id
stringlengths 3
8
| url
stringlengths 32
190
| title
stringlengths 2
122
| text
stringlengths 6
230k
|
|---|---|---|---|
56174848
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers%20Street%E2%80%93World%20Trade%20Center/Park%20Place/Cortlandt%20Street%20station
|
Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street station
|
The Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street station is a New York City Subway station complex on the IND Eighth Avenue Line, IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, and BMT Broadway Line. Located on Church Street between Chambers and Cortlandt Streets in Lower Manhattan, it is served by the:
2, A and E trains at all times
W train on weekdays
3, C and R trains at all times except late nights
N train during late nights
The station also connects to the PATH via the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, and to the nearby Fulton Center via the Dey Street Passageway.
History
IND Eighth Avenue Line
The Chambers Street and World Trade Center stations on the Eighth Avenue Line opened just after midnight on September 10, 1932, as the southern terminus of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street–Hudson Terminal and 207th Street. A late-1990s renovation saw prefabricated tile panels installed on the trackside wall of the express platform, with a tile band of Concord Violet bordered in black and "CHAMBERS" in white Copperplate lettering on black tiles on each panel, and on the local platform's walls the new tiles were installed in 3-foot by 2-foot sections with a slightly different shade of dark blue violet bordered in black; no station name captions were placed. The trim lines in the entryways and passages use the Concord Violet color rather than the blue violet.
Around 2:00 p.m. on January 23, 2005, a fire destroyed the interlocking plant at Chambers Street. As a result, two-thirds of A trains were canceled or rerouted, including all rush-hour trips to Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street. C service was completely suspended and replaced by the A and V in Brooklyn and A, B, D, and E in Manhattan. Some newspaper articles blamed the fire on a homeless person trying to keep warm, but that was never confirmed. Until January 28, the MTA rerouted the A to the Rutgers Street Tunnel during late nights. Initial estimates gave a time of three to five years to restore full service because the destroyed equipment was custom-made for the MTA. That was later cut back to six to nine months to bring back normal operations. However, C service and 70% of A service was restored ten days after the fire, and the rush-hour A trips were restored on February 14, with full service returning on April 21. However, effects of the fire continued into 2006 because the equipment had not been replaced.
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line
The Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT)'s Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line first opened as a shuttle to 34th Street–Penn Station on June 3, 1917. The line was extended south to South Ferry on July 1, 1918; the Park Place station opened on the same date, and was served by a shuttle between Chambers Street and Wall Street, on the line's Brooklyn Branch. The new "H" system was implemented on August 1, 1918, joining the two halves of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line and sending all West Side trains south from Times Square. As a result, shuttle service to this station was replaced by through service.
During the 1964–1965 fiscal year, the platforms at Park Place, along with those at four other stations on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, were lengthened to 525 feet to accommodate a ten-car train of 51-foot IRT cars.
Between April 3 and October 1, 1999, this station was closed for escalator replacement and a station rehabilitation.
BMT Broadway Line
The Cortlandt Street station on the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT)'s Broadway Line opened on January 5, 1918, The station was overhauled in the late 1970s, with repairs made to the structural and cosmetic appearance. The original BMT wall tiles were removed and the "new" station walls contained cinderblock tiles (colored white with small recesses painted yellow), with black and white station-name signs bolted into the recesses. Lighting was converted from incandescent to fluorescent and staircases and platform edges were repaired. Much of the cosmetic change that came with this renovation was undone in an 1998–1999 renovation. In addition to "state-of-repair" work and upgrades for ADA accessibility, the station's original 1918 tilework was restored. Other improvements were made to the public address system, directional signage, and concrete trackbeds.
During the September 11 attacks in 2001, a train operator reported an "explosion" to the MTA's Subway Control Center one minute after the first plane struck the World Trade Center's North Tower at 8:46 a.m. Subway service was halted shortly afterward, and as a result, no one in the subway system died. The station sustained significant damage during the collapse of the World Trade Center. It was closed for repairs, which included removal of debris, fixing structural damage, and restoring the track beds, which had suffered flood damage in the aftermath of the collapse. The station reopened on September 15, 2002.
On August 20, 2005, the station was closed again for installation of the Dey Street Passageway below Dey Street as part of the Fulton Center project. At the same time, the station was made ADA-accessible in both directions. Previously, the station was accessible on the southbound side only via the temporary PATH World Trade Center station's elevator. MTA posters and flyers at that time indicated the station would reopen in the spring of 2006, and later by spring of 2007, but neither reopening schedules occurred. The northbound side of the station finally reopened on November 25, 2009. The southbound platform reopened on September 6, 2011, while continuing excavation along the Church Street side of the World Trade Center site was being performed.
The Dey Street Passageway, outside of the fare control, connects the Fulton Street station complex to the Cortlandt Street station and to the World Trade Center Transportation Hub. It opened on November 10, 2014, while the World Trade Center was still under construction. With the opening of the Dey Street Passageway, ridership at the station nearly tripled, from 1,500,040 in 2014 to 4,270,036 in 2016. On December 29, 2017, the Cortlandt Street station was connected to the other platforms in the complex. That date also saw the opening of a passageway connecting the World Trade Center station with 2 World Trade Center, and passageways connecting the southbound platform of Cortlandt Street to the Transportation Hub's Oculus head house and to 4 World Trade Center. Fare control areas had to be reconfigured.
Station layout
Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place
Cortlandt Street
Exits
Exits/entrances through turnstiles to Church Street are located in the mezzanine of the IND station, along with a few High Entrance-Exit Turnstiles (HEETs). There are street stairs:
at all four corners of Church and Chambers Streets
at both western corners of Church and Warren Streets
at both western corners of Church and Murray Streets
at all four corners of Church Street and Park Place; there is also an elevator to the local platform at the southeastern corner
at the southwestern corner of Church and Barclay Streets
at the northwestern and southeastern corners of Church and Vesey Streets
at the northeastern corner of Church and Fulton Streets
There is also a passageway to the PATH station at the extreme southern end of the local IND platform (see ), providing ADA-accessible access to the local platform.
The IRT platform has its own entrance/exit at its extreme eastern (railroad south) end. Here, a staircase and two escalators, none of which are together, lead up to a mezzanine just beneath the street. The staircase splits into two separate staircases at an initial landing and each of those have another intermediate landing. On this mezzanine, there are turnstiles, both regular and HEET (from when the mezzanine had a part-time token booth and the regular turnstiles could not be left unstaffed). A single street stair leads out to the northwest corner of Broadway and Park Place. The signage for this entrance is the only one in the complex that says "Park Place" with bullets only for the 2 and 3 trains. This stair is very close to the BMT Broadway Line's City Hall station, an entrance to which is about away, on the other side of Broadway. A short staircase in that mezzanine once led to an entrance to the lobby of the Woolworth Building. It has been closed since the September 11 attacks.
Both eastern corners of Church and Dey Streets contain a staircase exit from the northbound BMT platform, and a staircase to the northeast corner of Church and Cortlandt Streets leads to the same platform. The BMT platform is ADA-accessible via the Dey Street Passageway, an underpass that runs to the World Trade Center Transportation Hub and the Fulton Center. An underground passageway also leads to One Liberty Plaza. An exit at the north end of the southbound BMT platform once led to the original World Trade Center's lower concourse, and now leads to the Westfield World Trade Center shopping mall and the World Trade Center subway station.
IND Eighth Avenue Line platforms
The Chambers Street–World Trade Center station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line is an express station with four tracks and two island platforms, but in an unusual layout: the station has separate island platforms for through and terminating trains. Both island platforms can accommodate trains. There is a passenger connection between the two platforms at mezzanine level. This passageway also includes the in-system transfer to the IRT station. The only transfer between the local platform and the express platform is available only at the very tips of both platforms, where the two platforms are opposite each other for a few feet. Passengers must walk down the express platform to the southernmost staircase, go up to a different part of the mezzanine, crossover, and then go down a staircase to the northern end of the local platform. This complex transfer is to allow a continued underground mezzanine outside of fare control from the southern end at the World Trade Center, which is just one block west of the Fulton Street station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line, to the most northern street stairs at Chambers and Church Street, which is just one block east of the Chambers Street station of the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. The total length of the mezzanine is seven blocks.
Chambers Street
The Chambers Street station comprises the through platform. Just north of Chambers Street is a third track between the uptown and downtown express tracks, with connecting switches at both ends, which was used to turn trains when Chambers Street was used as a terminal, before the Broadway–Nassau Street (now Fulton Street) station opened on February 1, 1933. It is served by the and trains. This platform is not wheelchair-accessible, although it can possibly gain accessibility in the future because the elevator to the local platform leads to the mezzanine that is shared with this station. However, it is one block away from the Chambers Street station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, which is wheelchair-accessible.
World Trade Center
The terminating platform is named the World Trade Center station. It is served by the train. Southbound local trains reach the platform by ramping underneath the express tracks south of Canal Street station. The northern end of the World Trade Center station has a signal tower and a diamond crossover switch that are roughly at the middle of the through-platform.
The local tracks end at bumper blocks at the south end of the platform. In addition, there is a platform-level passageway on the western side of the station toward the platform's south end, evidence of a former half-length side platform for the western track; while in passenger use as a connection to the rest of the station, the former platform is now fenced off from the rest of the local platform level, and passengers must now use the mezzanine to access the island platform. A connection to the World Trade Center Transportation Hub is also available at the station's south end; this, in turn, gives access to the Fulton Center (via the Dey Street Passageway), the Cortlandt Street station of the BMT Broadway Line, and the WTC Cortlandt Street station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. Another passageway also leads directly to the southbound BMT Broadway Line platform.
The station was formerly named Hudson Terminal or H&M, after the nearby Hudson Terminal of the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (now the PATH). Since 1973, this station has been named after the two World Trade Centers. Wall tiles reading "H AND M" remained on the walls of the World Trade Center station as late as December 1974, a year after the first World Trade Center was completed. The tiles were initially painted over, but since the station's renovation, they have been covered over.
Accessibility
At the extreme southern end of the station is the exit to the Cortlandt Street station, along with a few High Entrance-Exit Turnstiles (HEETs). Only this platform is ADA-accessible via a ramp installed in 1987, making the station one of the earliest in the New York City Subway system to be accessible to disabled users.
The doors and original ADA-accessible ramp, as well as the structure from the first World Trade Center leading into the station, survived the September 11 attacks. The station itself was not damaged, but it was covered by dust and was subsequently closed. The passageway reopened for a while to provide an ADA-connection from the New York City Subway station to the temporary World Trade Center PATH station, but was closed again when the temporary PATH station closed for a reconstruction. The passageway was then covered in plywood for preservation purposes.
The renovated entrance, leading from the New York City Subway station to the newly rebuilt PATH station's Oculus headhouse as well as to the Westfield World Trade Center, opened on December 19, 2016. The newly reopened passageway retained its pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words "MATF 1 / 9 13" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as a condition for getting funding to construct the Oculus and new stations. The passageway was not made ADA-accessible again until 2017, as there are twenty-six steps down from the mezzanine to the Oculus headhouse's lobby.
The MTA's elevator to the local platform, at the southeast corner of Church Street and Park Place, connects to the local platform via a long ramp from the main mezzanine shared with Chambers Street, but it was out of service between 2001 and 2018 due to long-term construction on the current World Trade Center.
Presentation on maps
The station has been portrayed in a variety of ways on New York City Subway maps since 1932. Originally, it was shown as a single station called Chambers Street–Hudson Terminal. Starting in about 1948, two stations were shown, Chambers Street–Hudson Terminal for the express trains continuing to Brooklyn, and Hudson Terminal for the local trains terminating at the station. A 1959 map showed two stations enclosed in a box, but a single label. The 1964 and 1966 maps were similar.
On the 1972 map, it once again appeared to be a single station, with the label showing Chambers Street, Hudson Terminal, World Trade Center, and PATH, although the Hudson Terminal office building complex had already been demolished by this time.
On the current map published by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, it is shown as two separate stations with a free transfer—Chambers Street (served by the A and C trains) and World Trade Center (served by the E train). Signs in the Fulton Center only show the E when pointing toward the World Trade Center station, as the A, C, 2 and 3 trains serve both station complexes.
Oculus mosaics
There are over 300 mosaics dispersed throughout the IND and IRT stations, which are part of the 1998 installation Oculus created by Kristin Jones and Andrew Ginzel. These eyes were modeled on photographs of the eyes of hundreds of New Yorkers.
According to Jones and Ginzel,
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line platform
The Park Place station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was built on the portion of the line built as part of the Dual Contracts, which is the section south of Times Square–42nd Street. It has two tracks and a single island platform with a line of blue i-beam columns with alternating ones having the standard black name plate in white lettering. Both track walls have a mostly gold trim line along with the "P" tablets at regular intervals.
Northwest (railroad north) of the station, the tracks of this station become the express tracks of the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, curving sharply northeast under West Broadway. The station is very close to the next stop north, Chambers Street at West Broadway, and the northernmost entrances of this station at Church and Chambers Streets are less than from the entrances to the station at Chambers Street and West Broadway.
The station has a mezzanine at each end. Towards the western end of the platform, two long staircases lead up to an intermediate landing where another, shorter staircase leads up to the main IND mezzanine near the full Oculus mosaic. From here, there is a bank of turnstiles leading to the street stair at the northwest corner of Park Place and Church Street. A staircase in this mezzanine leads down to the extreme southern end of the IND express platform, where another set of stairs can be used to transfer to the local platform.
BMT Broadway Line platforms
The Cortlandt Street station is a local station on the BMT Broadway Line. The station is located under Church Street, between Fulton and Cortlandt Streets. It has two tracks and two side platforms. It is the closest station on the BMT Broadway Line to the World Trade Center. Immediately north of this station, the line utilizes a sharp reverse curve, first turning east under Vesey Street, then turning north under Broadway toward City Hall.
Passageways link this station to three others outside fare control: the World Trade Center PATH station, the WTC Cortlandt station, and the Fulton Street station, all through the Dey Street Passageway underneath the station. The station also contains a free transfer to the Chambers Street–World Trade Center and Park Place stations via the southbound platform.
Nearby points of interest
Brookfield Place (formerly World Financial Center)
Battery Park City
Century 21 (also near the adjacent Fulton Street station)
Church Street Post Office
New York Public Library New Amsterdam Branch
Saks Fifth Avenue Downtown division
St. Paul's Chapel
Woolworth Building
World Trade Center buildings (see also World Trade Center site)
Notes
References
External links
nycsubway.org – Oculus Artwork by Jones and Ginzel (1998)
MTA's Arts For Transit – Chambers Street/Park Place
MTA's Arts For Transit — Cortlandt Street (BMT Broadway Line)
1918 establishments in New York City
1932 establishments in New York City
Cortlandt Street
Financial District, Manhattan
Chambers Street
Park Place
New York City Subway stations in Manhattan
New York City Subway stations located underground
New York City Subway terminals
New York City Subway transfer stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1918
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1932
Tribeca
World Trade Center
|
28226121
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8dkleiva
|
Rødkleiva
|
Rødkleiva is a hill located in Nordmarka in Oslo, Norway. It was taken into use as a slalom hill in 1947 and was used for the combined event of the Holmenkollen Ski Festival eleven times between 1947 and 1963. It hosted the slalom events for the 1952 Winter Olympics, which saw a crowd of at least 25,000 spectators. The Olympic course was long and had a drop of . The course gradually fell into disrepair and was closed in 1988.
The hill has several times been launched as a potential location for a ski jumping hill. The first idea came in 1912; later options to replace Holmenkollbakken resurfaced during the 1930s and the 1970s, but were quickly rejected. With the closing of Midtstubakken, Oslo's normal hill, in the late 1980s, Rødkleiva was again launched as a jumping hill. Vikersundbakken—Northern Europe's only ski flying hill—was in the late 1990s proposed replaced by a new hill in Rødkleiva. The plans received support from the Norwegian Ski Federation, but the municipality and state were not interested in issuing grants and the proposal was finally laid to rest in 2006.
History
Slalom hill
The first proposal for using Rødkleiva for skiing was made by Fritz Huitfeldt in 1912. At the time Holmenkollbakken allowed jumps to and Huitfeldt's proposal to build an hill was not taken seriously. In the 1930s, the idea of building a ski jump at Rødkleiva was renewed. However, Rødkleiva was rejected by the board of the Association for the Promotion of Skiing and in 1938 Holmenkollbakken was instead upgraded with scaffolding.
In 1939, the Norwegian Ski Federation proposed that the Association for the Promotion of Skiing arrange slalom as part of the Holmenkollen Ski Festival, but the plans were interrupted by World War II. The slalom hill was inaugurated in 1947, allowing Alpine skiing to be introduced in the Holmenkollen Ski Festival. Slalom took place at Rødkleiva while the downhill was carried out at Norefjell Ski Resort in Krødsherad. The event was named Holmenkollen Kandahar and the races in Rødkleiva were organized by SFK Lyn. Permanent cables for telephone and timing were installed in 1949.
A series of upgrades were made to the hill ahead of the 1952 Winter Olympics. A start platform was constructed at the top of the hill to ensure better start conditions. A double pull-hook ski lift was built on the north side of the hill. Floodlights were installed along the course to allow training and work during the evening. Ten loudspeakers and three microphones were installed as a transportable system. The hump at the top of the hill was leveled somewhat and the earthwork used to build out the bottom of the hill. The road from Lillevann Station on the Holmenkollen Line was upgraded and a tunnel laid under the course to allow spectators to gather on both sides. A 200-seat press stand, including work stations and telephone booths, was constructed on the south side of the bottom of the hill. Opposite a stand for official guests was built, with a capacity for 300 people. Boxes at the finish line were built for officials and time-keepers. The upgrades to the venue cost 336,000 Norwegian krone (NOK). During the Olympics the hill was long and had a drop of , starting at above mean sea level.
The Young Men's Christian Association built a cabin at Ruudshøgda, next to Rødkleiva, which was completed in 1961. A new proposal to build a large ski jumping hill in Rødkleiva was launched during the early 1970s, but the Association for the Promotion of Skiing rejected the plans.
From the 1970s, Association for the Promotion of Skiing worked with plans to renovate the hill, especially to fill in the lower section close to Lillevann. The proposal met little support from the municipality, who wanted to prioritize Wyllerløypa, which was much cheaper to upgrade. Thus Rødkleiva was degraded to a training course. On 2 October 1986 the city council changed their opinion and granted funds for upgrading the hill. The upgrade would have given sufficient standard to allow FIS Alpine Ski World Cup events in slalom to be held and was part of a municipal strategy to market Oslo as a winter sports destination. In 1987, a proposal was made for the Holmenkollen area to become a national arena for freestyle skiing, with Rødkleiva to be made into a permanent mogul course. The hill was taken over by Tryvann Ski Resort in 1988. Plans to build a new ski lift which would connect with the other slopes were launched in November of that year. Rødkleiva was planned as the main competition hill for slalom and would regain its Olympics size. Det Norske Veritas withdrew Rødkleiva's approval in October 1988, especially noting the poor condition of the ski lift. The necessary upgrades would cost "millions". In 1989 the municipality proposed building a replacement for Midtstubakken at Rødkleiva, which would serve as Oslo's new normal hill as a supplement to the large Holmenkollbakken.
Ski flying hill proposal
Vikersundbakken opened as Northern Europe's only ski flying hill in March 1966. The hill was later renovated and expanded ahead of the FIS Ski-Flying World Championships 1977 and again ahead of the FIS Ski-Flying World Championships 1990. Holmenkollen National Arena and Holmenkollbakken were declared the national venue for Nordic skiing in 1997, ahead of Granåsen in Trondheim and Lysgårdsbakken in Lillehammer. By then ideas had been launched to build a national ski flying hill in Rødkleiva. However, it was rejected both by Holmenkollen director Rolf Nyhus and ski jumping director Odd Hammernes, who stated that a new ski flying hill would be too expensive.
In March 1998, former president of the Norwegian Ski Federation Christian Mohn announced plans for a hill in Rødkleiva which would allow jumps to . The venue, estimated to cost between NOK 100 and 150 million, was financed entirely with private funding; the costs would be covered by drawing between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators to an annual FIS Ski Jumping World Cup event. The plans scheduled completion in 2001. The location was, in addition to the close proximity to Oslo, chosen because the venue would be built tightly to the ground, thus eliminating any wind issues, the main reason for ski jumping events to be canceled. Mohn stated that ski flying was the future in ski jumping and that there would be place for two ski flying hills in Norway. This was rejected by Vikersundbakken-director Johan Kaggestad who stated that a new Rødkleiva hill would "kill" Vikersundbakken.
By December 1998, Mohn's successor Jan Jensen was supporting granting Vikersundbakken national venue status in preparation for it hosting the FIS Ski-Flying World Championships 2000. By December, a limited company had been established to continue the planning and construction of the hill. In July 1999, Vikersundbakken was granted a national venue status for ten years, which secured both state grants and the right to hold all World Cup ski flying events the following ten years. After the 2000 World Championships, Vikersundbakken's Torstein Haugerud protested that Bertil Pålsrud, who was both managing director of Rødkleiva Skiflyging and a member of the Norwegian Ski Federation's ski jumping committee, was using his position in the federation to promote the Rødkleiva project.
In February 2003, the Norwegian Ski Federation published an eighty-page report which concluded that Vikersundbakken should be retired and replaced with Rødkleiva. The report estimated that a hill would cost NOK 200 million and would allow jumps to , longer than the then world record hill Letalnica Bratov Gorišek in Planica, Slovenia. Rødkleiva was regarded as more favorable because of the ease of transport, high population concentration, and that an all-new hill would allow for better television pictures. The federation's goal was for Norway to regain its status as the prime organizer of ski jumping competitions. President of the Norwegian Ski Federation Sverre Seeberg stated that they had offered the International Ski Federation (FIS) to use Vikersundbakken every year, but that FIS had prioritized Granåsen for the World Cup. Seeberg stated that Norway would therefore focus on making Granåsen the regular venue for the World Cup opening.
Oslo announced in January 2004 that they, jointly with Lillehammer, planned to bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics. Deputy Mayor Svenn Kristiansen (Progress Party) speculated that normal hill ski jumping would be replaced with ski flying on the Olympic program and that it therefore would be necessary to build a ski flying hill in Oslo. In November 2004, a Norwegian Ski Federation committee concluded that a new hill in Rødkleiva should be prioritized and that is would cost between NOK 300 and 400 million. The following month Minister of Culture Valgerd Svarstad Haugland (Christian Democratic Party) criticized the federation for allowing Bertil Pålsrud and Steinar Johannesen to hold key roles in the decision process, while both owned a 13.3-percent stake in Rødkleiva Skiflyging.
As part of Oslo's bid to host the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011, it was necessary to build a normal hill, as Holmenkollbakken only consists of a large hill. Several proposals were made, including converting Holmenkollbakken to a normal hill and building a large hill in Rødkleiva, or building a new hill in Holmenkollen and building a small hill in Rødkleiva. Alternatively, a new small hill could be built at the location of the demolished Midtstubakken, next to Holmenkollbakken. City Councilor for Culture Anette Wiig Bryn (Progress Party) supported building a large hill in Rødkleiva and reducing Holmenkollbakken to a small hill.
On 20 April 2005, the Norwegian Ski Federation's board supported, with 13 against 1 vote, to build both a normal and a large hill at Rødkleiva and to close Vikersundbakken. However, the following day Svarstad Haugland stated that the government supported keeping Vikersundbakken rather than building a new venue in Rødkleiva. Clas Brede Bråthen responded that the federation hoped to build the venue with grants from the private sector, such as naming rights, and used Color Line Stadion in Ålesund as an example of a venue that had generated significant funding from corporate sponsors. A majority of the county chapters supported Vikersundbakken, with only 4 of 19 chapters supporting Rødkleiva. The Norwegian Ski Federation's national convention voted on 28 May with a large majority to place first a normal hill and then a ski flying hill at Rødkleiva.
The decision was made despite that no political parties in Oslo supported constructing a ski flying hill and that neither the municipality nor the state were willing to issue grants. There were also concerns from environmental groups as Rødkleiva lies within a protected area. Two days after the convention decision, Vikersundbakken applied to host a World Cup event in 2007. At a public meeting in August, politicians from all parties confirmed that they would not support Rødkleiva and City Council Chair Erling Lae declared the meeting as a funeral for the project. Yet the federation established a committee, led by Seeberg, to explore ways the venue could be financed and built. In December 2006, Steinar Johannessen stated that he and the federation had given up having a ski jumping hill at Rødkleiva.
Events
Alpine skiing in the Holmenkollen Ski Festival was contested as a combined event, originally with slalom in Rødkleiva and downhill in Norefjell. Named the Holmenkollen Kandahar, it was inaugurated in 1947. The event was held in Rødkleiva in 1947–48, 1950–51, 1953, 1957–58, and 1960–63. From 1972 the slalom event was held at Kirkerudbakken in Bærum the years it was in the Oslo area and from 1977 it was held in Wyllerløypa when held in the Oslo area. The local sports club IF Ready was the main user of Rødkleiva for organized recreational sports.
1952 Winter Olympics
During the 1952 Winter Olympics, Rødkleiva hosted the men's slalom and the women's slalom, with the other events taking place at Norefjell. The organizing committee had set up 15,000 tickets for the men's discipline on 19 February, but between 25,000 and 30,000 people attended the race, the surplus who did not pay for tickets. The large popularity was to see Norway's favoured Stein Eriksen. Although leading after the first heat, he came out of balance in the second and finished second behind Austria's Othmar Schneider. The women's race held the following day was won by the American Andrea Mead Lawrence.
References
Bibliography
Notes
Venues of the 1952 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiing venues
Unbuilt sports venues
Sports venues in Oslo
Ski jumping venues in Norway
Ski flying venues
1947 establishments in Norway
1988 disestablishments in Norway
Sports venues completed in 1947
Proposed buildings and structures in Norway
|
34020620
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adilabad%20%28Assembly%20constituency%29
|
Adilabad (Assembly constituency)
|
Adilabad Assembly constituency is a constituency of Telangana Legislative Assembly, India. It is one of the two constituencies in Adilabad district, Telangana. It comes under Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency along with 6 other Assembly constituencies.
Jogu Ramanna is representing the constituency for the fourth consecutive time.
Mandals
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
Election Data
Election results
Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018
Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014
See also
List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly
References
Assembly constituencies of Telangana
Adilabad district
|
61696799
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20Kak%20Commune
|
Tram Kak Commune
|
() is a khum (commune) in Tram Kak District, Takéo Province, Cambodia.
Administration
As of 2019, has 13 phums (villages) as follows.
References
Communes of Takéo province
Tram Kak District
|
929173
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%20Commonwealth%20Games
|
1990 Commonwealth Games
|
The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland, New Zealand from 24 January – 3 February 1990. It was the 14th Commonwealth Games, and part of New Zealand's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations. Participants competed in ten sports: athletics, aquatics, badminton, boxing, cycling, gymnastics, judo, lawn bowls, shooting and weightlifting. Netball and the Triathlon were demonstration events.
The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium.
Host selection
The Games were awarded to Auckland on 27 July 1984 at the Los Angeles Summer Olympics. Perth, Australia, had withdrawn from the bid contest leaving New Delhi, India, as the sole opponent to Auckland's bid. New Delhi lost the hosting rights to Auckland by a margin of 1 vote, which made it the most closest host selection vote in the history of Commonwealth Games
Opening ceremony
The opening of the games comprised a variety of events, including the arrival of The Queen's representative The Prince Edward (her youngest son), the arrival of the Queen's Baton, and many Māori ceremonial stories. The Queens Baton was carried across the Auckland Harbour by the vessel "Ceduna" built in 1978 - Hartley Ferro Cruiser.
The opening ceremony itself started off with the Auckland Commonwealth Games Choir singing the Song of Welcome. Upon the arrival of The Prince Edward, the Māori in attendance, gave him a Challenge of a welcome. This is conducted by a Māori placing a wooden baton on the ground. To see if the visitor comes in peace or not, the visitor must pick it up.
The New Zealand national anthem "God Defend New Zealand" was sung during a ceremonial fourteen gun salute from nearby One Tree Hill. This was followed by the New Zealand Army Guard Commander allowing The Prince Edward to inspect the guard of honour. After which was the introduction of the participating countries of the Commonwealth, Scotland entering first as the hosts of the previous games, and New Zealand entering last as hosts. During the introduction of the countries, the choir at attendance would display the flag of the announced country with boards.
When all the athletes finally sat down, the main Māori ceremonies began. First of the Māori ceremonies was all the Māori women performing a "Song of Welcome" for the athletes with the use of Poi. The Māori women then gave some of the athletes a Hongi. Next was the Māori story of how New Zealand was formed, performed by many New Zealanders and organised by Logan Brewer. It involved a narration of how the Polynesians found their way to what was to become New Zealand. In the middle of the performance, a re-enactment was performed of how New Zealand was formed between Rangi and Papa (the sky father and earth mother). The story then moved on to the coming of religion and European migration. This was demonstrated with a formation of the Union Jack, to show the colonisation by the British. Dame Whina Cooper then made a speech about the Treaty of Waitangi signed in 1840 that brought about peace and stability of modern New Zealand.
Introduction of the European communities was next with music and native dancing from European countries such as Italy, Poland, Greece, Netherlands, Scotland, Ireland, Austria, Wales and England, and music and native dancing also from Asian countries such as China, Sri Lanka and India. From here, many of the neighbouring Pacific Islanders made their entrance with the rhythmic tempo of the Pacific Island drum beat. This was to show the then complete migration of people to New Zealand.
New Zealand performer Howard Morrison then lead New Zealand in singing the folk song Tukua-a-hau. After Howard Morrison, the Queen's Baton arrived at the stadium where The Prince Edward announced the opening of the games which was followed by the Athletes Pledge.
Fireworks followed and was capped off with a night time flyover by nine A-4 Skyhawk jets of the Royal New Zealand Air Forces 75 Squadron. The ceremony was concluded by the singing of the game's motto "This is the moment" as performers and athletes exited the stadium.
Closing ceremony
A more relaxed affair was held for the 14th Commonwealth Games closing ceremony, reflecting that of Christchurch in 1974. Attended by HM The Queen of New Zealand, formality and respect played their due part in the beginning with formal salute and the acceptance of the Commonwealth Games flag to the next host city, Victoria, Canada. This was followed by a First Nations and modern Canadian dancing display.
Then the fun began with thousands of children entering the stadium with a mass jumprope demonstration, followed by the athletes themselves. The Queen then made the traditional closing speech and called for all the Commonwealth's athletes to assemble in four years time in Victoria. As the evening wore on, opera singer Dame Kiri Te Kanawa sang "Now is the Hour", a favorite New Zealand hymn, as the Royal New Zealand Air Force's A4 Skyhawks made one final swooping flyover of Mount Smart Stadium followed by fireworks. The Queen, Duke of Edinburgh, and Prince Edward then exited the stadium standing in open top vehicles.
Mascot
The mascot of the games was Goldie, representing New Zealand's national symbol the kiwi bird.
Participating teams
55 teams were represented at the 1990 Games.(Teams competing for the first time are shown in bold).
Medals by country
This is the full table of the medal count of the 1990 Commonwealth Games. These rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country. The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze. If, after the above, countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically. This follows the system used by the IOC, IAAF and BBC.
Figures from Commonwealth Games Foundation website.
Medals by event
At these games, the Triathlon was a demonstration event; won by Erin Baker (women) and Rick Wells (men), both from New Zealand.
Aquatics
Athletics
Badminton
Bowls
Boxing
Cycling
Track
Road
Gymnastics
Artistic
Rhythmic
Judo
Shooting
Pistol
Rifle
Shotgun
Weightlifting
References
The Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia
External links
Commonwealth Games Official Site
C
Sports competitions in Auckland
International sports competitions hosted by New Zealand
Commonwealth Games in New Zealand
Commonwealth Games by year
Commonwealth Games
Gymnastics competitions in New Zealand
January 1990 sports events in New Zealand
February 1990 sports events in New Zealand
1990s in Auckland
1990 in New Zealand
1990s in New Zealand
|
11217404
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Murder%20of%20One
|
A Murder of One
|
"A Murder of One" is a song by Counting Crows, released as the fourth single from their debut album, August And Everything After.
Frontman Adam Duritz explained the song's meaning as follows:
"I can remember being eight years old and having infinite possibilities. But life ends up being so much less than we thought it would be when we were kids, with relationships that are so empty and stupid and brutal. If you don't find a way to break the chain and change in some way, then you wind up, as the rhyme goes: a murder of one, for sorrow." Murder is a term used to refer to a group of crows. The band's name, Counting Crows, and a line from this song are both references to an English divination rhyme that came from an old superstition.
The music was created by Adam Duritz, Matt Malley, and David Bryson.
The song was featured in a 2004 episode of Scrubs, entitled "My Porcelain God".
References
1995 singles
Counting Crows songs
Song recordings produced by T Bone Burnett
Songs written by David Bryson
Songs written by Adam Duritz
Songs written by Charlie Gillingham
1993 songs
Geffen Records singles
|
33023369
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klass%20I
|
Klass I
|
The Klass I was the top level ice hockey league in Sweden from 1923 to 1927. It existed alongside the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship, where the national champion was crowned. Klass I existed along with the second-tier league Klass II. Klass I was replaced by the Elitserien as the top-level league in the 1927–28 season. Klass I continued to operate as the second-tier league, however, through the 1943–44 season.
Champions
External links
List of champions on hockeyarchives.info
Defunct ice hockey leagues in Sweden
swed
|
5495512
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenstauf
|
Regenstauf
|
Regenstauf is a municipality in the district of Regensburg, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated on the river Regen, 12 km north of Regensburg.
References
Regensburg (district)
|
40684963
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1nsito%20Amagua%C3%B1a
|
Tránsito Amaguaña
|
Rosa Elena Tránsito Amaguaña Alba (September 10, 1909 – May 10, 2009) was an Ecuadorian leader of the indigenous movement and one of the founders of the Ecuadorian Indian Federation (FEI) along with Dolores Cacuango. She was awarded the Premio Eugenio Espejo in 2003 by President Lucio Gutiérrez for her lifetime work in the indigenous movement.
Biography
Born into a family of slaves and ‘property’ of the landowner , Tránsito Amaguaña helped her parents on their small piece of land. The family worked seven days a week for no pay and in return could cultivate food on that land to grow and eat.
As it was common for girls to be raped by the landowners, Tránsito’s mother decided her daughter would be better marrying an older man. She was married at the age of 15 to a 25-year-old and became pregnant almost immediately. Tránsito’s husband was cruel and beat her repeatedly. The young Tránsito became involved in the Socialist Party and on discovering this her husband beat her so violently that he tired himself out, the next morning she discovered her baby dead in his cot.
Transito continued to attend meetings and became more and more involved in politics and the injustices of the indigenous people of Ecuador. By the time she was able to free herself from her violent husband she had two more children by him.
On her own, Tránsito continued to work the land in exchange for food for herself and her children. In 1930 she helped to set up the first indigenous organization of her country and took part in 26 marches to the capital, Quito, to demand justice for her people. Quito was 66 kilometers from her home and Tránsito did this carrying her two children.
She helped organize and took part in the first worker’s union. One strike lasted three months until the military moved in and destroyed the workers homes and detained them. Tránsito had to live the next 15 months of her life in hiding from the authorities. Among her people she was greatly admired, but the authorities constantly threatened her. She later joined the Communist Party and traveled to Cuba and the Soviet Union to represent the Ecuadorian people. Tránsito was arrested on return from one of these tours and detained, accused of trafficking weapons and Bolshevik money to incite revolution, all she had was documentation for promoting land reforms. She was released after 4 months after being made to sign a declaration that she would not continue ‘agitating’ her people. But of course she did not stop, in true style of the revolutionary woman that she was, she continued her work, fighting for equality and justice for her people.
Tránsito retired on a state pension and died of unknown causes in her home village of Pesillo in 2009. Her funeral was attended by President Rafael Correa and vice president Lenín Moreno and various indigenous leaders.
See also
Micaela Bastidas
Dolores Cacuango
India Juliana
María la Grande
Bartolina Sisa
Notes
1909 births
2009 deaths
Ecuadorian activists
Ecuadorian communists
|
40095870
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Ramalho
|
André Ramalho
|
André Ramalho Silva (born 16 February 1992) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a centre-back for PSV.
Career
Early career
Ramalho made his league debut on 20 July 2013 against SC Wiener Neustadt. He played the full game. On 27 July 2013, he scored his first goal for RB Salzburg against FK Austria Wien in a 5–1 win. He scored his second goal against SV Grödig at 10 August 2013.
Bayer Leverkusen
Ramalho moved to Bayer Leverkusen on 1 July 2015.
In the 2016-17 Bundesliga he was loaned to Mainz
Red Bull Salzburg
On 3 May 2018, he played in the Europa League semi-finals as Olympique de Marseille played out a 1–2 away loss but a 3–2 aggregate win to secure a place in the 2018 UEFA Europa League Final.
PSV
He signed a three-year contract with PSV on 26 May 2021. This will be the third club where he is under the tutelage of Roger Schmidt, next to Red Bull Salzburg and Bayer Leverkusen.
Career statistics
Honours
Austrian Football Bundesliga: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20
Austrian Cup: 2013–14, 2019–20
Regionalliga West (3rd league): 2010–11, 2012–13
Johan Cruyff Shield: 2021
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Association football defenders
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian expatriate footballers
FC Liefering players
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Bayer 04 Leverkusen players
1. FSV Mainz 05 players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Bundesliga players
Expatriate footballers in Austria
Expatriate footballers in Germany
|
41809886
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Gluskin%20Stonestreet
|
Lisa Gluskin Stonestreet
|
Lisa Gluskin Stonestreet (born January 31, 1968) is an American poet. Stonestreet's second book, The Greenhouse, was awarded the 2014 Frost Place Chapbook Prize and published by Bull City Press in August 2014. Her first book, Tulips, Water, Ash, was published by Northeastern University Press, and chosen by Jean Valentine as the last Morse Poetry Prize, before its suspension in 2009 .
Education and career
Stonestreet is a graduate of Yale University, and she received an MFA in Creative Writing from the MFA Program for Writers at Warren Wilson College where she received the Jacob K. Javits Fellowship in Creative Writing. Her poems have been anthologized in Best New Poets 2005 and Best New Poets 2006 (Samovar Press), and they have appeared in literary journals and magazines, including The Iowa Review, Bellingham Review, Blackbird, and Third Coast. Her honors include fellowships from Millay Colony for the Arts and Vermont Studio Center. She lives with her husband and son in Portland, Oregon, where she works as a writer, teacher, and editor.
Awards
2014 Bull City Press Frost Place Chapbook Award
2013 Cream City Review Poetry Prize
2009 Samuel French Morse Poetry Prize
2004 Jacob K. Javits Fellowship in Creative Writing (MFA Program for Writers at Warren Wilson College)
2003 Universities West Press Emily Dickinson Award
2001 San Jose Center For Poetry and Literature Poetry Prize
2001 James Duval Phelan Literary Award (San Francisco Foundation)
References
External links
Official Site
Discussion: Tulips, Water, Ash by Lisa Gluskin Stonestreet
"Certain, Impossible, Likely" Poem by Lisa Gluskin Stonestreet, art by Se Thut Quon
Lisa Gluskin Stonestreet discusses "Verklarte Nacht" at Benvenue House on December 13, 2012.
at Length Mag: Six Poems From Five Poets
Fail Better: Poem by Stonestreet
American women poets
Yale University alumni
21st-century American poets
1968 births
Living people
21st-century American women writers
Chapbook writers
|
28142663
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph%20of%20Sweden
|
Adolph of Sweden
|
Adolph of Sweden - Swedish: Adolf and Alf - may refer to:
Adolph, legendary Swea king better known as Alf
Adolph Frederick (1710–1771), King of Sweden 1751-1771
Alf Johansson, Swedish prince 12th century, buried at Vreta Abbey
Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg (1629–1689), Prince of Sweden from 1654
A number of Swedish kings and Swedish princes who had Adolph as a secondary name
|
6608403
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20HPV%20Super%20Series
|
Australian HPV Super Series
|
The Australian HPV Super Series is an annual championship held in South Australia and Western Australia featuring velomobiles racing around enclosed circuits for a period between 6 and 24 hours.
The largest event of its kind anywhere in the world, it attracts teams from all around Australia, and even overseas. Since 2018, the championship has consisted of six races, culminating in the 24 hour event at Murray Bridge.
2021 Australian HPV Super Series
Dates
Updates during the races at Loxton, Adelaide, and Murray Bridge are live streamed on the AHPVSS Facebook and YouTube pages.
History
In 1985, what would become the inaugural Pedal Prix race was held in the car park of what was at the time the Underdale Campus of The University of South Australia on Holbrooks Road. There were less than a dozen participating teams. This event marks the start of the Australian HPV Super Series and at the time it generated tremendous interest. Vehicles varied considerably in sophistication and quality but the potential to get students involved in designing, making and testing the vehicles was readily apparent.
In 1986 the event was moved to the Road Safety Centre on Oaklands Road in Marion (currently being turned into a wetlands) to cater for the increased number of teams. Rules and standards were developed to guide teams in building vehicles so that they were safer. This site was considerably more complex with many corners and a hill to test riders and their vehicles.
The popularity of the event continued to grow and it soon became apparent that the number of entries was growing beyond the capacity of the Road Safety Centre. As a result, in 1992 the event was moved to the Adelaide International Raceway at Virginia, SA. This site easily catered for the increased number of entries. The wider, flatter track saw records for the distance travelled in the 24 hour endurance race increase. A major disadvantage of this site has been its openness and exposure to weather. Wind, dust and an uninteresting track layout had the committee looking for alternatives. 1996 marked the last time that petrol driven hybrids were allowed to participate. At various stages throughout the history of the 24 hour race there have been categories for petrol and solar hybrids as well as a commuter category where more than one rider was in the vehicle.
1997 saw the event moved to Sturt Reserve, Murray Bridge, where for the first time public roads were sealed off specially for the event. It was felt that the new venue would comfortably accommodate the number of entries anticipated, provide a greater challenge for teams and provide a better atmosphere for all competitors, spectators and visitors. The field at the first Murray Bridge totalled 90 teams. The record size for the competing field at Murray Bridge was 228 set in 2009.
In 2003, The HPV Super Series began, with a championship season that spanned 4 races. They included two 3 hour sprints on the same day and later a 6-hour race all at Victoria Park and then concluded with the 24 hour Murray Bridge event. The two 3 hour sprints were then replaced with a single 6 hour race. A 9-hour race was trialed once during 2009 for race 2 at Victoria Park.
The 2013 Murray Bridge event was the first to include teams representing five states/territories with teams from South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, New South Wales and the Northern Territory present.
In 2014, a street circuit in Loxton, South Australia was introduced as the new opening race of a four-race championship. In addition, the McNamara Park Circuit near Mount Gambier, South Australia and a street circuit in Busselton, Western Australia were introduced as non-series events. The Murray Bridge street circuit remained as the final race of the series and the two Victoria Park races also remained unchanged.
In 2017, the McNamara Park Circuit was upgraded to a series event as the opening race of the series. In 2018, the race in Busseltion was also upgraded to a series event as the penultimate race.
On 14 December 2017, it was announced by the Australian HPV Super Series and the Victorian HPV Grand Prix Series that National Vehicle Specifications had been adopted for the 2018 season onward, subjecting both series to common vehicle specifications and making it easier for teams to compete across both series without needing to change their vehicle set-ups; in previous years, both series had their own specification guidelines to comply with.
For the 2016 and 2017 seasons, in all races apart from Murray Bridge, race days were separated for Category 4 (Saturday) and the remaining categories (Sunday). This was scaled back to only include the two Victoria Park races for the 2018-19 seasons.
Notable riders
Steele Von Hoff (Tru Blu Racing)
Patrick Jonker (DMR Racing)
Racing Categories & Divisions
The four categories are divided under two classifications of "School Categories" and "Community Categories". Introduced in 2006, all school and community categories have further sub-categories for All Female teams.
The following category criteria are accurate as of the 2020 season.
Point System
From 2014 season each team's best two rounds from the 6 hour races are added to their result from the 24 hour race to determine their Series Championship total. From 2016, points are allocated by category result instead of overall result.
Events
Mt Gambier, South Australia
This race, currently held in April is eight hours long and is held at McNamara Park, just outside of Mount Gambier, South Australia, on a 2.4 km closed circuit. The track made its debut in 2014 as an 8-hour non-series race before being integrated into the main series in 2017.
Loxton, South Australia
This race, currently held in May, is six hours long and take place at Loxton, South Australia on a 1.37 km street circuit that incorporates Loxton's large center roundabout. The track made its debut for the 2014 season as a six-hour race. There was a slight modification made to the track at the 2018 race. This track heavily favors lighter bikes due to the climb on the southern side of the track.
Fastest Individual Racing Lap
Greatest Race Distance
Victoria Park, Adelaide, South Australia
This race, currently held in June and July respectively, are six hours long and take place at Victoria Park, Adelaide on a closed-criterium track which is 1.354 km long.
The fastest teams can achieve distances of over 250 km during these races.
The Victoria Park track is now in its third incarnation. Prior to 2009 the track included an uphill segment of Wakefield Rd.
From 2009 to 2012 the track used the southern hairpin and start line of the Adelaide 500 circuit and a new section running parallel to Wakefield St.
Late in 2012 it was confirmed by the Adelaide City Council that the redevelopment of Victoria Park had been given the green light. The redevelopment now includes an extension to the short track to take it past the heritage grandstand present on the site. This track heavily favors the most aerodynamic bikes due to the lack of slow corners.
Fastest Individual Racing Lap
Greatest Race Distance
Busselton, Western Australia
In 2014, a new race on an 850 m street circuit in Busselton, Western Australia was announced. It is currently the only event in the AHPVSS outside of South Australia. It was initially a non-series round used to promote HPV racing in Western Australia. This was upgraded into a series event in 2018. The track is located mainly in a carpark on the foreshore of Busselton. It is tight and twisty with three hairpins. Since 2014 it has been a 6 hour race, but the Busselton City Council is in talks with the AIPP about the possibility of holding a 24 hour event.
Murray Bridge, South Australia
The Australian HPV Super Series concludes in September with what is considered to be the premier HPV event in the country, the 24-hour, final race at Sturt Reserve in Murray Bridge. The event now attracts over 30,000 spectators and participants annually, becoming an economic boom for the town. It attracts the best teams from all over the country to what is considered the toughest and most competitive race. The closed-circuit track is, as of 2016, 1.7 km long containing a series of left and right hand corners, fast straights and challenging corners. When flooded with over 200 teams it makes for genuinely tricky and exciting racing, The elite teams may cover over during the race. The race starts at 12:00 pm on Saturday and concludes 24 hours later. (note: In 2007 the race was stopped early due to gale-force winds, and in 2017 the race started 4 hours later than the scheduled start also due to strong winds).
During the first race at Murray Bridge in 1997, the track followed the roads that bordered Sturt Reserve in a closed circuit. In 2000, the Northern Hairpin along Olympic Drive and Janesh Road was added, lengthening the track by 366 metres. In 2004 the corner leading up to the main straight was transformed to its current shape (shortening the track by 40m). This corner has had various sponsors names associated with it, and is currently called 'Belotti Corner,' but it is known popularly among riders and spectators alike as "Crash Corner". The Southern Straight was resurfaced in 2011, removing the roughest section of the track. In 2016, the track was shortened to its current form, by-passing the Northern Hairpin due to the mills on that section of Janesh Road having to remain open during the event.
This track requires bikes to have good aerodynamics, minimal weight and decent handling.
Friday Qualifier & Saturday Shootout
In 2005, a timed Friday night practice session was introduced. This session is used to determine the grid positions for the start of the race the following day. This also included the introduction of a Top 12 Shootout where the three fastest teams from each category were given the opportunity to set a lap time on a clear track on Saturday morning before the start of the race to determine the top 12 positions on the grid.
In 2008, the shootout was expanded to a Top 15 shootout to include the fastest all female team from categories 1, 2 and 3.
The shootout has quickly become a crowd favourite since its introduction. Large crowds gather around the track to cheer on the fastest teams as they are given the opportunity to push their trikes to the limit on a clear track. Top teams exceed 70 km/h on the main straight during their flying lap.
Murray Bridge Records
Winners 24 Hour Pedal Prix - Murray Bridge
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Special Note Bendigo Youth Racings victory over Team Ballistic was the closest in the events history with only 10 seconds separating them after 24 hours.
2004
2005
2006
2007
Special Note The 2007 race was only 23 hours long as it had to be cut short by an hour due to gale force winds.
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Special Note Due to the mill now operating during the race, a different track was used, removing the hairpin at the north of the course.
2017
2018
Previous Championships
2006 Championship
2007 Championship
2008 Championship
2009 Championship
2010 Championship
2011 Championship
2012 Championship
2013 Championship
2014 Championship
2015 Championship
2016 Championship
Note: At the conclusion of the Cat 1-3 race at Victoria Park (Round 2), protests were lodged against 2 category 3 teams (Team 22 Trisled Development Team and Team 316 GTrikes Matrix) with the complaint being that both Trisled and GTrikes fielded riders who had finished school. Due to the rulebook being unclear for the eligibility of category 3 riders, the rule could be interpreted both ways which subsequently led to the disqualification of both Trisled and GTrikes. The official ruling pointed this out - "Neither Team 22 (Trisled) nor 316 (GTrikes) has sought to gain an unfair advantage. They have appraised AIPP of their intentions throughout and have been open and honest with AIPP. The interpretation of the rule by AIPP as it is currently written was incorrect. AIPP unreservedly apologises to both teams for the error in interpretation."
2017 Championship
Championship Records
Other Australian HPV Races
Queensland - RACQ Technology Challenge
Tasmania - RACT Insurance Challenge
Victoria - Victorian HPV Series
Victoria - Maroondah Grand Prix
Victoria - RACV Energy Breakthrough
References
Notes
External links
Pedal Prix 1996 & 1997
Human-powered vehicles
Racing
Sports competitions in South Australia
Sports competitions in Western Australia
|
14071765
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Stanfield
|
Jim Stanfield
|
James Bovaird Stanfield (January 1, 1947 – November 19, 2009) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Born in Dixie, Ontario, he played in 7 NHL games for the Los Angeles Kings in parts of three seasons. He spent most of his professional career in the minor leagues, playing for the Springfield Kings of the American Hockey League, among other teams.
Stanfield was the younger brother of NHL forwards Jack Stanfield and Fred Stanfield. In the 1975–76 season, both Fred and Jim played in the same home city (Buffalo, New York) but for different teams: Fred with the NHL's Sabres and Jim with the NAHL's Norsemen.
External links
1947 births
2009 deaths
Buffalo Norsemen players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Dallas Black Hawks players
Denver Spurs players
Sportspeople from Mississauga
London Nationals players
Los Angeles Kings players
Portland Buckaroos players
St. Catharines Black Hawks players
San Diego Gulls (WHL) players
Springfield Kings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
|
20297214
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Edward%20Lake
|
Joseph Edward Lake
|
Joseph Edward Lake (born October 18, 1941) is an American career diplomat who, in 1990, became the first resident U.S. Ambassador to the Mongolian People's Republic (the first U.S. ambassador to Mongolia, Richard L. Williams, was not a resident there). Later, he was named U.S. Ambassador to Albania (1994–1996) and then Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Information Management (1996–1997). He is the father of late science fiction author Jay Lake.
Career
Lake joined the Foreign Service in 1962. After serving in several capacities in overseas assignments in Canada, Dahomey, and China he became an analyst in the Office of Research for East Asia in the Bureau of Intelligence and Research at the Department of State from 1969 to 1971. From 1973 to 1976 he was second secretary and political officer for the U.S. Embassy in Taipei, and from 1976 to 1977 he served as a political-military officer for the Office of Philippine Affairs in the Bureau of East Asian Affairs at the Department of State.
From 1977 to 1978 he was second secretary and political officer for the U.S. Embassy in Lagos, Nigeria, and then consul and principal officer for the U.S. consulate in Kaduna, Nigeria between 1978 and 1981.
In 1982 he started his assignment as first secretary and chief of the political/economic section at the U.S. Embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria and was named deputy chief of mission in Sofia in 1984.
Between 1985 and 1986 he worked as Deputy Director of the Office of Regional Affairs for the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs at the Department of State. In 1986 he became an adviser to the U.S. delegation to the 41st United Nations General Assembly.
In 1987 Lake was named director of the Department of State's operations center.
Lake retired from the State Department in 1997 and then became Director of the Office of International Affairs for the City of Dallas (1997–2001) where he designed and managed international marketing plan to promote Dallas internationally as a business and investment center.
Background and education
Lake was born in Jacksonville, Texas and graduated from Texas Christian University (B.A., 1962; M.A., 1967).
References
Ambassadors of the United States to Mongolia
Ambassadors of the United States to Albania
1941 births
Living people
People from Jacksonville, Texas
Texas Christian University alumni
American expatriates in Taiwan
American expatriates in Nigeria
American expatriates in Bulgaria
American expatriates in Benin
American expatriates in China
American expatriates in the Philippines
United States Foreign Service personnel
20th-century American diplomats
|
36275
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1126
|
1126
|
Year 1126 (MCXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
Summer – Emperor John II Komnenos re-confirms the treaty of 1082. This ends the hostilities with Hungary and Venice. John secures Braničevo, and recovers the region of Sirmium on the Danube, but is forced by Venice to renew the exclusive commercial privileges.
Levant
Spring – The Crusaders under Pons, count of Tripoli, attack the fortress of Rafaniya (once held by Pons' grandfather Raymond IV), which dominates the entry of the Buqaia from the Orontes Valley. They besiege the fortress for 18 days and capture it on March 31.
Autumn – Bohemond II takes over his inheritance of the Principality of Antioch. He sails from Otranto with a Norman fleet of 24 ships, carrying a number of troops and horses. Bohemond lands at the port of St. Symeon early in October and is welcomed at Antioch.
Europe
February 18 – Battle of Chlumec: Duke Soběslav I defeats a German army under King Lothair III and his Moravian ally, Duke Otto II the Black. Soběslav becomes the head of the Bohemian Principality.
March 8 – Queen Urraca of León ("the Reckless") dies after a 17-year reign. She is succeeded by her 21-year-old son Alfonso VII el Emperador who becomes king of León (until 1157).
Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne, is killed by upset peasants at a local thing. Sweden is without a ruler, but Magnus I ("the Strong") claims sovereignty over Gothenland.
Summer – King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre launches a campaign raid into Granada in Andalusia (modern Spain) against the Almoravids.
Winter – King Lothair III makes Henry X ("the Proud"), duke of Bavaria to succeed his late father, Henry IX ("the Black"), who has died on December 13.
Britain
Shrewsbury Castle is granted by King Henry I to his second wife, Queen Adeliza of Louvain (or Adelicia). The command of the castle is given to William FitzAlan.
Rutherglen (located in South Lanarkshire) becomes one of the first of the Royal Burghs in Scotland.
Asia
Spring – In China, scholars and farmers demonstrate around the capital city of Kaifeng, for the restoration of a trusted military official, Li Gang (李綱). Small conflicts erupt between the protestors and the government.
January 18 – Emperor Hui Zong of the Song Dynasty abdicates in favour of his eldest son, Qin Zong after a 24-year reign. Hui Zong assumes the honorary title of Taishang Huang (or "Retired Emperor").
Jin–Song War: Jurchen forces reach the Yellow River Valley, two days after New Year. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace, and communities such as the Kaifeng Jews.
January 31 – Jurchen forces lay siege to Kaifeng. Qin Zong negotiates the terms of surrender, agreeing an annual indemnity. He orders Song forces to defend the prefectures of the Northern Song.
By topic
Literature
Adelard of Bath, an English philosopher, translates Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī's arithmetic and astronomical works into Latin.
Two previously written Chinese pharmaceutical works, one by Shen Kuo and the another Su Shi, are combined in one written work.
Religion
Olegarius, archbishop of Tarragona, creates a community of knights (known as the "Confraternity of Tarragona"), to combat the Almoravids in Catalonia.
Births
Abu Madyan, Andalusian mystic and Sufi master (d. 1198)
Averroes ibn Rushd, Andalusian judge and physician (d. 1198)
Eynion de Tilston, Norman knight and lord of Tilston (approximate date)
Fan Chengda, Chinese politician, poet and geographer (d. 1193)
Michael the Syrian ("the Great"), Syriac patriarch (d. 1199)
Mieszko III the Old, duke of Greater Poland (d. 1202)
Muneko, Japanese princess and empress (d. 1189)
Peter I of Courtenay, French nobleman (d. 1183)
Sibylla of Burgundy, queen of Sicily (d. 1150)
Sviatoslav III, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1194)
Taira no Tokiko, Japanese Buddhist nun (d. 1185)
Deaths
February 18 – Otto II the Black, Moravian prince (b. 1085)
March 8 – Urraca, queen regnant of León and Galicia (b. 1079)
July 30 – Cecilia of Normandy (or Cecily), English princess
September 1 – Świętosława of Poland, queen of Bohemia
October 1 – Morphia of Melitene, queen of Jerusalem (or 1127)
December 4 – Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician (b. 1048)
December 13 – Henry IX the Black, duke of Bavaria (b. 1075)
December 29 – Wulfhilde of Saxony, duchess of Bavaria (b. 1072)
Abu Bakr al-Turtushi, Andalusian political philosopher (b. 1059)
Abu Nasr Ahmad ibn Fadl, Seljuk ruler (vizier) of Damascus
Ahmad Ghazali, Persian mystic and writer (approximate date)
Al-Tutili ("Blind Poet of Tudela"), Andalusian Muwallad poet
Bertrand of Comminges, French bishop and saint (b. 1050)
Cai Jing, Chinese politician and calligrapher (b. 1047)
Edgar the Ætheling, uncrowned king of England (b. 1051)
Ekkehard of Aura, German abbot, chronicler and writer
Ragnvald Knaphövde, Swedish pretender (approximate date)
Tong Guan, Chinese general and political adviser (b. 1054)
Vikramaditya VI, king of the Western Chalukya Empire
Waleran of Le Puiset, French nobleman (approximate date)
Wynebald de Ballon, Norman nobleman (b. 1058)
References
da:1120'erne#1126
|
19348705
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rash%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Rash (disambiguation)
|
A rash is a change of the skin which affects its color, appearance, or texture.
Rash may also refer to:
Rash (surname)
Rash, Alabama, a community in the United States
Rash Behari Bose (1886–1945), Indian revolutionary
Rash Behari Ghosh (1845–1921), Indian politician, lawyer, social worker and philanthropist
Rash (novel), a 2006 young adult novel
Rash (film), a 2005 Australian documentary
Rash!!, a manga series
Rash, one of the three Battletoads (characters) in the video game series, cartoon and comic strips
Red and Anarchist Skinheads, a left-wing anti-racist, anti-fascist skinhead group
See also
List of people known as the Rash
Rasher (disambiguation)
|
62812357
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvo%20Ojalehto
|
Arvo Ojalehto
|
Arvo Ojalehto (born 17 April 1957) is a Finnish weightlifter. He competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics, the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1988 Summer Olympics.
References
1957 births
Living people
Finnish male weightlifters
Olympic weightlifters of Finland
Weightlifters at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 1988 Summer Olympics
People from Haapavesi
|
125306
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Mitchell%20effect
|
Martha Mitchell effect
|
The Martha Mitchell effect refers to the process by which a psychiatrist, psychologist, mental health clinician, or other medical professional labels a patient's accurate perception of real events as delusional, resulting in misdiagnosis.
Description
According to Bell et al., "Sometimes, improbable reports are erroneously assumed to be symptoms of mental illness (Maher, 1998)", due to a "failure or inability to verify whether the events have actually taken place, no matter how improbable intuitively they might appear to the busy clinician".
Examples of such situations are:
Pursuit by organized criminals
Surveillance by law enforcement officers
Infidelity by a spouse
Physical issues
Quoting psychotherapist Joseph Berke, the authors report that, "even paranoids have enemies". Delusions are "abnormal beliefs" and may be bizarre (considered impossible to be true), or non-bizarre (possible, but considered by the clinician as highly improbable). Beliefs about being poisoned, followed, marital infidelity or a conspiracy in the workplace are examples of non-bizarre beliefs that may be considered delusions. Any patient can be misdiagnosed by clinicians, especially patients with a history of paranoid delusions.
Patients may be diagnosed as delusional when their grievances concern health care workers and/or health care institutions, even when the patient has no history of delusion. "A patient arriving claiming to have been injured by another health care professional is regarded as a crazy person who potentially could ruin the career of an innocent colleague."
Origin
Psychologist Brendan Maher named the effect after Martha Mitchell. Mitchell was the wife of John Mitchell, United States Attorney General in the Nixon administration. When she alleged that White House officials were engaged in illegal activities, her claims were attributed to mental illness. Ultimately, however, the facts of the Watergate scandal vindicated her and garnered her the label "The Cassandra of Watergate".
Although it has been stated that many of her allegations remain unproved, such as her claim that she had been drugged and put under guard during a visit to California after her husband was summoned back to Washington, D.C., in order to prevent her from leaving the hotel or making phone calls to the news media, James McCord admitted in 1975 that her story was true, as reported in The New York Times. More evidence supporting that Martha was telling the truth was published in a 2017 news article in Newsweek about the appointment of a U.S. ambassador.
See also
References
Popular psychology
Watergate scandal
Medical error
Medical diagnosis
Delusions
Psychiatric false diagnosis
|
58074846
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honesto%20Pesimo%2C%20Jr.
|
Honesto Pesimo, Jr.
|
Honesto "Jun" Pesimo, Jr. is a Bicolano writer, teacher and the author of Bagyo sa Oktubre (2009). He is a founding member of Kabulig-Bikol, and one of the editors of Bangraw kan Arte, Literatura asin Kultura. He also edited the book entitled Girok: erotika published by Kabulig-Bikol in 2017.
His poems appeared in Home Life magazine, Burak, An Tambobong nin Literaturang Bikolnon and Ani 39: Kahayupan/The Animal Kingdom. His poem was among the works included in the book Sagurong: 100 na Kontemporanyong Rawitdawit sa Manlain-lain na Tataramon Bikol (2011). In 2013, his short story entitled Kublit was anthologized in Hagong: Mga Osipon edited by Paz Verdades Santos and Francisco Peñones, Jr.
In 2000, Pesimo was among the participants at 36th University of the Philippines National Creative Writing Workshop held in Baguio City. He was one of the panelists at Juliana Arejola-Fajardo Workshop sa Pagsurat-Bikol in 2004. He also served as a panelist at Saringsing Writers Workshop, the annual writers workshop of Parasurat Bikolnon, in 2014 and 2015.
References
External links
TWO WORKS BY HONESTO M. PESIMO JR
Facebook profile
Pesimo, Honesto
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bikolano writers
|
46476946
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%20Marquardt
|
Bud Marquardt
|
Wilbur Paul "Bud" Marquardt (December 15, 1913 – October 21, 1989) was a Canadian football player who played for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. He won the Grey Cup with them in 1939 and 1941 and is a member of the Blue Bombers Hall of Fame. He attended North Dakota State University, where he is also a member of their hall of fame. In 2004, he was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame.
References
1913 births
1989 deaths
American football ends
Canadian football ends
American players of Canadian football
North Dakota State Bison football players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame inductees
Players of American football from North Dakota
People from Adams County, North Dakota
|
49848529
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20Centennial%20Model%20High%20School%2C%20Battagram
|
Government Centennial Model High School, Battagram
|
The Government Centennial Model High School is a Pakistani secondary school for boys in the Battagram District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.
History and operations
Government Centennial Model High School was established in 1964 as Government High School.
The school was damaged during an earthquake in October 2005 and full reconstruction has been delayed due to funding shortages and floods. Because of the damages the building sustained, the school is only able to enroll 150 students .
In 2014, Save the Children used the school as a location to promote enrollment of children in Pakistan in government schools in areas with low literacy rates.
See also
Education in Pakistan
List of schools in Pakistan
References
1964 establishments in Pakistan
Educational institutions established in 1964
Boys' schools in Pakistan
High schools in Pakistan
Public schools
Schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Schools in Pakistan
|
3503573
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction%20House
|
Fiction House
|
Fiction House was an American publisher of pulp magazines and comic books that existed from the 1920s to the 1950s. It was founded by John B. "Jack" Kelly and John W. Glenister. By the late 1930s, the publisher was Thurman T. Scott. Its comics division was best known for its pinup-style good girl art, as epitomized by the company's most popular character, Sheena, Queen of the Jungle.
Leadership and location
The company's original location was 461 Eighth Avenue in New York City. At the end of 1929, a New York Times article referred to John B. Kelly as "head" of Fiction House, Inc., and a new location of 271 Madison Avenue.
In late 1932, John W. Glenister was president of Fiction House and his son-in-law, Thurman T. Scott, was secretary of the corporation. By the end of the 1930s Scott had risen to the title of publisher.
In January 1950, the Manhattan-based company signed a lease for office space at 130 W. 42nd Street.
History
Pulp fiction
Fiction House began in 1921 as a pulp-magazine publisher of primarily aviation, Western, and sports pulps. According to co-founder John W. Glenister:
During their first decade the company produced pulp magazines such as Action Stories, Air Stories, Lariat Stories, Detective Classics, The Frontier, True Adventures, Wings, and Fight Stories. Fiction House occasionally acquired other publishers' magazines, such as its 1929 acquisition of Frontier Stories from Doubleday, Doran & Co.
By the 1930s, the company had expanded into detective mysteries. In late 1932, however, in the midst of the Great Depression, Fiction House cancelled 12 of its pulp magazines — Aces, Action Novels, Action Stories, Air Stories, Detective Book Magazine, Detective Classics, Fight Stories, Frontier Stories, Lariat, Love Romances, North-West Stories and Wings — with the stated goal of eventually reviving them.
After a hiatus, Action Stories resumed publishing through this period (lasting until late 1950). In addition, Fiction House relaunched its pulp magazines in 1934, finding success with a number of detective and romance pulp titles. The cancelled pulps Fight Stories and Detective Book Magazine were revived in spring 1936 and in 1937 respectively, with both magazines publishing continuously into the 1950s. Fiction House's first title with science fiction interest was Jungle Stories, which was launched in early 1939; it was not primarily a science fiction magazine, but often featured storylines with marginally science fictional themes, such as survivors from Atlantis. At the end of 1939 Fiction House decided to add an sf magazine to its line up; it was titled Planet Stories, and was published by Love Romances, a subsidiary company that Fiction House created to publish the company's romance titles.
Comic books
By the late 1930s, publisher Thurman T. Scott expanded Fiction House into comic books, an emerging medium that began to seem a viable adjunct to the fading pulps. Receptive to a sales call by Eisner & Iger, one of the prominent "packagers" of that time which produced complete comic books on demand for publishers looking to enter the field, Scott published Jumbo Comics #1 (Sept. 1938) under the company's Real Adventures Publishing Company imprint.
Sheena, Queen of the Jungle appeared in that initial issue, soon becoming the company's star character. Sheena appeared in every issue of Jumbo Comics (Sept. 1938 – April 1953), as well as in her 18-issue spin-off, Sheena, Queen of the Jungle (Spring 1942 – Winter 1952), the first comic book to title-star a female character. Other features in Jumbo Comics #1 included three by future industry legend Jack Kirby, representing his first comic-book work following his debut in Wild Boy Magazine: the science fiction feature The Diary of Dr. Hayward (under the pseudonym "Curt Davis"), the modern-West crimefighter strip Wilton of the West (as "Fred Sande"), and Part One of the swashbuckling serialization of Alexandre Dumas, père's The Count of Monte Cristo (as "Jack Curtiss"), each four pages long.
Jumbo proved a hit, and Fiction House would go on to publish Jungle Comics; the aviation-themed Wings Comics; the science fiction title Planet Comics; Rangers Comics; and Fight Comics during the early 1940s — most of these series taking their titles and themes from the Fiction House pulps. Fiction House referred to these titles in its regular house ads as "The Big Six," but the company also published several other titles, among them the Western-themed Indians and Firehair, jungle titles Sheena, Queen of the Jungle and Wambi, and five issues of Eisner's The Spirit.
Quickly developing its own staff under editor Joe Cunningham followed by Jack Burden, Fiction House employed either in-house or on a freelance basis such artists as Mort Meskin, Matt Baker (the first prominent African-American artist in comics), Nick Cardy, George Evans, Bob Powell, and the British Lee Elias, as well as such rare female comics artists as Ruth Atkinson, Fran Hopper, Lily Renée, and Marcia Snyder.
The popularity of Sheena led to numerous other Fiction House "jungle girls":
Ann Mason (Jungle Comics) — the mate of Ka'a'nga, Jungle King; like Sheena, wears a leopard skin dress
Jessie (Jungle Comics) — replaces Ann as the mate of Ka'a'nga
Camilla, Wild Girl of the Congo (Jungle Comics) — wears a zebra skin dress
Fantomah, Mystery Woman of the Jungle (Jungle Comics) — one comics' earliest super-powered heroines, created by Fletcher Hanks
Princess Taj (Jungle Comics) — rides an elephant
Tiger Girl (Fight Comics)
Princess Vishnu (Fight Comics)
Feminist comics historian Trina Robbins, writes that:
Despite such pre-feminist pedigree, Fiction House found itself targeted in psychiatrist Dr. Fredric Wertham's book Seduction of the Innocent (1954), which in part blamed comic books for an increase in juvenile delinquency. Aside from the ostensible effects of gory horror in comic books, Wertham cast blame on the sexy, pneumatic heroines of Fiction House, Fox Comics and other companies. A subsequent, wide-ranging investigation by the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency, coupled with outcry by parents, a downturn in comics sales, the demise of the pulps, and the rise of television and paperback novels competing for readers and leisure time, Fiction House faced an increasingly difficult business environment, and soon closed shop.
List of Fiction House pulps
List of Fiction House comic books
"The Big Six"
Fight Comics (86 issues, Jan. 1940–[Jan.] 1954)
Jumbo Comics (167 issues, Sept. 1938–Mar. 1953)
Jungle Comics (163 issues, Jan. 1940–Summer 1954)
Planet Comics (73 issues, Jan. 1940–Winter 1953)
Rangers of Freedom Comics / Rangers Comics (69 issues, October 1941–Winter 1953)
Wings Comics (124 issues, Sept. 1940–1954)
Other titles (selected)
3-D Circus (1 issue, 1953)
Cowgirl Romances (12 issues, 1950–Winter 1952/1953)
The First Christmas (1 issue, 1953; 3-D)
Ghost Comics (11 issues, 1951–1954)
Indians (17 issues, 1950–1953)
Ka'a'nga, Jungle King (20 issues, Spring 1949–Summer 1954)
Long Bow (9 issues, 1951–Winter 1952/1953)
Man O' Mars (1 issue, 1953)
Movie Comics (4 issues, Dec. 1946–1947)
Pioneer West Romances / Firehair (11 issues, Spring 1950–Spring 1952)
Sheena, Queen of the Jungle (18 issues, Spring 1942–Winter 1952/1953)
The Spirit (5 issues, 1952–54)
Wambi, Jungle Boy (18 issues, Spring 1942–Winter 1952)
References
Further reading
Comic Book Marketplace vol. 2, #57 (March 1998): "Fiction House Pulps!" by Christian K. Berger, pp. 34–37, 44
Comic Book Marketplace vol. 2 2, #60 (June 1998): "Fiction House Sci-Fi" (cover gallery) pp. 40–43
Comic Book Marketplace vol. 2, #72 Oct. 1999): Letter from Bill Black on Australian versions of Fiction House comics, pp. 8–9
Fiction House: A Golden Age Index compiled by Henry Steele (San Francisco, A. Dellinges, 1978)
Fiction House: A Golden Age Index of Planet Comics (San Francisco: A. Dellinges, 1978)
Ron Goulart's Comics History Magazine #4 (Summer 1997): "The History of Good Girl Art", Part 2, pp. 3–5
Fiction House: From Pulps To Panels, From Jungles To Space by Mitch Maglio, Yoe Books (2017)
External links
Good Girl Art at AC Comics.com
Galactic Central
Comic book publishing companies of the United States
Defunct comics and manga publishing companies
Pulp magazine publishing companies of the United States
Publishing companies established in 1921
Magazine publishing companies of the United States
1921 establishments in New York City
|
43448807
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus%20Symphony%20Orchestra
|
Aarhus Symphony Orchestra
|
The Aarhus Symfoniorkester (Aarhus Symphony Orchestra) is the principal orchestra for the Danish city of Aarhus.
Description
Established in 1935 as Aarhus By-Orkester (Aarhus City Orchestra), since 1982 it has performed most of its concerts in Musikhuset Aarhus which became its permanent home in 2007. Every year, the orchestra performs about 35 concerts in an around Aarhus. It also gives performances of chamber music, participates in school concerts, and is the orchestra for the Jyske Opera. The director since 2003 has been Giancarlo Andretta.
References
External links
Official website
Danish orchestras
Organizations established in 1935
Music in Aarhus
|
30579793
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Kiefer
|
Thomas Kiefer
|
Thomas Nisbit "Tom" Kiefer (born February 25, 1958 in Sharon, Connecticut) is a former American competitive rower and Olympic silver medalist.
Career
At the 1984 Summer Olympics, Kiefer finished in 2nd place in the men's coxed fours competition with Edward Ives, Michael Bach, Gregory Springer, and John Stillings.
Kiefer won 3 bronze medals at the World Rowing Championships during his career in the US men’s 8s. In doing so he was the first American rower to win 3 medals in the men’s 8 at the World Rowing Championship.
Personal
Kiefer lives in Newton, Massachusetts and has four kids: three girls (Madison, Ellery and Oralye) and one boy (Emerson).
References
1958 births
Living people
Rowers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in rowing
American male rowers
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
World Rowing Championships medalists for the United States
|
45026640
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%20Makes%20Tomorrow
|
Today Makes Tomorrow
|
Today Makes Tomorrow (TMT) is a Taiwanese shipping company that in 2008 directly owned some 60 ships, with many more on order, including dry bulk, crude, cargo, LNG, automobile, and cement carriers.
History
Taiwan Maritime Transport Co.
TMT Co. Ltd was founded as the Taiwan Maritime Transport Co. Ltd in 1958. The company began by operating in the banana export business. The company’s first boat was named Taiwan Banana in Chinese. It expanded over the years into different sectors and, at one point, had 10% of the world's wood chip carrier capacity.
Change of ownership
Mr Nobu Su is TMT’s current owner and CEO. He took over after his father, Ching Wun Su, who founded the company, died in 2002. Over the years that followed TMT expanded rapidly, with ten new dry bulk carriers, roll-on roll-off ships for automobile freight, crude petroleum supertankers, very large bulk carriers (VLBC) and a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) carrier. At one point, the company operated more than 130 ships.
In 2007 the company was rebranded and its acronym redefined to mean Today Makes Tomorrow.
Futures market
TMT Group has invested significant resources in the forward freight agreement (FFA) market. It entered the market in 2004 and at one point was reported as being responsible for almost 30% of the global trade in FFA.
Ships
TMT group operates the "Whale" crude supertankers, part of a series of sister tankers named A Whale, B Whale, and so on until H Whale. TMT's ships are registered separately in Monrovia and sail under a Liberian flag.
Recent contracts
TMT signed a contract with Chevron in September 2013 for one of its largest carriers, C Elephants, to carry crude petroleum.
See also
List of companies of Taiwan
References
Shipping companies of Taiwan
Transport companies established in 1958
Taiwanese brands
1958 establishments in Taiwan
|
56243987
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuld%20%26%20Stamer
|
Schuld & Stamer
|
Schuld & Stamer are a Canadian blues duo made up of guitarist Andreas Schuld and vocalist Hans Stamer. In 1998 their debut album No Special Rider was nominated for the Juno award. Schuld & Stamer's records often achieve critical acclaim and feature notable guests like Long John Baldry and Bill Bourne.
Discography
Albums
References
1998 establishments in British Columbia
Canadian blues musical groups
Canadian musical duos
Musical groups established in 1998
|
31735978
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%20Camparini%20Gioielli%20Cup%20%E2%80%93%20Trofeo%20Pompea%20%E2%80%93%20Doubles
|
2011 Camparini Gioielli Cup – Trofeo Pompea – Doubles
|
This was a new event to the ITF Women's Circuit in 2011.
Sophie Ferguson and Sally Peers defeated Claudia Giovine and María Irigoyen in the final 6–4, 6–1.
Seeds
Draw
Draw
References
Main Draw
Camparini Gioielli Cup - Trofeo Pompea - Doubles
|
39488476
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20European%20cuisines
|
List of European cuisines
|
This is a list of European cuisines. A cuisine is a characteristic style of cooking practices and traditions, often associated with a specific culture. European cuisine (also called "Western cuisine") refers collectively to the cuisines of Europe and other Western countries. European cuisine includes cuisines of Europe, including (depending on the definition) that of Russia, as well as non-indigenous cuisines of North America, Australasia, Oceania, and Latin America, which derive substantial influence from European settlers in those regions. The term is used by East Asians to contrast with Asian styles of cooking. This is analogous to Westerners referring collectively to the cuisines of Asian countries as Asian cuisine. When used by Westerners, the term may refer more specifically to cuisine in Europe; in this context, a synonym is Continental cuisine, especially in British English.
The cuisines of Western countries are diverse by themselves, although there are common characteristics that distinguishes Western cooking from cuisines of Asian countries and others. Compared with traditional cooking of Asian countries, for example, meat is more prominent and substantial in serving-size. Wheat-flour bread has long been the most common sources of starch in this cuisine, along with pasta, dumplings and pastries, although the potato has become a major starch plant in the diet of Europeans and their diaspora since the European colonization of the Americas.
Central European cuisine
Austrian cuisine is a style of cuisine native to Austria and composed of influences from throughout the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. Regional influences from Italy, Hungary, Germany and the Balkans have had an effect on Austrian cooking, and in turn this fusion of styles was influential throughout the Empire.
Austrian wine
Viennese cuisine
Czech cuisine has both influenced and been influenced by the cuisines of surrounding countries. Many of the fine cakes and pastries that are popular in Central Europe originated in the Czech lands. Czech cuisine is marked by a strong emphasis on meat dishes. Pork is quite common, and beef and chicken are also popular.
Czech wine
German cuisine
German wine
Baden cuisine
Bavarian cuisine
Brandenburg cuisine
Franconian cuisine
Hamburg cuisine
Hessian cuisine
Lower Saxon cuisine
Mecklenburg cuisine
Palatine cuisine
Pomeranian cuisine
Rhenish-Hessian cuisine
Saxon cuisine
Schleswig-Holstein cuisine
Silesian cuisine
Swabian cuisine
Hungarian cuisine is the cuisine characteristic of the nation of Hungary and its primary ethnic group, the Magyars. Traditional Hungarian dishes are primarily based on meats, seasonal vegetables, fruits, fresh bread, cheeses and honey. Recipes are based on centuries-old traditions of spicing and preparation methods.
Hungarian wine
Goulash
Liechtensteiner cuisine
Liechtenstein wine
Polish cuisine is the cuisine characteristic of the nation of Poland and its primary ethnic group, the Poles. Traditional Polish dishes are based on meats, vegetables, fruits, breads, cheeses, sausages, milk, etc. The most typical ingredients used in Polish cuisine are sauerkraut, paprika, beetroot, cucumbers (gherkins), sour cream, kohlrabi, mushrooms, sausages and smoked sausage. A meal owes it taste to the herbs and spices used; such as marjoram, dill, caraway seeds, parsley, or pepper. The most popular desserts are cakes and pastries.
Polish wine
Pierogi
Silesian cuisine
Slovak cuisine varies slightly, though sometimes dramatically, from region to region, and was influenced by the traditional cuisine of its neighbors. The origins of traditional Slovak cuisine can be traced to times when the majority of the population lived in villages, in self-sustenance, with very limited food imports and exports and with no modern means of food preservation or processing. This gave rise to a cuisine heavily dependent on a number of staple foods that could stand the hot summers and cold winters, including wheat, potatoes, milk and milk products, pork meat, sauerkraut and onion. To a lesser degree beef, poultry, lamb and goat, eggs, a few other local vegetables, fruit and wild mushrooms were traditionally eaten.
Slovak wine
Slovenian cuisine there are many distinct cuisines in a country, whose main distinguishing feature is a great variety and diversity of land formation, climate, wind movements, humidity, terrain and history. Slovenia is a borderland country, surrounded by Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Croatia, with established and distinct national cuisines. There is a wide variety of meats in different parts of Slovenia. Dandelion) is Slovenian wild lettuce, which has been gathered in the fields for centuries.
Slovenian wine
Swiss cuisine
Swiss wine
Eastern European cuisine
Cuisines of Eastern Europe
Belarusian cuisine shares the same roots with cuisines of other Eastern and Northern European countries, basing predominantly on meat and various vegetables typical for the region.
Bulgarian cuisine is a representative of the cuisine of Southeastern Europe. Essentially South Slavic, it shares characteristics with other Balkans cuisines. Owing to the relatively warm climate and diverse geography affording excellent growth conditions for a variety of vegetables, herbs and fruits, Bulgarian cuisine is diverse.
Bulgarian wine
Kazakh cuisine
Moldovan cuisine - Moldova's fertile soil (chernozem) produces plentiful grapes, fruits, vegetables, cereals, meat and milk products, all of which have found their uses in the national cuisine. The fertile black soil combined with the use of traditional agricultural methods permits growing a wide range of ecologically clean foods in Moldova.
Moldovan wine
Romanian cuisine is a diverse blend of different dishes from several traditions with which it has come into contact, but it also maintains its own character. It has been greatly influenced by Ottoman cuisine.
Romanian wine
Russian cuisine is diverse, as Russia is the largest country in the world. Russia's great expansions of territory, influence, and interest during the 16th–18th centuries brought more refined foods and culinary techniques, as well as one of the most refined food countries in the world. It was during this period that smoked meats and fish, pastry cooking, salads and green vegetables, chocolate, ice cream, wine, and liquor were imported from abroad. At least for the urban aristocracy and provincial gentry, this opened the doors for the creative integration of these new foodstuffs with traditional Russian dishes. The result is extremely varied in technique, seasoning, and combination. Traditional and common Russian foods include:
Beer
Blini, a pastry rolled with a variety of ingredients
Borshch, a traditional Russian beet soup
Caviar
Crêpe
Ice cream
Pelmeni, pastry dumplings filled with minced meat
Pirozhki, pastries filled with potato, cabbage, meat or cheese
Shashlyk, Russian kebab
Sour cream
Russian vodka
Tatar cuisine
Mordovian cuisine
Russian wine
Ukrainian cuisine has significant diversity, historical traditions and is influenced by Russian, Turkish and Polish cuisines. Common foods used include meats, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits, berries and herbs. In Ukraine, bread is a staple food, there are many different types of bread, and Ukraine is sometimes referred to as the "breadbasket of Europe." Pickled vegetables are utilized, particularly when fresh vegetables aren't in season. There are about 30 varieties of Ukrainian Borsch soup, a common dish that often includes meat.
Crimean Tatar cuisine is primarily the cuisine of the Crimean Tatars, who live on the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine. The traditional cuisine of the Crimean Tatars derives basically from the same roots as the cuisine of the Volga Tatars, although unlike the Volga Tatars they do not eat horse meat and do not drink mare's milk (kymyz). However, the Crimean Tatars adopted many Uzbek dishes during their exile in Central Asia since 1944, and these dishes have been absorbed into Crimean Tatar national cuisine after their return to Crimea.
Ukrainian wine
Caucasian cuisine - cuisines of The Caucasus
Armenian cuisine includes the foods and cooking techniques of the Armenian people, the Armenian diaspora and traditional Armenian foods and dishes. The cuisine reflects the history and geography where Armenians have lived as well as incorporating outside influences. The cuisine also reflects the traditional crops and animals grown and raised in areas populated by Armenians.
Armenian wine
Azerbaijani cuisine is the cuisine of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijani cuisine throughout the centuries has been influenced by the foods of different cultures due to political and economic processes in Azerbaijan. Out of 11 climate zones known in the world, the Azerbaijani climate has nine. This contributes to the fertility of the land, which in its turn results in the richness of the country's cuisine.
Azerbaijani wine
Georgian cuisine refers to the cooking styles and dishes with origins in the nation of Georgia and prepared by Georgian people around the world. The Georgian cuisine is specific to the country, but also contains some influences from the Middle Eastern and European culinary traditions.
Georgian wine
Northern European cuisine
Baltic cuisines
Estonian cuisine
Latvian cuisine
Lithuanian cuisine
Livonian cuisine
Cuisines of the Islands of the North Atlantic (IONA)
British cuisine is the specific set of cooking traditions and practices associated with the United Kingdom. British cuisine has been described as "unfussy dishes made with quality local ingredients, matched with simple sauces to accentuate flavour, rather than disguise it." However, British cuisine has absorbed the cultural influence of those that have settled in Britain, producing hybrid dishes, such as the Anglo-Indian chicken tikka masala."
Channel Islands cuisine
English cuisine
Cornish cuisine
Devonian cuisine
Dorset cuisine
Northern Irish cuisine
Scottish cuisine is the specific set of cooking traditions and practices associated with Scotland. It has distinctive attributes and recipes of its own, but shares much with wider European cuisine as a result of foreign and local influences both ancient and modern. Scotland's natural larder of game, dairy, fish, fruit, and vegetables is the integral factor in traditional Scottish cooking. Scotland, with its temperate climate and abundance of indigenous game species, has provided a cornucopia of food for its inhabitants for millennia. The wealth of seafood available on and off the coasts provided the earliest settlers with their sustenance. Agriculture was introduced, with primitive oats quickly becoming the staple.
Welsh cuisine
Cuisine of Carmarthenshire
Cuisine of Ceredigion
Cuisine of Gower
Cuisine of Monmouthshire
Cuisine of Pembrokeshire
Wine from the United Kingdom
Regional foods
British Sunday roast
Fish and chips
Irish cuisine
Nordic cuisines
Danish cuisine
Danish wine
Faroese cuisine
New Nordic cuisine
Finnish cuisine
Icelandic cuisine
Norwegian cuisine
Sami cuisine
Swedish cuisine
Swedish wine
Southern European cuisine
Mediterranean cuisine
Mediterranean diet
Corsican cuisine
Cypriot cuisine is the cuisine of Cyprus and can be described as a blend of Greek and Turkish cuisines. Greek Cypriot cuisine is another regional Greek cuisine along with Cretan, Ionian, or Attic.
Cypriot wine
Occitan cuisine
Balkan cuisine
Albanian cuisine is uniquely influenced by Turkish, Greek, and Italian cuisines. Every region in Albania has its own unique dishes. Albanian cuisine is characterized by the use of various Mediterranean herbs such as oregano, black pepper, mint, basilico, rosemary and more in cooking meat and fish.
Albanian wine
Aromanian cuisine
Bosnian cuisine
Croatian cuisine
Croatian wine
Greek cuisine
Greek wine
Macedonian cuisine (Greek)
Regional foods
Taramosalata, a Greek meze made with salted and cured fish roe.
Kosovan cuisine
Macedonian cuisine
Macedonian wine
Montenegrin cuisine
Montenegrin wine
Serbian cuisine
Serbian wine
Turkish cuisine is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine, which can be described as a fusion and refinement of Central Asian, Middle Eastern, Eastern European, Armenian and Balkan cuisines.
Turkish wine
Northern Cypriot cuisine
Cuisines of the Italian Peninsula
Italian cuisine - presents popular dishes like pizza, pasta, lasagne, Mozzarella and other well-known food. Italian cuisine has been influenced by Ancient Greek, Ancient Roman, Etruscan cuisines and dates back to 4th century BCE. It maintains strong regional diversity and it uses a vast variety of ingredients, mostly because of the political divisions in Italian history and different climate and resources in the country. Most of the dishes are simple to prepare and not expensive, which is one of the reason it is very popular around the world.
Italian wine
Regional Cuisines - in Italian cuisine, each area has its own specialties, primarily at the regional level, but also at provincial levels. The cuisine has an abundance of differences in taste, and is known to be one of the most popular in the world, with influences abroad. The differences can derive from a bordering country (such as France or Austria), whether a region is close to the sea or the mountains, and economics. Italian cuisine is also seasonal, often incorporating fresh produce. Italian regional cuisines include:
Abruzzese and Molisan
Arbëreshë
Basilicatan or Lucanian
Calabrian
Emilia-Romagnan
Friuli-Venezia Giulian
Lazian or Roman
Ligurian
Lombard
Mantuan
Marche
Neapolitan cuisine, Campanian
Piedmontese
Pugliese
Sardinian
Sicilian cuisine
Trentino-Alto Adigan/South Tyrolean
Tuscan cuisine
Umbrian
Valle d'Aostan
Venetian cuisine
Corsican cuisine
Maltese cuisine
Maltese wine
Sammarinese cuisine
Cuisines of the Iberian Peninsula
Gibraltarian cuisine
Portuguese cuisine
Portuguese wine
Port wine
Spanish cuisine has a variety of dishes including thousands of recipes and flavors arising from Spain's extensive history with many cultural influences, and variations in geography and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep maritime roots. Spanish wine is a significant part of Spanish cuisine. Regional Spanish cuisines include:
Andalusian cuisine
Asturian cuisine
Aragonese cuisine
Balearic cuisine
Basque cuisine
Canarian cuisine
Cantabrian cuisine
Castilian-Leonese cuisine
Castilian-Manchego cuisine
Cuisine of the Community of Madrid
Catalan cuisine (includes Andorran cuisine)
Extremaduran cuisine
Galician cuisine
Leonese cuisine
Valencian cuisine
Cuisine of Minorca
Western European cuisine
Belgian cuisine
Belgian wine
Dutch cuisine
Dutch wine
French cuisine
French regional cuisine is characterized by its extreme diversity and style. Traditionally, each region of France has its own distinctive cuisine. French cuisine styles include nouvelle cuisine, haute cuisine and cuisine classique. In November 2010 the French gastronomy was added by UNESCO to its lists of the world's "intangible cultural heritage".
French wine
Luxembourgian cuisine
Luxembourg wine
Monégasque cuisine
Regional cuisines
Regional Dutch cuisines can be distinguished by three geographic regions in the Netherlands, northeastern, western and southern cuisine.
German regional cuisine can be divided into Bavarian cuisine (Southern Germany), Lower Saxon cuisine (Northern Germany), Thuringian (Central Germany) and Saxony-Anhalt (Central Germany).
The Alpine cuisine is characterised throughout the entire Alpine region by the isolated rural life on the alpine huts and in the mountain villages.
Historical cuisines
Regional cuisines of medieval Europe were the results of differences in climate, seasonal food variations, political administration and religious customs that varied across the continent.
See also
List of cuisines
References
Cuisine by continent
Cuisine
Food- and drink-related lists
|
38603875
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%20Mildred%20White
|
Florence Mildred White
|
Florence Mildred White (10 December 1873 – 29 December 1957) was an English policewoman. She was likely to have been the first documented woman to join a police force in England and Wales, and to be attested immediately as a Constable. Later she was to become the first attested woman officer holding the rank of Inspector, and the first woman police officer to receive a pension on retirement.
Prior to joining the police force she was a teacher of English in Germany. She later returned to England and taught German, Italian and French at a school in Salisbury, Wiltshire, reaching a senior post. In 1914, aged 41, she moved to the Bath and Bristol city area to join a group of women who had started an unofficial Women's Police Volunteers unit. She returned to Salisbury in 1918 to join the Constabulary proper at the City of Salisbury. Seven years later she moved to the Birmingham City Police and rose to the rank of Inspector. She stayed with the Birmingham force until her retirement in 1937.
Early life
Florence Mildred White was born on 10 December 1873 in the small town of Warminster, Wiltshire. She was the third child and second daughter of Charles Henry White (b. 1845, in Beckington, Somerset) and Marion White (b. 1844, in Preston, near Weymouth, Dorset). Florence Mildred was baptized in the Warminster Minister Church, St. Denys, on 8 March 1874. In 1881 the family lived in Warminster in a villa with a governess, a nurse and two housemaids. Her father was a cheese factor, or manufacturer of local and traditional cheeses. There were four children in the family noted in the census of 1881. After a local education her parents sent her to a private boarding School named Duncan House in Cleveden, Glasgow, and later to a finishing school, Clapham Park Ladies College, in south London. In 1892 she took a teaching post. From June 1898 until October 1903 she attended the Grand Ducal Victorian Pensionat in Karlsruhe, Germany as a teacher of English, Italian and French. She described herself as a 'Modern Language Mistress in large Schools'. In 1906 she returned to England and became a teacher at the prestigious Godolphin School in Salisbury. She is recorded as being a 'Boarder', aged 37 years and single, in the 1911 national census of England. She was an Assistant Mistress (Modern Languages). This group consisted of a Head, six female teachers, a housemaid and a cook. Three other female teachers came from South Africa, Russia and Austria respectively. She later became a Senior Language Mistress at the Godolphin school, where she remained until 1914.
In 1914, White left the Godolphin School; her departure was so sudden that the other teaching staff wrote in the next edition of the school magazine that they were sorry not to have had the opportunity of saying 'Goodbye' to her. In a School Year Book the Headmistress of the school at the time, Miss Douglas wrote:
Patrol Volunteer at Bristol and Bath
Apart from London's Metropolitan Police commissioning of a report by a "female on females in custody" in 1907, there was not any consideration given to women working within the Police Force.
In 1910 five women got together as a group to draw the attention of the Police Authorities to the fact that there were no women Constables in the force, even though many women were arrested and were temporary prisoners in police custody. Matrons were employed as civilian staff to look after women and children only. They had been established for many years and were usually the wives of serving police officers. Two women in particular sought to point out this lack of a woman Constable presence was wrong. They each had a relative in political high office. One of these women was Edith Tancred (1873–1957) Tancred became a campaigner for the requirement of women police. The other was Dorothy Peto (1836–1974) In 1912 Tancred, Peto and three other women campaigners started organising unofficial street patrols from an office in Bath, Somerset and later Bristol "to maintain public morality and decency". The creation of the Bath office in 1912 was considered to be the first in England. It was disbanded in the latter half of World War One. In 1914 Peto, as Chief, had joined the National Union of Women Workers and made patrols herself. White abruptly left her teaching post at the Godolphin School in 1914 to live and work in the office of the group in Bath, where Peto had become the Assistant Patrols Organizer. White stayed working under the supervision of Peto as a Patrol Officer in the city until May 1918. She was at this time 44 years old and is mentioned in an article The Women Patrols – Miss I. Douglas, Miss White and Miss G. Bagnall and others spent many evenings, wet or fine, at this most difficult and exacting work. During the War (date unknown) Mildred White acted as a prisoner’s friend at a Court Martial when she answered a call for 'women of a special type’ to which she responded.
As the end of the First World War was approaching there were several other groups of women's police Voluntary Patrols in other major cities in Great Britain. These consisted of 'well-bred' women patrolling the city streets to help women and children who needed assistance or who became involved in crime.
Sir Leonard Dunning, (1861–1941) knighted on 14 February 1917, His Majesty's Inspector of Constabulary between 1912 and 1930, wrote an article in a police magazine in 1918. About two of the six pages of his annual Report concerned the employment of women into professional police work, including the possibility of them having the powers of arrest. Many Chief Constables saw the role of women as clerks and chauffeurs and thought women could possibly be employed as Special Constables. The Chief Constable of Wolverhampton wrote an article in Police Review and Parade Ground Gossip in which he listed a range of duties women could undertake within the Force.
City of Salisbury Police Force
With the possible end in sight of World War One there was much discussion within the male dominated British police force about the role women were going to play. His Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Constabulary, Sir Leonard Dunning who seven years later would give Mildred White a reference for a post within the Birmingham City Police, concluded that such employment was a matter for individual police authorities.
Mildred White moved to Salisbury to join the city Constabulary as its first female member. She worked at the police station in Endless Street which was purpose built in the 1880s as the third police station within the city; it housed all the offices needed for the City Force, a Parade ground in its centre and it had several stables at the back. The Chief Constable had his accommodation there. Like all Chief Constables, Frank Richardson employed the wives or close relatives of serving officers to accommodate the needs of women and children who came into police custody. He decided a dedicated policewoman was best suited for this task in his force. Later, in June, at an important meeting in London, his decision was vindicated. Lady Nott-Bowes addressed the Chief Constables Association held at the Waldorf Hotel, London, on 23 May. She stated she hoped that those who tried the experiment of Women Police would do their best to get their full status recognised.
On 26 May 1918 White joined the Salisbury City Force and was attested immediately. Because she was attested she had the same rights as a male constable, thus setting a nationwide precedent. Her appointment was confirmed by the Salisbury Watch Committee and also by her new employer, The Birmingham Watch Committee, when she took up the appointment there in 1925.
She joined as a Constable and was promoted rapidly. Her commencing salary on joining the Force was £210. per annum. On 3 April 1919 she was transferred to the same pay and allowances as that of ordinary (male) Constables of the Force and she was promoted to 11th Class Constable with an increase in salary of £2 per week. On 22 May 1919 she was promoted from 11th Class Constable to 10th Class Constable to take effect from 25 May 1919 at an increase of £2.1s.0d per week. This was again revised when she was transferred from 10th Class Constable old scale to 12th Class Constable, new scale, back dated to 1 April 1919 with a salary increase of £3.12s 0d per week. By 1920 she was a sergeant. Her duties were plainclothes work in the mornings and city patrol work, in uniform, in the evenings. In February 1919 she attended a Salisbury City Court hearing as a prosecution witness at an alleged bigamy trial. Because she was attested she had the power of arrest; in contrast, Dorothy Peto remained an unattested Lady Enquiry Officer. Dorothy Peto maintained she would not accept a rank below Inspector, whereas White did accept the lower rank. Most important of all to Constable and then Sergeant White was the fact that she now could receive a pension like her male counterparts. Chief Constable Richardson took steps to ensure she would get her pension by clearing her with the Salisbury Watch Committee on appointment as someone who was superannuated, writing a letter to her Chief Constable at her next posting in 1925 stating "Miss White is entitled to reckon the period between 26 May 1918 and 26 May 1925 as 'Approved Service' within the meaning of Section 8 (1) of the Police Pensions Act 1921."
The Home Office in London set up the Baird Committee in 1920 on selection, control on the future employment conditions and attesting of women in the Service. Two H.M. Inspectors of Constabulary gave evidence as did some thirteen others from various ranks and locations within the countrywide police force. Sergeant Mildred White from the Salisbury City force attended as did Sergeant Gale of the Gloucestershire force. It was specifically pointed out to the Committee that Sergeant White and Sergeant Gale were already attested female policewomen. Another who attended was Lillian Wyles who was to write a book later of her experiences.
On 16 November 1921 the Metropolitan Commissioner of Police, Sir Nevil Macready, who was considered to be setting the standard throughout England, issued an order that with the possibility of women being appointed in the Police Service they would be in line with requirements for male officers; "a minimum height would be established, though at 5 feet 4 inches this was considerably lower than that for men." (White was officially documented as being five feet five and one half inches tall so qualified in stature.) Macready added that women with dependent young children would be barred from service, women officers were not to be sworn in as constables, and they would not have the right to a pension. Salisbury, Gloucestershire, Liverpool and Glasgow had attested women Constables but it appears only White of Salisbury paid into a pension and had equality with male constables.
In 1925 Peto left the City of Birmingham Police Force, and White applied to the City of Birmingham for Peto's post. The choice of force may have been coincidental with the Peto post becoming vacant, but the Richardson family had strong connections with Birmingham since Frank Richardson (Senior) (Chief Constable of Hereford from 1882–1920) started his police career in Birmingham in 1871. White very quickly made contact with Sir Leonard Dunning (17 June 1860–8 Feb 1941), still the Chief Inspector of the Constabulary, asking him if he would give her a reference for the post in Birmingham. Dunning duly wrote to the Chief Constable of Birmingham City Police, Sir Charles Rafter (1857– 23 August 1935), from his home in Horsham. White also wrote a letter to Chief Constable Rafter stating she would welcome getting experience from a larger force.
Two weeks later White sent her application for the post to Birmingham. This she did on Chief Constable Frank Richardson's office notepaper, adding she did so with his permission as well as his agreement that she should apply for the post. She also wrote another letter to Chief Constable C.H. Rafter in April 1925, reiterating the monetary conditions that she was expecting in her new position relating to her pay i.e. Salary, Detective Allowance, Plain Clothes Allowance, Boot Allowance, and she added five percent of Pensionable Pay being deducted towards the Superannuation Fund. Chief Constable Rafter replied with a personal letter to White giving very precise details of what would be expected of her in her duties as a Lady Enquiry Officer in the Birmingham City Police Force. He added that his "Force needs a broad minded woman of the world" and noted that "If your Chief Constable approves of your joining this police force I would seek the approval of your Watch Committee about allowing you to count your previous police service in the Salisbury Force towards pension in this Force". White often referred to her possible new position as being a Lady Enquiry Officer, a female detective. She could not be attested, as there was no provision for it in the Birmingham Force at the time; it was to be 1930 before the rules were changed in Birmingham. Two women, Evelyn Miles (1867–1939) who would become a Sergeant later and Rebecca Lipscombe were policewomen since 1918 but were not attested and therefore did not have the same powers or status as their male counterparts.
White journeyed from Salisbury to Birmingham on 23 April 1925 for an interview with the Chief Constable at the Chief Constable's Office in Corporation Street, Birmingham. White was accepted for the post of Lady Enquiry Officer with the Birmingham Police Force, Detectives Office. She had to accept the title "Lady Enquiry Officer," as opposed to "Policewoman". Her previous attestation was held in abeyance. Peto was very pleased with the outcome: she wrote in her Memoirs that on her resignation she had the consolation of promoting the appointment in her post of Sergeant White of Salisbury, who had trained at the Bristol School and was admirably qualified, in her view, to take over and develop the work in Birmingham.> Peto notes the White, having already been sworn in at the Salisbury Force, was able to make her transfer and to carry her "attested work" with her. Commencing work in Birmingham Peto did not have the power of arrest. Peto also wrote that in 1925 there were about thirty female Constables in Great Britain. By 1937 she estimates this number was just under three hundred.
On 1 May 1925 Chief Constable Frank Richardson sent a Certificate of Approved Service to Chief Constable Rafter and confirmed "Miss Florence Mildred White is resigning from the Salisbury Force to take up an appointment with the Birmingham Force." He then sent another letter enclosing a 'Certificate of Service' for White. Chief Constable Frank Richardson wrote an open letter certifying White has his "written sanction to take up office" with the Birmingham City Police. The necessary permission of the Birmingham Watch Committee was obtained for White to be transferred into their Force. At the end of May Chief Constable Richardson wrote in a letter to Sir Charles Rafter that she had been a great benefit to his Force, and he recommended her release to her and Birmingham's benefit.
At this time Sergeant White was summoned to appear at a meeting of the Salisbury Council Watch Committee. There, as the Salisbury and Winchester Journal reported:
Sergeant White was to be officially released from the Salisbury Force on 2 June 1925. However, she had written on 23 May to the Chief Constable of Birmingham, saying that she envisaged travelling from Salisbury to Birmingham on 3 June. When White left Salisbury the local press, The Salisbury and Winchester Journal noted her move adding:
At White's departure in May 1925, Chief Constable Frank Richardson immediately replaced her with another attested Policewoman, Elsie Mouland, who took over White's case load. He described the duties of their posts to the Salisbury Watch Committee in 1929: "In addition to the policewoman's ordinary police duties such as acting as matron to female prisoners, patrolling the streets and making enquiries concerning women and young persons etc., she has carried out a considerable amount of necessary, although unofficial welfare and rescue work". When Frank Richardson initiated a photograph of all police officers in 1929 Mouland sat to his immediate left.
When White left the Salisbury Constabulary she left her truncheon behind as a gift to her Chief Constable. It is smaller than the truncheon used by male constables and much lighter in weight.
Birmingham City Police
Birmingham was the second largest city in England. With many poor areas and sub-standard housing, it was a contrast to White's previous working area. Birmingham's police force was divided into five Divisions—A. Division located in Steelhouse Lane, B Division in Ladywood Road, C Division in Kenyon Street, D. Division in Victoria Road, Aston and E Division in Mosley Street—plus the police headquarters which incorporated R Division, the Detectives Office, which was in a large complex in the city centre.
White, now aged 51 years, officially joined the Birmingham City Police Force on 1 June 1925 as a Lady Enquiry Officer (an attested Sergeant) in R Division in the Criminal Investigation Department. From 3 June, she attended the Birmingham Police School to take instruction on General State Law, amendments to the Vagrancy Law, Punishments on Incest, Evidence and Procedure Taking of Statements and Elementary First Aid. On 18 June she passed her course with the note from her instructor, "A keen hardworking woman with a very high standard of intelligence and should make a reliable person for her class of work." The Birmingham Watch Committee were very interested in her and as early as May a councillor, Miss Wilson, had written to Sir Charles Rafter saying she wanted to make her acquaintance on arrival as soon as possible.
On 23 June 1925, White took up her full duties when an internal memorandum was circulated that she should be notified of all cases of indecent assault where women were witnesses. From her arrival White was renting an apartment in Harborne Road, Birmingham. Her appointment had been ratified on 1 July by the Watch Committee.
Later, on 8 July 1925, the Chief Constable asked the Judicial subcommittee that:
In her first year White dealt with 577 investigations and wrote to her Superintendent that her experience of the last six weeks had convinced her that her work as a C.I.D. Enquiry Officer was in excess of what one woman could reasonably be asked to accomplish, She soon had two assistants allocated to her. In September 1927 there appeared to be an issue with her not getting a rent allowance for her accommodation. This request had to go before the Judicial subcommittee of the Watch Committee where a payment of 10/- a week was approved. The Chief Constable recommended approval. In recognition of her work her salary was increased from 1 October 1926. In order to be recalled in an emergency, White had to write a specific letter to her Superintendent asking permission to go to Oxford from the early morning of 25 December 1927 until the last train back on 26 December 1927.
Meanwhile, her colleague Dorothy Peto, whom she had known since her 1914–17 days in Bath and Bristol, had taken a post in Liverpool, not in the uniform police service, but as a Director of ten policewomen in 1930.
Also in 1930 Chief Constable Rafter gave evidence to a Royal Commission on Police Powers and Procedure. The Commission noted with satisfaction the Birmingham Force was starting to appoint women police constables. (By 1935, the women's police department had seventeen female officers, including uniformed and plain-clothes women constables and a woman enquiry officer (White) attached to the detective department.) The Detective Department by now had its own offices in Steelhouse Lane, adjoining the new central police station. By 1930 the Birmingham City Police thus allowed the attesting of women as police officers. White, already an attested Sergeant, was immediately promoted to the rank of Inspector on 1 April 1930, making her in all probability the first attested female Inspector in the country. Dorothy Peto was attested as a Constable in mid April 1930. New Pay Scales were published headed, "New Pay Scales, Allowances and Conditions of Service of Women Police." At this time a new police magazine started publication especially for women police officers. Named the Policewoman's Review it published two articles relevant to Mildred White and Salisbury. The first was a letter from Colonel T.E.Fowle. concerning women in the police force. The Editor of the Review writes further "There is one policewoman in Salisbury but none in the Wiltshire
Constabulary., The second was an article on the Salisbury City Police headed Policewoman in Salisbury. Salisbury has had the services of a policewoman since 1918. A Miss Mouland, the present holder of that office was appointed in February 1927. The Women Police Regulation was issued on 10 July 1931. In 1930 the police negotiated for its force members to be treated at the local Dental Hospital. This included Inspector White and any newly attested female constables. At the time of women being allowed to be attested in the Birmingham City Police, the Birmingham City Council Watch Committee asserted that new recruits had to be unmarried. This did not apply to Rebecca Lipscombe and Evelyn Miles, who had been instrumental in fighting for women to be attested in the Birmingham City Police.
Some correspondence and internal memoranda showed that in 1931 White was using tram discs, supplied by the Police Authority, in the city while travelling between her office, the Explosives Department, the Lock Up, and the Summoning Office and Public Carriage Office. But, like all Birmingham police officers, the discs could not be used for travel between their home and their place of work within the city centre. This situation had arisen because she was working 'split shifts' which meant travelling in and out from home twice a day which doubled her travelling costs.
At the end of 1933 there were many amendments to the Vagrancy Act 1824 which came under review; the protection of women was quite dominant and White's personal importance in CID increased. Peto was credited with using the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 to take ownership of cases involving child abuse and based on that establish a special role for policewomen. In 1933 the majority of interviews with women involved in indecency was being taken by policewomen where, like Birmingham, they were available.
With the advent of new female recruits into the Birmingham Force, both uniform and others, their accommodation had to be increased. In 1935, White's duties increased with her receiving the authority to inspect premises and books of private employment agencies. In May 1935, White received the King's Jubilee Medal, and in March 1936 she received a special payment of one guinea for apprehending a person obtaining goods by false pretences and a person committing abortion. At a conference, the first ever held by and for Women Police, held in Leicester over 5 and 6 March 1937, over thirty six delegates attended including one from Salisbury. One of the speakers was CID Inspector White, Birmingham, who gave a talk on "Taking Statements".
On 26 February 1937, White had applied to her Superintendent for retirement. He conveyed the request to the Chief Constable. There was no precedent for a woman to retire and receive a pension, despite the fact she had been paying into the fund since 1918. She had to send many letters (25 in all) to confirm her pension would be paid, writing to the government in Whitehall, London. The Watch Committees of Salisbury and Birmingham were consulted. In both 1925 and 1930 White had her superiors confirm her pensionable pay status. It was argued by some that she should serve the full 25 years to get a pension but, as a gentleman from the Home Office in Whitehall, wrote that she would be aged 69 years by this time, or 74 to get her full pension. Again, her Chief Constable came to her aid: he suggested she should be considered a special case, quoting a section of Stone's Justices' Manual, and that she had been of great benefit to his force. White herself suggested she retire on a reduced pension of 19/60ths or she could not afford to retire at all. The Home Office suggested that she should receive a part-pension if the Watch Committees of Salisbury and Birmingham agreed to it. Birmingham Watch committee agreed to the pension arrangements. Salisbury readily agreed and Birmingham agreed after her Chief Constable wrote that he wanted her to leave in a happy state of mind. Her record was 'Exemplary' and the reason for retirement given as 'Superannuation'. In a report to the Chief Constable from her Office Superintendent at the Birmingham C.I.D. Corporation Street he says : "During the whole of her Service she has carried out her duties in a most efficient and capable manner as an Officer of great skill and ability." Her retirement was reported in the Police Review and Parade Ground Gossip.
Retirement and death
Inspector Florence Mildred White, aged 63 years, retired from the Birmingham City Police on 31 May 1937, and went to stay with a relative, Preston White, who lived in Talbot Road, Highgate, London, near to Kenwood House on Hampstead Heath. Sometime later, probably just before or at the start of the London blitz of the Second World War, she moved to a retirement cottage in Wimborne Road, Bournemouth, then in Hampshire.
White was taken ill in December 1957 and was staying at a nearby nursing home in Richmond Park Road, Bournemouth, when she died on 29 December 1957 aged 84. Birmingham City Police kept its serving officers in touch with previous officers in a publication called The Order, and a notice of her death appeared on 8 January 1958. In 1977 a new accommodation building was ready for occupation in the Salisbury City Police complex and a suggestion was made by the Wiltshire Constabulary, Devizes, that it be named the Mildred White Building. However, this did not come about.
She had served three Chief Constables: Frank Richardson who retired from Salisbury City Police in 1929 and who died in 1951; Chief Constable (Birmingham) Sir Charles Rafter, who died suddenly at the age of 75 in August 1935; and C.C.H. Moriarty (1877–1958), who held the post between 1935 and 1941.
References
Further reading
Forrest, G., & Hadley, T. (1989).Policing Hereford and Leominster. .
Peto, Dorothy The Memoirs of Miss Dorothy Olivia Georgiana Peto. OBE. Original manuscript (1970)and others. The Metropolitan Police Heritage Centre, The Annexe, Empress State Building, Empress Approach, Lillie Road, West Brompton, London, SW6 1TR.
Peto, Dorothy (1993). Book, The Memoirs of Miss Dorothy Olivia Georgiana Peto. OBE. Published by the Organising Committee, EC Equal Opps. 1992.
West Midlands Police Museum, Sparkhill Police Station, 639 Stratford Rd. Birmingham. B11 4EA Sparkhill, Birmingham.
Book, Florence Mildred White. (2014) Wolfson Centre for Archival Research. Library of Birmingham, Centenary Square, Broad Street, Birmingham, B1 2ND, Warwickshire County Record Office, Priory Park, Cape Road, Warwick, Warwickshire, CV34 4JS, Salisbury Reference Library, Market Place, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP1 1BL.
The Richardsons, The Journal of the Police History Society No. 25-2010. ISSN 0269-8617.
1874 births
1957 deaths
Birmingham City Police
British police officers
British women police officers
Date of birth unknown
People from Warminster
National Council of Women of Great Britain members
|
58660112
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%20McDonald
|
Morgan McDonald
|
Morgan McDonald (born 23 April 1996) is an Australian distance runner. McDonald competed at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics coming 11th in Heat 2 of the qualifying rounds in the Men's 5000m with a time of 13:37.36.
McDonald competed in the Men's 5000 metres at the Tokyo Olympics, 2017 World Championships in Athletics and 2019 World Championships in Athletics. McDonald competed in 2018 Commonwealth Games placed 8th in 5000 meters in 14:11.37. McDonald is a 4-time NCAA Champion, 8-time NCAA Division I All-American and 8-time Big Ten Conference champion. McDonald placed 7th at 10 km in 29:59.2 at the 2016 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships and placed 1st in the 10 km in 29:08.3 at the 2018 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships.
Early life
McDonald attended Newington College in Sydney, Australia, completing his schooling in 2013. He was a key member in Newington's 2011 GPS Senior Cross Country and 2012 Senior Athletics premierships. He won Newington's A.D.G. Stewart Trophy for 3000m running.
In addition to his athletic achievements at Newington, Morgan excelled in the classroom. He finished with an ATAR of 98.95, achieving a Band 6 (>90% raw mark) in three subjects: Ancient History, English Extension 1 and Physics.
Career
In July 2019, McDonald signed with Under Armour. In June 2021, McDonald left Under Armour and his coach Joe Bosshard to sign with On Athletics Club under coach Dathan Ritzenhein.
NCAA
McDonald is a 4-time NCAA Champion, 8-time NCAA Division 1 All-American Wisconsin Badger distance runner.
Morgan McDonald won 10 km in 29:08.3 at the 2018 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships leading the Wisconsin Badgers men's cross country to an 8th-place team finish.
Prep
McDonald won the 2007 Australian U12 National Cross Country Championship.
McDonald won the 2009 Australian U14 National Cross Country Championship.
McDonald won the 2011 Australian U16 National Cross Country Championship.
McDonald was the 2012 U18 Australian National 3000 meters Champion.
McDonald won the 2012 Australian U18 National Cross Country Championship.
McDonald won the 2013 Australian U18 National Cross Country Championship.
McDonald represented Australia in the 2013 World Junior Cross Country Championship in the U20 division at the age of 16 in Bydgoszcz, Poland and again in 2015 in Guiyang, China at the age of 18.
McDonald ran in the 2014 Australian Nationals in the 5000 meters for the U20 division.
McDonald won the 2018 Australian National 5000m in 2018, in a time of 13.19.05 (a record for the National championship).
McDonald competed and finished 10th in the 5000 meters in the U20 division at the 2014 World Junior Athletics Championships in Hayward Field, Eugene.
References
External links
Morgan McDonald Profile IAAF Diamond League
University of Wisconsin Badger Morgan McDonald Profile
University of Wisconsin Badger Morgan McDonald Results
1996 births
Living people
World Athletics Championships athletes for Australia
People educated at Newington College
Athletes from Sydney
Australian male long-distance runners
Wisconsin Badgers men's track and field athletes
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Australia
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of Australia
|
6329787
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch%20Onopsus%20of%20Alexandria
|
Patriarch Onopsus of Alexandria
|
Onopsus served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria sometime between the 7th and 8th centuries; the exact dates are not known.
8th-century Patriarchs of Alexandria
|
5674614
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazekka%20National%20Park
|
Tazekka National Park
|
Tazekka National Park is a national park of Morocco. It was created in 1950 with an initial area of 6.8 km² to protect the natural resources around Jbel Tazekka (elevation 1,980 m), particularly the grove of cedars (Cedrus atlantica), which are isolated on this peak in the Middle Atlas range.
In 1989, the park was extended to include nearly 120 km² of ecologically important areas, including forests of cork oak and holm oak, as well as canyons, caves, cascades, and rural landscapes.
Access
Tazekka National Park is located in the Middle Atlas, near the city of Taza.
Climate
Atmospheric moisture condenses as it is orographically lifted over the mountain. As a result, the mountain frequently shows a cap cloud and annually receives approximately 180 cm of precipitation, particularly in the form of snow.
Fauna
Mammals are represented by North African boars (Sus scrofa algira), porcupines (Hystrix cristata), otters (Lutra lutra), Small-spotted genets (Genetta genetta), hares (Lepus capensis), Algerian wolves (Canis anthus algirensis), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes).
Barbary leopards (Panthera pardus panthera), striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena) and caracals (Caracal caracal), which were found once in the area, are extinct. The Barbary stag (Cervus elaphus barbarus) was extinct as well, but has been reintroduced recently.
References
External links
Official website
National parks of Morocco
Protected areas established in 1950
Atlas Mountains
Geography of Fès-Meknès
|
20687419
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaipamangalam
|
Kaipamangalam
|
Kaipamangalam is a village in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India. Kaipamangalam assembly segment consist of Edavilangu, Eriyad, Kaipamangalam, Mathilakam, Perinjanam and Sreenarayanapuram Panchayats in Kodungallur Taluk.
Demographics
India census, Kaipamangalam had a population of 35626 with 16290 males and 19336 females.
Academic institutions
Kaipamangalam villages has several government and aided educational institutions which includes high schools and higher secondary schools. Govt.Fisheries Vocational Higher Secondary school is one of the oldest such institutions, which celebrates its 100th year of foundation. It offers higher secondary courses in biology science, humanities, and commerce. It also has a vocational higher secondary program in aquaculture.
References
External links
Villages in Thrissur district
|
59751728
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument%20Valley%20High%20School%20%28Utah%29
|
Monument Valley High School (Utah)
|
Monument Valley High School is located in Oljato-Monument Valley, Utah. The school is in the San Juan School District, and serves grades 7–12. It is different from Monument Valley High School located in Kayenta, Arizona.
References
External links
Monument Valley High School website
San Juan School District website
Public high schools in Utah
Schools in San Juan County, Utah
|
21559738
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzebielsk
|
Trzebielsk
|
Trzebielsk is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Lipnica, within Bytów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately west of Lipnica, south-west of Bytów, and south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The settlement has a population of 21.
References
Trzebielsk
|
38638247
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20113538%20b
|
HD 113538 b
|
HD 113538 b is an exoplanet approximately 51 light years away from Earth in the constellation Centaurus. It orbits its star (HD 113538) once every 263.3 days, placing it in the outer edge of the habitable zone. However it is most likely a gas giant with no solid surface.
References
https://archive.today/20130412183516/http://voparis-exoplanet-new.obspm.fr/catalog/hd_113538_b/
Exoplanets discovered in 2010
Giant planets in the habitable zone
|
35490023
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khin%20Kyi
|
Khin Kyi
|
Maha Thiri Thudhamma Khin Kyi (16 April 1912 – 27 December 1988) () was a Burmese politician and diplomat, best known for her marriage to the country's leader, Aung San, with whom she had four children, including Aung San Suu Kyi. She served as the Minister of Social Welfare and MP of the Pyithu Hluttaw for Lanmadaw Township.
Early life and career
Khin Kyi was born on 16 April 1912 in Myaungmya to parents Pho Hnyin and Phwa Su. Although it is rumored that Khin Kyi herself was an ethnic Karen Christian, she was in fact a Buddhist of Bamar ancestry. As her family lived in the Irrawaddy delta, heavily populated by ethnic Karens, her father Pho Hnyin converted to Christianity (baptised in the Baptist Church) as a young man, while her mother was a staunch Buddhist.
She grew up in Myaungmya, an Irrawaddy delta town, the eighth of 10 brothers and sisters. Khin Kyi attended the American Baptist Mission-run Kemmendine Girls School (now Basic Education High School No. 1 Kyimyindaing) in Rangoon, and continued her tertiary education at the Teachers' Training College (TTC) in Moulmein. She then went on to become a teacher at the National School in her hometown, before deciding to give it up altogether to join the nursing profession against her mother's wishes, following the footsteps of her two elder sisters, who were at the time, training to become nurses. Khin Kyi moved to Rangoon and joined the staff of the Rangoon General Hospital as a nursing probationer.
Khin Kyi first met Aung San in 1942, when he was recovering from injuries sustained during the Burma Campaign, at the Rangoon General Hospital, where she served as a senior nurse. The couple wed in September of that year.
Political career
She served as a member of parliament in the country's first post-independence government from 1947 to 1948, representing Rangoon's Lanmadaw Township, the constituency that her husband had won. In 1953, she was appointed as Burma's first Minister of Social Welfare.
Khin Kyi served as the various posts including director of the Burma Women's Association from 1947-53, chair of the Social Welfare Planning Commission from 1953-58, chair of the Union of Burma Social Welfare Council, chair of Mother and Child Welfare, chair of the Child Welfare Council, chair of Health and Public Affairs Committee, chair of the Union of Burma Women's Associations Council, chair of the Association for the Advancement of Democracy, chief scout of the Burma Women's Scout Association, administrator of the Myanmar Ambulance Service, abd vice-chair of Ramakrishna Missionary Hospital and Library.
In 1953, following the death of her second oldest son, Aung San Lin, the family moved from their house on Tower Lane (now Bogyoke Museum Lane), near Kandawgyi Lake, to a colonial-era villa by the shores of Inya Lake, on University Avenue Road. Their former house was converted to the Bogyoke Aung San Museum in 1962.
In 1960, Khin Kyi was appointed as Burma's Ambassador to India, and became the country's first woman to serve as the head of a diplomatic mission. During her tenure in New Delhi, Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru specially arranged for Khin Kyi and Suu Kyi to live on 24 Akbar Road, in a colonial-era complex designed by Edwin Lutyens. The site, then called "Burma House," is now the national headquarters of the Indian National Congress.
Death
She died in Rangoon on 27 December 1988, at the age of 76, after suffering a severe stroke. Her funeral, held on 2 January 1989, was attended by over 200,000 people, despite the presence of military trucks which intervened to try to prevent this gathering. She is buried at Kandawmin Garden Mausolea on Shwedagon Pagoda Road in Yangon.
In 2012, her daughter Aung San Suu Kyi founded the Daw Khin Kyi Foundation. It is named in her honour. It works to improve the education, health and welfare of the people of Myanmar.
Family
She married Aung San on 7 September 1942. The pair had four children, 2 sons: Aung San Oo and Aung San Lin (who died by drowning at the age of 8) and 2 daughters: Aung San Suu Kyi and Aung San Chit, who died after delivery.
See also
Daw Khin Kyi Foundation
References
1912 births
1988 deaths
Aung San Suu Kyi
Ambassadors of Myanmar to India
Government ministers of Myanmar
People from Ayeyarwady Region
Burmese people of World War II
Women government ministers of Myanmar
20th-century women politicians
Burmese nurses
Burmese women diplomats
Women ambassadors
|
41068893
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898%20in%20Spain
|
1898 in Spain
|
Events from the year 1898 in Spain.
Incumbents
Monarch – Alfonso XIII
Prime Minister – Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Foreign Minister – José Canelejas
Ambassador to the United States: Enrique Dupuy de Lôme
Events
February 9 – publishing of the De Lôme Letter
March 27 – Spanish general election, 1898
April 11 – U.S. president William McKinley asks the U.S. Congress to declare war on Spain
April 25 – beginning of Spanish–American War
July 1 – Spanish–American War: Battle of El Caney
July 3 – Spanish–American War: Battle of Santiago de Cuba
December 10 – Treaty of Paris (1898)
founding of Athletic Bilbao
founding of Palamós CF
Births
April 26 – Vicente Aleixandre
June 5 – Federico García Lorca
July 27 – Concha Méndez
October 22 – Dámaso Alonso
Deaths
July 1 – Joaquín Vara del Rey y Rubio
July 3 – Fernando Villaamil
References
1890s in Spain
Years of the 19th century in Spain
|
19019184
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymys%C5%82%C3%B3w%2C%20Gmina%20S%C5%82abosz%C3%B3w
|
Wymysłów, Gmina Słaboszów
|
Wymysłów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Słaboszów, within Miechów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north of Słaboszów, east of Miechów, and north-east of the regional capital Kraków.
References
Villages in Miechów County
|
37181757
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3%20P%C3%AD%20L%C3%A8ng%20Pass
|
Mã Pí Lèng Pass
|
The Mã Pí Lèng Pass is a mountain pass on the Highway 4C in the territory of Pai Lung and Pa Vi commune, Hà Giang province, North Vietnam.
It is approximately long, on the section of the Highway 4C connecting the towns of Đồng Văn and Mèo Vạc. It is at the altitude of 1,500 m (4,921 ft). The road was first built by Yao, H'mong, Tay and Lolo minority people.
This section of the Highway 4C was constructed in the years of 1960.
Etymology
Mã Pí Lèng Pass is named after Mả Pí Lèng ban, a hamlet of Hmong people in Pai Lung commune. It is near also Mã Pí Lèng Peak.
The peak is named for its shape, "Mả Pí Lèng" (馬鼻樑) - meaning "bridge of a horse's nose". The word is from Hmong language.
References
Mountain passes of Vietnam
Landforms of Hà Giang province
|
33082014
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Sons%20%28album%29
|
Southern Sons (album)
|
Southern Sons is the debut album by Australian music group Southern Sons. The album was released in Australia through Wheatley Records (best known as John Farnhams label) in June 1990 and reached number 5 on the ARIA charts. A total of 4 singles were released from this album.
At the ARIA Music Awards of 1991, the album was nominated for ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist – Album, but lost to Safety in Numbers by Margaret Urlich.
The album was re-released in 2009 by Sony BMG and was also released in the Australian iTunes Store as a digital download in 2010.
Track listing
"Always And Ever" (P. Buckle) – 3:58
"Which Way" (P. Buckle) – 3:56
"Living This Way" (P. Bowman, P. Buckle) – 3:05
"Heart in Danger" (P. Buckle) – 4:58
"Hold Me in Your Arms" (P. Buckle) – 4:05
"Something More" (P. Buckle) – 3:40
"Waiting For That Train" (P. Buckle, P. Bowman) – 3:43
"More Than Enough" (P. Bowman, P. Buckle) – 3:41
"Hold On To The Memory" (P. Buckle, V. Donati) – 4:12
"The World Is Mine" (P. Buckle) – 3:47
"What I See" (P. Buckle, P. Bowman) – 3:33
Personnel
Jack Jones – lead vocals, guitars
Phil Buckle – guitars, backing vocals
Virgil Donati – drums, keyboards
Geoff Cain – bass
Peter Bowman – guitars, backing vocalsGuest artist
David Hirschfelder – keyboards on "Always And Ever"
Chart positions
Weekly charts
Year-End charts
Certifications
References
1990 debut albums
Southern Sons albums
|
43564457
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%20Yale%20Bulldogs%20football%20team
|
1890 Yale Bulldogs football team
|
The 1890 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1890 college football season. In its third year under head coach Walter Camp, the team compiled a 13–1 record, recorded 12 shutouts, and outscored all opponents by a total of 486 to 18. Its only loss was to rival Harvard by a 12–6 score.
Three Yale players (halfback Thomas McClung, guard Pudge Heffelfinger, and tackle William Rhodes) were consensus picks for the 1890 College Football All-America Team. All three have also been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame
Schedule
References
Yale
Yale Bulldogs football seasons
Yale Bulldogs football
|
65345690
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxosceles%20gaucho
|
Loxosceles gaucho
|
Loxosceles gaucho commonly known in English as the gaucho spider. is a highly venomous recluse spider endemic to South America.
Description and behavior
Adult females grow up to 7–12 mm, the maximum reported is 14 mm. They are mainly characterized by their brown color, leading to them be colloquially referred to as ''Aranha marrom'' (Portuguese for brown spider) in Brazil, the body is characterized by a pale to dark brown color (often reddish), with a dorsal violin-shaped mark, slightly darker on the carapace, with long and slender legs, without dark marks or stripes. Males have the thoracic region with the clearest impression, consisting of bands, with the anterior portion of the cephalothorax forming in the rear direction a '' V '' design, while pedipalps have the last short articles and curved stylus. Females have the anterior portion of the cephalothorax forming a '' U '' shape backwards. Like many recluse spiders, It is nocturnal, hunting preys like insects and arthropods with their strong webs, and is more active in the hottest seasons of the year.
Range and habitat
They usually spin irregular webs in cracks, crevices and corners (which is why some people call them the corner spider), along or under large rocks. It often can be found in human's houses, in dark places, like clothes, shoes, socks and other parts of the house, this species mainly occurs in Central and Southern Brazil, but have been introduced to Tunisia.
Medical significance
One study of 81 cases of cutaneous and cutaneous-hemolytic loxoscelism, from a geographical area where most accidents are caused by L. gaucho, reported bite-related symptoms such as massive hemolysis and acute kidney injury (in two cases). In 25 cases, an increase in serum bilirubin and LDH was observed, suggestive of hemolysis. anemia (14.7%), reticulocytosis (56%), thrombocytopenia (17.6%), an increase in D-dimer and fever were also reported. A study with the venom of L. gaucho showed the main local bite reactions, such as pain, edema, erythema, ecchymosis, pallor and dermonecrosis, and systemic like Hemolysis. In the state of São Paulo alone, Brazil, it is responsible for causing viscerocutaneous loxoscelism in 3.1% of cases.
References
Spiders of Brazil
Spiders described in 1832
Sicariidae
|
11678099
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toon%20Meerman
|
Toon Meerman
|
Toon Meerman (born 13 October 1933) is a Dutch former footballer who played as a striker. Meerman made his professional debut at Feijenoord and also played for Excelsior.
Honours
First match: 6 June 1953 : Feijenoord - Xerxes, 2-2
See also
Football in the Netherlands
List of football clubs in the Netherlands
References
External links
Profile
1933 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
Feyenoord players
SBV Excelsior players
Association football forwards
Footballers from Rotterdam
|
249244
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20of%20Rutland
|
Duke of Rutland
|
Duke of Rutland is a title in the Peerage of England, named after Rutland, a county in the East Midlands of England. Earldoms named after Rutland have been created three times; the ninth earl of the third creation was made duke in 1703, in whose family's line the title continues. The heir apparent to the dukedom has the privilege of using the courtesy style/title of the Marquis/Marquess of Granby.
Earldom of Rutland
First creation
The title Earl of Rutland was created on 25 February 1390 for Edward of Norwich (1373–1415), son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and grandson of King Edward III. Upon the Duke's death in 1402 Edward became Duke of York. The title Earl of Rutland fell into disuse upon his death at the Battle of Agincourt, and was assumed by other members of the House of York including the first earl's nephew Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, the father of King Edward IV.
Second creation
The title Earl of Rutland was created on 29 January 1446 for Edmund (1443–1460), second son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (and younger brother of the future King Edward IV).
Third creation
Thomas Manners (c. 1488–1543), son of the 11th Baron de Ros of Hamlake, Truibut and Belvoir, was created Earl of Rutland in the Peerage of England in 1525. He was the great-grandson of Richard Plantagenet. The barony of 'de Ros of Hamlake, Truibut and Belvoir' (sometimes spelled Ros, Roos or de Roos) was created by Simon de Montfort with a writ of summons to the House of Lords for Robert de Ros (1223–1285) in 1264. The title may pass through the female line when there is no male heir, and accordingly, when the 3rd Earl, Edward Manners (c. 1548–1587), left no sons, the barony of Ros passed to the family of his daughter Elizabeth (died 1591) who became the wife of the 2nd Earl of Exeter. The 3rd Earl was succeeded as 4th Earl by his brother John (died 1588). The barony of Ros was restored to the Manners family when Francis Manners, the 6th Earl (1578–1632), inherited it in 1618 from his cousin William Cecil (1590–1618). However, Francis died without male issue and the assumption of the courtesy title of Lord Ros for the eldest son of subsequent earls appears to have had no legal basis. On the death of the seventh Earl in 1641 the Earldom passed to his distant cousin John Manners of Haddon Hall, grandson of the second son of the first Earl.
Dukedom of Rutland
In 1703, the ninth Earl of Rutland was created Duke of Rutland and Marquess of Granby by Queen Anne.
Marquess of Granby
The most notable Marquess of Granby was John Manners (1721–1770), eldest son of the third Duke. He was an accomplished soldier and highly popular figure of his time; in 1745 he became a colonel; his military career flourished during the Seven Years' War.
At the Battle of Minden (8 August 1759), although his role was small, he commanded the reserve cavalry. In 1760, at the Battle of Warburg, he led a cavalry charge which routed the French, losing his hat and wig in the process. In recognition of this, soldiers of the Blues and Royals (his former regiment) have the unique privilege in the British Army of being permitted to salute while not wearing headgear. Granby's losing his helmet and wig in the charge gave rise to the expression 'going bald-headed' at something.
In 1758, the King made him Colonel of the Royal Horse Guards and in 1766, as Lieutenant-General, he became Commander-in-Chief (a basically political appointment). His title was honoured by being used by a large number of pubs throughout Britain, although the reason is little known. As Colonel, he provided for his most capable soldiers such that when they could no longer be of service to the Regiment, he would give them financial support to start a pub, the sole condition being that the pub was to be named "The Marquis of Granby" after him. The towns of Granby, Quebec in Canada and Granby, Massachusetts and Granby, Connecticut in the United States as well as Granby Street in Norfolk, Virginia, USA were also named after him. so too were two forts, Fort Granby, in Tobago, and Fort Granby in South Carolina.
He died before his father, and therefore did not become Duke.
Subsidiary titles
The subsidiary titles of the dukedom are: Marquess of Granby (created 1703), Earl of Rutland (1525), Baron Manners, of Haddon in the County of Derby (1679), and Baron Roos of Belvoir, of Belvoir in the County of Leicester (1896). The title Baron Roos of Belvoir is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom; the remaining titles being in the Peerage of England. The most senior subsidiary title, Marquess of Granby, is the courtesy title used by the Duke's eldest son and heir.
Family seat
The Manners family own medieval Haddon Hall, Derbyshire and Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire that were successively extended and rebuilt until the 19th century. Some rooms in both buildings are open to the public. They are Grade I in architecture, set in listed parks, woodland and gardens and span a central water feature, which acted as models for other landscaped estates.
In 2009, to mark 500 years of the occupancy of Belvoir Castle by the family two aircraft from RAF Cranwell, Lincolnshire, bore the Duke of Rutland's Coat of Arms. On 11 June 2009, the Duke visited the station to see the aircraft—a King Air from 45 (Reserve) Sqn and a Dominie from 55 (Reserve) Sdn.
Burials
The traditional burial place of the Manners family was St Mary the Virgin's Church, Bottesford. Since elevation to the dukedom in 1703 most Dukes have been buried in the grounds of the mausoleum at Belvoir Castle. The mausoleum at Belvoir Castle was built by John Henry Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland, following the death of his wife, Elizabeth Howard (1780–1825), daughter of the 5th Earl of Carlisle. After its construction, most of the 18th century monuments in Belton Church were moved to the mausoleum which then became the family's main place of burial.
Literature
Jorge Luis Borges recalls the duke of Rutland in his story "A Survey of the Works of Herbet Quain" in the book The Garden of Forking Paths.
Earls of Rutland, first creation (1390)
Other titles (1st Duke): Duke of York (1385), Duke of Aumale (1397–1399), Earl of Cambridge (1362–1461), Earl of Cork (c. 1396)
Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (1373–1415), grandson of Edward III
Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (1411–1460), nephew of Edward of Norwich
Earls of Rutland, second creation (1446)
Edmund, Earl of Rutland (1443–1460), second son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
Earls of Rutland, third creation (1525)
Other titles (1st–3rd & 6th Earls): Baron de Ros of Helmsley (1299)
Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland (c. 1492–1543), son of George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros
Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland (c. 1526–1563), eldest son of the 1st Earl
Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland (1549–1587), elder son of the 2nd Earl, died without male issue
John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland (c. 1552–1588), younger son of the 2nd Earl
Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland (1576–1612), eldest son of the 4th Earl, died without issue
Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland, Lord Ros (1578–1632), second son of the 4th Earl, died without male issue
George Manners, 7th Earl of Rutland (1580–1641), third son of the 4th Earl, died without issue
John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland (1604–1679), great-grandson of the 1st Earl
John Manners, 9th Earl of Rutland (1638–1711), son of the 8th Earl, created Duke of Rutland in 1703
Dukes of Rutland (1703)
Other titles: Marquis of Granby (1703), Earl of Rutland (1525), Baron Manners of Haddon (1679) and Baron Roos of Belvoir (1896)
John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland (1638–1711), only son of the 8th Earl
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland (1676–1721), son of the 1st Duke
John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland (1696–1779), eldest son of the 2nd Duke
John Manners, Marquis of Granby (1721–1770), eldest son of the 3rd Duke, predeceased his father
John Manners, Lord Roos (1751–1760), eldest son of Lord Granby, died young
Charles Manners, 4th Duke of Rutland (1754–1787), second son of Lord Granby
John Henry Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland (1778–1857), eldest son of the 4th Duke
George John Henry Manners, Marquis of Granby (1807), eldest son of the 5th Duke, died in infancy
George John Frederick Manners, Marquis of Granby (1813–1814), second son of the 5th Duke, died in infancy
Charles Cecil John Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland (1815–1888), third son of the 5th Duke, died unmarried
John James Robert Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland (1818–1906), fourth son of the 5th Duke
Henry John Brinsley Manners, 8th Duke of Rutland (1852–1925), eldest son of the 7th Duke
Robert Charles John Manners, Lord Haddon (1885–1894), elder son of the 8th Duke, died young
John Henry Montagu Manners, 9th Duke of Rutland (1886–1940), younger son of the 8th Duke
Charles John Robert Manners, 10th Duke of Rutland (1919–1999), eldest son of the 9th Duke
David Charles Robert Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland (born 1959), eldest son of the 10th Duke
The heir apparent is Charles John Montague Manners, Marquess of Granby (born 1999), elder son of the 11th Duke.
Coat of arms
The original coat of arms of the Manners family was plain gules in chief. The quartering in chief, with the fleurs-de-lis of France and lion passant guardant of England, was granted as an augmentation by King Henry VIII to Thomas Manners at the time of his creation as Earl of Rutland, in recognition of his descent in the maternal line from King Edward III.
Family tree
See also
Duchess of Rutland
Viscount Canterbury
Belvoir Castle
Baron Manners
Baron de Ros
Account of the Manners family in politics, and the naming of hostelries as blue in the vicinity
References
Further reading
External links
Belvoir Castle website
Borough of Melton
British landowners
Dukedoms in the Peerage of England
1525 establishments in England
1703 establishments in England
Noble titles created in 1703
|
49549961
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Travel%20%28travel%20agency%29
|
House of Travel (travel agency)
|
House of Travel is the largest privately owned travel company in New Zealand and the third largest travel organisation in the Asia Pacific region.
The House of Travel Group employs close to 2,000 staff operating in a number of different brands and businesses, including:
75 House of Travel retail travel stores throughout New Zealand
Orbit World Travel, a specialist business travel service in both New Zealand and Australia
HOT Events, a conference and incentive management company in New Zealand and Australia.
Mix and Match, the online branch of House of Travel in New Zealand
TravelManagers Australia
HOOT Holidays Australia
House of Travel was the official agent for travel from New Zealand for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro and is the official travel partner of Netball New Zealand and the Silver Ferns.
History
Founded by Chris Paulsen, who remains the Executive Chairman of House of Travel today, the first House of Travel store was established in Timaru in 1987. Each store is run on a joint ownership model – half-owned by a local owner operator, and half-owned by House of Travel Holdings. Local store owners use their regional knowledge and entrepreneurial skill and are supported by House of Travel Holdings (based in Auckland and Christchurch) in areas such as IT, product, marketing and HR.
By 1990, House of Travel had opened 20 stores across the North and South Islands. In 1998, there were 50 House of Travel stores in New Zealand. In 2001, House of Travel identified the growing market segment of corporate travel, resulting in a number of existing locations being rebranded as Orbit Travel to focus almost exclusively on business travel. Orbit is now the largest corporate travel company in New Zealand.
House of Travel launched the first online booking solution in New Zealand in 2004, offering full flight aggregation. House of Travel Online was branded mixandmatch in 2009 and is now the largest online travel agency for flight bookings in New Zealand.
Today there are more than 75 House of Travel stores across New Zealand, from Kerikeri in the north to Invercargill in the South.
Awards
2006: New Zealand Entrepreneur of the Year, Ernst & Young Awards – Chris Paulsen, Chairman and Founder of House of Travel
2007: Prime Minister's Social Hero Award – for work with Hospice New Zealand
2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019: Randstad Top 20 Most Attractive Employers
2013: Chairman's Circle Honour from the US Travel Association – House of Travel.
2013: Australian Federation of Travel Agents (AFTA) Award for Best Travel Agency Retail, Multi Location.
2013: Australian Federation of Travel Agents (AFTA) Award for Best Travel Agency Corporate, Multi Location.
Travel Agents’ Association of NZ (TAANZ) Award for Best Travel Agency Brand: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017.
2016: New Zealander of the Year Local Hero Award, for support of Hospice Chris Paulsen.
2017: Reader's Digest Quality Service Award.
2018: Travel Agents’ Association of New Zealand (TAANZ) National Travel Industry Lifetime Achievement Award, Chris Paulsen.
References
External links
Official website
Travel agencies
Travel and holiday companies of New Zealand
Transport companies established in 1987
Travel and holiday companies of Australia
Companies based in Auckland
New Zealand companies established in 1987
|
51642393
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Riches%20%28anatomist%29
|
David Riches (anatomist)
|
David Riches is a British anatomist. He is Emeritus Professor of Anatomy at Queen Mary University of London and a Fellow and Director of Studies at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He is noted for research on dermatology, particularly the basement membrane zone and bullous disorders. He has formerly been Dean of Medical Sciences at the International Medical University in Kuala Lumpur.
He was appointed Arnott Demonstrator of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1976.
References
Living people
British anatomists
Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Academics of the International Medical University
Year of birth missing (living people)
|
4675384
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%20Wiji
|
Ha Wiji
|
Ha Wiji (1387–1456) was a scholar-official of the early Joseon Dynasty, and is remembered as one of the six martyred ministers. He was born to a yangban family of the Jinju Ha lineage. He passed the lower national service examination in 1435 and received the top score on the higher examination in 1438. He was appointed to the Hall of Worthies by Sejong, and became the leader (gyori) of that institution in 1442. He participated in the editing of histories and other texts.
Ha withdrew from government service in 1453 after the murder of Kim Jongseo by Prince Suyang (later King Sejo). However, he returned not long thereafter and was made vice-minister of rites by Danjong in 1455. In that year, Danjong was overthrown by Sejo. Ha joined in a plot to overthrow Sejo and restore Danjong in 1456, but the plot was uncovered through the betrayal of fellow plotter Kim Jil. Refusing to repent from his deeds after torture, Ha was put to death.
See also
Joseon Dynasty politics
List of Joseon Dynasty people
Joseon scholar-officials
1387 births
1456 deaths
|
3940855
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20My%20Life
|
Living My Life
|
Living My Life is the autobiography of Lithuanian-born anarchist Emma Goldman, who became internationally renowned as an activist based in the United States. It was published in two volumes in 1931 (Alfred A. Knopf) and 1934 (Garden City Publishing Company). Goldman wrote it while living in Saint-Tropez, France, following her disillusionment with the Bolshevik role in the Russian revolution.
The text thoroughly covers her personal and political life from early childhood through to 1927. The book has constantly remained in print since, in original and abridged editions. Since the autobiography was published nine years before Goldman died in 1940, it does not record her role in the Spanish Civil War.
Background
Emma Goldman was born in 1869 in Kovno, Lithuania (then Russian Empire). Her parents Abraham and Taube owned a modest inn but were generally impoverished. Throughout her childhood and early adolescence, Goldman traveled between her parents' home in Lithuania and her grandmother's home in Königsberg, Prussia before the family relocated to St. Petersburg. Though much of her childhood was unhappy, as her father was often abusive, Goldman was close with her older half-sister Helena and valued the modest schooling she received.
In 1885, Goldman immigrated with Helena to Rochester, New York to join their sister Lena and escape the influence of her father; he wanted to make an arranged marriage for her. Despite finding work in a clothing factory, Goldman did not stay in Rochester long. Enraged by the execution of the Haymarket bombers in 1887, she moved to New York and became one of the nation's most renowned anarchists.
Summary
Goldman begins Living My Life with her arrival in New York City on August 8, 1889—the day she said she began her life as an anarchist. She does not express her autobiography chronologically, as she considered her first twenty years to be something of a previous life. As Goldman recalls, "All that had happened in my life until that time was now left behind me, cast off like a worn-out garment." Living My Life reflects upon Goldman's time prior to New York as a means of explaining her principles and conversion to anarchy. For instance, she describes her employment in a Rochester clothing factory as an introduction to her antagonism toward industrial labor. Goldman claimed to work ten and a half hours a day and earned $2.50 a week, not unusual for the time. After she asked the owner for a raise, she was rebuffed; she left to find work elsewhere. Feeling alone in America, in 1887 Goldman "consented" to marry Jacob Kershner, a fellow Jewish immigrant. This marriage, however, would not survive long. While Goldman attributes her husband's disinterest in books and his growing interest in gambling toward their antagonism, the realization of his impotence was the breaking point for Goldman. She recalled being left in "utter bewilderment" on her wedding night. Goldman recalls being "saved from utter despair" in Rochester only by her fascination with the events at Haymarket and her subsequent move to New York City.
Goldman's memoir describes her first months in New York City fondly. The book vividly describes her efforts to meet Johann Most, the notorious German anarchist and editor of the newspaper Die Freiheit. Most, after the first meeting, became her mentor. Goldman's recollections heavily imply that Most was determined to craft her into a "great speaker," one that could take his place as a leader for "the Cause." It was during her unofficial tutelage that Goldman began public speaking. Beginning first by stumping in New York City, Goldman expanded her skills and departed shortly thereafter on a lecture tour of Cleveland, Buffalo, and her family's home of Rochester.
One of the key moments of Living my Life was Goldman's fateful encounter with a young Jewish anarchist named Alexander "Sasha" Berkman. The two met on Goldman's first day in New York and quickly became close friends and lovers. While Goldman credits both Most and Berkman with influencing her belief in anarchism, Living My Life positions Berkman and Most as rivals for Goldman's personal affections. Goldman recalls being courted by both men and being drawn to both in different ways:
"The charm of Most was upon me. His eagerness for life, for friendship, moved me deeply. And Berkman, too, appealed to me profoundly. His earnestness, his self-confidence, his youth—everything about him drew me with irresistible force."
These thoughts were indicative of Goldman's ruminations regarding "free love--" a persistent theme throughout the memoir. Maintaining that "binding people for life was wrong," Goldman carried on romantic affairs with Berkman, but rejected the advances of Most. In reflection, Goldman determines that Most "cared for women only as females" and ultimately "broke" with her because he wanted women "who have no other interest in life but the man they love and the children they bear him."
Following her break with Most, Goldman continues her work by describing her complicity in an attempt to murder Henry Clay Frick, chairman of Carnegie Steel Company, in 1892. Goldman lived with Berkman in New England when they heard news of the Homestead Strike, which had erupted at one of Carnegie's Pittsburg area steel mills. Frick's attempts to violently repress the strikers enraged Berkman and Goldman who quickly devised a plan for Frick's assassination. Living My Life describes how Goldman was motivated by the doctrine of "Propaganda by Deed" in Most's Science of Revolutionary Warfare, which supported political violence as a tool of the anarchist. She recounted her belief that Frick's death would "re-echo in the poorest hovel, would call the attention of the whole world to the real cause behind the Homestead struggle." In her account, the couple agreed that Berkman would travel to Homestead and sacrifice himself for the Cause, while Goldman would remain in New York to raise funds and deliver speeches in the wake of the assassination. To demonstrate her devotion to conspiracy, Goldman details how she had even considered prostitution to raise $15 needed for Berkman's travels before agreeing to accept a loan from her sister with the pretense of her being ill.
Living My Life describes the aftermath of the attempted assassination as a difficult time in Goldman's life. Berkman failed in his attempt to assassinate Frick, who survived his wounds. In fact, Berkman was not, as expected, killed after the attack but was sentenced to twenty-two years in prison. Furthermore, rather than receiving praise from her anarchist comrades, Most condemned Berkman and reversed his opinion on "Propaganda by Deed." Goldman writes that she was so infuriated by the "betrayal" of Most that she publicly horsewhipped her former mentor at a public rally. The failed assassination attempt deeply divided the anarchist movement and Goldman found herself labelled a "pariah" by supporters of Most. Goldman's penchant for radicalism and inspired speaking grew in the wake of the Homestead strike and subsequently resulted in increased police attention, resulting in her arrest in Philadelphia under charges of inciting to riot in August 1893.
Following a description of her year in prison and her later travels in Western Europe, the memoir examines Goldman's return to lecturing for the anarchist cause in the late 1890s. Lecturing in Cleveland in 1900, Goldman recalls being approached by a young man who gave the name "Nieman." Responding to the young man's interest in anarchist literature, she gladly gave him a reading list and thought nothing strange of the event. It was soon discovered that Nieman was the alias of Leon Czolgosz, the assassin who fatally shot President McKinley in September 1901. Goldman, implicated as an accomplice in the assassination, was arrested in Chicago. Though held in contempt by the American public and badly beaten during a prison transfer, Goldman was released due to lack of evidence.
Goldman's autobiography depicts the repercussions of McKinley's assassination as long lasting and severe. Despite being acquitted of all charges, Goldman's association with Czolgosz made her a pariah to anarchist and non-anarchist alike. Despite her wrongful imprisonment, Goldman stood by Czolgosz and sought to discover his justification for the assassination. Goldman reflects that although Czolgosz's action was misguided, she "was not willing to swear away the reason, character, or life of a defenseless human being." Goldman attempted to enlist anarchist support in a campaign to hire Czolgosz an attorney—in order to give him a chance to "explain his act to the world." Few, however, showed willingness to associate with the assassin. Her belief in the movement was shaken. As Goldman suggests, many of her comrades had "been flaunting anarchism like a red cloth before a bull, but they had [run] to cover at its first charge."
Despite these difficulties, Goldman established her own radical newspaper, Mother Earth in 1907. Throughout the following decade, Goldman describes her political associations with the recently released Alexander Berkman to protest US preparedness, political repression, restrictions on homosexuality and birth control. The memoir devotes particular attention to Goldman's view of homosexuality. Goldman writes, recalling an interaction with a woman who confessed to her feelings of "homosexuality," "To me anarchism was not a mere theory for a distant future; it was a living influence to free us from inhibitions… and from the destructive barriers that separate man from man." Her increased attention as the result of these speaking engagements led to greater attention from law enforcement. Goldman was arrested under the Comstock Act following a speech on birth control in 1915, but was shortly thereafter released.
Living My Life continues by discussing Goldman's efforts to counter-act military preparedness and the draft—especially the 1917 arrest of both Goldman and Berkman. The two were arrested on charges of encouraging men to avoid conscription into the army. inspired by anti-War sentiment in the United States, Goldman and Berkman focused significant attention to anti-conscription articles in Mother Earth and held several anti-preparedness rallies. Following an unsuccessful appeal to the Supreme Court, the couple was sentenced to two years in prison and forced to pay a ten thousand dollar fine.
The autobiography concludes with Goldman's exile in the Soviet Union. After serving their full sentences, both Goldman and Berkman were released in the midst of the first Red Scare and were subsequently deported to the newly formed Soviet Union. Although Goldman writes that she "longed" to return to her "native land" and aid in its reconstruction after the 1917 Revolutions, she "denied the right of the government" to force her. While Goldman was optimistic of the revolutionary workers state, upon arrival her optimism was shaken by the Bolshevik dictatorship and their means of violent repression and coercion. As stated in Living My Life: "[The dictatorship’s] role was somewhat different from the one proclaimed in public. It was forcible tax collection at the point of guns, with its devastating effect on villages and towns. It was the elimination … of everyone who dared think aloud, and the spiritual death of the most militant elements whose intelligence, faith, and courage had really enabled the Bolsheviki to achieve their power."
These feelings were compounded by the brutal repression of the Kronstadt sailors, who had rebelled under the pretense of anarchist principles.
Goldman concludes her memoir by describing her flight from Soviet Russia and her subsequent travels abroad. Securing a visa to leave the Soviet Union, Goldman and Berkman arrived in Latvia on December 1, 1921. The couple traveled between Germany, France, England, Sweden, and Canada on temporary visas. However, after being commissioned by the New York World, Goldman published a series of articles describing her experiences in Russia—these articles would later be compiled into My Disillusionment in Russia.
Critical reception
Living My Life received a positive review from the New York Times, and generally a positive reception from members of radical circles.
R.L. Duffus in the New York Times praised Goldman for the human portrayal of her "tempestuous" life. The most impressive aspect of Goldman's book, wrote Duffus, was the realization that what motivated Goldman was not "hatred" for the ruling classes, but "sympathy" for the masses. Extending this analysis to many of the other historical actors in Living My Life, Duffus concluded that perhaps the anarchists "hated authority because authority as they had known it had been neither kind nor just to them." Describing Goldman as a "vanishing" species motivated to radicalism out of pure humanity, Duffus described Living My Life as "one of the great books of its kind."
In an anonymous "Letter to the Editor" published in the Washington Post, a writer compared Goldman's criticism of the Soviet Union to John Dewey's philosophy that "violence begets violence". They agreed with her insistence that progress could not be achieved through dictatorship.
Some anarchists tried to settle personal issues. Helene Minkin, her former roommate and an anarchist in her own right, quickly published her memoirs in a serialized format in the Jewish daily newspaper Forverts (The Forward) in 1932. She wanted to defend her husband Johann Most, whom she had married in the 1890s, from Goldman's scathing criticism. Minkin rejected Goldman's statement that Most broke with Goldman and married Minkin because he wanted a wife who would take a domestic role. Minkin said she did not know the reason for the break between the two former friends (Most was originally a mentor to Goldman), but she said that her personal relationship with Most was neither subordinate nor traditional. Minkin described her role this way:
"Most, as I have noted once already, had the right to desire a little happiness for himself in the midst of his bitter and turbulent struggle… It would often bother me when I saw that Most wobbled a bit on his pedestal, and I supported him so that he wouldn’t be pushed down from his heights."
Significance
Living My Life provides critical insight as to the mentality of radical immigrants in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Goldman personally explores the often neglected topics of political violence and the nature of human sexuality in the early anarchist movement. At the beginning of Goldman's autobiography, the Haymarket bombing was a recent memory and American anarchists had already been tied to notions of violence and assassination. As historian John Higham posits, after Haymarket, the immigrant was widely stereotyped by American nativists as "a lawless creature given over to violence and disorder." Goldman's early narrative emphasizes the violent tendencies of the movement, as it was only a few years following her arrival in New York City that she and Berkman attempted to assassinate Henry Frick. However, in the years following the attempt on Frick's life, Goldman and her allies turned away from the use of violence and assassination for political purposes. In the wake of McKinley's assassination, Goldman published an article that withheld direct praise for Leon Czolgosz and instead offered sympathy for those driven "by great social stress" to commit atrocities.
Goldman's radicalism also influenced her personal views on sexuality. Coming from a traditional Russian Jewish family that stressed marriage and motherhood, Goldman rejected societal norms in favor of "free love." As Goldman recalls in responding to critics of her open sexuality, "I insisted that our Cause could not expect me to become a nun… If it meant that, I did not want it… Even in spite of the condemnation of my own closest comrades I would live my beautiful idea."
References
External links
Living My Life at RevoltLib
1931 non-fiction books
1934 non-fiction books
Anarchism in Russia
Biographies about anarchists
Books by Emma Goldman
Political autobiographies
Alfred A. Knopf books
Biographies of Emma Goldman
Books about the United States written by foreigners
|
5974627
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerone%20%28Mascagni%29
|
Nerone (Mascagni)
|
Nerone (Nero) is an opera in three acts by Pietro Mascagni from a libretto by Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti, based on the 1872 play Nerone by Pietro Cossa. Most of Mascagni's music was drawn from a failed project Vistilia (from 1907) – the music made to 'fit' a wholly unconnected libretto.
It received its first performance on 16 January 1935 at La Scala, Milan, which was conducted by Mascagni himself.
Roles
References
External links
Italian-language operas
Operas by Pietro Mascagni
Operas
1935 operas
Depictions of Nero in opera
Opera world premieres at La Scala
Operas set in Italy
Operas based on plays
|
9991540
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observed%20information
|
Observed information
|
In statistics, the observed information, or observed Fisher information, is the negative of the second derivative (the Hessian matrix) of the "log-likelihood" (the logarithm of the likelihood function). It is a sample-based version of the Fisher information.
Definition
Suppose we observe random variables , independent and identically distributed with density f(X; θ), where θ is a (possibly unknown) vector. Then the log-likelihood of the parameters given the data is
.
We define the observed information matrix at as
In many instances, the observed information is evaluated at the maximum-likelihood estimate.
Alternative definition
Andrew Gelman, David Dunson and Donald Rubin define observed information instead in terms of the parameters' posterior probability, :
Fisher information
The Fisher information is the expected value of the observed information given a single observation distributed according to the hypothetical model with parameter :
.
Applications
In a notable article, Bradley Efron and David V. Hinkley argued that the observed information should be used in preference to the expected information when employing normal approximations for the distribution of maximum-likelihood estimates.
See also
Fisher information matrix
Fisher information metric
References
Information theory
Estimation theory
|
497770
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon%27s%20Q%20test
|
Dixon's Q test
|
In statistics, Dixon's Q test, or simply the Q test, is used for identification and rejection of outliers. This assumes normal distribution and per Robert Dean and Wilfrid Dixon, and others, this test should be used sparingly and never more than once in a data set. To apply a Q test for bad data, arrange the data in order of increasing values and calculate Q as defined:
Where gap is the absolute difference between the outlier in question and the closest number to it. If Q > Qtable, where Qtable is a reference value corresponding to the sample size and confidence level, then reject the questionable point. Note that only one point may be rejected from a data set using a Q test.
Example
Consider the data set:
Now rearrange in increasing order:
We hypothesize that 0.167 is an outlier. Calculate Q:
With 10 observations and at 90% confidence, Q = 0.455 > 0.412 = Qtable, so we conclude 0.167 is indeed an outlier. However, at 95% confidence, Q = 0.455 < 0.466 = Qtable 0.167 is not considered an outlier.
McBane notes: Dixon provided related tests intended to search for more than one outlier, but they are much less frequently used than the r10 or Q version that is intended to eliminate a single outlier.
Table
This table summarizes the limit values of the two-tailed Dixon's Q test.
See also
Grubbs's test for outliers
References
Further reading
Robert B. Dean and Wilfrid J. Dixon (1951) "Simplified Statistics for Small Numbers of Observations". Anal. Chem., 1951, 23 (4), 636–638. Abstract Full text PDF
Rorabacher, D. B. (1991) "Statistical Treatment for Rejection of Deviant Values: Critical Values of Dixon Q Parameter and Related Subrange Ratios at the 95 percent Confidence Level". Anal. Chem., 63 (2), 139–146. PDF (including larger tables of limit values)
McBane, George C. (2006) "Programs to Compute Distribution Functions and Critical Values for Extreme Value Ratios for Outlier Detection". J. Statistical Software 16(3):1–9, 2006 Article (PDF) and Software (Fortan-90, Zipfile)
Shivanshu Shrivastava, A. Rajesh, P. K. Bora (2014) "Sliding window Dixon's tests for malicious users' suppression in a cooperative spectrum sensing system" IET Communications, 2014, 8 (7)
W. J. Dixon. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. Vol. 21, No. 4 (Dec., 1950), pp. 488-506
External links
Main page of GNU R's package 'outlier' includes 'dixon.test' function.
Dixon's test in Communications – use of Dixon's test in cognitive radio communications (by Shivanshu Shrivastava)
Statistical tests
Robust statistics
Statistical outliers
|
56092316
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransNational%20Payments
|
TransNational Payments
|
TransNational Payments is a private independent sales organization (ISO) headquartered in Rosemont, Illinois. TransNational provides credit card processing and electronic payment solutions for small to medium-sized businesses across a variety of industries.
History
Founded in 1999 as TransNational Bankcard, Inc. by John Pitzaferro, the company changed its name to TransNational Payments, Inc. to better reflect the services offered. The idea to create the company came to Pitzaferro after spending 16 years working in merchant services and witnessing the lack of transparency in the industry, that in many ways still exists today. Desiring to bridge the gap between payment processors and their customers, he focused on creating an organization that would advocate for merchants by using full-disclosure communication, encourage its employees through a healthy workplace culture and give back to local communities by participating in numerous charitable causes.
In 2009, Pitzaferro founded My Well Ministry, a service that provides payment processing support to churches, nonprofits and philanthropies at cost. The following year, he launched another initiative, called Party with a Purpose, an annual fundraiser co-sponsored by TransNational Payments and the ORPHANetwork to benefit vulnerable children in Nicaragua. Since its inaugural year in 2011, the event draws hundreds of attendees every October and has delivered nearly $1.2 million in donations designated to provide 1,200 children in the community of Nueva Vida, Nicaragua with food, medical care and education.
In 2014, the company partnered with Vision96 — an IT consulting service company. It operates in the field of telecommunications, unified communications, data & wide area network services, cloud & DCS and internet services.
Products
TransNational Payments supports a variety of payment products and services commonly used by merchants today, including ACH payments, credit card and debit card processing, gift card and loyalty programs, mobile payments, online payments, payment gateways, virtual terminals and point of sale systems. The sale, installation and customer service of all products is carried out by the company’s in-house team.
In March 2018, TransNational Payments unveiled its new payment gateway API, called Pi APi. The solution is designed to simplify EMV integration for web developers by using more agile software architecture, including JSON-based design and cloud-based infrastructure.
Industries
Due to the variety of available equipment and services, Transnational Payments works with merchants in a number of industries, including auto dealership, auto repair, business-to-business (B2B), education, entertainment and recreation, field services, fitness and spa, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), insurance, medical, organizations and nonprofits, plumbing, professional services, religious organizations, restaurants and bars, retail, salons and beauty, veterinary and wholesale. It also provides merchant services in the firearms industry, known for having access to a limited selection of payment processors.
References
1999 establishments in Illinois
Credit cards in the United States
Financial services companies of the United States
Rosemont, Illinois
|
32408976
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalantica%20costaricae
|
Eucalantica costaricae
|
Eucalantica costaricae is a moth in the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in Costa Rica (high elevations of Cerro de la Muerte of the Talamancan Mountain Range in Cartago and San José provinces).
The length of the forewings is 6.5–8 mm.
Adults have been collected exclusively from the high elevation forests of Cerro de la Muerte where oaks are dominant below 3,300 meters. One individual has been found resting on the underside of a leaf of Vaccinium floribundum, which is likely the larval host.
Etymology
The species is named after Costa Rica, where the type locality is situated.
References
Moths described in 2011
Yponomeutidae
Moths of Central America
Endemic fauna of Costa Rica
|
22084884
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordyn%20Wieber
|
Jordyn Wieber
|
Jordyn Marie Wieber (born July 12, 1995) is an American former artistic gymnast turned gymnastics coach. Since April 2019, she has been the head coach of the Arkansas Razorbacks gymnastics team.
Weiber was a member of the gold-medal-winning U.S. Women's Gymnastics team, self-dubbed the "Fierce Five", at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She was also a member of the gold-winning American team at the 2011 World Championships, where she also won the individual all-around title and was the bronze medalist on the balance beam.
Early life
Wieber was born on July 12, 1995, in DeWitt, Michigan, the daughter of Rita (née Reifsnyder) Wieber, who is an emergency room nurse and exercise physiologist, and David Wieber, who is a director at a health-care subsidiary. She is the third oldest of four children, and her family attends the St. Jude Catholic Church in DeWitt. Her maternal grandmother is of Lebanese descent.
Wieber started gymnastics at a young age. "I was probably two or three. My parents noticed that I had unusually bigger muscles than a typical little kid, so they put me in gymnastics. A little fun class where I could run around and play and stuff and just have fun. Then I actually stopped for a little bit to do dance class. When I was four I went back [to gymnastics] and that's kind of when I started getting really into it." She later enrolled with John Geddert, who handpicked her to his Silverstars program, and by age 10, she had qualified for Level 10 in the Junior Olympic program, and then qualified for international elite a year later in 2006.
Gymnastics career
Junior
2006–2008
Wieber rose to the Junior International Elite level in 2006, at age 11, where she placed ninth in the all-around at the 2006 National Championships. She was named to the US national team for the first time.
In 2007 Wieber competed at the U.S. Classic where she placed fifth in the all-around but won silver on balance beam and vault. At the 2007 National Championships Wieber won bronze in the all-around behind Rebecca Bross and Samantha Shapiro. Wieber was later named to the team to compete at the 2007 Junior Pan American Championships alongside Olivia Courtney, Mattie Larson, and Chelsea Davis. While there, Wieber helped the team win gold and individually she won silver in the all-around, behind Larson, gold on uneven bars and balance beam, and bronze on floor exercise.
In March 2008 Wieber was named to the team to compete at a USA-Canada-Italy-Netherlands Friendly Competition (now named the City of Jesolo Trophy). While there she helped the team win gold and individually won gold in the all-around. Wieber was named to the team to compete at the 2008 Pacific Rim Championships but had to withdraw due to injury. In June, Wieber won her first national championships. She also placed first on vault and floor exercise, second on balance beam, and third on uneven bars.
2009–2010
In February 2009, Wieber competed at the American Cup in Chicago, Illinois. She won the all-around competition with a score of 60.200, beating 2008 Olympian Bridget Sloan. She was only 13 years old when she won the event, making her the second youngest American Cup champion after Tracee Talavera, who won in 1980.
Later that year in March Wieber competed at International Gymnix where she helped the team win gold and individually she placed first in the all-around and on all four apparatuses. In August, an injury prevented her from attending the Visa Championships.
In April 2010, was named to the team to compete at the 2010 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships in Melbourne, Australia alongside seniors Aly Raisman, Rebecca Bross, and Bridget Sloan and fellow juniors Kyla Ross and Sabrina Vega. While there she helped the American team place first. Individually, she won the all-around competition with a score of 59.550, finishing ahead of Ross, Vega, and Russian Anna Rodionova. She also won gold on the uneven bars and floor exercise and won silver on vault behind future Olympic teammate Kyla Ross. She placed fourth on the balance beam.
In July of that year, Wieber competed at the Covergirl Classic in Chicago, Illinois. She won the all-around competition with a score of 59.950. She also won gold on vault and uneven bars, silver on floor exercise behind Katelyn Ohashi, and placed sixth on balance beam. In August, Wieber attended the National Championships but sprained her ankle on the balance beam and withdrew from competition. Even though she was unable to finish the competition, she was still named to the junior national team.
Senior
2011
In March, Wieber participated in her first senior elite competition at the American Cup in Jacksonville, Florida, where she filled in for an injured athlete. She won the all-around competition with a score of 59.899. "It felt great to win my second American Cup title," Wieber said. "It's such an honor."
Later in March, Wieber competed at the City of Jesolo Trophy in Jesolo, Italy. She placed second behind teammate McKayla Maroney in the all-around competition with a score of 57.700. The Americans also won the team title.
In July, Wieber competed at the Covergirl Classic in Chicago, Illinois. She placed first on uneven bars with a score of 15.200 and tied for first on balance beam with Olympic medalist Alicia Sacramone. Both girls scored 15.200.
In August, Wieber competed at the Visa Championships in Saint Paul, Minnesota. After the first day, she said, "I wasn't too nervous, but I just had to get a few jitters out. I definitely think floor and vault were really strong. I'm definitely going to focus on bars and beam on Saturday." She won the all-around competition with a two-day combined score of 121.300. In the event finals, she placed first on uneven bars scoring 29.750, third on balance beam scoring 29.900 and first on floor scoring 29.900. Wieber said, "It feels really good. Just how aggressive and confident I was, I want to put into my training."
In October, Wieber competed at the 2011 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Tokyo, Japan. She contributed an all-around score of 60.398 towards the American team's first-place finish. She also won the all-around final with a score of 59.382. "I feel amazing," Wieber said. "I was so surprised. I wasn't expecting to come out on top but I am really happy and glad that I did enough on that floor routine to make it. To come in here and achieve one of my goals that I have had since I was a little kid is so exciting. I am very happy to have this gold medal around my neck." In event finals, she placed fourth on uneven bars scoring 14.500, third on balance beam scoring 15.133, and sixth on floor scoring 14.700.
Wieber was a finalist for the James E. Sullivan Award, which is given annually by the Amateur Athletic Union.
2012
In January, Wieber appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.
At the beginning of March, Wieber competed at the American Cup in New York City, New York. She won the all-around competition with a score of 61.320. "It feels amazing to win my third American Cup," said Wieber. "I'm really excited to get started with the Olympic year."
Later in March, Wieber competed at the 2012 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships in Everett, Washington. She helped the American team place first. Individually, she won the all-around competition with a score of 61.050. Wieber said, "I was pretty happy that I hit four solid events, because it's been a few meets since I've (done that)." In the event finals, she placed sixth on balance beam scoring 13.700 and first on floor scoring 15.125.
In May, Wieber competed at the Secret U.S. Classic in Chicago, Illinois. She placed 8th on uneven bars with a score of 14.250 and first on balance beam with a score of 15.000.
In June, Wieber competed at the Visa Championships in St. Louis, Missouri. She won the all-around competition with a two-day combined score of 121.900. In the event finals, she placed fifth on uneven bars scoring 30.100, fifth on balance beam scoring 29.750, and second on floor scoring 30.500. "I'm just happy to be here, especially in the Olympic year," Wieber said. "I feel like all my hard work is paying off."
In early July, Wieber competed at the Olympic Trials in San Jose, California. After the first day, Wieber said, "Today went pretty well. My main goal was to go out there and do confident routines. The crowd was awesome – I love seeing the stands full and hearing them cheer before I go up for a routine." She placed second in the all-around competition with a two-day combined score of 123.350. In the event finals, she placed fourth on uneven bars scoring 30.700, third on balance beam scoring 29.950, and second on floor scoring 31.000. Wieber was chosen as a member of the American team for the 2012 Summer Olympics. "It feels amazing to be an Olympian," Wieber said. "This is definitely the best day of my life and knowing that all of my hard work has paid off is amazing. I'm just so proud of each and every girl who competed here today."
Wieber was featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated with the rest of the USA Women's Olympic Gymnastics team on the July 18, 2012, issue of Olympic Preview. This marked the first time an entire Olympic gymnastics team had been featured on the cover of "Sports Illustrated".
London Olympics
At the end of July, Wieber competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. In qualifications, she placed fourth overall with a score of 60.032 behind teammates Aly Raisman and Gabby Douglas, meaning that she would not advance to the all-around final due to the rule limiting participating countries to having a maximum of two competitors in the all-around final. Wieber would still compete in the team final where the American team qualified first and the floor final where she qualified sixth with a score of 14.666. She said, "It was hard because of course I wanted that spot, but I also wanted Aly to do her best also for the team and for herself. It's always been a dream of mine to compete in the all around at the Olympics and shoot for that gold medal. I'm really proud of Aly and Gabby both and I'm happy that they both made it to the all around and I'm glad that I'll be able to help the team out in team finals." Her coach, John Geddert said, "I'm basically devastated for her. She has trained her entire life for this day and to have it turn out anything less than she deserves is going to be devastating. She has waited her entire career for this. She is happy for her teammates and disappointed that she doesn't get to move on."
In the team final, Wieber contributed scores of 15.933 on vault, 14.666 on uneven bars, and 15.000 on floor toward the American team's first-place finish. Wieber is considered to be a confident and steady "lead off" gymnast. She "set the table" for the rest of the American team during finals, posting consistent scores. Wieber said, "I was pretty disappointed, but I had to put it together mentally, especially for this team. A team gold medal was also officially a goal of mine, and I had to pull myself together and move on and be stronger mentally for the team. The feeling was incredible. To have this gold medal around your neck, it's really an indescribable feeling." The team was nicknamed the "Fierce Five".
In the floor final, Wieber placed seventh with a score of 14.500 after going out of bounds on her second tumbling pass (her score from the team final would've been enough to win the bronze medal).
She said, "I knew that it was going to have to take a lot of details in the routine with all the landings. I did step out of bounds, and I knew at that point that it wouldn't be enough. I tried to still fight through and finish the routine strong."
After the Olympics, Wieber announced that she had been competing with a stress fracture in her right leg caused by a heel injury. She said, "Once I got out on the floor, adrenaline took over and I didn't really feel it that much." She was forced to limit her training to protect the injury. "That affected me a little bit," Wieber said. "I know that eventually affected my performance. In the end, I have no regrets. I know injuries come with the sport and you have to deal with it and I'm glad I fought through and finished out to the end."
Post-Olympics
In 2013, Wieber signed a sponsorship agreement with Adidas Gymnastics. In the fall, she enrolled as a freshman at UCLA, where she studied psychology. She was also a Team Manager for their gymnastics team during her first three years and served as volunteer assistant coach her senior year.
On March 6, 2015, Wieber announced her retirement from elite gymnastics. Wieber was the first member of the Fierce Five to retire from elite gymnastics.
Selected competitive skills
Coaching career
UCLA: 2016–2019
During her senior year of college, Wieber became a volunteer assistant coach at UCLA for the 2016–17 season. She continued this role after graduation, throughout the 2017–18 and 2018–19 seasons. She served as the floor exercise coach for the Bruins, helping them finish the 2018 and 2019 regular seasons ranked number 1 on the event. She, along with fellow UCLA assistant coaches Chris Waller and Randy Lane, won the West Region Assistant Coaches of the Year award for 2018.
Arkansas: 2019–present
On April 24, 2019, Wieber became the head coach for the Arkansas Razorbacks gymnastics program, the first Olympic champion gymnast to take the helm of a collegiate women's gymnastics program. She succeeded long-time head coach Mark Cook.
Personal life
Wieber has been dating 2016 Olympian Chris Brooks since 2017. She announced their engagement on October 5, 2021.
On January 19, 2018, Wieber testified in court that she was sexually abused by the long-term team doctor of USA Gymnastics, Larry Nassar. On May 16, it was announced that Wieber and the other survivors would be awarded the Arthur Ashe Courage Award.
Competitive history
Junior
Senior
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
American female artistic gymnasts
American people of Lebanese descent
College women's gymnastics coaches in the United States
Gymnasts at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in gymnastics
People from DeWitt, Michigan
Sportspeople from Michigan
World champion gymnasts
Catholics from Michigan
U.S. women's national team gymnasts
Sportspeople of Lebanese descent
21st-century American women
|
27430237
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Browne%20%28MP%29
|
Geoffrey Browne (MP)
|
Geoffrey Browne (died 14 January 1668) was an Irish lawyer and politician.
Browne was a son of Sir Dominick Browne and Anastasia Darcy, both members of the Tribes of Galway. He was a nephew to Patrick D'Arcy (1598–1668), the Confederate lawyer who wrote the constitution of Confederate Ireland, and son-in-law of Sir Henry Lynch, 1st Baronet, agent to
Richard Burke, 4th Earl of Clanricarde.
In 1640 he was elected M.P. for Athenry and was actively involved in the parliament's affairs in the period leading up to the Irish Rebellion of 1641, including one to England in late 1640.
On the outbreak of hostilities in Connacht, he returned to Galway, becoming involved with figures such as Patrick D'Arcy, Richard Martyn, Ulick Burke, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde and Walter Lynch (mayor). He became a member of the first Supreme Council in November 1642, and a member of each successive one till February 1646. He was a principal figure in the negotiations between the Confederates and James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, and a direct negotiator with Charles I in 1644. He was regarded as a leading member of the confederate peace party and involved in friction with papal nuncio, Giovanni Battista Rinuccini.
Arriving in Paris in March 1648, Browne co-operated with a now exiled Ormond in an effort to lay aside religious differences and discussions, which allowed the later to return to Ireland as crown negotiator. Ormond named him as an agent to treat with Charles, Duke of Lorraine, who had offered the confederates aid against the English parliament. He reached Brussels on 12 June 1651 and had signed a treaty on 12 July, one which was however rejected by Clanricarde.
His life after his return to Ireland in 1651 is unclear. On 12 August 1652 he was named as exempt from pardon for life and estate by the Parliamentarians, and may have been in London in May 1653. He was M.P. for Tuam in 1661, its only Catholic, but was unseated by the commons.
By his wife, Mary Lynch, he had four sons and one daughter. His senior male descendants became Baron Oranmore and Browne.
References
Pedigree of the Brownes of Castle mac Garrett, Lord Oranmore and Browne, Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, volume 5, 1907–08.
Old Galway, Maureen Donovan O'Sullivan, Oxford, 1942
Confederate Ireland 1642–49, Micheal O'Siochru, Four Courts Press, Dublin, 1999
Kingdoms in Crisis: Ireland in the 1640s, Micheál Ó Siochrú, ed., Dublin, 2000.
The Tribes of Galway, Adrian James Martyn, Galway, 2001
Dictionary of Irish Biography:from the Earliest Times to the Year 2002'', p. 903, Cambridge, 2010
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Galway constituencies
Politicians from County Galway
People of the Irish Confederate Wars
1668 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Irish MPs 1639–1649
|
28400815
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel%20Baguissi
|
Lionel Baguissi
|
Lionel Baguissi (born June 5, 1974) is a Gabonese taekwondo practitioner.
He competed in the men's 80 kg taekwondo event at the 2008 Summer Olympics and was eliminated in the third round by losing to Carlos Vásquez of Venezuela 5–0.
External links
Biography and Olympic results from Sports-Reference
Gabonese male taekwondo practitioners
Taekwondo practitioners at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic taekwondo practitioners of Gabon
Place of birth missing (living people)
1974 births
Living people
African Taekwondo Championships medalists
21st-century Gabonese people
|
56962981
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fareeha%20Mehmood
|
Fareeha Mehmood
|
Fareeha Mehmood (born 19 February 1994) is a Pakistani cricketer who plays as a wicket-keeper and left-handed batter. She made her Twenty20 International debut for Pakistan against Sri Lanka on 28 March 2018.
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
Cricketers from Lahore
Pakistani women cricketers
Pakistan women Twenty20 International cricketers
Federal Capital women cricketers
Higher Education Commission women cricketers
Lahore women cricketers
Omar Associates women cricketers
State Bank of Pakistan women cricketers
|
66775163
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis%20%282020%20film%29
|
Nemesis (2020 film)
|
Nemesis is a Swiss documentary film by Thomas Imbach from 2020. It premiered in April 2020 in competition in Nyon Visions du Réel. The international premiere took place at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam 2020, where the film received the prize for Best Cinematography, awarded by Edward Lachman. The film was also shown at the "secret screenings" during Locarno Film Festival 2020, as well as 55th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.
Plot
Nemesis explores the destruction of a unique train station in Zurich, and the construction of a new prison and police centre in its place. From the perspective of the filmmaker's window, and with testimony from prisoners awaiting deportation, the film probes how we deal with the extinction of history, and its replacement with total security.
Production
Nemesis was filmed exclusively from the filmmaker's window. Thomas Imbach's dismay at the agonizing death of the freight station prompts him to record the ongoing destruction, the years of standstill and the creation of the new concrete colossus, in order to compose a personal chronicle.
Reception
Jamie Lang, Variety: "As the train station crumbles beneath the metal jaws of an excavator, Imbach tells stories from his past and the impact the station has had on his own life. The heartbreaking tales of confused and scared prisoners, not convicted of any crime yet serving sometimes years-long sentences, accompany construction until the city is no longer visible behind the stories-tall behemoth."
Wendy Ide, Screen Daily: "In terms of its methodology, the film couldn’t be more timely. … Shot on handsome 35 mm, sometimes through telephoto lenses which bring an uncomfortable intimacy with the unwitting subjects, sometimes through wide shots which seem to extend to the edge of the city and beyond, the film looks a treat."
References
External links
official website
2020 films
2020 documentary films
Swiss films
Swiss documentary films
|
32654217
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMO%20%28disambiguation%29
|
WMO (disambiguation)
|
WMO can refer to:
Waste Management Organisation in charge of radioactive waste management and final disposal
World Meteorological Organization
Website Management Outsourcing
World Migration Organization
World Mahjong Organization
Waste motor oil
|
19025957
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diachrysia%20chrysitis
|
Diachrysia chrysitis
|
Diachrysia chrysitis, the burnished brass, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Europe, the Caucasus, Russia, Russian Far East and Siberia. In the south of Europe the range extends to southern Spain, southern Italy and the Balkan peninsula. It is lacking on most of the Greek Islands. In the north it extends into almost to the Arctic circle and far north Russia. In the east the range extends to the Amur region and Japan.
Description
The wingspan is 28–35 mm. The length of the forewings is 16–18 mm. Forewing brassy green; the basal patch and broad median fascia, widening at costa, purplish brown; subterminal line preceded by a shade showing deeper green in certain lights; the terminal area paler brown; the three stigmata with dark outlines; hindwing fuscous with the fringe pale; in the ab. juncta Tutt the median fascia is more or less widely broken in the middle, the two brassy green areas becoming confluent; - in ab. aurea Huene the green is deep golden, with the golden bands confluent; ab. disjuncta Schultz, golden with the bands not confluent, while in ab. scintillans Schultz the bands are dull blue green.
The moth flies from May to October depending on the location.
Larva green, with many fine whitish dorsal lines; sinuous white lines along the sides and a white stripe above the feet. The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, such as nettle, Lamium, thistles and oregano.
References
External links
Burnished Brass at UKmoths
Funet Taxonomy
Fauna Europaea
Lepiforum.de
Vlindernet.nl
Plusiinae
Moths described in 1758
Moths of Asia
Moths of Europe
Moths of Japan
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
|
33251310
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lic%C4%83%20Nunweiller
|
Lică Nunweiller
|
Lică Nunweiller (12 December 1938 – 8 November 2013) was a Romanian international football midfielder who played for clubs in Romania and Turkey.
Club career
Lică Nunweiller was born in Piatra Neamț on 13 November 1938, but his parents told the authorities that he was born on 12 November 1938, because they felt that the number 13 brings bad luck. He had an Austrian father named Johann Nunweiller, who settled in Piatra Neamț after World War II where he met his wife, Rozina, later they moved from Piatra Neamț to Bucharest. He had six brothers, the oldest one of them, Constantin was a water polo player and the other five: Dumitru, Ion, Victor, Radu and Eduard were footballers, each of them having at least one spell at Dinamo București, they are the reason why the club's nickname is "The Red Dogs". Lică made his Divizia A debut, playing for Dinamo București on 5 June 1960 in a 2–0 victory against Rapid București. Throughout his first period spent at Dinamo's senior team from 1960 until 1967, he won four consecutive Divizia A titles with the club from 1962 to 1965 and a Cupa României in 1964, also appearing in 11 matches without scoring in the European Cup. In 1967, he joined Dinamo Bacău for two seasons. Nunweiller next moved to Turkey to join Beşiktaş J.K. in 1969, making him one of the first Romanians to play professional football in Turkey. He made only one appearance in the Süper Lig during the 1969–70 season, before returning to Romania to end his career at Dinamo București in 1970.
International career
Lică Nunweiller played four friendly games at international level for Romania, making his debut on 8 October 1961 under coach Gheorghe Popescu I in a 4–0 victory against Turkey. His following games were a 3–2 victory against East Germany, a 0–0 against Turkey and a 1–1 against Austria.
Honours
Dinamo București
Divizia A: 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65
Cupa României: 1963–64
Notes
References
1938 births
2013 deaths
Sportspeople from Piatra Neamț
Romanian footballers
Romanian expatriate footballers
Olympic footballers of Romania
Romania international footballers
Victoria București players
FC Dinamo București players
FCM Bacău players
Liga I players
Liga II players
Süper Lig players
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Association football midfielders
|
39651256
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto%20Rico%20political%20status%20plebiscites
|
Puerto Rico political status plebiscites
|
Three main alternatives are generally presented to Puerto Rican voters during a Puerto Rico political status plebiscite: full independence, maintenance or enhancement of the current commonwealth status, and full statehood into the American Union. The exact expectations for each of these status formulas are a matter of debate by a given position's adherents and detractors. Puerto Ricans have proposed positions that modify the three alternatives above, such as (a) indemnified independence with phased-out US subsidy, (b) expanded political but not fiscal autonomy, and (c) statehood with a gradual phasing out of federal tax exemption.
Roberto Barreto wrote that "all the recent plebiscite proposals have been colonial ones, leaving the final decision in the hands of Congress. By defining the plebiscite as 'non-binding,' the electoral exercise, far from being an act of self-determination, turns into a mere survey. These plebiscites are essentially opinion polls to be considered or ignored by the body that reserves for itself all decision-making powers, the U.S. Congress." Regardless of the outcome of the referendum or the vote on the bill, action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution.
Table summary
The following table summarizes the results of Puerto Rico's plebiscites so far.
The exact significance of referendum results is debated by local observers. The 1967 results showed strong support for maintaining the commonwealth, but this victory was followed by the first loss in twenty years of governorship by the Popular Democratic Party, the main supporter of the commonwealth association. This occurred in part because of bickering leadership. The 1993 results appear to protest the ideas or forum used to change status as imposed by the then-ruling Popular Democratic Party; the demands were controversial because there was no assurance, and great doubt, that they would be accepted by Congress. The 1998 results, where "none of the above", which was the PPD sponsored choice was the winner, protested criteria set forth by the then ruling New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico.
1967 plebiscite
In 1967, the Legislative Assembly tested the political interests of the Puerto Rican people by passing a local Plebiscite Act that allowed a vote on the status of Puerto Rico. This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice on three status options. At 60.4% percent of the vote, the commonwealth option won the majority vote. Following this plebiscite, efforts in the 1970s to enact legislation to address the status issue died in congressional committees.
1991 Constitutional Amendment Referendum
The 1991 Referendum on the proposed "Claim to Democratic Rights" asked the voters to approve the addition of an amendment to the Puerto Rican constitution. The wording of this amendment would guarantee:
The inalienable right to freely and democratically determine Puerto Rico's political status.
The right to choose a dignified, non-colonial, non-territorial status not subordinate to plenary powers of Congress.
The right to vote for three alternatives.
The right that only results with a majority will be considered triumphant in a plebiscite.
The right that any status would protect Puerto Rico's culture, language and identity, and continued independent participation in international sports events.
The right that any status guarantees the individual's right to American citizenship.
Passage of this referendum would have constituted a claim for the government of Puerto Rico to establish these rights in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico constitution and petition the President and Congress for these rights, but it was rejected by the people of Puerto Rico on a vote of 660,264 (53%) against to 559,259 (44.9%) in favor.
As per the Congressional Research Service report, despite PDP and PIP support, a majority (53%) voted against the proposal. Some contended that the decision to schedule the referendum represented an indirect step to block statehood. Others perceived the rejection to reflect dissatisfaction with the governor. Another explanation offered for the vote was that some cast their ballots out of fear that a “yes” vote would result in a further degradation of federal benefits and the loss of U.S. citizenship.
1993 plebiscite
A subsequent plebiscite was organized by the Puerto Rican government in 1993 (in which the Congress played a more substantial role) where, at 48.6%, the commonwealth status won a plurality, though not a majority vote. The current political status (status quo) failed to receive the majority support it sought.
U.S. Congress played a more substantial role in the 1993 plebiscite than it did in the 1967 plebiscite. In the 1992 election campaign, the PNP candidate for governor urged, and the legislature agreed, that a plebiscite on status be held “after the U.S. Congress failed to approve” status legislation. Since definitions on the ballot were formulated by the political parties themselves, neither Congress nor executive branch officials intervened to ensure that the alternatives presented to the voters would pass constitutional muster. The disconnect between the ballot option and
constitutional requirements was summarized in the House report accompanying legislation introduced three years after the plebiscite, as follows:
The 1993 definition of “Commonwealth” failed to present the voters with status options consistent with full self-government, and it was misleading to propose to the voters an option which was unconstitutional and unacceptable to the Congress in almost every respect.
No option on the ballot in 1993 received a majority of votes. Some contend that statehood may have suffered the greatest loss, considering the governor and the legislature were members of the PNP and the plebiscite itself was a major campaign promise for the governor. Others may argue
that PDP advocates did not achieve a final victory in the 1993 vote because Congress rejected the commonwealth option presented on ballots. In the end, Commonwealth status was again upheld in the 1993 plebiscite.
1998 plebiscite
In the last locally organized plebiscite held in Puerto Rico, which took place on December 13, 1998, the current status quo (Commonwealth status) received less than one tenth of one percent (0.06%) of the total vote. The majority vote went to a "none of the above" option which received 50.3%. This was followed by the statehood option which received 46.7%. The option of independence received 2.5% of the vote.
2012 plebiscite
On November 6, 2012, a fourth status plebiscite took place. This one consisted of two questions. The first question asked voters whether they wanted to maintain the existing commonwealth status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution or whether they preferred a nonterritorial option. The second question asked voters which would be the preferred alternative if a non-territorial option was wanted and gave voters to choose between three non-territorial alternatives: statehood, independence, or free association.
Ten days after the 2012 plebiscite, on November 16, 2012, the Electoral Commission reported that 54 percent voted "no" on preserving Puerto Rico's territorial status, the first part of the referendum. On the second part, where voters were asked to choose between statehood, independence and free association, 61.2 percent chose statehood, while 33.3 preferred free association and 5.5 percent voted for independence. However, these results have been challenged by observers who note that nearly 500,000 blank ballots were ignored in the reporting by the pro-statehood PNP, contrary to previous Puerto Rico court rulings of Sánchez y Colón v. ELA, 134 DPR 445 (1993); and 134 DPR 503 (1993) and Suárez Cáceres v. CEE, 176 DPR 31 (2009), both of which affirmed that blank ballots should be considered as "none of the above" when that option was not offered on the ballot. Following these judicial precedents the results would reflect that statehood was favored by 44.4% of the ballots cast, while 55.6% were opposed.
On December 11, 2012, the pro-statehood 16th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico passed a concurrent resolution "[t]o request the President and the Congress of the United States to ... begin the process to admit Puerto Rico to the Union as a State."
President Obama pledged to respect the will of the people of Puerto Rico "if there was a clear majority." A December 2012 statement clarifying the Obama administration’s position on the status plebiscite results stated, "the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved, and a majority chose statehood." A previous White House statement had said, "Now is the time for Congress to act and the administration will work with them [with Congress] on that effort so that the people of Puerto Rico can determine their own future." On April 10, 2013, President Obama moved on his promise to respect the will of the people of Puerto Rico in his Fiscal Year 2014 Budget proposal to Congress, asking for "$2.5 million for the Puerto Rico Elections Commission to be used for voter education and the plebiscite."
On May 14, 2013, the heavily pro-Commonwealth 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico approved a concurrent resolution that stated, in part, "On November 6, 2012, a plesbicite took place in Puerto Rico concurrent with the general elections whose results were inconclusive since none of the options garnished a majority of votes." On the next day, May 15, 2013, the pro-statehood Representative Pedro Pierluisi introduced the Puerto Rico Status Resolution Act to the House of Representatives asking Congress to admit Puerto Rico as the 51st State.
2017 plebiscite
The previous plebiscites provided voters with three options: statehood, free association, and independence. The 2017 Puerto Rican status referendum offered only two options: Statehood and Independence/Free Association. A majority vote for the latter would have resulted in a second vote to determine the preference: full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a "free and voluntary political association" between Puerto Rico and the United States. The specifics of the association agreement would be detailed in the Compact of Free Association that would be negotiated between the U.S. and Puerto Rico. That document might cover topics such as the role of the US military in Puerto Rico, the use of the US currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether Puerto Ricans would be U.S. citizens.
Governor Ricardo Rosselló is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to "solve our 500-year-old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option .... It’s a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy," he told the news media. Benefits of statehood include an additional $10 billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. The latter is currently prohibited.
Statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis, since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection. According to the Government Development Bank, this might be the only solution to the debt crisis. Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood, but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept.
At approximately the same time as the referendum, Puerto Rico's legislators were also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress. Statehood won with 97% of the vote, but the referendum only had a 22.93% turnout as opponents boycotted the vote. No further action was taken.
2020 plebiscite
For the first time, a non-binding straight yes-or-no referendum vote was held on statehood in November 3, 2020.
Based on the completed certified election night count, the option to pursue statehood won the referendum 52.52%–47.48%.
Congressionally mandated plebiscites
No congressionally mandated plebiscite has ever been held, and average voter turnout in the locally enacted status votes has been about 10% lower than in general elections. However, various bills have been introduced in Congress to effect a plebiscite backed by Congress and to which Congress would be committed.
See also
Notes
References
Status
|
48769891
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914%20Chicago%20Maroons%20football%20team
|
1914 Chicago Maroons football team
|
The 1914 Chicago Maroons football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chicago during the 1914 college football season. In their 23rd season under head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, the Maroons compiled a 4–2–1 record, finished in second place in the Western Conference, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 104 to 34.
Schedule
References
Chicago
Chicago Maroons football seasons
Chicago Maroons football
|
3085504
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take%20It%20Away%20%28The%20Used%20song%29
|
Take It Away (The Used song)
|
"Take It Away" is the first single from the Used's second studio album In Love and Death. "Take It Away" was released to radio on August 31, 2004. This song, as well as video, was played during the commercials to promote the album.
Track listings
All songs written by the Used.
CD single 1
CD single 2
7-inch vinyl
Personnel
The Used
Bert McCracken - vocals
Quinn Allman - guitar
Jeph Howard - bass
Branden Steineckert - drums
Charts
Notes
The Used songs
2004 singles
2004 songs
Reprise Records singles
Song recordings produced by John Feldmann
Songs written by Quinn Allman
Songs written by Jeph Howard
Songs written by Bert McCracken
Songs written by Branden Steineckert
|
8111001
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBL%20Finals
|
NBL Finals
|
The National Basketball League (NBL) Finals is a tournament held at the end of each NBL season to determine the league champions. The top four teams qualify for the finals based on the regular season results. The current finals format consists of two rounds: the best-of-three Semi Finals and best-of-five Grand Final series.
Format
1980–1983
1984
1985
1986
1987–1988
1989–1991
1992–1996
1997–1998
1999
The top six teams at the end of the regular season advance to the finals under this playoff system:
The first round of the postseason sees the team that finishes in first place at the end of the regular season against the team that finishes sixth; second plays fifth, and third plays fourth.
The three teams that win their respective best-of-three first-round series advances, and is joined in the semifinals by the highest-placed losing team from the first round.
Teams are then seeded again for the best-of-three semifinal series. The three winning teams from the first round are seeded in order of their regular-season finishing positions, and the first-round loser automatically becomes the No. 4 seed.
The two winning teams from the semifinals meet in a best-of-three Grand Final series to determine the champion.
2000
2001–2003
The top six teams at the end of the regular season advance to the finals under this playoff system:
The first round of the postseason sees the team that finishes in first place at the end of the regular season against the team that finishes sixth; second plays fifth, and third plays fourth.
The three teams that win their respective best-of-three first-round series advances, and is joined in the semifinals by the highest-placed losing team from the first round.
Teams are then seeded again for the best-of-three semifinal series. The three winning teams from the first round are seeded in order of their regular-season finishing positions, and the first-round loser automatically becomes the No. 4 seed.
The two winning teams from the semifinals meet in a best-of-three Grand Final series to determine the champion.
2004–2008
2009
2010–2016
2017–present
The top four teams at the end of the regular season advance to the finals under this playoff system:
The semifinals of the postseason sees the team that finishes in first place at the end of the regular season against the team that finishes fourth; and second plays third. All four teams play a best-of-three semifinal series.
The two winning teams from the semifinals meet in a best-of-five Grand Final series to determine the champion.
Finals appearances
See also
NBL Grand Final
WNBL Finals
References
External links
Recurring sporting events established in 1979
|
28257436
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon%20%28album%29
|
Lisbon (album)
|
Lisbon is the sixth studio album by the New York-based group The Walkmen. It was released on September 14, 2010, in the US. John Congleton produced and engineered the album. The band recorded nearly thirty tracks before settling on the eleven that comprise the album. The album is a tribute to the city of Lisbon in Portugal.
Exclaim! named Lisbon as the No. 13 Pop & Rock Album of 2010. Pitchfork named it the No. 21 in their Top 50 Albums of 2010.
By 2011, it had sold 39,159 copies in United States according to Nielsen SoundScan.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic.
Band
Matt Barrick – drums
Peter Bauer – organ, piano
Walter Martin – bass guitar, percussion
Hamilton Leithauser – guitar, vocals
Paul Maroon – guitar, trumpet, viola
Additional musicians
Alec Ounsworth – vocals
Greg Glassman – trumpet
Rachel Golub – violin
Clara Kennedy – cello
John Kozan – trombone
Dana Lyn – violin
Anna Stumpf – trumpet
Kenny Warren – trumpet
Alex Waterman – cello, transcription
Mike Irwin – trumpet
Kevin Moehringer– trombone
Leyna Papach – violin
Paul Brandenburg – trumpet
Joe Ancowitz – trumpet
Production
Greg Calbi – mastering
John Congleton – engineer, mixing, producer
Mark Endozo – assistant engineer
Luigi Ghirri – cover photo
Fred Maroon –inside photo
Alex Aldi – second engineer
Elizabeth Spiridakis – design
Chris Zane – engineer, mixing
References
The Walkmen albums
2010 albums
Albums produced by John Congleton
|
35290658
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrivano%20i%20bersaglieri
|
Arrivano i bersaglieri
|
Arrivano i bersaglieri is a 1980 Italian historical-comedy film written and directed by Luigi Magni. The film is set during the days of the capture of Rome (1870), an event that marked the Italian unification and the end of the Papal States and of the temporal power of the Popes.
Cast
Ugo Tognazzi: Don Prospero
Giovanna Ralli: Nunziatina, the maid
Ombretta Colli: Costanza, Don Prospero's wife
: Olimpia
Vittorio Mezzogiorno: Don Alfonso dell'Aquila d'Aragona
Pippo Franco: Father Paolo
: Gustavo Martini
Mariano Rigillo: Alfonso La Marmora
Carlo Bagno: Pope Pius IX
Daniele Dublino: Don Pietro
Ricky Tognazzi: Urbano, Prospero's child
References
External links
1980 films
Italian films
Commedia all'italiana
Films directed by Luigi Magni
Films scored by Armando Trovajoli
Films set in Rome
Films critical of the Catholic Church
1980s historical comedy films
1980 comedy films
|
39385530
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagn%20Ingerslev
|
Vagn Ingerslev
|
Vagn Ingerslev (23 March 1885 – 28 December 1952) was a Danish tennis player. He competed in two events at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1885 births
1952 deaths
Danish male tennis players
Olympic tennis players of Denmark
Tennis players at the 1912 Summer Olympics
People from Vordingborg Municipality
|
27911049
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Defence%20%28Azerbaijan%29
|
Ministry of Defence (Azerbaijan)
|
The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Azerbaijan () or MN is an Azerbaijani government agency that is associated with the Azerbaijani military. The ministry is responsible for keeping Azerbaijan defended against external threats, preserving its territorial integrity, waging war on behalf of Azerbaijan (for example the current Azerbaijani contribution to the War on Terror in Afghanistan and Iraq), and the surveillance of the Azerbaijani sector of Caspian Sea sea and airspace. The Minister of Defense is appointed and removed from the post by the Commander-in-chief of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces, the President of Azerbaijan.
The ministry building is located in Baku, at 3 Parliament Avenue.
History
The first minister of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was General Khosrov bey Sultanov, who was appointed the Minister of the first Government on 28 May 1918. In accordance with Action Plan approved by Parliament on formation of the army, important structures and divisions were to be established by November 1, 1919. Within the time given, artillery division, two infantry divisions consisting of three regiments, special telegraph, cavalry and machine gun platoons, railway battalions were to be created.
Another priority of the government of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was to establish Ministry of Defense. No minister of defense portfolio was officially instituted. But Khosrov bey Sultanov assumed the duties of the minister from May 28 through June 11, 1918. The Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established by a decision made on 23 October 1918. The decision was formalized on November 7 of the current year. After formalization of the decision Fatali-khan Khoyski was appointed the minister of defense.
On December 26, 1918 Lieutenant General of the Russian Artillery Samad-bey Mehmandarov, took the office. Lieutenant General Aliagha Shikhlinski appointed his deputy and Lieutenant General Suleyman Shulkevitch as the Chief of the General Staff. As the Ministry of Defense was officially dissolved in the wake of Azerbaijan's Sovietization in 1920, their functions were delegated to the People's Military Commissariat, and the Bolsheviks executed 15 of the 21 Army Generals of Azerbaijan. The newly-formed Azerbaijani Red Army replaced the previous army during the Russian Civil War.
In the midst of dissolution of Soviet Union and political turmoil in Azerbaijan in late 1980s, Azerbaijani military played an important role in the struggle for and retaining power.
The Ministry of Defense was established on September 5, 1991, following a resolution by the High Council of Azerbaijan SSR. One month later, on October 9 of the same year, the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan was established.
Leadership
Minister of Defense: Colonel General Zakir Hasanov
Chief of the General Staff – First Deputy Minister of Defence: Lieutenant General Karim Valiyev
Deputy Minister of Defence – Commander of the Combined Arms Army: Colonel General Kerem Mustafayev
Deputy Minister of Defence – Chief of Main Department for Personnel: Lieutenant General Karim Valiyev
Acting Deputy Minister of Defense for Logistics – Chief of the Main Department of Logistics: Lieutenant General Nizam Osmanov
Deputy Minister of Defence – Commander of the Land Forces: Major General
Deputy Minister of Defence – Commander of the Air Force: Lieutenant General Ramiz Tahirov
Structure
The ministry has the following structure:
Central Command Post
Main Department of Personnel
Office for Women and Families of Servicemen
Military Band Service
Main Department of Logistics
Main Department of Combat Training and Military Education
Main Medical Department
Organization and Mobilization Department
Department of Staff
Department for Ideological Work and Moral-Psychological Support
Legal Department
Department of Finance and Budget
Department of Affairs
Department for Municipal Services
Department for Defence Procurement and Equipment
Baku Garrison
Military Police
Institutions
"Azərbaycan Ordusu" newspaper
Central Clinical Hospital
Research Center
Center for Documentary and Educational Films of the Azerbaijan Army
Military Scientific Center
Center for War Games of the Armed Forces
Army Ideological and Cultural Center named after Hazi Aslanov
Song and Dance Ensemble
Ideological and Cultural Center of the Ganja Garrison
Azerbaijan Military History Museum
MOIK Baku
Educational institutions under the Ministry
Military academies
War College of the Armed Forces
Training and Education Center of the Armed Forces
Azerbaijan Higher Military Academy
Azerbaijan Higher Naval Academy (former independent institution)
Azerbaijan High Military Aviation School (former independent institution)
Other educational institutions
Secondary Military Medical School of Azerbaijan
Military Medical Faculty of Azerbaijan Medical University
Military lyceums
Jamshid Nakhchivanski Military Lyceum
Heydar Aliyev Military Lyceum
Military education system in Ministry of Defense is composed of educational institutions specialized on military and other relevant agencies that mainly focus on training and building a qualified and patriotic staff who is expected to implement the duties and tasks of armed forces and at the same time having adequate knowledge based on education standards of the country for guaranteeing the defense and security of Azerbaijan.
International military cooperation
The main directions of international military cooperation:
Bilateral and multilateral cooperation with the countries in the region and outside the region;
Cooperation with the Euro-Atlantic structures;
Cooperation with international organizations and defense-industrial complexes of foreign countries;
Cooperation on military, military-political and military-technical for improving military security system;
Study new programs and mechanisms
Broadening the participation in inspection activities set out under the Vienna Document 2011 "On Confidence and Security-Building Measures" and to the Treaty 1990 "On Conventional Armed Forces in Europe" (CFE);
Expanding the activities related to the crisis prevention and armed conflicts management, as well as resolution and elimination of their consequences, with a focus on conflicting efforts to combat international terrorism, the proliferation of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, their components and vehicles, modern global challenges and threats arising from military operations;
Broadening the scope of activities related to the fulfilment of commitments and obligations arising out of the cooperation with international organizations and military organizations of foreign countries in the area of international military cooperation;
Providing more effective training for military personnel and units, whose participation in peacekeeping operations are planned, the study of international experience and application capabilities to contribute to improvement of the level of combat training and its compatibility.
Cooperation with OSCE
The Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Azerbaijan supports the Office of the Personal Representative of the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office to conduct a ceasefire monitoring exercises on the Line of Confrontation of the armed forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan as well as on the state border.
Cooperation with NATO
The Republic of Azerbaijan joined the NATO-led "Partnership for Peace" (PFP) programme on May 4, 1994, the NATO Planning and Review Process (PARP) in 1996. Azerbaijan joined the NATO military training and education program aimed at improving the school of sergeants in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan, training programs for junior officers and the inclusion of the subject "Strategy and Defense Planning" in the educational program of the Academy of Armed Forces as a new module. Azerbaijan has become a good partner at NATO-led operations in Kosova and Afghanistan and still contributes to Alliance’s mission in Afghanistan by deploying its peacekeeping forces in this country. Furthermore, on NATO advice, Azerbaijan developed strategic documents on defense and security, as well as, made improvements in this direction. Besides this, NATO and Azerbaijan cooperate on reorganizing units in accordance with NATO standards and on developing control and command capabilities of every armed service.
Cooperation with ICRC
Cooperation between the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Azerbaijan and International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) covers the issues of providing educational materials on the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) for the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan, delivering lectures on IHL in the Military Academy of the Armed Forces, conducting trainings and seminars on IHL for the servicemen, ensuring their participation in regional and international courses, monitors the civilian population’s living conditions in the areas near the Line of Confrontation (LOC) of the armed forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan, through the visits to these places, creation conditions for agricultural activities of civilian population living near the Line of Confrontation of the armed forces of the Armenia and Azerbaijan through launching of some social oriented projects, cooperation in arranging and conducting humanitarian assistance.
List of Ministers
ADR
Heads of Military Department of Azerbaijan SSR
People's Commissars for Military and Naval Affairs of Azerbaijan SSR
Azerbaijan Republic
See also
Azerbaijani Armed Forces
Military history of Azerbaijan
Prime Minister of Azerbaijan
Cabinet of Azerbaijan
References
External links
Official Website
Azerbaijani Army being reformed according to NATO standards
Government of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Military of Azerbaijan
Defense
1991 establishments in Azerbaijan
|
1625175
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o%20Jorge%20%28Santana%29
|
São Jorge (Santana)
|
São Jorge () is a civil parish in the municipality of Santana, in the island of Madeira. The population in 2011 was 1,473, in an area of .
History
São Jorge was created in 1515, and benefitted from the patronage of King Manuel I of Portugal when it was merely a religious parish. These revelations were documented in the archives of the Torre do Tombo, and also included many of the pieces and religious artefacts donated by the King to the first Church of São Jorge. The first settlers to this parish occupied the areas in the Sítio do Calhau.
It was later divided, creating the parish of Santana in 1564 (and later municipal seat after 1835); the parish of Arco de São Jorge in 1676; and Ilha in 1989.
Geography
The area is divided into "neighborhoods", forested and coastal spaces defined by several sítios (places): Achada de António Teixeira, Achada do Pico, Achada da Felpa, Achada Grande, Açougue, Barranco, Covas, Fajã Alta, Farrobo, Farrobo de Cima, Farrobo de Baixo, Furna de Pedro Jorge, Jogo da Bola, Lombo do Pico, Pé do Pico, Pico, Poço e Vale, Pomar, Ribeira Funda, São Pedro and Tanque.
Fifty kilometres from the regional capital, the parish is located 240 metres above sea level, limited in the north by the Atlantic Ocean and south by the mountains of the interior range (the heightest altitudes in the parish include Pico Canário and Pico dos Assumadouros . To the west is the civil parish of Arco de São Jorge and east are the parishes of Ilha and Santana. About half of the parish is covered by the rich Laurissilva forest defined as Natural Heritage by UNESCO.
Architecture
Chapel of São Pedro (), dating to the end of the 15th century
Chapel of the Sagrada Coração de Jesus (), dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, is located in the place of Ribeira Funda, and completed in 2000
Church of São Jorge (), concluded in 1761, the Baroque-style church includes a rich presbytery of gilded wood, and ornate pulpit.
Notable people
Teodósio Clemente de Gouveia (c.1889 - Lourenço Marques; c.1962), was a Roman Catholic Cardinal, who served as Archbishop of Lourenço Marques in Mozambique from 1940 until his death (he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII).
References
Parishes of Santana, Madeira
|
21656065
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Cheek
|
James Cheek
|
James Cheek can refer to:
James E. Cheek (1932–2010), American educator
James Richard Cheek (1936–2011), United States diplomat
|
5508309
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve%20to%20quadratus%20femoris
|
Nerve to quadratus femoris
|
The nerve to quadratus femoris is a nerve that provides innervation to the quadratus femoris muscle and gemellus inferior muscle.
Structure
The nerve to quadratus femoris is a sacral plexus nerve. It arises from the ventral divisions of the fourth lumbar spinal nerve, fifth lumbar spinal nerve, and first sacral spinal nerve. It leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, below piriformis muscle. It runs down in front of the sciatic nerve, the superior and inferior gemellus muscles, and the tendon of the obturator internus. It enters the anterior surfaces of quadratus femoris muscle and gemellus inferior muscle. It gives an articular branch to the hip joint.
Variation
Rarely, the nerve to quadratus femoris may also innervate the gemellus superior muscle, or the upper part of adductor magnus muscle.
Function
The nerve to quadratus femoris provides motor innervation to quadratus femoris muscle and inferior gemellus muscle. It also provides sensory innervation to the hip joint.
References
Nerves of the lower limb and lower torso
|
24094213
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Lodge%20%28civil%20servant%29
|
Thomas Lodge (civil servant)
|
Thomas Lodge (23 May 1882 – 10 February 1958) was a British civil servant and Liberal Party politician.
Born in Liverpool, Lodge was educated at the Liverpool Institute and Trinity College, Cambridge, from which he graduated in history in 1904. He joined the Board of Trade as an upper division clerk in 1905 and was promoted to principal clerk in 1917. In February 1918, he was appointed assistant secretary of the Ministry of Shipping, and in July 1919 he became secretary and represented the department at the Versailles Conference. He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1920 New Year War Honours.
He resigned from the Civil Service in March 1920, and from 1921 to 1930 served as honorary financial adviser to Fridtjof Nansen in his philanthropic work for the League of Nations and Russia. He was a member of the Commission of Government of Newfoundland from 1934 to 1937.
In 1939, he was Liberal prospective parliamentary candidate for Bedford. In 1945, he was Liberal parliamentary candidate for St Marylebone, finishing fourth with 8% of the vote.
Footnotes
1882 births
1958 deaths
People educated at Liverpool Institute High School for Boys
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Permanent Secretaries of the Ministry of Shipping
Civil servants in the Board of Trade
Members of the Newfoundland Commission of Government
Companions of the Order of the Bath
People from Liverpool
Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
|
59644513
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867%20Chicago%20mayoral%20election
|
1867 Chicago mayoral election
|
In the Chicago mayoral election of 1867, incumbent Republican John Blake Rice won reelection, defeating Democrat Francis Cornwall Sherman by a nearly ten-point margin.
The election was held on April 16. It was ultimately a rematch of the previous election. This was Chicago's first mayoral election held after the conclusion of the American Civil War.
This was the final election before a law that would move mayoral elections from April to November.
Results
References
Mayoral elections in Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
1860s in Chicago
|
23423041
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Smith%20%28footballer%2C%20born%20July%201954%29
|
Gordon Smith (footballer, born July 1954)
|
Gordon Melville Smith (3 July 1954 – 5 April 2014) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a full back.
Career
Born in Partick, he played for the amateur clubs Rangers B.C. and Glasgow United before turning professional with St Johnstone, at which time he was a forward before switching to a defensive role. He also played in England for Aston Villa, Tottenham Hotspur and Wolverhampton Wanderers, and in the United States for Pittsburgh Spirit. While at Aston Villa, Smith helped them win the 1976–77 Football League Cup, in the final of which he featured as a substitute in the second and decisive replay.
While with St Johnstone he gained four Scottish under-23 caps.
Personal life and death
After his playing career, Smith ran a business which installed the special perimeter hoardings used in UEFA Champions League stadia.
He died on 5 April 2014 from natural causes. His grandfather Willie Salisbury was also a footballer, primarily for Partick Thistle.
References
External links
St Johnstone FC obituary
1954 births
2014 deaths
Scottish footballers
Association football fullbacks
St Johnstone F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
Scotland youth international footballers
Scotland under-23 international footballers
Scottish expatriate footballers
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Phoenix Inferno players
Pittsburgh Spirit players
People from Partick
Footballers from Glasgow
|
61741254
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf%20Oil%20Company%20Filling%20Station
|
Gulf Oil Company Filling Station
|
Gulf Oil Company Filling Station or similar may refer to:
Gulf Oil Company Filling Station (Stamps, Arkansas)
Gulf Oil Company Service Station (Paragould, Arkansas)
|
668192
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee
|
Dee
|
Dee may refer to:
People
Surname
Dee, an alternate spelling of the Welsh surname Day
Dee, a romanization of several Chinese surnames, including:
Those listed at Di (surname)
Some Hokkien pronunciations of the surname Li ()
Di Renjie (630–700), Duke Wenhui of Liang, a Tang dynasty official
Arthur Dee (1579–1651), a physician and alchemist
Billy Dee, retired African American adult film actor
Bob Dee (1933–1979), American football defensive end
Daisy Dee (born 1970), Dutch singer, actress and TV host
Dave Dee (1943–2009), English singer-songwriter, musician, A&R manager, fundraiser and businessman
Ed Dee (born 1940), American author
Frances Dee (1909–2004), American actress
Gerry Dee (born 1968), Canadian comedian
Jack Dee (born 1961), British comedian
Jeff Dee (born 1961), American artist and game designer
Joey Dee (born 1940), American singer, of Joey Dee and the Starliters
John Dee (1527 – 1608 or 1609), English mathematician and alchemist
John Dee (disambiguation) for other people with the name
Kiki Dee (born 1947), English singer
Kool Moe Dee (born 1962), American hip hop MC
Leo Dee (1931-2004), American artist
Marvin R. Dee (1917-1977), American lawyer, businessman, and politician
Mike Dee, American sports executive
Mike Dee (baseball coach) (born 1958), American college baseball coach
Mikkey Dee (born 1963), Swedish drummer with the band Motörhead
Papa Dee (born 1966), Swedish rap, ragga and dancehall musician
Roger Dee (1914–2004), American author
Ruby Dee (1922–2014), African-American actress and activist
Sandra Dee (1942–2005), American actress
Simon Dee (1935–2009), British television interviewer and radio disc jockey
Given name
Diminutive for the name David, common in the UK and Ireland
Dee Bradley Baker (born 1962), American voice actor
Dee Brown (disambiguation)
Dee Dowis (1968–2016), American football player
Dee Dee Myers, first female White House press secretary
Dee Dee Ramone, punk musician
Dee Benson, American judge
Dee Bradley Baker, American voice actor
Dee Delaney (born 1995), American football player
Dee Duponte (1910/11–1971), Hawaii territorial politician
Dee Gordon, American baseball player
Dee Harvey (1965–2012), American R&B singer
Dee Hepburn (born 1961), a Scottish former actress
Dee Martin, American football player
Dee Palmer (*1937), English musician
Dee Roscioli, American actress
Dee Scarr, scuba diver and environmentalist in Bonaire
Dee Snider, singer
Stage name or nickname
Dee (singer), Canadian
Dee (artist), Swedish
Dee (nickname), a list of people nicknamed "Dee"
Fictional characters
Judge Dee, a semi-fictional character based on Di Renjie, Duke Wenhui of Liang
Anastasia Dualla or Dee, character from the television series Battlestar Galactica
Deandra Reynolds, "Sweet Dee" of the television series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
Dee Dee, Dexter's sister from the cartoon Dexter's Laboratory
Dee, a secret character in the Darkstalkers fighting game series
Gandra Dee, a Duck Tales character
Waddle Dee, a Kirby character
Deema, on the American animated television series Bubble Guppies
Dee Thomas, from the sitcom What's Happening!!
As an abbreviation
Department of the Environment and Energy, Australia
Dundee railway station, station code
Yuzhno-Kurilsk Mendeleyevo Airport, IATA code
Dead-end elimination
Other uses
De'e, a town in Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County, Guangxi, China
Dee, a song in the album Blizzard of Ozz
Dee (gender identity)
A D-shaped electrode in a cyclotron
A D-shaped ring, a D-ring or dee-ring
The letter "D" in English alphabet#Letter names
See also
D (disambiguation)
River Dee (disambiguation)
HMS Dee, Royal Navy ships
Dee Dee
Hypocorisms
|
50479009
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud%20Almas
|
Mahmoud Almas
|
Mahmoud Saeed Ibrahim Almas (; born 8 September 1983) is an Emirati footballer who plays as a goalkeeper.
References
External links
Emirati footballers
1983 births
Living people
Sharjah FC players
Al Ain FC players
Al Rams Club players
UAE First Division League players
UAE Pro League players
Association football goalkeepers
|
60599039
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Muscatt
|
Joe Muscatt
|
Joseph Muscatt (born 15 December 1997) is a footballer who plays as a midfielder for Welling United. Born in England, he represents the Malta national football team.
Club career
Muscatt began his career with Tottenham Hotspur before being released at the end of the 2016–17 season. Later that summer he joined Bolton Wanderers after a trial period a signed his first professional deal the following year, agreeing a one-year deal. In January 2019, he joined League Two side Salford City on a one-month loan deal. He left Bolton Wanderers at the end of his contract in the summer of 2019. In July 2020, Muscatt joined the reserve team of German club Paderborn.
International career
On 29 September 2020, Muscatt received his first call-up to the Malta national team. On 7 October 2020, he made his senior international debut, starting in a 2-0 friendly win over Gibraltar.
Personal life
Muscatt holds a Maltese passport.
Career statistics
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
Maltese footballers
Malta international footballers
English footballers
English people of Maltese descent
Association football defenders
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Salford City F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
English expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Germany
English expatriate sportspeople in Germany
SC Paderborn 07 II players
Welling United F.C. players
|
48662766
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter%20%28given%20name%29
|
Hunter (given name)
|
Hunter is an English unisex given name. Notable people with the name include:
Hunter Doherty Adams, better known as Patch Adams (born 1945), American physician and activist
Hunter Biden (born 1970), American lawyer and son of U.S. president Joe Biden
Hunter Bishop (born 1998), American baseball player
Hunter Bradley (American football) (born 1994), American football player
Hunter Bryant (born 1998), American football player
Hunter Burgan (born 1976), American bassist
Hunter Carpenter, American football player
Hunter Clowdus (born 1991), American actor
Hunter Davies (born 1936), British writer
Hunter Foster (born 1969), American actor
Hunter J. Francois (1924–2014), Saint Lucian politician
Hunter Freeman (born 1985), American soccer player
Hunter Gomez (born 1991), American actor
Hunter Hayes (born 1991), American country music singer
Hunter Hearst Helmsley (born 1969), ring name of American wrestler Paul Levesque
Hunter Hillenmeyer (born 1980), American football player
Hunter Johnson (disambiguation), multiple people
Hunter Kampmoyer (born 1998), American football player
Hunter King (born 1993), American actress
Hunter Lewis (born 1947), American economist
Hunter Liggett (1857–1935), American general
Hunter Long (born 1998), American football player
Hunter Lovins (born 1950), American author, educator and promoter
Hunter Mahan (born 1982), American golfer
Hunter Meighan (1914–2008), American politician
Hunter McGuire (1835–1900), American physician
Hunter Niswander (born 1994), American football player
Hunter Pitts O'Dell (1923-2019), American activist
Hunter Parrish (born 1987), American actor
Hunter Pence (born 1983), American baseball player
Hunter Renfrow (born 1995), American football player
Hunter Schafer, American fashion model, actress, artist, and LGBT rights activist
Hunter Shinkaruk (born 1995), Canadian ice hockey player
Hunter Smith (born 1977), American football player
Hunter S. Thompson (1937–2005), American writer
Hunter Tylo (born 1962), American actress
Hunter Wendelstedt (born 1971), American baseball umpire
Fictional characters
Hunter Van Pelt, character in the 1995 film Jumanji
Hunter Bradley, character in the television series Power Rangers: Ninja Storm
Hunter Clarington, character in the television series "Glee"
Hunter Zolomon, a DC Comics supervillain known as Zoom
Hunter, character from Neil Gaiman's 1996 novel Neverwhere
Hunter Hollingsworth, character on Degrassi portrayed by Spencer MacPherson
Hunter Throbheart, the boy in WordGirl
See also
Hunter (surname)
English masculine given names
English feminine given names
English unisex given names
|
12025914
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno%20Kozelsky
|
Arno Kozelsky
|
Arno Kozelsky (born November 1, 1981) is an Austrian footballer, currently playing for SKN St. Pölten.
Club career
Kozelsky played for lower league sides Liebenfels and Bleiburg before joining Austrian Football Bundesliga outfit FC Kärnten for the second half of the 2002-2003 season. In 2004, he signed for DSV Leoben. He impressed in a trial with Hibernian in May 2007, and joined Hibernian at their pre-season training camp to try to get a contract with the club.
After an unsuccessful bid at training camp with Hibernian, he was immediately resigned by Austrian club DSV Leoben in 2007. In summer 2008 he moved to promoted Kapfenberg.
External links
Player profile - Kapfenberger SV
References
1981 births
Living people
Association football forwards
Austrian footballers
SVG Bleiburg players
FC Kärnten players
DSV Leoben players
Kapfenberger SV players
SKN St. Pölten players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
|
36664365
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengpui%20River
|
Mengpui River
|
The Mengpui is a river of Mizoram, northeastern India. It rises near Lunglei town in Chhimtuipui district.
References
Rivers of Mizoram
Rivers of India
|
19035937
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remb%C3%B3w%2C%20%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie%20Voivodeship
|
Rembów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
|
Rembów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raków, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately north of Raków and south-east of the regional capital Kielce.
The village has a population of 330.
References
Villages in Kielce County
Radom Governorate
Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939)
|
6199774
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak%20Turf%20Club
|
Perak Turf Club
|
Perak Turf Club is the major Thoroughbred horse racing facility in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. The Club is a part of the Malayan Racing Association.
The Perak Turf Club was established in 1884; it was the first exclusive turf club ever built in Perak. The establishment of the Perak Turf Club at Taiping was the idea of Sir Frank Swettenham, who was passionate about horse racing. The new race course was located at Waterfall Road, later changed to Race Course Road, near the Lake Gardens. It held ordinary racing in the Federated Malay States—the major tournaments held at Penang, Selangor or Singapore. In 1906, it had a membership of about 250. The present course is at Waterfall Road, Taiping, which is 7 furlongs in length. There was an old course, situated about three miles away from Taiping, at which the current races were then run. In 1886, Burma ponies provided most of the racing and the meetings were primarily social functions. The turf club was the only club that attracted people of all classes, especially the Chinese, to mingle around, because of the sweepstakes and lotteries, as they preferred to gamble as their favourite pastime. Sir E.W. Birch, a racing enthusiast, would travel to distant Turf Clubs just to join the major tournament, and was crucial to developing racing interest in the area. In 1934, when the importance of Taiping had declined below that of Ipoh, the club was shifted to Ipoh, still bearing the same name.
The Club's major annual races are:
Perak Coronation Cup
Perak Derby
Sultan Gold Vase
References
The Perak Turf club at Turfonline.com
Taiping Clubs
Turf clubs in Malaysia
Buildings and structures in Ipoh
Sports venues in Perak
|
64514059
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard%20Times%20%28Traveller%29
|
Hard Times (Traveller)
|
Hard Times is a supplement published by Game Designers' Workshop (GDW) in 1991 for the science fiction role-playing game MegaTraveller.
Contents
Hard Times moves the Traveller universe forward into a time where the galaxy is riven by economic stagnation and collapse of the empire. Rick Swan wrote, "Planets are gasping for life like guppies flung from a fish bowl, and the luckless survivors face a future of staggering adversity."
The book is divided into two main sections:
An introduction, where gamemasters are advised what adjustments they should make to their MegaTraveller campaigns. This section also includes tables about damage to planetary biospheres, changes to tech levels, and new maps of the Shattered Imperium.
Most of the book is taken up by a ten-adventure campaign, with each adventure covering one step in the decline and fall of the now-defunct Imperium:
Destruction of interstellar transport
Collapse of financial markets
Economic recession
Corporate reconfiguration
Raiders and pirates
Isolationism
Retooling hardware
Dooomed worlds
The Imperium fails
The darkness begins
Publication history
GDW originally published Traveller, one of the first science fiction role-playing games, in 1977. By the late 1980s, despite a number of new editions including MegaTraveller, sales of the once-popular game had fallen off. In the 2014 book Designers & Dragons: The '70s, game historian Shannon Appelcline explained the steps GDW took to try to regenerate interest: "Dave Nilsen, one of GDW's new hires, headed the final attempts to correct MegaTravellers problems. He began work with Hard Times (1991), a MegaTraveller book by Charles Gannon that moved the Traveller timeline from the year 1122 to 1128. It was an attempt by GDW to start actually moving MegaTravellers metaplot, rather than leaving it in stasis. Though some thought it a great supplement because it did something, others thought that it made the once optimistic background of Traveller brutal and hopeless." Appelcline also noted that in preparation for Traveller: The New Era, "GDW did something very surprising: they destroyed the Imperium. A book called Survival Margin (1993) artfully detailed the transition from MegaTraveller through Hard Times into the New Era in prose form.
Hard Times was designed by Charles Gannon, with additional contributions by Terrence McInnes, Tom McCarol, Mark Cunningham, and J. Duncan Law-Green. Interior art was by Thomas Darrel Midgette, Kirk Wescom and Lawrence Williams, and cover art was by David Dorman. The 96-page hardcover book was published by GDW in 1991.
Reviews
In the July 1992 edition of Dragon (Issue #183), Rick Swan admired the new direction of the MegaTraveller universe, calling it "a chilling look at the Shattered Imperium in the aftermath of the War of the Rebellion. If the MegaTraveller game heated up the universe of the original Traveller game, Hard Times incinerates it." Swan concluded, "It's fascinating material, masterfully done."
References
Traveller (role-playing game) supplements
|
25851513
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistura%20maepaiensis
|
Schistura maepaiensis
|
Schistura maepaiensis is a species of ray-finned fish, a stone loach in the genus Schistura. It has been recorded from the Salween basin in Mae Hong Son and Tak Provinces in north western Thailand and may also occur in Myanamar. Its habitat is riffles in streams with a gravel or stone bed and a moderate to fast current. It is occasionally found in the aquarium trade and its populations may be affected by any human activities which interrupt fast flowing water, such as logging or agriculture.
References
M
Fish described in 1990
|
59665095
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemo%20Bahari
|
Nemo Bahari
|
Nemo Bahari (born 23 March 1975) is an Indonesian boxer. He competed in the men's featherweight event at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Indonesian male boxers
Olympic boxers of Indonesia
Boxers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Asian Games medalists in boxing
Boxers at the 1994 Asian Games
Asian Games bronze medalists for Indonesia
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
Featherweight boxers
|
12593777
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luch
|
Luch
|
Luch may refer to:
Luch (newspaper), a Menshevik daily newspaper in Russia, published from 1912 to 1913
Luch Stadium, a stadium in Gomel, Belarus
Luch (watch), a watch brand made in Minsk, Belarus
Luch (rural locality), several rural localities in Russia
Luch (satellite), a series of Russian relay satellites
Luch (landform), an area of originally expansive, boggy lowland in northeast Germany
See also
FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok, a soccer team based in Vladivostok, Russia
Luchs (disambiguation)
|
32048726
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Fisher%20%28writer%29
|
John Fisher (writer)
|
John Fisher was Town Clerk and bailiff of Warwick and a writer.
He was Town Clerk of Warwick from 1563 to 1590, bailiff for 1564–65 and 1580–81 and steward, auditor and surveyor in 1570.
From 1565 to 1590 he compiled his 'Black Book of Warwick', an intimate log of corporation meetings, ceremonies, lawsuits, and quarrels.
He was elected Member of Parliament for Warwick in 1571, 1572 and 1584. He is sometimes mistaken for his brother Thomas Fisher, also a Member of Parliament for the town.
References
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
People from Warwick
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
English MPs 1571
English MPs 1572–1583
English MPs 1584–1585
English male writers
|
12488817
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove%20vireo
|
Mangrove vireo
|
The mangrove vireo (Vireo pallens) is a species of bird in the family Vireonidae.
Description
A drab olive or olive-grey bird, the mangrove vireo has yellow lores and two white wing bars. Sexes are similar. It is approximately long. There are two disjunct populations of this vireo: Caribbean and Pacific. The Caribbean population has both yellow and grey colour phases, while the Pacific population has no colour phases.
Subspecies
There are 10 known subspecies:
V. p. angulensis (Parkes, 1990): The Bay Islands of Honduras.
V. p. browningi (A. R. Phillips, 1991): Southeastern Nicaragua.
V. p. nicoyensis (Parkes, 1990): Peninsula and Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica.
V. p. ochraceus (Salvin, 1863): Pacific mangroves from Oaxaca to El Salvador (Sometimes lumped with V. p. paluster).
V. p. olsoni (A. R. Phillips, 1991): Parts of Belize.
V. p. pallens (Salvin, 1863): Honduras and Nicaragua.
V. p. paluster (R. T. Moore, 1938): Pacific mangroves from Sonora to Nayarit (Sometimes lumped with V. p. ochraceus).
V. p. salvini (Van Rossem, 1934): Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico and adjacent islands.
V. p. semiflavus (Salvin, 1863): Southernmost Campeche, southernmost Quintana Roo, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras.
V. p. wetmorei (A. R. Phillips, 1991): Easternmost Guatemala.
Range and habitat
It is found in Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. The Pacific population is restricted, as the name suggests, to mangroves, while the Caribbean population occupies a wider range of habitats.
Status
The IUCN has classified this species as being of Least Concern.
References
External links
mangrove vireo
Birds of Central America
Birds of Belize
Birds of the Yucatán Peninsula
Birds of the Caribbean
mangrove vireo
mangrove vireo
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
|
39805468
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healds%20Green
|
Healds Green
|
Healds Green is a hamlet in the town of Chadderton in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Greater Manchester.
It is located in Chadderton's semi rural northern area and lies just to the north of Chadderton Fold, the ancient focal point of the township.
Most of the area around Healds Green is currently green belt. A substantial area of this green belt area could potentially be lost to industrial development under proposals put forward in 2018 by the Greater Manchester Combined Authority to extend the Stakehill Industrial Estate in nearby Thornham into the North Chadderton green belt area. The proposals have met local opposition and a protest group, Save Chadderton Green Belt, has formed in opposition to the proposals.
History
A hamlet of forty-one houses and cottages, Healds Green boasts what is believed to be one of Chadderton's oldest surviving buildings. Dating from 1789 and known as The Institute, it was built as a chapel for Methodists and as a hall for everyone. The Institute is now a place where social functions are sometimes held. The building was also used as a grammar school.
In 1811 Healds Green was the meeting place for Chadderton's main contingent of townsfolk who marched to Manchester for the ill-fated political demonstration that came to be known as the Peterloo Massacre.
Healds Green Methodist Church was founded in 1865. The church held its last service in September 2016 and has now closed due to dwindling congregations. In September 2019 the local authority approved plans to convert the church into a five-bedroom luxury home, the works to be completed within a timescale of three years.
References
Areas of Chadderton
|
26371533
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upended%20Sugarloaf
|
Upended Sugarloaf
|
The Upended Sugarloaf (in German: Der umgestülpte Zuckerhut) is a half-timbered house in the city of Hildesheim in the federal state of Lower Saxony in Germany.
History and architecture
The Upended Sugarloaf is a historic building in Saint Andrew's Place (Andreasplatz) in the center of Hildesheim, opposite Saint Andrew's Church. Originally, it was built in the Middle Ages between 1500 and 1510, but the exact year and the architect's name remain unknown. The shape of the building is very unusual, looking similar to an upended sugarloaf. The ground floor is 17 m² in space, the first floor is larger and the second floor covers 29 m².
Destruction
In the Second World War, the Upended Sugarloaf was slightly damaged during an air raid on 22 February 1945. On 22 March 1945, however, the building was completely destroyed by incendiary bombs. After the war, the Upended Sugarloaf was not immediately rebuilt. The space which had been occupied by the building was not used for building purposes again before 2009.
Reconstruction
In the 1980s, the historic market place of Hildesheim, which had been destroyed in 1945 as well, was reconstructed in the authentic style using old photos and construction plans. From 2000 on, the Altstadtgilde, a private association dedicated to the embellishment of the city, started collecting funds to reconstruct the Upended Sugarloaf and bought the piece of land where the building had stood before the war. Many inhabitants donated money for the project, as the Altstadtgilde intended to give the building to the City of Hildesheim as a present. The City Council, however, hesitated a long time before accepting the present, but finally the building permit was granted on 4 February 2009.
The reconstruction using 60 cubic meters of oak wood and 728 wooden pegs was started on 27 October 2009. Many inhabitants of Hildesheim provided old photos and drawings for the project, as the original construction plans were not preserved. The construction of the foundation was completed on 9 November 2009 and the Roofing Ceremony was held on 3 February 2010. The building was inaugurated on 8 October 2010. The Upended Sugarloaf is now used as a café. The Association Altstadtgilde as building sponsor estimated that the total costs of the reconstruction amounted to €1,500,000.
References
Sources
Jens-Uwe Brinkmann: Hildesheim - so wie es war. Droste Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf 1976. .
Hans Schlotter: Hildesheim in alten Ansichtskarten - Band 1. Verlag Europäische Bibliothek, Zaltbommel/NL 1993. .
Buildings and structures in Hildesheim
Houses completed in 2010
Rebuilt buildings and structures in Germany
Tourist attractions in Hildesheim
|
60062931
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tognazzi
|
Tognazzi
|
Tognazzi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gianmarco Tognazzi (born 1967), Italian actor
Maria Sole Tognazzi (born 1971), Italian film director
Ricky Tognazzi (born 1955), Italian actor and film director
Ugo Tognazzi (1922-1990), Italian film, television, and theater actor, director, and screenwriter
See also
Carlos Antognazzi
Luca Tognozzi
Bruce Tognazzini
|
14224978
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMU%20Mustangs%20football
|
SMU Mustangs football
|
The SMU Mustangs football program is a college football team representing Southern Methodist University (SMU) in University Park in Dallas County, Texas. The team competes in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as a member of the American Athletic Conference (The American).
History
Early history (1915–1917)
In June 1915, Ray Morrison became SMU's football, baseball, basketball, and track coach, in addition to being a math instructor. The football team began as a member of the Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association, playing at Armstrong Field. The first game played by SMU's football team was a 13–2 victory over Hendrix College. After winning two games in a span of two seasons, Morrison left SMU for Fort Oglethorpe upon the United States’ entry into World War I.
During this time, the football team was known as "the Parsons", due to the large number of theology students on the team. On October 17, 1917, the name "Mustangs" was selected as the school's mascot. For the 1917 season, Morrison was replaced by J. Burton Rix, who led the Mustangs to a 3–2–3 record in their final season in the TIAA.
Joining the Southwest Conference (1918–1921)
The 1918 season was the first of many seasons for the SMU Mustangs as a member of the Southwest Conference, joining Baylor University, Rice University, the University of Texas, Texas A&M University, the University of Arkansas, and Oklahoma A&M University. The Mustangs’ first season in the conference ended with a 4–2 record. J. Burton Rix continued to coach the team until the 1921 season, in which he was replaced by W.A. Cunningham and Victor Kelly, his co-coaches that season, as the team went on to lose six games.
The return of Morrison (1922–1934)
Ray Morrison returned to SMU in 1922, co-coaching the team with former Vanderbilt teammate Ewing Y. Freeland. For the 1922 and 1923 seasons, Morrison focused on the backfield and ends, while Freeland focused on the linemen. The team became known as the "Aerial Circus" by sportswriters because of Morrison's passing offense. Morrison became known as "the father of the forward pass", due to the team's use of passing on first and second downs, instead of as a play of last resort. At the time, most teams utilized the forward pass five to six times in one game, while SMU did so between 30 and 40 times.
In the 1922 season, the Mustangs compiled a 6–3–1 record. Furthermore, end Gene Bedford and back Logan Stollenwerck were named first-team All-Southwest Conference, becoming the first SMU football players to receive that honor. Bedford was the first player to play in the National Football League, for the Rochester Jeffersons.
In the 1923 season, the SMU Mustangs achieved a perfect 9–0 record, winning their first conference football title in school history. After this season, Freeland left the SMU football team, later becoming head coach for the Texas Technological College football team, leaving Morrison as the sole head coach for SMU. SMU played in their first bowl game in 1924, in the Dixie Classic against West Virginia Wesleyan College, but lost that game 7–9.
By 1926, the team began playing their home games at Ownby Stadium. In their first game at Ownby Stadium, the Mustangs defeated North Texas State Teachers College 42–0, led by quarterback Gerald Mann. The first Homecoming game was also played in 1926, resulting in a 14–13 victory over Texas Christian University.
The team continued to have winning seasons until the 1932 season. The Mustangs won their second conference title in 1926, compiling an 8–0–1 record, and a third conference title in 1931, compiling a 9–0–1 record. In 1928, guard Choc Sanders became SMU's first All-American, as well the first All-American from the Southwest Conference. In 1929, tackle Marion Hammon became SMU's second All-American. After a winning 1934 season, Morrison left SMU to take over the Vanderbilt Commodores football team after the retirement of Dan McGugin.
A national championship (1935–1941)
Morrison was replaced by Matty Bell in 1935. In his first season, Bell led the Mustangs to a 12–1 record. During this season, the Mustangs were ranked number one in the nation. In order to play in the Rose Bowl against the Stanford Indians football team for the unofficial national championship, SMU faced off against the TCU Horned Frogs, who featured star quarterback Sammy Baugh.
The Mustangs had three more winning seasons from 1936 to 1939. SMU failed to win the Southwest Conference title in 1940, despite having the same conference record as the Texas A&M Aggies. After a 5–5 season in 1941, Bell left SMU to serve in the United States Navy during World War II.
The war years (1942–1944)
With Bell in the Navy, Jimmy Stewart took his place as head coach. In his three seasons as head coach, Stewart compiled an overall record of 10–18–2. Bell returned as head coach for the 1945 season.
Doak Walker era (1945–1949)
Upon Bell's return as SMU's head coach, the team also gained halfback and placekicker Doak Walker. Walker won All-Southwest Conference honors his freshman year in 1945 and played in the East–West Shrine Game in San Francisco. Walker did not play for the 1946 season due to serving in the United States Army, yet re-enrolled at SMU and rejoined the football team for the 1947 season.
The Mustangs posted a 9–0–2 record in 1947, winning their sixth Southwest Conference title. In the same season, the team played against the Penn State Nittany Lions in the Cotton Bowl Classic, resulting in a 13–13 tie. Walker threw a 53-yard touchdown pass and scored on two-yard run in this game. Walker earned the Maxwell Award during this season.
During the 1948 season, the Mustangs won their seventh conference title, posting a 9–1–1 record. The team played in the Cotton Bowl Classic once more, defeating the Oregon Webfoots, who were led by quarterback Norm Van Brocklin, 21–13, making it their first victory in a bowl game in school history. Doak Walker, winning All-American honors, also won the Heisman Trophy, the first Mustang to do so in school history. Additionally, the Mustangs permanently moved to the Cotton Bowl for their home games this season, after playing only limited numbers of games in that stadium in years previous. In their final game at Ownby Stadium, the Mustangs defeated Texas Tech 41–6. Due to Doak Walker's popularity and gate draw—also as an allusion to 1923 Yankee Stadium's ″House that Ruth Built″ moniker referring to that stadium's likewise excess of capacity—the Cotton Bowl became regionally known as "The House that Doak Built".
The 1949 season was both Doak Walker's and coach Matty Bell's last as part of SMU's varsity football team and program. The team posted a 5–4–1 record. Walker won All-American honors a third time, the most for any football player in SMU's history. Bell continued to serve SMU as the athletic director, while Walker played in the NFL for the Detroit Lions. Over the course of his career at SMU, Walker rushed for 1,954 yards, passed for 1,638 yards, scored 288 points, punted for a 39.4 average and kicked field goals and extra points. He is also the Mustangs' all-time leader in punt return yards with 750—that was during an "era" of NCAA single-platoon substitution rules. Bell left the head coaching position at SMU with a 79–40–8 record, including three Southwest Conference titles, a bowl game victory, and a national championship.
Russell, Woodard, and Meek eras (1950–1961)
Bell was replaced by Rusty Russell in 1950. Russell previously served as quarterbacks and running backs coach from 1945 to 1949, and is attributed to luring Doak Walker away from the University of Texas. In three seasons as head coach, Russell compiled a 13–15–2 record. After a strong first season, in which the Mustangs were ranked number one in the nation, the team suffered two losing seasons. Becoming increasingly under fire, Russell resigned as head coach after the 1952 season.
Kyle Rote, who filled Doak Walker's place on the team, led the Southwest Conference with 777 yards rushing in 1949, and was named an All-American following the 1950 season. Quarterback Fred Benners led the Mustangs to perhaps their greatest win of the decade when he completed 22 of 42 passes for 336 yards to beat Notre Dame, 27–20, in Notre Dame, Indiana on October 13, 1951. Benners connected on TD passes of 57, 37, 31 and four yards to four different receivers as the Mustangs beat the Fighting Irish in what was one of the highlights in a 3–6–1 season. Furthermore, Forrest Gregg became part of the team in 1952, and became a two-time All-Southwest Conference player by 1955, later moving on to the NFL. Moreover, David Powell became SMU's first Academic All-American winner in the 1952 season.
Woody Woodard took Russell's place as head coach in 1953. Woodard compiled a 19–20–1 record in his four seasons as head coach for SMU, resigning after two consecutive losing seasons. During the 1954 season, wide receiver Raymond Berry was elected as a co-captain, despite only catching 11 passes for 144 yards, winning All-Southwest Conference and Academic All-American honors, and later played in the NFL for the Baltimore Colts.
Woodard was replaced by Bill Meek in 1957, who was coming off of a Missouri Valley Conference title-winning season with the Houston Cougars football team. In five seasons with SMU, Meek compiled a 17–29–4 record. During Meek's time as head coach, quarterback Don Meredith earned All-American honors in 1958 and 1959, with his .610 career completion percentage being the best of any passer in SMU history, with a tremendous running ability increasing pressure on opposing defenses. The 1960 season, though, proved particularly bad for the Mustangs, as they went 0–9–1, with the only game decided by less than 10 points being a 0–0 tie with Texas A&M.
Hayden Fry era (1962–1972)
Hayden Fry became the eighth head coach in 1962. The Mustangs hosted the fourth-ranked Navy Midshipmen and its quarterback, Roger Staubach, on October 11, 1963, at the Cotton Bowl. On its way to a 4–7 season, SMU was given little chance to beat the Midshipmen. Little-known sophomore John Roderick rushed for 146 yards on 11 carries and scored on touchdown runs of 45 and two yards for the Mustangs. The SMU defense, led by Bob Oyler, Martin Cude, Bill Harlan, Harold Magers and Doug January, sent Staubach to the bench twice with a dislocated left shoulder. Trailing 28–26 with 2:52 remaining in the game, SMU had one last chance to pull off the upset. Quarterback Danny Thomas threw to Billy Gannon, who ran to the Navy 46. On the next play, Roderick took a pitchout 23 yards to the 23. After a pass interference penalty against Navy put the ball on the one-yard line, Gannon plowed over the right tackle for the winning touchdown with 2:05 left. The SMU defense held off Staubach's effort to rally his team for one last score, as the Mustangs pulled off the 32–28 upset. Despite a losing record in 1963, the Mustangs played in the Sun Bowl, their first since the 1948 season, against the Oregon Webfoots, losing 14–21.
When Fry took the job at SMU, he was promised that he would be allowed to recruit black athletes. Jerry LeVias became the first black player signed to a football scholarship in the Southwest Conference. In 1966, LeVias made his debut one week after John Hill Westbrook of Baylor became the first black player to play for a conference team. Fry received abuse for recruiting a black player to SMU in the form of hate mail and threatening phone calls, but he downplayed the treatment, because the harassment of LeVias was much, much worse.
During the 1966 season, Hayden Fry lifted SMU back to national prominence, when SMU was ranked ninth in the nation and won its first conference championship in 18 years, their seventh overall. Fry also won Conference Coach of the Year. SMU lost the Cotton Bowl Classic to the Georgia Bulldogs 9–24. John LaGrone, who earned conference honors from 1964 to 1966, was the first Mustang player to be selected as both an All-American and Academic All-American when he was honored following the 1966 season.
During the 1968 season, combined with quarterback Chuck Hixson, Levias helped lead the Mustangs to a 28–27 win over Oklahoma in the 1968 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl, giving SMU its first bowl victory since the 1949 Cotton Bowl Classic. SMU and Oklahoma combined to score 35 points in the fourth quarter. SMU stopped Oklahoma short of a potential game-winning two-point conversion with 1:16 left to play. LeVias was selected as an all-conference player as a senior for the third time.
Fry's Mustangs then had just a 12–20 record over the next three years from 1969 to 1971. That put Fry's job in jeopardy, and rumors started to swirl after the Mustangs started the 1972 season at 4–4. Not even a three-game winning streak could save Fry. After a 7–4 season in 1972, Fry was fired at SMU, which robbed the Mustangs of a bowl berth. In his 11 seasons at SMU, Fry compiled a 49–66–1 record.
Dave Smith era (1973–1975)
After Fry's departure, Dave Smith, a former assistant coach under Fry, took his place as head coach. Coming off of a 7–4 season with Oklahoma State, Smith had two consecutive 6–4–1 seasons with SMU, with his final season resulting in a 4–7 record. In three seasons with SMU, Smith compiled a 16–15–2 record. Smith was replaced by Ron Meyer in 1976.
A winning record (1976–1986)
Coach Ron Meyer came to SMU in 1976 from the Dallas Cowboys in the 1970s (including a Super Bowl win) and a stint with UNLV. Coach Meyer was notable for his recruiting tactics, including visits each year to the homes of 70 or more of the top recruits per year. His most notable recruits were future NFL running backs Eric Dickerson and Craig James before the 1979 season, as both their high school teams went 15–0 and won state championships. Combined with blue chip running back Charles Waggoner, the three backs were nicknamed the "Pony Express" running attack and shredded opposing defenses in the option offense led by quarterback Lance McIlhenny. In 1981, the Mustangs' performance earned them recognition by the National Championship Foundation as national champions. The final Associated Press poll ranked SMU No. 5, four spots behind AP national champion Clemson. The team was not ranked in the coaches' poll at all due to a rule forbidding teams on probation from consideration.
Coach Meyer left to become the head coach of the New England Patriots in 1982, and SMU hired Coach Bobby Collins, then head coach at the University of Southern Mississippi. Dickerson finished 3rd in the Heisman Trophy voting in 1982, and the team claimed a share of its second consecutive national championship as the Helms Athletic Foundation recognized SMU as champion instead of consensus champion Penn State; the Mustangs did, however, finish second in both the AP and coaches' polls.
SMU posted a 49–9–1 record from 1980 to 1984, which was the highest win percentage (.839) in Division I-A over that span.
"Death Penalty" and decades of rebuilding (1987–2007)
In 1987, SMU football became the first, and only, football program in collegiate athletic history to receive the "death penalty" for repeat violation of NCAA rules; that is, having a sports program fully terminated for a determined amount of time. SMU's football program was terminated for the 1987 season because the university was making approximately $61,000 in booster payments from 1985 to 1986. It later emerged that a slush fund had been used to pay players as early as the mid-1970s, and athletic officials had known about it as early as 1981.
SMU was eligible for the "death penalty" because it had been placed on probation in 1985 for recruiting violations. Since many potential student-athletes were poor, boosters would induce them to sign with SMU by offering them payments and expense coverage. Several key boosters and administration officials determined that it would not only be unethical to cut off those payments, but also potentially problematic as some boosters were contractually obligated to pay the athletes for the duration of their time at SMU. There was also the real potential of disgruntled football players "blowing the whistle" on SMU should the payments not continue. When the sanctions were handed down, SMU had three players – all seniors about to graduate – receiving payments. Not long afterward, SMU announced that its football team would stay shuttered for the 1988 season as well after school officials received indications that they wouldn't have enough experienced players to field a viable team, as most of the team had left the university and transferred to other institutions. Forrest Gregg, an SMU alum who was the head coach of the Green Bay Packers, was hired in 1988 to help rebuild the team. The decimation of the program meant that Gregg was left with an undersized and underweight lineup.
The Mustangs struggled for 20 years to recover from the effects of the scandal. Coach Gregg compiled a 3–19 record in his two seasons. He moved on to be the SMU Athletic Director from 1990 through 1994. The program's chances of ever recovering were likely ruined by the collapse of the Southwest Conference after the 1995 season; SMU wound up in the WAC and later in Conference USA.
The Mustangs had three more head coaches and only one winning season through the completion of the 2007 season.
"There and Back Again" (2008–2014)
In 2008 SMU hired Steve Orsini away from the University of Central Florida (UCF) to be the SMU Athletic Director. Orsini then hired June Jones from the University of Hawai'i to be the team's new head coach at SMU and the 5th coach in the post death penalty time since 1989. In Jones' first season at SMU the team had a 1–11 record.
In 2009, Coach Jones' second season at SMU, the Mustangs had a turnaround season, compiling an improved regular season record of 7–5. Although finishing unranked in the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings, SMU was invited to its first bowl game in 25 years, defeating the unranked Nevada Wolf Pack with a final score of 45–10 in the 2009 Hawai'i Bowl, the team's first bowl win since 1984.
In 2010, the Mustangs again compiled a regular season record of 7–5, with a 6–2 in-conference record to earn their first chance at winning a conference title in 26 years, securing a berth in the Conference USA Championship game. SMU lost the conference title game, 17–7, against UCF. Once again unranked in the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings, SMU was invited to its second consecutive bowl game, the 2010 Armed Forces Bowl, where it lost against the unranked Army Black Knights.
Following Texas A&M's move to the SEC in August and September 2011, SMU made it known that they would like to replace Texas A&M in the Big 12. SMU's interest in the Big 12 was never reciprocated, and the Big 12 instead added TCU and West Virginia University.
SMU went on to win back-to-back bowl games in the 2012 BBVA Compass Bowl (for the 2011 season) and 2012 Hawaii Bowl. SMU ended the Jones Era in 2014 the way it began: with a 1–11 season. The Mustangs won the last game of the season against the University of Connecticut on December 6, 2014.
Chad Morris (2015–2017)
SMU hired Chad Morris as head coach and announced his placement on December 1, 2014. His first season resulted in a 2–10 record, a slight improvement from the 2014 season. SMU continued to improve in Morris' second season, finishing 5–7. Chad Morris was able to lead the SMU to bowl eligibility and a 7–6 record in 2017. Chad Morris accepted the head coaching position at Arkansas in the weeks prior to the bowl game, and SMU was forced to move quickly to hire a new football coach in light of the approaching bowl game.
Sonny Dykes (2017–2021)
Sonny Dykes was hired as the new football coach of SMU on December 11, 2017. The Mustangs were defeated by Louisiana Tech 51–10 in the DXL Frisco Bowl.
In the 2019 season, the Mustangs got off to an 8–0 start. On September 21, they defeated cross-town rival TCU. On September 29, the Mustangs were ranked in the AP top 25 for the first time since October 25, 1986.
Rhett Lashlee (2021–Present)
Rhett Lashlee returned to SMU as Head Football Coach on Nov. 29, 2021. Lashlee previously served as offensive coordinator for the Mustangs, including during the record-setting 2019 season.
Conference affiliations
Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association (1915–1917)
Southwest Conference (1918–1995)
Western Athletic Conference (1996–2004)
Conference USA (2005–2012)
American Athletic Conference (2013–present)
Championships
National championships
SMU has won three national championships from NCAA-designated major selectors. SMU claims all three championships.
Conference championships
SMU has won 11 conference championships, nine outright and two shared.
† Co-champions
Division championships
SMU has won two division championships.
† Co-champions
Bowl games
SMU has participated in 18 bowl games. The Mustangs have a record of 7–9–1 in these games.
Head coaches
List of SMU head coaches.
Rivalries
TCU
The SMU-TCU rivalry is the most intense one for both schools. The respective campuses are located 40 miles apart in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. The SMU-TCU rivalries goes for all sports as well as recruiting students from the DFW area as SMU and TCU are the two top schools in the region in academics and sports. The teams have played all but seven years since their first meeting in 1915. They did not face each other in 1919, 1920, 1925, 1987, 1988, 2006, or 2020.
TCU and SMU fans began the tradition back in 1946. During pre-game festivities, an SMU fan was frying frog legs as a joke before the game. A TCU fan, seeing this desecration of the "frog", went over and told him that eating the frog legs was going well beyond the rivalry and that they should let the game decide who would get the skillet and the frog legs. TCU won the game, and the skillet and frog legs went to TCU. The tradition eventually spilled over into the actual game and the Iron Skillet is now passed to the winner.
SMU and TCU have agreed to play each season through 2024 on an alternating home-and-home format.
TCU leads the series 51–42–7 through the 2021 season.
North Texas
Nicknamed the "Safeway Bowl", the rivalry between SMU and North Texas is the most one-sided rivalry for the Mustangs. Its name is derived from a challenge from then North Texas head coach Matt Simon issued in 1994 after a two-year break in the series, stating "I'd like to play because I think we could beat them, and my players feel the same way. If they'd like to play on a Safeway parking lot ... just give us a date and time." North Texas generally considers SMU its biggest rival, but SMU downplays North Texas as a real rival. SMU and North Texas are located about 40 miles apart in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex.
The schools have played on and off 41 times dating back to 1922 with three major hiatuses, from 1943 to 1973, from 1993 to 2005, and from 2008 to 2013.
In 2013, both schools announced the series would be extended through 2025, continuing its current home-and-home format.
SMU leads the series 34–6–1 through the 2021 season.
Navy
SMU and Navy have played each other 23 times with Navy leading the series 13–10. In 2009, the athletic departments of the United States Naval Academy and Southern Methodist University created the Gansz Trophy in honor of Frank Gansz who played linebacker at the Naval Academy from 1957 through 1959, was on the Navy coaching staff from 1969 through 1972, and the coaching staff at SMU for the 2008 season before his spring 2009 death.
Navy joined the American Athletic Conference in 2015 which allowed for this game to become a yearly conference game.
SMU won the 2021 game and thus currently holds the Gansz Trophy.
Navy leads the series 13–10 through the 2021 season.
Rice
The SMU-Rice rivalry is a secondary one for both SMU (after TCU) and Rice (after Houston). However, it is a storied one based on the fact that SMU is located inside the city of Dallas and Rice is located in Houston, the anchors of Texas's two largest metropolitan areas. Notably, SMU and Rice are two of the smaller universities in NCAA Division I FBS. Adding fuel to the fire is the fact that Rice and SMU are consistently ranked the best two private universities in Texas.
In 1918 both schools joined the Southwest Conference, and from 1926 they played every year except for 1987 and 1988, after the NCAA gave SMU's football program the "death penalty" following a cheating scandal. They played in the same conference until 2013, beginning with the Southwest (1918–1996), then the Western Athletic Conference (1996–2005) and Conference USA (2005–2012). In that time they had met 90 times, with SMU leading 48–41–1.
In 1998 a traveling trophy, the "Mayor's Cup", was introduced to the series, and had been awarded to the winner each year through 2012. The Rice Owls hold the trophy after the 2012 game and lead the trophy series 9–6. However, the future of the trophy is unclear, as SMU left Conference USA for The American for the 2013 season, and no games have been played or scheduled since the 2012 meeting.
SMU leads the series 48–41–1 through the 2020 season.
Appearances in the final Associated Press Poll
SMU has made 175 appearances in the Associated Press poll over 103 seasons . SMU has been ranked in top 10 for 63 weeks.
Home fields
Armstrong Field (1915–1925)
Ownby Stadium (1926–1948, 1989–1994)
Cotton Bowl (1932–1978, 1995–1999)
Texas Stadium (1979–1986)
Gerald J. Ford Stadium (2000–present)
Individual achievements
Heisman Trophy
Doak Walker 1948
Maxwell Award
Doak Walker 1947
Sammy Baugh Trophy
Chuck Hixson 1968
College Football Hall of Fame Inductees
All-Americans
Honored jerseys
SMU has honored six jerseys.
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Future non-conference opponents
Announced opponents as of July 12, 2021.
References
External links
American football teams established in 1915
1915 establishments in Texas
|
16253509
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Douge
|
Brian Douge
|
Brian Douge (born 2 March 1951) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Douge played mostly in the back pocket but never really established himself in the Hawthorn side until the 1973 season. He played in Hawthorn's premiership side in 1976, with the Grand Final against North Melbourne being his last game.
He was captain-coach of Subiaco in 1977 and 1978.
References
External links
1951 births
Living people
Hawthorn Football Club players
Hawthorn Football Club Premiership players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Subiaco Football Club players
Subiaco Football Club coaches
One-time VFL/AFL Premiership players
|
7329606
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under%20Construction%2C%20Part%20II
|
Under Construction, Part II
|
Under Construction, Part II is the third studio album released by hip hop duo Timbaland & Magoo. The album is the group's third LP, and Timbaland's fourth overall LP, as he issued Tim's Bio: Life from da Bassment, a solo album, in 1998. Under Construction Part II is nominally a sequel to Missy Elliott's fourth LP Under Construction, which was also chiefly produced by Timbaland.
Missy Elliott appears on the LP's lead single, "Cop That Shit", released to radio as "Cop That Disc", as do regular Timbaland collaborators such as Sebastian and Bubba Sparxxx. Many other guest stars, from Brandy, who had Timbaland produce her 2004 album Afrodisiac, to Wyclef Jean and Beenie Man, also appear on the album. The song "Indian Flute" contains an uncredited sample of "Curura" by Toto la Momposina. Three singles were released from the album: "Cop That Shit", "Indian Flute", and the promotional single "Naughty Eye".
The album was dedicated to Aaliyah, who had died on August 25, 2001.
In August 2021, Blackground rebranded as Blackground 2.0, with Barry Hankerson remaining as founder. Blackground 2.0 signed a distribution deal with Empire Distribution, which will re-release the label's catalogue onto digital download sites and streaming services. Under Construction, Part II was rereleased on August 27, 2021.
Track listing
"Hold On" contains a sample of "Breaking Glass" written and performed by Geri Halliwell in 2001.
Limited edition copies of the album also include the "Cop That Shit" music video.
Charts
References
2003 albums
Magoo (rapper) albums
Timbaland albums
Albums produced by Timbaland
Sequel albums
Universal Records albums
|
65717196
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars%20dog
|
Kars dog
|
The Kars, known as the Kars Köpeği in Turkish, is a breed of livestock guardian dog from eastern Turkey.
Overview
The Kars takes its name from the town of Kars in Kars Province, although it is also found throughout Ardahan, Artvin, Erzurum and Iğdır provinces in eastern Turkey.
The Kars closely resembles the closely related Caucasian Shepherd Dog which is native to the Caucasus countries over Turkey's north-eastern border. It has a long, heavy double coat (short-coated examples are known) that can be found in a number of colours including black, white, gray, red, yellow and brown, they frequently have white makings on their chest, necks and forelegs; slightly smaller than livestock guardian breeds from central and western Turkey such as the Akbash and the Kangal, the Kars has a mean weight of and mean height of .
The Kars is used by local shepherds to protect their flocks from predation from various predators found in the region, anecdotes exist of several dogs repulsing and even killing bears.
See also
Dogs portal
List of dog breeds
References
Dog breeds originating in Turkey
Livestock guardian dogs
|
3187689
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritus
|
Detritus
|
In biology, detritus () is dead particulate organic material, as distinguished from dissolved organic material. Detritus typically includes the bodies or fragments of bodies of dead organisms, and fecal material. Detritus typically hosts communities of microorganisms that colonize and decompose (i.e. remineralize) it. In terrestrial ecosystems it is present as leaf litter and other organic matter that is intermixed with soil, which is denominated "soil organic matter". The detritus of aquatic ecosystems is organic material that is suspended in the water and accumulates in depositions on the floor of the body of water; when this floor is a seabed, such a deposition is denominated "marine snow".
Theory
The corpses of dead plants or animals, material derived from animal tissues (e.g. molted skin), and fecal matter gradually lose their form due to physical processes and the action of decomposers, including grazers, bacteria, and fungi. Decomposition, the process by which organic matter is decomposed, occurs in several phases. Micro- and macro-organisms that feed on it rapidly consume and absorb materials such as proteins, lipids, and sugars that are low in molecular weight, while other compounds such as complex carbohydrates are decomposed more slowly. The decomposing microorganisms degrade the organic materials so as to gain the resources they require for their survival and reproduction. Accordingly, simultaneous to microorganisms' decomposition of the materials of dead plants and animals is their assimilation of decomposed compounds to construct more of their biomass (i.e. to grow their own bodies). When microorganisms die, fine organic particles are produced, and if small animals that feed on microorganisms eat these particles they collect inside the intestines of the consumers, and change shape into large pellets of dung. As a result of this process, most of the materials of dead organisms disappear and are not visible and recognizable in any form, but are present in the form of a combination of fine organic particles and the organisms that used them as nutrients. This combination is detritus.
In ecosystems on land, detritus is deposited on the surface of the ground, taking forms such as the humic soil beneath a layer of fallen leaves. In aquatic ecosystems, most detritus is suspended in water, and gradually settles. In particular, many different types of material are collected together by currents, and much material settles in slowly flowing areas.
Much detritus is used as a source of nutrition for animals. In particular, many bottom feeding animals (benthos) living in mud flats feed in this way. In particular, since excreta are materials which other animals do not need, whatever energy value they might have, they are often unbalanced as a source of nutrients, and are not suitable as a source of nutrition on their own. However, there are many microorganisms which multiply in natural environments. These microorganisms do not simply absorb nutrients from these particles, but also shape their own bodies so that they can take the resources they lack from the area around them, and this allows them to make use of excreta as a source of nutrients. In practical terms, the most important constituents of detritus are complex carbohydrates, which are persistent (difficult to break down), and the microorganisms which multiply using these absorb carbon from the detritus, and materials such as nitrogen and phosphorus from the water in their environment to synthesise the components of their own cells.
A characteristic type of food chain called the detritus cycle takes place involving detritus feeders (detritivores), detritus and the microorganisms that multiply on it. For example, mud flats are inhabited by many univalves which are detritus feeders. When these detritus feeders take in detritus with microorganisms multiplying on it, they mainly break down and absorb the microorganisms, which are rich in proteins, and excrete the detritus, which is mostly complex carbohydrates, having hardly broken it down at all. At first this dung is a poor source of nutrition, and so univalves pay no attention to it, but after several days, microorganisms begin to multiply on it again, its nutritional balance improves, and so they eat it again. Through this process of eating the detritus many times over and harvesting the microorganisms from it, the detritus thins out, becomes fractured and becomes easier for the microorganisms to use, and so the complex carbohydrates are also steadily broken down and disappear over time.
What is left behind by the detritivores is then further broken down and recycled by decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi.
This detritus cycle plays a large part in the so-called purification process, whereby organic materials carried in by rivers is broken down and disappears, and an extremely important part in the breeding and growth of marine resources. In ecosystems on land, far more essential material is broken down as dead material passing through the detritus chain than is broken down by being eaten by animals in a living state. In both land and aquatic ecosystems, the role played by detritus is too large to ignore.
Aquatic ecosystems
In contrast to land ecosystems, dead materials and excreta in aquatic ecosystems are typically transported by water flow; finer particles tend to be transported farther or suspended longer. In freshwater bodies organic material from plants can form a silt known as mulm or humus on the bottom. This material, some called undissolved organic carbon breaks down into dissolved organic carbon and can bond to heavy metal ions via chelation. It can also break down into colored dissolved organic matter such as tannin, a specific form of tannic acid. In saltwater bodies, organic material breaks down and forms a marine snow that slowly settles down to the ocean bottom.
Terrestrial ecosystems
Detritus occurs in a variety of terrestrial habitats including forest, chaparral and grassland. In forests the detritus is typically dominated by leaf, twig, and bacteria litter as measured by biomass dominance. This plant litter provides important cover for seedling protection as well as cover for a variety of arthropods, reptiles and amphibians. Some insect larvae feed on the detritus. Fungi and bacteria continue the decomposition process after grazers have consumed larger elements of the organic materials, and animal trampling has assisted in mechanically breaking down organic matter. At the later stages of decomposition, mesophilic micro-organisms decompose residual detritus, generating heat from exothermic processes; such heat generation is associated with the well known phenomenon of the elevated temperature of composting.
Consumers
There is an extremely large number of detritus feeders in water. After all, a large quantity of material is carried in by water currents. Even if an organism stays in a fixed position, as long as it has a system for filtering water, it will be able to obtain enough food to get by. Many rooted organisms survive in this way, using developed gills or tentacles to filter the water to take in food, a process known as filter feeding.
Another more widely used method of feeding, which also incorporates filter feeding, is a system where an organism secretes mucus to catch the detritus in lumps, and then carries these to its mouth using an area of cilia. This is called mucus feeding.
Many organisms, including sea slugs and serpent's starfish, scoop up the detritus which has settled on the water bed. Bivalves which live inside the water bed do not simply suck in water through their tubes, but also extend them to fish for detritus on the surface of the bed.
Producers
In contrast, from the point of view of organisms using photosynthesis such as plants and plankton, detritus reduces the transparency of the water and gets in the way of this process. Given that these organisms also require a supply of nutrient salts—in other words fertilizer—for photosynthesis, their relationship with detritus is a complex one.
In land ecosystems, the waste products of plants and animals collect mainly on the ground (or on the surfaces of trees), and as decomposition proceeds, plants are supplied with fertiliser in the form of inorganic salts. In water ecosystems, relatively little waste collects on the water bed, and so the progress of decomposition in water takes a more important role. Investigating the level of inorganic salts in sea ecosystems shows that unless there is an especially large supply, the quantity increases from winter to spring—but is normally extremely low in summer. As such, the quantity of seaweed present reaches a peak in early summer and then decreases. The thinking is that organisms like plants grow quickly in warm periods and thus the quantity of inorganic salts is not enough to keep up with the demand. In other words, during winter, plant-like organisms are inactive and collect fertiliser, but if the temperature rises to some extent they will use this up in a very short period.
It is not entirely true that their productivity falls during the warmest periods. Organisms such as dinoflagellate have mobility, the ability to take in solid food, and the ability to photosynthesise. This type of micro-organism can take in substances such as detritus to grow, without waiting for it to be broken down into fertiliser.
Aquariums
In recent years, the word detritus has also come to be used in relation to aquariums (the word "aquarium" is a general term for any installation for keeping aquatic animals).
When animals such as fish are kept in an aquarium, substances such as excreta, mucus and dead skin cast off during moulting are produced by the animals and, naturally, generate detritus, and are continually broken down by micro-organisms.
Modern sealife aquariums often use the Berlin Method, which employs a piece of equipment called a protein skimmer, which produces air bubbles which the detritus adheres to, and forces it outside the tank before it decomposes, and also a highly porous type of natural rock called live rock where many bentos and bacteria live (hermatype which has been dead for some time is often used), which causes the detritus-feeding bentos and micro-organisms to undergo a detritus cycle. The Monaco system, where an anaerobic layer is created in the tank, to denitrify the organic compounds in the tank, and also the other nitrogen compounds, so that the decomposition process continues until the stage where water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen are produced, has also been implemented.
Initially, the filtration systems in water tanks often worked as the name suggests, using a physical filter to remove foreign substances in the water. Following this, the standard method for maintaining the water quality was to convert ammonium or nitrates in excreta, which have a high degree of neurotoxicity, but the combination of detritus feeders, detritus and micro-organisms has now brought aquarium technology to a still higher level.
See also
Biofact (biology)
Coarse woody debris
Organic material
Soil food web
Citations
Sources
Bernard C. Patten (1975) Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology, Academic Press, 607 pages
C. Michael Hogan (2008) "Western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis)", Globaltwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
David Author Grimaldi and Michael S. Author (2005) Engelevolution of the insects, Cambridge University Press
Some of this article was translated from the equivalent article in the Japanese-language Wikipedia, as it was on September 1, 2006.
Aquatic ecology
Ecology terminology
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.