cuprinzator, abordand toate problemele, grupurile si indivizii implicati (dat fiind ca exista numerosi prizonieri politici si de razboi). Ori de cate ori s-ar intampla, este necesar sa includa Rusia si sa fie pregatit cu atentie, la fel cum Acordurile de la Helsinki din 1975 au fost elaborate pas cu pas.
In aprilie 1917, luna in care Statele Unite intrau in Primul Razboi Mondial, cu mult inainte ca deznodamantul sa fie previzibil, Departamentul de Stat al SUA isi punea deja problema cum se va reconfigura imensul spatiu european afectat de razboi. A constituit o echipa mare de geografi si alti experti, care, la Biblioteca Publica din New York, au strans date statistice, harti si posibile variante de reimpartire teritoriala, in vederea Conferintei de Pace de la Paris. Aceasta echipa, numita sugestiv ,,The Inquiry" (Rogers, 1964), a trimis mai multi reprezentanti la Paris, care l-au consiliat pe presedintele Woodrow Wilson asupra tratatului final si a acordurilor subsecvente cu Austria, Bulgaria, Ungaria si Turcia.
Frontiera estica, la randul ei, are nevoie astazi de un dosar complex, pe teme de securitate, chestiuni nucleare, schimburi comerciale, sanctiuni, energie, minoritati si drepturile omului. Problemele complicate nu pot fi solutionate prin paradigme simpliste (Fabbrini, 2024), iar o documentare solida, o intelegere avansata si un dialog real despre frontiera estica sunt locul firesc de unde ar trebui sa inceapa un proces de pace.
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"Cu un razboi in desfasurare in Europa de Est si cu statele europene care sustin oficial Ucraina impotriva Rusiei, intrebarea privind frontiera estica finala a UE devine cruciala. Exista insa un raspuns obiectiv la aceasta intrebare - unul pe care geografia, dreptul international sau stiinta politica sa il poata oferi pe deplin?", se intreba, anul trecut, profesoara de stiinte politice Alina Mungiu-Pippidi, intr-un studiu, publicat in luna octombrie a anului trecut, in Journal of Common Market Studies (JCMS), sub titlul "Unde ar trebui sa se opreasca Europa? Construirea Frontierei Estice".
Tinand cont de contextul international creat de intalnirile Rusia - SUA (foto, sus), respectiv cele ale liderilor europeni, legate de incheierea razboiului din Ucraina, studiul este unul cat se poate de actual pentru intelegerea starii de fapt si a posibilelor solutii. Romania Curata a obtinut acordul Alinei Mungiu-Pippidi, pentru publicarea acestei cercetari, sub titlul "Unde va fi noua frontiera estica a Europei", pe care v-o oferim in doua episoade, pastrand stilul de citare din jurnalele stiintifice, cu bibliografia la final (Romania Curata).
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Unde va fi noua frontiera estica a Europei?
Lord Curzon, primul ganditor din lume care a dedicat o lucrare integrala granitelor, a remarcat ca, pana in secolul al XX-lea, majoritatea razboaielor izbucnisera din cauza rivalitatilor privind frontierele de stat, in timp ce motivele mai ,,personaliste" din trecut - razbunarea, onoarea, credinta - devenisera vestigii istorice (Lord Curzon, 1907). Dupa zece ani de la prabusirea Zidului Berlinului, Vaclav Havel avertiza ca este nevoie de o noua structura, pentru ca ,,frontierele neclare" - ,,incertitudinea cu privire la locul unde incep entitatile si unde se termina" - au reprezentat cele mai frecvente cauze ale razboaielor din secolul al XX-lea (Havel, 2001).
In pofida eforturilor de a le diminua sau elimina, importanta granitelor (imuabile sau mai flexibile) nu a disparut din Europa contemporana, sediul celui mai ambitios proiect de guvernare supranationala din lume, Uniunea Europeana (UE). Pe de o parte, noile provocari care afecteaza natura lor fac ca frontierele sa revina in forta (Christiansen & Jorgensen, 2000; Zielonka, 2017). Pe de alta parte, vechea intelegere a granitelor ca demarcatie intre doua state suverane in sistemul european post-westfalian (Starr, 2006, p. 3) a revenit in prim-plan din cauza Brexit-ului, a crizei refugiatilor si a invaziei ruse in Ucraina (Bakardjieva Engelbrekt et al., 2024). Cu un razboi in desfasurare in Europa de Est si cu statele europene care sustin oficial Ucraina impotriva Rusiei, intrebarea privind frontiera estica finala a UE devine cruciala. Exista insa un raspuns obiectiv la aceasta intrebare - unul pe care geografia, dreptul international sau stiinta politica sa il poata oferi pe deplin?
Si totusi, la douazeci si cinci de ani de la caderea Zidului Berlinului, UE avea suficiente motive de satisfactie. O simpla privire asupra hartii continentului european (vezi Figura 1 de mai jos) arata o schimbare remarcabila de situatie intre Vestul si Estul continentului. Culorile sovietice, care cuprinsesera Berlinul si ajunsesera la periferia Vienei si a orasului Trieste, au fost inlocuite, in centru, sud si nord, de ,,culorile UE". Consecinta extinderii UE si NATO spre est a fost insa eliminarea progresiva a teritoriului dintre Fosta Uniune Sovietica (FUS) si UE. Extinderea europeana a impins astfel granita Rusiei mult mai departe spre est si a integrat (sau planuia sa integreze) toata zona dintre aceste frontiere. Pe aceasta cale Europa in extindere s-a intalnit, in cele din urma, cu un proces exterior ei, de mare amplitudine - constructia neterminata a statelor si natiunilor din Europa post-comunista (Roeder, 1999). Aceasta intalnire este subiectul prezentei lucrari.
Intrebarea privind viitoarea frontiera dintre Europa si Rusia, odata ce spatiul intermediar este inlaturat, a fost rar discutata in dezbaterile publice sau a fost mascata drept intrebare despre extinderea UE. Este posibil ca frontiera pur si simplu sa se stabileasca acolo unde soarta razboiului va determina un armistitiu.
Dar ar reprezenta o asemenea granita un fundament pentru o pace si o vecinatate durabile sau ar semana, asemenea multor frontiere provizorii, semintele unui viitor conflict?
Cei mai multi observatori sustin ca conflictul din Orientul Mijlociu nu se va incheia fara o solutie politica agreata: este diferita situatia din razboiul din Europa de Est? Demarcarea este un proces care trebuie imaginat, dezbatut si negociat (Maier, 2016, p. 477). Pentru a incepe sa concepem o solutie, e nevoie sa intelegem natura diferentelor dintre cele doua parti ale frontierei, precum si modul in care granita este construita de actorii implicati. Acesta trebuie sa fie fundamentul oricarei politici cu privire la frontiera de est.
Evident, exista mai multe perspective despre cum poate arata frontiera viitoare. Dar perspectivele diversilor analisti se pot reduce la un numar restrans de modele, cu supozitii in mare parte similare despre cauzele problemei, categoria de probleme careia ii apartine si tipurile de solutii posibile. Asemenea crizei rachetelor din Cuba (Allison, 1969), teoriile actuale despre conflictul de frontiera cu Rusia pot fi mai bine descrise drept modele conceptuale sau paradigme - sisteme de credinte, caracterizate de supozitii asemanatoare, care ofera atat explicatii pentru un fenomen, cat si o teorie a schimbarii (Kuhn, 1962). Fiind construite si impartasite social, nu doar de cercul cel mai informat de experti si de decidenti, ci si de media si de publicul larg, ele au totodata la baza si genereaza la randul lor reprezentari sociale (Moscovici, 1988).
In noul context al social media, teoriile sunt adesea reduse la "frames" - cadre mult simplificate de interpretare oferite de creatorii de continut (din mass-media sau alte surse), care ii ajuta pe oameni sa ordoneze un sir de evenimente altfel lipsit de sens in tipare cognitive coerente si semnificative (Goffman, 1974, p. 21). Fiecare teorie are propriul sau cerc de adepti, care difera intre ei prin nivelul de sofisticare si pasiunea convingerilor.
Fara a pretinde ca realizez o meta-analiza completa, in aceasta lucrare trec in revista paradigmele dominante care modeleaza felul in care se intelege in prezent cat de departe spre est se poate intinde UE si ce fel de granita ar putea rezulta. Voi face o analiza de congruenta, precum cea folosita in cazul crizei rachetelor din Cuba, cu mentiunea ca paradigmele din relatiile internationale nu se pot reduce la simple ipoteze (Allison, 1969). Dat fiind ca impletesc fapte cu constructii sociale, ele nu pot fi invalidate in intregime, desi pot fi verificate si pot arata diferente in explicarea faptelor cand vine vorba de cauzele problemei. In ceea ce priveste capacitatea lor de a prezice evolutii, actiunea umana si efectul pe care acestea il au devin parte si cauza a eventualelor schimbari.
Lord Curzon, vicerege al Indiei pe atunci, traia cu iluzia - invadand Tibetul in 1903 - ca previne o amenintare din partea Rusiei autocratice (Morris, 1978, p. 128). Generalul von Moltke, sef al Statului Major al Armatei Germane in 1914, a declansat Primul Razboi Mondial pentru ca mobilizarea Rusiei confirma credinta sa de lunga durata ca Rusia va ataca Germania intr-o zi (Clark, 2012). Vladimir Putin si-a exprimat public, de mai multe ori, teama ca NATO se apropie prea mult de granita Rusiei, inainte sa inlature el insusi aceasta amenintare invadand Ucraina.
Metafore influente precum ,,capcana lui Tucidide" se refera la amenintari imaginare sau interpretate gresit, care adesea culmineaza in razboaie reale (Allison, 2017). Desi exista suficiente dovezi pentru a verifica fiecare paradigma pana la un anumit punct, sustinatorii lor influenteaza modul in care problema evolueaza, devenind adesea profetii auto-implinite.
Aceasta decizie metodologica - o abordare analitica, bazata atat pe date istorice, cat si statistice - vizeaza, sper, sa reduca distanta dintre diverse discipline ce se ocupa de acest subiect de larg interes. Sectiunea urmatoare a lucrarii va explora prima paradigma, care incadreaza frontiera estica drept o granita intre identitatea europeana si alte identitati. A doua paradigma examinata o vede ca pe o frontiera intre democratie si statul de drept, pe de o parte, si autocratie, pe de alta. A treia paradigma evalueaza frontiera estica drept granita intre civilizatii, iar cea de-a patra si ultima o considera terenul unei lupte geopolitice.
Care dintre aceste paradigme, aplicata frontierei estice, ar fi mai potrivita pentru a rezolva problemele si a se incadra mai bine in capacitatea UE de a-si sustine si impune frontierele? Aceasta intrebare ar trebui sa stea la baza unei analize de politici publice complete in viitor.
Frontiera identitatilor
Apartenenta la identitatea europeana este o conditie oficiala pentru aderarea la Uniunea Europeana, asadar ne ofera primul criteriu de examinat. Potrivit articolului 49 din Tratatul de la Maastricht (modificat), orice tara care se considera europeana (evaluata ca atare de institutiile UE, desigur) si care are capacitatea de a adopta standardele europene, poate, in principiu, sa devina membru al UE (Parlamentul European, 1998). UE isi va atinge limitele teritoriale atunci cand ultimul astfel de candidat, dispus si capabil, va adera, iar frontiera sa va deveni frontiera UE.
Sloganuri bazate pe identitate au mobilizat taberele pro-aderare inca de la inceputuri: Europeismo invocat in Spania sau Wir sind Europa in Austria (Le Gloannec, 2017), inainte de mai recenta ,,Revolutie a Demnitatii" din Ucraina.
Totusi, identificarea cu Europa nu este singura identitate sociala a europenilor si poate coexista cu cea nationala sau chiar cu identitati regionale mai restranse, intr-un model de tip ,,papusi rusesti" (Risse, 2010). In insasi UE, identitatea nationala ramane majoritara, desi 42% dintre europeni declara ca detin ambele identitati (Sondaj ARTE - BVA Xsight ,,Ingrijorari si perceptii ale cetatenilor UE", 2024). Definirea pur sondajistica a identitatii nationale, chiar si prin Eurobarometrul 508 (2021), poate fi totusi inselatoare, dat fiind ca maghiarii apar ca cei mai inclinati sa se simta ,,europeni", iar francezii la polul opus.
Un indicator mai bun al identificarii subiective ar putea fi gradul de adeziune la valorile de baza europene. Identitatea europeana se considera a fi in esenta civica, laica si universalista (tentativele de a o particulariza in Constitutia Europeana au esuat), excluzand nationalismul etnic - ideologia care promoveaza suprapunerea perfecta intre cultura si teritoriu (Gellner, 1994; Mungiu-Pippidi & Krastev, 2004).
Atitudinea fata de straini poate servi drept indicator pentru cea din urma. Un Eurobarometru special (EB 469, 2018) a constatat ca, in tarile de granita estica, mai multi oameni percep migratia ca pe o problema, spre deosebire de media UE, unde este vazuta mai degraba ca pe o oportunitate. Intr-un alt sondaj recent, Polonia, Ungaria, Bulgaria, Cehia si Estonia se numara printre tarile cele mai reticente sa primeasca migranti - insa sapte din zece europeni la nivelul intregii UE impartasesc aceste opinii, chiar si in tari cu traditie mai veche de convietuire fata de parohiala Europa de Est (ARTE-BVA-Xsight, 2024). In plus, est-europenii au un nivel mai ridicat de nationalism cultural si o reticenta mai mare de a accepta evrei, musulmani sau persoane LGBT ca vecini (Evans & Baronavski, 2018), desi multi dintre ei se declara, in sondaje, drept ,,europeni".
Pe de alta parte, identitatea rusilor a suferit numeroase schimbari in secolul al XX-lea, ramanand insa, in esenta, identitatea unor cetateni ai unui superstat, aproape imperial (Lieven, 1998). Aceasta identitate a inclus mereu o parte ,,europeana", insa situatia s-a modificat in ultimii cincisprezece ani (Shevtsova, 2010).
In septembrie 2008, 52% dintre rusi considerau Rusia o tara europeana; procentul a scazut la 37% in 2019 si la 29% in 2021, conform sondajului Centrului independent Levada (2021). Ponderea rusilor care se declara ,,europeni" a scazut de la 35% in 2008 la 27% in 2021 (Centrul Levada). In randul grupului de varsta 25-39 de ani, 75% nu se considera europeni. Numarul celor care considera ca Rusia ar trebui sa ramana o ,,superputere" a crescut de la 72% in aprilie 1992 la 88% in noiembrie 2018 (Centrul Levada, 2019). De la inceputul conflictului din Ucraina, doar 16% dintre rusi mai au o parere favorabila despre Europa, atitudinile pozitive fata de China si Iran crescand vertiginos (Centrul Levada, 2022). Aceasta tendinta negativa apare si in Figura 2: in 2003, opiniile pozitive despre Europa atingeau aproape 80%, inainte de declin (Centrul Levada, 2023).
Cum si-au dobandit tarile aflate la granita estica propria identitate europeana? Europa de Est a fost, in mod traditional, in sfera de influenta a marilor puteri, chiar inainte de a fi ocupata de nazisti si de de sovietici. Ca regula, marile cauze ale politicii acestor natiuni mici au venit intotdeauna dinafara propriilor granite (Moore, 1993).
Dupa cum argumenteaza Larry Wolff (1994), calatorii si geografi iluministi au exagerat atat asemanarile, cat si diferentele pentru a infatisa intregul mozaic de la periferia Europei drept o ,,periferie slava", ,,inventand" astfel Europa de Est. Teritoriile situate la est de imperiile german si habsburgic au fost, din vechime, o constelatie etnica foarte diversa - grupuri slave, dar si maghiare, romanesti, evreiesti, turce si central-asiatice.
Aliantele si loialitatile s-au modificat constant de-a lungul secolelor. In imaginarul occidental, Estul a fost vazut secole de-a randul drept tinut al ,,barbarilor", cu papii de la Roma incercand sa organizeze cruciade atat in scop de convertire (si, implicit, cucerire), cat si de eliberare (Briedis, 2012, p. 27). Iluminismul (cu figuri ca Voltaire si Diderot) a prezentat intreaga regiune de frontiera drept un spatiu aproape gol, disponibil pentru modernizare si europenizare, scos din miticele Scythia si Sarmatia (Wolff, 1994, pp. 220-35, 257-63).
De partea cealalta, rusii, din timpul si dupa Petru cel Mare, se considerau ,,europenizatorii" regiunilor recucerite de la Imperiul Otoman (Wolff, 1994; Figes, 2010, pp. 18-19). Cand au cucerit tarmul nordic al Marii Negre in secolul al XVIII-lea, rusii au eliminat denumirile turcesti si au revenit la cele bizantine sau chiar latine, dinaintea perioadei otomane si tatare, in efortul de a reconstitui un fundal mai european (Durand, 2022). Cei mai dinamici ,,gardieni" ai Europei Occidentale, care au luptat pentru a controla si influenta frontiera estica a Europei in epoca premoderna, urmarindu-si propriile interese, au fost Habsburgii (McNeill, 1964).
Dupa caderea imperiilor si dupa cele doua razboaie mondiale, a aparut o alta identitate, in opozitie cu comunismul: cea a ,,Europei Centrale". Intelectualii si dizidentii est-europeni au reinviat-o drept instrument anticomunist. Eseul lui Milan Kundera din 1983, ,,Tragedia Europei Centrale", reeditat in 2023 de Faber sub titlul sugestiv ,,Kidnapped West" (,,Occident rapit"), defineste intreaga regiune ca pe o zona de granita: ,,Ce este Europa Centrala? O zona nesigura de natiuni mici intre Rusia si Germania... [cu] o viziune intemeiata pe o neincredere adanca in istorie" (2023, p. 55). Comunitatile din aceasta parte a lumii impartaseau o teama de a fi sterse de pe harta, in urma traumelor istorice, si au vazut in UE singura identitate care le permitea sa-si pastreze propriile natiuni intr-un context cu vecini puternici.
Mai mult, frontierele politice nu definesc de facto Europa Centrala: ele sunt, spune Kundera, ,,mereu neautentice, impuse de invazii, cuceriri si ocupatii" (2023, p. 57). Savantul specializat in nationalism, Ernest Gellner (1994), a numit acest spatiu ,,al treilea fus orar" al Europei, situat ,,la est de Trieste". Pentru ca Uniunea Sovietica a inghetat, timp de jumatate de secol, procesele de asimilare specifice Europei Occidentale, Gellner a avertizat ca aceste noi natiuni, odata recastigate, aveau nevoie de inginerie culturala si politica pentru a-si putea consolida statele; razboaiele iugoslave i-au dat, ulterior, dreptate (1994).
Per total, nationalismul a jucat un rol mai important decat se admite frecvent in prabusirea Uniunii Sovietice si a blocului estic (Bunce, 1999; Beissinger, 2009; Plokhy, 2017). Atat cetatenii de rand, cat si elitele - inclusiv cele comuniste - din Europa de Est, Balcani si fosta Uniune Sovietica au folosit libertatea adusa de perestroika in vederea afirmarii identitatilor nationale. Dupa ample mitinguri prin care se cerea recunoasterea limbilor nationale si retragerea limbii ruse din statutul de limba oficiala unica, s-a ajuns rapid si la contestarea frontierelor. In februarie 1988, regiunea Nagorno-Karabah din Azerbaidjanul sovietic a votat sa se desprinda si sa adere la Armenia sovietica. In iunie 1988, Estonia sovietica si-a restaurat drapelul pre-sovietic, a declarat estona limba oficiala si a stabilit suprematia legislatiei estone asupra celei sovietice. Republicile sovietice apropiate de Rusia au urmat acelasi model.
Istoricii rusi au incercat, vreme de doua sute de ani, sa demonstreze ca rusii, ucrainenii si belarusii reprezinta, de fapt, o singura natiune, nascuta din aceeasi matrice a Rusiei kievene, divizata doar de evenimente istorice. Multi istorici ucraineni (mai putin cei belarusi) au mers in sens opus, sustinand intaietatea ucraineana asupra statului medieval comun si afirmand ca Ucraina este in esenta ,,europeana", in vreme ce Rusia ar fi ,,asiatica" (Wilson, 2000; Plokhy, 2023). Primul premier necomunist al Estoniei, Mart Laar, era el insusi istoric, cercetator al identitatii estone.
Dezintegrarea FUS (Fostei Uniuni Sovietice) risca sa fie la fel de sangeroasa precum cea a Iugoslaviei. Totusi, a fost mai putin violenta, desi ambele foste federatii comuniste aveau o structura etno-federala, cu frontiere interne imprecise. Acest lucru s-a dovedit o capcana, pentru ca miscarile secesioniste puteau apela la aparatul administrativ deja existent, fara sa negocieze frontierele, insa confruntandu-se si cu minoritati proprii (Bunce, 1999). In momentul in care rusa si-a pierdut statutul de limba oficiala, diverse comunitati locale, care se trezeau dintr-o data minoritare in noile state nationale, s-au simtit amenintate (King, 2001). Cateva conflicte au izbucnit in fostele republici sovietice si in Federatia Rusa insasi - deseori (dar nu intotdeauna) instigate de Moscova. In fosta Iugoslavie, conflictele au fost deschise si au necesitat interventia occidentala pentru a fi calmate (situatie pe care rusii au considerat-o o incalcare a dreptului international). In FUS, conflictele au ramas ,,inghetate" dupa ciocniri initiale, fara a disparea, dat fiind ca principala cauza care prezice un conflict etnic viitor este existenta unuia precedent (Forbes, 1997).
Reinventarea statelor nationale a insemnat si ca un numar considerabil de etnici rusi (25-30 de milioane) au ramas in asa-numita ,,vecinatate imediata" (near abroad), dincolo de noile granite. Cu exceptia unor regiuni separatiste pe care nici macar Rusia nu le-a recunoscut oficial, vorbitorii de limba rusa nu au reprezentat totusi un pericol serios pentru statele succesoare. La treizeci de ani de la dobandirea independentei, in statele baltice multi dintre acesti vorbitori de limba rusa (sositi in perioada sovietica) nu detin inca cetatenie deplina (deci nu pot vota nici la alegerile nationale, nici la cele europene), potrivit UNHCR (2024): 61.000 de persoane (4,5% din total) in Estonia si 175.000 (9% din populatie) in Letonia (POLITICO, 2024).
Avand aceasta istorie in spate, noile tari candidate la aderare - Ucraina, Moldova si Georgia - se confrunta cu teritorii disputate, dar si cu o identitate controversata. Plokhy (2023) arata ca pierderile teritoriale din 2014 au consolidat o Ucraina mai nationalista, pentru ca centrul de greutate al vorbitorilor de rusa, simpatizanti ai Rusiei (care castigasera mai multe alegeri la nivel national), a ramas in Crimeea (majoritar rusa) si in Donbas. In Moldova si Ucraina, fortele politice pro-UE au castigat alegerile dupa Revolutia Demnitatii din 2014, iar in Georgia partidele principale au fost intotdeauna pro-UE, desi segmente importante din societate raman loiale Moscovei. In afara de populatia rusa, gagauzii, abhazii si osetinii declara mai degraba o simpatie pentru Rusia, nu pentru Europa. Asadar, nu exista un fir narativ simplu al identitatii europene in Est, ci mai degraba un proces de desprindere de Rusia.
Partea a doua a studiului, mai jos. In cadrul celei de-a doua parti vor fi abordate Frontiera Democratiei, Frontiera si Frontiera Civilizatiilor si Frontiera Realismului, dar si alegerile pe care le are si le poate face Europa.
Alina Mungiu-Pippidi: Unde va fi noua frontiera a Europei (II)
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