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Datasets:
AmazonScience
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mintaka

Tasks:
Question Answering
Modalities:
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Sub-tasks:
open-domain-qa
Size:
100K - 1M
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 ---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
language_creators:
- found
license:
- cc-by-4.0
multilinguality:
- ar
- de
- ja
- hi
- pt
- en
- es
- it
- fr
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- open-domain-qa
paperswithcode_id: mintaka
pretty_name: Mintaka
language_bcp47:
- ar-SA
- de-DE
- ja-JP
- hi-HI
- pt-PT
- en-EN
- es-ES
- it-IT
- fr-FR
configs:
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data_files:
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default: true
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dataset_info:
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---
# Mintaka: A Complex, Natural, and Multilingual Dataset for End-to-End Question Answering
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://github.com/amazon-science/mintaka
- **Repository:** https://github.com/amazon-science/mintaka
- **Paper:** https://aclanthology.org/2022.coling-1.138/
- **Point of Contact:** [GitHub](https://github.com/amazon-science/mintaka)
### Dataset Summary
Mintaka is a complex, natural, and multilingual question answering (QA) dataset composed of 20,000 question-answer pairs elicited from MTurk workers and annotated with Wikidata question and answer entities. Full details on the Mintaka dataset can be found in our paper: https://aclanthology.org/2022.coling-1.138/
To build Mintaka, we explicitly collected questions in 8 complexity types, as well as generic questions:
- Count (e.g., Q: How many astronauts have been elected to Congress? A: 4)
- Comparative (e.g., Q: Is Mont Blanc taller than Mount Rainier? A: Yes)
- Superlative (e.g., Q: Who was the youngest tribute in the Hunger Games? A: Rue)
- Ordinal (e.g., Q: Who was the last Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt? A: Cleopatra)
- Multi-hop (e.g., Q: Who was the quarterback of the team that won Super Bowl 50? A: Peyton Manning)
- Intersection (e.g., Q: Which movie was directed by Denis Villeneuve and stars Timothee Chalamet? A: Dune)
- Difference (e.g., Q: Which Mario Kart game did Yoshi not appear in? A: Mario Kart Live: Home Circuit)
- Yes/No (e.g., Q: Has Lady Gaga ever made a song with Ariana Grande? A: Yes.)
- Generic (e.g., Q: Where was Michael Phelps born? A: Baltimore, Maryland)
- We collected questions about 8 categories: Movies, Music, Sports, Books, Geography, Politics, Video Games, and History
Mintaka is one of the first large-scale complex, natural, and multilingual datasets that can be used for end-to-end question-answering models.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The dataset can be used to train a model for question answering.
To ensure comparability, please refer to our evaluation script here: https://github.com/amazon-science/mintaka#evaluation
### Languages
All questions were written in English and translated into 8 additional languages: Arabic, French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, and Spanish.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```json
{
"id": "a9011ddf",
"lang": "en",
"question": "What is the seventh tallest mountain in North America?",
"answerText": "Mount Lucania",
"category": "geography",
"complexityType": "ordinal",
"questionEntity":
[
{
"name": "Q49",
"entityType": "entity",
"label": "North America",
"mention": "North America",
"span": [40, 53]
},
{
"name": 7,
"entityType": "ordinal",
"mention": "seventh",
"span": [12, 19]
}
],
"answerEntity":
[
{
"name": "Q1153188",
"label": "Mount Lucania",
}
],
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
`id`: a unique ID for the given sample.
`lang`: the language of the question.
`question`: the original question elicited in the corresponding language.
`answerText`: the original answer text elicited in English.
`category`: the category of the question. Options are: geography, movies, history, books, politics, music, videogames, or sports
`complexityType`: the complexity type of the question. Options are: ordinal, intersection, count, superlative, yesno comparative, multihop, difference, or generic
`questionEntity`: a list of annotated question entities identified by crowd workers.
```
{
"name": The Wikidata Q-code or numerical value of the entity
"entityType": The type of the entity. Options are:
entity, cardinal, ordinal, date, time, percent, quantity, or money
"label": The label of the Wikidata Q-code
"mention": The entity as it appears in the English question text. Will be empty for non-English samples.
"span": The start and end characters of the mention in the English question text. Will be empty for non-English samples.
}
```
`answerEntity`: a list of annotated answer entities identified by crowd workers.
```
{
"name": The Wikidata Q-code or numerical value of the entity
"label": The label of the Wikidata Q-code
}
```
### Data Splits
For each language, we split into train (14,000 samples), dev (2,000 samples), and test (4,000 samples) sets.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
The corpora is free of personal or sensitive information.
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
Amazon Alexa AI.
### Licensing Information
This project is licensed under the CC-BY-4.0 License.
### Citation Information
Please cite the following papers when using this dataset.
```latex
@inproceedings{sen-etal-2022-mintaka,
title = "Mintaka: A Complex, Natural, and Multilingual Dataset for End-to-End Question Answering",
author = "Sen, Priyanka and
Aji, Alham Fikri and
Saffari, Amir",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
month = oct,
year = "2022",
address = "Gyeongju, Republic of Korea",
publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.coling-1.138",
pages = "1604--1619"
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@afaji](https://github.com/afaji) for adding this dataset.