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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 70-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination of diffuse exertional chest pain which he has successfully been treating with sublingual nitroglycerin for the past year. The patient has been taking lisinopril daily for essential hypertension. His pulse is 75/min and regular, and blood pressure is 155/90 mm Hg. Cardiac and pulmonary examination show no abnormalities; there is no peripheral edema. A decrease of which of the following is the most likely explanation for the improvement of this patient's chest pain?? {'A': 'Ventricular compliance', 'B': 'Peripheral arterial resistance', 'C': 'Electrical conduction speed', 'D': 'Venous pooling', 'E': 'End-diastolic pressure'},
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E: End-diastolic pressure
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 78-year-old woman living in New Jersey is brought to the emergency department in July with a fever for 5 days. Lethargy is present. She has had bloody urine over the last 48 hours but denies any nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. She has not traveled anywhere outside her city for the past several years. She appears ill. The temperature is 40.8℃ (105.4℉), the pulse is 108/min, the respiration rate is 20/min, and the blood pressure is 105/50 mm Hg. The abdominal exam reveals hepatosplenomegaly. Lymphadenopathy is absent. Petechiae are seen on the lower extremities. Laboratory studies show the following: Laboratory test Hemoglobin 8 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 98 µm3 Leukocyte count 4,200/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 32% Lymphocytes 58% Platelet count 108,000/mm3 Bilirubin, total 5.0 mg/dL Direct 0.7 mg/dL Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 51 U/L Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 56 U/L Alkaline phosphatase 180 U/L Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 640 U/L (N = 140–280 U/L) Haptoglobin 20 mg/dL (N = 30–200 mg/dL) Urine Hemoglobin + Urobilinogen + Protein + A peripheral blood smear is shown (see image). Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Babesiosis', 'B': 'Lyme disease', 'C': 'Malaria', 'D': 'Plague', 'E': 'Leishmaniasis'},
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A: Babesiosis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 26-year-old woman is referred to a reproduction specialist because of an inability to conceive. She comes with her husband, who was previously examined for causes of male infertility, but was shown to be healthy. The patient has a history of 2 pregnancies at the age of 15 and 17, which were both terminated in the first trimester. She had menarche at the age of 11, and her menstrual cycles began to be regular at the age of 13. Her menses are now regular, but painful and heavy. Occasionally, she notes a mild pain in the lower left quadrant of her abdomen. Her past medical history is also significant for episodes of depression, but she currently denies any depressive symptoms. Current medications are sertraline daily and cognitive-behavioral therapy twice a week. After reviewing her history, the doctor suggests performing an exploratory laparoscopy with salpingoscopy. He explains the flow of the procedure and describes the risks and benefits of the procedure to the patient and her husband. The patient says she understands all the risks and benefits and agrees to undergo the procedure, but her husband disagrees and insists that he should have the final word because his wife is "a mentally unstable woman." Which of the following is correct about the informed consent for the procedure in this patient?? {'A': 'The patient can make the decision about the treatment herself because she does not show signs of decision-making incapability.', 'B': 'The decision must be made by both the wife and the husband because of the patient’s mental illness.', 'C': 'Because of the patient’s mental disease, the consent should be given by her husband.', 'D': 'Informed consent is not necessary in this case because the benefit of the procedure for the patient is obvious.', 'E': 'The patient does not have the capacity to make her own decisions because she is taking a psychotropic medication.'},
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A: The patient can make the decision about the treatment herself because she does not show signs of decision-making incapability.
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 28-year-old man is referred to the dermatologist for 2 months of increasing appearance of multiple smooth, circular patches of complete hair loss on his scalp. He says that the patches have associated pruritus and a burning sensation, and are not improving with the over-the-counter products recommended by his hair stylist. He denies pulling his hair intentionally. Physical examination reveals no epidermal inflammation or erythema, and no fluorescence is detected under Wood’s lamp. A punch biopsy shows a peribulbar lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate surrounding anagen follicles, resembling a swarm of bees. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Tinea capitis', 'B': 'Telogen effluvium', 'C': 'Lichen planopilaris', 'D': 'Androgenic alopecia', 'E': 'Alopecia areata'},
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E: Alopecia areata
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 71-year-old woman presents to her hematologist-oncologist for follow up after having begun doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in addition to radiation therapy for the treatment of her stage 3 breast cancer. Her past medical history is significant for preeclampsia, hypertension, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and hypercholesterolemia. She currently smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day, drinks a glass of wine per day, and denies any illicit drug use. The vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 111/min, and respiratory rate 23/min. On physical examination, the pulses are strong and irregular, she has a grade 3/6 holosystolic murmur heard best at the left upper sternal border, clear bilateral breath sounds, and erythema over her site of radiation. Which of the following statements regarding doxorubicin is true?? {'A': 'Doxorubicin frequently causes an acneiform rash', 'B': 'Doxorubicin will increase her risk for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)', 'C': 'Doxorubicin has a maximum lifetime dose, due to the risk of cardiac toxicity', 'D': 'Doxorubicin has a maximum lifetime dose, due to the risk of pulmonary toxicity', 'E': 'Doxorubicin frequently causes cystitis'},
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C: Doxorubicin has a maximum lifetime dose, due to the risk of cardiac toxicity
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 34-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of left testicular swelling. He has no pain. He underwent a left inguinal hernia repair as a child. He takes no medications. He appears healthy. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows an enlarged, nontender left testicle. When the patient is asked to cough, there is no bulge present in the scrotum. When a light is held behind the scrotum, it does not shine through. There is no inguinal lymphadenopathy. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 14.5 g/dL Leukocyte count 8,800/mm3 Platelet count 345,000/mm3 Serum Glucose 88 mg/dL Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL Total bilirubin 0.7 mg/dL Alkaline phosphatase 35 U/L AST 15 U/L ALT 14 U/L Lactate dehydrogenase 60 U/L β-Human chorionic gonadotropin 80 mIU/mL (N < 5) α-Fetoprotein 6 ng/mL (N < 10) Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"? {'A': 'Leydig cell tumor', 'B': 'Spermatocele of testis', 'C': 'Choriocarcinoma', 'D': 'Yolk sac tumor', 'E': 'Seminoma'},
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E: Seminoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 33-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with pain in her right wrist. She says she was walking on the sidewalk a few hours ago when she suddenly slipped and landed forcefully on her outstretched right hand with her palm facing down. The patient is afebrile, and vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination of her right wrist shows mild edema and tenderness on the lateral side of the right hand with a decreased range of motion. Sensation is intact. The patient is able to make a fist and OK sign with her right hand. A plain radiograph of her right wrist is shown in the image. Which of the following bones is most likely fractured in this patient?? {'A': "Bone labeled 'A'", 'B': "Bone labeled 'B'", 'C': "Bone labeled 'C'", 'D': "Bone labeled 'D'", 'E': "Bone labeled 'E'"},
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D: Bone labeled 'D'
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 24-year-old primigravida presents to her physician for regular prenatal care at 31 weeks gestation . She has no complaints and the antepartum course has been uncomplicated. Her pre-gestational history is significant for obesity (BMI = 30.5 kg/m2). She has gained a total of 10 kg (22.4 lb) during pregnancy,; and 2 kg (4.48 lb) since her last visit 4 weeks ago. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 145/90 mm Hg; heart rate, 87/min; respiratory rate, 14/min; and temperature, 36.7℃ (98℉). The fetal heart rate is 153/min. The physical examination shows no edema and is only significant for a 2/6 systolic murmur best heard at the apex of the heart. A 24-hour urine is negative for protein. Which of the following options describe the best management strategy in this case?? {'A': 'Admission to hospital for observation', 'B': 'Treatment in outpatient settings with labetalol', 'C': 'Observation in the outpatient settings', 'D': 'Treatment in the inpatient settings with methyldopa', 'E': 'Treatment in the outpatient settings with nifedipine'},
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C: Observation in the outpatient settings
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 17-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his father because of fever, congestion, and malaise for the past 2 days. He reports a sensation of pressure over his nose and cheeks. Over the past year, he has had an intermittent cough productive of green sputum and lately has noticed some streaks of blood in the sputum. He has had over 10 episodes of sinusitis, all of which were successfully treated with antibiotics. There is no family history of serious illness. The patient's vaccinations are up-to-date. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows tenderness to palpation over both cheeks. Crackles and rhonchi are heard on auscultation of the chest. Cardiac examination shows an absence of heart sounds along the left lower chest. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient?? {'A': 'Defective interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain', 'B': 'Absence of B lymphocytes', 'C': 'Increased forced expiratory volume', 'D': 'Increased sweat chloride levels', 'E': 'Immotile sperm'},
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E: Immotile sperm
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 26-year-old woman presents with episodes of intermittent fever, arthralgias, constant fatigue, weight loss, and plaque-like rash on sun-exposed areas, which have been gradually increasing over the last 6 months. On presentation, her vital signs include: blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 87/min, respiratory rate is 14/min, and temperature is 37.5°C (99.5°F). Physical examination reveals an erythematous scaling rash on the patient’s face distributed in a ‘butterfly-like’ fashion, erythematous keratinized patches on the sun-exposed areas, and mild lower leg edema. During the workup, the patient is found to be positive for anti-Sm (anti-Smith) antibodies. Which process is altered in this patient?? {'A': 'Base-excision repair', 'B': 'DNA transcription', 'C': 'Protein folding', 'D': 'Mismatch repair', 'E': 'Ineffective clearance of cellular debris'},
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E: Ineffective clearance of cellular debris
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A medical student is reviewing dose-response curves of various experimental drugs. She is specifically interested in the different factors that cause the curve to shift in different directions. From her study, she plots the following graph (see image). She marks the blue curve for drug A, which acts optimally on a receptor. After drawing the second (green) curve, she discovers that this drug B has a lower ability to produce a reaction than the first one. She also discovers that more of the second drug B is required to produce the same response as the first one. Which of the following terms best describes the activity of drug B in comparison to drug A?? {'A': 'Lower potency', 'B': 'Higher efficacy', 'C': 'Higher potency', 'D': 'Increased affinity', 'E': 'Decreased efficacy'},
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A: Lower potency
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 40-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of a lump on her neck. The lump is mildly painful. She appears healthy. Examination shows a swelling on the left side of her neck that moves on swallowing. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Her TSH is 3.6 μU/mL. Ultrasound shows a 0.4-cm (0.15-in) hypoechoic mass in the left thyroid lobe. Fine-needle aspiration of the mass shows neoplastic follicular cells. Molecular analysis of the aspirate shows a mutation in the RAS gene. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Watchful waiting', 'B': 'Thyroid lobectomy', 'C': 'External beam radiation', 'D': 'Radioiodine therapy', 'E': 'Total thyroidectomy'},
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B: Thyroid lobectomy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 46-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider for itching. She reports that she has always had dry skin but that the itching has gotten significantly worse over the last few years. The patient also endorses fatigue and dull abdominal pain. Her past medical history includes Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, mitral valve prolapse, and osteoarthritis. She takes levothyroxine and ibuprofen for pain in her knees. The patient drinks 2-3 beers per week. She has a 10 pack-year smoking history but quit 15 years ago. She denies any family history of cancer. On physical exam, her sclera are anicteric. Her abdomen is soft and tender to palpation in the right upper quadrant. Her bowel sounds are normal and hepatomegaly is present. A right upper quadrant ultrasound shows no evidence of extrahepatic biliary dilation. Laboratory studies are performed which reveal the following: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 76 U/L Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 57 U/L Alkaline phosphatase: 574 U/L Total bilirubin: 1.6 mg/dL This patient is most likely to have which of the following additional findings?? {'A': 'Hyperlipidemia', 'B': 'Skin hyperpigmentation', 'C': 'Anti-smooth muscle antibodies', 'D': 'Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies', 'E': 'Personality changes'},
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A: Hyperlipidemia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 67-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus and benign prostatic hyperplasia comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of sneezing and clear nasal discharge. He has had similar symptoms occasionally in the past. His current medications include metformin and tamsulosin. Examination of the nasal cavity shows red, swollen turbinates. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Desloratadine', 'B': 'Theophylline', 'C': 'Diphenhydramine', 'D': 'Nizatidine', 'E': 'Amoxicillin'},
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A: Desloratadine
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 24-year-old man presents with recurrent abdominal pain, diarrhea with fatty porridge-like stools and occasional blood up to 8 times per day, joint pain, and weight loss. Ileocolonoscopy shows regions of erythema, swelling, and cobblestone-like appearance of the ascending colon and terminal ileum. Targeted biopsies are taken for evaluation. One of the slides, which underwent histological assessment, is shown in the image. Which of the following best describes the histologic finding marked with the blue circle?? {'A': 'Crypt ulcer', 'B': 'Cryptitis', 'C': 'Granuloma', 'D': 'Epithelial cell dysplasia', 'E': 'Goblet cell aplasia'},
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B: Cryptitis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 56-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of progressively worsening shortness of breath and fever for 2 days. He also has a nonproductive cough. He does not have chest pain or headache. He has chronic myeloid leukemia and had a bone marrow transplant 3 months ago. His current medications include busulfan, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and methylprednisolone. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 103/min, respirations are 26/min, and blood pressure is 130/70 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 93%. Pulmonary examination shows diffuse crackles. The spleen tip is palpated 4 cm below the left costal margin. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 10.3 g/dL Leukocyte count 4,400/mm3 Platelet count 160,000/mm3 Serum Glucose 78 mg/dL Creatinine 2.1 mg/dL D-dimer 96 ng/mL (N < 250) pp65 antigen positive Galactomannan antigen negative Urinalysis is normal. An x-ray of the chest shows diffuse bilateral interstitial infiltrates. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?"? {'A': 'Levofloxacin', 'B': 'Valganciclovir', 'C': 'Acyclovir', 'D': 'Ganciclovir', 'E': 'Azithromycin'},
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D: Ganciclovir
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 20-year-old student is referred to his college's student health department because his roommates are concerned about his recent behavior. He rarely leaves his room, has not showered in several days, appears to be praying constantly even though he is not religious, and has not been studying despite previously being an extremely good student. After evaluating this patient, a physician decides to recommend initiation of pharmacological treatment. The patient's family is concerned because they heard that the drug being recommended may be associated with heart problems. Which of the following characteristics is a property of the most likely drug that was prescribed in this case?? {'A': 'Associated with development of corneal deposits', 'B': 'Associated with development of retinal deposits', 'C': 'Higher affinity for receptors than comparable drugs', 'D': 'Less sedation and hypotension than comparable drugs', 'E': 'More extrapyramidal symptoms than comparable drugs'},
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B: Associated with development of retinal deposits
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A researcher is investigating the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage associated with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment in severe ischemic stroke. The outcomes of a large randomized controlled trial of ischemic stroke patients, some of whom were randomized to tPA, is shown: Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage No symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage Received tPA 12 188 Did not receive tPA 25 475 Based on this data, how many patients with severe ischemic stroke would need to be treated with tPA, on average, to contribute to one case of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage?"? {'A': '6', 'B': '0.01', 'C': '13', 'D': '1.2', 'E': '100'},
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E: 100
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An 31-year-old Israeli male with a history of heavy smoking presents to your office with painful ulcerations on his hands and feet. Upon examination, he is found to have hypersensitivity to intradermally injected tobacco extract. Which of the following processes is most likely responsible for his condition?? {'A': 'Increased endothelial permeability', 'B': 'Necrotizing inflammation involving renal arteries', 'C': 'Segmental vasculitis of small and medium-sized arteries', 'D': 'Eosinophil-rich granulomatous inflammation', 'E': 'Concentric thickening of the arteriolar wall'},
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C: Segmental vasculitis of small and medium-sized arteries
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of increasing swelling of his legs and generalized fatigue for 1 month. During this period he has also had a productive cough and shortness of breath. He has been unable to carry out his daily activities. He has a history of recurrent respiratory tract infections and chronic nasal congestion since childhood. He has a 3-month history of foul-smelling and greasy stools. He is at 4th percentile for height and weight. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 112/min, respirations are 23/min, and blood pressure is 104/64 mm Hg. Examination shows clubbing of his fingers and scoliosis. There is 2+ pitting edema of the lower extremities. Jugular venous distention is present. Inspiratory crackles are heard in the thorax. Cardiac examination shows a loud S2. The abdomen is mildly distended and the liver is palpated 2 cm below the right costal margin. Hepato-jugular reflux is present. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Minimal change disease', 'B': 'Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy', 'C': 'Protein malnutrition', 'D': 'Goodpasture syndrome', 'E': 'Cystic fibrosis'},
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E: Cystic fibrosis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 49-year-old female with a long history of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus visits her primary care physician with 2+ non-pitting edema in her legs. The patient has a serum creatinine of 2.9 mg/dL and a blood urea nitrogen of 61 mg/dL. A 24-hour urine collection reveals 8.5 grams of protein. A renal biopsy is obtained. Which of the following histologic findings is most likely to be seen upon tissue analysis:? {'A': 'Normal glomeruli', 'B': 'Nodular thickening of the glomerular basement membrane', 'C': 'Crescentic proliferation in Bowman’s space', 'D': 'Lymphocytic infiltration of glomerular tufts', 'E': 'Non-caseating interstitial granuloma'},
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B: Nodular thickening of the glomerular basement membrane
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 72-year-old man with longstanding history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension presents to the emergency department with sudden-onset numbness. On your neurological exam, you note that he has loss of sensation on the left side of his face, arm, and leg. His motor strength exam is normal, as are his cranial nerves. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for his presentation?? {'A': 'Anterior cerebral artery stroke', 'B': 'Middle cerebral artery stroke', 'C': 'Conversion disorder', 'D': 'Thalamic stroke', 'E': 'Basilar artery stroke'},
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D: Thalamic stroke
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 24-year-old graduate student is brought to the emergency department by her boyfriend because of chest pain that started 90 minutes ago. Her boyfriend says she has been taking medication to help her study for an important exam and has not slept in several days. On examination, she is diaphoretic, agitated, and attempts to remove her IV lines and ECG leads. Her temperature is 37.6°C (99.7°F), pulse is 128/min, and blood pressure is 163/97 mmHg. Her pupils are dilated. The most appropriate next step in management is the administration of which of the following?? {'A': 'Dantrolene', 'B': 'Activated charcoal', 'C': 'Ketamine', 'D': 'Lorazepam', 'E': 'Haloperidol'},
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D: Lorazepam
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 19-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting for 4 hours. Initially, the pain was dull and located diffusely around his umbilicus, but it has now become sharper and moved towards his lower right side. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. His temperature is 38.2°C (100.7°F) and blood pressure is 123/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows severe right lower quadrant tenderness without rebound or guarding; bowel sounds are decreased. His hemoglobin concentration is 14.2 g/dL, leukocyte count is 12,000/mm3, and platelet count is 280,000/mm3. Abdominal ultrasonography shows a dilated noncompressible appendix with distinct wall layers and echogenic periappendiceal fat. Intravenous fluid resuscitation is begun. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Begin bowel rest and nasogastric aspiration', 'B': 'Perform percutaneous drainage', 'C': 'Prescribe oral amoxicillin and clavulanic acid', 'D': 'Perform interval appendectomy', 'E': 'Perform laparoscopic appendectomy'},
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E: Perform laparoscopic appendectomy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 57-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 2 hours after the onset of severe nausea and vomiting. He also has cramping abdominal pain and feels fatigued. Two months ago, he injured his lumbar spine in a car accident and lost complete motor and sensory function below the level of injury. He has been bedridden ever since and is cared for at home. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus and renal insufficiency. Examination shows dry mucosal membranes and sensory impairment with flaccid paralysis in both lower limbs that is consistent with prior examinations. Laboratory studies show: Serum Calcium 12.8 mg/dL Parathyroid hormone, N-terminal 180 pg/mL Thyroid-stimulating hormone 2.5 μU/mL Thyroxine 8 μg/dL Calcitriol Decreased Creatinine 2.6 mg/dL Urine Calcium 550 mg/24 h In addition to administration of intravenous 0.9% saline and calcitonin, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Reduced calcium intake', 'B': 'Thiazide diuretics', 'C': 'Hemodialysis', 'D': 'Bisphosphonates', 'E': 'Glucocorticoids'},
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D: Bisphosphonates
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 49-year-old homeless man comes to the emergency department because of fatigue, cough, and worsening shortness of breath for 2 weeks. He was diagnosed with HIV-infection 25 years ago but has never had any symptoms. He has always refused to take antiretroviral medication. Pulmonary examination shows diffuse crackles over bilateral lower lung fields. An x-ray of the chest shows diffuse, symmetrical interstitial infiltrates. His serum level of beta-d-glucan is elevated. Further testing shows a heterozygous mutation that prevents entry of HIV into macrophages. Which of the following proteins is most likely affected by the mutation in this patient?? {'A': 'ICAM-1', 'B': 'CCR5', 'C': 'Gp120', 'D': 'CD4', 'E': 'P antigen'},
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B: CCR5
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 30-year-old man presents to the emergency department with complaints of red, pinkish urine in the morning. He adds that he has been feeling some abdominal pain. The patient is not taking any medication, and his laboratory test results are as follows: Hb 11.0 g/dL RBC 3.7 x 1012/L WBC 4,000/mm3 PLT 100,000/mm3 Reticulocytes 17% of red cells Coombs test Negative Blood smear Polychromasia Which statement is true about this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Eculizumab can be used to treat this condition', 'B': 'CD25 deficiency is expected to be seen', 'C': 'Patient is at great risk for bleeding', 'D': 'Rituximab therapy is effective', 'E': 'Urinary hemosiderin testing will be negative'},
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A: Eculizumab can be used to treat this condition
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 15-year-old man presents with his father to the urgent care with 5 days of frequent diarrhea, occasionally with streaks of blood mixed in. Stool cultures are pending, but preliminary stool samples demonstrate fecal leukocytes and erythrocytes. His vital signs are as follows: blood pressure is 126/83 mm Hg, heart rate is 97/min, and respiratory rate is 15/min. He is started on outpatient therapy for presumed Shigella infection. Which of the following is the most appropriate therapy?? {'A': 'IV erythromycin', 'B': 'Oral metronidazole', 'C': 'Oral vancomycin', 'D': 'Oral doxycycline', 'E': 'Oral TMP-SMX'},
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E: Oral TMP-SMX
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:During subject selection for an infant neurological development study, a child is examined by the primary investigator. She is at the 80th percentile for length and weight. She has started crawling. She looks for dropped objects. She says mama and dada non-specifically. She can perform the pincer grasp. Which of the following additional skills or behaviors would be expected in a healthy patient of this developmental age?? {'A': 'Engages in pretend play', 'B': 'Pulls up to stand', 'C': 'Points to 3 body parts', 'D': 'Says at least 1 word clearly', 'E': 'Turns pages in a book'},
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B: Pulls up to stand
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 52-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 3-week history of abdominal distention, yellow coloring of the skin, and dark urine. He also reports malaise and progressive shortness of breath, associated with slight exertion, for several weeks. The patient is a chronic drinker, and he was diagnosed with cirrhosis 2 years ago. He was warned to stop drinking alcohol, but he continues to drink. He hasn’t accepted any more testing and has refused to visit the doctor until now. His vital signs are heart rate 62/min, respiratory rate 26/min, temperature 37.4°C (99.3°F), and blood pressure 117/95 mm Hg. On physical examination, there is dyspnea and polypnea. Skin and sclera are jaundiced. The abdomen has visible collateral circulation and looks distended. There is diffuse abdominal pain upon palpation in the right hemiabdomen, and the liver is palpated 10 cm below the right costal border. The legs show significant edema. CT scan shows cirrhosis with portal hypertension and collateral circulation. During the fifth day of his hospital stay, the patient presents with oliguria and altered mental status. Laboratory studies show: Day 1 Day 5 Hemoglobin 12.1 g/dL 11.2 g/dL Hematocrit 33.3% 31.4% Leukocyte count 7,000/mm3 6,880/mm3 Platelet count 220,000/mm3 134,000/mm3 Total bilirubin 20.4 mg/dL 28.0 mg/dL Direct bilirubin 12.6 mg/dL 21.7 mg/dL Creatinine 2.2 mg/dL 2.9 mg/dL Albumin 3.4 g/dL 2.6 g/dL PT 5 s 16.9 s aPTT 19 s 35 s Urinalysis Negative for nitrite Negative for leukocyte esterase 0–2 RBCs per high power field 0–1 WBC per high power field No evidence of casts or proteinuria What is the most likely cause of this patient’s increased creatinine?? {'A': 'Acute tubular necrosis', 'B': 'Chronic kidney disease', 'C': 'Glomerulonephritis', 'D': 'Hepatorenal syndrome', 'E': 'Pyelonephritis'},
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D: Hepatorenal syndrome
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 73-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of fever and a productive cough for 2 days. He has had increasing fatigue and dyspnea for the past 2 weeks. During this time he has lost 3 kg (6.6 lb). He received chemotherapy for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) 1 year ago. He is currently on supportive treatment and regular blood transfusions. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. The vital signs include: temperature 38.5℃ (101.3℉), pulse 93/min, respiratory rate 18/min, and blood pressure 110/65 mm Hg. He has petechiae distally on the lower extremities and several purpura on the trunk and extremities. Several enlarged lymph nodes are detected in the axillary and cervical regions on both sides. On auscultation of the lungs, crackles are heard in the left lower lobe area. Physical examination of the heart and abdomen shows no abnormalities. The laboratory studies show the following: Hemoglobin 9 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 95 μm3 Leukocyte count 18,000/mm3 Platelet count 40,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 11 sec (INR = 1) Based on these findings, this patient is most likely to have developed which of the following?? {'A': 'Acute myeloid leukemia', 'B': 'Burkitt lymphoma', 'C': 'Disseminated intravascular coagulation', 'D': 'Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema', 'E': 'Small cell lung cancer'},
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A: Acute myeloid leukemia
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Q:A 1-year-old girl is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. She has no history of serious illness. She receives a vaccine in which a polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. Which of the following pathogens is the most likely target of this vaccine?? {'A': 'Clostridium tetani', 'B': 'Hepatitis A virus', 'C': 'Varicella zoster virus', 'D': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'E': 'Bordetella pertussis'},
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D: Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Q:A 27-year-old G1P1001 is recovering in the postpartum unit three days after a Caesarean section. Her surgery was indicated for breech presentation of the infant. She was at 40 weeks and 2 days gestation at the time of delivery. The patient is now complaining of purulent discharge and continued heavy bleeding. She also notes difficulty and discomfort with urination. The patient’s prenatal course was complicated by one episode of pyelonephritis, which was treated with intravenous ceftriaxone and suppression nitrofurantoin for the remainder of the pregnancy. The patient has a medical history of generalized anxiety disorder and atopic dermatitis. On the third postpartum day, her temperature is 101.2°F (38.4°C), pulse is 112/min, blood pressure is 118/71 mmHg, and respirations are 13/min. Exam reveals that she is uncomfortable and diaphoretic. Her lochia is purulent with several blood clots, and her uterus is slightly boggy and soft. There is mild tenderness with uterine manipulation. Which of the following is the best next step in management for this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Urinalysis and urine culture', 'B': 'Endometrial culture', 'C': 'Clindamycin', 'D': 'Clindamycin and gentamicin', 'E': 'Ceftriaxone'},
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D: Clindamycin and gentamicin
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Q:One week after admission to the hospital for an extensive left middle cerebral artery stroke, a 91-year-old woman is unable to communicate, walk, or safely swallow food. She has been without nutrition for the duration of her hospitalization. The patient's sister requests placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube for nutrition. The patient's husband declines the intervention. There is no living will. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action by the physician?? {'A': 'Proceed with PEG placement', 'B': 'Consult the hospital ethics committee', 'C': 'Initiate total parenteral nutrition', 'D': 'Encourage a family meeting', 'E': 'Transfer to a physician specialized in hospice care'},
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D: Encourage a family meeting
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Q:A 59-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of severe flank pain. He says that the pain came on suddenly while he was at home and is located on his right side. He also says that he has had fever and chills for the last 2 days, but he did not seek medical attention because he assumed that it was just a cold. His past medical history is significant for intermittent kidney stones, hypertension, peptic ulcer disease, and low back pain. He says that he takes vitamin supplements, antihypertensives, a proton pump inhibitor, and occasional over the counter pain medicine though he doesn't recall the names of these drugs. He also drinks socially with his friends but does not exceed 2 drinks per day. Physical exam reveals severe costovertebral angle tenderness as well as gross hematuria. A computed tomography scan is obtained showing ring shadows in the medullae of the right kidney. Which of the following most likely contributed to the development of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Alcohol', 'B': 'Antihypertensives', 'C': 'Pain medicine', 'D': 'Proton pump inhibitor', 'E': 'Vitamin supplement'},
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C: Pain medicine
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Q:A 13-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents for severe right hip pain that suddenly started about 2 hours ago. The parents are extremely anxious and feel overwhelmed because the boy has been hospitalized several times in the past for similar episodes of pain. The boy was born at 39 weeks of gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccinations and is meeting all developmental milestones. His only medication is hydroxyurea, which he has been receiving for 3 years. His blood pressure is 125/84 mm Hg, the respirations are 23/min, the pulse is 87/min, and the temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F). On physical examination, the patient is in distress and has severe pain (8/10) elicited by gentle palpation of the right femoral head. Which of the following conditions has the same pathophysiology as the likely diagnosis for the patient described in this case?? {'A': 'Iliotibial band syndrome', 'B': 'Osgood-Schlatter disease', 'C': 'Legg-Calve-Perthes disease', 'D': 'Posterior dislocation of the hip', 'E': 'Developmental dysplasia of the hip'},
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C: Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
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Q:A 21-year-old woman is diagnosed with a rare subtype of anti-NMDA encephalitis. During the diagnostic workup, she was found to have an ovarian teratoma. Her physician is curious about the association between anti-NMDA encephalitis and ovarian teratomas. A causal relationship between this subtype of anti-NMDA encephalitis and ovarian teratomas is suspected. The physician aims to identify patients with anti-NMDA encephalitis and subsequently evaluate them for the presence of ovarian teratomas. Which type of study design would be the most appropriate?? {'A': 'Cross-sectional study', 'B': 'Case series', 'C': 'Case-control study', 'D': 'Randomized controlled trial', 'E': 'Retrospective cohort study'},
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C: Case-control study
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Q:A 29-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He feels well. He works as a nurse at a local hospital in the city. Three days ago, he had a needlestick injury from a patient whose serology is positive for hepatitis B. He completed the 3-dose regimen of the hepatitis B vaccine 2 years ago. His other immunizations are up-to-date. He appears healthy. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. He is concerned about his risk of being infected with hepatitis B following his needlestick injury. Serum studies show negative results for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B surface antibody, and hepatitis C antibody. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Administer hepatitis B immunoglobulin and single dose hepatitis B vaccine', 'B': 'Administer hepatitis B immunoglobulin', 'C': 'Revaccinate with two doses of hepatitis B vaccine', 'D': 'Revaccinate with 3-dose regimen of hepatitis B vaccine', 'E': 'Administer hepatitis B immunoglobulin and 3-dose regimen of hepatitis B vaccine'},
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E: Administer hepatitis B immunoglobulin and 3-dose regimen of hepatitis B vaccine
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Q:A previously healthy 33-year-old woman comes to the emergency department 1 hour after falling from a ladder. She is conscious. She does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs. There is no family history of serious illness. Her pulse is 72/min, respirations are 17/min, and blood pressure is 110/72 mm Hg. Physical examination shows ecchymosis and point tenderness over the right clavicle. An x-ray of the chest shows a nondisplaced fracture of the midshaft of the right clavicle and a 3.5-mm pulmonary nodule in the central portion of the left upper lung field. No previous x-rays of the patient are available. The fracture is treated with pain management and immobilization with a sling. A CT scan of the chest shows that the pulmonary nodule is solid and has well-defined, smooth borders. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management of this patient's pulmonary nodule?? {'A': 'Reassurance', 'B': 'Follow-up CT scan of the chest in 6–12 months', 'C': 'Follow-up x-ray of the chest in 6–12 months', 'D': 'CT-guided transthoracic biopsy', 'E': 'Bronchoscopy with biopsy'},
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A: Reassurance
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Q:A 36-year-old woman comes to the physician because of multiple episodes of headache over the past 3 months. The headaches last the entire day and are unilateral and throbbing. During the headaches, she has severe nausea and is unable to work and perform her daily activities. She has noticed that she becomes unusually hungry prior to the onset of headache. She locks herself in a dark room, takes ibuprofen, and avoids going out until the headache subsides. However, over the past month, the headaches have increased to 2–3 times a week and become more intense. She has hypertension treated with amlodipine. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure is 128/76 mm Hg. Physical and neurologic examinations show no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate therapy for long-term prevention of headaches in this patient?? {'A': 'Fluoxetine', 'B': 'Ergotamine', 'C': 'Propranolol', 'D': 'Sumatriptan', 'E': 'Naproxen'},
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C: Propranolol
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Q:A 24-year-old man presents with a painless genital ulcer for the past 2 weeks. He reports that he recently has been having unprotected sex with multiple partners. Past medical history is unremarkable. On physical examination, a single ulcer is present on the dorsal shaft of the penis which is circumscribed, indurated, and partially healed. There is moderate inguinal lymphadenopathy but no buboes. Which of the following tests would confirm the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Viral and rickettsial disease research laboratory (VDRL) test', 'B': 'Swab the chancre and perform a saline wet mount', 'C': 'Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test', 'D': 'Frei test', 'E': 'Perform a darkfield microscopic examination of a swab from the chancre'},
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C: Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test
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Q:Background: Aldosterone blockade reduces mortality and morbidity among patients with severe heart failure. Researchers conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effect of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, on morbidity and mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to eplerenone (25 mg per day initially, titrated to a maximum of 50 mg per day; 3,319 patients) or placebo (3,313 patients) in addition to optimal medical therapy. The study continued until 1,012 deaths occurred. The primary endpoints were death from any cause, death from cardiovascular causes, hospitalization for heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or ventricular arrhythmia. Results: During a mean follow-up of 16 months, there were 478 deaths in the eplerenone group (14.4%) and 554 deaths in the placebo group (16.7%, p = 0.008). Of these deaths, 407 in the eplerenone group and 483 in the placebo group were attributed to cardiovascular causes (relative risk, 0.83; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.72 to 0.94; p = 0.005). The rate of the other primary endpoints, death from cardiovascular causes or hospitalization for cardiovascular events, was reduced by eplerenone (relative risk, 0.87; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.79 to 0.95; p = 0.002), as was the secondary endpoint of death from any cause or any hospitalization (relative risk, 0.92; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.86 to 0.98; p = 0.02). There was also a reduction in the rate of sudden death from cardiac causes (relative risk, 0.79; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.64 to 0.97; p = 0.03). The rate of serious hyperkalemia was 5.5 percent in the eplerenone group and 3.9 percent in the placebo group (p = 0.002), whereas the rate of hypokalemia was 8.4 percent in the eplerenone group and 13.1 percent in the placebo group (p < 0.001). Which of the following represents the number of patients needed to treat to save one life, based on the primary endpoint?? {'A': '1/(0.144 - 0.167)', 'B': '1/(0.136 - 0.118)', 'C': '1/(0.300 - 0.267)', 'D': '1/(0.167 - 0.144)', 'E': '1/(0.267 - 0.300)'},
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D: 1/(0.167 - 0.144)
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Q:A 54-year-old woman presents to the emergency ward with a chief complaint of chest pain. The pain is sharp and present in the anterior part of the chest. There is no radiation of the pain; however, the intensity is decreased while sitting and leaning forward. There is no associated shortness of breath. Vital signs are the following: blood pressure is 132/84 mm Hg; pulse rate is 82/min, rhythmic, and regular. Lungs are clear on auscultation and cardiovascular examination demonstrates scratchy and squeaking sounds at the left sternal border and a 'knock' heard on auscultation. Kussmaul sign is positive and ECG shows new widespread ST segment elevation and PR depression in leads II, III and aVF. The most likely cause for these findings in this patient is?? {'A': 'Constrictive pericarditis', 'B': 'Pleurisy', 'C': 'Cardiac tamponade', 'D': 'Restrictive cardiomyopathy', 'E': 'Right ventricular myocardial infarction'},
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A: Constrictive pericarditis
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Q:A 54-year-old man with lymphoma presents to his oncologist with severe abdominal pain and flank pain. He says that the pain started 2 days ago and has gotten worse over time. He has also not been able to urinate over the same time period. On presentation, his temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 110/72 mmHg, pulse is 105/min, and respirations are 12/min. Physical exam reveals bilateral flank tenderness. Labs results are shown below: Blood urea nitrogen: 34 mg/dL Creatinine: 3.7 mg/dl Urine osmolality: 228 mOsm/kg Renal ultrasonography shows dilation of the kidneys bilaterally with a normal-sized bladder. Which of the following would most likely be beneficial in treating this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Administration of a loop diuretic', 'B': 'Bilateral stenting of the renal arteries', 'C': 'Bilateral stenting of the ureters', 'D': 'Catheterization of the bladder', 'E': 'Volume repletion with saline'},
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C: Bilateral stenting of the ureters
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Q:A 47-year-old man presents with recurrent epigastric pain and diarrhea. He has had these symptoms for the last year or so and has been to the clinic several times with similar complaints. His current dosage of omeprazole has been steadily increasing to combat his symptoms. The pain seems to be related to food intake. He describes his diarrhea as watery and unrelated to his meals. Blood pressure is 115/80 mm Hg, pulse is 76/min, and respiratory rate is 19/min. He denies tobacco or alcohol use. He does not take any medications. An upper endoscopy is performed due to his unexplained and recurrent dyspepsia and reveals thickened gastric folds with three ulcers in the first part of the duodenum, all of which are negative for H. pylori. Which of the following is the best next step in this patient’s management?? {'A': 'Serum calcium levels', 'B': 'Fasting serum gastrin levels', 'C': 'Secretin stimulation test', 'D': 'CT scan of the abdomen', 'E': 'Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy'},
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B: Fasting serum gastrin levels
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Q:A mother brings her 7-year-old son to the pediatrician because she is worried about his sleep. She reports that the child has repeatedly woken up in the middle of the night screaming and thrashing. Although she tries to reassure the child, he does not respond to her or acknowledge her presence. Soon after she arrives, he stops screaming and appears confused and lethargic before falling back asleep. When asked about these events, the child reports that he cannot recall ever waking up or having any bad dreams. These events typically occur within four hours of the child going to sleep. The child’s past medical history is notable for asthma and type I diabetes mellitus. He uses albuterol and long-acting insulin. There have been no recent changes in this patient’s medication regimen. His family history is notable for obesity and obstructive sleep apnea in his father. Physical examination reveals a healthy male at the 40th and 45th percentiles for height and weight, respectively. Which of the following EEG waveforms is most strongly associated with this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Alpha waves', 'B': 'Beta waves', 'C': 'Theta waves', 'D': 'Delta waves', 'E': 'Sleep spindles'},
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D: Delta waves
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Q:A 27-year-old man presents to a physician for evaluation of 3 months of increased vertigo. He says that occasionally he will experience several seconds of intense vertigo that makes him lose his balance. He came in for evaluation because this symptom is affecting his ability to drive to work. He has also been occasionally experiencing tinnitus. Physical exam reveals rotatory nystagmus that is delayed in onset and stops with visual fixation. The nerve that is most likely causing these symptoms exits the skull at which of the following locations?? {'A': 'Cribriform plate', 'B': 'Foramen ovale', 'C': 'Foramen rotundum', 'D': 'Internal auditory meatus', 'E': 'Jugular foramen'},
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D: Internal auditory meatus
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Q:A 55-year-old woman comes to the clinic complaining of joint pain and stiffness for the past year. The pain is mainly concentrated in her hands and is usually worse towards the late afternoon. It is described with a burning quality that surrounds the joint with some numbness and tingling. The stiffness is especially worse in the morning and lasts approximately for 15-20 minutes. Her past medical history is significant for recurrent gastric ulcers. She reports that her mother struggled with lupus and is concerned that she might have the same thing. She denies fever, rashes, ulcers, genitourinary symptoms, weight loss, or bowel changes. Physical examination is significant for mild tenderness at the distal interphalangeal joints bilaterally. What is the best initial medication to prescribe to this patient?? {'A': 'Acetaminophen', 'B': 'Aspirin', 'C': 'Hydroxychloroquine', 'D': 'Infliximab', 'E': 'Methotrexate'},
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A: Acetaminophen
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Q:A 2-day-old male newborn is brought to the physician because he became somnolent and felt cold after breastfeeding. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated. He was born at 40 weeks' gestation and weighed 3538 g (7 lb 13 oz); he currently weighs 3311 g (7 lb 5 oz). Examination shows generalized hypotonia. Serum studies show an ammonia concentration of 150 μmol/L (N < 50 μmol/L). Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient's neurological symptoms?? {'A': 'Increased α-ketoglutarate concentration', 'B': 'Increased succinyl-CoA concentration', 'C': 'Increased glutamate concentration', 'D': 'Decreased acylcarnitine concentration', 'E': 'Decreased γ-aminobutyric acid concentration'},
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E: Decreased γ-aminobutyric acid concentration
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Q:A 31-year-old man comes to the physician because of several months of recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea. Six months ago, he traveled to Lake Superior for a fishing trip with his friends, during which they often ate their day's catch for dinner. Physical examination shows pallor. Laboratory studies show macrocytic anemia with eosinophilia. A peripheral blood smear shows hypochromic red blood cells with megaloblasts and hypersegmented neutrophils. A cestode infection is suspected and a drug is prescribed that kills cestodes by inducing uncontrollable muscle spasm in the parasite. The drug prescribed for this patient most likely acts by which of the following mechanisms of action?? {'A': 'Blockade of myosin binding sites', 'B': 'Increased calcium influx into the sarcoplasm', 'C': 'Increased sodium efflux from the sarcoplasm', 'D': 'Increased potassium efflux from the sarcoplasm', 'E': 'Phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate'},
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B: Increased calcium influx into the sarcoplasm
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Q:A 25-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his friends after a camping trip. He and his friends were in the woods camping when the patient started experiencing severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain after foraging and ingesting some wild mushrooms about 3 hours earlier. The patient is lethargic on exam and appears jaundiced. He has scleral icterus and is severely tender to palpation in the right upper quadrant. He has scattered petechiae on his extremities. Liver function tests are: Serum: Na+: 134 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.2 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L Urea nitrogen: 50 mg/dL Glucose: 100 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.4 mg/dL Alkaline phosphatase: 400 U/L Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT): 3278 U/L Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT): 3045 U/L gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT): 100 U/L The most likely cause of this patient’s clinical presentation acts by inhibiting which of the following molecules?? {'A': 'RNA polymerase I', 'B': 'RNA polymerase II', 'C': 'RNA polymerase III', 'D': 'Prokaryote RNA polymerase', 'E': 'Topoisomerase'},
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B: RNA polymerase II
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Q:An otherwise healthy 39-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider because of right-leg swelling, which started 4 months ago following travel to Kenya. The swelling has been slowly progressive and interferes with daily tasks. She denies smoking or alcohol use. Family history is irrelevant. Vital signs include: temperature 38.1°C (100.5°F), blood pressure 115/72 mm Hg, and pulse 99/min. Physical examination reveals non-pitting edema of the entire right leg. The overlying skin is rough, thick and indurated. The left leg is normal in size and shape. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient condition?? {'A': 'Persistent elevation of venous pressures', 'B': 'Lymphatic hypoplasia', 'C': 'Obstruction of lymphatic channels', 'D': 'Hypoalbuminemia', 'E': 'Venous thromboembolism'},
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C: Obstruction of lymphatic channels
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Q:A 13-day-old male is brought in by his mother for eye redness and ocular discharge. Additionally, the mother reports that the patient has developed a cough and nasal discharge. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated, but during the third trimester, the mother had limited prenatal care. Immediately after delivery, the baby was given silver nitrate drops and vitamin K. Upon visual examination of the eyes, mucoid ocular discharge and eyelid swelling are noted. A fluorescein test is negative. On lung exam, scattered crackles are appreciated. A chest radiograph is performed that shows hyperinflation with bilateral infiltrates. Which of the following is the best pharmacotherapy for this patient's underlying condition?? {'A': 'Artificial tears', 'B': 'Intravenous ceftriaxone', 'C': 'Topical erythromycin', 'D': 'Oral erythromycin', 'E': 'Intravenous acyclovir'},
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D: Oral erythromycin
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Q:A 12-year-old girl presents to her primary care physician with left knee pain for the past 6 weeks. She recently joined the field hockey team at her school. The pain is the most severe when she is running up and down the stairs at the school stadium. The pain decreases when she goes home and rests after practice. She additionally admits to tripping and landing on her left knee 5 days ago. Physical exam shows a knee with a healing abrasion over the left patella. The tibial tuberosity is tender to palpation. A radiograph of the knee is presented in figure A. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Osgood-Schlatter disease', 'B': 'Patellar tendonitis', 'C': 'Patellofemoral pain syndrome', 'D': 'Pes anserine bursitis', 'E': 'Tibial plateau fracture'},
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A: Osgood-Schlatter disease
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Q:An 80-year-old woman died due to the respiratory complications of lung cancer. She had been a heavy smoker, and battled COPD and adenocarcinoma of the lungs for the last 20 years. The autopsy also revealed a pathological finding in the mitral valve. Which of the following was most likely seen?? {'A': 'Destructive vegetations', 'B': 'Non-destructive vegetations', 'C': 'Ruptured papillary muscle', 'D': 'Stenosis of leaflets', 'E': 'Discoloration of leaflets'},
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B: Non-destructive vegetations
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Q:A 34-year-old gravida 2 para 1 woman at 16 weeks gestation presents for prenatal care. Her prenatal course has been uncomplicated. She takes no medications besides her prenatal vitamin which she takes every day, and she has been compliant with routine prenatal care. She has a 7-year-old daughter who is healthy. The results of her recent quadruple screen are listed below: AFP: Low hCG: Low Estriol: Low Inhibin-A: Normal Which of the following is the most appropriate next step to confirm the diagnosis?? {'A': 'Amniocentesis', 'B': 'Chorionic villus sampling', 'C': 'Folic acid supplementation', 'D': 'Return to clinic in 4 weeks', 'E': 'Ultrasound for nuchal translucency'},
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A: Amniocentesis
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Q:A 26-year-old primigravida woman comes for her primary care physician for the second prenatal visit. She is 10 weeks pregnant. She has no current complaint except for occasional nausea. She does not have any chronic health problems. She denies smoking or alcohol intake. Her family history is positive for paternal colon cancer at the age of 55. Vital signs include a temperature of 37.1°C (98.8°F), blood pressure of 120/60 mm Hg, and pulse of 90/min. Physical examination discloses no abnormalities. According to the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), which of the following screening tests is recommended for this patient?? {'A': 'Colonoscopy for colorectal cancer at the age of 50', 'B': 'Glucose tolerance test for gestational diabetes mellitus', 'C': 'Urine culture for asymptomatic bacteriuria', 'D': 'Colonoscopy for colorectal cancer at the age of 40', 'E': 'HbA1C for type 2 diabetes mellitus'},
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D: Colonoscopy for colorectal cancer at the age of 40
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Q:A 20-year-old college student presents to her college's mental health services department because her dean has been concerned about her academic performance. She was previously a straight A student; however, she has been barely passing her exams since the death of her younger brother in an accident 5 months ago. She reveals that she feels guilty for not spending more time with him in the years leading up to his death. Furthermore, she has been experiencing abdominal pain when she thinks about him. Additional questioning reveals that she is convinced that her brother simply went missing and will return again despite her being at his funeral. Finally, she says that she saw a vision of her brother in his childhood bedroom when she went home for winter break. Which of the following symptoms indicates that this patient's grief is pathologic?? {'A': 'Delusions about her brother', 'B': 'Duration of the grief', 'C': 'Feelings of guilt', 'D': 'Hallucinations about her brother', 'E': 'Somatic symptoms'},
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A: Delusions about her brother
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Q:A 65-year-old gentleman presents to his primary care physician for difficulties with his gait and recent fatigue. The patient works in a health food store, follows a strict vegan diet, and takes an array of supplements. He noticed that his symptoms have progressed over the past year and decided to see a physician when he found himself feeling abnormally weak on a daily basis in conjunction with his trouble walking. The patient has a past medical history of Crohn's disease, diagnosed in his early 20's, as well as Celiac disease. He states that he has infrequent exacerbations of his Crohn's disease. Recently, the patient has been having worsening bouts of diarrhea that the patient claims is non-bloody. The patient is not currently taking any medications and is currently taking traditional Chinese medicine supplements. Physical exam is notable for 3/5 strength in the upper and lower extremities, absent upper and lower extremity reflexes, and a staggering, unbalanced gait. Laboratory values reveal the following: Serum: Na+: 135 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 5.6 mEq/L HCO3-: 22 mEq/L BUN: 27 mg/dL Glucose: 79 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Ca2+: 8.4 mg/dL Mg2+: 1.5 mEq/L Leukocyte count and differential: Leukocyte count: 4,522/mm^3 Hemoglobin: 9.2 g/dL Hematocrit: 29% Platelet count: 169,000/mm^3 Reticulocyte count: 2.5% Lactate dehydrogenase: 340 U/L Mean corpuscular volume: 97 fL Which of the following is most likely deficient in this patient?? {'A': 'Vitamin B9', 'B': 'Vitamin B12', 'C': 'Vitamin D', 'D': 'Vitamin E', 'E': 'Iron'},
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D: Vitamin E
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Q:A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of fatigue and decreased urine output for 2 weeks. He has not been to the physician for many years and takes no medications. Serum studies show a urea nitrogen concentration of 42 mg/dL and a creatinine concentration of 2.3 mg/dL. Urinalysis shows heavy proteinuria. A photomicrograph of a section of a kidney biopsy specimen is shown. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Diabetes mellitus', 'B': 'Amyloidosis', 'C': 'Fibromuscular dysplasia', 'D': 'Severe hypertension', 'E': 'Dyslipidemia'},
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A: Diabetes mellitus
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Q:A 31-year-old male comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of blisters and brownish discoloration of urine. His symptoms appeared after he returned from a 4-day trip with his friends in Florida. He has had similar episodes of blistering twice in the past three years. Each episode resolved spontaneously after a few weeks. Examination shows vesicles and bullae on the face and the dorsal surfaces of his hands and forearms. His condition is most likely caused by a defect in which of the following enzymes?? {'A': 'Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase', 'B': 'Uroporphyrinogen III synthase', 'C': 'Porphobilinogen deaminase', 'D': 'Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase', 'E': 'Aminolevulinic acid synthase'},
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D: Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase
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Q:A 21-year-old man presents with eye redness, itching, and watering; nasal congestion, and rhinorrhea. He reports that these symptoms have been occurring every year in the late spring since he was 18 years old. The patient’s medical history is significant for endoscopic resection of a right maxillary sinus polyp at the age of 16. His father and younger sister have bronchial asthma. He takes oxymetazoline as needed to decrease nasal congestion. The patient’s blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 71/min, respiratory rate is 18/min, and temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F). On physical examination, there is conjunctival injection and clear nasal discharge bilaterally. His lymph nodes are not enlarged and his sinuses do not cause pain upon palpation. Heart and lung sounds are normal. Which of the following is most likely to be a part of his condition’s pathogenesis?? {'A': 'Production of specific IgM antibodies by B lymphocytes', 'B': 'Secretion of granzymes and perforin by cytotoxic T lymphocytes', 'C': 'Excessive release of histamine by the mast cells', 'D': 'IL-2 secretion by Th1 lymphocytes', 'E': 'Release of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils'},
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C: Excessive release of histamine by the mast cells
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Q:A medicine resident on her nephrology rotation notices that she has received more alerts of high serum potassium levels on her patients through the hospital electronic medical record despite her census not having changed. On inspection of the laboratory result reports, critical alert markers are seen for potassium values greater than 5.5 mEq/L 3 days ago, whereas the same alerts are seen for values > 5.0 mEq/L since yesterday. One of her patient's nurses asks if the patient should get an electrocardiogram. How has the potassium value reporting been affected?? {'A': 'Sensitivity decreased and specificity decreased', 'B': 'Sensitivity decreased and specificity increased', 'C': 'Sensitivity increased and specificity decreased', 'D': 'Sensitivity increased and specificity increased', 'E': 'Sensitivity increased and specificity unchanged'},
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C: Sensitivity increased and specificity decreased
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Q:A 53-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of blurry vision, headache, and multiple episodes of nosebleeds over the last few weeks. During this time, she has also been itching a lot, especially after getting ready for work in the mornings. She has had an 8-kg (17.6-lb) weight loss and increasing fatigue during the past 6 months. Her temperature is 37.8°C (100.0°F), pulse is 80/min, respirations are 15/min, and blood pressure is 158/90 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no lesions or evidence of trauma in the nasal cavity. Her face, palms, nail beds, oral mucosa, and conjunctiva appear red. Abdominal examination shows splenomegaly. Her hemoglobin concentration is 19 g/dL, hematocrit is 58%, platelets are 450,000/μL, and erythropoietin level is below normal. A peripheral blood smear shows RBC precursor cells. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Stress erythrocytosis', 'B': 'Mutated JAK2 gene', 'C': 'Increased intracranial pressure', 'D': 'Megakaryocyte proliferation', 'E': 'Renal cell carcinoma'},
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B: Mutated JAK2 gene
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Q:A 32-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of fatigue, muscle weakness, paresthesias, headache, and palpitations. Her pulse is 75/min and blood pressure is 152/94 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Serum studies show: Sodium 144 mEq/L Potassium 2.9 mEq/L Bicarbonate 31 mEq/L Creatinine 0.7 mg/dL Further evaluation shows low serum renin activity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"? {'A': 'Renal artery stenosis', 'B': 'Cushing syndrome', 'C': 'Aldosteronoma', 'D': 'Laxative abuse', 'E': 'Pheochromocytoma\n"'},
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C: Aldosteronoma
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Q:A 42-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a 3-day history of fever and severe back pain. The fever is high-grade, continuous, without chills and rigors. The back pain is severe, localized to the thoracic region, and aggravated by deep breathing. The patient tried taking ibuprofen with little improvement. Past medical history is significant for essential hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, and bronchial asthma. Current medicines include allopurinol, amlodipine, atorvastatin, clopidogrel, montelukast, and a corticosteroid inhaler. The patient reports a 25-pack-year smoking history and drinks alcohol only socially. His vital signs include: blood pressure 152/94 mm Hg, pulse 101/min, temperature 39.5°C (103.1°F). BMI 36.8 kg/m2. On physical examination, the patient is alert and oriented. Multiple injection marks are visible around the left-sided cubital fossa and hand veins. The neck is supple on head flexion. Point tenderness is present in the thoracic region at the midline. Motor and sensory examinations are unremarkable with normal deep tendon reflexes. Laboratory findings are significant for the following: Hemoglobin 14.5 mg/dL White blood cell 24,500/mm3 Platelets 480,000/mm3 BUN 28 mg/dL Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL ESR 45 mm/hr C-reactive protein 84 mg/dL Sodium 144 mEq/L Potassium 4.1 mEq/L Calcium 9.7 mEq/L A contrast MRI of the spine reveals a peripherally enhancing dorsal epidural process compressing the thecal sac and causing a mild leftwards displacement. Which of the following is the most likely risk factor for this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Alcohol use', 'B': 'Increased BMI', 'C': 'Inhaled steroid use', 'D': 'Intravenous drug use', 'E': 'Smoking'},
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D: Intravenous drug use
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Q:A 33-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for left-sided knee pain. The patient has a history of osteoarthritis but states that he has been unable to control his pain with escalating doses of ibuprofen and naproxen. His past medical history includes diabetes mellitus and hypertension. His temperature is 102.0°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 167/108 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals a warm and tender joint that is very tender to the touch and with passive range of motion. The patient declines a gait examination secondary to pain. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Antibiotics', 'B': 'Arthrocentesis', 'C': 'Colchicine', 'D': 'IV steroids', 'E': 'Rest, elevation, and ice'},
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B: Arthrocentesis
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Q:A 57-year-old man presents with fever and yellow discoloration of the skin for the past 4 days. He denies any recent weight loss or changes in urine or stool color. His past medical history is unremarkable. He admits to drinking about 130 g/day of alcohol and says he has been doing so for the past 25 years. His wife who is accompanying him during this visit adds that once her husband drank 15 cans of beer at a funeral. The patient also reports a 10-pack-year smoking history. His vital signs include: pulse 98/min, respiratory rate 13/min, temperature 38.2°C (100.8°F) and blood pressure 120/90 mm Hg. On physical examination, the patient appears jaundiced and is ill-appearing. Sclera is icteric. Abdominal examination reveals tenderness to palpation in the right upper quadrant with no rebound or guarding. Percussion reveals significant hepatomegaly extending 3 cm below the right costal margin. Laboratory studies are significant for the following: Sodium 135 mEq/L Potassium 3.5 mEq/L ALT 240 mEq/L AST 500 mEq/L A liver biopsy is obtained but the results are pending. Which of the following would most likely be seen in this patient’s biopsy?? {'A': 'Gaucher cells', 'B': "'Florid' bile duct lesion", 'C': 'Steatosis alone', 'D': 'Mallory-Denk bodies', 'E': 'Hürthle cells'},
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D: Mallory-Denk bodies
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Q:Six days after undergoing a thoracic endovascular aortic repair following a high-speed motorcycle accident, a 29-year-old woman develops a fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Serum studies show a sodium concentration of 129 mEq/L. An x-ray of the chest shows a left-sided pleural effusion. Thoracentesis is performed and shows milky white fluid in the pleural space that remains uniform after centrifugation. A culture of the pleural fluid shows no organisms. Further analysis of the fluid would most likely show which of the following?? {'A': 'High triglycerides', 'B': 'Antinuclear antibodies', 'C': 'High adenosine deaminase', 'D': 'Cholesterol crystals', 'E': 'High LDH'},
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A: High triglycerides
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Q:A 12-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with a swollen and painful knee. He says that he was exploring with his friends when he tripped and hit his knee against the ground. He didn't feel like he hit it very hard but it started swelling and becoming very painful. His mom reports that he has always been prone to bleeding from very minor trauma and that others in the family have had similar problems. Based on clinical suspicion a coagulation panel was obtained showing a prothrombin time (PT) of 10 seconds (normal range 9-11 seconds), a partial thromboplastin time (PTT) of 45 seconds (normal 20-35 seconds), and a normal ristocetin cofactor assay (equivalent to bleeding time). Mixing tests with factor IX and XI do not show complementation, but mixing with factor VIII reverses the coagulation abnormality. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?? {'A': 'Bernard-Soulier disease', 'B': 'Glanzmann thrombasthenia', 'C': 'Hemophilia A', 'D': 'Hemophilia B', 'E': 'von Willebrand disease'},
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C: Hemophilia A
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Q:A previously healthy 21-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 4 hours after the sudden onset of shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the past 3 years. He is 188 cm (6.2 ft) tall and weighs 70 kg (154 lb); BMI is 19.8 kg/m2. Physical examination shows decreased tactile fremitus and diminished breath sounds over the left lung. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Embolic occlusion of the pulmonary artery', 'B': 'Rupture of a subpleural bleb', 'C': 'Infection with gram-positive diplococci', 'D': 'Hyperresponsiveness of the bronchial system', 'E': 'Inflammation of the costal cartilage'},
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B: Rupture of a subpleural bleb
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Q:A 5-year-old girl brought to the emergency department by her mother with seizures. The blood glucose is 94 mg/dl and the serum calcium is 5.3 mg/dl; however, the PTH levels are low. The medical history includes a delay in achieving developmental milestones. Her mother also says she needs frequent hospital visits due to recurrent bouts with the flu. The cardiovascular examination is within normal limits. What is the most likely cause underlying this presentation?? {'A': 'B cell maturation failure', 'B': 'B cell development failure', 'C': 'Lysosomal trafficking regulator gene defect', 'D': 'Deletion of the chromosome 22q11', 'E': 'Mutation in the WAS gene'},
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D: Deletion of the chromosome 22q11
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Q:A 67-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 9-month history of progressive fatigue. Examination shows pallor. Her hemoglobin concentration is 8.9 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume is 75 μm3, and serum ferritin is 9 ng/mL. Test of the stool for occult blood is positive. Colonoscopy shows an irregular, bleeding 3-cm exophytic ulcer in the right colon. Which of the following lesions is the greatest risk factor for this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Submucosal lipomatous polyp', 'B': 'Serrated hyperplastic polyp', 'C': 'Villous adenomatous polyp', 'D': 'Tubular adenomatous polyp', 'E': 'Pedunculated inflammatory polyp'},
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C: Villous adenomatous polyp
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Q:A 21-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of dry cough and some chest tightness for the past several weeks. The cough is worse at night and while playing volleyball. She frequently has a runny nose and nasal congestion. Her mother has systemic lupus erythematosus. The patient has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the last 5 years. She does not drink alcohol. Her only medication is cetirizine. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 98%. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Spirometry', 'B': 'Blood gas analysis', 'C': 'Methacholine challenge test', 'D': 'CT scan of the chest', 'E': 'Laboratory studies'},
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A: Spirometry
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Q:An 8-year-old male presents to his pediatrician with dry, cracking skin on his hands. His mother states that this problem has been getting progressively worse over the past couple of months. During this time period, she has noticed that he also has become increasingly concerned with dirtiness. He tearfully admits to washing his hands many times a day because "everything has germs." When asked what happens if he doesn't wash them, he responds that he just feels very worried until he does. With which other condition is this disorder associated?? {'A': "Tourette's syndrome", 'B': 'Obessive-compulsive personality disorder', 'C': 'Delusional disorder', 'D': "Rett's disorder", 'E': 'Autism spectrum disorders'},
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A: Tourette's syndrome
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Q:A 68-year-old man of Mediterranean descent comes to the clinic with complaints of fatigue for the past month. He reports that it is increasingly difficult for him to complete his after-dinner walks as he would get breathless and tired around 10 minutes. He endorses dizziness and an upper respiratory infection last week for which he “took a lot of aspirin.” Past medical history is significant for malaria 10 years ago (for which he was adequately treated with anti-malarial medications) and aortic stenosis status post prosthetic valve replacement 5 months ago. When asked if he has had similar episodes before, he claims, “Never! I’ve been as healthy as a horse until my heart surgery.” Physical examination is significant for mild scleral icterus bilaterally and a faint systolic murmur. Which of the following images represents a potential peripheral smear in this patient?? {'A': 'A', 'B': 'B', 'C': 'C', 'D': 'D', 'E': 'E'},
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A: A
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Q:A 50-year-old man with a remote history of intravenous drug use and a past medical history of AIDS presents to his primary care provider with several weeks of productive cough and a mild fever. He was in his normal state of health and slowly started to develop these symptoms. He is hoping to be prescribed an antibiotic so he can get back to “normal”. Family history is significant for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. He takes antiviral medication and a multivitamin daily. His heart rate is 90/min, respiratory rate is 19/min, blood pressure is 135/85 mm Hg, and temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F). On physical examination, he looks uncomfortable. A chest examination reveals consolidation in the right lower lung. Chest radiography confirms right lower lobe pneumonia. Of the following options, which is the most likely cause of the patient’s pneumonia?? {'A': 'Aspiration pneumonia', 'B': 'Community-acquired pneumonia', 'C': 'Disseminated cutaneous infection', 'D': 'Pneumocystis pneumonia', 'E': 'Pulmonary sequestration'},
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B: Community-acquired pneumonia
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Q:A two-year-old female presents to the pediatrician with her mother for a routine well-child visit. Her mother is concerned that the patient is a picky eater and refuses to eat vegetables. She drinks milk with meals and has juice sparingly. She goes to sleep easily at night and usually sleeps for 11-12 hours. The patient has trouble falling asleep for naps but does nap for 1-2 hours a few times per week. She is doing well in daycare and enjoys parallel play with the other children. Her mother reports that she can walk down stairs with both feet on each step. She has a vocabulary of 10-25 words that she uses in the form of one-word commands. She is in the 42nd percentile for height and 48th percentile for weight, which is consistent with her growth curves. On physical exam, she appears well nourished. She can copy a line and throw a ball. She can follow the command to “give me the ball and then close the door.” This child is meeting her developmental milestones in all but which of the following categories?? {'A': 'Fine motor skills', 'B': 'Gross motor skills', 'C': 'Expressive language skills', 'D': 'Social and receptive language skills', 'E': 'This child is developmentally normal'},
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C: Expressive language skills
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Q:A 32-year-old woman presents to the office with complaints of frothy urine and swelling in her body that started 6 days ago. She says that she first noticed the swelling in her face that gradually involved other parts of her body. On further questioning, she gives a history of rheumatoid arthritis for 2 years. She is taking Penicillamine and Methotrexate for the past 6 months. Vitals include: blood pressure 122/89 mm Hg, pulse rate 55/min, temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), and a respiratory rate 14/min. On examination, there is generalized pitting edema along with some subcutaneous nodules on the dorsal aspect of the forearm. Urinalysis pH 6.6 Color light yellow RBC none WBC 1–2/HPF Protein 4+ Cast fat globules Glucose absent Crystal none Ketone absent Nitrite absent 24 hours urine protein excretion 4.8 g Basic metabolic panel Sodium 141 mEq/L Potassium 5.1 mEq/L Chloride 101 mEq/L Bicarbonate 22 mEq/L Albumin 3.2 mg/dL Urea nitrogen 17 mg/dL Creatinine 1.3 mg/dL Uric Acid 6.8 mg/ dL Calcium 8.9 mg/ dL Glucose 111 mg/dL A renal biopsy is ordered which shows diffuse capillary and glomerular basement membrane thickening. Which of the following is the most likely cause for her impaired renal function?? {'A': 'Lipoid nephrosis', 'B': 'Minimal change disease', 'C': 'Membranous nephropathy', 'D': 'Renal amyloidosis', 'E': 'Diabetic glomerulonephropathy'},
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C: Membranous nephropathy
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Q:A 32-year-old man with a history of alcohol binge drinking and polysubstance use is found down in his hotel room with bottles of alcohol, oxycodone, alprazolam, amphetamine-dextroamphetamine, and tadalafil. When EMS arrives, he appears comatose with pinpoint pupils and oxygen saturation of 80% on room air. He is intubated at the scene and airlifted to the nearest intensive care unit. Body temperature is 95 degrees F (35 degrees C). Creatine phosphokinase is 12,000 U/L. MRI of the brain demonstrates extensive infarcts consistent with acute hypoxic ischemic injury. Which of the following is the likely culprit for his overdose?? {'A': 'Alcohol', 'B': 'Opioids', 'C': 'Benzodiazepines', 'D': 'Amphetamines', 'E': 'Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors'},
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B: Opioids
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Q:An investigator is studying metabolic processes in cells from a mouse model. She identifies certain cells that are unable to generate enough reducing factor for respiratory burst. Increased production of which of the following substances is most likely to be present in these cells?? {'A': 'Ribulose-5-phosphate from glucose-6-phosphate', 'B': 'Palmitic acid from malonyl-CoA', 'C': 'Mevalonate from β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA', 'D': 'Ribose-5-phosphate from fructose-6-phosphate', 'E': '6-phosphogluconolactone from glucose-6-phosphate'},
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D: Ribose-5-phosphate from fructose-6-phosphate
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Q:A 24-year-old woman comes to the clinic because her period is 4 weeks late, and she is experiencing fatigue and morning nausea. She had her last period almost 8 weeks ago. She is gravida 0 para 0 with previously regular menses and an unremarkable medical history. She had her menarche at the age of 13 years. She has a single sexual partner and does not use contraception. At presentation, her vital signs are within normal limits. Gynecological examination reveals breast and uterine enlargement. There is also cyanosis and softening in the cervical and vaginal regions. Which of the following statements is correct?? {'A': 'The venous congestion in the patient’s reproductive organs is due to the influence of estrogens', 'B': 'Estrone has the largest blood concentration among the estrogens in this patient', 'C': 'Hyperestrogenemia is the most probable cause of this patient’s menstrual delay', 'D': 'In the patient’s condition, blood estrogen level falls dramatically', 'E': 'As the patient’s condition progresses, her estriol levels may rise up to 1000-fold'},
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E: As the patient’s condition progresses, her estriol levels may rise up to 1000-fold
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Q:A 60-year-old gentleman passes away after a car accident. On routine autopsy it is incidentally noted that he has both a ventral and dorsal pancreatic duct. This incidental finding observed by the pathologist is generated due to failure of which of the following embryological processes?? {'A': 'Notochord signaling', 'B': 'Apoptosis', 'C': 'Fusion', 'D': 'Neural crest cell migration', 'E': 'Stem cell differentiation'},
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C: Fusion
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Q:A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of fatigue and increased sweating at night. He says that he feels “constantly tired” and needs more rest than usual although he sleeps well. In the morning, his sheets are often wet and his skin is clammy. He has not had any sore throat, runny nose, or cough recently. He has not traveled anywhere. Over the past 4 months, he has had a 6.8-kg (15-lb) weight loss, despite having a normal appetite. He does not drink or urinate more than usual. He is 181 cm (5 ft 11 in) tall and weighs 72 kg (159 lb); BMI is 22 kg/m2. His temperature is 37.9°C (100.2°F), pulse is 65/min, and blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. An HIV screening test and confirmatory test are both positive. The CD4 count is 600 cells/μl and the viral load is 104 copies/mL. Treatment with lamivudine, zidovudine, and indinavir is begun. The patient is at greatest risk for which of the following adverse effects?? {'A': 'Stevens-Johnson syndrome', 'B': 'Hypersensitivity reaction', 'C': 'Pancreatitis', 'D': 'Chronic kidney disease', 'E': 'Urolithiasis\n"'},
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E: Urolithiasis "
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Q:A 57-year-old man comes to the physician with a 3-month history of right flank pain. Urinalysis shows 60 RBC/hpf. Renal ultrasound shows a 3 cm, well-defined mass in the upper pole of the right kidney. A photomicrograph of a section of the resected mass is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Clear cell renal carcinoma', 'B': 'Oncocytoma', 'C': 'Nephroblastoma', 'D': 'Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma', 'E': 'Angiomyolipoma'},
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B: Oncocytoma
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Q:A 40-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-week history of increasing shortness of breath, fatigue, and fever. He has had a cough productive of foul-smelling sputum for 4 weeks. He was hospitalized for alcohol intoxication twice over the past 6 months. He has hypertension and depression. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years and drinks 6 alcoholic beverages daily. Current medications include ramipril and fluoxetine. He appears malnourished. He is 185 cm (6 ft 1 in) tall and weighs 65.7 kg (145 lb); BMI is 19.1 kg/m2. His temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F), pulse is 118/min, respirations are 24/min, and blood pressure is 147/96 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 94%. Examination of the chest shows dullness to percussion over the right upper lung field. An x-ray of the chest shows a lung cavity with an air-fluid level and surrounding infiltrate in the right upper lobe of the lung. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Vancomycin and levofloxacin therapy', 'B': 'Bronchoscopy and drainage of the lesion', 'C': 'Sputum cultures', 'D': 'Metronidazole therapy', 'E': 'Clindamycin therapy'},
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E: Clindamycin therapy
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Q:A 16-year-old girl presents to the emergency department complaining of acute bilateral lower quadrant abdominal pain. She states she is nauseous and reports a 24-hour history of multiple episodes of vomiting. She admits to having unprotected sex with multiple partners. Her temperature is 102.0°F (38.9°C). Physical examination reveals bilateral lower quadrant tenderness. Bimanual pelvic exam reveals cervical exudate and cervical motion tenderness. Her β-HCG is within normal limits. Transvaginal ultrasound reveals a tubular complex lesion located in the right lower quadrant. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in the treatment of this patient?? {'A': 'Cefoxitin and doxycycline', 'B': 'Ceftriaxone and azithromycin', 'C': 'Levofloxacin and metronidazole', 'D': 'Metronidazole', 'E': 'Fluconazole'},
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A: Cefoxitin and doxycycline
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Q:A 45-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after vomiting blood. The patient reports that he only ate a small snack the morning before and had not eaten anything for over 24 hours. At the hospital, the patient is stabilized. He is admitted to a surgical floor and placed on NPO with a nasogastric tube set to intermittent suction. He has been previously diagnosed with liver cirrhosis. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) has been planned for the next afternoon. At the time of endoscopy, some pathways were generating glucose to maintain serum glucose levels. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the irreversible biochemical reaction of this process?? {'A': 'Glycogen phosphorylase', 'B': 'Enolase', 'C': 'Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase', 'D': 'Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase', 'E': 'Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase'},
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D: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
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Q:A 41-year-old man is admitted to the emergency room after being struck in the abdomen by a large cement plate while transporting it. On initial assessment by paramedics at the scene, his blood pressure was 110/80 mm Hg, heart rate 85/min, with no signs of respiratory distress. On admission, the patient is alert but in distress. He complains of severe, diffuse, abdominal pain and severe weakness. Vital signs are now: blood pressure 90/50 mm Hg, heart rate 96/min, respiratory rate 19/min, temperature 37.4℃ (99.3℉), and oxygen saturation of 95% on room air. His lungs are clear on auscultation. The cardiac exam is significant for a narrow pulse pressure. Abdominal examination reveals a large bruise over the epigastric and periumbilical regions. The abdomen is distended and there is diffuse tenderness to palpation with rebound and guarding, worst in the epigastric region. There is hyperresonance to percussion in the epigastric region and absence of hepatic dullness in the right upper quadrant. Aspiration of the nasogastric tube reveals bloody contents. Focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) shows free fluid in the pelvic region. Evaluation of the perisplenic and perihepatic regions is impossible due to the presence of free air. Aggressive intravenous fluid resuscitation is administered but fails to improve upon the patient’s hemodynamics. Which of the following is the next best step in management?? {'A': 'CT scan', 'B': 'Diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL)', 'C': 'Abdominal ultrasound', 'D': 'Emergency laparotomy', 'E': 'Emergency laparoscopy'},
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D: Emergency laparotomy
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Q:The incidence of a relatively benign autosomal recessive disease, X, is 1 in 25 in the population. Assuming that the conditions for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium are met, what is the probability that a male and female, who are carriers, will have a child expressing the disease?? {'A': '1/4', 'B': '1/5', 'C': '4/5', 'D': '1/25', 'E': '8/25'},
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A: 1/4
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Q:A 67-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of left hip pain for the past six months. He denies any trauma or recent falls. He is accompanied by his wife who reports that he has experienced progressive hearing loss over the same time period. The patient has also noticed that he is no longer able to fit into his favorite hat even though it previously fit well. A radiograph of the patient’s pelvis is shown. Which of the following laboratory abnormalities is most likely to be found in this patient?? {'A': 'Elevated serum parathyroid hormone', 'B': 'Elevated serum calcium', 'C': 'Decreased serum calcium', 'D': 'Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase', 'E': 'Decreased serum alkaline phosphatase'},
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D: Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase
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Q:A 19-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his roommate for 'strange' behavior over the last 48 hours. The patient states that he is hearing voices speak to him, giving him secret messages and instructions to carry out. He believes that the FBI is following him and spying on his conversations. The patient is concerned that they are listening to these messages and will find out his secrets. The patient's friend does not believe the patient ingested any substance or used any recreational drugs prior to this episode. A negative drug screen is obtained and confirms this. Physical examination does not reveal any abnormalities. Which of the following treatments might best target this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Sertraline', 'B': 'Risperidone', 'C': 'Haloperidol', 'D': 'Chlorpromazine', 'E': 'Psychotherapy'},
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B: Risperidone
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Q:A 68-year-old man presents to the emergency department with left lower quadrant abdominal pain and fever for 1 day. He states during this time frame he has had weight loss and a decreased appetite. The patient had surgery for a ruptured Achilles tendon 1 month ago and is still recovering but is otherwise generally healthy. His temperature is 102°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 154/94 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is remarkable for an uncomfortable and thin man with left lower quadrant abdominal tenderness without rebound findings. Fecal occult test for blood is positive. Laboratory studies are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL Hematocrit: 30% Leukocyte count: 3,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 157,000/mm^3 Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Ceftriaxone and metronidazole', 'B': 'Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole', 'C': 'Colonoscopy', 'D': 'CT abdomen', 'E': 'MRI abdomen'},
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D: CT abdomen
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Q:Six days after falling in the shower, a 75-year-old man with COPD is brought to the emergency department because of progressively worsening left-sided chest pain and shortness of breath. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 50 years. His temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 30/min, and blood pressure is 115/58 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 88%. Examination shows dullness to percussion and decreased fremitus over the left lung base. There are faint expiratory wheezes throughout the lungs. An x-ray of the chest is shown. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s current condition?? {'A': 'Air between the pleura and chest wall', 'B': 'Bacteria in the pulmonary parenchyma', 'C': 'Fluid in alveoli', 'D': 'Neoplastic cells in the bronchi', 'E': 'Blood in the pleural space'},
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E: Blood in the pleural space
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 12-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother for several hours of crying and severe abdominal pain, followed by dark and bloody stools in the last hour. The mother reports that she did not note any vomiting or fevers leading up to this incident. She does report that the boy and his 7-year-old sister recently had “stomach bugs” but that both have been fine and that the sister has gone back to school. The boy was born by spontaneous vaginal delivery at 39 weeks and 5 days after a normal pregnancy. His temperature is 100.4°F (38.0°C), blood pressure is 96/72 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 22/min. Which of the following was most likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of this patient’s disease?? {'A': 'Embolism to the mesenteric vessels', 'B': 'Failure of neural crest migration', 'C': 'Hyperplasia of Peyer patches', 'D': 'Intestinal mass', 'E': 'Vascular malformation'},
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C: Hyperplasia of Peyer patches
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 24-year-old man comes to the physician because of severe lower back pain for the past 2 days. The pain is constant and non-radiating, and he describes it as 7 out of 10 in intensity. The pain began after he helped a friend move into a new apartment. Three weeks ago, he was diagnosed with urethritis and was treated with azithromycin and ceftriaxone. He has a history of intravenous heroin use. He takes no medications. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 98/min, and blood pressure is 128/90 mm Hg. Examination shows old track marks on the cubital fossae bilaterally. His lumbar paraspinal muscles are firm and tense on palpation. There is no midline spinal tenderness. Flexing the hip and extending the knee while raising the leg to 70° does not cause any pain. Urinalysis shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Analgesia and regular activity', 'B': 'MRI of the spine', 'C': 'Measurement of serum HLA-B27', 'D': 'Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy', 'E': 'Spinal traction'},
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A: Analgesia and regular activity
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 55-year-old man with known coronary artery disease presents to the ED with epigastric pain, worsening fatigue, and melena. He takes aspirin and rosuvastatin, but took ibuprofen over the past two weeks for lower back pain. He denies nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, chest pain, fever, and weight loss. Sitting blood pressure is 100/70 mmHg and pulse is 90/min, but standing blood pressure is 85/60 mmHg and pulse is 110/min. Airway is patent. His hands feel cold and clammy. Abdominal exam confirms epigastric pain, but no rebound tenderness or hyperpercussion. Despite 2 liters of lactated Ringer's, the blood pressure and pulse have not changed. What hemoglobin (Hb) threshold should be considered if packed red blood cell (pRBC) transfusion is ordered in this patient?? {'A': 'threshold does not matter', 'B': '< 10', 'C': '< 9', 'D': '< 8', 'E': '< 7'},
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A: threshold does not matter
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 61-year-old farmer comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of progressively worsening cough and shortness of breath. He has had a 7.5-kg (16.5-lb) weight loss during this period. He smokes occasionally and does not drink alcohol. Physical examination shows clubbing of the fingers. End-inspiratory crackles are heard in both lower lung fields. X-ray of the chest shows bilateral reticulonodular densities with interstitial fibrosis. Histologic examination of a lung biopsy specimen shows noncaseating granulomas in the interstitium. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Aspergillus-induced eosinophil release', 'B': 'Silica-induced macrophage activation', 'C': 'IgG-mediated immune complex deposition', 'D': 'IgE-mediated histamine release', 'E': 'Elastase-mediated parenchymal destruction'},
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C: IgG-mediated immune complex deposition
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 57-year-old man comes to the emergency department because he has been having problems seeing over the last week. He says that he has been seeing specks in his vision and his vision also becomes blurry when he tries to focus on objects. He says that he cannot recall anything that may have precipitated this; however, he has been homeless for several months. His CD4+ cell count is 27 cells/mL so he is started on a new medication. Notably, this drug has the following properties when mixed with various proteins: Drug alone - drug remains unphosphorylated Drug and HSV proteins - drug remains unphosphorylated Drug and CMV proteins - drug remains unphosphorylated Drug and human proteins - drug is phosphorylated Which of the following drugs is most consistent with this set of findings?? {'A': 'Acyclovir', 'B': 'Cidofovir', 'C': 'Foscarnet', 'D': 'Ganciclovir', 'E': 'Oseltamivir'},
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B: Cidofovir
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:One day after a 4700-g (10-lb 6-oz) male newborn is delivered to a 28-year-old primigravid woman, the newborn has bluish discoloration of the lips and fingernails. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 166/min, respirations are 63/min, and blood pressure is 68/44 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 81%. Examination shows central cyanosis. A grade 2/6 holosystolic murmur is heard over the left lower sternal border. A single second heart sound is present. Supplemental oxygen does not improve cyanosis. An x-ray of the chest shows an enlarged cardiac silhouette with a narrowed mediastinum. Further evaluation of the mother is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Increased serum TSH', 'B': 'Prenatal alcohol consumption', 'C': 'Prenatal lithium intake', 'D': 'Positive rapid plasma reagin test', 'E': 'Elevated hemoglobin A1c'},
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E: Elevated hemoglobin A1c
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