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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 16-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of generalized fatigue and an inability to concentrate in school for the past 4 months. During this period, she has had excessive daytime sleepiness. While going to sleep, she sees cartoon characters playing in her room. She wakes up once or twice every night. While awakening, she feels stiff and cannot move for a couple of minutes. She goes to sleep by 9 pm every night and wakes up at 7 am. She takes two to three 15-minute naps during the day and wakes up feeling refreshed. During the past week while listening to a friend tell a joke, she had an episode in which her head tilted and jaw dropped for a few seconds; it resolved spontaneously. Her father has schizoaffective disorder and her parents are divorced. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacotherapy?? {'A': 'Modafinil', 'B': 'Citalopram', 'C': 'Oral contraceptive pill', 'D': 'Risperidone', 'E': 'Venlafaxine'},
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A: Modafinil
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 24-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for chest pain and shortness of breath. She was at home making breakfast when her symptoms began. She describes the pain as sharp and located in her chest. She thought she was having a heart attack and began to feel short of breath shortly after. The patient is a college student and recently joined the soccer team. She has no significant past medical history except for a progesterone intrauterine device which she uses for contraception, and a cyst in her breast detected on ultrasound. Last week she returned on a trans-Atlantic flight from Russia. Her temperature is 98.4°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 137/69 mmHg, pulse is 98/min, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals an anxious young woman. Cardiac and pulmonary exam are within normal limits. Deep inspiration and palpation of the chest wall elicits pain. Neurologic exam reveals a stable gait and cranial nerves II-XII are grossly intact. Which of the following best describes the most likely underlying etiology?? {'A': 'Clot in the pulmonary arteries', 'B': 'Clot in the pulmonary veins', 'C': 'Ischemia of the myocardium', 'D': 'Musculoskeletal inflammation', 'E': 'Psychogenic etiology'},
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D: Musculoskeletal inflammation
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 26-year-old nursing home staff presents to the emergency room with complaints of palpitations and chest pain for the past 2 days. She was working at the nursing home for the last year but has been trying to get into modeling for the last 6 months and trying hard to lose weight. She is a non-smoker and occasionally drinks alcohol on weekends with friends. On examination, she appears well nourished and is in no distress. The blood pressure is 150/84 mm Hg and the pulse is 118/min. An ECG shows absent P waves. All other physical findings are normal. What is the probable diagnosis?? {'A': 'Factitious thyrotoxicosis', 'B': 'Anorexia nervosa', 'C': 'Hashimoto thyroiditis', 'D': 'Toxic nodular goiter', 'E': "Graves' disease"},
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A: Factitious thyrotoxicosis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:You are taking care of a patient with renal failure secondary to anti-fungal therapy. The patient is a 66-year-old male being treated for cryptococcal meningitis. This drug has a variety of known side effects including acute febrile reactions to infusions, anemia, hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. What is the mechanism of action of of this drug?? {'A': 'Inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase', 'B': 'Pore formation secondary to ergosterol binding', 'C': 'Disruption of microtubule formation', 'D': 'Inhibition of squalene epoxidase', 'E': 'Binding of the 50S subunit'},
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B: Pore formation secondary to ergosterol binding
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 65-year-old man presents to the physician for the evaluation of increasing dyspnea and swelling of the lower extremities over the past year. He has no cough. He also complains of frequent awakenings at night and excessive daytime sleepiness. He has no history of a serious illness. He takes no medications other than zolpidem before sleep. He is a 35-pack-year smoker. His blood pressure is 155/95 mm Hg. His BMI is 37 kg/m2. Oropharyngeal examination shows a small orifice and an enlarged tongue and uvula. The soft palate is low-lying. The examination of the nasal cavity shows no septal deviation or polyps. Symmetric pitting edema is seen below the knee, bilaterally. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Echocardiography shows a mildly dilated right ventricle and an elevated systolic pulmonary artery pressure with no abnormalities of the left heart. A ventilation-perfusion scan shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s symptoms?? {'A': 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'B': 'Heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction', 'C': 'Idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension', 'D': 'Obstructive sleep apnea', 'E': 'Pulmonary thromboembolism'},
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D: Obstructive sleep apnea
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 43-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Four months ago, he was treated conservatively for ureteric colic. He has noticed during micturition that his urine is reddish-brown initially and then clears by the end of the stream. He has no dysuria. He has hypertension. His only medication is hydrochlorothiazide. He appears healthy and well-nourished. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure is 122/86 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 14.1 g/dL Serum Glucose 88 mg/dL Creatinine 0.6 mg/dL Urine Blood 2+ Protein negative Leukocyte esterase negative Nitrite negative RBCs 5–7/hpf WBCs 0–1/hpf RBC casts none Which of the following is the most likely origin of this patient's hematuria?"? {'A': 'Renal glomeruli', 'B': 'Ureter', 'C': 'Renal pelvis', 'D': 'Urethra', 'E': 'Urinary bladder\n"'},
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D: Urethra
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 15-year-old African-American boy is brought to the physician because of left-sided groin pain and difficulty walking for 3 weeks. He reports having pain at rest and increased pain with activity. He recently started playing flag football but does not recall any trauma. He has had many episodes of joint and bone pain that required hospitalization in the past. He is at the 25th percentile for height and 20th percentile for weight. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg, and pulse is 90/min. Examination shows tenderness over the lateral aspect of the hip with no swelling, warmth, or erythema. There is pain with passive internal rotation of the left hip. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Leukocyte count is 9,000/mm3. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of the patient's current symptoms?? {'A': 'Developmental dysplasia of the hip', 'B': 'Slipped capital femoral epiphysis', 'C': 'Stress fracture', 'D': 'Septic arthritis', 'E': 'Avascular necrosis'},
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E: Avascular necrosis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 36-year-old primigravid woman comes to the physician for a prenatal visit at 14 weeks' gestation. She has had episodic headaches over the past month. At home, blood pressure measurements have ranged from 134/82 mm Hg to 148/94 mm Hg. Today, her blood pressure is 146/91 mm Hg. Pelvic examination shows a uterus consistent in size with a 13-week gestation. Serum creatinine is 0.8 mg/dL, serum ALT is 17 U/L, and platelet count is 320,000/mm3. Urinalysis shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Chronic hypertension', 'B': 'Gestational hypertension', 'C': 'Eclampsia', 'D': 'Isolated systolic hypertension', 'E': 'Preeclampsia'},
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A: Chronic hypertension
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 35-year-old woman visits the office with complaints of yellowish vaginal discharge and increased urinary frequency for a week. She also complains of pain during urination. Past medical history is irrelevant. She admits to having multiple sexual partners in the past few months. Physical examination is within normal limits except for lower abdominal tenderness. Urine culture yields Chlamydiae trichomatis. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Acyclovir', 'B': 'Doxycycline', 'C': 'Boric acid', 'D': 'Clindamycin', 'E': 'Metronidazole'},
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B: Doxycycline
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 24-year-old man who is postoperative day 1 after an emergency appendectomy is evaluated by the team managing his care. He complains that he still has not been able to urinate after removal of the urinary catheter that was inserted during surgery. Given this issue, he is started on a medication that acts on a post-synaptic receptor and is resistant to a synaptic esterase. Which of the following is most likely another use of the medication that was administered in this case?? {'A': 'Bronchial airway challenge test', 'B': 'Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis', 'C': 'Glaucoma management', 'D': 'Neurogenic ileus', 'E': 'Pupillary contraction'},
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D: Neurogenic ileus
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his mother who is worried about his clumsiness. She states that over the past 3 months she has noticed progressive weakness. He used to climb trees and run outside with his cousins, but now he says he gets “too tired.” She’s recently noticed him starting to “walk funny,” despite having “muscular legs.” Upon physical examination, the patient has calf muscle hypertrophy. He uses his arms to rise out of the chair. Labs are obtained that show an elevated creatine kinase. Genetic analysis detects a dystropin gene mutation. A muscle biopsy is performed that reveals reduced dystrophin. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Becker muscular dystrophy', 'B': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy', 'C': 'Fragile X syndrome', 'D': 'Pompe disease', 'E': 'Spinal muscular atrophy'},
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A: Becker muscular dystrophy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 3-month-old male is brought to the emergency room by his mother who reports that the child has a fever. The child was born at 39 weeks of gestation and is at the 15th and 10th percentiles for height and weight, respectively. The child has a history of eczema. Physical examination reveals an erythematous fluctuant mass on the patient’s inner thigh. His temperature is 101.1°F (38.4°C), blood pressure is 125/70 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, and respirations are 22/min. The mass is drained and the child is started on broad-spectrum antibiotics until the culture returns. The physician also orders a flow cytometry reduction of dihydrorhodamine, which is found to abnormal. This patient is at increased risk of infections with which of the following organisms?? {'A': 'Aspergillus fumigatus', 'B': 'Enterococcus faecalis', 'C': 'Giardia lamblia', 'D': 'Streptococcus pyogenes', 'E': 'Streptococcus viridans'},
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A: Aspergillus fumigatus
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 21-year-old male presents to the emergency department after losing his footing and falling 20 feet off a construction scaffold. He hit his left side on a railing on the way down before landing on his left arm. He denies loss of consciousness during the event or feelings of lightheadedness. He has no significant past medical or surgical history and does not take any regular medications. Evaluation in the trauma bay revealed mild lacerations to the upper and lower extremities, pain to palpation in the distal left forearm, and bruising to the upper left quadrant of the abdomen as well as the lower left thorax. Free fluid was found in the abdomen by ultrasound, fluids were started, and he was rushed to the operating room for an exploratory laparotomy. A heavily lacerated spleen was discovered and removed. No other sources of bleeding were found. Further workup determined he suffered a non-displaced left distal radius fracture and non-displaced 9th and 10th rib fractures. Which of the following should be administered to this patient?? {'A': 'Pneumococcal vaccine', 'B': 'Nothing by mouth (NPO)', 'C': 'Prophylactic ceftriaxone', 'D': 'Open reduction internal fixation', 'E': 'Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)'},
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A: Pneumococcal vaccine
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 53-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her husband for the evaluation of progressive memory loss, which he reports began approximately 2 weeks ago. During this time, she has had problems getting dressed and finding her way back home after running errands. She has also had several episodes of jerky, repetitive, twitching movements that resolved spontaneously. She is oriented only to person and place. She follows commands and speaks fluently. She is unable to read and has difficulty recognizing objects. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Extracellular senile plaques', 'B': 'Copper accumulation', 'C': 'Mutant prion accumulation', 'D': 'Severe cerebral ischemia', 'E': 'Increased number of CAG repeats'},
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C: Mutant prion accumulation
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 5-day-old male newborn is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after having a seizure. It lasted approximately 1 minute, and involved blinking and lip-smacking movements as well as left-sided jerking of the hand and foot. His mother says she measured a temperature of 38.2°C (100.7°F) at that time. He has had increasing difficulty feeding since yesterday. He was born at 39 weeks' gestation and weighed 3189 g (7 lb, 1 oz); he currently weighs 2980 g (6 lb, 9 oz). The mother's prenatal course was significant for gonorrhea infection diagnosed early in pregnancy and treated with ceftriaxone and azithromycin combination therapy. The boy appears irritable and lethargic. His temperature is 36.0°C (96.8°F). Examination shows clusters of vesicular lesions with an erythematous base on the patient's face and trunk. There is profuse lacrimation. Laboratory studies show: Leukocyte count 16,200/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 25% Bands 5% Lymphocytes 65% Monocytes 3% Eosinophils 2% Serum Glucose 80 mg/dL A lumbar puncture is performed. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis shows a leukocyte count of 117/μL, a protein concentration of 52 mg/dL, and a glucose concentration of 58 mg/dL. Results of blood cultures are pending. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?"? {'A': 'IV ganciclovir', 'B': 'Pyrimethamine', 'C': 'IV ceftriaxone', 'D': 'IV acyclovir', 'E': 'IV vancomycin'},
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D: IV acyclovir
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 3-day-old boy is brought to the pediatrician for nonpigmented vomiting for the last day. A detailed developmental history reveals that his parents have a nonconsanguineous marriage. He was born by cesarean section at 36 weeks of gestation. His birth weight was 2.6 kg (5.7 lb) and he has been breastfed exclusively. His temperature is 37.0ºC (98.6°F), pulse is 120/min, and respiratory rate is 35/min. On physical examination, a distended abdomen and signs of dehydration are present. On abdominal imaging, a ‘double bubble’ sign and upper intestinal obstruction is present. Abdominal computed tomography shows narrowing of the second part of the duodenum. Barium enema shows normal rotation of the colon. Which of the following is most likely cause of intestinal obstruction in this patient?? {'A': 'Meckel diverticulum', 'B': 'Annular pancreas', 'C': 'Leukocyte adhesion deficiency', 'D': 'Crigler-Najjar type 1', 'E': 'Intussusception'},
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B: Annular pancreas
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 59-year-old female presents to your office with complaints of progressive numbness and tingling in her fingers and toes over the last several months. She also reports "feeling weak" in her arms and legs. The patient's past medical history is significant for hypertension and Crohn's disease, which has been well-controlled since undergoing an ileocolectomy 7 years ago. Physical examination is significant for the following findings: decreased sensation to light touch, temperature, and vibration in the bilateral lower extremities; ataxia; positive Romberg sign. Deficiency of which of the following is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Vitamin B1', 'B': 'Vitamin B2', 'C': 'Vitamin B3', 'D': 'Vitamin B6', 'E': 'Vitamin B12'},
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E: Vitamin B12
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 32-year-old man presents to his physician with a complaint of pain with urination that has developed and persisted over the past 8 days. Upon awakening today, he also noted a clear discharge from his urethra. The patient states he is otherwise healthy. Social history is notable for the patient working at a local farm with livestock. Review of systems is notable for left knee and ankle pain for the past week and worsening of his seasonal allergies with red and itchy eyes. His temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/83 mmHg, pulse is 89/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Which of the following is likely to be positive in this patient?? {'A': 'Anti-CCP', 'B': 'Anti-dsDNA', 'C': 'HLA-B27', 'D': 'HLA-DR4', 'E': 'p-ANCA'},
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C: HLA-B27
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 50-year-old woman with a history of schizophrenia is being admitted to a locked inpatient psychiatry unit after discontinuing her medication. She was found wandering the streets, screaming in the air. According to her medical records, she was diagnosed with schizophrenia in her early 20s. She was initially living with her family but because of issues with medication compliance, substance abuse, and interpersonal problems, she has been homeless for the past 10 years. In addition to schizophrenia, her complicated medical history includes hypertension, diabetes, hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, morbid obesity, and substance abuse. She is not taking any medications at this time. At the hospital, her heart rate is 90/min, respiratory rate is 17/min, blood pressure is 110/65 mm Hg, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). She appears nervous and dirty. The clothes she was wearing are tattered and smell of urine and feces. She is too agitated and disruptive to perform a proper physical exam. Which of the following medications would be the most appropriate treatment for schizophrenia in this patient?? {'A': 'Clozapine', 'B': 'Olanzapine', 'C': 'Quetiapine', 'D': 'Haloperidol', 'E': 'Risperidone'},
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D: Haloperidol
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 22-year-old sexually active, otherwise healthy female presents to her primary care physician complaining of several days of dysuria, frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain. She denies fever, flank pain, vaginal itching, or vaginal bleeding/discharge. Which organism is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Staphylococcus saprophyticus', 'B': 'Chlamydia trachomatis', 'C': 'Proteus mirabilis', 'D': 'Klebsiella pneumoniae', 'E': 'Escherichia coli'},
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E: Escherichia coli
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 55-year-old IV drug user comes into the emergency department after four days of pain in his right ankle. The patient is lethargic and unable to answer any questions about his medical history. His vitals are HR 110, T 101.5, RR 20, BP 100/60. His physical exam is notable for track marks in his toes and his right ankle is erythematous and swollen. Moving any part of the right foot creates a 10/10 pain. A radiograph revels no evidence of fractures. A Gram stain of the joint fluid aspirate demonstrates purple cocci in clusters. The fluid is yellow, opaque, with more than 70,000 cells/mm^3 (80% neutrophils). What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Monosodium urate crystal formation', 'B': 'Salmonella infectious arthritis', 'C': 'Staphylococcus infectious arthritis', 'D': 'Borrelia infectious arthritis', 'E': 'Osteoarthritis'},
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C: Staphylococcus infectious arthritis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 32-year-old woman presents with abdominal pain. She says that she has been experiencing a mild ‘tummy ache’ for about a week. On further questioning, the physician finds that she has been struggling to cope with her daily activities for the past month. She says that she is sad on most days of the week and doesn’t have much motivation to get up and do anything. She has difficulty concentrating and focusing on her job and, on many occasions, doesn’t have the urge to wake up and go to work. She has observed that on certain days she sleeps for 10-12 hours. She attributes this to the heaviness she feels in her legs which make it very difficult for her to get out of bed. Lately, she has also noticed that she is eating more than usual. Which of the following would most likely be another characteristic of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Inability to participate in social events she is invited to', 'B': 'A belief that people are secretly out to sabotage her', 'C': 'An increased frequency of symptoms during winter', 'D': 'Guilt related to the way she treats others', 'E': 'Spells of deranged excitement'},
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A: Inability to participate in social events she is invited to
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 2-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department 25 minutes after having a seizure. He has had multiple seizures during the past week. His mother has noticed that he has become lethargic and has had a weak cry for the past month. He was born at 37 weeks' gestation. He is at the 20th percentile for height and 15th percentile for weight. His temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), respirations are 50/min, and pulse is 140/min. Examination shows a soft and nontender abdomen. The liver is palpated 4 cm below the right costal margin; there is no splenomegaly. Serum studies show: Na+ 137 mEq/L Cl- 103 mEq/L K+ 3.9 mEq/L Glucose 32 mg/dL Calcium 9.6 mg/dL Total cholesterol 202 mg/dL Triglycerides 260 mg/dL Lactate 4.2 mEq/L (N = 0.5 - 2.2 mEq/L) A deficiency of which of the following enzymes is the most likely cause of this infant's symptoms?"? {'A': 'Glycogen branching enzyme', 'B': 'Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase', 'C': 'Fructokinase', 'D': 'Glucose 6-phosphatase', 'E': 'Acid maltase\n"'},
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D: Glucose 6-phosphatase
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 67-year-old gentleman with severe COPD is found to have a respiratory quotient of 0.8. His physician would like to decrease the amount of CO2 produced by the patient's metabolism, thereby reducing the energy breathing expenditure required to eliminate the patient's CO2 respiratory burden. Which of the following dietary modifications would decrease this patient's respiratory quotient?? {'A': 'Increasing carbohydrate intake, decreasing fat intake', 'B': 'Increasing carbohydrate intake, decreasing protein intake', 'C': 'Decreasing carbohydrate intake, increasing fat intake', 'D': 'Decreasing carbohydrate intake, increasing protein intake', 'E': 'Decreasing fat intake, increasing protein intake'},
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C: Decreasing carbohydrate intake, increasing fat intake
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 61-year-old man presents to the family medicine clinic with a worsening cough for the last week. He denies hemoptysis, sputum production, shortness of breath, or upper respiratory tract symptoms. He does endorse nausea and heartburn after he eats large meals, as well as an occasional metallic taste in his mouth throughout the day. He has been diagnosed with hypertension and osteoarthritis, for which he takes lisinopril and aspirin. He has smoked half a pack of cigarettes per day since he was 20 years old. Three years ago, he had his second colonoscopy performed with normal results. His heart rate is 76/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, temperature is 37.3°C (99.2°F), and blood pressure is 148/92 mm Hg. He exhibits signs of truncal obesity. Heart auscultation reveals wide splitting of S2. Auscultation of the lungs is clear, but wheezing is noted on forced expiration. Which of the following is recommended for the patient at this time?? {'A': 'Low-dose chest CT', 'B': 'Intra-articular steroid injection', 'C': 'Zoster vaccine', 'D': 'Hepatitis B vaccine', 'E': 'Meningococcal vaccine'},
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C: Zoster vaccine
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 62-year-old man, a retired oil pipeline engineer, presents to his primary care physician with complaints of headaches, fatigue, and constant ringing in his ears. Recurrently he has developed pruritus, usually after a hot shower. He also noted a constant burning sensation in his fingers and toes, independent of physical activity. On examination, he has a red face and his blood pressure levels are 147/89 mm Hg. A CBC revealed that his Hb is 19.0 g/dL and Hct is 59%. Because of his condition, his physician prescribes him 81 mg of aspirin to be taken daily in addition to therapeutic phlebotomy. Which of the statements below is true about this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Arterial oxygen saturation is usually higher than normal values in this condition.', 'B': 'Mutation of the JAK2 gene is commonly seen in this condition.', 'C': 'The patient has a decreased risk of developing myelofibrosis.', 'D': 'Serum erythropoietin is expected to be high.', 'E': 'Warfarin and phlebotomy are the preferred course of treatment.'},
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B: Mutation of the JAK2 gene is commonly seen in this condition.
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 33-year-old man presents with yellowing of the eyes. He says symptoms onset acutely 3 days ago and have not improved. He says he has had similar episodes for the past 10 years. Each episode is self-limited, lasting no more than 3–5 days. The patient denies any recent history of nausea, weight loss, abdominal pain, light-colored stools, dark urine, or pruritus. Current medications are herbal supplements and a multivitamin. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. His BMI is 32 kg/m2. Physical exam is unremarkable. Laboratory findings are significant for the following: Total bilirubin 3 mg/dL Direct bilirubin 0.2 mg/dL AST/ALT/Alkaline phosphatase Normal Hematocrit/lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)/haptoglobin Normal Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Medication-induced hemolysis', 'B': 'Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1', 'C': 'Dubin-Johnson syndrome', 'D': 'Cholelithiasis', 'E': 'Gilbert’s syndrome'},
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E: Gilbert’s syndrome
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 75-year-old woman with hypertension presents to your office for a routine health exam. Her medications include hydrochlorothiazide and a multivitamin. She has been feeling well; however, she mentions that her family has been complaining about the volume of the television. She also reports difficulty hearing when others have called her name. On physical examination, her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/85 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, respirations are 17/min, and pulse oximetry is 99% on room air. The tympanic membrane is gray with no drainage or granulation tissue. Audiometry is consistent with high frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Which of the following is the most likely physiology behind this patient’s presentation?? {'A': 'Increased endolymph production', 'B': 'Destruction of cochlear hair cells', 'C': 'Bacterial infection of the middle ear', 'D': 'Abnormal skin growth in the middle ear', 'E': 'Fixation of the stapes to the cochlea'},
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B: Destruction of cochlear hair cells
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 51-year-old woman presents to the dermatologist with concern for a new skin lesion (Image A). You note two similar lesions on her back. Which of the following is a true statement about these lesions?? {'A': 'They will likely grow rapidly.', 'B': 'They will likely regress spontaneously.', 'C': 'They may be associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease.', 'D': 'They will likely increase in number over time.', 'E': 'They must be followed closely for concern of malignancy.'},
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D: They will likely increase in number over time.
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 52-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of upper abdominal pain and nausea that occurs about 3 hours after eating and at night. These symptoms improve with eating. After eating, he often has a feeling of fullness and bloating. He has had several episodes of dark stools over the past month. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years and drinks 2 alcoholic beverages daily. He takes no medications. His temperature is 36.4°C (97.5°F), pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Abdominal examination shows epigastric tenderness with no guarding or rebound. Bowel sounds are normal. Which of the following treatments is most appropriate to prevent further complications of the disease in this patient?? {'A': 'Truncal vagotomy', 'B': 'Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and omeprazole', 'C': 'Fundoplication, hiatoplasty, and gastropexy', 'D': 'Distal gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy', 'E': 'Intravenous vitamin B12 supplementation'},
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B: Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and omeprazole
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 22-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 12-week history of persistent cough. The cough is nonproductive and worse at night. She otherwise feels well. She has not had any changes in appetite or exercise tolerance. For the past year, she has smoked an occasional cigarette at social occasions. Use of herbal cough medications has not provided any symptom relief. She has no history of serious illness but reports getting a runny nose every morning during winter. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 68/min, respirations are 12/min, and blood pressure is 110/76 mm Hg. Cardiopulmonary examination and an x-ray of the chest show no abnormalities. Her FEV1 is normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Prednisone therapy', 'B': 'Oral amoxicillin-clavulanate', 'C': 'Codeine syrup', 'D': 'Oral acetylcysteine', 'E': 'Oral diphenhydramine'},
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E: Oral diphenhydramine
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 51-year-old man comes to the physician because of progressively worsening dyspnea on exertion and fatigue for the past 2 months. Cardiac examination shows no murmurs or bruits. Coarse crackles are heard at the lung bases bilaterally. An ECG shows an irregularly irregular rhythm with absent p waves. An x-ray of the chest shows globular enlargement of the cardiac shadow with prominent hila and bilateral fluffy infiltrates. Transthoracic echocardiography shows a dilated left ventricle with an ejection fraction of 40%. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Uncontrolled essential hypertension', 'B': 'Chronic supraventricular tachycardia', 'C': 'Deposition of misfolded proteins', 'D': 'Inherited β-myosin heavy chain mutation', 'E': 'Acute psychological stress'},
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B: Chronic supraventricular tachycardia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 60-year-old female presents to her gynecologist with bloating, abdominal discomfort, and fatigue. She has a history of hypertension and takes hydrochlorothiazide. Physical exam reveals ascites and right adnexal tenderness. Initial imaging reveals a mass in the right ovary and eventual biopsy of the mass reveals ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma. She is started on a chemotherapeutic agent with plans for surgical resection. Soon after starting the medication, she develops dysuria and hematuria. Laboratory analysis of her urine is notable for the presence of a cytotoxic metabolite. Which of the following mechanisms of action is consistent with the medication in question?? {'A': 'DNA alkylating agent', 'B': 'Platinum-based DNA intercalator', 'C': 'Microtubule inhibitor', 'D': 'Folate analog', 'E': 'BRAF inhibitor'},
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A: DNA alkylating agent
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Q:A 24-year-old man is running a marathon. Upon reaching the finish line, his serum lactate levels were measured and were significantly increased as compared to his baseline. Which of the following pathways converts the lactate produced by muscles into glucose and transports it back to the muscles?? {'A': 'Glycogenesis', 'B': 'Citric acid cycle', 'C': 'Glycolysis', 'D': 'Cori cycle', 'E': 'Pentose phosphate pathway'},
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D: Cori cycle
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Q:A 42-year-old man is admitted to the hospital for pain and swelling in his right foot. His temperature is 39.7°C (103.5°F), pulse is 116/min, respirations are 23/min, and blood pressure is 69/39 mmHg. A drug is administered via a peripheral intravenous line that works primarily by increasing inositol trisphosphate concentrations in arteriolar smooth muscle cells. Eight hours later, the patient has pain at the right antecubital fossa. Examination shows the skin around the intravenous line site to be pale and cool to touch. After discontinuing the infusion, which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy to prevent further tissue injury in this patient?? {'A': 'Procaine', 'B': 'Phentolamine', 'C': 'Tamsulosin', 'D': 'Conivaptan', 'E': 'Heparin'},
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B: Phentolamine
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Q:A 42-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of episodic headaches involving both temples for 5 months. The patient has been taking acetaminophen, but it has not provided relief. He has also had double vision. Ophthalmic examination shows impaired peripheral vision bilaterally. Contrast MRI of the head shows a 14 x 10 x 8-mm intrasellar mass. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Macroglossia', 'B': 'Impotence', 'C': 'Galactorrhea', 'D': 'Polyuria', 'E': 'Diarrhea'},
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B: Impotence
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Q:A 44-year-old G2P2 African American woman presents to her gynecologist for dysmenorrhea. She reports that for the past few months, she has been having severe pain during her menses. She also endorses menstrual bleeding that has been heavier than usual. The patient reports that her cycles are regular and occur every 30 days, and she denies both dyspareunia and spotting between her periods. Her last menstrual period was two weeks ago. In terms of her obstetric history, the patient had two uncomplicated pregnancies, and she had no difficulty becoming pregnant. She has never had an abnormal pap smear. Her past medical history is otherwise significant for hyperlipidemia and asthma. On physical exam, the patient’s uterus is tender, soft, and enlarged to the size of a pregnant uterus at 10 weeks of gestation. She is non-tender during vaginal exam, without cervical motion tenderness or adnexal masses. Her BMI is 24 kg/m2. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?? {'A': 'Hyperplastic overgrowths of endometrial glands and stroma', 'B': 'Malignant invasion of endometrial cells into uterine myometrium', 'C': 'Presence of endometrial glands and stroma in uterine myometrium', 'D': 'Presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus', 'E': 'Benign smooth muscle tumor of the uterus'},
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C: Presence of endometrial glands and stroma in uterine myometrium
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Q:A 23-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her friend because of strange behavior. Two hours ago, she was at a night club where she got involved in a fight with the bartender. Her friend says that she was smoking a cigarette before she became irritable and combative. She repeatedly asked “Why are you pouring blood in my drink?” before hitting the bartender. She has no history of psychiatric illness. Her temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 100/min, respirations are 19/min, and blood pressure is 158/95 mm Hg. Examination shows muscle rigidity. She has a reduced degree of facial expression. She has no recollection of her confrontation with the bartender. Which of the following is the most likely primary mechanism responsible for this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Inhibition of dopamine D2 receptors', 'B': 'Stimulation of cannabinoid receptors', 'C': 'Stimulation of 5HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors', 'D': 'Inhibition of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine reuptake', 'E': 'Inhibition of NMDA receptors'},
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E: Inhibition of NMDA receptors
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Q:A 50-year-old overweight woman presents to her physician with complaints of recurrent episodes of right upper abdominal discomfort and cramping. She says that the pain is mild and occasionally brought on by the ingestion of fatty foods. The pain radiates to the right shoulder and around to the back, and it is accompanied by nausea and occasional vomiting. She admits to having these episodes over the past several years. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6° F), respiratory rate is 15/min, pulse is 67/min, and blood pressure is 122/98 mm Hg. Her physical examination is unremarkable. Lab reports reveal: Hb% 13 gm/dL Total count (WBC): 11,000/mm3 Differential count: Neutrophils: 70% Lymphocytes: 25% Monocytes: 5% ESR: 10 mm/hr Serum: Albumin: 4.2 gm/dL Alkaline phosphatase: 150 U/L Alanine aminotransferase: 76 U/L Aspartate aminotransferase: 88 U/L What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Acute cholecystitis', 'B': 'Choledocholithiasis', 'C': 'Pancreatitis', 'D': 'Duodenal peptic ulcer', 'E': 'Gallbladder cancer'},
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B: Choledocholithiasis
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Q:A 2400-g (5.29-lb) male newborn is delivered at term to a 38-year-old woman. The initial examination shows that the child is at the 5th percentile for head circumference and 10th percentile for weight and length. He has a sloping forehead, a flat nasal bridge, increased interocular distance, low-set ears, and a protruding tongue. An examination of the peripheries reveals a single palmar crease and an increased gap between the first and second toe. Ocular examination reveals small white and brown spots in the periphery of both irises. The abdomen is distended. An x-ray of the abdomen shows two large air-filled spaces in the upper quadrant. This child's condition is most likely associated with which of the following cardiac anomalies?? {'A': 'Atrioventricular septal defect', 'B': 'Ventricular septal defect', 'C': 'Tetralogy of Fallot', 'D': 'Pulmonary valve stenosis', 'E': 'Transposition of the great arteries\n"'},
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A: Atrioventricular septal defect
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Q:A 15-month-old boy is brought the pediatrician for immunizations and assessment. His parents report that he is eating well and produces several wet diapers every day. He is occasionally fussy, but overall a happy and curious child. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery On physical examination his vital signs are stable. His weight and height are above the 85th percentile for his age and sex. On chest auscultation, the pediatrician detects a loud harsh holosystolic murmur over the left lower sternal border. The first and second heart sounds are normal. An echocardiogram confirms the diagnosis of the muscular ventricular septal defect without pulmonary hypertension. Which of the following is the best management strategy for this patient?? {'A': 'Reassurance of the parents and regular follow-up', 'B': 'Antibiotic prophylaxis against infective endocarditis', 'C': 'Oral digoxin and regular follow-up', 'D': 'Surgical closure of the defect using cardiopulmonary bypass', 'E': 'Transcatheter occlusion closure of the defect'},
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A: Reassurance of the parents and regular follow-up
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Q:A 49-year-old male presents to the emergency room with dyspnea and pulmonary edema. He reports that he has been smoking 2 packs a day for the past 25 years and has difficulty breathing during any sustained physical activity. His blood pressure is normal, and he reports a history of COPD. An echocardiogram was ordered as part of a cardiac workup. Which of the following would be the most likely finding?? {'A': 'Aortic stenosis', 'B': 'Mitral valve insufficiency', 'C': 'Left ventricular hypertrophy', 'D': 'Coronary sinus dilation', 'E': 'Tricuspid valve stenosis'},
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D: Coronary sinus dilation
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Q:A 23-year-old woman comes to the physician because of an 8-month history of weakness and intermittent burning pain in her neck, shoulders, and arms. She was involved in a motor vehicle collision 1 year ago. Examination of the upper extremities shows absent reflexes, muscle weakness, and fasciculations bilaterally. Sensation to temperature and pain is absent; vibration and proprioception are preserved. The pupils are equal and reactive to light. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Tabes dorsalis', 'B': 'Syringomyelia', 'C': 'Subacute combined degeneration', 'D': 'Amytrophic lateral sclerosis', 'E': 'Cervical disk prolapse'},
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B: Syringomyelia
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Q:A 43-year-old man presents to his primary care provider with concerns about general weakness and decreased concentration over the past several months. He reports constipation and unintentional weight loss of about 9.1 kg (20 lb). The past medical symptoms are noncontributory. He works as a bank manager and occasionally drinks alcohol but does not smoke tobacco. Today, the vital signs include blood pressure 145/90 mm Hg, heart rate 60/min, respiratory rate 19/min, and temperature 36.6°C (97.9°F). On physical examination, the patient looks fatigued. His heart has a regular rate and rhythm, and his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Laboratory studies show: Calcium 14.5 mg/dL Phosphate 2.2 mg/dL Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 18 pg/mL Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) 4 pmol/L Normal value: < 2 pmol/L Calcitriol 46 pg/mL Normal value: 25–65 pg/mL T3 120 ng/mL T4 10.2 mcg/dL Taking into account the clinical and laboratory findings, what is the most likely cause of this patient’s hypercalcemia?? {'A': 'Chronic kidney disease', 'B': 'Hyperparathyroidism', 'C': 'Hypervitaminosis D', 'D': 'Malignancy', 'E': 'Thyrotoxicosis'},
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D: Malignancy
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Q:A 61-year-old woman who recently emigrated from India comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of fever, fatigue, night sweats, and a productive cough. She has had a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss during this period. She has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and poorly controlled asthma. She has had multiple asthma exacerbations in the past year that were treated with glucocorticoids. An x-ray of the chest shows a cavitary lesion of the posterior apical segment of the left upper lobe with consolidation of the surrounding parenchyma. The pathogen identified on sputum culture is found to be resistant to multiple drugs, including streptomycin. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely involved in bacterial resistance to this drug?? {'A': 'Alteration in the sequence of gyrA genes', 'B': 'Inhibition of bacterial synthesis of RNA', 'C': 'Alteration in 30S ribosomal subunit', 'D': 'Upregulation of mycolic acid synthesis', 'E': 'Upregulation of arabinosyl transferase production'},
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C: Alteration in 30S ribosomal subunit
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Q:A 53-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of intermittent severe left neck, shoulder, and arm pain and paresthesias of the left hand. The pain radiates to the radial aspect of her left forearm, thumb, and index finger. She first noticed her symptoms after helping a friend set up a canopy tent. There is no family history of serious illness. She appears healthy. Vital signs are within normal limits. When the patient extends and rotates her head to the left and downward pressure is applied, she reports paresthesias along the radial aspect of her left forearm and thumb. There is weakness when extending the left wrist against resistance. The brachioradialis reflex is 1+ on the left and 2+ on the right. The radial pulse is palpable bilaterally. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Carpal tunnel syndrome', 'B': 'Syringomyelia', 'C': 'Thoracic outlet syndrome', 'D': 'Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis', 'E': 'C5-C6 disc herniation\n"'},
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E: C5-C6 disc herniation "
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Q:A 38-year-old male is admitted to the hospital after a motor vehicle accident in which he sustained a right diaphyseal femur fracture. His medical history is significant for untreated hypertension. He reports smoking 1 pack of cigarettes per day and drinking 1 liter of bourbon daily. On hospital day 1, he undergoes open reduction internal fixation of his fracture with a femoral intramedullary nail. At what time after the patient's last drink is he at greatest risk for suffering from life-threatening effects of alcohol withdrawal?? {'A': 'Less than 24 hours', 'B': '24-48 hours', 'C': '48-72 hours', 'D': '5-6 days', 'E': '1 week'},
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C: 48-72 hours
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Q:A 54-year-old male comes to the clinic to initiate care with a new physician. He has no complaints at this time. When taking his history, the patient says his medical history is notable for diabetes and hypertension both of which are well managed on his medications. His medications are metformin and lisinopril. A review of systems is negative. While taking the social history, the patient hesitates when asked about alcohol consumption. Further gentle questioning by the physician leads the patient to admit that he drinks 5-6 beers per night and up to 10-12 drinks per day over the weekend. He says that he has been drinking like this for “years.” He becomes emotional and says that his alcohol is negatively affecting his relationship with his wife and children; however, when asked about efforts to decrease his consumption, the patient says he has not tried in the past and doesn’t think he has “the strength to stop”. Which of the following stages of change most accurately describes this patient’s behavior?? {'A': 'Precontemplation', 'B': 'Contemplation', 'C': 'Preparation', 'D': 'Action', 'E': 'Maintenance'},
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B: Contemplation
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Q:A 61-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of severe chest discomfort. The chest discomfort usually occurs after heavy meals or eating in the late evening and lasts several hours. He has nausea sometimes but no vomiting. He has also had an occasional nighttime cough during this period. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 41 years and drinks one beer daily. Current medications include metformin, naproxen, enalapril,and sitagliptin. He is 177 cm (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 135 kg (297 lb); BMI is 43 kg/m2. Vital signs are within normal limits. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. The abdomen is soft and nontender. Laboratory studies are within the reference ranges. An ECG shows no abnormalities. An upper endoscopy shows that the Z-line is located 4 cm above the diaphragmatic hiatus and reveals the presence of a 1.5-cm esophageal ulcer with an erythematous base and without bleeding. The physician recommends weight loss as well as smoking and alcohol cessation. Treatment with omeprazole is begun. One month later, his symptoms are unchanged. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and omeprazole therapy for 2 weeks', 'B': 'Laparoscopic herniotomy', 'C': 'Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication with hiatoplasty', 'D': 'Calcium carbonate therapy for 2 months', 'E': 'Bariatric surgery'},
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C: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication with hiatoplasty
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Q:A 37-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he has been experiencing episodes where he wakes up at night gasping for breath. His past medical history is significant for morbid obesity as well as hypertension for which he takes lisinopril. He is diagnosed with sleep apnea and prescribed a continuous positive airway pressure apparatus. In addition, the physician discusses making lifestyle and behavioral changes such as dietary modifications and exercise. The patient agrees to attempt these behavioral changes. Which of the following is most likely to result in improving patient adherence to this plan?? {'A': 'Ask the patient to bring a family member to next appointment', 'B': 'Inform the patient of the health consequences of not intervening', 'C': "Provide appropriate publications for the patient's educational level", 'D': 'Provide follow-up appointments to assess progress in attaining goals', 'E': 'Refer the patient to a peer support group addressing lifestyle changes'},
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D: Provide follow-up appointments to assess progress in attaining goals
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Q:A 12-year-old boy presents to the emergency room with difficulty breathing after several days of severe sore throat. Further history reveals that his family immigrated recently from Eastern Europe and he has never previously seen a doctor. Physical exam shows cervical lymphadenopathy with extensive neck edema as well as the finding shown in the image provided. You suspect a bacteria that causes the disease by producing an AB type exotoxin. Which of the following is the proper medium to culture the most likely cause of this infection?? {'A': 'Bordet-Genou Agar', 'B': 'Charcoal Yeast Agar', 'C': "Eaton's Agar", 'D': 'Tellurite Agar', 'E': 'Thayer-Martin Agar'},
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D: Tellurite Agar
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Q:A 45-year-old woman with β-thalassemia major comes to the physician with a 1-week history of fatigue. She receives approximately 8 blood transfusions per year; her last transfusion was 1 month ago. Examination shows conjunctival pallor. Her hemoglobin level is 6.5 mg/dL. Microscopic evaluation of a liver biopsy specimen in this patient would most likely show which of the following?? {'A': 'Macrophages with yellow-brown, lipid-containing granules', 'B': 'Macrophages with cytoplasmic granules that stain golden-yellow with hematoxylin', 'C': 'Extracellular deposition of pink-staining proteins', 'D': 'Cytoplasmic brown-pigmented granules that stain positive for S-100', 'E': 'Cytoplasmic pink-staining granules that stain positive with PAS'},
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B: Macrophages with cytoplasmic granules that stain golden-yellow with hematoxylin
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Q:Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme-containing molecule that is found in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Upon release, the enzyme catalyzes hypochlorous acid production during the phagocytic response. In the setting of pneumonia, which of the following is the end result and clinical significance of this reaction?? {'A': 'Green color of sputum', 'B': 'Cough', 'C': 'Rust-tinged sputum', 'D': 'Fever', 'E': 'Shortness of breath'},
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A: Green color of sputum
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Q:An 11-year-old male is brought in by ambulance to the emergency department after being a restrained passenger in a motor vehicle accident. His father was driving him to soccer practice when they were hit by a wrong way driver. On presentation, his temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 100/62 mmHg, pulse is 108/min, and respirations are 21/min. He is found to be agitated and complains of nausea, severe epigastric pain, and lower extremity pain. Physical exam reveals lacerations and ecchymosis on his left forehead, right flank, and lower extremities. Radiographs demonstrate an open book fracture of the pelvis as well as bilateral femur fractures. Despite multiple interventions, his condition deteriorates and he passes away from his injuries. Post-mortem pathologic examination of abdominal tissues reveals white deposits containing calcium. Abnormal activity of which of the following proteins is most likely responsible for these deposits?? {'A': 'Immunoglobulin', 'B': 'Lipases', 'C': 'Plasmin', 'D': 'Proteases', 'E': 'Thrombin'},
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B: Lipases
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Q:A 60-year-old homeless man presents to the emergency department with an altered mental status. He is not answering questions. His past medical history is unknown. A venous blood gas is drawn demonstrating the following. Venous blood gas pH: 7.2 PaO2: 80 mmHg PaCO2: 80 mmHg HCO3-: 24 mEq/L Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient's presentation?? {'A': 'Aspirin overdose', 'B': 'COPD', 'C': 'Diabetic ketoacidosis', 'D': 'Ethylene glycol intoxication', 'E': 'Heroin overdose'},
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E: Heroin overdose
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Q:A 5-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because of a 1-month history of a painful ulcer on her face. She has developed painful sunburns in the past with minimal UV exposure. Examination of the skin shows a 2-cm ulcerated nodule on the left cheek. There are scaly, hyperpigmented papules and plaques over the skin of the entire body. Ophthalmologic examination shows decreased visual acuity, clouded corneas, and limbal injection. Examination of a biopsy specimen from the facial lesion shows poorly-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Impairment of which of the following proteins is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Excision endonuclease', 'B': 'Rb nuclear protein', 'C': 'Base-specific glycosylase', 'D': 'DNA helicase', 'E': 'ATM serine/threonine kinase'},
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A: Excision endonuclease
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Q:A 72-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her son for an evaluation of cognitive decline. Her son reports that she has had increased difficulty finding her way back home for the last several months, despite having lived in the same city for 40 years. He also reports that his mother has been unable to recall the names of her relatives and been increasingly forgetting important family gatherings such as her grandchildren's birthdays over the last few years. The patient has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her current medications include enalapril and metformin. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 70/min, and blood pressure is 140/80 mm Hg. She is confused and oriented only to person and place. She recalls 2 out of 3 words immediately and 1 out of 3 after 5 minutes. Her gait and muscle strength are normal. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Further evaluation is most likely to reveal which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Hallucinations', 'B': 'Resting tremor', 'C': 'Generalized cerebral atrophy', 'D': 'Urinary incontinence', 'E': 'Myoclonic movements\n"'},
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C: Generalized cerebral atrophy
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Q:A 20-year-old man is brought to the behavioral health clinic by his roommate. The patient’s roommate says that the patient has been looking for cameras that aliens planted in their apartment for the past 2 weeks. Approximately 3 months prior to the onset of this episode, the roommate says the patient stopped playing basketball daily because the sport no longer interested him. He stayed in his bedroom most of the day and was often tearful. The roommate recalls the patient talking about death frequently. The patient states he has been skipping many meals and has lost a significant amount of weight as a result. At the time his delusions about the aliens began, the depressive-related symptoms were no longer present. He has no other medical conditions. He does not drink but smokes 2 packs of cigarettes daily for the past 5 years. His vitals include: blood pressure 130/88 mm Hg, pulse 92/min, respiratory rate 16/min, temperature 37.3°C (99.1°F). On physical examination, the patient seems apathetic and uses an obscure word that appears to be ‘chinterfittle’. His affect is flat throughout the entire interaction. He is experiencing bizarre delusions but no hallucinations. The patient does not express suicidal or homicidal ideations. Urine drug screen results are provided below: Amphetamine negative Benzodiazepine negative Cocaine negative GHB negative Ketamine negative LSD negative Marijuana positive Opioids negative PCP negative Which of the following is the correct diagnosis?? {'A': 'Schizophrenia with depression', 'B': 'Schizoaffective disorder', 'C': 'Depression with psychotic features', 'D': 'Cannabis intoxication', 'E': 'Brief psychotic disorder'},
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B: Schizoaffective disorder
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 32-year-old woman presents with diplopia. She says that she has been experiencing drooping of her eyelids and severe muscle weakness. She reports that her symptoms are worse at the end of the day. Which of the following additional findings would most likely be seen in this patient?? {'A': 'Increased antinuclear antibodies', 'B': 'Increased acetylcholine receptor antibody', 'C': 'Increased calcium channel receptor antibodies', 'D': 'Increased serum creatine kinase levels', 'E': 'Albuminocytological dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid'},
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B: Increased acetylcholine receptor antibody
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 61-year-old man presents to the primary care clinic to establish care. He has not seen a physician for many years. He has no complaints or concerns but, on further questioning, does have some vague abdominal discomfort. He has no known past medical history and takes no medications. His social history is notable for injecting heroin throughout his late-teens and 20s, but he has been clean and sober for over a decade. At the clinic, the vital signs include: heart rate 90/min, respiratory rate 17/min, blood pressure 110/65 mm Hg, and temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F). The physical exam shows a slightly distended abdomen. The laboratory studies are notable for a platelet count of 77,000/uL and an international normalized ratio (INR) of 1.7. Which of the following is the next best step in the diagnosis of this patient?? {'A': 'Anti-nuclear antibody test', 'B': 'Bone marrow biopsy', 'C': 'Hepatitis C antibody', 'D': 'HIV ELISA', 'E': 'Platelet aggregation assay'},
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C: Hepatitis C antibody
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Q:An 8-year-old boy presents with a limp favoring his right leg. The patient’s mother noticed he had been limping without complaint for the past 6 months. Past medical history is significant for the flu last year. No current medications. All immunizations are up to date. The vital signs include: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 100/60 mm Hg, pulse 74/min, respiratory rate 19/min, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. The body mass index (BMI) is 17.2 kg/m2. On physical examination, the patient is alert and cooperative. A limp favoring the right leg is noted when the patient is walking. There is mild tenderness on deep palpation of the left lumbar region but no erythema, edema, or warmth. There is a decreased range of motion of the left hip. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Slipped capital femoral epiphysis', 'B': 'Developmental dysplasia of the hip', 'C': 'Viral-induced synovitis', 'D': 'Legg-Calve-Perthes disease', 'E': 'Pelvic fracture'},
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D: Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 59-year-old female is brought to the emergency department with an acute onset of weakness in her left hand that started 3 hours ago. She has not had numbness or tingling of the hand. Other than recent episodes of blurry vision and headaches, her medical history is unremarkable. She has one daughter who was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis at age 23. Her temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure is 144/84 mm Hg. Examination shows facial erythema. There are mild scratch marks on her arms and torso. Left hand strength is slightly decreased and there is mild dysmetria of the left hand finger-to-nose testing. The remainder of the neurological examination shows no abnormalities. Her laboratory studies shows: Hematocrit 55% Leukocyte count 14,500/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 61% Eosinophils 3% Lymphocytes 29% Monocytes 7% Platelet count 690,000/mm3 Her erythropoietin levels are decreased. CT scan of the head without contrast shows two focal areas of hypo-attenuation in the right parietal lobe. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment to prevent complications of this patient's underlying condition?"? {'A': 'Radiation therapy', 'B': 'Glucocorticoid therapy', 'C': 'Busulfan', 'D': 'Imatinib therapy', 'E': 'Repeated phlebotomies'},
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E: Repeated phlebotomies
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Q:A 26-year-old man is undergoing a bone marrow transplantation for treatment of a non-Hodgkin lymphoma that has been refractory to several rounds of chemotherapy and radiation over the past 2 years. He has been undergoing a regimen of cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation for the past several weeks in anticipation of his future transplant. This morning, he reports developing a productive cough and is concerned because he noted some blood in his sputum this morning. The patient also reports pain with inspiration. His temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 115/74 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. A chest radiograph and CT are obtained and shown in Figures A and B respectively. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Aspergillus fumigatus', 'B': 'Mycoplasma pneumonia', 'C': 'Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia', 'D': 'Staphylococcus aureus', 'E': 'Streptococcus pneumonia'},
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A: Aspergillus fumigatus
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Q:A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of a lump on her neck and a 1-week history of hoarseness. Examination shows a 3-cm, firm, non-tender nodule on the anterior neck. Further evaluation confirms a thyroid malignancy, and she undergoes thyroidectomy. Histopathologic examination of the surgical specimen shows lymphatic invasion. Genetic analysis shows an activating mutation in the RET/PTC genes. Microscopic examination of the surgical specimen is most likely to also show which of the following?? {'A': 'Pleomorphic giant cells with numerous atypical mitotic figures', 'B': 'Sheets of polygonal cells surrounding amyloid deposition', 'C': 'Calcified spherules and large oval cells with empty-appearing nuclei', 'D': 'Cuboidal cells arranged spherically around colloid lakes', 'E': 'Hyperplastic epithelium with colloid scalloping'},
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C: Calcified spherules and large oval cells with empty-appearing nuclei
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Q:A 71-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department following a syncopal episode. Earlier in the day, the patient had multiple bowel movements that filled the toilet bowl with copious amounts of bright red blood. Minutes later, she felt dizzy and lightheaded and collapsed into her daughter's arms. The patient has a medical history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 155/94 mmHg, pulse is 82/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. The patient's exam is notable for fecal occult blood positivity on rectal exam; however, the patient is no longer having bloody bowel movements. The patient's lungs are clear to auscultation and her abdomen is soft and nontender. Labs are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 7.1 g/dL Hematocrit: 25% Leukocyte count: 5,300/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 182,500/mm^3 Two large bore IV's are placed and the patient is given normal saline. What is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Colonoscopy', 'B': 'CT abdomen', 'C': 'Fresh frozen plasma', 'D': 'Packed red blood cells', 'E': 'Type and screen'},
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E: Type and screen
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Q:A 35-year-old man who works in a shipyard presents with a sharp pain in his left big toe for the past 5 hours. He says he has had this kind of pain before a few days ago after an evening of heavy drinking with his friends. He says he took acetaminophen and ibuprofen for the pain as before but, unlike the last time, it hasn't helped. The patient denies any recent history of trauma or fever. No significant past medical history and no other current medications. Family history is significant for his mother who has type 2 diabetes mellitus and his father who has hypertension. The patient reports regular drinking and the occasional binge on the weekends but denies any smoking history or recreational drug use. The vital signs include pulse 86/min, respiratory rate 14/min, and blood pressure 130/80 mm Hg. On physical examination, the patient is slightly overweight and in obvious distress. The 1st metatarsophalangeal joint of the left foot is erythematous, severely tender to touch, and swollen. No obvious deformity is seen. The remainder of the examination is unremarkable. Joint arthrocentesis of the 1st left metatarsophalangeal joint reveals sodium urate crystals. Which of the following drugs would be the next best therapeutic step in this patient?? {'A': 'Probenecid', 'B': 'Morphine', 'C': 'Aspirin', 'D': 'Allopurinol', 'E': 'Naproxen'},
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E: Naproxen
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Q:An investigator studying epigenetic mechanisms isolates histone proteins, the structural motifs involved in DNA binding and regulation of transcription. The peptide bonds of histone proteins are hydrolyzed and one type of amino acid is isolated. At normal body pH, this amino acid has a net charge of +1 . The investigator performs titration of this amino acid and obtains the graph shown. The isolated amino acid is most likely which of the following?? {'A': 'Serine', 'B': 'Lysine', 'C': 'Aspartate', 'D': 'Histidine', 'E': 'Proline'},
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B: Lysine
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Q:A 6-month-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents for his first visit after they adopt him from a European country. His parents are concerned about the boy’s short episodes of shaking of his arms and legs; they believe it might be epilepsy. They also note that the child is less responsive than other children of his age. The family is unable to provide any vaccination, birth, or family history. His pulse is 130/min, respiratory rate is 28/min, and blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg. The boy has a light skin tone and emits a noticeable musty body odor. Which of the following should be supplemented in this patient’s diet?? {'A': 'Histidine', 'B': 'Isoleucine', 'C': 'Leucine', 'D': 'Phenylalanine', 'E': 'Tyrosine'},
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E: Tyrosine
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Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to her primary care physician because of an irritating sensation in her nose. She noticed recently that there seems to be a lump in her nose. Her past medical history is significant for pain that seems to migrate around her body and is refractory to treatment. She has intermittently been taking a medication for the pain and recently increased the dose of the drug. Which of the following processes was most likely responsible for development of this patient's complaint?? {'A': 'Decreased lipoxygenase pathway activity', 'B': 'Decreased prostaglandin activity', 'C': 'Increased allergic reaction in mucosa', 'D': 'Increased lipoxygenase pathway activity', 'E': 'Increased mucous viscosity'},
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D: Increased lipoxygenase pathway activity
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Q:A 58-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after a witnessed tonic-clonic seizure. His wife says he has had a persistent dry cough for 6 months. During this time period, he has also had fatigue and a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss. The patient has no history of serious illness and does not take any medications. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 35 years. He is confused and oriented only to person. Laboratory studies show a serum sodium concentration of 119 mEq/L and glucose concentration of 102 mg/dL. An x-ray of the chest shows an irregular, poorly demarcated density at the right hilum. Microscopic examination of this density is most likely to confirm which of the following diagnoses?? {'A': 'Squamous cell lung carcinoma', 'B': 'Small cell lung carcinoma', 'C': 'Large cell lung carcinoma', 'D': 'Bronchial carcinoid tumor', 'E': 'Lung adenocarcinoma'},
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B: Small cell lung carcinoma
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Q:A 22-year-old soldier sustains a gunshot wound to the left side of the chest during a deployment in Syria. The soldier and her unit take cover from gunfire in a nearby farmhouse, and a combat medic conducts a primary survey of her injuries. She is breathing spontaneously. Two minutes after sustaining the injury, she develops severe respiratory distress. On examination, she is agitated and tachypneic. There is an entrance wound at the midclavicular line at the 2nd rib and an exit wound at the left axillary line at the 4th rib. There is crepitus on the left side of the chest wall. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Administration of supplemental oxygen', 'B': 'Endotracheal intubation', 'C': 'Intravenous administration of fentanyl', 'D': 'Ultrasonography of the chest', 'E': 'Needle thoracostomy\n"'},
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E: Needle thoracostomy "
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Q:A 13-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after suddenly losing consciousness while playing in a soccer tournament. The patient has had 2 episodes of syncope without a discernable trigger over the past year. He has been otherwise healthy. His father died suddenly at the age of 37. He reports lightheadedness and suddenly loses consciousness when physical examination is attempted. Radial pulses are not palpable. An ECG shows ventricular tachycardia with peaks of the QRS twisting around the isoelectric line. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Accessory atrioventricular conduction pathway', 'B': 'Myofibrillar disarray of cardiac septum', 'C': 'Bicuspid aortic valve', 'D': 'Defect in interatrial septum', 'E': 'Mutation of myocardial potassium channels'},
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E: Mutation of myocardial potassium channels
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Q:A 55-year-old man presents after an episode of severe left ankle pain. The pain has resolved, but he decided to come in for evaluation as he has had pain like this before. He says he has experienced similar episodes of intense pain in the same ankle and his left knee in the past, which he associates with eating copious amounts of fatty food during parties. On one occasion the pain was so excruciating, he went to the emergency room, where an arthrocentesis was performed, revealing needle-shaped negatively birefringent crystals and a high neutrophil count in the synovial fluid. His past medical history is relevant for essential hypertension which is managed with hydrochlorothiazide 20 mg/day. His vital signs are stable, and his body temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F). Physical examination shows a minimally tender left ankle with full range of motion. Which of the following is the most appropriate long-term treatment in this patient? ? {'A': 'Colchicine', 'B': 'Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)', 'C': 'Uricosuric drug', 'D': 'Intra-articular steroid injection', 'E': 'Xanthine oxidase inhibitor'},
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E: Xanthine oxidase inhibitor
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Q:A 6-year-old boy is presented to a pediatric clinic by his mother with complaints of fever, malaise, and cough for the past 2 days. He frequently complains of a sore throat and has difficulty eating solid foods. The mother mentions that, initially, the boy’s fever was low-grade and intermittent but later became high grade and continuous. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. The past medical history is noncontributory. The boy takes a multivitamin every day. The mother reports that he does well in school and is helpful around the house. The boy’s vital signs include blood pressure 110/65 mm Hg, heart rate 110/min, respiratory rate 32/min, and temperature 38.3°C (101.0°F). On physical examination, the boy appears uncomfortable and has difficulty breathing. His heart is mildly tachycardic with a regular rhythm and his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Oropharyngeal examination shows that his palatine tonsils are covered with pus and that there is erythema of the surrounding mucosa. Which of the following mediators is responsible for this patient’s elevated temperature?? {'A': 'Leukotriene D4', 'B': 'Thromboxane A2', 'C': 'Prostaglandin E2', 'D': 'Prostaglandin I2', 'E': 'Prostaglandin F2'},
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C: Prostaglandin E2
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Q:A 1-year-old male with a history of recurrent pseudomonal respiratory infections and steatorrhea presents to the pediatrician for a sweat test. The results demonstrate a chloride concentration of 70 mEq/L (nl < 40 mEq/L). Which of the following defects has a similar mode of inheritance as the disorder experienced by this patient?? {'A': 'Trinucleotide repeat expansion of CAG on chromosome 4', 'B': 'Accumulation of glycogen in the lysosome', 'C': 'Inability to convert carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine into citrulline', 'D': 'Abnormal production of type IV collagen', 'E': 'Mutated gene for mitochondrial-tRNA-Lys'},
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B: Accumulation of glycogen in the lysosome
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Q:A 54-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of sharp chest pain and shortness of breath for 1 day. Her temperature is 37.8°C (100°F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 30/min, and blood pressure is 86/70 mm Hg. CT angiography of the chest shows a large embolus at the right pulmonary artery. Pharmacotherapy with a tissue plasminogen activator is administered. Six hours later, she develops right-sided weakness and slurred speech. Laboratory studies show elevated prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times and normal bleeding time. A CT scan of the head shows a large, left-sided intracranial hemorrhage. Administration of which of the following is most appropriate to reverse this patient's acquired coagulopathy?? {'A': 'Protamine sulfate', 'B': 'Vitamin K', 'C': 'Plasmin', 'D': 'Desmopressin', 'E': 'Aminocaproic acid'},
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E: Aminocaproic acid
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Q:You have been entrusted with the task of finding the causes of low birth weight in infants born in the health jurisdiction for which you are responsible. In 2017, there were 1,500 live births and, upon further inspection of the birth certificates, 108 of these children had a low birth weight (i.e. lower than 2,500 g), while 237 had mothers who smoked continuously during pregnancy. Further calculations have shown that the risk of low birth weight in smokers was 14% and in non-smokers, it was 7%, while the relative risk of low birth weight linked to cigarette smoking during pregnancy was 2%. In other words, women who smoked during pregnancy were twice as likely as those who did not smoke to deliver a low-weight infant. Using this data, you are also asked to calculate how much of the excess risk for low birth weight, in percentage terms, can be attributed to smoking. What is the attributable risk for smoking leading to low birth weight?? {'A': '10%', 'B': '20%', 'C': '30%', 'D': '40%', 'E': '50%'},
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E: 50%
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Q:A 63-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She has had numbness and burning sensation in her feet for 4 months. The pain is worse at rest and while sleeping. She has hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current medications include insulin, metformin, and atorvastatin. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 33 years. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 88/min, and blood pressure is 124/88 mm Hg. Examination shows full muscle strength and normal muscle tone in all extremities. Sensation to pinprick, light touch, and vibration is decreased over the soles of both feet. Ankle jerk is 1+ bilaterally. Biceps and triceps reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. Babinski sign is negative bilaterally. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 11.2 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 93 μm3 Hemoglobin A1C 8.2 % Serum Glucose 188 mg/dL Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Ankle-brachial index', 'B': 'MRI with contrast of the spine', 'C': 'Nerve conduction studies', 'D': 'Vitamin B12 therapy', 'E': 'Venlafaxine therapy'},
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E: Venlafaxine therapy
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Q:An 87-year-old man comes to the physician because of progressive involuntary urine dribbling over the past two years. He has to use the restroom more frequently than he used to and feels like he cannot fully empty his bladder. Physical examination shows a palpable suprapubic mass. An ultrasound image of the left kidney is shown. Which of the following is the most likely explanation of this patient's imaging findings?? {'A': 'Short intramural ureter segment', 'B': 'Compression of renal cortex and medulla', 'C': 'Posterior urethral valves', 'D': 'Chronic inflammation of renal interstitium', 'E': 'Formation of renal parenchymal cysts'},
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B: Compression of renal cortex and medulla
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Q:A 31-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0, at 10 weeks' gestation comes to the physician because of a rash on her upper arm that appeared 3 days ago. She has also had headaches and muscle aches for 1 day. She went on a camping trip in Maine 10 days ago. Her temperature is 39°C (102.2°F). A photograph of her rash is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?? {'A': 'Doxycycline', 'B': 'Clotrimazole', 'C': 'Ceftriaxone', 'D': 'Penicillin G', 'E': 'Amoxicillin'},
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E: Amoxicillin
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Q:An investigator studying immune-mediated pulmonary damage performs an autopsy on a bilateral lung transplant recipient who died of hypercapnic respiratory failure. The patient underwent lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Microscopic examination of the lung shows diffuse eosinophilic scarring of the terminal and respiratory bronchioles and near-complete luminal obliteration by polypoidal plugs of granulation tissue. Examination of the skin shows no abnormalities. The findings in this patient are most consistent with which of the following conditions?? {'A': 'Transfusion-related acute lung injury', 'B': 'Recurrence of primary disease', 'C': 'Chronic graft rejection', 'D': 'Acute graft-versus-host disease', 'E': 'Acute graft rejection'},
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C: Chronic graft rejection
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Q:A 5-month-old male infant from a consanguineous marriage presents with severe sunburns and freckling in sun exposed areas. The mother explains that the infant experiences these sunburns every time the infant goes outside despite applying copious amounts of sunscreen. Which of the following DNA repair mechanisms is defective in this child?? {'A': 'Nucleotide excision repair', 'B': 'Base excision repair', 'C': 'Mismatch repair', 'D': 'Homologous recombination', 'E': 'Non-homologous end joining'},
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A: Nucleotide excision repair
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Q:A 63-year-old woman comes to the physician because of diarrhea and weakness after her meals for 2 weeks. She has the urge to defecate 15–20 minutes after a meal and has 3–6 bowel movements a day. She also has palpitations, sweating, and needs to lie down soon after eating. One month ago, she underwent a distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. She had post-operative pneumonia, which was treated with cefotaxime. She returned from a vacation to Brazil 6 weeks ago. Her immunizations are up-to-date. She is 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall and weighs 51 kg (112 lb); BMI is 18.6 kg/m2. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a well-healed abdominal midline surgical scar. The abdomen is soft and nontender. Bowel sounds are hyperactive. Rectal examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Stool microscopy', 'B': 'Stool PCR test', 'C': 'Octreotide therapy', 'D': 'Metronidazole therapy', 'E': 'Dietary modifications'},
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E: Dietary modifications
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Q:A 19-year-old girl comes to her physician with blurred vision upon awakening for 3 months. When she wakes up in the morning, both eyelids are irritated, sore, and covered with a dry crust. Her symptoms improve after she takes a hot shower. She is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. She does not wear contact lenses. Recently, she became sexually active with a new male partner. Her temperature is 37.4°C (99.3°F), and pulse is 88/minute. Both eyes show erythema and irritation at the superior lid margin, and there are flakes at the base of the lashes. There is no discharge. Visual acuity is 20/20 bilaterally. Which of the following is the next best step in management?? {'A': 'Oral doxycycline', 'B': 'Topical cyclosporine', 'C': 'Topical erythromycin', 'D': 'Topical mupirocin', 'E': 'Lid hygiene and warm compresses'},
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E: Lid hygiene and warm compresses
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Q:A 50-year-old woman presents with acute onset fever and chills for the past hour. She mentions earlier in the day she felt blue, so she took some St. John’s wort because she was told by a friend that it helps with depression. Past medical history is significant for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and depression managed medically with captopril, metformin, and fluoxetine. She has no history of allergies. Her pulse is 130/min, the respiratory rate is 18/min, the blood pressure is 176/92 mm Hg, and the temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F). On physical examination, the patient is profusely diaphoretic and extremely irritable when asked questions. Oriented x 3. The abdomen is soft and nontender with no hepatosplenomegaly. Increased bowel sounds are heard in the abdomen. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ bilaterally and clonus is elicited. The sensation is decreased in the feet bilaterally. Mydriasis is present. Fingerstick glucose is 140 mg/dL. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia but is otherwise normal. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Neuroleptic malignant syndrome', 'B': 'Diabetic ketoacidosis', 'C': 'Anaphylactic reaction', 'D': 'Serotonin syndrome', 'E': 'Sepsis'},
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D: Serotonin syndrome
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Q:A 61-year-old Caucasian woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She feels well. She had a normal mammography 10 months ago and a normal serum lipid profile 3 years ago. Two years ago, a pap smear and testing for human papillomavirus were performed and were negative. She had a normal colonoscopy 6 years ago. HIV testing at that time was also negative. Her blood pressure and serum blood glucose were within normal limits during a routine visit 6 months ago. She is a retired university professor and lives together with her husband. She has no children. Menopause occurred 7 years ago. Her father developed colon cancer at the age of 75 years. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her only medication is a daily multivitamin. She is 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) tall and weighs 58 kg (128 lb); BMI is 22 kg/m2. Which of the following health maintenance recommendations is most appropriate at this time?? {'A': 'Serum HIV testing', 'B': 'Colonoscopy', 'C': 'Dual-energy x-ray bone absorptiometry', 'D': 'Fecal occult blood test', 'E': 'Reassurance'},
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E: Reassurance
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Q:A previously healthy 20-year-old woman comes to her physician because of pain during sexual intercourse. She recently became sexually active with her boyfriend. She has had no other sexual partners. She is frustrated because she has consistently been experiencing a severe, sharp vaginal pain on penetration. She has tried lubricants without significant relief. She has not been able to use tampons in the past due to similar pain with tampon insertion. External vulvar examination shows no abnormalities. She is unable to undergo a bimanual or speculum exam due to intracoital pain with attempted digit or speculum insertion. Testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae is negative. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Pelvic floor physical therapy', 'B': 'Vaginal Botox injections', 'C': 'Sex psychotherapy', 'D': 'Lorazepam', 'E': 'Vaginal estrogen cream\n"'},
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A: Pelvic floor physical therapy
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Q:A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of weakness, headache, and vomiting for 40 minutes. He is an amateur chef and his symptoms started 10 minutes after he ingested pufferfish that he had prepared. On arrival, he is lethargic. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 120/min, respirations are 8/min, and blood pressure is 92/64 mm Hg. He is intubated and mechanical ventilation is begun. Intravenous fluid resuscitation is started. The cause of this patient's condition exerts its effect by which of the following mechanisms of action?? {'A': 'Decrease in cell membrane permeability to sodium ions', 'B': 'Increase in cell membrane permeability to chloride ions', 'C': 'Decrease in cell membrane permeability to calcium ions', 'D': 'Decrease in cell membrane permeability to potassium ions', 'E': 'Increase in cell membrane permeability to calcium ions'},
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A: Decrease in cell membrane permeability to sodium ions
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Q:A group of scientists studies the effects of cytokines on effector cells, including leukocytes. They observe that interleukin (IL)–12 is secreted by antigen-presenting cells in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Which of the following responses will a CD4+ T cell produce when it is exposed to this interleukin?? {'A': 'Release of granzymes', 'B': 'Activation of B cells', 'C': 'Secretion of IL–4', 'D': 'Cell-mediated immune response', 'E': 'Response to extracellular pathogens'},
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D: Cell-mediated immune response
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Q:A 47-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with pain in her right knee. She states that the pain started last night and rapidly worsened, prompting her presentation for care. The patient has a past medical history of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Her current medications include corticosteroids, infliximab, ibuprofen, and aspirin. The patient denies any recent trauma to the joint. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), pulse is 112/min, blood pressure is 100/70 mmHg, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, you note erythema and edema of the right knee. There is limited range of motion due to pain of the right knee. Which of the following is the best initial step in management?? {'A': 'CT scan', 'B': 'Broad spectrum antibiotics', 'C': 'Aspiration', 'D': 'Surgical drainage', 'E': 'Conservative therapy'},
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C: Aspiration
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Q:An 11-year-old boy presents with a 2-day history of uncontrollable shivering. During admission, the patient’s vital signs are within normal limits, except for a fluctuating body temperature registering as low as 35.0°C (95.0°F) and as high as 40.0°C (104.0°F), requiring alternating use of cooling and warming blankets. A complete blood count (CBC) is normal, and a chest radiograph is negative for consolidations and infiltrates. An MRI of the brain reveals a space-occupying lesion infiltrating the posterior hypothalamus and extending laterally. Which of the following additional findings are most likely, based on this patient’s physical examination?? {'A': 'Hyperphagia', 'B': 'Anorexia', 'C': 'Galactorrhea', 'D': 'Sleep disturbances', 'E': 'Polyuria'},
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B: Anorexia
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Q:A 9-month-old girl is brought to the emergency department because of a 3-day history of fever, irritability, and discharge from her right ear. She had an episode of ear pain and fever three weeks ago. Her parents did not seek medical advice and the symptoms improved with symptomatic treatment. There is no family history of frequent infections. She appears ill. Her temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F). Physical examination shows erythema and tenderness in the right postauricular region, and lateral and inferior displacement of the auricle. Otoscopy shows a bulging and cloudy tympanic membrane, with pus oozing out. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 11.5 g/dL Leukocyte count 15,800/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 80% Eosinophils 1% Lymphocytes 17% Monocytes 2% Platelet count 258,000/mm3 Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Topical 0.3% ciprofloxacine therapy', 'B': 'Phenylephrine nasal drops therapy', 'C': 'CT scan of the temporal bone', 'D': 'Oral amoxicillin therapy', 'E': 'Oral aspirin therapy'},
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C: CT scan of the temporal bone
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 17-year-old boy is brought to the physician with complaints of an ataxic gait and hearing deficits for the past few days. His parents also reported a history of tonic gaze deviation on the right side and the spontaneous remission of a similar episode 6 months ago. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 20/min. On physical examination, no abnormality is found, but evoked potential tests are abnormal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head shows multiple lesions with high T2 signal intensity and one large white matter lesion showing contrast enhancement. His laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 12.9 g/dL CSF leukocyte count 1000/μL CSF gamma globulin 15.4% (normal 7–14%) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 16 mm/h Which of the following most likely explains the mechanism of this condition?? {'A': 'Type I hypersensitivity', 'B': 'Type II hypersensitivity', 'C': 'Type III hypersensitivity', 'D': 'Type IV hypersensitivity', 'E': 'Type V hypersensitivity'},
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D: Type IV hypersensitivity
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Q:A 75-year-old male is diagnosed with advanced metastatic prostate cancer. After further evaluation and staging, the patient is started on flutamide therapy. Addition of which of the following medications to this patient’s medication regimen would be of greatest benefit in the treatment of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Leuprolide', 'B': 'Anastrozole', 'C': 'Clomiphene', 'D': 'Tamoxifen', 'E': 'Cyproterone'},
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A: Leuprolide
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Q:A 28-year-old man comes to the physician because of a persistent tingling sensation in the right side of his face. The sensation began after he underwent an extraction of an impacted molar 2 weeks ago. Examination shows decreased sensation of the skin over the right side of the mandible, chin, and the anterior portion of the tongue. Taste sensation is preserved. The affected nerve exits the skull through which of the following openings?? {'A': 'Foramen magnum', 'B': 'Hypoglossal canal', 'C': 'Foramen ovale', 'D': 'Foramen rotundum', 'E': 'Stylomastoid foramen'},
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C: Foramen ovale
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 3-year-old male presents with his parents to a pediatrician for a new patient visit. The child was recently adopted and little is known about his prior medical or family history. The parents report that the child seems to be doing well, but they are concerned because the patient is much larger than any of the other 3-year-olds in his preschool class. They report that he eats a varied diet at home, and that they limit juice and snack foods. On physical exam, the patient is in the 73rd percentile for weight, 99th percentile for height, and 86th percentile for head circumference. He appears mildly developmentally delayed. He has a fair complexion and tall stature with a prominent sternum. The patient also has joint hypermobility and hyperelastic skin. He appears to have poor visual acuity and is referred to an ophthalmologist, who diagnoses downward lens subluxation of the right eye. This child is most likely to develop which of the following complications?? {'A': 'Aortic dissection', 'B': 'Medullary thyroid cancer', 'C': 'Osteoarthritis', 'D': 'Thromboembolic stroke', 'E': 'Wilms tumor'},
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D: Thromboembolic stroke
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Q:A 21-year-old woman is evaluated for dry cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness which occur episodically 1–2 times per week. She notes that she develops significant shortness of breath when running, especially during cool weather. She also says she has 1 episode of coughing attacks during the night per month. She denies any history of tobacco use. Medical history is significant for atopic dermatitis as a child, although she now rarely experiences skin flares. Family history is non-contributory. Vital signs include a temperature of 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure of 115/75 mm Hg, and heart rate of 88/min. Her pulse oximetry is 98% on room air. Physical examination reveals normal air entry and no wheezes. A chest X-ray is normal. Spirometry findings are within normal parameters. Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Sweat chloride test', 'B': 'Methacholine challenge test', 'C': 'Skin-prick testing', 'D': 'Ciliary studies', 'E': 'Clinical observation without further evaluation'},
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B: Methacholine challenge test
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 17-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of swelling of his face and legs for 5 days. He immigrated to the United States from Korea with his family 10 years ago. He has been healthy except for an episode of sore throat 2 weeks ago. His younger sister has type 1 diabetes mellitus. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure is 145/87 mm Hg. Examination shows periorbital edema and 3+ pitting edema of the lower extremities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13.9 g/dL Leukocyte count 8,100/mm3 Serum Glucose 78 mg/dL Albumin 2.4 g/dL Hepatitis B surface antigen positive Hepatitis B surface antibody negative Complement C4 decreased Urine Blood negative Protein 4+ Glucose negative Protein/creatinine ratio 8.1 (N ≤ 0.2) Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following additional findings?"? {'A': 'Subepithelial deposits on renal biopsy', 'B': 'Eosinophilic nodules on renal biopsy', 'C': 'Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody level in serum', 'D': 'Normal-appearing glomeruli on renal biopsy', 'E': 'Increased IgA levels in serum'},
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A: Subepithelial deposits on renal biopsy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 45-year-old man comes to the physician because of fatigue and joint pain for 8 months. He has pain in both knees, both elbows, and diffuse muscle pain. He does not have dyspnea. He also had several episodes of a nonpruritic rash on his lower extremities. Eight years ago, the patient was diagnosed with hepatitis C. His temperature is 37.9°C (100.2°F), pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Examination of the lower extremities shows raised purple papules that do not blanch when pressure is applied. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13.9 g/dL Leukocyte count 8,500/mm3 Platelets 160,000/mm3 Serum Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL ALT 123 U/L AST 113 U/L Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?"? {'A': 'Elevated perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies', 'B': 'Elevated IgA in serum', 'C': 'Granulomatous inflammation of vessels', 'D': 'Positive pathergy test', 'E': 'Hypocomplementemia'},
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E: Hypocomplementemia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 46-year-old homeless man was found wandering aimlessly in the supermarket. On examination, he is confused and said that the President appointed men to kill him because he is disclosing state secrets to extraterrestrial organisms. The man also has horizontal nystagmus and an ataxic gait. What is the most likely cause of the clinical presentation?? {'A': 'Hypothyroidism', 'B': 'Trinucleotide repeat disorder', 'C': 'Neurofibrillary tangles', 'D': 'Atrophy of globus pallidus', 'E': 'Necrosis of mammillary bodies'},
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E: Necrosis of mammillary bodies
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