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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20vulnerable%20amphibians
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List of vulnerable amphibians
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As of September 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 670 vulnerable amphibian species. 10% of all evaluated amphibian species are listed as vulnerable.
No subpopulations of amphibians have been evaluated by the IUCN.
For a species to be assessed as vulnerable to extinction the best available evidence must meet quantitative criteria set by the IUCN designed to reflect "a high risk of extinction in the wild". Endangered and critically endangered species also meet the quantitative criteria of vulnerable species, and are listed separately. See: List of endangered amphibians, List of critically endangered amphibians. Vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered species are collectively referred to as threatened species by the IUCN.
Additionally 1567 amphibian species (24% of those evaluated) are listed as data deficient, meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status. As these species typically have small distributions and/or populations, they are intrinsically likely to be threatened, according to the IUCN. While the category of data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made for the taxa, the IUCN notes that it may be appropriate to give them "the same degree of attention as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be assessed."
This is a complete list of vulnerable amphibian species evaluated by the IUCN.
Salamanders
There are 93 salamander species assessed as vulnerable.
Lungless salamanders
Asiatic salamanders
Mole salamanders
Salamandrids
Proteids
Olm (Proteus anguinus)
Torrent salamanders
Olympic torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton olympicus)
Frogs
There are 573 frog species assessed as vulnerable.
Water frogs
Robber frogs
Shrub frogs
Cryptic forest frogs
True toads
Fleshbelly frogs
Glass frogs
Batrachylids
Litter frogs
Screeching frogs
Hemiphractids
Poison dart frogs
Mantellids
Ceratobatrachids
Fork-tongued frogs
Narrow-mouthed frogs
True frogs
Australian water frogs
Puddle frogs
Hylids
African reed frogs
Other frog species
Gymnophiona
See also
Lists of IUCN Red List vulnerable species
List of least concern amphibians
List of near threatened amphibians
List of endangered amphibians
List of critically endangered amphibians
List of recently extinct amphibians
List of data deficient amphibians
References
Amphibians
Vulnerable amphibians
Vulnerable amphibians
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55756949
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20R%C3%BCegsegger
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Fritz Rüegsegger
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Fritz Rüegsegger (born 7 May 1950) is a Swiss long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 5000 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
1950 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Swiss male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes of Switzerland
Place of birth missing (living people)
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19308986
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9vin%20Diaz%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201988%29
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Kévin Diaz (footballer, born 1988)
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Kévin Diaz (born 18 August 1988) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for FC Istres.
Career
Diaz joined the principality-based side AS Monaco in 2002. He was officially promoted to the first-team for the 2008–09 Ligue 1 season and made his debut on 30 August 2008 in a 1–0 loss against Grenoble coming on as a substitute. On 21 July 2009, AC Ajaccio announced that they had signed the midfielder on loan from Monaco for the entire season. After two consecutive seasons with FC Metz on loan, he completed move to OGC Nice, signing a one-year contract with the option of two years.
In August 2013, he signed a two-year deal with Tours in Ligue 2.
In July 2015, Diaz signed for newly promoted side Red Star F.C.
References
External links
LFP Profile
Official Website
Living people
1988 births
Association football midfielders
French footballers
French people of Spanish descent
AS Monaco FC players
AC Ajaccio players
FC Metz players
OGC Nice players
Tours FC players
Red Star F.C. players
FC Istres players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
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33735586
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Jorda
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Lou Jorda
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Louis Delarond Jorda (May 22, 1893 – May 27, 1964) was a professional baseball umpire who worked in the National League from 1927 to 1931 and again from 1940 to 1952.
Minor league playing career
Jorda began his baseball career in as a catcher for the Gadsden Steel Makers of the Georgia–Alabama League. He played in the minor leagues until 1916.
Umpiring career
In , Jorda started his umpiring career in the Cotton States League. He moved on to the Sally League in , and stayed there until after the season.
The National League hired Jorda in . Over his 18-year big league umpiring career, Jorda umpired 2,509 major league games, in addition to working two All-Star Games (1941 and 1951), and two World Series (1945, and 1949).
Later life
After his umpiring career, he was a partner in a beer distributorship with retired colleague Beans Reardon in southern California.
Jorda was one of the umpires featured in Norman Rockwell's famous painting Bottom of the Sixth, along with Reardon and Larry Goetz.
Death
Jorda died at his Florida home on May 27, 1964, just five days after his 71st birthday. He was survived by his wife, son and daughter.
See also
List of Major League Baseball umpires
References
1893 births
1964 deaths
Major League Baseball umpires
Sportspeople from Louisiana
Gadsden Steel Makers players
Griffin Lightfoots players
Fort Smith Twins players
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64435225
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Ching-feng%20%28magistrate%29
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Wang Ching-feng (magistrate)
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Wang Ching-feng (; born 1933) is a Taiwanese politician.
Wang Ching-feng sat on the Hualien County Council and was its speaker. Wang, a member of the Kuomintang, defeated Chen Yung-hsing, the Democratic Progressive Party candidate, in the 1993 Hualien County magisterial election. Wang ran for reelection against the DPP's , in 1997. Infrastructure projects focusing on flood prevention took place during his first term, including the dredging and riverbank fortification of Hualien City's . Meilun Hill was reclaimed and transformed into a park, which was completed in 1995. In his second term, Wang advocated for the Executive Yuan to distribute more money to local county governments. During his second term, Hualien was impacted by typhoons. In August 2000, Typhoon Bilis hit Hualien County, followed by Typhoon Toraji in July 2001. As Toraji caused landslides and floods, Wang attended the Kuomintang's sixteenth National Congress. Interior minister Chang Po-ya and legislator Chou Hsi-wei criticized Wang for his absence from Hualien. The Control Yuan began an investigation into Wang's actions in August 2001. In 2004, Wang took part in a committee convened by the Legislative Yuan to investigate the 3-19 shooting incident.
Wang Chin-feng's son Wang Ting-son served on the Legislative Yuan from 2010 to 2016.
References
1933 births
Living people
Kuomintang politicians in Taiwan
Magistrates of Hualien County
20th-century Taiwanese politicians
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45706051
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaouda%20Boubaker
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Messaouda Boubaker
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Messaouda Boubaker ()(born 19 February 1954) is a Tunisian novelist and short story writer who writes in Arabic.
After the Tunisian Revolution, Boubaker joined the country's civil society organizations as a political activist. In response to a young man who told her to stop protesting and go back to her kitchen where she belonged, she wrote a collection of short stories titled Adhal ahki (I Continue Narrating, 2013). Like several other Tunisian women writers she was keen to continue her work, explaining that only death could silence her.
Her novel Perle et ambre (Pearl and Amber, 2005) includes the mystical black African Chama, a descendant of the female magicians of Timbuktu. Among her other novels are Laylat al-ghiyab (1997), Trushqana (1999], Wada‘an Hammurabi (2002), Juman wa ‘anbar ( 2007), al-Alif wa al-nun (2009) and Adhal ahki (2013).
References
Living people
1954 births
Tunisian novelists
Arabic-language novelists
20th-century Tunisian women writers
20th-century Tunisian writers
21st-century Tunisian women writers
21st-century Tunisian writers
Tunisian writers in Arabic
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23486263
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok%20Junction%20Airport
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Tok Junction Airport
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Tok Junction Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) east of the central business district of Tok, in the Southeast Fairbanks Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.
This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 which categorized it as a general aviation facility.
Facilities and aircraft
Tok Junction Airport has one runway designated 7/25 with an asphalt surface measuring 2,509 by 50 feet (765 x 15 m).
For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2005, the airport had 2,700 aircraft operations, an average of 225 per month: 56% air taxi and 44% general aviation. At that time there were 39 aircraft based at this airport: 90% single-engine, 8% multi-engine and 3% helicopter.
Airline and destinations
The following airline offers scheduled passenger service at this airport:
Other airports in Tok
Tok Airport was a state-owned public-use airport located at , two nautical miles (4 km) south of the central business district of Tok. It has one runway designated 13/31 with a 1,690 by 45 ft (515 x 14 m) gravel and turf surface.
Tok 2 Airport is a private-use airport located at , on the opposite side of Glenn Highway from the Tok Airport. It has one runway designated 10/28 with a 2,035 x 80 ft (620 x 24 m) gravel surface.
References
External links
FAA Alaska airport diagram (GIF)
Airports in the Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska
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12609481
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlers%27%20Ghost%20Golf%20Club
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Settlers' Ghost Golf Club
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Settlers' Ghost Golf Club is a public golf course located near Craighurst, Ontario, Canada. It has twice hosted the CN Canadian Women's Tour.
History
In the early 2000s, a group of investors purchased a piece of land in Oro-Medonte Township. After some delays, including an archaeological dig, Settlers' Ghost opened in August 2004 as a 9-hole course. The back nine opened in 2005, making Settlers' Ghost a full 18-hole course.
Head professional
Settlers' Ghost has two golf professionals on staff. Mary-Pat Quilty is a CPGA Class "A" Head Professional. Prior to working at Settlers' Ghost, Mary-Pat toured in Asia, Australia and in the United States, including a stint on the Futures Tour. She is a two-time OPGA women's champion, winning the event in 2002 and 2006. The CPGA Assistant Professional at Settlers' Ghost is Dave Jackson.
CN Tour
From May 28 to 30, 2006, Settlers' Ghost hosted the CN Canadian Women's Tour, a qualifying tournament for the Canadian Women's Open. Salimah Mussani won the tournament and an exemption into the Canadian Open with a 25-foot birdie putt on the first playoff hole. She and Corina Kelepouris finished the two-day event tied at 4-under par. Mary-Pat Quilty finished the event tied for 40th place at 9-over par.
Settlers' Ghost again hosted the CN Tour in 2007. Quebecer Christine Boucher won the event in a three-way playoff by making a 30-foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. Boucher, Lauren Mielbrecht and Walailak Satarak finished the event at 1-over par. After finishing the first day in seventh place, Quilty ended up in a tie for 24th place at 10-over par.
The name
The Township of Oro-Medonte, home to this property, has along and storied past, and it is our intent that this golf course serve as a reminder of that past and preserve the memory of those here before us.
The first "settlers" to the area were the Huron Indians and the remains of two important village sites are located nearby. The second group of "settlers", primarily from the British Isles, established agriculture throughout the Township as many of their descendants continue to do.
Settlers' Ghost Golf Club is the third "settler".
"Ghost" refers to the first two groups, who may be gone, but are not forgotten.
Our name was born out of respect for the area. It creates a veiled vision of the past, and our logo carries a mystique that silently beckons you to know more. The golf course speaks for itself.
Scorecard
See also
Royal Canadian Golf Association
Canadian Women's Open
References
External links
Settlers' Ghost
RCGA
CN Canadian Women's Tour
CN Canadian Women's Open
CPGA
Golf clubs and courses in Ontario
Sport in Barrie
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38912111
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrilege%20%28song%29
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Sacrilege (song)
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"Sacrilege" is the first single from the Yeah Yeah Yeahs' fourth album Mosquito released on February 25, 2013 as a digital download. It was recorded at Sonic Ranch Studios in Tornillo, Texas and produced by TV on the Radio's David Andrew Sitek and English record producer Nick Launay.
Performances
The band appeared on Late Show with David Letterman on April 5, 2013 to perform "Sacrilege" accompanied by the gospel choir Broadway Inspirational Voices.
Reception
"Sacrilege" was named "Best New Track" by Pitchfork Media February 26, 2013. Dan Martinson stated in his positive review, "Karen O falls for an angel who falls from the sky, the constant clank of Brian Chase's cymbals and Nick Zinner's guitar curlicues evoke "Gimme Shelter" with an exaggerated gospel swing."
Music video
The music video was directed by French collective Megaforce and premiered on March 26, 2013. The video stars English model and actress Lily Cole. The video consists of a chronologically reversed sequence of events outlining the rationale and events leading to a group of people in a small town shooting a man and burning a promiscuous woman (Cole) alive. The band does not appear in the video.
In popular culture
"Sacrilege" was featured in one episode of The Originals.
"Sacrilege" was also featured in one episode of Suits (third season, first episode).
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
Usage in film and television: see "Yeah Yeah Yeahs - Soundtrack. 'Sacrilege'" at IMDb
2013 singles
Yeah Yeah Yeahs songs
Song recordings produced by Nick Launay
Songs written by Karen O
Songs written by Brian Chase
2013 songs
Interscope Records singles
Songs written by Nick Zinner
Songs about betrayal
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4151620
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mutant
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The Mutant
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"The Mutant" is an episode of the original The Outer Limits television show. It was first broadcast on March 16, 1964, during the first season.
Introduction
Researchers on an alien planet live in fear of a man wearing goggles, a man who is paranoid and powerful—and can read minds.
Opening narration
At this very moment, our horizon is menaced by two explosive forces, both man-made. One is a deadly wonder; the other, wondrously alive. Both forces have compelled Man to reach out for worlds beyond his own, new worlds where he may find peace, and room to grow. This is the first of those new worlds. The United Nations of Earth have claimed it, and called it Annex One. It is almost identical to Earth, except that there is no night—sunlight is constant. Early reports from the small expeditionary team stationed on Annex One indicated that the ancient planet appeared suitable for colonization by Earth's overflowing population. But the most recent reports have contained unspoken, oddly disturbing undercurrents, and the United Space Agency has decided to investigate. The man chosen: Dr. Evan Marshall, psychiatrist.
Plot
An astronaut lands on an alien planet to investigate the death of one of a group of Earth scientists who are testing to see if the planet is suitable for colonization. The scientists, including Julie, his old flame, behave strangely, but refuse to explain why. They are particularly nervous around Reese Fowler, a fellow researcher who seems to wear his polarized goggles all the time, necessary due to the extreme brightness of the planet's sun. One of the scientists attempts to leave a hastily scribbled note in the astronaut's spacesuit pocket, warning him of what has been happening; he exits the room, only to bump into Reese, who seems to read his mind, and then destroys him with a mere touch. The astronaut is led to a remote cave by Julie and another researcher where he discovers that the others live in fear of Reese, who developed superhuman abilities when he was accidentally exposed to the planet's radioactive isotope-laden rainfall, which has mutating properties, resulting in the scientist's loss of hair and in the development of protruding eyes. Reese, knowing that if the others return to Earth he will be left behind because of the danger he poses, has been holding the others captive, while threatening his touch if they reveal the secret of his plight, all the time searching for a cure. The astronaut must somehow overcome a man who can read minds, and kill with a touch. To prevent Reese from knowing of his plans, the investigator is given a post-hypnotic suggestion to forget what he has learned, then—provided with a code word to recall the events—inform his superiors on Earth following his return. In an unfortunate twist of fate, Reese discovers the deception, and pursues the investigator and Julie into the cave, where they had met once before, with the intent to destroy them; however, due to his sensitivity to darkness, Reese apparently dies from the intense pain while trying to absorb the dim glow of a candle's flame into his light-starved eyes.
Closing narration
The forces of violence and the forces of nature compel man to reach out toward new horizons, where peace and sanity may flourish, where there is room to grow. But before we run, should we not first make certain that we have done all that can be done here to end madness, quiet the disturbers of peace and make room for those who need so little to grow in?
Cast
Larry Pennell – as Evan Marshall
Warren Oates – as Reese Fowler
Walter Burke – as Dr. Fred Riner
Betsy Jones-Moreland – as Julie Griffith
Richard Derr – as Philip Griffith
Herman Rudin – as Henry LaCosta
Robert Sampson – as Peter Chandler
External links
The Outer Limits (1963 TV series season 1) episodes
1964 American television episodes
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49635584
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chika%20Oduah
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Chika Oduah
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Chikaodinaka Sandra Oduah (born March 14, 1986) is a Nigerian-American journalist who has worked as a television news producer, correspondent, writer and photographer. She is currently a correspondent for VICE News. Known for her unique human-focused ethnographic reporting style with an anthropological approach, she was awarded a CNN Multichoice African Journalist Award in 2016. Upon the abduction of 276 schoolgirls by the terrorist group Boko Haram in Chibok, northeastern Nigeria, she was the first international journalist to visit and spend extensive time in the remote community of Chibok. Her thorough and exclusive coverage of the mass kidnapping won her the Trust Women "Journalist of The Year Award" from the Thomson Reuters Foundation in 2014. Oduah's reporting explores culture, history, conflict, human rights, and development to capture the complexities, hopes and everyday realities of Africans and people of African descent.
Early life and education
Oduah is of the Igbo ethnic group. She was born as the eldest of seven children, the daughter of Dr. Emmanuel and Mercy Oduah on March 14, 1986 in Ogbaru, Anambra State and moved to Metro Atlanta, United States with her family at the age of 2. During her time in high school, Chika joined VOX newspaper as a staff reporter with her focus majorly on stories about immigrants and refugees in Atlanta.
In 2004, Oduah worked at the Center for Pan-Asian Community Services in Doraville, Georgia where she taught refugee teenagers from Sudan, Afghanistan, Liberia, Iraq, Bosnia, Rwanda and South Sudan.
Between 2004 – 2008, she attended Georgia State University where she studied film, anthropology and broadcast journalism and was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in telecommunications broadcast journalism and a Bachelor of Arts degree in anthropology. During her time in Georgia State University, she served as Vice President of the University's chapter of the Society for Professional Journalists, wrote for the Signal Newspaper and contributed to the university radio station, WRAS Album 88.5FM. She is also an alumna of the Medill School of Journalism of Northwestern University where she received her Master of Science degree in 2010 after studying broadcast journalism.
Career
In 2009, she worked as a commercial photographer in Atlanta and in 2010 she relocated to Nairobi, Kenya to work as a television news reporter and documentary features producer for K24 where she met Jeff Koinange. She also worked for National Broadcasting Corporation at Rockefeller Center in New York, where she reported for The Grio. She later worked at Sahara Reporters.
Oduah relocated to Nigeria in 2012 and began working with Al Jazeera as a reporter and television news producer. She also worked with CNN, the Associated Press, Voice of America and the English language channel of France 24.
Chika Oduah's work has been published in notable media platforms including The New York Times, The Guardian, Al Jazeera, The Daily Beast, CNN and The Huffington Post.
In 2014, Oduah rose to recognition after her coverage of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping, thus making her win the 2014 Trust Women "Journalist of The Year Award" from the Thomson Reuters Foundation. One of her stories published in The Atlantic titled "In the Land of Nigeria's Kidnapped Girls" saw her selected as a finalist of the 2015 Livingston Awards for Young Journalists.
In 2017, Oduah relocated to Dakar, Senegal. She made her Al Jazeera onscreen debut when Al Jazeera broadcast a documentary in November 2015 about breast cancer that Chika reported alongside Ghanaian undercover investigative journalist, Anas Aremeyaw Anas. Since 2012, Oduah has covered the ongoing Islamist insurgency of Boko Haram in northeastern Nigeria. Her reporting highlights the plight of women and children with exclusive coverage on orphans, mediation talks, escapees and wives of jihadists In 2017, she launched Biafran War Memories, a digital archive which seeks to preserve the history and first-hand accounts of the Nigerian-Biafran War.
Awards and recognition
She was the winner of the 2015 African Story Challenge award by the African Media Initiative and the International Center for Journalists for her coverage of the aftermath of a 2010 lead poison outbreak in Nigeria, a project which also won her the Dow Technology & Innovation Reporting Award at the 2016 CNN MultiChoice African Journalist Awards. On March 8, 2016 she was listed in YNaija's "Nigeria's 100 Most Inspiring Women", before she went on to be voted the category winner of The Future Awards and EbonyLife Prize for Journalism at the eleventh edition of The Future Awards. In September 2016, she became the inaugural recipient of the Young Reporter for a Sustainable Future Award from the International Center for Journalists in partnership with the United Nations Foundation.
She won the 2018 Percy Qoboza Award, an annual honor by The National Association of Black Journalists in the United States to the journalist who best exemplifies the spirit of Percy Qoboza.
References
External links
Living people
1986 births
People from Anambra State
Medill School of Journalism alumni
Georgia State University alumni
Nigerian women activists
Nigerian women journalists
Al Jazeera people
Igbo journalists
American women activists
American women journalists
21st-century American women
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1570082
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile%20crank
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Tile crank
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A tile crank is used in a pottery kiln to hold a stack of ceramic tiles apart while they are fired. This allows multiple tiles to be fired at once under uniform heating. Ledges on either side of the tile crank are tilted upwards so as to only touch the unglazed back of the tile, allowing the edge of the tile to be glazed.
References
Pottery
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57585428
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcela%20Robinson
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Marcela Robinson
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Marcela Robinson García (born 7 January 1997) is a Puerto Rican international footballer who plays as a central defender for the Puerto Rico women's national team.
International career
Robinson was eligible to play for the United States or Puerto Rico, as she was born in the States to a Puerto Rican mother.
Robinson debuted for Puerto Rico on 5 May 2018 against Anguilla.
International goals
Scores and results list Puerto Rico's goal tally first
References
1997 births
Living people
Puerto Rican women's footballers
Puerto Rico women's international footballers
Women's association football central defenders
Women's association football midfielders
La Salle Explorers women's soccer players
People from Owings Mills, Maryland
American women's soccer players
Soccer players from Maryland
American sportspeople of Puerto Rican descent
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27410513
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Norman
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Tom Norman
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Tom Norman, born Thomas Noakes, (7 May 1860 – 24 August 1930), was an English businessman, showman and the last exhibitor of Joseph Merrick who was otherwise known as the "Elephant Man". Among his later exhibits were a troupe of midgets, a "Man in a Trance", "John Chambers the armless Carpenter", and the "World's Ugliest Woman".
Norman started his working life as a butcher in Sussex before moving to London at the age of 14 where he sought a career on the music hall stage. There, he became interested in freak shows which he attended in his spare time. After viewing an exhibition called "Electric Lady" next door to his place of work, he went into business with the exhibition's manager and began his career as a showman of human oddities. He quickly became successful, for his patter as much as his exhibits, and was called the 'Silver King' by the American showman P. T. Barnum.
In 1884, Norman took over the management of Joseph Merrick, otherwise known as the "Elephant Man", and exhibited him for a few weeks until police closed down the show. Merrick later went to live at the London Hospital under the care of Sir Frederick Treves. In his 1923 memoirs, Treves portrayed Norman as a cruel drunk who ruthlessly exploited his acts. Norman refuted this characterisation and said that he had provided Merrick (and his other "freaks") with a means of making money independently. Norman continued a successful career as a showman and later became an auctioneer of novelty shows and circuses.
Norman died in 1930 and was survived by his wife and 10 children, five of whom followed him into the entertainment business.
Biography
Early life
Norman was born Thomas Noakes on 7 May 1860 in Dallington, Sussex. He was the eldest of 17 children to Thomas Noakes, a butcher and a farmer, and his wife Eliza (née Haiselden).
Norman was introduced to his father's trade at an early age and left school to work with him when he was 12. He decided to go travelling two years later to seek a career as a performer. He was unsuccessful and after a short while, he moved to London where he worked as a butcher's assistant. A keen gambler, Norman moved to Berkshire where he took up professional gambling at Ascot Racecourse. He wound up penniless and resumed his butchery trade in London where he gained a new interest in freak show entertainment.
Novelties
After his unsuccessful venture in Berkshire, Norman returned to being a butcher, and, one day, viewed the "novelties" at a penny gaff next to his place of employment in Islington. There, Mlle Electra, "The Only Electric Lady – A Lady Born Full of Electricity" gave audience members an electrical shock via her handshake. Norman was impressed with the exhibition, realised its lucrative potential, and left his job to enter into business with Mlle Electra's manager. He quickly discovered Electra was a fake connected to a supply of electricity.
When Mlle Electra was exhibited at Kingston Fair, Norman realised he would be better off working alone, and successfully staged his own "Electric Lady" in Hammersmith. He learned that his skills as an entertainer were as important to his success as the novelties he exhibited. At some point, he changed his birth name to Tom Norman, and renounced his inheritance. According to Joseph Merrick's biographers Michael Howell and Peter Ford, Norman may have changed his name to avoid shaming his family by his "distasteful" connections to circuses and fairgrounds.
Over the next few years, Norman's travelling exhibitions featured Eliza Jenkins, the "Skeleton Woman", a "Balloon Headed Baby" and a woman who bit off the heads of live rats—the "most gruesome" act Norman claimed to have seen. Other acts included fleas, fat ladies, giants, dwarves and retired white seamen, painted black and speaking in an invented language, billed "savage Zulus". He displayed a "family of midgets" which in reality was composed of two men and a borrowed baby. He operated a number of shops in London and Nottingham, and exhibited travelling shows throughout the country. In 1882, Norman gave a show at Islington's Royal Agricultural Hall. Unknown to Norman, the show was attended by American showman P. T. Barnum. Norman falsely claimed to his audience, as he had often done in the past, that his show had been booked to appear at Barnum's 'Greatest Show on Earth'. Barnum was much amused and afterwards, seeing Norman's silver necklace and noting his gift for oratory, dubbed him the 'Silver King'. With 13 shops in London alone, Norman ran into a shortage of curiosities and travelled the country looking for new acts. He enticed human novelties into his employ with promises of generous salaries.
Elephant Man
In 1884, Norman came into contact with Joseph Merrick, a young man from Leicester who had extreme deformities. Unable to find work due to his physical appearance, Merrick ended up in the Leicester workhouse for four years. In 1884 he left the workhouse and put himself in the charge of the music hall proprietors Sam Torr and J. Ellis, and the travelling showman 'Little George' Hitchcock. Collectively, they presented Merrick as "The Elephant Man, Half-a-Man and Half-an-Elephant". They quickly realised that they would not be able to show Merrick for too long in one place, for fear of the novelty wearing off, and towards the end of 1884, Hitchcock contacted Norman, an acquaintance of his, and transferred management of the Elephant Man to him.
Merrick arrived in London and into Norman's care. Norman, initially shocked by Merrick's appearance and reluctant to display him, nonetheless exhibited him at his penny gaff shop at 123 Whitechapel Road, directly across the road from the London Hospital. Because of its proximity to the hospital, the shop received medical students and doctors as visitors. One of these was the surgeon Frederick Treves who arranged to have Merrick brought into the hospital to be examined. According to Norman's autobiography, Merrick went to the hospital "two or three" times, but then refused to go any more, as the examinations made him feel "like an animal in a cattle market".
The exhibition of the Elephant Man was reasonably successful, particularly with the added income from a printed pamphlet about Merrick's life and condition. At this time, however, public opinion about freak shows was starting to change and the display of human novelties was beginning to be viewed as distasteful. After only a few weeks with Norman, the Elephant Man exhibition was shut down by the police, and Norman and Merrick parted ways. Treves later arranged for Merrick to live at the London Hospital until Merrick's death in 1890. In Treves's 1923 memoir, The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences Norman was portrayed as a drunk who cruelly exploited Merrick. Norman counteracted these claims in a letter in the World's Fair newspaper that year, as well as his own autobiography. Norman's opinion was that he provided Merrick (and his other exhibits) a way of making a living and remaining independent, but that on entering the London Hospital, Merrick remained a freak on display, only with no control over how or when he was viewed. The character Bytes, portrayed by Freddie Jones in the 1980 film The Elephant Man, is based on Norman.
Later life
Norman remained a travelling showman for another 10 years following his encounter with Joseph Merrick, and exhibited, among others, a troupe of midgets, a 'Man in a Trance', John Chambers the armless Carpenter and the 'World's Ugliest Woman'. In 1893, he announced that he was leaving for Chicago and advertised his goods for sale, but in the end, he never went. He became involved with the temperance movement and was the vice-president of the Van Dwellers Protection Association (which later became the Showmen's Guild of Great Britain). He became a showman's auctioneer, auctioning novelty shows and circuses and according to the World's Fair, presided over more such sales than any other auctioneer in the country at that time. Norman married the theatre performer Amy Rayner in 1896, and they had six sons and four daughters. The family moved to Croydon, and Norman went into semi-retirement, selling off some of his shops. In 1905 he sold showman "Lord" George Sanger's zoo, and then all of Sanger's circus effects, an achievement Norman called "the crowning point in my life as regards the auctioneering business". He made his comeback in 1919 with the exhibition of 'Phoebe the Strange Girl' in Birmingham and Margate.
Final years and death
Norman died of throat cancer on 24 August 1930 at Croydon Hospital, aged 70. Five of his children followed him into circus careers: George and Arthur Norman became circus clowns while Tom and Jim Norman worked in fairgrounds. Ralph Van Norman (known professionally as Hal Denver) became a travelling Wild West performer, appearing throughout Europe and the United States.
References
Bibliography
1860 births
1930 deaths
English butchers
English businesspeople
People from Rother District
Sideshows
English auctioneers
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13203596
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millienhagen-Oebelitz
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Millienhagen-Oebelitz
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Millienhagen-Oebelitz is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
References
Bezirk Rostock
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55796422
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsugumichi%20Suzuki
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Tsugumichi Suzuki
|
is a Japanese long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 10,000 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
References
1945 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Japanese male long-distance runners
Olympic male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes of Japan
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Japan Championships in Athletics winners
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18773358
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smardzew%2C%20%C5%81%C4%99czyca%20County
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Smardzew, Łęczyca County
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Smardzew is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Grabów, north-west of Łęczyca, and north-west of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Villages in Łęczyca County
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40485805
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Chenoweth
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Alice Chenoweth
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Alice Chenoweth may refer to:
Helen H. Gardener (1853–1925), American author, activist and civil servant, born Alice Chenoweth
Alice Drew Chenoweth (1903–1998), physician
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48599572
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enedina%20Alves%20Marques
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Enedina Alves Marques
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Enedina Alves Marques (13 January 1913 – between 20 and 27 August 1981) was a Brazilian engineer and teacher who worked for the Paraná State's Department of Water and Energy. Upon graduating from the Federal University of Paraná in 1945 with a degree in civil engineering, she became the first black woman to receive an engineering degree in Brazil and the first woman to receive an engineering degree in Paraná State.
Early life and education
Enedina Marques was born in 1913 in Curitiba, the capital of Paraná, and was the only girl among the ten children of Paulo Marques and Virgília Alves Marques, who came to Curitiba in the 1910s as part of the larger Afro-Brazilian migration from the countryside to Brazil's cities following the abolition of slavery in 1888. The family settled in the Ahú or Portão neighbourhoods, where Virgília worked as a washerwoman and housemaid.
By the 1920s, the Marqueses had become close with the family of Domingos Nascimento Sobrinho, a mixed-race police officer and major whose household employed Virgília and boarded her children after she separated from her husband. Sobrinho had a daughter, Isabel, of the same age as Enedina, and paid for Enedina's enrollment in private schools so she could keep his daughter company. Between 1925 and 1926, Marques was taught to read and around 1927 she entered a Normal School to train to become a teacher, and graduated in 1931. From 1932 to 1935, together with Isabel, Marques worked as a teacher in several cities of Paraná, including Rio Negro, São Mateus do Sul, Cerro Azul, and Campo Largo.
Between 1935 and 1937, Marques came back to Curitiba to complete , a preparatory course at the time required for teachers, at the Ginásio Novo Ateneu. She taught at the Escola de Linha de Tiro in the Juvevê neighborhood during this time, and offered literacy classes out of a rented building in front of the Colégio Nossa Senhora Menina. She lived in the home of Mathias Caron, a builder, and his wife Iracema in exchange for providing domestic services. In 1938 or 1939, she took a complementary course in pre-engineering at the Ginásio Paranaense, today the Paraná State College, (Portuguese: Colégio Estadual do Paraná) at night while living at the Carons' house. Marques lived with the Carons until 1954, and the family has become a significant source for the biographical scholarship that exists about her early life.
In 1939, Marques wrote to the director of the Faculty of Engineering of the Federal University of Paraná (Portuguese: Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR) to request registration for the qualification exams required to enroll in a civil engineering degree. She enrolled at the UFPR's School of Engineering in 1940. The only woman in her class alongside 32 men, she graduated from the program in 1945, becoming the first female engineer of Paraná and the first Black woman engineer in Brazil at the age of 32.
Engineering career
In 1946, Marques moved from teaching and housekeeping, which she had done throughout her education to support herself, to working as an engineering assistant to the State Secretary of Transport and Public Works. The following year she was transferred by Paraná's Governor to the State Department of Water and Electric Power to work as an inspector of public works. She was employed in the state's hydroelectric power system and participated in several important projects involving the Capivari, Cachoeira and Iguaçu rivers, including the construction of the Capivari-Cachoeira Plant (now the Governador Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza Plant), the largest underground hydroelectric plant in the south of Brazil. She also contributed to the construction of campus buildings for the Paraná State College.
In 1961, the sociologist Octávio Ianni interviewed Marques for the UNESCO-funded publication Metamorphoses of the Slave (Portuguese: As metamorfoses do escravo) that aimed to profile the successes and travails of Afro-Brazilians. In 1962, upon her retirement, Governor Ney Braga acknowledged her contributions to Paraná with a decree that guaranteed her a pension equivalent to that of a judge.
Death and legacy
In 1981, Marques died of a heart attack at her longtime home in the Lido Building in downtown Curitiba, at the age of 68. She never married and had no immediate family, and it took at least a week to find her body. Diário Popular, a local tabloid, depicted her as an eccentric older woman and a complete unknown, provoking anger among the faculty and students of Paraná's School of Engineering, who rallied around her historic legacy. After the case, the press published various articles highlighting her achievements.
In 1988, a street was named after her in the Cajuru neighbourhood of Curitiba: Rua Engenheira Enedina Alves Marques. In 2000, her name was inscribed along with those of 53 other groundbreaking Brazilian women on the Memorial to Pioneering Women (Memorial à Mulher Pioneira), built in Curitiba by the Soroptimists, an international human rights organization focused on the advancement and recognition of women.
In 2006, the Instituto de Mulheres Negras Enedina Alves Marques, in Maringá, was founded and named in her honor.
References
Federal University of Paraná alumni
Brazilian civil engineers
1913 births
1981 deaths
People from Curitiba
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38084230
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna%20Manganara
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Joanna Manganara
|
Joanna Manganara is a Greek diplomat, women's rights activist, from 2013 to 2020 she was the President of the International Alliance of Women (IAW,) which is the oldest still-existing international women's organization. She is also its Chief Representative to the United Nations. She served as Minister-Counselor for human rights at the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1980 to 2005.
She served as the IAW's Vice President for Europe from 2004 to 2013, and was elected President on 11 September 2013 at the IAW's triennial congress in London, making her the overseer of more than 50 affiliated organizations worldwide. This position finished in 2020. She is also a member of the Executive Board of the European Women's Lobby, and a board member of the Greek Council for Refugees and the Hellenic National Committee for UNICEF. She is also President of the Movement of Citizens of Kolonaki, a town in her native Greece. This movement seeks to provide fair rights to its citizens, via the organization of protests outside of local politicians homes.
She was a lecturer at Panteion University from 1970 to 1982. She holds an MA in sociology from the University of Kent, and a licence degree from the University of Geneva. She is also a graduate of Pierce College.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of the University of Kent
Greek diplomats
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28535544
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk%20Island%20at%20the%202010%20Commonwealth%20Games
|
Norfolk Island at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
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Norfolk Island competed in the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in Delhi, India, from 3 to 14 October 2010.
Team Norfolk Island at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Archery
Team Norfolk Island consists of 5 archers.
Rosa Ford, Bob Kemp, Michael Graham, Jonno Snell, Jo Snell
They competed in the
Men's Compound Individual
Men's Compound Team
Women's Compound Individual
Lawn Bowls
Team Norfolk Island consists of 9 lawn bowls players.
Carmen Anderson, Kitha Bailey, John Christian, Petal Hore, Margaret O'Brien, Anne Pledger, Esther Sanchez, Timothy Sheridan, Barry Wilson
They competed in the
Men's Triples
Women's Singles
Women's Pairs
Women's Triples
Shooting
Team Norfolk Island consists of 4 shooters.
Graham Cock, Graham Lock, Denise Reeves, Stephen Ryan
They competed in the
Men's Singles 10m Air Pistol
Men's Pairs 10m Air Pistol
Men's Singles 25m Standard Pistol
Men's Pairs 25m Standard Pistol
Men's Singles 25m Centrefire Pistol
Men's Pairs 25m Centrefire Pistol
Women's Singles 10m Air Pistol
Women's Singles 25m Pisol
Squash
Team Norfolk Island consists of 4 squash players
Peter Christian-Bailey, Gye Duncan, Duncan Gray, Mal Rundell
They competed in the
Men's Doubles
References
External links
Norfolk Island at the Commonwealth Games
Nations at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
2010 in Norfolk Island
2010 in Australian sport
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6972265
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Javier%20Gonz%C3%A1lez
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Luis Javier González
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Luis Javier González Fanegas (born 17 June 1969 in Madrid) is a retired Spanish middle-distance runner. He specialized in the 800 metres.
Achievements
References
1969 births
Living people
Spanish male middle-distance runners
Athletes from Madrid
Olympic athletes of Spain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Spain
Mediterranean Games medalists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 Mediterranean Games
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24254058
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrotis%20amphora
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Agrotis amphora
|
Agrotis amphora is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Kashmir.
References
Agrotis
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1903
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51530746
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashrath%20Puri%20metro%20station
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Dashrath Puri metro station
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The Dashrath Puri metro station opened on 29 May 2018 for public on the Magenta Line of the Delhi Metro. Dashrath Puri is part of Phase III of Delhi Metro.
History
Station layout
Track Layout
Entry/exit
Connections
Bus
Delhi Transport Corporation bus routes number 740A, 801, 803, 947, 947A, AC-RL-77, RL-77, serves the station from nearby Dashrath Puri bus stop.
See also
Delhi
Palam
Dashrath puri
List of Delhi Metro stations
Transport in Delhi
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
Delhi Suburban Railway
Delhi Monorail
Indira Gandhi International Airport
Delhi Transport Corporation
South West Delhi
National Capital Region (India)
List of rapid transit systems
List of metro systems
References
External links
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)
Delhi Metro Annual Reports
Delhi Metro stations
Railway stations in West Delhi district
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36854067
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle%20Padron
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Kyle Padron
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Kyle Padron (born March 27, 1991) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at Eastern Washington University and Southern Methodist University.
Prep career
Padron graduated from Carroll Senior High School in Southlake, Texas in 2009. He played in just five games as a senior in 2008 before breaking his throwing hand. He passed for 1,550 yards and 18 touchdowns with only three interceptions, while completing 129-of-193 (66.8 percent) of his passes. He also rushed for 297 yards and six scores as a senior. The Carroll Dragons were 5–1 in the six games he played his senior season, finishing 8–3 overall. Padron was rated as a two-star prospect according to Rivals.com and Scout.com, and ranked No. 95 on the Dallas Morning News All-Area list.
College career
SMU
In his 21 games as a starter at SMU, Padron led the Mustangs to a 12–9 record – 5–1 as a freshman, 7–7 as a sophomore and 0–1 as a junior. Padron ended his SMU career with the school's career record for passing efficiency (142.0 rating) and average total offense per game (259.9). He completed 61.2 percent of his passes (446-of-729) and was intercepted 21 times. His 5,902 career passing yards ranks fourth in school history (Mitchell is seventh with 4,590), and his eight 300-yard passing performances are tied for the school record.
Padron took over the starting quarterback job at SMU in the eighth game of his freshman season in 2009, replacing Bo Levi Mitchell, who also transferred to Eastern Washington in 2010. Padron led the Mustangs to wins in five of their last six games to earn a spot on the Conference USA All-Freshman Team. Padron helped lead the Mustangs to their first bowl game since receiving the death penalty. He earned MVP honors at the 2009 Hawaii Bowl after passing for a school-record 460 yards and two touchdowns in SMU's 45–10 win over Nevada. In 2011, Padron was named to the Hawaii Bowl's Ten Year Anniversary Team for his outstanding performance in the game.
As a sophomore in 2010, Padron started all 14 games at quarterback, earning honorable mention All-Conference USA honors. He set SMU records for passing yards (3,828), total yards (4,072), touchdowns (31), completions (302) and attempts (508), and had the seventh-best passing efficiency rating (137.4) in school history. Padron led the Mustangs to their second straight bowl game, a 16–14 loss in the Armed Forces Bowl against Army. Padron completed 23-of-34 passes (67.6 percent) for 302 yards and two touchdowns in the bowl game.
As a junior in 2011, Padron played in three games, including the team's season opener at Texas A&M. He finished the year with 152 yards passing yards on nine completions, and one rushing touchdown. Padron was benched after a poor showing in the season opener and did not start another game for the Mustangs in 2011. Padron also suffered a herniated disc while lifting weights during the course of the season. In January 2012, Padron was granted a release from his scholarship at SMU.
Eastern Washington
In March 2012, Padron announced his transfer to Eastern Washington, where he would be attempting to replace graduating quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell, whom he had replaced at SMU back in 2009. In late August 2012, Padron was officially named the starter for Eastern Washington for the 2012 season opening game.
Padron split time in 2012 with redshirt freshman quarterback Vernon Adams, starting five games and playing in six others, during the 2012 season. Padron threw for 2,491 yards and 17 touchdowns against 7 interceptions, helping to lead the Eagles to a semifinal appearance in the FCS Playoffs.
Professional career
On January 9, 2013, it was announced that Padron had declared himself to be eligible for the 2013 NFL Draft, electing not to return for his final season of eligibility at Eastern Washington.
Oakland Raiders
On April 27, 2013, Padron signed as an undrafted free agent with the Oakland Raiders. On May 22, 2013, Padron was waived by the Oakland Raiders when Padron was unable to participate in offseason workouts because of an NFL rule regarding participation prior to graduating.
Bemidji Axemen
On November 20, 2013, Padron signed with the Bemidji Axemen of the Indoor Football League. Padron asked to be released to pursue other options.
References
External links
Official Eastern Washington Eagles bio
1991 births
Living people
People from Southlake, Texas
American football quarterbacks
Eastern Washington Eagles football players
SMU Mustangs football players
Players of American football from Texas
Bemidji Axemen players
Oakland Raiders players
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56749474
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acholla%20%28bug%29
|
Acholla (bug)
|
Acholla is a genus of assassin bugs in the family Reduviidae. There are at least three described species in Acholla, found in North America.
Species
These three species belong to the genus Acholla.
Acholla ampliata Stål, 1872
Acholla multispinosa (De Geer, 1773)
Acholla tabida (Stål, 1862)
References
Further reading
Reduviidae
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15901359
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyce
|
Noyce
|
Noyce, an English surname derived from the more common surname Noyes, may refer to:
Dora Noyce, Scottish brothel keeper
Graham Noyce, English motocross racer
Jonathan Noyce, English musician
Mark Noyce, English actor and film director
Phillip Noyce, Australian film director
Robert Noyce, American inventor and Intel co-founder
Wilfrid Noyce, English mountaineer and author
English-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
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45151280
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian%20units%20of%20measurement
|
Cambodian units of measurement
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A number of units of measurement were used in Cambodia to measure length, mass, capacity, etc. Since 1914, the metric system is compulsory in Cambodia.
System before metric system
Length
Several units were used to measure length. One muoi (or mot thuoc) was equal to 1 metre. Some other units are given below:.
1 phyeam = 2 muoi = 2 m
1 sen = 20 phyeam = 40 muoi = 40 m
1 yoch = 400 sen = 16,000 muoi = 16 km
Cham am
The cham am is a unit of length, used during the 18th–20th century in Cambodia. It is equivalent to 12 thneap or .
Thneap
The thneap is a unit of length, used during 18th – 20th century in Cambodia. It is equal to cham am, cm or about 20.8333 mm.
Weight
Several units were used to measure mass. One muoi (mot dong can tay) was equal to 0.600 kg. Some other units are given below:
1 lin = muoi = 22.5 g
1 hun = 10 lin = muoi = 225 g
1 chin = 10 hun = muoi = 2.25 kg
1 tael = 10 chin = muoi = 22.5 kg
1 neal = 16 tael = 600 muoi = 360 kg
1 pram roi (not can tay) = 1000 muoi = 600 kg
1 chong = 50 neal = 30,000 muoi = 18 t
1 hap (picul) = 20 chong = 600,000 muoi = 360 t
Capacity
Several units were used to measure capacity. One sesep (vuong mot gia) was equal to 40 litres. Some other units are given below:
1 muoi (vuong mot ba tay) = sesep = 1 L
1 kantang = sesep = 7.5 L
1 tao = 2 kantang = sesep = 15 L
1 thang = 2 tao = sesep = 30 L
Metric system
Length
Metric system has been compulsory with the name muoi mètre for meter.
Mass
Metric system has been compulsory with the following names:
1 muoi gramme = 1 g
1 hocsep = 60 kg.
Capacity
Metric system has been compulsory with the following names:
1 muoi litre = 1 L
1 sêsep litre = 40 L.
References
Cambodian culture
Cambodia
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66288606
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20St.%20John%27s%20Cemetery
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New St. John's Cemetery
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New St. John's Cemetery () is a cemetery in Tartu, Estonia. Next to this cemetery is located Old St. John's Cemetery.
Cemetery was opened in April 1890.
Burials
August Rauber
Edmund August Friedrich Russow
Carl Ernst Heinrich Schmidt
Hugo Treffner
Mihkel Veske
References
External links
About the cemetery, tartu.ee (in Estonian)
Cemeteries in Estonia
Tartu
1890 establishments in the Russian Empire
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27944972
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Walter%20Ehle
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John Walter Ehle
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John Walter Ehle (May 11, 1873 – July 25, 1927) was a Fireman First Class serving in the United States Navy during the Spanish–American War who received the Medal of Honor for bravery.
Biography
Ehle was born May 11, 1873, in Kearney, Nebraska and after entering the navy he was sent to fight in the Spanish–American War aboard the U.S.S. Concord as a Fireman First Class.
He died July 25, 1927, and was buried in Saint Mary Cemetery Oakland, California.
Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Fireman First Class, U.S. Navy. Born: 11 May 1873, Kearney, Nebr. Accredited to: Nebraska. G.O. No.: 502 14 December 1898.
Citation:
On board the U.S.S. Concord off Cavite, Manila Bay, Philippine Islands, 21 May 1898. Following the blowing out of a lower manhole plate joint on boiler B of that vessel, Ehle assisted in hauling the fires in the hot, vapor_filled atmosphere which necessitated the playing of water into the fireroom from a hose.
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish–American War
References
External links
1873 births
1927 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
United States Navy sailors
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
People from Kearney, Nebraska
Spanish–American War recipients of the Medal of Honor
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3617543
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya%20at%20the%201960%20Summer%20Olympics
|
Kenya at the 1960 Summer Olympics
|
The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. 27 competitors, all men, took part in 13 events in 4 sports.
Athletics
Key
Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Men
Track & road events
Hockey
Roster
Saude George
Anthony Vaz
Avtar Singh Sohal
Nil Jagnandan Singh
Surjeet Singh Deol
Silvester Fernandes
Edgar Fernandes
Hilary Fernandes
Surjeet Singh Panesar
Pritam Singh Sandhu
Alu Mendonca
John Simonian
Kirpal Singh Bhardwaj
Gursaran Singh Sehmi
Egbert Fernandes
Krishnan Kumar Aggarwal
Preliminary Round
Group C
Group standings
Play Offs
Quarter Final
Winning goal scored in sixth period of extra time.
Classification Matches
Fifth to eighth place
The match was suspended due to darkness after 40 minutes of extra time, ending in a 1–1 draw; Australia was initially awarded the match by a coin toss, but after an appeal by Kenya, the match was declared a draw and a replay was ordered.
Due to unforeseen circumstances, Germany was unable to play in the match against Kenya, so the match was scratched and both teams were awarded seventh place.
Sailing
Three Kenyan sailors competed in two different disciplines in the Olympic Regatta in Naples.
Shooting
Three shooters represented Kenya in 1960.
References
External links
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1960 Summer Olympics
1960
1960 in Kenyan sport
1960 Summer Olympics
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6268316
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th%20Academy%20Awards
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20th Academy Awards
|
No film received more than three awards at the 20th Academy Awards. This would not recur until the 78th Academy Awards.
Rosalind Russell was highly favored to win Best Actress for her performance in Mourning Becomes Electra, but Loretta Young won instead for The Farmer's Daughter.
James Baskett received an Academy Honorary Award for his portrayal of Uncle Remus in Song of the South, which made him the first African-American man and the first Walt Disney star to win an Academy Award for acting.
At age 71, Edmund Gwenn was the oldest Oscar-winner to that time. The previous oldest was Charles Coburn, who was 66 at the time of his win. In 2011, Christopher Plummer would become the oldest Oscar-winner, at age 82.
Awards
Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.
Academy Honorary Awards
James Baskett "for his able and heart-warming characterization of Uncle Remus, friend and story teller to the children of the world in Walt Disney's Song of the South".
Bill and Coo "in which artistry and patience blended in a novel and entertaining use of the medium of motion pictures".
Colonel William N. Selig, Albert E. Smith, Thomas Armat and George K. Spoor members of "the small group of pioneers whose belief in a new medium, and whose contributions to its development, blazed the trail along which the motion picture has progressed, in their lifetime, from obscurity to world-wide acclaim".
Best Foreign Language Film
Shoeshine (Italy)
Presenters
Anne Baxter (Presenter: Best Cinematography, Best Supporting Actor, Best Screenplay and Best Film Editing)
Ingrid Bergman (Presenter: Honorary Award to James Baskett)
Donald Crisp (Presenter: Best Supporting Actress and Best Director)
Olivia de Havilland (Presenter: Best Actor)
Jean Hersholt (Presenter: Honorary Awards)
Fredric March (Presenter: Best Actress and Best Picture)
Robert Montgomery (Presenter: Scientific & Technical Awards)
Agnes Moorehead (Presenter: Best Cinematography)
George Murphy (Presenter: Writing Awards)
Larry Parks (Presenter: Best Special Effects, Best Musical Score and Best Sound Recording)
Dick Powell (Presenter: Best Art Direction)
Dinah Shore (Presenter: Best Original Song)
Shirley Temple (Presenter: Documentary Awards and Short Subject Awards)
Performers
Dennis Day
Frances Langford
Gordon MacRae
Johnny Mercer
Dinah Shore
Multiple nominations and awards
The following 16 films received multiple nominations:
8 nominations: Gentleman's Agreement
5 nominations: The Bishop's Wife, Crossfire, and Great Expectations
4 nominations: A Double Life, Green Dolphin Street, Life with Father, and Miracle on 34th Street
3 nominations: Body and Soul and Mother Wore Tights
2 nominations: Black Narcissus, The Farmer's Daughter, Kiss of Death, Mourning Becomes Electra, Smash-Up, the Story of a Woman, and Song of the South
The following five films received multiple awards:
3 wins: Gentleman's Agreement and Miracle on 34th Street
2 wins: Black Narcissus, A Double Life and Great Expectations
See also
5th Golden Globe Awards
1947 in film
1st British Academy Film Awards
2nd Tony Awards
References
Academy Awards ceremonies
1947 film awards
1948 in Los Angeles
1948 in American cinema
March 1948 events
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48083455
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen%2C%20Jamaica
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Aberdeen, Jamaica
|
Aberdeen is a location in Jamaica getting its name from the Aberdeen Estate. It is in Saint Elizabeth Parish.
History
The Aberdeen Estate was originally leased by Alexander Forbes from Alexander MacFarlane from 1736-55. Forbes was the white superintendent of the Jamaican Maroons town of Accompong from 1773 until the end of the century.
By 1772, Forbes owned the estate outright, and he built a Great house around the 1740s.
The enslaved Africans on the estate became Moravians following the missionary work by this Protestant group. Following emancipation these people moved off the estate and established the modern settlement of Aberdeen, retaining their links to the Moravian church.
Aberdeen lies on the edge of Cockpit Country. In the first half of the 1800s, runaway slaves created the community of Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come on the land of Aberdeen in the Cockpit Country.
References
Saint Elizabeth Parish
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31155202
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhi%20Thanna%20Vilakku
|
Vidhi Thanna Vilakku
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Vidhi Thanna Vilakku is a 1962 Indian Malayalam film, directed by S. S. Rajan and produced by Guruvayoorappan Pictures. The film stars Sathyan, Ragini, Sukumari and Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai in the lead roles. The film had musical score by V. Dakshinamoorthy.
Cast
Sathyan
Ragini
Sukumari
Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai
Ramesh
Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar
Bahadoor
Chandni
GK Pillai
Rajam
S. P. Pillai
Soundtrack
The music was composed by V. Dakshinamoorthy and lyrics were written by P. Bhaskaran and Abhayadev.
References
External links
1962 films
Indian films
1960s Malayalam-language films
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4529261
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel%20Falls
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Sentinel Falls
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Sentinel Falls can mean one of two waterfalls:
Sentinel Falls (Montana)
The unofficial name of Sentinel Fall in Yosemite National Park
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33138055
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbersbrook
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Timbersbrook
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Timbersbrook is a small village in the town parish of Congleton, Cheshire, England.
References
Villages in Cheshire
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55940043
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20pearl%20dace
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Northern pearl dace
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The northern pearl dace (Margariscus nachtriebi) is a freshwater ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae, the carps and minnows. It occurs in Atlantic, Hudson Bay, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River basins in the northern United States and Canada. Its preferred habitat is cool, clear headwater streams, bog drainage streams, ponds and small lakes, and in stained, peaty waters of beaver ponds, usually over sand or gravel.
References
Margariscus
Freshwater fish of North America
Fish described in 1896
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25719599
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer%20Valley%20High%20School
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Pioneer Valley High School
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Pioneer Valley High School (PVHS) is a public comprehensive high school in Santa Maria, California, United States. The school is the newest campus in the Santa Maria Joint Union High School District, opening to a class of freshmen and sophomores on August 11, 2004.
Academics
Pioneer Valley High School offers two foreign languages for study: French and Spanish.
The school achieved an API of 693 in 2009.
Athletics
Pioneer Valley High School sports teams are nicknamed the Panthers. Since 2018, the school has competed in the Central Coast Athletic Association, which is affiliated with the CIF Central Section. Prior to that, PVHS was a member of the CIF Southern Section (CIF-SS) and the Pac-8 League.
References
External links
Educational institutions established in 2004
High schools in Santa Barbara County, California
Santa Maria, California
Public high schools in California
2004 establishments in California
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40038628
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomila
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Gomila
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Gomila is a place name that may refer to:
Gomila, Destrnik, a settlement in the Municipality of Destrnik, northeastern Slovenia
Gomila, Mirna, a settlement in the Municipality of Mirna, central Slovenia
Gomila pri Kogu, a settlement in the Municipality of Ormož, northeastern Slovenia
Gomila, a hamlet of Šmarčna, a settlement in the Municipality of Sevnica, central Slovenia
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475519
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleworth
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Littleworth
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Littleworth may refer to several places in England:
Littleworth, Aylesbury Vale, Buckinghamshire
Littleworth, South Bucks, Buckinghamshire
Littleworth, Minchinhampton, Gloucestershire, a location
Littleworth, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, a location
Littleworth, South Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire
Littleworth, Vale of White Horse, Oxfordshire
Littleworth, Cannock, Staffordshire
Littleworth, Stafford, Staffordshire
Littleworth, a place in Woodseaves, Stafford, Staffordshire, England
Littleworth, Doncaster, South Yorkshire
Littleworth, Warwickshire, a location in Norton Lindsey parish
Littleworth, West Sussex
Littleworth, Wiltshire
Littleworth, Feckenham, Worcestershire, a location
Littleworth, Worcestershire, near Worcester
Littleworth railway station (closed), Deeping St Nicholas, Lincolnshire
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo
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Rongorongo
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Rongorongo (Rapa Nui: ) is a system of glyphs discovered in the 19th century on Easter Island that appears to be writing or proto-writing. Numerous attempts at decipherment have been made, with none being successful. Although some calendrical and what might prove to be genealogical information has been identified, none of these glyphs can actually be read. If rongorongo does prove to be writing and proves to be an independent invention, it would be one of very few independent inventions of writing in human history.
Two dozen wooden objects bearing rongorongo inscriptions, some heavily weathered, burned, or otherwise damaged, were collected in the late 19th century and are now scattered in museums and private collections. None remain on Easter Island. The objects are mostly tablets shaped from irregular pieces of wood, sometimes driftwood, but include a chieftain's staff, a bird-man statuette, and two reimiro ornaments. There are also a few petroglyphs which may include short rongorongo inscriptions. Oral history suggests that only a small elite was ever literate and that the tablets were sacred.
Authentic rongorongo texts are written in alternating directions, a system called reverse boustrophedon. In a third of the tablets, the lines of text are inscribed in shallow fluting carved into the wood. The glyphs themselves are outlines of human, animal, plant, artifact and geometric forms. Many of the human and animal figures, such as glyphs and have characteristic protuberances on each side of the head, possibly representing eyes.
Individual texts are conventionally known by a single uppercase letter and a name, such as Tablet C, the Mamari Tablet. The somewhat variable names may be descriptive or indicate where the object is kept, as in the Oar, the Snuffbox, the Small Santiago Tablet, and the Santiago Staff.
Etymology and variant names
is the modern name for the inscriptions. In the Rapa Nui language it means "to recite, to declaim, to chant out".
The original name—or perhaps description—of the script is said to have been , "lines incised for chanting out", shortened to or "lines [for] chanting out". There are also said to have been more specific names for the texts based on their topic. For example, the ("lines of years") were annals, the ("lines of fishes") were lists of persons killed in war ( "fish" was homophonous with or used figuratively for "war casualty"), and the "lines of fugitives" were lists of war refugees.
Some authors have understood the in to refer to a separate form of writing distinct from rongorongo. Barthel recorded that, "The Islanders had another writing (the so-called "tau script") which recorded their annals and other secular matters, but this has disappeared." However, Fischer writes that "the was originally a type of inscription. In the 1880s, a group of elders invented a derivative 'script' [also] called with which to decorate carvings in order to increase their trading value. It is a primitive imitation of ." An alleged third script, the or described in some mid-twentieth-century publications, was "an early twentieth-century geometric [decorative] invention".
Form and construction
The forms of the glyphs are standardized contours of living organisms and geometric designs about one centimeter high. The wooden tablets are irregular in shape and, in many instances, fluted (tablets B, E, G, H, O, Q, and possibly T), with the glyphs carved in shallow channels running the length of the tablets, as can be seen in the image of tablet G at right. It is thought that irregular and often blemished pieces of wood were used in their entirety rather than squared off due to the scarcity of wood on the island.
Writing media
Except for a few possible glyphs cut in stone (see petroglyphs), and one possibility on barkcloth, all surviving secure texts are inscribed in wood. According to tradition, the tablets were made of toromiro wood. However, Orliac (2005) examined seven objects (tablets B, C, G, H, K, Q, and L) with stereo optical and scanning electron microscopes and determined that all were instead made from Pacific rosewood (Thespesia populnea); the same identification had been made for tablet M in 1934. This 15-meter tree, known as "Pacific rosewood" for its color and called in Rapanui, is used for sacred groves and carvings throughout eastern Polynesia and was evidently brought to Easter Island by the first settlers. However, not all the wood was native: Orliac (2007) established that tablets N, P, and S were made of South African Yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius) and therefore that the wood had arrived with Western contact. Fischer describes P as "a damaged and reshapen European or American oar", as are A (which is European ash, Fraxinus excelsior) and V; notes that wood from the wreck of a Western boat was said to have been used for many tablets; and that both P and S had been recycled as planking for a Rapanui driftwood canoe, suggesting that by that time the tablets had little value to the islanders as texts. Several texts, including O, are carved on gnarled driftwood. The fact that the islanders were reduced to inscribing driftwood, and were regardless extremely economical in their use of wood, may have had consequences for the structure of the script, such as the abundance of ligatures and potentially a telegraphic style of writing that would complicate textual analysis.
William J. Thomson reported a calabash, now lost, that had been found in a tomb and was "covered with hieroglyphics similar to those found on the incised tablets." During the early missionary period that began in 1864, it was reported that women wore bark cloth decorated with "symbols"; a fragment of one of these survives, and appears to be rongorongo.
Oral tradition holds that, because of the great value of wood, only expert scribes used it, while pupils wrote on banana leaves. German ethnologist Thomas Barthel believed that carving on wood was a secondary development in the evolution of the script based on an earlier stage of incising banana leaves or the sheaths of the banana trunk with a bone stylus, and that the medium of leaves was retained not only for lessons but to plan and compose the texts of the wooden tablets. He found experimentally that the glyphs were quite visible on banana leaves due to the sap that emerged from the cuts and dried on the surface. However, when the leaves themselves dried they became brittle and would not have survived for long.
Barthel speculated that the banana leaf might even have served as a prototype for the tablets, with the fluted surface of the tablets an emulation of the veined structure of a leaf:
Direction of writing
Rongorongo glyphs were written in reverse boustrophedon, left to right and bottom to top. That is, the reader begins at the bottom left-hand corner of a tablet, reads a line from left to right, then rotates the tablet 180 degrees to continue on the next line. When reading one line, the lines above and below it would appear upside down, as can be seen in the image at left.
However, the writing continues onto the second side of a tablet at the point where it finishes off the first, so if the first side has an odd number of lines, as is the case with tablets K, N, P, and Q, the second will start at the upper left-hand corner, and the direction of writing shifts to top to bottom.
Larger tablets and staves may have been read without turning, if the reader were able to read upside-down.
The direction of writing was determined by such clues as glyphs that twist as the line changes direction, glyphs that were squashed to fit in at the end of a text, and – when a particular tablet does not have such clues – parallel passages between tablets.
Writing instruments
According to oral tradition, scribes used obsidian flakes or small shark teeth, presumably the hafted tools still used to carve wood in Polynesia, to flute and polish the tablets and then to incise the glyphs. The glyphs are most commonly composed of deep smooth cuts, though superficial hair-line cuts are also found. In the closeup image at right, a glyph is composed of two parts connected by a hair-line cut; this is a typical convention for this shape. Several researchers, including Barthel, believe that these superficial cuts were made by obsidian, and that the texts were carved in a two-stage process, first sketched with obsidian and then deepened and finished with a worn shark tooth. The remaining hair-line cuts were then either errors, design conventions (as at right), or decorative embellishments. Vertical strings of chevrons or lozenges, for example, are typically connected with hair-line cuts, as can be seen repeatedly in the closeup of one end of tablet B below. However, Barthel was told that the last literate Rapanui king, Ngaara, sketched out the glyphs in soot applied with a fish bone and then engraved them with a shark tooth.
Tablet N, on the other hand, shows no sign of shark teeth. Haberlandt noticed that the glyphs of this text appear to have been incised with a sharpened bone, as evidenced by the shallowness and width of the grooves. N also "displays secondary working with obsidian flakes to elaborate details within the finished contour lines. No other rongo-rongo inscription reveals such graphic extravagance".
Other tablets appear to have been cut with a steel blade, often rather crudely. Although steel knives were available after the arrival of the Spanish, this does cast suspicion on the authenticity of these tablets.
Glyphs
The glyphs are stylized human, animal, vegetable and geometric shapes, and often form compounds. Nearly all those with heads are oriented head up and are either seen face on or in profile to the right, in the direction of writing. It is not known what significance turning a glyph head-down or to the left may have had. Heads often have characteristic projections on the sides which may be eyes (as on the sea turtle glyph below, and more clearly on sea-turtle petroglyphs) but which often resemble ears (as on the anthropomorphic petroglyph in the next section). Birds are common; many resemble the frigatebird (see image directly below) which was associated with the supreme god Makemake. Other glyphs look like fish or arthropods. A few are similar to petroglyphs found throughout the island.
Origin
Oral tradition holds that either Hotu Matua or Tuu ko Iho, the legendary founder(s) of Rapa Nui, brought 67 tablets from their homeland. The same founder is also credited with bringing indigenous plants such as the toromiro. However, there is no homeland likely to have had a tradition of writing in Polynesia or even in South America. Thus rongorongo appears to have been an internal development. Given that few if any of the Rapanui people remaining on the island in the 1870s could read the glyphs, it is likely that only a small minority were ever literate. Indeed, early visitors were told that literacy was a privilege of the ruling families and priests who were all kidnapped in the Peruvian slaving raids or died soon afterwards in the resulting epidemics.
Dating the tablets
Little direct dating has been done. The start of forest-clearing for agriculture on Easter Island, and thus presumably colonization, has been dated to circa 1200, implying a date for the invention of rongorongo no earlier than the 13th century. Tablet Q (Small Saint Petersburg) is the sole item that has been carbon dated, but the results only constrain the date to sometime after 1680. Glyph 67 () is thought to represent the extinct Easter Island palm, which disappeared from the island's pollen record circa 1650, suggesting that the script itself is at least that old.
Texts A, P, and V can be dated to the 18th or 19th century by virtue of being inscribed on European oars. Orliac (2005) argued that the wood for tablet C () was cut from the trunk of a tree some tall, and Easter Island has long been deforested of trees that size. Analysis of charcoal indicates that the forest disappeared in the first half of the 17th century. Roggeveen, who discovered Easter Island in 1722, described the island as "destitute of large trees" and in 1770 González de Ahedo wrote, "Not a single tree is to be found capable of furnishing a plank so much as six inches [15 cm] in width." Forster, with Cook's expedition of 1774, reported that "there was not a tree upon the island which exceeded the height of 10 feet [3 m]."
All of these methods date the wood, not the inscriptions themselves. Pacific rosewood is not durable, and is unlikely to survive long in Easter Island's climate.
1770 Spanish expedition
In 1770 the Spanish annexed Easter Island under Captain González de Ahedo. A signing ceremony was held in which a treaty of annexation was signed by an undisclosed number of chiefs "by marking upon it certain characters in their own form of script." (Reproduction at right.)
Several scholars have suggested that rongorongo may have been an invention inspired by this visit and the signing of the treaty of annexation. As circumstantial evidence, they note that no explorer reported the script prior to Eugène Eyraud in 1864, and are of the opinion that the marks with which the chiefs signed the Spanish treaty do not resemble rongorongo. The hypothesis of these researchers is not that rongorongo was itself a copy of the Latin alphabet, or of any other form of writing, but that the concept of writing had been conveyed in a process anthropologists term trans-cultural diffusion, which then inspired the islanders to invent their own system of writing. If this is the case, then rongorongo emerged, flourished, fell into oblivion, and was all but forgotten within a span of less than a hundred years.
However, known cases of the diffusion of writing, such as Sequoyah's invention of the Cherokee syllabary after seeing the power of English-language newspapers, or Uyaquk's invention of the Yugtun script inspired by readings from Christian scripture, involved greater contact than the signing of a single treaty. The glyphs could be crudely written rongorongo, as might be expected for Rapa Nui representatives writing with the novel instrument of pen on paper. The fact that the script was not otherwise observed by early explorers, who spent little time on the island, may reflect that it was taboo; such taboos may have lost power along with the (scribes) by the time Rapanui society collapsed following Peruvian slaving raids and the resulting epidemics, so that the tablets had become more widely distributed by Eyraud's day. Orliac points out that Tablet C would appear to predate the Spanish visit by at least a century.
Petroglyphs
Easter Island has the richest assortment of petroglyphs in Polynesia. Nearly every suitable surface has been carved, including the stone walls of some houses and a few of the famous moai statues and their fallen topknots. Around one thousand sites with over four thousand glyphs have been catalogued, some in bas- or sunken-relief, and some painted red and white. Designs include a concentration of chimeric bird-man figures at Orongo, a ceremonial center of the tangata manu ("bird-man") cult; faces of the creation deity Makemake; marine animals like turtles, tuna, swordfish, sharks, whales, dolphins, crabs, and octopuses (some with human faces); roosters; canoes, and over five hundred (vulvas). Petroglyphs are often accompanied by carved divots ("cupules") in the rock. Changing traditions are preserved in bas-relief birdmen, which were carved over simpler outline forms and in turn carved over with . Although the petroglyphs cannot be directly dated, some are partially obscured by pre-colonial stone buildings, suggesting they are relatively old.
Several of the anthropomorphic and animal-form petroglyphs have parallels in rongorongo, for instance a double-headed frigatebird (glyph 680) on a fallen moai topknot, a figure which also appears on a dozen tablets. McLaughlin (2004) illustrates the most prominent correspondences with the petroglyph corpus of Lee (1992). However, these are mostly isolated glyphs; few text-like sequences or ligatures have been found among the petroglyphs. This has led to the suggestion that rongorongo must be a recent creation, perhaps inspired by petroglyph designs or retaining individual petroglyphs as logograms (Macri 1995), but not old enough to have been incorporated into the petroglyphic tradition. The most complex candidate for petroglyphic rongorongo is what appears to be a short sequence of glyphs, one of which is a ligature, carved on the wall of a cave. However, the sequence does not appear to have been carved in a single hand (see image at right), and the cave is located near the house that produced the Poike tablet, a crude imitation of rongorongo, so the petroglyphs may not be authentic.
Historical record
Discovery
Eugène Eyraud, a lay friar of the Congrégation de Picpus, landed on Easter Island on January 2, 1864, on the 24th day of his departure from Valparaíso. He was to remain on Easter Island for nine months, evangelizing its inhabitants. He wrote an account of his stay in which he reports his discovery of the tablets that year:
There is no other mention of the tablets in his report, and the discovery went unnoticed. Eyraud left Easter Island on October 11, in extremely poor health. Ordained a priest in 1865, he returned to Easter Island in 1866 where he died of tuberculosis in August 1868, aged 48.
Destruction
In 1868 the Bishop of Tahiti, Florentin-Étienne "Tepano" Jaussen, received a gift from the recent Catholic converts of Easter Island. It was a long cord of human hair, a fishing line perhaps, wound around a small wooden board covered in hieroglyphic writing. Stunned at the discovery, he wrote to Father Hippolyte Roussel on Easter Island to collect all the tablets and to find natives capable of translating them. But Roussel could only recover a few, and the islanders could not agree on how to read them.
Yet Eyraud had seen hundreds of tablets only four years earlier. What happened to the missing tablets is a matter of conjecture. Eyraud had noted how little interest their owners had in them. Stéphen Chauvet reports that,
Orliac has observed that the deep black indentation, about long, on lines 5 and 6 of the recto of tablet H is a groove made by the rubbing of a fire stick, showing that tablet H had been used for fire-making. Tablets S and P had been cut into lashed planking for a canoe, which fits the story of a man named Niari who made a canoe out of abandoned tablets.
As European-introduced diseases and raids by Peruvian slavers, including a final devastating raid in 1862 and a subsequent smallpox epidemic, had reduced the Rapa Nui population to under two hundred by the 1870s, it is possible that literacy had been wiped out by the time Eyraud discovered the tablets in 1866.
Thus in 1868 Jaussen could recover only a few tablets, with three more acquired by Captain Gana of the Chilean corvette O'Higgins in 1870. In the 1950s Barthel found the decayed remains of half a dozen tablets in caves, in the context of burials. However, no glyphs could be salvaged.
Of the 26 commonly accepted texts that survive, only half are in good condition and authentic beyond doubt.
Anthropological accounts
British archaeologist and anthropologist Katherine Routledge undertook a 1914–1915 scientific expedition to Rapa Nui with her husband to catalog the art, customs, and writing of the island. She was able to interview two elderly informants, Kapiera and a leper named Tomenika, who allegedly had some knowledge of rongorongo. The sessions were not very fruitful, as the two often contradicted each other. From them Routledge concluded that rongorongo was an idiosyncratic mnemonic device that did not directly represent language, in other words, proto-writing, and that the meanings of the glyphs were reformulated by each scribe, so that the could not be read by someone not trained in that specific text. The texts themselves she believed to be litanies for priest-scribes, kept apart in special houses and strictly tapu, that recorded the island's history and mythology. By the time of later ethnographic accounts, such as Métraux (1940), much of what Routledge recorded in her notes had been forgotten, and the oral history showed a strong external influence from popular published accounts.
Corpus
The 26 rongorongo texts with letter codes are inscribed on wooden objects, each with between 2 and 2320 simple glyphs and components of compound glyphs, for over 15,000 in all. The objects are mostly oblong wooden tablets, with the exceptions of I, a possibly sacred chieftain's staff known as the Santiago Staff; J and L, inscribed on reimiro pectoral ornaments worn by the elite; X, inscribed on various parts of a tangata manu ("birdman") statuette; and Y, a European snuff box assembled from sections cut from a rongorongo tablet. The tablets, like the pectorals, statuettes, and staves, were works of art and valued possessions, and were apparently given individual proper names in the same manner as jade ornaments in New Zealand. Two of the tablets, C and S, have a documented pre-missionary provenance, though others may be as old or older. There are in addition a few isolated glyphs or short sequences which might prove to be rongorongo.
Classic texts
Barthel referred to each of 24 texts he accepted as genuine with a letter of the alphabet; two texts have been added to the corpus since then. The two faces of the tablets are distinguished by suffixing r (recto) or v (verso) when the reading sequence can be ascertained, to which the line being discussed is appended. Thus Pr2 is item P (the Great Saint Petersburg Tablet), recto, second line. When the reading sequence cannot be ascertained, a and b are used for the faces. Thus Ab1 is item A (Tahua), side b, first line. The six sides of the Snuff Box are lettered as sides a to f. Nearly all publications follow the Barthel convention, though a popular book by Fischer uses an idiosyncratic numbering system.
Crude glyphs have been found on a few stone objects and some additional wooden items, but most of these are thought to be fakes created for the early tourism market. Several of the 26 wooden texts are suspect due to uncertain provenance (X, Y, and Z), poor quality craftsmanship (F, K, V, W, Y, and Z), or to having been carved with a steel blade (K, V, and Y), and thus, although they may prove to be genuine, should not be trusted in initial attempts at decipherment. Z resembles many early forgeries in not being boustrophedon, but it may be a palimpsest on an authentic but now illegible text.
Additional texts
In addition to the petroglyphs mentioned above, there are a few other very short uncatalogued texts that may be rongorongo. Fischer reports that "many statuettes reveal or -like glyphs on their crown." He gives the example of a compound glyph, , on the crown of a statuette. Many human skulls are inscribed with the single 'fish' glyph 700 , which may stand for "war casualty". There are other designs, including some tattoos recorded by early visitors, which are possibly single rongorongo glyphs, but since they are isolated and pictographic, it is difficult to know whether or not they are actually writing. In 2018, a possibly authentic ink-on-barkcloth sequence dating from 1869, dubbed the "Raŋitoki fragment", was recognized.
Glyphs
The only published reference to the glyphs which is even close to comprehensive remains Barthel (1958). Barthel assigned a three-digit numeric code to each glyph or to each group of similar-looking glyphs that he believed to be allographs (variants). In the case of allography, the bare numeric code was assigned to what Barthel believed to be the basic form (Grundtypus), while variants were specified by alphabetic suffixes. Altogether he assigned 600 numeric codes. The hundreds place is a digit from 0 to 7, and categorizes the head, or overall form if there is no head: 0 and 1 for geometric shapes and inanimate objects; 2 for figures with "ears"; 3 and 4 for figures with open mouths (they are differentiated by their legs/tails); 5 for figures with miscellaneous heads; 6 for figures with beaks; and 7 for fish, arthropods, etc. The digits in tens and units places were allocated similarly, so that, for example, glyphs 206, 306, 406, 506, and 606 all have a downward-pointing wing or arm on the left, and a raised four-fingered hand on the right:
There is some arbitrariness to which glyphs are grouped together, and there are inconsistencies in the assignments of numerical codes and the use of affixes which make the system rather complex. However, despite its shortcomings, Barthel's is the only effective system ever proposed to categorize rongorongo glyphs.
Barthel (1971) claimed to have parsed the corpus of glyphs to 120, of which the other 480 in his inventory are allographs or ligatures. The evidence was never published, but similar counts have been obtained by other scholars, such as Pozdniakov & Pozdniakov (2007).
Published corpus
For almost a century only a few of the texts were published. In 1875, the director of the Chilean National Museum of Natural History in Santiago, Rudolf Philippi, published the Santiago Staff, and Carroll (1892) published part of the Oar. Most texts remained beyond the reach of would-be decipherers until 1958, when Thomas Barthel published line drawings of almost all the known corpus in his ("Bases for the Decipherment of the Easter Island script") which remains the fundamental reference to rongorongo. He transcribed texts A through X, over 99% of the corpus; the CEIPP estimates that it is 97% accurate. Barthel's line drawings were not produced free-hand but copied from rubbings, which helped ensure their faithfulness to the originals.
Fischer (1997) published new line drawings. These include lines scored with obsidian but not finished with a shark tooth, which had not been recorded by Barthel because the rubbings he used often did not show them, for example on tablet N. (However, in line Gv4 shown in the section on writing instruments above, the light lines were recorded by both Fischer and Barthel.) There are other omissions in Barthel which Fischer corrects, such as a sequence of glyphs at the transition from line Ca6 to Ca7 which is missing from Barthel, presumably because the carving went over the side of the tablet and was missed by Barthel's rubbing. (This missing sequence is right in the middle of Barthel's calendar.) However, other discrepancies between the two records are straightforward contradictions. For instance, the initial glyph of I12 (line 12 of the Santiago Staff) in Fischer does not correspond with that of Barthel or Philippi, which agree with each other, and Barthel's rubbing (below) is incompatible with Fischer's drawing. Barthel's annotation, Original doch 53.76! ("original indeed 53.76!"), suggests that he specifically verified Philippi's reading:
In addition, the next glyph (glyph 20, a "spindle with three knobs") is missing its right-side "sprout" (glyph 10) in Philippi's drawing. This may be the result of an error in the inking, since there is a blank space in its place. The corpus is thus tainted with quite some uncertainty. It has never been properly checked for want of high-quality photographs.
Decipherment
As with most undeciphered scripts, there are many fanciful interpretations and claimed translations of rongorongo. However, apart from a portion of one tablet which has been shown to have to do with a lunar Rapa Nui calendar, none of the texts are understood. There are three serious obstacles to decipherment, assuming rongorongo is truly writing: the small number of remaining texts, the lack of context such as illustrations in which to interpret them, and the poor attestation of the Old Rapanui language, since modern Rapanui is heavily mixed with Tahitian and is therefore unlikely to closely reflect the language of the tablets.
The prevailing opinion is that rongorongo is not true writing but proto-writing, or even a more limited mnemonic device for genealogy, choreography, navigation, astronomy, or agriculture. For example, the Atlas of Languages states, "It was probably used as a memory aid or for decorative purposes, not for recording the Rapanui language of the islanders." If this is the case, then there is little hope of ever deciphering it. For those who believe it to be writing, there is debate as to whether rongorongo is essentially logographic or syllabic, though it appears to be compatible with neither a pure logography nor a pure syllabary.
Computer encoding
The Unicode Consortium has tentatively allocated range 1CA80–1CDBF of the Supplementary Multilingual Plane for encoding the Rongorongo script. An encoding proposal has been written by Michael Everson.
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
The Rongorongo of Easter Island – the most complete and balanced description of rongorongo on the internet at the time, from a researcher with the CEIPP. (Archived as of February 27, 2005)
Kohaumotu – a more recent professional site, by Philip Spaelti. Includes a mirror of the CEIPP site.
Rongorongo corpus viewer – see, highlight, and compare both the Barthel and Fischer transcriptions.
Michael Everson's draft Unicode proposal for Rongorongo
The Rock Art of Rapa Nui by Georgia Lee
Splendid Isolation: Art of Easter Island, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Rongorongo
Undeciphered writing systems
Easter Island
Polynesian languages
Rapanui people
History of Easter Island
Austronesian inscriptions
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34174907
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%20BWF%20Super%20Series
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2012 BWF Super Series
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The 2012 BWF Super Series is the sixth season of the BWF Super Series. The season started with a Super Series Premier event in Korea and ended in Hong Kong. The season-ending Masters Finals were held in Shenzhen, China from December 12–16, 2012.
Schedule
Below is the schedule released by Badminton World Federation:
Results
Winners
Performance by countries
Tabulated below are the Super Series performances based on countries. Only countries who have won a title are listed:
Finals
Korea
Malaysia
All England
India
Indonesia
Singapore
China Masters
Japan
Denmark
France
China Open
Hong Kong
Masters Finals
References
BWF Super Series
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42826579
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Tuns%2C%20Uxbridge
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Three Tuns, Uxbridge
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The Three Tuns is a Grade II listed public house at 24 High Street, Uxbridge, London.
It was built in the 16th and 17th centuries.
References
Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Grade II listed pubs in London
Pubs in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Uxbridge
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42652473
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashita%2C%20Haru%20ga%20Kitara
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Ashita, Haru ga Kitara
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is a song by Japanese entertainer Takako Matsu from her debut album, Sora no Kagami (1997). It was released on March 21, 1997, through BMG Japan as her debut single. The song was written by Yūji Sakamoto and Daisuke Hinata, while Hinata produced the song. Following the wrap-up of the drama Long Vacation, she decided to give singing a try upon the suggestion of one of its directors.
The track was recorded in Santa Monica, California, and is a mid-tempo J-pop song composed in the key of B minor. Its lyrics recite a young girl's memories of her love for a boy in her high school days. It has been praised by critics and associated with the onset of spring in Japan, having re-entered the airplay charts in Japan around that time, even years after its initial release. It has also been covered by many other artists like Namie Amuro, Masaharu Fukuyama, Ayumi Shibata, ClariS, and Hiromi Hirata. The single peaked at number 8 on the Oricon singles chart and spent 20 weeks in the top 20 of the chart. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipments exceeding 400,000 copies.
Ten years after its initial release, Matsu released a new version of the song titled "Ashita, Haru ga Kitara 97–07" in March 2007. The re-release contains updated lyrics reflecting changes in the artist's mind. By intermixing her vocals with her vocals from 10 years before, new version contrasts the two. The new version was featured on her album Cherish You (2007) and also on her compilation album Footsteps: 10th Anniversary Complete Best (2008). As of 2014, Matsu has performed the song on all of her concert tours as well as other events, including NHK's Kōhaku Uta Gassen in 1997.
Background and release
Growing up, Takako Matsu practiced piano and took vocal training as a child. Prior to releasing music, she acted in various television drama and plays. In 1996, she acted in the drama Long Vacation, which became very popular in Japan. At the wrap up party of the drama, the director of the series at that time heard her perform karaoke and suggested that she try singing. Although taken aback and hesitant at first, she later agreed, as she felt it was not a chance that everyone received and because she liked singing; she felt it might work out somehow.
"Ashita, Haru ga Kitara" was written by Yūji Sakamoto and Daisuke Hinata, both of whom had worked with Matsu. Sakamoto had been Tokyo Love Storys screenwriter and Hinata had been in charge of the music of Long Vacation. Hinata provided the music and arrangement to "Ashita, Haru ga Kitara". The track was recorded at the Hyper Image Studio in Santa Monica, California, in January 1997. Hinata himself mixed the audio while Steve Hall mastered it. Cagnet provided instrumentation to the song. The record was produced by Kozo Nagayama, who had also produced Long Vacation. Initially, another song was selected to be released as Matsu's debut single. However, it was scrapped for unknown reasons and "Ashita, Haru ga Kitara" was selected instead. Matsu debuted the song on radio on February 14, 1997, and the single was physically released on March 21, 1997, through BMG Japan as an 8 cm CD single.
Composition
"Ashita, Haru ga Kitara" is a mid-tempo J-pop track with a "gentle melody", that lasts for 4 minutes and 13 seconds. According to the original score published by Doremi Music Publishing, it is composed in the key of B minor and in the common verse-chorus song structure with a tempo of 110 beats per minute. The track opens with an instrumental introduction with a chord progression of Gmaj7–Fm7–Bm. As it reaches the chorus, the progression shifts to G–A–Fm–Bm7. The same pattern is repeated throughout the song.
The lyrics of the song, written from the perspective of a girl, sees her recollect the memories of her love with a member of her high school baseball team and how she hopes to meet him again "tomorrow, if spring comes". Upon the album's release, Yoshitake Maeda, writing for BMG Japan, commented that Sakamoto probably reminisced on his teenage years through the song.
The b-side of the single "Zutto... Iyō yo" was written by Matsu and produced by Hinata. Matsu decided to give it the theme of three girls going out for a drive. However, she commented that no matter how others looked at it, it seemed as if the song is about two girls. The song opens with an "electro" introduction and utilizes a warped guitar throughout. In addition to the two songs, the single also featured the original karaoke track to "Ashita, Haru ga Kitara". An LP titled Remix Hyper Bug containing remixes of "Ashita, Haru ga Kitara" by DJ Craig William—"Ashita, Haru ga Kitara" (Hyper Bug Mix) and "Ashita, Haru ga Kitara" (Techno Dub Mix) was released on August 21, 1997, through BMG Victor. It also features a remix of the album track "Love Sick", titled "Love Sick (Deep Sick Mix)".
Reception
A reviewer for CD Journal commended "Ashita, Haru ga Kitara" for being "pure" and noted that Matsu's "unobtrusive [and] naked voice" is like "sitting in a sunny spot on early spring day". Similarly, Rolling Stone Japan wrote that the song has a "heartwarming" production, which they noted has become synonymous with Takako Matsu. Another reviewer for CD Journal said that the b-side, "Zutto... Iyō yo"s arrangement makes it an "impressive pop song". Since its release, "Ashita, Haru ga Kitara" has often been associated with the onset of spring in Japan. The song also entered the top requests list of many FM radio stations around the same time. Since the introduction of Billboard Japan in 2010, the song has spiked on its airplay charts during the time of spring. It was also included on the compilation True Love: Spring Memorial Songs in 2003. In a web poll conducted in 2013 by MyNavi news asking people about their favorite spring song, "Ashita, Haru ga Kitara" was ranked at number 10.
The single debuted at number 15 on the Oricon singles chart during the week following its release in March 1997, selling 35,640 copies. A few weeks later, it moved to number 8, moving 46,400 copies, which became its peak position. The single spent nine weeks in the top 20, including two in the top 10, and finished at number 75 on the yearly chart, due to sales of 428,170 copies. As of May 2014, it has sold 431,540 copies in Japan and has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan for shipments of over 400,000 copies.
Live performances and covers
In 1997, Matsu performed the song at the 48th Kōhaku Uta Gassen in 1997, representing the "Red" team in the event. The previous year, before her debut as a singer, she had hosted the "Red" team. This made Matsu, who was 19 at that time, the youngest person to reach that position in the event. In June of the same year, she appeared on the show Love Love Aishiteru, her first music talk show appearance, and performed the song along with a cover of Seiko Matsuda's "Hitomi wa Diamond" (1983). She has performed the song on all of her concert tours—from the Piece of Life (2001) through Time for Music (2010). On the Cherish You (2007) and Time for Music concert tours, she performed the 97–07 version of the song. A footage of performance from the Piece of Life tour was used to promote the DVD release of the concert.
Apart from the tours, she has also performed the song on various televised appearances. In 2003, she appeared on the talk show hosted by Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki and performed the song and "Ashita ni Kuchizuke o" (2003) alongside Hamasaki. Three years later, Matsu sang the song on Music Fair, alongside Sukima Switch. In 2009, Matsu performed the song on the FM802 sponsored event Radio Magic, with Yoshiyuki Sahashi directing the backing band to a crowd of about 12,000 people. A writer for Barks wrote that Matsu's vocals sounded "transparent" and the whole performance had a "refreshing feeling". Oricon magazine commented that Matsu sang "cheerfully" while "running around the stage". The same year, she performed it on the show organized by TBS. In 2014, she performed the song again for NHK, at the event.
The song was covered by Hiromi Hirata as Makoto Kikuchi of The Idolmaster series as a "Special Request" song. It was later included in the album, The Idolmaster Special Spring (2010), released through Nippon Columbia. The album peaked at number 18 on the Oricon Albums Chart. It was also covered for the spring compilation Cafe de Nagareru Sweet Jazz 20 the Best Sakura Songs, which peaked at number 39 on the Oricon albums chart. The song has also been covered by many mainstream pop artists like Namie Amuro in 1997, for the show , in 1998 by Masaharu Fukuyama for All Night Nippon, and in 2008 by Ayumi Shibata for .
Track listing
Credits and personnel
Adapted from Sora no Kagami liner notes.
Takako Matsu – vocals
Daisuke Hinata – keyboards, programming, mixing
Bud Rizzo – guitars, bass, programming
Shinnosuke Soramachi – acoustic guitar
Steve Hall – mastering
Re-release
A re-recorded version of the song was released as a single to commemorate Matsu's tenth anniversary in music industry, to digital outlets like iTunes, mora, and also in Chaku-Uta format, both as ringtone and the full song on March 21, 2007. The new version titled, was recorded at the Mouri Art Works Studio in Tokyo. Its modified lyrics penned by Yūji Sakamoto, the writer of the original song, are meant to convey the emotions of the singer ten years into her debut. In addition, Matsu's vocals from the original version are intermixed with the new vocals to contrast the difference between the current Matsu and the Matsu of ten years ago. While talking to NHK at the time of the single's release, Matsu commented that the new lyrics not only reflect the changes she had made over the past 10 years, but also of Yūji Sakamoto.
The new version, running 4 minutes and 54 seconds, was arranged by musician and future husband Yoshiyuki Sahashi. The song was included in her eighth studio album, Cherish You (2007). and also on Matsu's compilation album, Footsteps: 10th Anniversary Complete Best (2008). A TV commercial for the new track was also directed by Hiroyuki Itaya. The song was used as the ending theme to the Fuji TV drama, .
Reception
While reviewing Cherish You, Takayuki Saito of HotExpress magazine noted that the track has a "novel" arrangement and Matsu's current voice "calls out" to her "innocent" self of ten years ago. He further commented that Matsu's voice, "full of strength", helps the listeners realize how much she has grown over the years. CD Journals reviewer wrote that the lyrics of the new version are more "positive" than the original version. They further noted that the song "overflows with adventurous spirit" woven with "nostalgia and freshness".
Track listing
Charts and certifications
Original version
Certifications
Notes
The name of the person was not revealed in the interview.
Per the old criterion.
References
External links
Ashita, Haru ga Kitara on Sony Music Japan website
1997 songs
1997 debut singles
2007 singles
Japanese-language songs
Takako Matsu songs
Ariola Japan singles
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12612608
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathochromis%20obliquidens
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Cyathochromis obliquidens
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Cyathochromis obliquidens is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Malawi in east Africa where it is found in shallow, vegetated waters from depth. It is an algae grazer, mainly from the leaves of aquatic vegetation. This species grows to a length of TL. It is also found in the aquarium trade. It currently is the only known member of its genus.
References
Haplochromini
Fish of Lake Malawi
Monotypic fish genera
Taxa named by Ethelwynn Trewavas
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Fish described in 1935
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34738353
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20One%27s%20Different
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This One's Different
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This One's Different is the first EP released by Minneapolis indie rock band Howler. It was released August 1, 2011, available as a limited 12" vinyl or download. The first 50 copies that were ordered from Rough Trade came with a free signed photo.
Track listing
UK & US
Vinyl, CD & Download
Reception
The EP received positive reviews from NME, Drowned In Sound and the BBC. Told You Once was also listed as the 9th best track of 2011 by NME.
Music videos
There is an official video for main track (but not single) "I Told You Once" up on YouTube (but not uploaded under Howler's official account) that shows lead singer Jordan Gatesmith singing into a microphone in a dance studio, backed by singing dancers in leotards. The scene then cuts to Jordan just singing with two female dancers. Then it shows Jordan and guitarist, Ian Nygaard playing with knives in one of the band member's bedroom. The scenes goes back to the dancers until 1:50 when the guitar solo comes in. At this point, it shows Ian Nygaard playing his guitar into what looks like a web-cam. It then shows him lying in bed, tuning his guitar. The scene goes to and from Ian and the dancers. Then the video shows Ian playing with knives in his fingers. The camera cuts back to Jordan singing and then fades out. It was directed by So-TM and clocks at 2:53.
'America Give Up' Re-Recording And Title Changing
Howler's debut LP 'America Give Up' contains three tracks that were re-recorded off 'This One's Different'. In an NME article about Howler's Minnesota Turf Club gig, it says: "It's rumoured Gatesmith considered leaving the song (I Told You Once) off their forthcoming LP, but on evidence of this grudging rendition, it sounds like he's decided to make "..Once" exhibit A for Howler's rapid evolution".
The Re-recorded Songs:
1. "This One's Different"
2. "You Like White Women, I Like Cigarettes" (Changed to "Wailing (Making Out)").
3. "I Told You Once" (Changed to "Told You Once")
The style of recording and production was noticeably "beefed up" (according to NME articles) for these re-recorded tracks.
Lyrics
The lyrics of the songs stayed the same when they were re-recorded for "America Give Up" apart from a line from "You Like White Women, I Like Cigarettes", (the lyrics were changed as well as the name) :
was changed to .
References
2011 debut EPs
Howler (band) albums
Rough Trade Records EPs
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26434031
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mars%20Project
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The Mars Project
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The Mars Project () is a 1952 non-fiction scientific book by the German (later German-American) rocket physicist, astronautics engineer and space architect, Wernher von Braun. It was translated from the original German by Henry J. White and first published in English by the University of Illinois Press in 1953.
The Mars Project is a technical specification for a human expedition to Mars. It was written by von Braun in 1948 and was the first "technically comprehensive design" for such an expedition. The book has been described as "the most influential book on planning human missions to Mars".
Background
Wernher von Braun developed a fascination for interplanetary flight while he was still at school in Germany. In 1930 he went to university in Berlin to study engineering, and there he joined the Spaceflight Society (Verein für Raumschiffahrt) and later worked on the design of liquid-fuel rockets. Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, von Braun was recruited by the German Army to assist in the building of long-range military rockets. He became technical leader of the team that developed the V-2 rocket. As the war drew to a close in early 1945 von Braun and his rocket team fled the advancing Red Army, and later surrendered to American troops. Von Braun and his scientists, plus 100 V-2s, were shipped to the U.S. Army's rocket research facility at Fort Bliss in New Mexico.
In 1948 the U.S. Army's V-2 test program was completed and von Braun used his spare time to write a science fiction novel about a human mission to Mars. He based his story on comprehensive engineering diagrams and calculations, which he included in an appendix to the manuscript. The novel was not published, but the appendix formed the basis of a lecture von Braun gave at the First Symposium on Spaceflight held at the Hayden Planetarium in New York City in 1951. The appendix was also published in a special edition of the German space flight journal Weltraumfahrt in 1952, and later that year in hardback by Umschau Verlag in West Germany as Das Marsprojekt. It was translated into English by Henry J. White and published in the United States in 1953 by the University of Illinois Press as The Mars Project.
Publication history
The published titles are shown in bold.
1948–1949: Wernher von Braun wrote Marsprojekt, a science fiction novel in German.
1950: Henry J. White translated Marsprojekt into English as Mars Project.
1952: Marsprojekt technical appendix was published in German by Umschau Verlag as Das Marsprojekt.
1953: Mars Project technical appendix was published in English by the University of Illinois Press as The Mars Project.
late 1950s: This Week published excerpts from the unpublished Mars Project novel.
2006: The Mars Project novel was published by Apogee Books as Project Mars: A Technical Tale.
Synopsis
The Mars Project is a technical specification for a human mission to Mars that von Braun wrote in 1948, with a provisional launch date of 1965. He envisioned an "enormous scientific expedition" involving a fleet of ten spacecraft with 70 crew members that would spend 443 days on the surface of Mars before returning to Earth. The spacecraft, seven passenger ships, and three cargo ships, would all be assembled in Earth orbit using materials supplied by 950 launches of three-stage reusable heavy-lift launch vehicles. The fleet would use a nitric acid/hydrazine propellant that, although corrosive and toxic, could be stored without refrigeration during the three-year round-trip to Mars. Von Braun calculated the size and weight of each ship, and how much fuel each of them would require for the round trip (5,320,000 metric tons). Hohmann trajectories would be used to move from Earth- to Mars-orbit, and von Braun computed each rocket burn necessary to perform the required manoeuvres.
Once in Mars orbit, the crew would use telescopes to find a suitable site for their base camp near the equator. A crewed winged craft would detach itself from one of the orbiting ships and glide down to one of Mars' poles and use skis to land on the ice. The crew would then travel 6,500 km overland using crawlers to the identified base camp site and build a landing strip. The rest of the ground crew would descend from orbit to the landing strip in wheeled gliders. A skeleton crew would remain behind in the orbiting ships. The gliders would also serve as ascent craft to return the crew to the mother ships at the end of the ground mission.
Von Braun based his Mars Project on the large Antarctic expeditions of the day. For example, Operation Highjump (1946–1947) was a United States Navy program that included 4,700 men, 13 ships and 23 aircraft. At the time, Antarctic explorers were cut off from the rest of the world and the necessary skills had to be on hand to deal with any problem that arose. Von Braun expected the Martian explorers to face similar problems and included a large multi-disciplined crew in his mission, as well as multiple ships and landers for redundancy to reduce risk to personnel.
Shortcomings
In his introduction to The Mars Project, von Braun stated that his study was not yet complete. He said that he had omitted the details of some topics that would need to be addressed further, including the eccentric orbit of Mars, interplanetary astronavigation, meteor showers, and the long-term effects of spaceflight on humans.
There are other shortcomings in The Mars Project that von Braun could not have anticipated in 1948. He had not planned on any uncrewed exploratory missions to Mars taking place before the first human expedition, and he had not foreseen the technological advances that would take place, or the development of robot spacecraft. It was not until 1965 that the uncrewed Mariner 4 spacecraft found that the density of the Martian atmosphere was only one tenth of what had been estimated, making it clear that the huge winged gliders planned by von Braun would not have had enough lift to be able to descend safely onto the surface of Mars. The danger of high energy solar and cosmic radiation beyond low Earth orbit was not known in 1948. The Van Allen radiation belts were not discovered until 1958, and von Braun did not plan for the protection of the crews from such radiation, whether in space or on the Martian surface.
Influence
The Mars Project was the first technical study on the feasibility of a human mission to Mars, and has been regarded as "the most influential book" on planning such missions. Mark Wade wrote in Encyclopedia Astronautica, "What is astonishing is that von Braun's scenario is still valid today."
Between 1952 and 1954, one of America's popular magazines, Collier's brought von Braun's ideas to the attention of the general public when they published a series of eight articles on space flight and exploration entitled "Man Will Conquer Space Soon!". Von Braun contributed to many of the articles, which were illustrated with paintings by space artists Chesley Bonestell and others. The success of the Collier's series made von Braun a household name, and he appeared on several TV shows. He also collaborated with Walt Disney and appeared in three episodes of Disney's Disneyland TV program. The two other shows that featured von Braun were "Man and the Moon" and "Mars and Beyond".
In 1956 von Braun revised his Mars Plan and scaled down the size of the mission to two ships and 12 crew, requiring only 400 launches to launch the components and fuel to assemble in orbit. He published his results in a new book, The Exploration of Mars with co-author German-American science writer and space advocate, Willy Ley. The original Mars Project was later republished by the University of Illinois Press in 1962, and again in 1991, with a foreword by American scientist and the third Administrator of NASA, Thomas O. Paine.
Von Braun's unpublished science fiction novel from 1948 was eventually published in Canada by Apogee Books in December 2006 as Project Mars: A Technical Tale. It included his technical papers on the proposed project and paintings by Chesley Bonestell.
Notes
References
Works cited
Further reading
External links
The Mars Project at the Internet Archive – English translation, 1991 edition
The Mars Project publication history. Google Books
1952 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Space colonization literature
Human missions to Mars
Colonization of Mars
Wernher von Braun
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33028627
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20Mathematical%20Society
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Brazilian Mathematical Society
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The Brazilian Mathematical Society (, SBM) is a professional association founded in 1969 at Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada to promote mathematics education in Brazil.
Presidents
1969–1971 Chaim Samuel Honig
1971–1973 Manfredo do Carmo
1973–1975 Elon Lages Lima
1975–1977 Maurício Peixoto
1977–1979 Djairo Guedes de Figueiredo
1979–1981 Jacob Palis
1981–1983 Imre Simon
1983–1985 Geraldo Severo de Souza Ávila
1985–1987 Aron Simis
1987–1989 César Camacho
1989–1991 Keti Tenenblat
1991–1993 César Camacho
1993–1995 Márcio Gomes Soares
1995–1997 Márcio Gomes Soares
1997–1999 Paulo Domingos Cordaro
1999–2001 Paulo Domingos Cordaro
2001–2003 Suely Druck
2003–2005 Suely Druck
2005–2007 João Lucas Marques Barbosa
2007–2009 João Lucas Marques Barbosa
2009–2011 Hilário Alencar
2011–2013 Hilário Alencar
2013–2015 Marcelo Viana
2015–2017 Hilário Alencar
2017– Paolo Piccione
Awards and prizes
The SBM distributes many prizes, including the Brazilian Mathematical Society Award and the Elon Lages Lima Award.
Publications
Journals:
Bulletin of the Brazilian Mathematical Society
Eureka!
Matemática Contemporânea
Ensaios Matemáticos
Matemática Universitária
Professor de Matemática Online
Revista do Professor de Matemática
See also
Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada
External links
SBM - Sociedade Brasileira de Matemática (Official website)
Organizations established in 1969
Mathematical societies
Scientific organisations based in Brazil
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6533634
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Roca%20Brunet
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Juan Roca Brunet
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Juan Roca Brunet (born October 27, 1950) is a former basketball player from Cuba, who won the bronze medal with the men's national team at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.
References
databaseOlympics
1950 births
Living people
Cuban men's basketball players
1974 FIBA World Championship players
Basketball players at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Cuba
Olympic basketball players of Cuba
Olympic medalists in basketball
Basketball players at the 1971 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Cuba
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
Medalists at the 1971 Pan American Games
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51213861
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanijya%20Mahavidyala
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Vanijya Mahavidyala
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Vanijya Mahavidyalaya, established in 1953, is a commerce college in Patna, Bihar. It is affiliated to Patna University, and offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in commerce. It also offers a bachelor of business administration course.
Accreditation
Vanijya Mahavidyalaya was awarded A grade by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).
References
External links
Vanijya Mahavidyalaya
Colleges affiliated to Patna University
Universities and colleges in Patna
Educational institutions established in 1953
1953 establishments in Bihar
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40455406
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelan%20Daraq-e%20Sofla
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Gelan Daraq-e Sofla
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Gelan Daraq-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Gelan Daraq-e Soflá; also known as Kolandaraq-e Pā’īn and Kūlān Daraq-e Pā’īn) is a village in Gerdeh Rural District, in the Central District of Namin County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 74, in 17 families.
References
Towns and villages in Namin County
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39427155
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Juhan
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Zhang Juhan
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Zhang Juhan (張居翰) (858-928), courtesy name Deqing (德卿), was a senior eunuch of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Tang (and Later Tang's predecessor state Jin), serving as a chief of staff for Later Tang's founding emperor Li Cunxu.
During Tang Dynasty
Zhang Juhan was born in 858, during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong of Tang, but it is not known where he was born or how he came to become a eunuch. Early in the Xiantong era of Emperor Xuānzong's son and successor Emperor Yizong of Tang (860-874), he was adopted by the eunuch Zhang Congmei (張從玫). (Therefore, it appeared likely that his original name was not Zhang.) Because Zhang Congmei was a eunuch official (director of the office of ladies in waiting), Zhang Juhan was able to, through that heritage, become a eunuch official as well. At one point, he served as the eunuch monitor of the army at Rong District (容管, headquartered in modern Yulin, Guangxi).
In 883, during the reign of Emperor Yizong's son and successor Emperor Xizong, Zhang Juhan was recalled from Rong District to serve as an assistant at the Hall of Imperial Scholars (學士院, Xueshiyuan). He was subsequently made an assistant to the directors of palace communications (樞密承旨, Xumi Chengzhi), as well as the director of office of palace treasury (內府令, Neifu Ling).
During the time that Emperor Xizong's brother Emperor Zhaozong was in exile at Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi) — i.e., from 896 to 898 — he gave Zhang the greater title of Zhong Changshi (中常侍) and sent him to Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), to serve as Lulong's eunuch monitor. Later, when Emperor Zhaozong was set to summon Zhang back to the capital Chang'an, Lulong's military governor (Jiedushi) Liu Rengong submitted a petition that Zhang be kept at Lulong, and Zhang ended up staying at Lulong. In 903, when Emperor Zhaozong, then under control of the major warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), under the urging of both Zhu and Zhu's ally the chancellor Cui Yin, issued an edict for a general slaughter of eunuchs, Liu hid Zhang and executed an inmate in his stead, claiming that he had already executed Zhang.
In 906, Zhu launched a major attack on Liu's domain, attacking Yichang Circuit (義昌, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei), then governed by Liu's son Liu Shouwen. Liu Rengong sought aid from Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). Li agreed, but under the provision that Liu send troops to Hedong so that the Hedong and Lulong troops could jointly attack Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), which had fallen under Zhu's control at that time, to try to relieve the pressure on Yichang. Liu sent Zhang and the secretary Ma Yu (馬鬱) with an army to Hedong, to join the attack on Zhaoyi. After the campaign, however, Li kept Zhang and did not return him to Lulong. After Li captured Zhaoyi and put his adoptive nephew Li Sizhao in command of the circuit, Zhang was made the eunuch monitor of the Zhaoyi army, personally commanding the 3,000 soldiers from Lulong.
During Jin
In 907, Zhu Quanzhong forced Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang. Li Keyong and several other regional warlords (Li Maozhen, Wang Jian, and Yang Wo) refused to recognize the new regime, and effectively became independent rulers of their own domains — in Li Keyong's case, as Prince of Jin. Shortly after, Later Liang launched an army to put Zhaoyi's capital Lu Prefecture (潞州) under siege. Zhang Juhan aided Li Sizhao in defending the city, until (after Li Keyong's death early in 908) Li Keyong's son and successor Li Cunxu arrived to defeat the Later Liang army and lift the siege. After that battle, whenever Li Sizhao accompanied Li Cunxu on campaigns away from Zhaoyi, Zhang would be in charge of Zhaoyi in Li Sizhao's absence. It was said that every spring he encouraged the people to be attentive in growing vegetables and trees, and he did what he could to aid the farmers.
In 923, Li Cunxu was planning to declare himself emperor of a new Later Tang, and therefore summoned Zhang and the assistant to the military governor of Anyi (安義, i.e., Zhaoyi, changed to Anyi to observe naming taboo for Li Sizhao), Ren Huan, to his presence at Wei Prefecture (魏州, in modern Handan, Hebei). This act caused apprehension in the heart of Li Sizhao's son and successor Li Jitao, who had taken control of the circuit without the approval of Li Cunxu after Li Sizhao's death in battle. As he thought that Li Cunxu summoned Zhang and Ren to prepare to act against him, he thus submitted the circuit to Later Liang's emperor Zhu Zhen.
During Later Tang
Shortly after, Li Cunxu declared himself emperor of Later Tang. He made Zhang, as well as Guo Chongtao, his chiefs of staff (Shumishi), but it was said that Guo had recommended Zhang in order to bypass Li Shaohong, causing Li Shaohong's resentment. Meanwhile, Zhang was said to be careful and not liking to be involved in disputes, so effectively, Guo made all of the important decisions. After Li Cunxu conquered Later Liang later in the year, he gave Zhang a grand general title and put him in charge of the eunuch bureau (內侍省, Neishi Sheng), but continue to have him serve as a chief of staff with Guo. During Li Cunxu's reign, the eunuchs had substantial involvement on policy decisions, but Guo (not a eunuch) continued to oversee the final policy decisions. Zhang continued to not engage himself in those decisions, for the most part.
By 926, the Later Tang realm was engulfed in various mutinies against Li Cunxu, partly caused by a famine and partly caused by the army's discontent after Li Cunxu killed Guo and Zhu Youqian on false suspicions of treason. Believing that Wang Zongyan (Wang Jian's son and successor), the emperor of the defunct state of Former Shu, which a Later Tang army under Guo's command had conquered in 925, who was then in the process of being transported to the Later Tang capital Luoyang, would create trouble, Li issued an edict ordering Wang's death, and further stated in the edict, "Wang Yan and his entire procession should be executed." Zhang reviewed the edict, and decided by his own to alter the edict to read, "Wang Yan and his entire family should be executed," thus saving more than 1,000 Former Shu officials and palace attendants accompanying Wang.
Later in the year, Li Cunxu was himself killed in a mutiny at Luoyang itself. His adoptive brother Li Siyuan, who had rebelled against him earlier, quickly arrived at Luoyang and took control, initially using the title of regent (although he would later claim imperial title himself). Shortly after Li Siyuan claimed the regent title, Zhang begged him for retirement, and Li Siyuan agreed. Zhang thereafter returned to Chang'an, and Li Siyuan gave his adoptive son Zhang Yangui (張延貴) an official position at Chang'an in order to have Zhang Yangui be able to attend to him. He died of illness in 928.
Notes and references
History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 72.
New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 38.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 264, 272, 274, 275.
858 births
928 deaths
Tang dynasty eunuchs
Tang dynasty generals
Jin (Later Tang precursor) eunuchs
Jin (Later Tang precursor) politicians
Later Tang eunuchs
Later Tang shumishi
Jin (Later Tang precursor) people born during Tang
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35267878
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Verrue
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Robert Verrue
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Robert Verrue (14 November 1947 – 26 September 2012) was an official of the European Commission. He has served as Director-General of the Directorate-General for Employment (from 2008), Director-General for Taxation & Customs Union (2002–2008) and Director-General for Information Society (1996–2002).
After receiving a degree in business management in 1968, he attended the College of Europe (international economics) 1968–1969. He has a Master in Business Administration from INSEAD, where he studied 1970–1971. He joined the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Commission as a junior economist in 1973. He served as director at the Directorate-General for Industrial Affairs and Internal Market 1988–1993 and Deputy Director General at the Directorate-General for External Affairs 1993–1995, responsible for relations with Central European Countries and CIS Republics.
References
College of Europe alumni
French officials of the European Union
1947 births
2012 deaths
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2149245
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar%20dynasty
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Lunar dynasty
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The Lunar dynasty (IAST: Candravaṃśa or Somavaṃśa in Sanskrit) is a legendary principal house of the Kshatriyas varna, or warrior–ruling caste mentioned in the ancient Indian texts. This legendary dynasty was said to be descended from moon-related deities (Soma or Lunar). The Hindu deity Krishna is believed to be born in the Yaduvansh branch of the Lunar dynasty.
According to the Shatapatha Brahmana, Pururavas was the son of Budha (himself often described as the son of Soma) and the gender-switching deity Ila (born as the daughter of Manu). Pururavas's great-grandson was Yayati, who had five sons named Yadu, Turvasu, Druhyu, Anu, and Puru. These seem to be the names of five Vedic tribes as described in the Vedas.
According to the Mahabharata, the dynasty's progenitor Ila ruled from Prayag, and had a son Shashabindu who ruled in the country of Bahli. The son of Ila and Budha was Pururavas who became the first Chandravanshi emperor of the planet. Ila's descendants were also known as the Ailas.
In Mahabharata
In Hindu texts, the Kurukshetra War, which forms the subject of the Indian epic Mahabharata, was largely fought between rival branches of the Lunar dynasty, famously resulting in Arjuna's turn away from war and the reprimand of his mentor Krishna. Krishna reminds Arjuna that Dharma stands above everything and the text forms an integral cultural cornerstone for all four Kshatriya houses.
By the conclusion of the Kurukshetra War most of the Yadhuvanshi lineage is in peril. The sinking of Dwarka sees the destruction of the entire Yaduvanshi lineage with the exception of Vajranabh who was saved by Arjuna and later becomes the King of Mathura.
See also
Solar dynasty
History of India
History of Hinduism
Puru and Yadu Dynasties
References
Sources
External links
Kshatriya
Mythological peoples
Kingdoms in the Mahabharata
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30747885
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Iraklis%20Thessaloniki%20F.C.%20players
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List of Iraklis Thessaloniki F.C. players
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This is a list of notable footballers who have played for Iraklis. Generally, this means players that have played 100 or more first-class matches for the club. A number of other players who have played an important role in a title win can also be included for their contribution. Club captains and seasonal top goalscorers are included.
Players in Iraklis' early history are also included despite not necessarily playing 100 matches.
For a list of all Iraklis players, major or minor, with a Wikipedia article, see Category:Iraklis Thessaloniki F.C. players, and for the current squad see the main Iraklis Thessaloniki F.C. article.
Players are listed according to the date of their first team debut. Appearances and goals are for first-team competitive matches only. Substitute appearances included.
Appearance figures as of 8 February 2020
References
RSSSF
Players
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23303826
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st%20MMC%20%E2%80%93%20Yambol
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31st MMC – Yambol
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The 31st Multi-member Constituency – Yambol is a constituency whose borders are the same as Yambol Province in Bulgaria.
Background
In the 2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election the 31st Multi-member Constituency – Yambol elected 5 members to the Bulgarian National Assembly: 4 of which were by proportionality vote and 1 was by first-past-the-post voting.
Members in the Bulgarian National Assembly
Through first-past-the-post voting
Through proportionality vote
Elections
2009 election
proportionality vote
first-past-the-post voting
See also
2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election
Politics of Bulgaria
List of Bulgarian Constituencies
References
Electoral divisions in Bulgaria
Yambol Province
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38930010
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postformal%20thought
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Postformal thought
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Developmental psychology initially focused on childhood development through Jean Piaget's four stages of human cognitive development, the last stage of which is known as the formal operational stage. Extending developmental psychology to adults, most neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development have posited one or more stages of postformal thought. Postformal thought is also addressed by some non-Piagetian theories of developmental psychology, including Michael Commons' model of hierarchical complexity and Otto Laske's constructive developmental framework.
Postformal thought has been described as more flexible, logical, willing to accept moral and intellectual complexities, and dialectical than previous stages in development. Of postformal thought, Griffin and colleagues said, "one can conceive of multiple logics, choices, or perceptions ... in order to better understand the complexities and inherent biases in 'truth'". Jan Sinnot described postformal thought as the step beyond formal thought "by which individuals come to know the world outside themselves".
Characteristics and operations of postformal thought
Sinnot has stated that there are two main characteristics of postformal thought:
Self-reference: There is some amount of subjectivity in all knowledge, thus all knowledge is somewhat incomplete. People are constantly urged to act, though they are always "trapped in partial subjectivity" due to the limits of their knowledge. This necessity to act means they must make decisions and they continue to act based on the logic they have chosen. Thus, the logic they use is self-referential to some degree.
Ordering of formal operations: As people decide what is true, logical processes develop out of these conclusions and progress and become more complex.
Sinnot also described key operations involved in postformal thought:
Metatheory shift: Moving from understanding the problem as an abstract to a practical one, for example. A major shift inspired by new ways of thinking philosophically or epistemologically.
Problem definition: Naming the problem.
Process–product shift: Developing some sort of process to make sense of looking at similar problems but not yet arriving at an answer unique to this problem.
Parameter setting: Describing limits to the future solution.
Pragmatism: Practically selecting one of several solutions.
Multiple solutions: Generating more than a single "correct" solution.
Multiple goals: Describing multiple points that would allow the problem to be "solved".
Multiple methods: Offering different ways to reach the same solution.
Multiple causality: Understanding and making sense of different causes involved in the problem.
Paradox: Understanding contradictions involved.
Self-referential thought: Understanding that the individual is the one selecting and judging a logic that will be used to create a solution.
Philosophical foundations
Because postformal thought involves the evaluation of several "systems of truth", subjectivity is necessary. How people think about subjectivity can involve what Basseches called three styles of thought:
First, universalistic formal thinking holds the assumption that there are indeed a number of stable truths and that there is order in the universe. This order can be described formally and abstractly.
Second, relativistic thinking rejects that idea that there is a single universal order and instead posits that there can be multiple orders. Realities can differ amongst individuals or groups. Relativists deny that there is a "right way" and interpret formal thinking as a show of power or order on others' experiences. Relativists also resist evaluative language that would treat modes of being as "better" or "worse" than others, and rather push for appreciating, describing, and understanding all ways.
Finally, dialectical thinking plants itself in the middle of these two traditions. It assumes that the universe is dynamic and thus "the process of finding and creating order in the universe is viewed as fundamental to human life and inquiry." Dialectical thinking sets out to understand what is not known or understood about current ways of ordering and then works to create new orderings that are inclusive of what was unattended to previously. In this sense, dialectical thinkers show a tendency towards finding out what the best ordering of the universe could be in a current moment and are wary making claims about a presupposed order without critically evaluating many other perspectives and evidence.
Styles of thought are relevant to making sense of the subjectivity involved in postformal thought. Sinnot said that the subjectivity is multifaceted itself. Subjectivity is both relativistic and non-relativistic—relativistic in the sense that the individual can consider how truth systems may be logically equivalent, and also non-relativistic in the sense that the individual must ultimately make a practical choice between truth systems. Often this requires understanding which system and style of thought to employ depending on the context.
Psychological foundations
Piaget's model was a developmental theory chiefly focused on understanding how reasoning works from young children through adolescents. Piaget proposed four linear stages: 1) the sensorimotor stage, 2) the preoperational transitional period, 3) the concrete operational stage, and 4) the formal operational stage. Sinnot posited that Piaget's original question around how reasoning—or what she called adaptive intelligence—could be extended to understand adults as well, and that "many mature adults do demonstrate a different quality of adaptive intelligence than do most children or most adolescents". Many in the field began to ask what could qualify as unique to the thinking processes of adults.
Arlin and Riegel described that adult intelligence is about problem finding, not just problem solving. By continually naming and describing new problems, people are able to enter into dialectical thinking. Sinnot extended this and found that a conceptualization of postformal thought must include an explanation of how interpersonal skills adapt as well, so her research explored how adults make sense of the complexities of interpersonal relations.
Sinnot noted that before launching into research on postformal thought, her own studies on adult performance in what Piaget would call formal thought revealed that adults were failing badly on these tasks. Most notably, older adults—but not those with any cognitive, age-related impairments—still performed exceptionally poorly, with only 11% passing the formal operations exam she administered. Additional tests revealed that the "respondents were not 'failing' at all. They were essentially ignoring the simplistic old tasks and mental processes and going beyond them to an exciting new place! That new place seemed to combine cognitive processes with emotion, intention, and the needs of the person as a whole." In other words, adults were indeed thinking through a response to a problem but were not necessarily employing formal organized thinking, thus creating a false appearance that their thinking was illogical. Sinnot described this puzzle:
But most of my mature and older relatives were very bright, creative, practical, and yes, logical people. They invented things that were technologically sophisticated (for the times) and that later someone else would patent and successfully market. Some of them were wise. Many philosophized and narrated stories centered on their favorite themes. They told rich and complex stories of their lives. They had endless debated in which they built logical castles and defended them with ease. And they had friends who did the same—friends not so different from my talented research subjects who held professional jobs and advanced degrees and did logical things in the outside world. I was certain that my relatives were quite logical. But even with my "everyday" problems, I could not get my respondents to look logical on my potentially life-span Piagetian problem-solving test. They did poorly on Piaget's formal logic problems. What was going on here? What was I missing?
Sinnot later pointed to many paradigm shifts inspired by developments in physics that helped her conceptualize postformal operations as activities that "permit the adult thinker who continues his or her logical development to operate adaptively in a world of relative choices. They also permit the thinker to overcome the fragmentation and isolation inherent in trying to know the emotional, interpersonal, and spiritual aspects of the world through abstract, formal logic alone."
Critical discussion and debate
The concept of postformal thought has been criticized by Marchand, Kallio and Kramer. They raised theoretical and empirical counter-arguments against the existence of a postformal stage. Instead, they proposed that adult development is a form of integrative thinking from within the formal stage, which includes most of the features claimed to be postformal such as understanding of various viewpoints, acceptance of contextualism, and integrating different viewpoints.
Some researchers have raised the question of whether postformal thinking has a "logical, temporal, or even statistical dependence on the achievement of formal thinking".
Kramer and Woodruff adopted the assumption that postformal thought was both relativistic and dialectical, and set out to empirically understand their relationship to formal thought. Their analyses demonstrated that formal operations were needed to engage in dialectics, but not sufficient alone. Moreover, being aware of relativity was also needed to engage in formal operations, but again not sufficient alone. They concluded that the nature of these two activities could increase as people age, but only dialectical thought could be considered postformal.
Reich and Ozer investigated the concept of complementarity, which they defined as the process of making sense of seemingly incompatible theories, such as objectivity and subjectivity or self and society. Their study concluded that formal reasoning is indeed a necessary foundation to practice this type of thinking, but that formal reasoning was insufficient alone.
See also
References
Cognitive psychology
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11213624
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrognathus
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Macrognathus
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Macrognathus is a genus of eel-like fish of the family Mastacembelidae of the order Synbranchiformes.
These fish are distributed throughout most of South and Southeast Asia. Macrognathus species feed on small aquatic insect larvae as well as oligochaetes.
Appearance and anatomy
Most Macrognathus species attain in length, but a few surpass this size, with the largest being M. aral at up to .
Macrognathus are mostly similar to Mastacembelus. However, they differ in a more modified rostrum, which may be slightly to significantly larger and longer than those found in Mastacembelus. This serves not only to find food but also to help gather food.
In the aquarium
A number of species of this genus are popular aquarium fish. These include the lesser spiny eel, Macrognathus aculeatus, the spotfinned spiny eel, Macrognathus siamensis, as well as others.
Species
According to FishBase, there are currently 25 recognized species in this genus. According to Catalog of Fishes, one of these, M. malabaricus, belongs in the genus Mastacembelus instead of Macrognathus and another, M. taeniagaster, is considered a junior synonym of M. circumcinctus.
Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch, 1786) (Lesser spiny eel)
Macrognathus albus Plamoottil & Abraham, 2014
Macrognathus aral (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) (Onestripe spiny eel)
Macrognathus aureus Britz, 2010
Macrognathus caudiocellatus (Boulenger, 1893)
Macrognathus circumcinctus (Hora, 1924)
Macrognathus dorsiocellatus Britz, 2010
Macrognathus fasciatus Plamoottil & Abraham, 2014
Macrognathus guentheri (F. Day, 1865) (Malabar spiny eel)
Macrognathus keithi (Herre, 1940)
Macrognathus lineatomaculatus Britz, 2010
Macrognathus maculatus (G. Cuvier, 1832) (Frecklefin eel)
Macrognathus malabaricus (Jerdon, 1849)
Macrognathus meklongensis T. R. Roberts, 1986
Macrognathus morehensis Arunkumar & Tombi Singh, 2000
Macrognathus obscurus Britz, 2010
Macrognathus pancalus F. Hamilton, 1822 (Barred spiny eel)
Macrognathus pavo Britz, 2010
Macrognathus pentophthalmos (Gronow, 1854) (extinct?)
Macrognathus semiocellatus T. R. Roberts, 1986
Macrognathus siamensis (Günther, 1861) (Peacock eel)
Macrognathus siangensis Arunkumar, 2016
Macrognathus taeniagaster (Fowler, 1935)
Macrognathus tapirus Kottelat & Widjanarti, 2005
Macrognathus zebrinus (Blyth, 1858) (Zebra spiny eel)
References
Mastacembelidae
Fish of Southeast Asia
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24060554
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Porytowe%20Wzg%C3%B3rze
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Battle of Porytowe Wzgórze
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The Battle of Porytowe Wzgórze (Porytowe Hill) took place on June 14, 1944, between Polish and Russian partisans and Nazi German forces. It was the largest battle between underground anti-Nazi resistance and German occupation forces in occupied Europe.
Prelude
In the Spring of 1944 numerous partisan units operated in the Lublin region, including those associated with the Home Army (AK), Bataliony Chłopskie (BCh), National Military Organization (NOW) as well as the communist Armia Ludowa (AL) and Russian partisans. These fighters kept being pushed westward by the Germans, as the front approached from the east. The activities of the partisan units mostly consisted of attacks on German supply lines and convoys. As a result, in May 1944, the Germans developed a detailed plan of an anti-partisan action, code named "Sturmwind" (Storm-wind) which they put into effect in early June. The purpose of the operation was the elimination of Polish and Russian partisan units from the area of Janów Forests.
The German commander in charge was General Siegfried Haenicke. The Russian partisans were under the command of Nikolai Prokopiuk. The NOW-AK forces were commanded by Bolesław Usow (the top commander of the unit, Franciszek Przysiężniak was not present until later) and the AL units by Stanisław Szelest. There were also several "mixed" units under various commanders.
The battle
On 14 June the Polish and Russian partisans, numbering around 3,000 in total, found themselves tightly surrounded by German forces. The German units consisted of between 25,000 and 30,000 soldiers, with artillery, tanks, armored cars and air support.
After an artillery and mortar barrage, the Germans managed to make two breaks in the partisans' line of defense. However, these attacks were eventually driven back, although at a high cost to the Poles and Russians. The Germans, relying on their superior numbers and armaments, managed to take control of a small wood nearby from which they could keep the partisans under constant fire, causing high casualties among them. Using this as a base for further attacks, German forces managed to seize the western side of the Porytowe Hill which breached the main line of defense. However, the Poles and Russians soon counterattacked, recovered the lost positions and, that night (of 14 June), made an attempt to break out from the trap. The main columns of partisans, after fierce fighting, many casualties and a forced 40 kilometer march, managed to reach the relative safety of the Solska Forest.
Partisan casualties were about 170, including around 100 killed and 70 wounded. 495 Wehrmacht soldiers also died, as well as an unknown number of German police and auxiliary forces.
Aftermath
While the partisans managed to break out of the trap and effectively win a temporary victory, the Germans had already planned a follow up operation, "Sturmwind II", centered on the Solska Forest, which led to the Battle of Osuchy at the end of June. The Wehrmacht managed to accomplish in Sturmwind II/Osuchy what they failed to do in Sturmwind I/Porytowe Wzgórze.
Bibliography
Włodzimierz Wójcikowski "Janów Lubelski i okolice" Wojewódzki Ośrodek Informacji Turystycznej, Lublin 1980.
http://michalw.narod.ru/index-ZiemiLubelskiej.html
References
Battle Of Porytowe Wzgorze
Battles involving Poland
Battles of World War II involving the Soviet Union
Battles of World War II involving Germany
June 1944 events
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48661888
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Iclif%20Leadership%20and%20Governance%20Centre
|
The Iclif Leadership and Governance Centre
|
The Iclif Leadership and Governance Centre (Iclif) is non-profit organisation in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, dedicated to executive education, research, coaching and advisory services in the areas of leadership development and corporate governance.
Background
Iclif was created and funded by Bank Negara Malaysia (The Central Bank of Malaysia) in 2003 as an independent non-profit organisation. It received a significant funding boost from Bank Negara in 2010 to RM800mil. Iclif's aim is to provide highly practical and relevant executive development and advisory services in Malaysia and globally across all industry and government sectors. As the only organisation in the region that focuses both on leadership and corporate governance, their aim is to deliver holistic and sustainable solutions to their clients.
Iclif has international faculty members that come from elite academic institutions and Fortune 500 companies. They are mostly based in Asia, and conduct applied research in the Asian context.
Iclif's mission is to further the goals of sustainability, performance and good governance.
Originally, Iclif was focused on the financial services industry in Malaysia. However, as national and global economies became more connected, Iclif has since expanded into varied economic sectors across Asia and beyond.
In 2020, The Iclif Leadership and Governance Centre merged with Asia School of Business, forming the ASB Iclif Executive Education Center (Iclif). The mission of Iclif is to provide a broader set of business education offerings to the region and beyond, offered through in-person and online modes.
Programmes
Iclif promotes leadership development and corporate governance, although it has evolved beyond its initial charter to conduct programmes for Malaysian financial institutions only. Iclif now conducts programmes for all corporations in Malaysia and in neighboring countries including Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, India and the Middle East. It also offers custom-built programs to help organizations close knowledge gaps.
Publications
Iclif's publications focus on Asia-related research, which is in turn used to develop targeted programmes and advisory services. Some notable research efforts include:
Open Source Leadership: Reinventing Management When There's No More Business As Usual
A study of 28 countries with interviews of approximately 16,000 executives, designed to explore leadership challenges in today's workforce. It also explored employee motivation.st Century. The findings are summarised in the book Open Source Leadership, published by McGraw-Hill, New York.
Asian Leadership Index
Approximately 4,000 employees in companies operating across Asia-Pacific were asked about their expectations of leaders, and what their current leaders are missing. The research identified 10 attributes that are important for leadership effectiveness in Asia.
Leadership Energy
A study on Iclif's proprietary concept of Leadership Energy. Over 10,000 randomly selected individuals from 27 countries were asked to answer three questions on leadership and personal success. The same questions were then directed to 500 individuals with exposure to the concept of Leadership Energy. The goal of the research was to determine whether the questions would be answered differently by those with context and education on the discipline. The essence of this research is captured in the article entitled, Quantum Mechanics, Spirituality and Leadership.
Employee Engagement
This research was conducted primarily to establish a differentiated perspective on the conventional concept of employee engagement. A distinct element of this engagement study is that it segmented the views of followers along the performance bell curve recognising that the needs of high performers, average performers and low performers will vary.
Additionally, the study provided insight into leader's expectations of followers and uncovered sources of motivation for performance at the highest level. It also investigated the need for a certain amount of bold, tough and sometimes top-down leadership in achieving breakthrough success.
Corporate Governance: Insurance Sector Report
This study reviews the corporate governance practices of 50 of the largest public listed Asia-Pacific insurance companies by market capitalisation. The report provides practical recommendations for improving corporate governance practices in the insurance sector.
Too Many Bosses, Too Few Leaders
A book written by the current CEO of Iclif, Rajeev Peshawaria, that is a culmination of Iclif's research into the concept of Leadership Energy. It explores how values and a sense of purpose support leadership efforts.
Be the Change
Be The Change is a compilation of short essays drawn from the actual experiences of Iclif's faculty members, as well as the input and challenges faced by participants of Iclif's programmes. It was created as a guide to help leaders address leadership challenges related to personal and enterprise performance.
The Philosophy and Practice of Coaching: Insights and issues for a new era
Written by organisational psychologist, author and executive coach Peter Webb, this book's key premise is recognising ‘the urgent need for wiser leaders to address the challenging issues of our time’, offering two models coaches can use to bring forth greater wisdom in their clients.
Brain-Based Leadership
Taken from decades of research and over 60 publications, this book by author, columnist and leadership coach Dr. Thun Thamrongnawasawat explores the power of the brain and how it applies to leadership. Concepts such as brain functions, energy minimisation, and brain-based leadership matrix are woven through stories of everyday leadership.
Brain-Based Leadership: The Models
A sequel in the Brain-Based series, this book dives deeper into the connections between the brain and leadership. It introduces three comprehensive models: B.A.S.E., S.I.M.G.A.R.D., and F.I.G.H.T to help leaders address challenges of leading self and others. The book insightfully integrates the art and science of leadership.
Developing Leadership Talent
Developing Leadership Talent is an important resource that offers a practical, nuts-and-bolts, framework for putting in place a leadership development system that will help attract and retain an organisation's best talent. Step by step, the authors explain how alignment with strategic organisational goals and purpose, and effective development experiences, are the backbone of sustainable leadership development pipeline.
Summits and Conferences (LESA)
Since 2013, Iclif has organised an annual summit called the Leadership Energy Summit Asia (LESA). The summit features invited international and local speakers, who address the growing need to develop and understand sources of leadership energy in order for contemporary leaders to face today's most pressing challenges.
Iclif Leadership Energy Awards
Each year during the LESA Conference, Iclif recognises individuals who have demonstrated outstanding leadership energy. The Iclif Leadership Energy Awards (ILEA) honour “Leadership Energy Champions”, everyday people who have demonstrated immeasurable perseverance and fortitude in overcoming adversity while pursuing their purpose of betterment. The awards recognise individuals who employ their unique leadership energy to create a positive value for their organisations, communities and the world at large.
Thought Leadership Sessions
The talks are typically held for a small, by-invitation only audience.
List of talks since 2012:
November 2012, Hosted International Monetary Fund's Managing Director Christiane Lagarde
September 2013, Pradeep Pant, Executive Vice President and President, Asia Pacific and Eastern Europe, Middle East & Africa (EEMEA) of Mondelēz International
October 2013, Hosted Prof David Schmittlein, John C Head III Dean MIT Sloan School of Management
April 2015, Prof Linda A Hill, Wallace Brett Donham Professor of Business Administration and the faculty chair of the Leadership Initiative at the Harvard Business School
January 2015, Dame Dr Jane Goodall DBE, pre-eminent primatologist, ethologist, anthropologist, and UN Messenger of Peace
June 2015, Chade-Meng Tan, Google's Jolly Good Fellow, bestselling NY Times author and founder of the One Billion Acts of Kindness, which has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize 2015
References
External links
Iclif Official Website
Articles by the Iclif Faculty
Non-profit organisations based in Malaysia
2003 establishments in Malaysia
Organizations established in 2003
Organisations based in Kuala Lumpur
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1919952
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smitten
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Smitten
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Smitten may refer to:
Infatuation
Smitten (The Martinis album), 2004
Smitten (Buffalo Tom album), 1998
See also
Smite (disambiguation)
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42507802
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian%20Liberty%20Union
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Lithuanian Liberty Union
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The Lithuanian Liberty Union (, LLS) was a political party in Lithuania.
History
The party was established in 1992 as a breakaway from the Lithuanian Freedom League, and was formerly registered as a political party on 13 September 1994. It contested the 1992 elections, but received just 0.4% of the vote and failed to win a seat. In the 1996 elections it increased its vote share to 1.5%, but again failed to win a seat.
The 2000 elections saw the party's vote share fall to 1.3%, but it succeeded in winning its first seat, taken by Vytautas Šustauskas. Šustauskas was the party's candidate in the 2002–03 presidential elections, but received just 0.4% of the vote. The party lost its sole Seimas seat in the 2004 elections.
The party was dissolved in 2011 and a new Lithuanian Presidents' Union was established as a replacement.
References
Defunct political parties in Lithuania
Political parties established in 1992
Political parties disestablished in 2011
1992 establishments in Lithuania
2011 disestablishments in Lithuania
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16110619
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veblen%20ordinal
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Veblen ordinal
|
In mathematics, the Veblen ordinal is either of two large countable ordinals:
The small Veblen ordinal
The large Veblen ordinal
See also
Veblen function
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17081448
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378%20Washington%20Bullets%20season
|
1977–78 Washington Bullets season
|
The 1977–78 NBA season was the team's 17th season in the NBA and their 5th season in the city of Washington, D.C. It would prove to be their most successful season, as they would win their first and only NBA championship . In the NBA Finals, they defeated the Seattle SuperSonics in seven games.
The Bullets got off to a slow start in the regular season, losing 6 of their first 10 games. On January 13, the Bullets beat the defending Champion Portland Trail Blazers to improve to 24–15, capping an 18–5 run over 23 games. Injuries would begin to have an effect on the team as the Bullets struggled, as they would lose 13 of their next 18 games. Hovering a few games above .500 for the rest of the season, the Bullets managed to make the playoffs with a 44–38 record. They hold the record for the lowest win total of any NBA Championship winning team. The 1968–69 Boston Celtics, 1974–75 Golden State Warriors, 1976–77 Portland Trail Blazers, and 1994–95 Houston Rockets are the only other NBA championship teams to have won below 50 games in non-lockout seasons since 1958; all of them won more than 44 games.
Offseason
NBA Draft
Roster
Season standings
Regular season
Record vs. opponents
Game log
Key: Win Loss
Notes:
All times are EASTERN time. (UTC–4 and UTC–5 starting October 30)
Player stats
Note: GP= Games played; REB= Rebounds; AST= Assists; STL = Steals; BLK = Blocks; PTS = Points; AVG = Average
Playoffs
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| April 12
| Atlanta
| W 103–94
| Bob Dandridge (20)
| Wes Unseld (15)
| Wes Unseld (7)
| Capital Centre9,326
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| April 14
| @ Atlanta
| W 107–103 (OT)
| Kevin Grevey (41)
| Wes Unseld (15)
| Tom Henderson (5)
| Omni Coliseum15,601
| 2–0
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 1
| April 16
| @ San Antonio
| L 103–114
| Elvin Hayes (26)
| Elvin Hayes (15)
| Elvin Hayes (6)
| HemisFair Arena9,669
| 0–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| April 18
| @ San Antonio
| W 121–117
| Kevin Grevey (31)
| Wes Unseld (13)
| Larry Wright (8)
| HemisFair Arena9,871
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| April 21
| San Antonio
| W 118–105
| Bob Dandridge (28)
| Elvin Hayes (12)
| Wes Unseld (8)
| Capital Centre17,417
| 2–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4
| April 23
| San Antonio
| W 98–95
| Bob Dandridge (24)
| Elvin Hayes (13)
| Bob Dandridge (8)
| Capital Centre13,459
| 3–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 5
| April 25
| @ San Antonio
| L 105–116
| Charles Johnson (21)
| Elvin Hayes (13)
| Wes Unseld (6)
| HemisFair Arena9,709
| 3–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 6
| April 28
| San Antonio
| W 103–100
| Elvin Hayes (25)
| Wes Unseld (16)
| Wes Unseld (5)
| Capital Centre19,035
| 4–2
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| April 30
| @ Philadelphia
| W 122–117 (OT)
| Elvin Hayes (28)
| Elvin Hayes (18)
| Tom Henderson (9)
| Spectrum13,708
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| May 3
| @ Philadelphia
| L 104–110
| Elvin Hayes (26)
| Elvin Hayes (15)
| Wright, Henderson (8)
| Spectrum18,276
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| May 5
| Philadelphia
| W 123–108
| Bob Dandridge (30)
| Elvin Hayes (12)
| Bob Dandridge (7)
| Capital Centre19,035
| 2–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4
| May 7
| Philadelphia
| W 121–105
| Elvin Hayes (35)
| Elvin Hayes (19)
| four players tied (6)
| Capital Centre19,035
| 3–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 5
| May 10
| @ Philadelphia
| L 94–107
| Larry Wright (18)
| Hayes, Unseld (16)
| Wes Unseld (5)
| Spectrum18,276
| 3–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 6
| May 12
| Philadelphia
| W 101–99
| Bob Dandridge (28)
| Wes Unseld (15)
| Tom Henderson (6)
| Capital Centre19,035
| 4–2
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 1
| May 21
| @ Seattle
| L 102–106
| Kevin Grevey (27)
| Elvin Hayes (9)
| Tom Henderson (7)
| Seattle Center Coliseum14,098
| 0–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| May 25
| Seattle
| W 106–98
| Bob Dandridge (34)
| Wes Unseld (15)
| Henderson, Unseld (5)
| Capital Centre19,035
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 3
| May 28
| Seattle
| L 92–93
| Elvin Hayes (29)
| Elvin Hayes (20)
| Bob Dandridge (6)
| Capital Centre19,035
| 1–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4
| May 30
| @ Seattle
| W 120–116 (OT)
| Bob Dandridge (23)
| Elvin Hayes (13)
| Tom Henderson (11)
| Kingdome39,457
| 2–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 5
| June 2
| @ Seattle
| L 94–98
| Kevin Grevey (22)
| Bob Dandridge (10)
| Tom Henderson (6)
| Seattle Center Coliseum14,098
| 2–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 6
| June 4
| Seattle
| W 117–82
| Elvin Hayes (21)
| Elvin Hayes (15)
| Greg Ballard (6)
| Capital Centre19,035
| 3–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 7
| June 7
| @ Seattle
| W 105–99
| Dandridge, Johnson (19)
| Wes Unseld (9)
| Wes Unseld (6)
| Seattle Center Coliseum14,098
| 4–3
|-
NBA Finals
After being swept in their previous two trips to the NBA Finals (by Milwaukee in 1971 and Golden State in 1975), the Bullets lost Game 1 on the road against the Seattle SuperSonics, and a 19-point lead vanished in the process.
In Game 4, the Bullets rose to the occasion beating the Sonics 120–116 to even the series at 2 games apiece. After losing Game 5 in Seattle, the Bullets kept their hopes alive with a dominating 117–82 win at the Capital Centre. Game 7 returned to Seattle and the Bullets were a heavy underdog. Kevin Grevey suffered a sprained wrist above his shooting hand, and Bob Dandridge was forced to see some action at guard. Dandridge would play strongly and scored 19 points to tie with Charles Johnson, who hit a half court shot at the end of the 3rd quarter, for the team high. Wes Unseld scored 15 points while pulling down 9 rebounds as the Bullets emerged with a 105–99 victory to win their first NBA Championship.
Playoffs player stats
Note: GP= Games played; REB= Rebounds; AST= Assists; STL = Steals; BLK = Blocks; PTS = Points; AVG = Average
Awards and honors
Wes Unseld, NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
References
Bullets on Basketball Reference
Eastern Conference (NBA) championship seasons
NBA championship seasons
Washington Wizards seasons
Washington
Wash
Wash
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39218059
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Brantly
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Susan Brantly
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Susan Brantly is an American scholar in Scandinavian literature and a professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Career
Susan Brantly received her Bachelor of Arts Degree in German and Scandinavian from Harvard University in 1980, her Master of Arts Degree in Scandinavian Literature from the University of Minnesota in 1983, and her Ph.D. in Germanic Languages and Literature from Yale University in 1987. That same year, she began working in the Scandinavian Studies Department at the University of Wisconsin, where she is currently a professor. Contemporary Swedish historical fiction remains a central research interest, and she has published articles on writers such as P.C. Jersild, Sven Delblanc, Sara Lidman, Per Anders Fogelström, P.O. Enquist and others in journals such as, Clio, Comparative Literature, Scandinavian Studies, Horizont. She has also published on August Strindberg and other nineteenth-century Nordic writers, and maintains a keen interest in modernist studies.
From 2007 to 2009, she served as President of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study. She has also served as the Director of the Bradley Learning Community and the Director of the Center for European Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Brantly is the editor of the Studies in Nordic Literature and Film series, published by the Welsh Academic Press. In 2013, Brantly became the editor of Scandinavian Studies, the quarterly journal published by the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study.
Awards
2003 recipient of the Chancellor's Distinguished Teaching Award at University of Wisconsin-Madison
2004 recipient of Outstanding Faculty Member by The UW Panhellenic Association
2013 recipient of UW System Alliant Energy Underkofler Excellence in Teaching Award, 2013
Works
(Trans. Albert Burkhardt)
(ed. with Thomas A. DuBois)
Brantly, Susan (2017). The Historical Novel, Transnationalism, and the Postmodern Era: Presenting the Past. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781138230255
References
Scandinavian studies scholars
Academic journal editors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Harvard College alumni
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
Yale University 1980s alumni
Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study
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117091
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Township%2C%20Michigan
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Irving Township, Michigan
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Irving Township is a civil township of Barry County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,250 at the 2010 census, up from 2,682 in 2000.
History
Irving Township was established in 1839.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.92%, is water. The Thornapple River, a tributary of the Grand River, runs through the southwest corner of the township, and there is a dam operated by the Commonwealth Power Company across it in the unincorporated village of Irving within the township.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,682 people, 901 households, and 746 families residing in the township. The population density was 74.7 per square mile (28.9/km2). There were 931 housing units at an average density of 25.9 per square mile (10.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.13% White, 0.63% African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.67% of the population.
There were 901 households, out of which 42.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.0% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.1% were non-families. 12.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.25.
In the township the population was spread out, with 31.4% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 33.7% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.2 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $50,532, and the median income for a family was $52,358. Males had a median income of $40,500 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,523. About 1.5% of families and 1.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.2% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Irving Township official website
Townships in Barry County, Michigan
Grand Rapids metropolitan area
1840 establishments in Michigan
Populated places established in 1840
Townships in Michigan
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34659509
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSV%20Gro%C3%9Fhadern
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TSV Großhadern
|
TSV Großhadern is a German association football club from the city of Munich, Bavaria.
History
The club was established in 1926 as the gymnastics club Turnverein Großhadern. On 1 January 1934 the club grew with the addition of the former membership of Fußball Club 1932 Hadern, which led to the creation of a football department within TV. In 1948, the club was renamed Turn- und Sportverein Großhadern.
Following a Landesliga title, TSV played a single season in the Amateuroberliga Bayern (III) in 1986–87 and was relegated after finishing 17th. Between 2007–10, the team played as a lower table side in the Landesliga Bayern-Süd (VI). In 2011–12 they competed in the Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Süd (VII) but were relegated once more, now to the Kreisliga, after finishing 13th.
Großhadern spend only one season at Kreisliga level before a league championship earned the club promotion back to the Bezirksliga. After three Bezirksliga seasons as a lower table side the club was relegated back to the Kreisliga in 2016.
The club has a membership of over 3,000 and in addition to its football side has departments for Aikido, climbing, fitness, gymnastics, handball, Judo, tennis, volleyball.
Honours
The club's honours:
Landesliga Bayern-Süd
Champions: 1986
Bezirksoberliga Oberbayern
Champions: 1994, 2005
Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Süd
Champions: 2004
Kreisliga München 2
Champions: 2013
Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:
With the introduction of the Bezirksoberligas in 1988 as the new fifth tier, below the Landesligas, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the establishment of the Regionalliga Bayern as the new fourth tier in Bavaria in 2012 the Bayernliga was split into a northern and a southern division, the number of Landesligas expanded from three to five and the Bezirksoberligas abolished. All leagues from the Bezirksligas onwards were elevated one tier.
References
External links
Official team site
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables
Manfreds Fussball Archiv Tables and results from the Bavarian amateur leagues
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Bavaria
Football in Upper Bavaria
1926 establishments in Germany
Association football clubs established in 1926
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22663184
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20%28photography%29
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Positive (photography)
|
Positive has multiple meanings in the world of photography. The two main definitions of positive photography include positive space and positive film.
Positive space
Positive space is the idea that any part of a photo that includes the subject, stands out from the rest of the photo. It is key component in most photographs that helps convey emotions towards an audience. The technique can illustrate emotions ranging from crowdedness, to power, to chaos, or even to movement in a photo. Positive photos often busy and active so that most of the focus is drawn towards the subject. It is important to note that positive space in photography is usually balanced with negative space to make an appealing composition. For example, if a photo is over-crowded and it is hard to distinguish what is and is not the subject of the photo (meaning there is a lack of definition or negative space, or there's too much negative space), then the photo may not be compositionally well thought out or perhaps fits a different style of photography like abstract.
Positive Film
Positive film, which is used to develop photos (slides) that would go into a slide projector, is also known as “reversal,” “slide,” or “transparency” film. It is a film or paper record of a scene that represents the color and luminance of objects in that scene with the same colors and luminance (as near as the medium will allow). Color transparencies are an example of positive photography: the range of colors presented in the medium is limited by the tonal range of the original image (dark and light areas correspond).
It is opposed to a negative where colors and luminance are reversed: this is due to the chemical or electrical processes involved in recording the scene. Positives can be turned into negatives by appropriate chemical or electronic processes. Often, with the use of digital imaging, computers can automatically complete this process. Using E-6 chemicals for processing these transparent photos and combining them with C-41 chemicals, a process known as cross processing results in highly saturated and vivid photos with different colors and brightness each time the process is done.
History
When film was first made (mid-19th century), it used silver-plated copper sheets that contained three layers with light sensitive chemicals on them. Other items used to create film included leather, paper, and glass sheets. Glass sheets were the most popular due being cheaper and more opaque than plastic sheets. By 1895 “safety film” became the new norm as it was flexible and roll-able unlike the copper and glass sheets, and it was safer than nitrate film; however, it would take until the 1930’s for the modern color subtract film and positive film to finally develop. Even then, the film produced images that were too dark in color and would take an additional six years for Kodachrome, a film produced by Kodak that used color subtraction methods, to lighten the colors and film for more suitable images. Gradually over time, the process and chemicals used for the processes to make positive photography became refined and better in terms of detail, resolution, lighting, and color.
References
Photography Life, Learn Pro Photography, Lomography, Photography History Facts, Image of leaves, Image of Jet
Photography
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7400715
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20William%20Bryan
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James William Bryan
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James William Bryan (June 9, 1853 – 1903) was the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky.
He was born in Bourbon County, Kentucky in 1853. In 1887, he ran for, and was elected Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky, serving a full four-year term under Governor Simon B. Buckner.
Sources
The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Bryan at politicalgraveyard.com
Lieutenant Governors of Kentucky
1853 births
1903 deaths
People from Bourbon County, Kentucky
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3831728
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundshare
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Groundshare
|
A groundshare, also known as a shared stadium or shared arena, is the principle of sharing a stadium between two local sports teams. This is usually done for the purpose of reducing the costs of either construction of two separate facilities and related maintenance.
Types of groundshares
Intersport Groundshares
Given sufficient compatibility between facility requirements, two teams that do not play the same sport may share a ground or a stadium. North American indoor arenas commonly feature basketball and ice hockey teams sharing the facility during their common fall-to-spring season; a layer of insulation and a basketball floor can easily be laid over or removed from the hockey rink, and dasherboards disassembled or reconfigured, in a matter of hours. Historically baseball and American football teams often shared a large general-purpose outdoor or domed stadium, particularly during the multi-purpose stadium era of the 1960s-1990s, despite the dissimilarity of their fields. This practice fell out of fashion in the 1990s as baseball teams constructed highly specialized stadia in which football fields fit awkwardly if at all. Football teams in turn built more specifically rectangular stadia, often with a floor slightly wider than American football requirements to comfortably accommodate domestic or international soccer as American spectator interest in that sport grew.
A variation on the groundshare concept exists commonly within the National Basketball Association and the National Hockey League. As the requirements for a regulation NHL hockey rink and a regulation NBA basketball court do not differ significantly, in the majority of cases where a metropolitan area has both an NBA and an NHL franchise, the teams share the same arena.
Intrasport Groundshares
This is two teams that play the same sport share the same ground. These may be two non-competing teams who play at different levels, such as Bury F.C., renting Gigg Lane to F.C. United of Manchester in England.
Intraleague Groundshare
This is where two teams in the same league share the same ground, such as the New York Giants and New York Jets sharing MetLife Stadium and the Los Angeles Chargers and Los Angeles Rams share SoFi Stadium, in Inglewood.
In the American NBA, only two franchises share one arena: both the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers share Staples Center.
Examples of groundsharing
Intraleague groundshares
American Football
MetLife Stadium: New York Giants and New York Jets
SoFi Stadium: Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers
Association Football
Ajinomoto Stadium: FC Tokyo and Tokyo Verdy 1969
Azadi Stadium: Persepolis F.C. and Esteghlal F.C.
Estádio Algarve: S.C. Farense and Louletano D.C.
Estádio do Maracanã: Botafogo FR, CR Flamengo and Fluminense FC
Estadio Nemesio Camacho ("El Campín"): Millonarios, Santa Fe
Estadio Azteca: Club América and Cruz Azul
Gamla Ullevi: IFK Göteborg, GAIS, Örgryte IS
Jan Breydel Stadium: Club Brugge K.V. and Cercle Brugge K.S.V.
Letzigrund: FC Zürich currently share their home stadium with Grasshopper Club Zürich until the completion of Grasshopper Zurich's new stadium.
Melbourne Rectangular Stadium: Melbourne Victory FC, Melbourne City FC, Western United FC
Red Bull Arena: New York Red Bulls and NJ/NY Gotham FC
Kadir Has Stadium: Kayserispor and Kayseri Erciyesspor
Philip II Arena: FK Vardar and FK Rabotnički
Salt Lake Stadium: ATK, East Bengal FC, Mohun Bagan AC
Stade Charlety: Paris FC and Paris Saint-Germain Féminines
Stadio Atleti Azzurri d'Italia : Atalanta B.C. and U.C. Albinoleffe
Stadio Giuseppe Meazza ("San Siro"): AC Milan and Inter Milan
Stadio Luigi Ferraris: U.C. Sampdoria and Genoa C.F.C.
Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi: A.C. Chievo Verona and Hellas Verona F.C.
Stadio Olimpico: A.S. Roma and S.S. Lazio
Teddy Stadium: Beitar Jerusalem F.C. and Hapoel Jerusalem F.C.
Tele2 Arena: Djurgårdens IF Fotboll and Hammarby Fotboll
Veritas Stadion: FC Inter Turku and Turun Palloseura
Australian Rules Football
Adelaide Oval: Adelaide, Port Adelaide
Docklands Stadium: Carlton, Essendon, North Melbourne, St Kilda and Western Bulldogs
Melbourne Cricket Ground: Collingwood, Hawthorn, Melbourne and Richmond
Perth Stadium: Fremantle and West Coast
Baseball
Jamsil Baseball Stadium: LG Twins and Doosan Bears
Basketball
Crypto.com Center: Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers
Ice Hockey
Tampere Ice Stadium: Ilves and Tappara
Former intraleague groundshares
Association Football
Allianz Arena: Bayern München and TSV 1860 München
Boleyn Ground: West Ham United F.C. shared their home stadium with Charlton Athletic F.C. from 1991 until 1992.
Estadio Jalisco: Futbol Club Atlas and Guadalajara until Guadalajara moved to their new home of Estadio OmniLife in 2010.
Heritage Park: Bishop Auckland and Darlington
Maine Road: Manchester City F.C. shared their home stadium with Manchester United F.C. from 1945 until 1949.
Moss Rose: Macclesfield Town F.C. shared their home stadium with Chester City F.C. from 1990 until 1992.
Munich Olympic Stadium: Bayern München and TSV 1860 München shared this stadium from 1972 until 2005.
Parc des Princes : Paris Saint-Germain and Racing Paris between 1982 and 1989.
Priestfield Stadium: Gillingham F.C. shared their home stadium with Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. from 1997 until 1999.
Queensgate Stadium (England) : Bridlington Town and Scarborough Athletic
Selhurst Park: Crystal Palace F.C. shared their home stadium with Charlton Athletic F.C. from 1985 until 1991 and latterly Wimbledon F.C. from 1991 until 2003.
Stadio delle Alpi: Juventus and Torino shared this stadium from 1990 until 2006.
Stadio Olimpico di Torino: Juventus and Torino shared this stadium from 1958 until 1990 and latterly from 2006 until 2011.
StubHub Center: Los Angeles Galaxy and CD Chivas USA from 2005 until Chivas USA folded in 2013.
Twerton Park: Bath City F.C. shared their home stadium with Bristol Rovers F.C. from 1986 until 1996 and latterly Team Bath F.C. from 1999 until 2009.
Ullevaal Stadion: Vålerenga, Lyn until 2009.
Watling Street: Dartford F.C. shared their home stadium with Maidstone United F.C. from 1988 until 1992.
Baseball
Tokyo Dome: Yomiuri Giants and Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters (until 2004).
Rugby
Halton Stadium: Widnes Vikings shared their home stadium with St Helens R.F.C. in 2011.
Intersport groundshares
Amalie Arena: Tampa Bay Lightning (ice hockey) temporarily share with the Toronto Raptors (basketball) due to Canadian government restrictions based on COVID-19.
American Airlines Center: Dallas Mavericks (basketball) and Dallas Stars (ice hockey)
Ashton Gate: Bristol City FC and Bristol Rugby.
Ball Arena: Colorado Avalanche (ice hockey) and Denver Nuggets (basketball)
BC Place: BC Lions (Canadian football) and Vancouver Whitecaps FC (association football)
BMO Field: Toronto Argonauts (Canadian football) and Toronto FC (association football)
Blackwell Meadows: Darlington RFC (rugby league) and Darlington F.C. (association football)
Bramall Lane: Sheffield United F.C. (association football) share their home stadium with Sheffield Eagles (rugby league).
Brentford Community Stadium: Brentford F.C. (association football) share their home stadium with London Irish (rugby union)
Capital One Arena: Washington Capitals (ice hockey) and Washington Wizards (basketball)
CenturyLink Field: Seattle Seahawks (American football) and Seattle Sounders FC (association football)
Coventry Building Society Arena: Wasps (rugby union) share their home stadium with Coventry City F.C. (association football)
DW Stadium: Wigan Athletic F.C. (association football) and Wigan Warriors (rugby league)
Headingley Rugby Stadium: Leeds Rhinos (rugby league) share their home stadium with Yorkshire Carnegie (rugby union). In addition Yorkshire County Cricket Club (cricket) are based in an adjacent stadium.
Home's Stadium Kobe: Vissel Kobe (association football) and Kobelco Steelers (rugby union)
Gateshead International Stadium: Gateshead (association football) and Gateshead Thunder (Rugby League)
John Smith's Stadium: Huddersfield Town A.F.C. (association football) and Huddersfield Giants (rugby league)
KC Stadium: Hull City A.F.C. (association football) and Hull F.C. (rugby league)
Keepmoat Stadium: Doncaster Rovers F.C. (association football) share their stadium with Doncaster (rugby league).
Liberty Stadium: Swansea City A.F.C. (association football) and Ospreys (rugby union).
Little Caesars Arena: Detroit Pistons (basketball) and Detroit Red Wings (ice hockey)
Madison Square Garden: New York Knicks (basketball) and New York Rangers (ice hockey)
Meadow Lane: Notts County F.C. (association football) share their home stadium with Nottingham R.F.C. (rugby union).
Salford City Stadium: Salford City Reds (rugby league) share their home stadium with Sale Sharks (rugby union).
Sapporo Dome: Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters (baseball) and Consadole Sapporo (association football)
Scotiabank Arena: Toronto Maple Leafs (ice hockey) and Toronto Raptors (basketball)
The Shay: F.C. Halifax Town (association football) share their home stadium with Halifax (rugby league).
Spotland Stadium: Rochdale A.F.C. (association football) share their home stadium with Rochdale Hornets (rugby league).
Stade Jean Bouin: Red Star FC (association football) and Stade Français Paris (rugby union)
Staples Center: Los Angeles Lakers (basketball) and Los Angeles Clippers (basketball) share with the Los Angeles Kings (ice hockey).
Suncorp Stadium: Brisbane Broncos (rugby league), Queensland Roar (football) and Queensland Reds (rugby union)
TD Garden: Boston Bruins (ice hockey) and Boston Celtics (basketball)
United Center: Chicago Blackhawks (ice hockey) and Chicago Bulls (basketball)
War Memorial Ground: Stourbridge FC (association football) and Stourbridge Cricket Club (cricket)
Wells Fargo Center: Philadelphia 76ers (basketball) and Philadelphia Flyers (ice hockey)
Yamaha Stadium: Júbilo Iwata (association football) and Yamaha Júbilo (rugby union)
Yankee Stadium: New York Yankees (baseball) and New York City FC (soccer)
Former
Adams Park: Wycombe Wanderers F.C. (association football) shared their home stadium with London Wasps (rugby union) from 2002 until 2014.
Anaheim Stadium (now Angel Stadium of Anaheim): California Angels (baseball; now Los Angeles Angels) shared with Los Angeles Rams (American football) from 1980–1994
Barclays Center: Brooklyn Nets (basketball) shared with New York Islanders (ice hockey) from 2015-2019
Boundary Park: Oldham Athletic A.F.C. (football) shared their home stadium with Oldham R.L.F.C. (rugby league) from 1997 until 2001 and latterly from 2003 until 2009.
Bramall Lane: Yorkshire County Cricket Club (cricket) shared the stadium with Sheffield FC (football) from 1862 until 1875, Sheffield Wednesday F.C. (football) from 1868 until 1888 and Sheffield United F.C. (football) from 1889 until 1975.
Busch Memorial Stadium: St. Louis Cardinals (baseball) shared with St. Louis Cardinals (American football) from 1966–1987 and St. Louis Rams (American football) in 2005
Cardiff City Stadium: Cardiff City F.C. (football) and Cardiff Blues (rugby union) from 2009 until 2012.
Deepdale: Preston North End F.C. (football) shared their home stadium with Lancashire Lynx (rugby league) from 1996 until 2000.
Craven Cottage: Fulham F.C. (football) shared their home stadium with Fulham RLFC (rugby league) from 1980 until 1984.
Don Valley Stadium: Rotherham United F.C. (football) shared with Sheffield Eagles (rugby league) in this predmoninately athletics stadium in 2008 and latterly from 2011 until 2012.
Edgeley Park: Stockport County F.C. (football) shared their home stadium with Sale Sharks (rugby union) from 2003 until 2012, when Sale moved to the Salford City Stadium.
Elland Road: Leeds United F.C. (football) shared their home stadium with Hunslet (rugby league from the mid-1980s until 1995.
Giants Stadium: New York Giants and New York Jets (American football) and New York Red Bulls (association football) until its demolition in 2009.
Griffin Park: Brentford F.C. (football) shared their home stadium with London Broncos (rugby league) from 2002 until 2006.
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome: Minnesota Twins (baseball until 2009), Minnesota Vikings (American football - NFL), University of Minnesota Golden Gophers (American football - NCAA under 2009)
Kingdome: Seattle Seahawks (American football) shared with Seattle Sounders (association football) from 1976–1983, Seattle Mariners (baseball) from 1977–1999, and Seattle SuperSonics (basketball) from 1978–1985
Kingston Park: Newcastle Falcons (rugby union), Newcastle Blue Star (now defunct) (football) until 2009.
Loftus Road: Queens Park Rangers F.C. (football) shared their home stadium with London Wasps (rugby union) from 1996 until 2002 and latterly with Fulham F.C. (football) from 2002 until 2004.
Madejski Stadium: Reading F.C. (association football) shared their home stadium with Richmond F.C. (rugby union) from 1998 until 1999 and subsequently with London Irish (also rugby union) from 2000 until 2020.
Memorial Stadium (Bristol): Bristol Rovers (football) and Bristol Rugby (rugby union) from 1996 until 2014
Oakland Alameda Coliseum: Oakland Athletics (baseball) and Oakland Raiders (American football)
Odsal Stadium: Bradford Northern RLFC (rugby league) shared their home stadium with Bradford City A.F.C. (football) from 1985 until 1986.
Racecourse Ground: Wrexham A.F.C. (football) shared their home stadium with North Wales Crusaders (rugby league) from 2012 until 2016.
RFK Stadium: Washington Redskins (football) shared with the second Washington Senators baseball from 1962-1971 and various NASL soccer clubs intermittently from 1968-1984, then D.C. United soccer in 1996; United then shared with the Washington Nationals from 2005 until 2007.
Rogers Centre (formerly SkyDome): Toronto Blue Jays (baseball) shared with Toronto Argonauts (Canadian football) from 1989–2015 and Toronto Raptors (basketball) from 1995–1999.
The Shay: Halifax Town A.F.C. (football) from 1998 until 2008 shared their home with Halifax (rugby league).
Sixfields Stadium: Northampton Town F.C. shared their home stadium with Coventry City F.C. between 2013 and 2014.
St Andrew's: Birmingham City F.C. shared their home stadium with Coventry City F.C. between 2019 and 2021.
State Farm Arena: Atlanta Hawks (basketball) shared their home arena with Atlanta Thrashers (ice hockey) between 1999 and 2011.
StubHub Center: Los Angeles Galaxy (football) shared their home temporarily with the Los Angeles Chargers (American football)
Talking Stick Resort: Phoenix Coyotes (ice hockey) and Phoenix Suns (basketball)
Twickenham Stoop: Harlequin F.C. (rugby union) shared their home stadium with London Broncos aka Harlequins RL (rugby league) from 1997 until 1999 and latterly from 2007 until 2013.
The Valley: Charlton Athletic F.C. (football) shared their home stadium with London Broncos (rugby league) from 1996 to 1997 and latterly from 1999 to 2000.
Valley Parade: Bradford City A.F.C. (football) shared their home stadium with Bradford Park Avenue A.F.C. (football) from 1973 until 1974 and latterly Bradford Bulls (rugby league) from 2001 until 2002.
Vicarage Road: Watford F.C. (football) shared their home stadium with Wealdstone F.C. from 1991 until 1994 and latterly Saracens F.C. from 1997 until 2013.
References
Additional Source
Sports venues
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25443123
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Research%20Institute%20for%20Science%20Policy
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National Research Institute for Science Policy
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National Research Institute for Science Policy (NRISP) is an Iranian organisation established in 1980 to act as a research institute and think tank for the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology.
Publications
NRISP publishes four periodicals:
Journal of Science and Technology Policy (Quarterly)
Rahyāft (Science Policy Quarterly)
Daneshgar (Scientific Journal-Monthly)
Science and Research Newsletter
Departments
NRISP consists of six departments:
Futures studies research department,
Economy of science research department,
Public understanding of science research department,
Scientometrics department,
Science and society research department, and
Science policy research department.
See also
International rankings of Iran
Science and technology in Iran
References
External links
Research institutes in Iran
Research institutes established in 1980
1980 establishments in Iran
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15762873
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa%20Haro
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Melissa Haro
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Melissa Rose Haro (September 5, 1987) is an American model who appeared in the 2008 and 2009 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. Her 2008 photo shoot was set in the Cayman Islands during the Pirate Week festival and included many photos in keeping with its motif. Her 2009 photo shoot was set in Riviera Maya.
Biography
She has been modeling since the age of thirteen, and now she mainly models in New York City and Paris, France, but she considers San Jose, California home.
She was a model contestant on the first season of Project Runway in 2004 and made it to the final three contestants. She was the youngest model on the show. She was the 2004 Miss Bay Area Teen as well as fourth runner-up in 2004 Miss California and replaced Paris Hilton as a Guess Jeans spokesperson. In addition to Guess, Haro has modeled for Bebe, and Jessica McClintock. Haro is represented by Elite Model Management. In San Francisco, California, she is represented by Look modeling agency. She is also represented by Priscillas Model Management.
Haro, who was born on San Jose's east side, graduated a year early from James Lick High School in 2005 and now lives in Los Angeles, California, near her parents Linda and Dennis Haro. Being a native of the California's San Francisco Bay Area, she is an Oakland Raiders fan and enjoyed shooting in the Cayman Islands during the Pirate Week festival with an all-black suit and boots beneath the skull and bones in keeping with the pirate motif. Haro was joined in the shoot by Seattle's Seafair Pirates who were in full uniform including their tricorn hats.
She is part Italian.
Notes
External links
See Melissa Haro at: Fashion Model Directory, Internet Movie Database, TV.com
Sports Illustrated 2008 Model Page
Sports Illustrated 2009 Model Page
1987 births
Female models from California
Living people
People from San Jose, California
American people of Italian descent
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2369753
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elafonisos
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Elafonisos
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Elafonisos () is a small Greek island between the Peloponnese and Kythira. It lies off the coast of Cape Malea and Vatika. The area of the island is .
Overview
The population is between 300 and 350 during the winter but increases dramatically in the summer months. During July and August the number of tourist visitors reach over 3,000 per day (bringing with them some 1,600 cars). Many people visit the island for its light coloured, sandy beaches. Among the most well known of its beaches are Sarakiniko, Fragos (Simos) and Panagias Nissia, all filled with blue-green waters.
Elafonisos is by far the largest inhabited island in the Peloponnese archipelago, and the only one that is a separate municipality. There are also some archaeological discoveries to explore on the island and in the surrounding waters. The main church of the community is Agios Spyridon (Greek: Άγιος Σπυρίδων), which is built on a tiny separate piece of land which is connected by a bridge over shallow waters to the rest of the island. The community's land area also includes of the mainland consisting mainly of the famous Punta Beach.
On the nearby mainland, approximately east is Neapoli (Greek: Νεάπολη) of the municipality of Vatika. About south is Cape Frangos (Greek: Φράγκο) on the island of Kythira.
Historical population
History
In antiquity, Elafonisos did not constitute an island but a peninsula with the name "Onou Gnathos" (Greek: Όνου Γνάθος) (Donkey's Jawbone) according to Pausanias. Just off the coast of Elafonissos lies the archeological site of Pavlopetri, a sunken city dating back to the early 3rd millennium BC and thought to have been claimed by the sea around 1000 BC.
References
External links
Elafonisos Municipality (Greek)
Elafonisos(English)
Elafonissos (English)
Elafonisos - Lakonia
Islands of Greece
Municipalities of Peloponnese (region)
Populated places in Laconia
Islands of Peloponnese (region)
Landforms of Laconia
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43468530
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shades%20of%20Life
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Shades of Life
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Shades of Life (Traditional Chinese: 我們的天空; literally "Our Sky") () is a 2014 Hong Kong modern drama produced by TVB, starring Jack Wu and Elaine Yiu. The series began airing on July 20, 2014 and was broadcast on the following Sundays at 9:00 p.m with 12 episodes in total.
The series centers around the Ko family, a modern Hong Kong family and the ordinary people they encounter. The series tells of the struggles and social issue of ordinary Hong Konger. Each episode does not continue on from the previous episode and each is a new standalone story.
Main cast
Ko family
Jack Wu as Ko Ho Pan 高可攀: Tung Ngoi Ting's husband and San Ting's father. He works as a reporter.
Elaine Yiu as Tung Ngoi Ting 董愛晴: Ko Ho Pan's wife and San Ting's mother. She works as a personal tour person for VIP tourist.
Henry Yu as Ko Baat Dau 高八斗: Ho Pan and Ho Yen's father. A retired school principal.
Zoie Tam as Ko Ho Yen 高可人: Ho Pan's younger sister. A design student.
Albert Lo as Ko San Ting 高山青: Ko Ho Pan and Tung Ngoi Ting's preteen son.
Tung family
Albert Law as Tung Fu Gwai 董富貴: Tung Ngoi Ting's arrogant and greedy father who invest in real-estate to make a living.
Angelina Lo as Mrs. Tung 董太: Tung Ngoi Ting's materialistic and greedy mother.
Synopsis and cast
Episode 1: Succeed 望子成龍
Mandy Lam as Mrs. Lau 劉太
Raymond Chiu as Lau Chi Yen 劉志仁
Andrew Au as Dicky Lau 劉迪奇
Ko San Ting's classmate Dicky is the best in his class, always getting the highest grade on each test, but San Ting does not understand why Dicky always looks sad, tired and worried. On top of that Dicky is never satisfied with his test scores unless he gets a 100.
Episode 2: Same Root 同根生
Océane Zhu as Wong Mei Fan 王美芬
Leung Hoi Lam as Chan Bo Yee 陳寶儀
While researching for his next article Ho Pan encounters new immigrant Wong Mei Fan and her preteen daughter Chan Bo Yee. Mei Fan and her daughter has high hopes when they arrive in Hong Kong from mainland China, but the two are soon faced with discrimination, prejudice and struggles.
Episode 3: Influence Life With Life 非常校長
Ben Wong as Ma Wui Jung 馬匯忠
Rachel Kan as Ho Yuk San 何玉珊
Ko Ho Yen stands up for a teacher tutoring a student at a fast food restaurant, coincidentally the teacher becomes Ho Pan's next article. Ma Wui Jung was a former high school principal who gave up his steady income job to devote his full-time to tutoring less fortunate students. By following his dream he puts his marriage and family income at risk.
Episode 4: Sub-divided Hero 劏房英雄
Law Lok Lam as Frankie
Lau Kong as Fung Bak 豐伯
Ho Pan sees an elderly man named Frankie on television being interviewed by news reporters during a government housing demonstration and tells his boss that he would like to do a magazine article on the elderly man. Frankie, who was a police officer in his younger years, speaks English very well but because of his gambling problems he has to resort to living in poor condition, illegal, sub-divided apartments during his elderly years. He gets by, by collecting the rents for the slum lord. Frankie meets Fung Bak, another elderly man who is looking for cheap housing because his son's family has grown and their little apartment does not have enough room for all of them. Fung Bak, thinking his separation from his family is temporary since they are on the waiting list for public housing, lies to his family that he is living with a friend.
Episode 5: Winter's Fairy-tale 冬天的童話
Gary Tam as Cheung Huk Kau 張學求
Skye Chan as Lau Siu Wan 劉小雲
Owen Cheung as Cheung Si Tim 張思甜
Ho Pan interviews Cheung Huk Kau, a former student of his father who has a rags to riches story to tell. Huk Kau owns and manages a multi-million dollar garbage disposal and cleaning company but his beginnings were very humbled. Due to his mother's illness Huk Kau had to quit school and take over his mother's job full time as a cleaner. Through hard work and the help of his wife he was able to turn his one man company into one of Hong Kong's biggest cleaning companies.
Episode 6: Successor 接班人
Brian Chu as Cheng Chi Ho 鄭志豪
Lily Poon as Helen
Ho Pan and his assistant Chi Ho, encounter a car accident in the street, seeing Chi Ho hustle at the accident scene Pan thinks back to when Chi Ho first joined the magazine. Chi Ho overly protective mother Helen got him the job at the magazine and would sit by his desk at work to watch over him. As Chi Ho tags along with Ho Pan to cover stories for their articles he soon learns to become independent and a hard worker. At the same time Ho Pan interviews two recent college graduates who are overly ambitious and want to be on the top of the work force ladder right away.
Episode 7: Dream Dwelling 蝸居夢
Leanne Li as Ko Lei Ting 郭麗青
William Chak as Hung Jik 洪翼
Stanley Cheung as Kwong Chi Hung 鄺志雄
Gregory Lee as Fung Jun Yin 方津然
Three of Ho Pan's friends, Hung Jik, Kwong Chi Hung and Fung Jun Yin are desperate to buy a flat for their marriages. Ho Pan refers them to his father-in-law Tung Fu Gwai, who likes to invest in real-estate and then re-sell it at a higher price. The three friends agree on the price and decide to go in together to buy Fu Gwai's flat. They each raise their share of the money by taking out their savings and borrowing from family, but on the day of the sale Fu Gwai raises the sale price because according to him recent real-estate price in Hong Kong has risen. With their dream of owning their own flat gone, Hung Jik decides to move to Singapore to be with his fiancée.
Episode 8: So Close, So Far 這麼近, 那麼遠
Episode 9: Father and I 公公與我
Elliot Ngok as Cheung Kit 張健
Episode 10: What Is Good 餘何是好
Det Dik as Leung 亮
Wong Hin Chung as Cyu 柱
Kinko Koo as Chum 沈
Episode 11: Sunset Warrior 夕陽戰士
Tsui Gwok Hing as Den Wong 電王
Stephen Wong Ka-lok as Wai San 惠新
Leo Lee as Wai Kit 惠健
Episode 12: Homeward Bound 歸去來兮
Mat Yeung as Kwong Chi Hung 鄺志雄
Jason Chan Chi-san as Chris
Viewership Ratings
Controversies
Shades of Life received over 1500 complaints in its 2nd week of airing. The series was slammed for depicting Hong Kong citizens in a negatively and inaccurate portrayal of stereotypes. Also providing misleading information when depicting other country societies, such as episode 1 where it is mentioned about the difference between Hong Kong students and American students, one of the characters ask "why Hong Kong students carry backpacks to school when in the United States students does not carry backpacks because everything they need is already provided by the school".
References
External links
TVB Official Website (Chinese)
TVB dramas
Hong Kong television series
2010s Hong Kong television series
2014 Hong Kong television series debuts
2014 Hong Kong television series endings
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20084963
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Zylker
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Jim Zylker
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Jim Zylker (born January 11, 1951 in San Francisco, California) is a retired American soccer player who spent two seasons in the North American Soccer League. He was also a member of the United States soccer team at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
Youth
Zylker grew up in San Francisco, California. He graduated from South San Francisco High School and first attended Cañada College where he was a two-time community college All-American. He transferred to San Jose State University where he played three seasons (1971-1973) on the men’s soccer team. He was a 1972 second team All American and holds the school’s single season assists record. He was inducted into the SJSU Athletic Hall of Fame in 2004.
In 1971, he joined the United States Olympic soccer team as it prepared for the 1972 Olympics. He played the final United States group game, a 7-0 loss to West Germany. In 1975, he returned to the Olympic team as it failed to qualify for the 1976 Summer Olympics. He played seven games in total with the United States Olympic team.
Zykler played for the San Francisco Vikings, a club founded by his grandfather. In 1975, he signed with the San Jose Earthquakes of the North American Soccer League. He played fifteen games that season. He began the 1976 season in San Jose before being traded to the San Antonio Thunder midway through the season.
He has coached the Cañada College women’s soccer team.
References
External links
NASL Stats
1951 births
American soccer players
Association football goalkeepers
Footballers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
San Antonio Thunder players
San Jose Earthquakes (1974–1988) players
San Jose State Spartans men's soccer players
Olympic soccer players of the United States
Soccer players from San Francisco
Living people
Cañada Colts men's soccer players
Cañada Colts women's soccer coaches
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53955864
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesebrough
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Chesebrough
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Chesebrough may refer to:
Robert Chesebrough (1837–1933), an American chemist
Chesebrough Manufacturing Company, American oil business which produced petroleum jelly or vaseline
Chesebrough Scout Reservation, also called Camp Chesebrough
See also
Cheeseborough (disambiguation)
Cheesebrough (disambiguation)
Cheseborough (disambiguation)
Chesebro
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31185829
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Huston%20Macbride
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Thomas Huston Macbride
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Thomas Huston Macbride (July 31, 1848 – March 27, 1934) was the tenth president of the University of Iowa, serving from 1914 to 1916. Macbride was a naturalist and botanist, Macbride Hall at the University of Iowa is named for him. He often collaborated with Samuel Calvin. He was the 75th member of the Acacia chapter at the University of Iowa.
References
External links
Presidents of the University of Iowa
1848 births
1934 deaths
Lenox College alumni
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69815551
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Nemanich
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Robert Nemanich
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Robert John Nemanich is an American physicist.
Nemanich attended the Northern Illinois University, where he obtained bachelor's and master's degrees in physics, then continued studying the subject at the University of Chicago. After completing his doctorate in 1977, Nemanich began his teaching career at North Carolina State University, then moved to Arizona State University. He was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society in 1993 "[f]or his contributions to the application of Raman spectroscopy to the study of atomic structure is semiconducting thin films and interfaces." In 2016, Arizona State University awarded Nemanich a Regents' Professorship.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American physicists
21st-century American physicists
North Carolina State University faculty
Arizona State University faculty
Northern Illinois University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
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47854028
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil%20%28album%29
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Sybil (album)
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Sybil (titled Walk On By in the UK) is the second studio album by American singer Sybil, released in 1989. Five singles were released from the album; "Can't Wait (On Tomorrow)", which had been released as a standalone single in 1988, and two cover versions of the Burt Bacharach and Hal David-written Dionne Warwick songs "Don't Make Me Over" and "Walk On By", which were both released as singles in 1989 and 1990 respectively. These two singles became Sybil's first real big hits worldwide, and were followed by "Crazy for You" (featuring Salt-N-Pepa) and a cover of Michael Jackson's "I Wanna Be Where You Are".
The album itself became Sybil's biggest hit in North America, being her only album to enter the Billboard 200. It achieved its biggest sales in New Zealand, where "Don't Make Me Over" hit number one, and the album peaked at No. 3. "Don't Make Me Over" had been first released on Sybil's previous album Let Yourself Go, but had not been released as a single. The song "Love's Calling", which includes a sample of Grace Jones' "Don't Cry – It's Only the Rhythm" was later included, in a new remix, on Sybil's 1993 album Doin' It Now!.
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
Sybil at Amazon.com
Sybil at Discogs
1989 albums
Sybil (singer) albums
Pete Waterman Entertainment albums
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56919830
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljana%2C%20Zagreb%20County
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Poljana, Zagreb County
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Poljana is a settlement (naselje) in the Vrbovec administrative territory of Zagreb County, Croatia. As of 2011 it had a population of 423 people.
References
Populated places in Zagreb County
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35536761
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%20Ergenekan
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Can Ergenekan
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Can Erol Ergenekan (born April 28, 1972) is an Olympic butterfly swimmer with dual-citizenship from Turkey and United States. He trained with Tualatin Hills, Galatasaray, and the University of Minnesota swim teams. During his time with the University of Minnesota swim team, Ergenekan was a three time All-American and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in biochemistry. Currently he resides in Portland, Oregon, and is competing for the Multnomah Athletic Club on their U.S. Masters Swimming team.
Ergenekan represented Turkey in the 400m freestyle, 100m and 200m butterfly events at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain and the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
He was holder of the national record in the 200 m butterfly event with 2:00.71 set at the 1993 European Aquatics Championships held in Sheffield, United Kingdom until 2016.
After receiving his Ph.D. in biochemistry in 2003 from Washington State University and returning to the University of Minnesota as a Research Consultant and Laboratory Manager at the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Ergenekan returned to Portland, OR, and to his swimming roots. He recently won his age group for the 2-mile Open Water Nation Championship in Sweet Home, OR, with a time of 43:51.03 and set a new Oregon age group record.
Notes
1972 births
Sportspeople from Istanbul
Living people
Turkish male butterfly swimmers
Galatasaray Swimming swimmers
University of Minnesota Duluth alumni
Olympic swimmers of Turkey
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Swimmers from Oregon
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21890828
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macestus%20Bridge
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Macestus Bridge
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The Macestus Bridge or Bridge of Sultançayır was a Roman bridge across the Macestus River ( or Susurluk Çayı) at Balıkesir, in the northwestern part of modern-day Turkey. Its flattened arches, slender piers and the hollow chamber system documented the progress made in late antique bridge building. A first cursory investigation of the 234 m long structure was conducted in the early 20th century, but since then its existence has been largely neglected by scholars. Current photos from 2009 show that the bridge has collapsed in the meantime.
Exploration
The bridge is located at Sultançayır, in the heart of the ancient region of Mysia, where it carried the road connecting Hadrianu Therai (Balıkesir) with Miletopolis across the Macestus. During an exploration tour in 1902, the German archaeologist Theodor Wiegand found the ancient structure still in an excellent state of preservation; only the fourth pier from the eastern bank had been blown up some thirty years before in what was a crude and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to render the river navigable for larger vessels. Another brief account was given by his English colleague Frederick William Hasluck, who also visited Mysia at the time.
Construction
The Macestus Bridge has a width of 6.35 m and a length of 234 m, excluding the ramps at both ends. The distance between the centreline of the piers measures 17.80 m for each of its 13 arches, the clear span being 14.20 m and the pier width, accordingly, 3.60 m. The slender piers are protected upstream by triangular cutwaters and, owing to a favourable thickness against span ratio of almost 1 to 4, allowed the waterflow to pass the bridge relatively unrestricted. The rise from the springing line to the keystone is only 4.30 m (see drawing), giving the arcade a span-to-rise ratio of 3.3 to 1. The bridge is thus one of more than a dozen ancient segmental arch bridges known today.
Inside, hollow chambers were cut out to save material and reduce the weight resting on the arch vaults; these spaces are 4.40 m in width, 2.05 m in length, and are all arranged obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the bridge. Similar hollow chamber constructions are known to exist in other late Roman bridges in Asia Minor, such as the Aesepus Bridge, whose small, slit-like recesses point in the direction of the roadway though.
On the exterior, a pair of arched niches was set into the spandrel wall, with an additional, twice as large niche at the downstream side in between. These half-open spandrels were meant to further relieve the dead load on the bridge. The retaining walls, just as the breakwaters, were built with carefully hewn limestone blocks.
The outer voussoirs of the arch rib are built of alternating bricks and ashlar stones, while the rest of the arch vaults consists entirely out of bricks. Further materials mentioned by Wiegand include marble – probably for facing – and mortar, which could have been used as a binder, or may refer to Roman concrete which often served to fill the interior of the spandrels and the piers. Ancient Spolia were reportedly not used.
Date
The use of flattened arches composed of brick and stone indicates, according to Wiegand, a construction date in the late Roman or early Byzantine period. Hasluck points out architectural parallels with the neighbouring White Bridge and Aesepus Bridge, and dates the Macestus Bridge on that basis to the reign of Constantine the Great († 337 AD). The existence of a late Byzantine fortress, located on a hilltop some 300 m from the bridge, is taken as evidence for a continued use until at least the early 14th century. The present state of the structure is unknown, it is not listed in O'Connor's recent compilation of Roman bridges.
See also
List of Roman bridges
Roman architecture
Roman engineering
References
Sources
Buildings and structures in Balıkesir Province
Deck arch bridges
Mysia
Roman bridges in Turkey
Roman segmental arch bridges
Stone bridges in Turkey
Arch bridges in Turkey
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32229152
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Beechey
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Adam Beechey
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Adam Beechey (born 1981 in Tasmania) is an Australian racing driver.
Beechey's career began in the 1990s, and since then he has competed in a wide range of series and vehicles in Australia, from the Tasmanian Super Sedan Series to the Commodore Cup National Series.
After winning the championship in 2010, 2011 and 2012, Beechey became one of only two drivers to win the Commodore Cup title three times in a row, with the other being five-time champion Geoff Emery. Beechey was also the last driver to win the series after the category folded at the end of 2012. Beechey is also a three-time winner of the Ashley Cooper Memorial Trophy.
Career results
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Australian racing drivers
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3261903
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%20pu%20platter
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Pu pu platter
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A pu pu platter is a tray of American Chinese or Hawaiian food consisting of an assortment of small meat and seafood appetizers. A typical pupu platter, as found in American Chinese cuisine, might include an egg roll, spare ribs, chicken wings, chicken fingers, beef teriyaki, skewered beef, fried wontons, fried shrimp, crab rangoon and things of that nature, accompanied by a small hibachi grill.
The pupu platter was probably first introduced to restaurants on the United States mainland by Donn Beach in 1934. It has since become a standard at most Polynesian themed restaurants such as Don's and Trader Vic's. The earliest known print reference to a pupu platter served at a Chinese restaurant is from 1969. Later, other types of restaurants used pu pu platter to mean an appetizer combination platter. However, pu pu platters are currently more closely associated with American Chinese restaurants.
Hawaiian origin and etymology
In the Hawaiian language, pū-pū denotes a relish, appetizer, canapé, or hors d'oeuvre; it originally meant "shell fish', but also referred to small bits of fish, chicken, or banana relish served with kava
and beans.
In Hawaiian cuisine
Since the introduction of commercial dining and drinking establishments in Hawaii, pūpū were, and remain, standard fare in island establishments. An establishment that serves "heavy pupus" will often have a buffet table with warming trays full of chicken, tempura vegetables, shrimp, poke (cubed and seasoned raw fish), small skewers of teriyaki meat or chicken, sushi, and other similar finger foods. An establishment that serves "light pupus" usually will offer only the cold foods such as poke, sushi, and vegetables. Some establishments will serve pūpū to the table.
At Hawaiian bars, restaurants, catered events such as political rallies, and private parties, establishments and hosts are known in "local" circles by the quality of their pupus. Event invitations often will state that "light pupus" or "heavy pupus" will be served so that attendees will know whether they should plan to have a full meal before the event or not.
Today, the simple platter of dried fish, grilled chicken, and slices of banana has evolved into chefs' offerings of international delicacies arranged for visual as well as gustatory pleasure. Modern pupu platters can hold offerings of anything from traditional Hawaiian fare to exotic combinations.
In Polynesian cuisine on the mainland
At the height of the tiki bar/restaurant craze, the New York Herald Tribune published several articles concerning the opening and the ambiance of one of the first Hawaiian themed restaurants in New York City, Luau 400, on East 57th Street. At the time of the restaurant's opening in 1957, pu pu platters were considered a part of the luau feast. A typical platter at this establishment would have included baked clams, rumaki, Shrimp Vela (battered fried shrimp with coconut), chicken wings, egg rolls, spare ribs, or Javanese sate (satay) on skewers. The appetizers were served on "a Lazy Susan made of monkey pod wood and equipped with a little stove fired with charcoal briquettes." Recipes for some of the pu pu items were later published in the Herald Tribune in 1960.
At one 21st-century tiki bar, the pu pu platter includes "Samoan deviled eggs, Chinese sausage and stick rice arancini, coconut shrimp and chilies stuffed with pork sausage."
Italian restaurants
Many Italian restaurants in New England offer "Italian pu pu platters". Depending on the establishment, the platters may contain only appetizers, such as mozzarella sticks, meatballs, sausages, lasagna sticks, and calamari; or they may contain small portions of different pasta dishes, such as spaghetti, lasagna, manicotti, and ravioli.
See also
American Chinese cuisine
Cuisine of Hawaii
Dim sum
List of hors d'oeuvre
Siu laap
Notes
References
American Chinese cuisine
Appetizers
Hawaiian fusion cuisine
Tiki culture
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2452856
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Vailati
|
Giovanni Vailati
|
Giovanni Vailati (24 April 1863 – 14 May 1909) was an Italian proto-analytic philosopher, historian of science, and mathematician.
Life
Vailati was born in Crema, Lombardy, and studied engineering at the University of Turin. He went on to lecture in the history of mechanics there from 1896 to 1899, after working as assistant to Giuseppe Peano and Vito Volterra. He resigned his university post in 1899 so that he could pursue his independent studies, making a living from high-school mathematics teaching. During his lifetime he became internationally known, his writings having been translated into English, French, and Polish, though he was largely forgotten after his death in Rome. He was rediscovered in the late 1950s. He did not publish any complete books, but left about 200 essays and reviews across a range of academic disciplines.
Philosophy
Vailati's view of philosophy was that it provided a preparation and the tools for scientific work. For that reason, and because philosophy should be neutral between rival beliefs, conceptions, theoretical structures, etc., the philosopher should avoid the use of special technical language, but should use the language that he finds used in those areas in which he is interested. That is not to say that the philosopher should merely accept whatever he finds; an ordinary-language term may be problematic, but its deficiencies should be corrected rather than replacing it with some new technical term.
His view of truth and meaning was influenced by philosophers such as C.S. Peirce and Ernst Mach. He carefully distinguished between meaning and truth: "the question of determining what we mean when we propound a given proposition is entirely different from the question of deciding whether it is true or false. Nevertheless, having decided what is meant, the work of deciding whether it is true or false is crucial. Vailati held a moderate positivist view, in both science and philosophy:
"it must be demanded of anybody who advances a thesis that he be capable of indicating the facts which according to him should obtain (or have obtained) if his thesis were true, and also their difference from other facts which according to him would obtain (or have obtained) if it were not true"
Vailati's influences and contacts were many and varied, belying the oversimple label often attached to him: "the Italian pragmatist". While owing much to Peirce and William James (between whose thought he was one of the first to distinguish), he also acknowledged the influence of Plato and George Berkeley (both of whom he saw as important precursors of, or influences on, pragmatism), Gottfried Leibniz, Victoria Welby-Gregory, G.E. Moore, Bertrand Russell, Peano, and Franz Brentano. He corresponded with many of his contemporaries.
His early work included papers on symbolic logic, focusing on its rôle in philosophy, and distinguishing between logic and psychology and epistemology.
History of science
Vailata's main historical interests concerned mechanics, logic, and geometry, and he was an important contributor to a number of areas, including the study of post-Aristotelian Greek mechanics, of Galileo's predecessors, of the notion and rôle of definition in the work of Plato and Euclid, of mathematical influences on logic and epistemology, and of the non-Euclidean geometry of Gerolamo Saccheri. He was particularly interested in the ways in which what might be seen as the same problems are addressed and dealt with at different times.
His historical work was interrelated with his philosophical work, involving the same fundamental views and methodology. Vailati saw the two as differing in approach rather than subject matter, and believed that there should be co-operation between philosophers and scientists in the pursuit of historical studies. He also held that a complete history demanded that one take into account the relevant social background.
Of a certain interest is the participation of Vailati in the scientific activity of the chair of "Calculus infinitesimal" held by Giuseppe Peano. We are in Turin in 1892. The period is full of Prolusions and there are the emergence of disciplines such as anthropology and sociology, which have produced a new scientific concept in the nineteenth century. The Turin Prolusions (1896-1898) open the horizon to new discoveries and to the formulations of scientific theories and hypotheses concerning the relationship between science and its history. In this context there is the "questions of words", which concern language and its functioning as a means of transmitting ideas.
The superseding of scientific theories and other results doesn't involve their destruction, for their importance is increased by their being superseded: "Every error shows us a rock to be avoided, while not every discovery shows us a path to be followed.
See also
Separation relation
Notes
Sources
Giovanni Vailati (1972) Scritti filosofici.
Ivor Grattan-Guinness (2000) The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940, Princeton University Press.
Ferruccio Rossi-Landi (1967) "Giovanni Vailati", in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy", ed. Paul Edwards. Collier Macmillan
C. Arrighi, P. Cantù, M. De Zan and P. Suppes (editors) (2010) Logic and Pragmatism. Selected Essays by Giovanni Vailati, CSLI, Stanford, California.
1863 births
1909 deaths
Italian historians
Historians of science
19th-century Italian mathematicians
Italian philosophers
Analytic philosophers
19th-century philosophers
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63632532
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanathaswamy%20Temple%2C%20Peraiyur
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Devanathaswamy Temple, Peraiyur
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Devanathaswamy Temple is a Siva temple in Peraiyur in Pudukkottai district in Tamil Nadu (India).
Vaippu Sthalam
It is one of the shrines of the Vaippu Sthalams sung by Tamil Saivite Nayanar Sundarar.
Presiding deity
The presiding deity is known as Devanathaswamy as well as Devanathar. The Goddess is known as Devanayaki.
Speciality
This place was known as Devamalai and Perumanallur.
Another Shiva temple
There is also another Shiva temple in Peraiyur, known as Naganathaswamy Temple.
References
Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district
Shiva temples in Pudukkottai district
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6439136
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed%20complementarity%20problem
|
Mixed complementarity problem
|
Mixed Complementarity Problem (MCP) is a problem formulation in mathematical programming. Many well-known problem types are special cases of, or may be reduced to MCP. It is a generalization of nonlinear complementarity problem (NCP).
Definition
The mixed complementarity problem is defined by a mapping , lower values and upper values .
The solution of the MCP is a vector such that for each index one of the following alternatives holds:
;
;
.
Another definition for MCP is: it is a variational inequality on the parallelepiped .
See also
Complementarity theory
References
Mathematical optimization
|
69644151
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth%20War%3A%20How%20China%20Took%20Over%20While%20America%27s%20Elite%20Slept
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Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept
|
Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept is a 2019 book by Robert Spalding about the United States' foreign relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC), the influence of the PRC in the United States, and the nature of the geo-political rivalry between the two countries. Spalding argues that the PRC is the greatest rival of the United States, why the country is a rival, strategies the PRC is using to undermine the United States, and policies the Unite States could implement to counter that rivalry. He also argues that the PRC has been conducting an covert aggressive campaign to undermine and eventually usurp American power since the 1990s. This includes a campaign against American values globally as enshrined in the Atlantic Charter such as support for democratic forms of government and human rights.
Spalding cites Unrestricted Warfare (1999) by then PRC colonels Qiao Liang (乔良) and Wang Xiangsui (王湘穗) as both evidence of and an outline for the PRC's long-term plan to undermine American power. He states that a critical part of the PRC's strategy has been to undermine the democratic institutions within the United States. The book outlines, and gives examples of, a number of American grievances with PRC policies such as:
Intellectual property theft
Chinese Communist Party infiltration of domestic society and institutions
The erosion of domestic political and economic institutions
Unfair and unequal trade practices
Chinese espionage in the United States
Foreign investment manipulation
Debt trap diplomacy and the Belt and Road Initiative
Spalding argues that increasingly, with the advent of technologies such as 5G, one's existence within in the internet will place one in this conflict regardless of individual choice; a technology conflict that the PRC has developed very strong capabilities in. Spalding states that over the past three decades the PRC has used these practices to expand its military, industrial and technological power whilst the United States has greatly reduced or outsourced its industrial base and lost much of its technological lead.
See also
Silent Invasion, 2018 book about Chinese government influence in Australia.
Claws of the Panda, 2019 book about Chinese government influence in Canada.
Hidden Hand
References
American non-fiction books
Books about international relations
China–United States relations
2019 non-fiction books
Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
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5330580
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear%20of%20the%20Dark%20%28novel%29
|
Fear of the Dark (novel)
|
Fear of the Dark is a BBC Books original novel written by Trevor Baxendale and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Fifth Doctor, Tegan and Nyssa.
Fear of the Dark was re-released in 2013 for the 50th Anniversary of Doctor Who.
Synopsis
It is 2382. Archaeologists land on Akoshemon's only moon, along with the Doctor and his companions Nyssa and Tegan (who arrived in the TARDIS by a strange coincidence). They uncover an entity that was seemingly there when Akoshemon destroyed itself in violence; it glories in death and destruction and tries to start more. It seems to have the ability to mentally influence people.
Reception
Fear of the Dark was positively reviewed in the Guardian where it was described as "one of the scariest books I've read."
References
External links
The Cloister Library - Fear of the Dark
2003 British novels
2003 science fiction novels
Past Doctor Adventures
Fifth Doctor novels
Novels by Trevor Baxendale
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49908141
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egan%20Adams
|
Egan Adams
|
Egan Adams (born June 15, 1959) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.
Biography
Adams, a native of Miami, went to Archbishop Curley-Notre Dame High School, before competing professionally in the 1980s.
His best result on the Grand Prix circuit was reaching the doubles final of the 1982 Quito Open, with Rocky Royer. In 1982 he also made his first US Open main draw appearance, a first round loss to Mark Edmondson, as well as the quarter-finals in Brazil, his best singles performance in a Grand Prix tournament.
At the 1985 French Open he featured in both the singles and men's doubles event. He lost to Andrei Chesnokov in the opening round of the singles and in the doubles he and partner Stanislav Birner had to face second seeds Ken Flach and Robert Seguso. He also played at the 1985 US Open, in the men's doubles with Mark Wooldridge.
Adams won two Challenger titles in doubles, the second in Lagos in 1985. The title in Lagos came in the same month that he won a match against a young Thomas Muster in another Nigerian Challenger tournament.
He was a highly ranked player on the ITF senior's tour for many years.
Grand Prix career finals
Doubles: 1 (0–1)
Challenger titles
Doubles: (2)
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
American male tennis players
Tennis people from Florida
Sportspeople from Miami-Dade County, Florida
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11210641
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia%20Riverton
|
Mia Riverton
|
Mia Riverton is an American film actress and producer, best known for her role in the 2005 film Red Doors.
Personal life
Riverton was born Esther Tonia Riggin in Columbus, Ohio in 1978. Her mother, Alice Riggin, is an immigrant from Taiwan, and her father, Ralph Riggin, is of Irish and Cherokee descent. She has a younger brother, Daniel.
She grew up in Carmel, Indiana where she attended the Park Tudor School. In 1999, she graduated cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa from Harvard University.
In 2007, she married David Alpert at a beach wedding in Fiji.
Career
Her work includes producing and starring in the 2006 film Red Doors. A singer as well, Riverton has performed at Carnegie Hall. She was also in the 2003 film 13 Dead Men.
Filmography
Spare Parts (2015)
Open House (2010)
Red Doors (2005)
13 Dead Men (2003)
References
External links
Mia Riverton, official cast profile
Mia Riverton at the IMDb
American actresses of Taiwanese descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Cherokee descent
American film actresses
Living people
Harvard University alumni
1978 births
People from Carmel, Indiana
21st-century American women
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25218053
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth%20Commandment
|
Fourth Commandment
|
The Fourth Commandment of the Ten Commandments may refer to:
"Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy", under the Philonic division used by Hellenistic Jews, Greek Orthodox and Protestants except Lutherans, or the Talmudic division of the third-century Jewish Talmud
"Honour thy father and thy mother", under the Augustinian division used by Roman Catholics and Lutherans
The Fourth Commandment (film), a 1927 American silent drama film
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128368
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays%2C%20North%20Carolina
|
Hays, North Carolina
|
Hays is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wilkes County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 1,731 at the 2000 census. North Wilkes High School, one of Wilkes County's four public high schools, is located in Hays.
Geography
Hays is located at (36.2499, -81.1156).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of it land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,731 people, 686 households, and 526 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 283.1 people per square mile (109.4/km2). There were 729 housing units at an average density of 119.2 per square mile (46.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.21% White, 0.52% African American, 0.23% Asian, 0.75% from other races, and 0.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.04% of the population.
There were 686 households, out of which 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.2% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.88.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 32.8% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $37,642, and the median income for a family was $40,144. Males had a median income of $27,601 versus $21,520 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,869. About 12.6% of families and 17.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.2% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Hays, North Carolina is at coordinates .
Census-designated places in North Carolina
Census-designated places in Wilkes County, North Carolina
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12436614
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff-throated%20foliage-gleaner
|
Buff-throated foliage-gleaner
|
The buff-throated foliage-gleaner (Automolus ochrolaemus) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae.
It is found in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical swampland.
References
Further reading
buff-throated foliage-gleaner
Birds of Central America
Birds of the Amazon Basin
Birds of Colombia
Birds of Ecuador
Birds of the Guianas
buff-throated foliage-gleaner
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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18971315
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalastry
|
Spalastry
|
Spalastry is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gidle, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Gidle, south of Radomsko, and south of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Spalastry
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30709656
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Malayalam%20films%20of%201984
|
List of Malayalam films of 1984
|
The following is a list of Malayalam films released in the year 1984.
Dubbed films
References
1984
1984
Malayalm
Fil
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44332835
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something%20Big%20%28song%29
|
Something Big (song)
|
"Something Big" is a pop song by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes from his debut studio album Handwritten (2015). It was released on 7 November 2014 as the second official single from the album. The song peaked at number 80 on the US Billboard Hot 100.
Music video
The music video for "Something Big" was released on 11 November 2014. It was filmed in Bison Run Rd, in Brampton, Ontario.
Chart performance
The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart of 22 November 2014, at number 92. The song re-entered on chart on 10 January 2015, at number 92, and eventually the song came to number 80 on 17 January 2015.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
2014 singles
2014 songs
Shawn Mendes songs
Songs written by Scott Harris (songwriter)
Songs written by Shawn Mendes
Songs written by Ido Zmishlany
Island Records singles
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13003234
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexheim
|
Dexheim
|
Dexheim is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Mainz-Bingen district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Geography
Location
Dexheim lies between Mainz and Worms, in Rhenish Hesse. The winemaking centre belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Rhein-Selz, whose seat is in Oppenheim.
History
Dexheim's history began long before its first documentary mention. Finds within Dexheim's municipal limits have yielded information about the Germani who lived here. These artefacts can be seen at the Roman-Germanic Central Museum (Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum) in Mainz. When the Romans needed bricks to build their castra, they took as their raw material the loam from Dexheim to shape and fire into bricks.
In 774 Dexheim had its first documentary mention in a donation document in which Charlemagne bequeathed a great estate to the Lorsch Abbey. The second documentary mention is contained in an act in which King Arnulf of Carinthia donated the church at Dexheim to the Fulda Abbey.
Dexheim was a Free Imperial Village, paying taxes only to the Emperor. Its coat of arms was a silver cross with the red “Imperial Apple”. With the neighbouring places of Nierstein and Schwabsburg it became the site of the common court. In 1376 it passed to the Oberamt of Oppenheim and remained with it until the Electorate of the Palatinate was no more.
Until then the village had already had many landlords. For lack of money – something similar had already happened earlier – the Emperor had pledged Dexheim in 1315 to the Archbishop of Mainz, redeeming it in 1353.
The Thirty Years' War was frightful for Dexheim. A document from 1647, and thus one year before the Peace of Westphalia, gives an impression. Almost all the houses were destroyed; only the palace of the Lords of Dienheim and a few houses nearby were habitable.
Dexheim's importance is also underscored by the names of noble families that had holdings here. Found here, among others, are names such as:
Electoral Court Chamber (Kurfürstliche Hofkammer)
Oppenheim Monastery (Stift Oppenheim)
Maria Kron Monastery (Kloster Maria Kron), Oppenheim
Domstift Mainz
Carthusians
Lords of Gemmingen
Lords of Dienheim
Lords of Frankenstein
Lords of Schmittburg
Lords of Geißpisheim
Remnants of the church from the 9th century likely form the lower part of the Evangelical parish church's tower.
This church's first documentary mention comes from the 14th century. From this time also come the Gothic paintings and a mandorla that was revealed during renovation work on the tower.
In 1816 Dexheim passed to the Grand Duchy of Hesse. It belonged to the Mainz district and later, in 1851, it passed to the Oppenheim district. It therefore has much history in common with the neighbouring places of Nierstein, Schwabsburg and Oppenheim.
After World War II the US Army (123rd Main Support Battalion) remained here for many years until Anderson Barracks closed in 2008 and the Institute for Federal Real Estate (Germany) took over responsibility for the site.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 16 council members with the mayor as chairman (17 votes), and with seats apportioned thus:
FW 9 seats, excluding the mayor
SPD 7 seats
Coat of arms
The municipality's arms reflect its history as an Imperial village. As such, Dexheim was allowed to bear arms charged with the black Imperial Eagle with red claws and beak on a golden field. Later, when the municipality became an Palatinate holding, it forwent introducing arms showing the Palatine lion in favour of the old Imperial Eagle, which it kept until the end of the 18th century. In the 19th century, however, the Dexheim arms were forgotten.
Only in the mid 20th century was the Imperial Eagle reintroduced into the municipality's arms. However, it was wrongly assumed then that Dexheim had borne a globus cruciger in its arms. The actual historical arms, though, are charged only with the Imperial Eagle.
References
External links
Municipality’s official webpage
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Rhenish Hesse
Mainz-Bingen
Imperial Villages
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9827862
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Diocese%20of%20Bluefields
|
Roman Catholic Diocese of Bluefields
|
The Diocese of Bluefields () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in Nicaragua. The Vicariate Apostolic of Bluefields had been erected on December 2, 1913 and had grown to approximately 587,000 Catholics by 2017. On November 30, 2017 the Vicariate Apostolic of Bluefields was elevated to a diocese and a second diocese (the Diocese of Siuna) was created, taking approximately 60% of the Catholics that had formerly been in the Vicariate Apostolic of Bluefields. The current bishop is Francisco José Tigerino Dávila .
History
February 12, 1913: Established as Vicariate Apostolic of Bluefields, on territory split off from the Diocese of León in Nicaragua.
November 30, 2017: Lost territory to establish the Diocese of Siuna.
November 30, 2017: Elevated as to the status of diocese.
Ordinaries
Agustín José Bernaus y Serra, O.F.M. Cap. (1913–1930)
Juan Solá y Farrell, O.F.M. Cap. (1931–1942)
Matteo Aloisio Niedhammer y Yaeckle, O.F.M. Cap. (1943–1970)
Salvador Albert Schlaefer Berg, O.F.M. Cap. (1970–1993)
Pablo Ervin Schmitz Simon, O.F.M. Cap. (1994–2020)
Francisco José Tigerino Dávila (2020– )
Auxiliary bishops
Pablo Ervin Schmitz Simon, O.F.M. Cap. (1984-1994), appointed Vicar Apostolic here
David Albin Zywiec Sidor, O.F.M. Cap. (2002–2017)
See also
Roman Catholic dioceses of Nicaragua
External links and references
Roman Catholic dioceses in Nicaragua
Christian organizations established in 1913
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
1913 establishments in Nicaragua
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49894091
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20at%20Orion
|
Live at Orion
|
Live at Orion is a 1999 live album by Californian progressive rock band Djam Karet.
Track listing
Personnel
Adapted from Live at Orion liner notes.
Djam Karet
Gayle Ellett – electric guitar, keyboards, electronics, mixing
Mike Henderson – electric guitar
Chuck Oken Jr. – drums, keyboards, electronics
Henry J. Osborne – bass guitar
Production and additional personnel
Gary Fick – cover art
Matt Murman – mastering
Mike Potter – recording, mixing
Release history
References
External links
Live at Orion at Discogs (list of releases)
Live at Orion at Bandcamp
1999 live albums
Djam Karet albums
Cuneiform Records live albums
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