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The origins of Valencian pilota are not known with certainty, but it is commonly supposed to have been derived from the medieval Jeu de paume along with several other European handball sports (for example the Basque "laxoa", French Longue paume, Frisian handball and Italian Pallone) similar to the actual Valencian llargues variant.
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"Jeu de paume" is documented at Paris in 1292 since there were 13 ball workshops and many "tripots" (courtfields); it was first played with the hands, and the scoring system was very similar to the current Valencian one. There were so many resemblances with the "Valencian pilota" sport that, in the 16th century, the humanist Joan Lluís Vives compared both games in his "Dialogues" and claimed them to be exactly the same despite some minor differences.
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Being played by low-class people and high-class nobles, "Valencian pilota" was very popular: On June 14, 1391 the Valencia City "Council" fruitlessly forbade it to be played on the streets, but this caused the expansion of trinquets (courtfields); there were as many as 13 in that city alone in the 16th century. Later on, nobles abandoned the handball game in favour of '"'cleaner"" sports and so "pilota" became the property of the middle and lower classes, which led to the appearance of the first professional players and the rise of gambling and challenge matches.
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The break between indoor and outdoor forms caused many variants to diverge from the original Llargues version. Thus "Perxa" evolved into Galotxa, and which in turn gave rise to Escala i corda, while Raspall was still played in both courtfields. "llargues" is the only variant that uses the original ""ratlles"" rule, the others using a net to separate two sides on the playing area (as "galotxa", and "escala i corda"), or with no court division at all ("raspall"). Another case is the Frontó variety, which was first documented in the late 19th century, influenced by the popularity of the main Basque pelota variant, which involves players throwing the ball against a wall.
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Nowadays, "Valencian pilota" is played in the whole Valencian Community, but every area has its preferred variety. Professional players of Escala i corda and Raspall are hired to play at the trinquets or in streets during the towns' festivals. The popularity of this sport is rising again with the building of new cortifields at schools, weekly broadcasts on Valencian public TV, the management of a professional company (ValNet) and the Handball International Championships with countries where these sports with a common origin are played.
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There are two basic versions of the sport depending whether it is played outdoors in a designated street or indoors.
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With the basic set of rules for either street or indoor "pilota", there are many different variations, some of them are played only locally, but most of them are played in wider areas. The only modalities with professional players are Escala i corda and Raspall.
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Another way to categorize variations is whether they are "direct" or "indirect". The direct games are those whose players are opposed face-to-face in different sides of the court, which is sometimes divided by a net; the indirect games are those with a wall where both teams throw the ball from a shared court. The traditional variations of "Pilota Valenciana" are direct, even though recently some indirect games ("Frontó" and "Frares") have been introduced based on the Basque Pelota.
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The only Valencian pilota variety played outside the Valencian community is Llargues. Every year a European championship is held by the International Ball game Confederation with players from Valencia, Belgium, France, Italy, and the Netherlands. There is also a world championship with those teams plus Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Peru.
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The Handball International Championships combine local handball variations from all over Europe to create the "international game" using the shared traits from all the sports related or derived from the "jeu de paume". Valencian professional players do not need much adaptation, since "Llargues" is very close to the international rules.
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Another case is the international fronton, another invented variety that takes back the "indirect style" to its basics: one wall where the ball must bounce.
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From the Basque Pelota modalities played in the Basque Country the ones called "bote luzea", "mahi jokoa" are extinct but, by all accounts they were extremely similar to what has been preserved in Valencian Pilota as Llargues, but using a bigger and heavier ball.
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An example of the compatibility there used to be between Valencian "Llargues" and Basque "a la larga" modalities was the existence during the 19th century of a sort of early professional side to the sport, with players from elsewhere earning high amounts of money, such as Aragonese Lagasa and Valencian Amigó, who, for example, toured in Navarre during September 1680.
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In October 2006, for the first time, a Navarrese youth team played "Llargues" against a Valencian one during the "Pilota Day" celebrated in Valencia (in the adult match, the Valencian community team played the Frisian team from the Netherlands). At the moment the only exchanges between both sports are friendly matches of Frontó, which is the main modality for Basques but a mostly irrelevant one for Valencians. In summer, or for special events, exhibition matches are organized, as the "Open Ciutat de València", with particular rules (such as the length of the court), and balls of intermediate size and diameter (70 gr.) between the kinds that both regions are accustomed to.
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The Valencian pilota was a demonstration sport in the 1992 Summer Olympics hosted in Barcelona.
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Every version of the game uses its own kind of ball. Each kind is different in weight, size, the way it bounces and other aspects. They are all handmade by specialized crafters.
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Betting is inherent to the sport in its professional version and it is arguably the main factor which has kept the game alive, unlike similar games played elsewhere which ended up fading away. This is because betting allows professional players to exist, which creates rivalries and increases the entertaining dimension of the sport for the audience. Spectators of Valencian pilota can bet on one of the two sides, and the trinquets and the "marxador" gets a commission from these bets.
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The two teams dress either with red or blue shirts. Bets are made for one color (red or blue) winning, for a certain margin of victory points, or for an expected way to score each particular point.
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Remarkably high amounts of money may be bet during relevant games involving famous players. The more famous players become, the more betting is involved and so their personal revenue.
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"Valencian pilota" players are called "pilotaris" or "pilotaires". Usually amateur players are only proficient in one variant, but professional players tend to be hired for social events and exhibitions in other variants. There are now only two variants with professional players: Escala i corda and Raspall.
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Traditionally, each player managed his own agenda and arranged his fees, but in 2005 a new company, ValNet, presided over by the retired pilotari Fredi contracted almost all professional players.
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For a list of relevant historical or active players, see Valencian pilotaris. Also, see below for the existing professional leagues and competitions.
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Escala i Corda
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Raspall
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= = = Powelliphanta hochstetteri = = =
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Powelliphanta hochstetteri, known as one of the amber snails, is a species of large, carnivorous land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Rhytididae.
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This species is endemic to the Marlborough and Nelson provinces of the South Island of New Zealand.
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There are five subspecies:
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"Powelliphanta hochstetteri" was originally described under the name "Helix hochstetteri " by German malacologist Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer in 1862. He described it according to the shell only, which geologist German Ferdinand von Hochstetter had brought from the New Zealand. The specific name "hochstetteri" is in honor of Ferdinand von Hochstetter.
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The shape of the eggs is oval and they are seldom constant in dimensions: 12 × 10 mm.
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= = = Luis Medero = = =
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Luis Adrián Medero (born 24 January 1973 in Hurlingham, Buenos Aires) is a former Argentine football defender who works as the joint manager of C.A.I alongside Claudio Marini.
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Medero started his career in 1992 with Argentine giants Boca Juniors, at the club he won two titles, the Apertura 1992 championship and the Copa Nicolas Leoz. He made a total of 84 appearances for the club in all competitions, scoring 1 goal.
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In 1996, he was transferred to Colón de Santa Fe where he played for 5 years.
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In 2001, he joined San Lorenzo de Almagro where he was part of the Copa Sudamericana winning team of 2002.
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After leaving San Lorenzo Medero had stints with Olimpo de Bahía Blanca and Argentinos Juniors before joining Ecuadorian Club Sport Emelec in 2005, Gimnasia de Jujuy in 2006 and then Almagro in 2007.
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During the 2008-2009 Primera B Nacional season, Medero had his first coaching opportunity in a joint appointment with Claudio Marini at Comisión de Actividades Infantiles. During the duo's tenure, CAI was able to avoid relegation. In 2011, Medero and Marini became the coaches for Boca Unidos.
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= = = Donna Axum = = =
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Donna Axum (January 3, 1942 – November 4, 2018) was an American beauty pageant winner, author, television executive producer, philanthropist and model. She was crowned Miss America in 1964. One month earlier she had been crowned Miss Arkansas.
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After her Miss America win, Axum taught classes at Texas Tech University and worked in television such as starring on "The Noon Show" and "Good Morning Arkansas". Aside from Miss America, Axum was an active civic leader as she served on the National Committee for the Performing Arts of the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. after being nominated by President Bill Clinton, the Fort Worth Symphony, the Van Cliburn Foundation and Texas Christian University College of Fine Arts Board of Visitors.
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Axum was born in El Dorado, Arkansas. Axum's father was Hurley B. Axum, a banker. Axum's mother wax Idelle Axum. Axum has a sister, Mona. In 1958, Axum graduated from El Dorado High School.
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Axum's Miss America scholarship was used to complete her Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville in speech/drama, television and film. While there, she was a member of the Delta Iota chapter of Delta Delta Delta.
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In 1958, during Axum's high school senior year, she won the beauty pageant title for Miss Union County.
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Before 1963, Axum first competed for Miss Arkansas before 1963, but was unsuccessful. In 1963, before her final year at the University of Arkansas, Axum became a contestant again and won the 1963 beauty pageant title as Miss Arkansas.
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Axum won the Miss America 1964 pageant about a month later. Axum become the first of only three Arkansans to win the title. The other two are Elizabeth Ward (1981) and Savvy Shields (2016).
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Axum held many titles after serving as Miss America: university instructor, author, television executive producer, TV hostess, professional speaker and civic leader. In 1988, Axum was named a Distinguished Alumnus of the University of Arkansas and served on its National Development Council. She also served on the steering committee of a seven-year capital campaign that raised more than $1.046 billion for the university.
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Axum taught speech classes at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas, and later worked in television, starring in programs like "The Noon Show" and "Good Morning Arkansas".
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Axum was nominated by President Bill Clinton to be a member of the boards of the National Committee for the Performing Arts of the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.. She also served at the Fort Worth Symphony, the Van Cliburn Foundation, named for the famed pianist from Shreveport, Louisiana, and the Texas Christian University College of Fine Arts Board of Visitors.
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Axum remained active at the University of Arkansas, participating in campaigns to help most of the university's fundraising efforts until her death in 2018.
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Axum first married Michael Alan Buckley and had one child, Lisa. They later divorced.
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In 1969, Axum married Gus Franklin Mutscher, who served as Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives from 1969 to 1972 and later as the Washington County judge. The pair divorced in 1972. They had a son, Gus H. Mutscher.
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On March 1, 1984, Axum married J. Bryan Whitworth, executive vice president of ConocoPhillips. The Whitworths lived in Fort Worth, Texas. They had three children, Elizabeth, Suzanne, and Cathy.
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As an author Axum penned "How to Be and Look Your Best Everyday: A Comprehensive Guide from a Former Miss America" in 1978.
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Axum died on November 4, 2018, at age 76 in Fort Worth from complications of Parkinson's disease.
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Axum is buried at Fairview Memorial Gardens in Fayetteville, Arkansas.
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= = = Great Lakes Field Service Council = = =
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The Great Lakes Field Service Council is a field service council of the Michigan Crossroads Council, a local council of the Boy Scouts of America. It serves the Detroit metropolitan area and covers all of Wayne, Oakland and Macomb counties. The council currently has eight districts, one council service center, and four camp properties.
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The Great Lakes Field Service Council is the result of a 2012 merger of nine local councils into a statewide council due to an initiative to reorganize the administrative structure of the Boy Scouts of America.
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The Great Lakes Field Service Council is divided into eight districts divided by the school and religious districts they serve.
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The Great Lakes Council was a product of merging the Detroit Area Council and the Clinton Valley Council. On August 4, 2009, the two councils voted to merge and the new Council officially came into existence on October 1, 2009. On November 10, 2009, after a month-long contest, the new name Great Lakes Council was selected to represent the new council.
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Camp Agawam is a camp located in northern Oakland County, Michigan. Camp Agawam is a Boy Scout Camp and is the third of four pieces of property owned by the Great Lakes Field Service Council. It was purchased in 1918 as "Camp Pontiac" and renamed in 1938. Camp Agawam features 9 campsites, 3 lodges, and 2 lakes. In 2009, Chippewa 29 received a National OA Grant and will redo the docks on one of the 2 lakes.
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There is a living history themed campsite called Fort Pontiac. Fort Pontiac was created by the Chief Pontiac Trail Committee (CPT) as a resource for Scout units to conduct primitive skills training. It includes a blacksmith shoppe, carpentry shoppe and brick oven that may be used by units that have a leader who has taken the FORT Skills training conducted by the CPT. The CPT also conducts living history themed weekends during which the CPT committee members are in attendance in period clothing representing 1775. During these times the CPT fort staff are demonstrating period crafts and providing hands-on activities to those in camp.
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Effective January 1, 2013, the camp is closed. With the closure of Camp Agawam, the Chief Pontiac Village has relocated the living history site to Kensington Metropark's Farm Center.
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Edward N. Cole Canoe Base is a Boy Scout Camp and Canoe Base for the Great Lakes Field Service Council in Ogemaw County, Michigan. Edward N. Cole Canoe Base is the second of four pieces of property owned by the Great Lakes Field Service Council.
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The base was first opened in 1968 as the Rifle River Canoe base. It was renamed Edward N. Cole Canoe Base in honor of Edward N. Cole, VP General Motors Corp., and Detroit Area Council President in 1962. That same year, the service building and Bosco Lake were completed.
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Cole has been a Nationally Accredited "A" Rated summer camp facility since 1980, and it boasts one of the highest unit return rates in the nation.
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D-bar-A Scout Ranch (Formally known as D-A Scout Ranch) is a Boy Scout ranch located in Metamora, Michigan. The ranch is a piece of wilderness, located on the southern border of Lapeer County, Michigan. The Flint River runs through the northeast corner of camp through the camporee field. It was opened in 1950 and since then has offered Boy Scout summer camp in addition to its other year-round activities, including equestrian and aquatics activities. D-Bar-A has 28 heated cabins and 13 tent sites, along with its 3 lakes.
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Lost Lake Scout Reservation (LLSR) was a camp located in Freeman Township, Clare County in Northern Michigan. LLSR was a Boy Scout Camp and was the fourth of four pieces of property owned by the Great Lakes Field Service Council. It was purchased for $350,000 in 1964. Lost Lake features the very popular week-long summer camp. Scouts from around the United States could attend this camp. The camp has three lakes, the largest is Lost Lake. The site is also the home of Bennett's Lodge, formerly a retreat owned by Ford Motor Company executive Harry Bennett. Throughout the year, especially summer camp, tours were offered of Bennett Lodge. In 2003, Chippewa Lodge, the former service lodge to the camp, unveiled a new 10-mile trail, dubbed Chippewa "Chippy" Trail, in Lost Lake's back forty. Lost Lake closed at the end of 2012.
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The council is served by the Noquet Lodge 29. The word Noquet means Bear Claw in the Ojibwa language. The lodge uses bears and bears claws as symbols on its insignia. Noquet Lodge performs service to all Great Lakes Council Camps, hosts fellowship activities, promotes camping among council Boy Scout Troops and Cub Scout Packs, and attends regional and national Order of the Arrow events.
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Noquet Lodge is divided into administrative units called chapters. There are five chapters, each corresponding to one or more of the council's eight districts. Chapters coordinate their own service and fellowship activities, as well as train teams which conduct the membership induction process.
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Like all Order of the Arrow programs, the Noquet Lodge has youth leaders who are advised by appointed adults. The seven lodge officers (Chief, Executive Vice-Chief, Vice-Chief of Administration, Vice-Chief of Activities, Vice-Chief of Unit Relations, Treasurer, and Lodge Secretary) are elected annually. The lodge's work is performed by committees which have youth chairmen and adult advisers.
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A volunteer Lodge Adviser is appointed by the Scout Executive. The lodge adviser appoints other adults to serve as advisers to specific lodge officers and committees. The Scout Executive also appoints a member of the professional staff to serve a Staff Adviser to the lodge.
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When the Great Lakes Council formed in November 2009 through the merger of the Clinton Valley and Detroit Area Council, each council had an Order of the Arrow Lodge. Those two lodges, Chippewa Lodge 29 and Migisi Opawgan Lodge 162, continued to operate while members of both lodges set up the structure for the Noquet Lodge. The Noquet Lodge became the council's Order of the Arrow Lodge in May 2011.
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The lodge is part of the Section C-2. Noquet Lodge is divided into five Chapters: Lalai Haki, Chippewa, Ottawa, Pontiac-Manito, and Migisi Opawgan.
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The Detroit Area Council received a charter to create an Order of the Arrow lodge in the summer of 1939. Inductions for the new lodge were held at the Detroit Area Council's two summer camps – Charles Howell Scout Reservation and Camp Brady. The initial inductions were assisted by the Munhake Lodge in Ann Arbor and the Chippewa Lodge in Pontiac. Throughout the summer, the lodge continued to initiate its own members.
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The new lodge selected its name and totem as Migisi Opawgan, meaning "Eagle" and "Peace Pipe" respectively, in 1941. The name comes from the Ojibwa Language. The hyphens were removed from the lodge's name in the 1980s. Eagles and Peace Pipes figured prominently in most lodge insignia during its many years. The Lodge was assigned number 162.
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Continuing on its initial foundation at Boy Scout Summer Camp, Migisi Opawgan continued to provide service to the Detroit Area Camps. Although camps Brady and Howell were closed in 1959 in 1986, the council acquired different camps which the lodge served. The lodge worked to support the summer camps at D-bar-A Scout Ranch starting in 1951 and Cole Canoe Base starting in 1969.
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Migisi Opawgan was involved in the construction and funding of many major projects and Detroit Area Camps. Charles Howell Scout Reservation's O-A Cabin was funded by Migisi Opawgan and its members. At D-bar-A Scout Ranch, the lodge was responsible for the construction and maintenance of a 10-mile hiking trail, the funding, construction, and staffing of the Thomas D. Trainor Scout Museum, and provided the labor for many other projects. Many of the lodge's projects were developed over many years. The initial six-mile loop of the Pedro Trail was completed in 1991. It was expanded to 10 miles ten years later. A fire bowl at D-bar-A's Trout Lake was completed in 1995 and expanded in 2003.
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Migisi Opawgan had many administrative structures in place, each representing the needs of the Council and its members. As the lodge grew, the initial camp based chapters were replaced by divisions of the council's territory. At times, each chapter served one or more of the council's districts. In 1974, a clan structure was adopted to provide a layer of administration between chapters and the lodge. When lodge membership declined this level of organization was no longer necessary.
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In addition to providing service to Council Camps, Migisi Opawgan participated in regional and national Order of the Arrow Activities, beginning as the host of the first Michigan State Conclave, held in 1947. Nine members of Migisi Opawgan have been presented with the Order of the Arrow's Distinguished Service Award.
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Migisi Opawgan also hosted annual Pilgrimages to the council's Abraham Lincoln statue which was on display at Charles Howell Scout Reservation and later moved to D-bar-A Scout Ranch. The Lodge and its chapters also hosted fellowship events for its members. This event was continued by the Noquet Lodge which is the successor to Migisi Opawgan after its merger with the Chippewa Lodge.
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Migisi Opawgan became a chapter within the Noquet Lodge in 2011. Migisi Opawgan Chapter recognizes its members at an Annual Awards banquet. Awards were presented to youth and adult leaders, lodge and chapter officers and committee members, and those who had distinguished themselves in outstanding ways. Awards included the Robert Rutherford Service Award, the Russell Neynaber Award, the Harold Oatley Service Award (formerly Arrowman of the Year Award), and the Extended Elangomat Award.
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= = = 82nd Group Army = = =
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The 82nd Group Army (), formerly the 38th Group Army, is a military formation of China's People's Liberation Army and one of three active group armies belonging to the Central Theater Command. It is based at Baoding, Hebei and is composed of three heavy combined arms brigades, two medium combined arms brigades, a light combined arms brigade, a special operation brigade, an army aviation brigade, an artillery brigade, an air-defense brigade, an engineer and chemical brigade and a sustainment brigade in addition to various support and logistics units. Its unit ID number is 66393.
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The unit was originally established as the 38th Corps under the Fourth Field Army in early 1949. The 38th can trace its lineage back to the late 1920s through its evolution from the 343rd Brigade. In 1949 the 38th Corps was composed of the 112th, 113th, and 114th Divisions. Under Lin Biao in mid-June 1949, the 38th took part in the campaign to take Southern China and encircled Yichang, Hubei and seized the city.
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The 38th, the 40th and the 42nd Corps (the finest of the Fourth Field Army) along with the 27th and the 39th Corps from South China were placed at Peng Dehuai's disposal as part of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) XIII Army Group, for the initial Chinese intervention in Korea.
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In Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River 38th Corps and the 42nd Corps poured through the broken South Korean lines to Eighth Army’s east and threatening to envelop the entire force. The 38th corps overran ROK 7th Division on November 25-26, then Turkish Brigade on 26-29. Its 113rd division covered 72.5 kilometers within 14 hours and reached Samso-ri on November 28 7:00 to halt US 2nd Infantry Division from retreat. 38th Corps was ultimately successful in setting up the "Gauntlet" against the US 2nd Infantry Division at Kunu-ri, and for its performance it received the title "Ten thousand years Army" (万岁军). It's estimated that Chinese People's Volunteer Army inflicted 23,000 casualties on UNC, among them, 7,485 killed or wounded and 3,616 captured (including 1,042 US soldiers) were inflicted by the 38th Corps. US Eightth Army estimated it suffered 11,000 casualties, excluding South Korean casualties.
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In Third Battle of Seoul, the 38th Corps broke through defence organized by ROK 6th Division within 20 minutes on December 31, then defeated a regiment of US 24th Infantry Division on the southeast of Uijeongbu on January 3.
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In the Fourth Phase Battle, the 38th Corps were deployed on the south bank of the Han River to defend against US 24th Infantry Division, US First Cavalry Division, British 27th Brigade and ROK 6th division. During 50 days fierce fight, the 38th Corps estimated that it inflicted more than 10,800 casualties on UNC, but the 38th Corps suffered 3,359 killed which accounts for some 50% of all the 38th Corps soldiers killed in Korean war.
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The formation opposed the Turkish Brigade at the Battle of Wawon on November 27–29, 1950, and the U.S. 45th Infantry Division during the Battle of Old Baldy.
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