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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 15-year-old girl comes to the physician because of a sore throat and subjective fevers for the past 2 weeks. She has been feeling lethargic and is unable to attend school. She has a history of multiple episodes of streptococcal pharyngitis treated with amoxicillin. She immigrated with her family to the United States from China 10 years ago. She appears thin. Her temperature is 37.8°C (100°F), pulse is 97/min, and blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg. Examination shows pharyngeal erythema and enlarged tonsils with exudates and palatal petechiae. There is cervical lymphadenopathy. The spleen is palpated 2 cm below the left costal margin. Her hemoglobin concentration is 12 g/dL, leukocyte count is 14,100/mm3 with 54% lymphocytes (12% atypical lymphocytes), and platelet count is 280,000/mm3. A heterophile agglutination test is positive. The underlying cause of this patient's symptoms is most likely to increase the risk of which of the following conditions?? {'A': 'Pneumonia', 'B': 'Kaposi sarcoma', 'C': 'Nasopharyngeal carcinoma', 'D': 'Necrotizing retinitis', 'E': 'Glomerulonephritis'},
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C: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 49 year-old-male presents with a primary complaint of several recent episodes of severe headache, sudden anxiety, and a "racing heart". The patient originally attributed these symptoms to stress at work; however, these episodes are becoming more frequent and severe. Laboratory evaluation during such an episode reveals elevated plasma free metanephrines. Which of the following additional findings in this patient is most likely?? {'A': 'Decreased 24 hour urine vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) levels', 'B': 'Episodic hypertension', 'C': 'Anhidrosis', 'D': 'Diarrhea', 'E': 'Hypoglycemia'},
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B: Episodic hypertension
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 34-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department following a motor vehicle accident. She was walking on the sidewalk when a car traveling at high speed knocked her off her feet. She did not sustain any obvious injury but has painful breathing. An X-ray of the chest is taken to exclude a rib fracture and contusion of the lungs. The X-ray is found to be normal except for a solitary calcified nodule located in the left hilar region. The physician then asks the patient if she is or was a smoker, or has any pertinent medical history to explain the nodule. Her past medical history is insignificant, including any previous lung infections. Physical examination does not reveal any significant signs indicative of a tumor. A chest CT is ordered and a solitary nodule of 0.5 cm is confirmed. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Positron emission scan', 'B': 'Mediastinoscopy', 'C': 'Sputum cytology', 'D': 'CT scan of abdomen', 'E': 'Repeat chest CT scan in 6 months'},
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E: Repeat chest CT scan in 6 months
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 32-year-old man with a past medical history significant for HIV and a social history of multiple sexual partners presents with new skin findings. His past surgical and family histories are noncontributory. The patient's blood pressure is 129/75 mm Hg, the pulse is 66/min, the respiratory rate is 16/min, and the temperature is 37.5°C (99.6°F). Physical examination reveals numerous painless skin-colored, flattened and papilliform lesions along the penile shaft and around the anus on physical exam. The application of 5% acetic acid solution causes the lesions to turn white. What is the etiology of these lesions?? {'A': 'Molluscum contagiosum', 'B': 'HPV (types 6 & 11)', 'C': 'Neisseria gonorrhoeae', 'D': 'HPV (types 16 & 18)', 'E': 'HSV (type 2)'},
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B: HPV (types 6 & 11)
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 37-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with constipation and abdominal pain. She notes that the pain has been present for several days and is not related to food. She also reports increased urinary frequency without incontinence, as well as increased thirst. She takes no medications, but notes taking vitamin supplements daily. Her vital signs are: BP 130/72 mmHg, HR 82 bpm, T 97.0 degrees F, and RR 12 bpm. Lab studies reveal: Na 139, K 4.1, Cl 104, HCO3 25, Cr 0.9, and Ca 12.4. Further studies show an increased ionized calcium, decreased PTH, and increased phosphate. What is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Vitamin deficiency', 'B': 'Vitamin overdose', 'C': 'Primary endocrine dysfunction', 'D': 'Plasma cell neoplasm', 'E': 'Inherited disorder'},
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B: Vitamin overdose
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A previously healthy 39-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a slowly enlarging, painless neck mass that she first noticed 3 months ago. During this period, she has also experienced intermittent palpitations, hair loss, and a weight loss of 4.5 kg (10 lb). There is no personal or family history of serious illness. She appears anxious and fidgety. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 101/min and irregular, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Physical examination shows a firm, nontender left anterior cervical nodule that moves with swallowing. Laboratory studies show: TSH 0.4 μU/mL T4 13.2 μg/dL T3 196 ng/dL Ultrasonography confirms the presence of a 3-cm solid left thyroid nodule. A thyroid 123I radionuclide scintigraphy scan shows increased uptake in a nodule in the left lobe of the thyroid gland with suppression of the remainder of the thyroid tissue. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's condition?"? {'A': 'Thyroid peroxidase autoantibody-mediated destruction of thyroid tissue', 'B': 'Gain-of-function mutations of the TSH receptor', 'C': 'Persistent TSH stimulation and heterogeneous thyroid tissue hyperplasia', 'D': 'Thyroglobulin antibody production', 'E': 'Activation of oncogenes promoting cell division'},
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B: Gain-of-function mutations of the TSH receptor
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 57-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with complaints of severe headache, vomiting, neck stiffness, and chest pain that have developed over the last several hours. Her past medical history is notable for diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 197/124 mm Hg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical examination is significant for papilledema. Urinalysis reveals gross hematuria and proteinuria. Which of the following is the next best step in management for this patient?? {'A': 'Esmolol', 'B': 'Hydralazine', 'C': 'Lisinopril', 'D': 'Nitroprusside', 'E': 'Propranolol'},
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A: Esmolol
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A research team develops a new monoclonal antibody checkpoint inhibitor for advanced melanoma that has shown promise in animal studies as well as high efficacy and low toxicity in early phase human clinical trials. The research team would now like to compare this drug to existing standard of care immunotherapy for advanced melanoma. Because the novel drug has been determined to have few side effects, this trial will offer the novel drug to patients who are deemed to be at risk for toxicity with the current standard of care immunotherapy. Which of the following best describes the level of evidence that this study can offer?? {'A': 'Level 1', 'B': 'Level 2', 'C': 'Level 3', 'D': 'Level 4', 'E': 'Level 5'},
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B: Level 2
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 23-year-old male with a homozygous CCR5 mutation is found to be immune to HIV infection. The patient’s CCR5 mutation interferes with the function of which viral protein?? {'A': 'Reverse transcriptase', 'B': 'gp120', 'C': 'gp41', 'D': 'p24', 'E': 'pp17'},
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B: gp120
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A cross-sectional study is investigating the association between smoking and the presence of Raynaud phenomenon in adults presenting to a primary care clinic in a major city. A standardized 3-question survey that assesses symptoms of Raynaud phenomenon was used to clinically diagnosis patients if they answered positively to all 3 questions. Sociodemographics, health-related information, and smoking history were collected by trained interviewers. Subjects were grouped by their reported tobacco use: non-smokers, less than 1 pack per day (PPD), between 1-2 PPD, and over 2 PPD. The results were adjusted for gender, age, education, and alcohol consumption. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) were as follows: Non-smoker: OR = reference <1 PPD: OR = 1.49 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.24-1.79] 1-2 PPD: OR = 1.91 [95% CI, 1.72-2.12] >2 PPD: OR = 2.21 [95% CI, 2.14-2.37] Which of the following is represented in this study and suggests a potential causal relationship between smoking and Raynaud phenomenon?? {'A': 'Blinding', 'B': 'Confounding', 'C': 'Consistency', 'D': 'Dose-response', 'E': 'Temporality'},
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D: Dose-response
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 10-year-old boy is brought to a family physician by his mother with a history of recurrent headaches. The headaches are moderate-to-severe in intensity, unilateral, mostly affecting the left side, and pulsatile in nature. Past medical history is significant for mild intellectual disability and complex partial seizures that sometimes progress to secondary generalized seizures. He was adopted at the age of 7 days. His birth history and family history are not available. His developmental milestones were slightly delayed. There is no history of fever or head trauma. His vital signs are within normal limits. His height and weight are at the 67th and 54th percentile for his age. Physical examination reveals an area of bluish discoloration on his left eyelid and cheek. The rest of the examination is within normal limits. A computed tomography (CT) scan of his head is shown in the exhibit. Which of the following additional clinical findings is most likely to be present?? {'A': 'Ash leaf spots', 'B': 'Café-au-lait spots', 'C': 'Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm', 'D': 'Glaucoma', 'E': 'Iris hamartoma'},
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D: Glaucoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 58-year-old man comes to the physician for a 2-month history of increased urinary frequency. Urodynamic testing shows a urinary flow rate of 11 mL/s (N>15) and a postvoid residual volume of 65 mL (N<50). Prostate-specific antigen level is 3.2 ng/mL (N<4). Treatment with a drug that also increases scalp hair regrowth is initiated. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of this drug?? {'A': 'Decreased conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone', 'B': 'Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor agonism', 'C': 'Decreased conversion of hydroxyprogesterone to androstenedione', 'D': 'Selective alpha-1A/D receptor antagonism', 'E': 'Decreased conversion of testosterone to estradiol'},
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A: Decreased conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 35-year-old man who suffered a motor vehicle accident 3 months ago presents to the office for a neurological evaluation. He has no significant past medical history and takes no current medications. He has a family history of coronary artery disease in his father and Alzheimer’s disease in his mother. On physical examination, his blood pressure is 110/60 mm Hg, the pulse is 85/min, the temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), and the respiratory rate is 20/min. Neurological examination is suggestive of a lesion in the anterior spinal artery that affects the anterior two-thirds of the spinal cord, which is later confirmed with angiography. Which of the following exam findings would have suggested this diagnosis?? {'A': 'Negative plantar extensor response in his lower limbs', 'B': 'Preserved pressure sensation', 'C': 'Flaccid paralysis on the right side', 'D': 'Loss of pain and temperature sensation above the level of the lesion', 'E': 'Loss of vibratory sense below the level of the lesion'},
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B: Preserved pressure sensation
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 23-year-old male presents with complaints of polydipsia and frequent, large-volume urination. Laboratory testing does not demonstrate any evidence of diabetes; however, a reduced urine osmolality of 120 mOsm/L is measured. Which of the following findings on a desmopressin test would be most consistent with a diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus?? {'A': 'Reduction in urine osmolality to 60 mOsm/L following vasopressin administration', 'B': 'Reduction in urine osmolality to 110 mOsm/L following vasopressin administration', 'C': 'Increase in urine osmolality to 130 mOsm/L following vasopressin administration', 'D': 'Increase in urine osmolality to 400 mOsm/L following vasopressin administration', 'E': 'No detectable change in urine osmolality following vasopressin administration'},
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D: Increase in urine osmolality to 400 mOsm/L following vasopressin administration
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 35-year-old woman comes into the primary care office as a new patient with gradually worsening arthritis and reduced grip strength, primarily involving the base of her fingers, wrists, and ankles. She reports feeling slow after getting out of bed in the morning. After further questioning, she notes fatigue, low-grade fever, and feeling down. Her medical history is significant for a deep venous thrombosis, hypertension, preeclampsia, diabetes mellitus type I, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia as a child. She denies any smoking history, drinks a glass of wine each day, and endorses a past history of marijuana use but denies any current illicit drug use. Her vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 87/min, and respiratory rate 15/min. On physical examination, you note symmetric joint swelling of the metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints. Radiographs of the hands demonstrate corresponding moderate, symmetric joint space narrowing, erosions, and adjacent bony decalcification. Of the following options, which is the mechanism of her reaction?? {'A': 'Type I–anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction', 'B': 'Type II–cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction', 'C': 'Type III–immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction', 'D': 'Type IV–cell-mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Type III and IV–mixed immune complex and cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions'},
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C: Type III–immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 32-year-old G1P0 woman undergoes her 2nd-trimester ultrasound in a community hospital. During her prenatal care, she was found to have mild anemia, low levels of folate, and serum alpha-fetoprotein levels greater than 2 multiples of the median (MoM) on 2 separate occasions. Her 1st-trimester ultrasound was significant for the absence of the intracranial lucency, no visualization of the cisterna magna, and posterior shift of the brain stem. These 2nd-trimester ultrasound reports reveal the widening of the lumbosacral spine ossification centers and the presence of a sac in proximity to the lumbosacral defect. Which of the following statements best describes the congenital defect in the fetus?? {'A': 'Abnormal development of the caudal eminence', 'B': 'Persistence of the anterior accessory neurenteric canal (ANC)', 'C': 'Failure of the rostral neuropore to close', 'D': 'Failure of the caudal neuropore to close', 'E': 'Failure of mesenchymal cells to form a neural rod'},
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D: Failure of the caudal neuropore to close
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 72-year-old male visits his gastroenterologist for a check-up one year following resection of a 2-cm malignant lesion in his sigmoid colon. Serum levels of which of the following can be used in this patient to test for cancer recurrence?? {'A': 'Alpha-fetoprotein', 'B': 'Carcinoembryonic antigen', 'C': 'Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125)', 'D': 'Gamma glutamyl transferase', 'E': 'CA-19-9 tumor marker'},
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B: Carcinoembryonic antigen
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 19-year-old man is seen by his primary care physician. The patient has a history of excessive daytime sleepiness going back several years. He has begun experiencing episodes in which his knees become weak and he drops to the floor when he laughs. He has a history of marijuana use. His family history is notable for hypertension and cardiac disease. His primary care physician refers him for a sleep study, and which confirms your suspected diagnosis. Which of the following is the best first-line pharmacological treatment for this patient?? {'A': 'Dextroamphetamine', 'B': 'Lisdexamfetamine', 'C': 'Methylphenidate', 'D': 'Zolpidem', 'E': 'Modafinil'},
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E: Modafinil
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 58-year-old woman presents to her physician complaining of a headache in the occipital region for 1 week. Past medical history is significant for essential hypertension, managed with lifestyle modifications and 2 antihypertensives for the previous 6 months. Her blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg. Neurological examination is normal. A third antihypertensive drug is added that acts as a selective α2 adrenergic receptor agonist. On follow-up, she reports that she does not have any symptoms and her blood pressure is 124/82 mm Hg. Which of the following mechanisms best explains the therapeutic effect of this new drug in this patient?? {'A': 'Negative inotropic effect on the heart', 'B': 'Vasodilation of peripheral veins', 'C': 'Vasodilation of peripheral arteries', 'D': 'Decreased peripheral sympathetic outflow', 'E': 'Vasodilation of peripheral arteries and peripheral veins'},
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D: Decreased peripheral sympathetic outflow
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 23-year-old woman comes to the emergency department for the evaluation of mild retrosternal pain for the last 7 hours after several episodes of self-induced vomiting. The patient was diagnosed with bulimia nervosa 9 months ago. Her only medication is citalopram. She is 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) tall and weighs 62 kg (136.6 lb); BMI is 21.5 kg/m2. She appears pale. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 75/min, respirations are 21/min, and blood pressure is 110/75 mm Hg. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examinations shows no murmurs, rubs, or gallops. The abdomen is soft and nontender with no organomegaly. The remainder of the physical examination shows swelling of the salivary glands, dry skin, and brittle nails. An ECG and an x-ray of the chest show no abnormalities. Contrast esophagram with gastrografin shows mild leakage of contrast from the lower esophagus into the mediastinum without contrast extravasation into the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management?? {'A': 'Intravenous octreotide therapy', 'B': 'Intravenous labetalol therapy', 'C': 'Diagnostic endoscopy', 'D': 'Intravenous ampicillin and sulbactam therapy', 'E': 'CT scan with contrast\n"'},
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D: Intravenous ampicillin and sulbactam therapy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 25-year-old woman with an extensive psychiatric history is suspected of having metabolic acidosis after ingesting a large amount of aspirin in a suicide attempt. Labs are drawn and the values from the ABG are found to be: PCO2: 25, and HCO3: 15, but the pH value is smeared on the print-out and illegible. The medical student is given the task of calculating the pH using the pCO2 and HCO3 concentrations. He recalls from his first-year physiology course that the pKa of relevance for the bicarbonate buffering system is approximately 6.1. Which of the following is the correct formula the student should use, using the given values from the incomplete ABG?? {'A': '6.1 + log[15/(0.03*25)]', 'B': '10^6.1 + 15/0.03*25', 'C': '15/6.1 + log[10/(0.03*25)]', 'D': '6.1 + log[0.03/15*25)', 'E': '6.1 + log [25/(15*0.03)]'},
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A: 6.1 + log[15/(0.03*25)]
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 41-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with a fever. She has had intermittent fevers accompanied by malaise, weakness, and mild shortness of breath for the past 2 weeks. Her past medical history is notable for recurrent bloody diarrhea for over 3 years. She underwent a flexible sigmoidosopy several months ago which demonstrated contiguously granular and hyperemic rectal mucosa. She has a distant history of intravenous drug use but has been sober for the past 15 years. Her temperature is 100.8°F (38.2°C), blood pressure is 126/76 mmHg, pulse is 112/min, and respirations are 17/min. On exam, she appears lethargic but is able to answer questions appropriately. A new systolic II/VI murmur is heard on cardiac auscultation. Subungual hemorrhages are noted. Multiple blood cultures are drawn and results are pending. Which of the following pathogens is most strongly associated with this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Candida albicans', 'B': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'C': 'Staphylococcus epidermidis', 'D': 'Streptococcus gallolyticus', 'E': 'Streptococcus viridans'},
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D: Streptococcus gallolyticus
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 42-year-old man presents to his family physician for evaluation of oral pain. He states that he has increasing pain in a molar on the top left of his mouth. The pain started 1 week ago and has been progressively worsening since then. His medical history is significant for hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, both of which are currently controlled with lifestyle modifications. His blood pressure is 124/86 mm Hg, heart rate is 86/min, and respiratory rate is 14/min. Physical examination is notable for a yellow-black discoloration of the second molar on his left upper mouth. The decision is made to refer him to a dentist for further management of this cavity. The patient has never had any dental procedures and is nervous about what type of sedation will be used. Which of the following forms of anesthesia utilizes solely an oral or intravenous anti-anxiety medication?? {'A': 'Minimal Sedation', 'B': 'Epidural anesthesia', 'C': 'Deep sedation', 'D': 'Dissociation', 'E': 'Regional anesthesia'},
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A: Minimal Sedation
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 3-month-old infant is brought to her pediatrician for a well-child visit. The infant was born to a 22-year-old mother via a spontaneous vaginal delivery at 38 weeks of gestation in her home. She moved to the United States approximately 3 weeks ago from a small village. She reports that her infant had 2 episodes of non-bloody and non-bilious vomiting. The infant's medical history includes eczema and 2 seizure episodes that resolved with benzodiazepines in the emergency department. Physical examination is notable for a musty body odor, eczema, and a fair skin complexion. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Abdominal radiography', 'B': 'Antiepileptic drug', 'C': 'Dermatology consult', 'D': 'Dietary restriction', 'E': 'MRI of the brain'},
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D: Dietary restriction
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 33-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her husband because of persistent sadness for the past 2 months. During this period, she also has had difficulty sleeping and an increased appetite. She had similar episodes that occurred 2 years ago and 9 months ago that each lasted for 4 months. Between these episodes, she reported feeling very energetic and rested after 3 hours of sleep. She often went for long periods of time without eating. She works as a stock market trader and received a promotion 5 months ago. She regularly attends yoga classes on the weekends with her friends. On mental status examination, she has a blunted affect. She denies suicidal thoughts and illicit drug use. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern', 'B': 'Persistent depressive disorder', 'C': 'Cyclothymic disorder', 'D': 'Bipolar disorder with rapid cycling', 'E': 'Major depressive disorder with atypical features\n"'},
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C: Cyclothymic disorder
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A child presents to his pediatrician’s clinic for a routine well visit. He can bend down and stand back up without assistance and walk backward but is not able to run or walk upstairs. He can stack 2 blocks and put the blocks in a cup. He can bring over a book when asked, and he will say “mama” and “dada” to call for his parents, as well as 'book', 'milk', and 'truck'. How old is this child if he is developmentally appropriate for his age?? {'A': '9 months', 'B': '12 months', 'C': '15 months', 'D': '18 months', 'E': '24 months'},
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C: 15 months
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 4-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her parents because she is severely underweight. She is easily fatigued and has difficulty keeping up with other children at her daycare. She has a good appetite and eats 3 full meals a day. She has 4 to 5 bowel movements daily with bulky, foul-smelling stools that float. She has had recurrent episodes of sinusitis since infancy. Her parents report that she recently started to snore during her sleep. She is at the 15th percentile for height and 3rd percentile for weight. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows pale conjunctivae. A few scattered expiratory crackles are heard in the thorax. There is abdominal distention. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's failure to thrive?? {'A': 'Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency', 'B': 'Small intestine bacterial overgrowth', 'C': 'Impaired intestinal amino acid transport', 'D': 'Intestinal inflammatory reaction to gluten', 'E': 'T. whippelii infiltration of intestinal villi'},
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A: Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 72-year-old woman with a history of atrial fibrillation on warfarin, diabetes, seizure disorder and recent MRSA infection is admitted to the hospital. She subsequently begins therapy with another drug and is found to have a supratherapeutic International Normalized Ratio (INR). Which of the following drugs is likely contributing to this patient's elevated INR?? {'A': 'Phenobarbital', 'B': 'Glipizide', 'C': 'Rifampin', 'D': 'Carbamazepine', 'E': 'Valproic acid'},
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E: Valproic acid
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 16-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain and tenderness. The pain began approximately 2 days ago in the area just above his umbilicus and was crampy in nature. Earlier this morning, the pain moved laterally to his right lower abdomen. At that time, the pain in the right lower quadrant became severe and constant and woke him up from sleep. He decided to come to the hospital. The patient is nauseous and had a low-grade fever of 37.8°C (100.1°F). Other vitals are normal. Upon physical examination, the patient has rebound tenderness but a negative psoas sign while the remaining areas of his abdomen are non-tender. His rectal exam is normal. Laboratory tests show a white cell count of 15,000/mm3. Urinalysis and other laboratory findings were negative. What conclusion can be drawn about the nerves involved in the transmission of this patient’s pain during the physical exam?? {'A': 'His pain is mainly transmitted by the right splanchnic nerve.', 'B': 'His pain is transmitted bilaterally by somatic afferent nerve fibers of the abdomen.', 'C': 'His pain is transmitted by somatic afferent nerve fibers located in the right flank.', 'D': 'His pain is transmitted by right somatic nerve fibers.', 'E': 'His pain is transmitted by the pelvic nerves.'},
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A: His pain is mainly transmitted by the right splanchnic nerve.
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 57-year-old man presents to the emergency department after an episode of syncope. He states that he was at home when he suddenly felt weak and experienced back pain that has been persistent. He states that he vomited forcefully several times after the episode. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and depression. He smokes 1.5 packs of cigarettes per day and drinks 10 alcoholic beverages each night. His temperature is 97.5°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 107/48 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. A chest radiograph is within normal limits. Physical exam is notable for abdominal tenderness and a man resting in an antalgic position. Urinalysis is currently pending but reveals a concentrated urine sample. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Abdominal aortic aneurysm', 'B': 'Aortic dissection', 'C': 'Boerhaave syndrome', 'D': 'Nephrolithiasis', 'E': 'Pancreatitis'},
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A: Abdominal aortic aneurysm
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An 84-year-old woman is brought by her caretaker to the physician because of a 2-day history of fever, severe headache, neck pain, and aversion to bright light. She appears uncomfortable. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 145/75 mm Hg. Physical examination shows involuntary flexion of the bilateral hips and knees with passive flexion of the neck. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis shows a leukocyte count of 1200/mm3 (76% segmented neutrophils, 24% lymphocytes), a protein concentration of 113 mg/dL, and a glucose concentration of 21 mg/dL. A CT scan of the brain shows leptomeningeal enhancement. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacotherapy?? {'A': 'Vancomycin, gentamicin, and cephalexin', 'B': 'Vancomycin, metronidazole, and cefotaxime', 'C': 'Vancomycin and cefepime', 'D': 'Ampicillin and gentamicin', 'E': 'Ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and ampicillin'},
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E: Ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and ampicillin
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 72-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician because she is concerned about the appearance of her toenails. Examination shows yellowish discoloration of all toenails on both feet. The edges of the toenails are lifted, and there is subungual debris. Potassium hydroxide preparation of scrapings from the nails shows multiple branching septate hyphae. Treatment with oral terbinafine is begun. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of this drug?? {'A': 'Interference with mitosis during metaphase', 'B': 'Prevention of lanosterol to ergosterol conversion', 'C': 'Inhibition of β-glucan synthesis', 'D': 'Inhibition of squalene epoxidase', 'E': 'Formation of pores in cell membrane'},
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D: Inhibition of squalene epoxidase
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 31-year-old G3P2 woman presents to labor and delivery triage because she has had bleeding over the last day. She is currently 5 months into her pregnancy and has had no concerns prior to this visit. She previously had a delivery through cesarean section and has otherwise had uncomplicated pregnancies. She denies fever, pain, and discomfort. On presentation, her temperature is 99.1°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, pulse is 81/min, and respirations are 15/min. Physical exam reveals an alert woman with slow, painless, vaginal bleeding. Which of the following risk factors are associated with the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Early menarche', 'B': 'Multiparity', 'C': 'Presence of uterine fibroids', 'D': 'Pelvic inflammatory disease', 'E': 'Smoking'},
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B: Multiparity
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 32-year-old man visits his family physician for 10 months of persistent left flank pain, weight loss, and fatigue. Also, he has had hematuria a couple of times in the last month. His mother was diagnosed and treated for a pheochromocytoma when she was 36 years old, and his father died at 45 years due to myocardial infarction. His personal medical history is not relevant. He does not smoke and used to be a varsity athlete in high school and university. Physical examination shows temporal wasting, pale mucous membranes and palms, a palpable mass in the left flank, and a varicocele that does not reduce upon recumbency. His family physician sends the patient to the emergency department for an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan, which shows a complex left renal mass and a hemangioblastoma in T10. A biopsy of the renal mass is ordered by the oncology team, which demonstrates compact cells with prominent nucleoli, eosinophilic cytoplasm within a network of a small and thin-walled vasculature. What is the most likely type of tumor in this patient?? {'A': 'Collecting duct carcinoma', 'B': 'Papillary carcinoma', 'C': 'Clear-cell carcinoma', 'D': 'Chromophobe carcinoma', 'E': 'Oncocytic carcinoma'},
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C: Clear-cell carcinoma
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Q:A 55-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of fatigue, increased sweating, and a 5.4-kg (12-lb) weight loss. Over the past 3 weeks, he has had gingival bleeding when brushing his teeth. Twenty years ago, he was diagnosed with a testicular tumor and treated with radiation therapy. His temperature is 37.8°C (100°F), pulse is 70/min, respirations are 12/min, and blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. He takes no medications. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. The spleen is palpated 4 cm below the left costal margin. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 86 μm3 Leukocyte count 110,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 24% Metamyelocytes 6% Myelocytes 34% Promyelocytes 14% Blasts 1% Lymphocytes 11% Monocytes 4% Eosinophils 4% Basophils 2% Platelet count 650,000/mm3 Molecular testing confirms the diagnosis. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in treatment?"? {'A': 'Rituximab therapy', 'B': 'Low-dose aspirin therapy', 'C': 'Phlebotomy', 'D': 'Cytarabine and daunorubicin therapy', 'E': 'Imatinib therapy'},
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E: Imatinib therapy
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Q:A 15-year-old boy presents with shortness of breath on exertion for the past 2 weeks. Although he does not have any other complaints, he is concerned about not gaining much weight despite a good appetite. His height is 188 cm (6 ft 2 in) and weight is 58 kg (124 lb). His blood pressure is 134/56 mm Hg and his pulse rate is 78/min. On cardiac auscultation, his apex beat is displaced laterally with a diastolic murmur lateral to the left sternal border. Slit-lamp examination shows an upward and outward displacement of both lenses. Synthesis of which of the following proteins is most likely defective in this patient?? {'A': 'Fibrillin', 'B': 'Laminin', 'C': 'Elastin', 'D': 'Fibronectin', 'E': 'Reticular fibers'},
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A: Fibrillin
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Q:Three days after admission to the intensive care unit for septic shock and bacteremia from a urinary tract infection, a 34-year-old woman has persistent hypotension. Her blood cultures were positive for Escherichia coli, for which she has been receiving appropriate antibiotics since admission. She has no history of serious illness. She does not use illicit drugs. Current medications include norepinephrine, ceftriaxone, and acetaminophen. She appears well. Her temperature is 37.5 C (99.5 F), heart rate 96/min, and blood pressure is 85/55 mm Hg. Examination of the back shows costovertebral tenderness bilaterally. Examination of the thyroid gland shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hospital day 1 Hospital day 3 Leukocyte count 18,500/mm3 10,300/mm3 Hemoglobin 14.1 mg/dL 13.4 mg/dL Serum Creatinine 1.4 mg/dL 0.9 mg/dL Fasting glucose 95 mg/dL 100 mg/dL TSH 1.8 μU/mL T3, free 0.1 ng/dL (N: 0.3–0.7 ng/dL) T4, free 0.9 ng/dL (N: 0.5–1.8 ng/dL) Repeat blood cultures are negative. An x-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's laboratory abnormalities?"? {'A': 'Medication toxicity', 'B': 'Sick euthyroid syndrome', 'C': 'Fibrous thyroiditis', 'D': 'Pituitary apoplexy', 'E': 'Subclinical hypothyrodism'},
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B: Sick euthyroid syndrome
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Q:A 68-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with a complaint of fatigue, difficulty breathing upon exertion, and crampy lower abdominal pain. She also noticed that her stools are dark. She has had essential hypertension for 20 years, for which she takes bisoprolol. Her family history is positive for type 2 diabetes mellitus. On physical examination, she looks pale. Complete blood count shows the following: Hemoglobin 10 g/L Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 70 fL Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 25 pg/cell Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 27 g/dL Red cell distribution width 16% Platelet count 350,000/mm3 Serum ferritin 9 ng/mL Which of the following is the best initial step for this patient?? {'A': 'Intra-anal glyceryl trinitrate', 'B': 'Double-contrast barium enema', 'C': 'Red cell transfusion', 'D': 'Colonoscopy', 'E': 'Rectal hydrocortisone'},
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D: Colonoscopy
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Q:A 25-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with intermittent uterine contractions. She is 39 weeks pregnant and experienced a deluge of fluid between her legs while she was grocery shopping. She now complains of painful contractions. She is transferred to the labor and delivery floor and a healthy male baby is delivered. He has a ruddy complexion and is crying audibly. Laboratory values demonstrate a hemoglobin of 22 g/dL and electrolytes that are within normal limits. Which of the following is the best description for the cause of this neonate's presentation?? {'A': 'Dehydration', 'B': 'Healthy infant', 'C': 'Maternal hyperglycemia during the pregnancy', 'D': 'Post-term infant', 'E': 'Renal abnormality'},
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C: Maternal hyperglycemia during the pregnancy
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Q:A 46-year-old obese man comes to the emergency room because of paresthesias in his feet and a hypopigmented skin lesion on his knee that he first noticed 6 weeks ago. He has also had fever, fatigue, and malaise for the last week. He has a history of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis for which he takes levothyroxine. He immigrated from Indonesia 3 years ago to join his family in the United States. His temperature is 38.7°C (101.7°F) and blood pressure is 122/84 mm Hg. Physical exam shows a well-defined hypopigmented skin lesion approximately 3 cm in diameter over the anterior aspect of the right knee. The area has no hair growth and remains dry although he is diaphoretic. There is diminished sensation to light touch and pinprick in the skin lesion when compared to surrounding skin. There is reduced light touch sensation in the big toes bilaterally. After obtaining a skin biopsy of the lesion to confirm the diagnosis, which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacotherapy?? {'A': 'Oral hydroxychloroquine', 'B': 'Topical fluconazole', 'C': 'Topical betamethasone', 'D': 'Intravenous amphotericin', 'E': 'Oral rifampicin and dapsone'},
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E: Oral rifampicin and dapsone
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Q:A 21-year-old woman comes to the physician because of hair loss on her frontal scalp over the past year. Menses have occurred at irregular 40- to 60-day intervals since menarche at the age of 17 years. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. She is 162 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 73 kg (158.7 lb); BMI is 28 kg/m2. Her pulse is 75/min and blood pressure 130/76 mm Hg. Physical examination shows scattered pustules on her face and patches of velvety hyperpigmentation on her axilla and groin. Her morning serum cortisol concentration is 18 μg/dL. This patient's condition is most likely associated with increased stimulation of which of the following types of cells?? {'A': 'Zona fasciculata cells', 'B': 'Leydig cells', 'C': 'Theca interna cells', 'D': 'Granulosa cells', 'E': 'Follicular thyroid cells'},
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C: Theca interna cells
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Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought to his physician by his mother for the evaluation of increased bruising for 3 weeks. The mother reports that the patient has also had two episodes of nose bleeding in the last week that subsided spontaneously within a few minutes. The boy was born at term and has been healthy except for an episode of gastroenteritis 5 weeks ago that resolved without treatment. The patient is at the 48th percentile for height and 43rd percentile for weight. He appears healthy and well nourished. His temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), pulse is 100/min, and his blood pressure is 100/65 mm Hg. There are a few scattered petechiae over the trunk and back. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 12.5 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 88 μm3 Leukocyte count 9,000/mm3 Platelet count 45,000/mm3 Red cell distribution width 14% (N=13%–15%) A blood smear shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?"? {'A': 'Antiplatelet antibody testing', 'B': 'Romiplostim therapy', 'C': 'Splenectomy', 'D': 'Observation', 'E': 'Intravenous immunglobulin therapy'},
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D: Observation
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Q:A 23-year-old woman comes to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain and bloody vaginal discharge with clots. Her last menstrual period was 7 weeks ago. She does not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. She was admitted to the hospital for a deep vein thrombosis about 1 year ago and was treated with heparin followed by warfarin. Therapy ended after 6 months and she has been monitored by her primary care provider since. She has been sexually active with a new partner for 3 months and uses condoms inconsistently. Her father has type II diabetes and takes insulin. Her mother died of a stroke when she was 50. Her sister had 2 spontaneous first trimester abortions. Temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, pulse is 98/min, respirations are 16/min, and BMI is 22 kg/m2 (48.5 pounds). On examination, her lower abdomen is tender to palpation. Vaginal examination reveals an open cervical os with blood pooling in the vaginal vault. Laboratory investigation: Complete blood count Hemoglobin 9.5 g/dl Leucocytes 4,500/mm3 Platelets 90,000/mm3 Serum haptoglobin 25 mg/dl (30-200 mg/dl) Bleeding time 5 minutes APTT 60 seconds Plasma fibrinogen 250 mg/dl (150-400 mg/dl) VDRL positive HbsAg negative After a mixing study, her APTT fails to correct. Urine pregnancy test is positive. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome', 'B': 'Disseminated intravascular coagulation', 'C': 'Von Willebrand disease', 'D': 'Factor V leiden', 'E': 'Primary syphilis'},
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A: Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
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Q:An 8-year-old boy is referred to your office by his school for kyphoscoliosis. His mother recently noticed a change in the way he walks but thought it was a normal part of his growth. She notes that he has always been clumsy and has frequent falls. He has a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus for which he receives insulin. He has no other health problems and has been doing well in school. On physical exam his temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 110/75 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 19/min. Cardiopulmonary exam is unremarkable. On neurologic exam you notice nystagmus. Patellar reflex is absent and the patient has a staggering gait. The disorder most likely responsible for this patient’s presentation is due to an abnormality in which of the following?? {'A': 'Frataxin', 'B': 'Fructokinase', 'C': 'Myophosphorylase', 'D': 'Fibrillin', 'E': 'Myotonin protein kinase'},
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A: Frataxin
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Q:A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with painless yellowing of his skin. The patient states he is generally healthy and has no past medical history. He smokes 2 packs of cigarettes per day and was recently treated for a urinary tract infection with a single dose of ceftriaxone followed by a 7 day course of ciprofloxacin. He recently returned from a 3 day hiking trip and is an avid vegan. His only other medical history is a mild cough for the past few days. His temperature is 97.5°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 122/82 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals an abdomen which is non-tender. Mild scleral icterus and sublingual jaundice is noted. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s symptoms?? {'A': 'Carotenoid consumption', 'B': 'Ceftriaxone administration', 'C': 'Crigler-Najjar syndrome', 'D': 'Gilbert syndrome', 'E': 'Pancreatic cancer'},
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D: Gilbert syndrome
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Q:A 15-year-old boy is undergoing the bodily changes associated with puberty. He is concerned that he easily develops a foul skin odor, even with mild exercise. Which of the following glandular structures is the causative agent for this foul skin odor?? {'A': 'Eccrine gland', 'B': 'Mucous gland', 'C': 'Apocrine gland', 'D': 'Sebaceous gland', 'E': 'Serous gland'},
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C: Apocrine gland
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Q:A 50-year-old man presents to the office with the complaint of pain in his left great toe. The pain started 2 days ago and has been progressively getting worse to the point that it is difficult to walk even a few steps. He adds that his left big toe is swollen and hot to the touch. He has never had similar symptoms in the past. He normally drinks 2–3 cans of beer every night but recently binge drank 3 nights ago. Physical examination is notable for an overweight gentleman (BMI of 35) in moderate pain, with an erythematous, swollen, and exquisitely tender left great toe. Laboratory results reveal a uric acid level of 9 mg/dL. A complete blood count shows: Hemoglobin % 12 gm/dL Hematocrit 45% Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 90 fL Platelets 160,000/mm3 Leukocytes 8,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 65% Lymphocytes 25% Eosinophils 3% Monocytes 7% RBCs 5.6 million/mm3 Synovial fluid analysis shows: Cell count 55,000 cells/mm3 (80% neutrophils) Crystals negatively birefringent crystals present Culture pending Gram stain no organisms seen Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the drug that will most likely be used in the long-term management of this patient?? {'A': 'Inhibits renal clearance of uric acid', 'B': 'Inhibits xanthine oxidase', 'C': 'Activates adenosine monophosphate (AMP) deaminase', 'D': 'Increases renal clearance of uric acid', 'E': 'Activates inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase'},
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B: Inhibits xanthine oxidase
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Q:A 25-year-old woman presented to an urgent care center with a complaint of a cough for more than 3 weeks that was accompanied by night sweats, weight loss, and malaise. On physical examination, the patient had slightly pale palpebral conjunctivae bilateral posterior cervical lymphadenopathy, but with no adventitious breath sounds in the lung fields bilaterally. The remainder of the physical examination was routine. The patient was started on a drug regimen that was to be taken for 6 months. On follow-up after 2 months, the ALT and AST levels were elevated. Which of the following anti-tubercular drug could have contributed to this labor result?? {'A': 'Rifampicin', 'B': 'Pyrazinamide', 'C': 'Isoniazid', 'D': 'Streptomycin', 'E': 'Ethambutol'},
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B: Pyrazinamide
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Q:A 9-year-old boy is referred to an orthopedic surgeon after his primary care physician noticed that he was developing scoliosis. He has been otherwise healthy. His family history includes blindness and a cancer causing extremely high blood pressure. On physical exam there are scattered nodules in his skin as well as the findings shown in the photographs. This patient's disorder most likely exhibits which of the following modes of inheritance?? {'A': 'Autosomal dominant', 'B': 'Autosomal recessive', 'C': 'Mitochondrial', 'D': 'X-linked dominant', 'E': 'X-linked recessive'},
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A: Autosomal dominant
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Q:A 67-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of frequent urination overnight. He states that for several years he has had trouble maintaining his urine stream along with the need for frequent urination, but the nighttime urination has only recently started. The patient also states that he has had 2 urinary tract infections in the last year, which he had never had previously. On exam, his temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 124/68 mmHg, pulse is 58/min, and respirations are 13/min. On digital rectal exam, the prostate is enlarged but feels symmetric and smooth. Which of the following is a possible consequence of this condition?? {'A': 'Increased serum AFP', 'B': 'Increased serum ALP', 'C': 'Increased serum creatinine', 'D': 'Increased serum hCG', 'E': 'Malignant transformation'},
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C: Increased serum creatinine
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Q:A 71-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of pain and swelling in his left leg that started after he cut his foot while swimming in the ocean. He has a history of alcoholic cirrhosis. His temperature is 38.3°C (101.0°F). Examination of the left foot shows a small, purulent wound with surrounding swelling and dusky redness extending to the mid-calf. There are numerous hemorrhagic blisters and the entire lower leg is exquisitely tender to light palpation. There is no crepitus. Blood cultures grow gram-negative bacilli that ferment lactose. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?? {'A': 'Shigella flexneri', 'B': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'C': 'Clostridium perfringens', 'D': 'Streptococcus pyogenes', 'E': 'Vibrio vulnificus'},
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E: Vibrio vulnificus
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Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to a respiratory specialist. The family physician referred the child because of recurrent respiratory infections over the past 2 years. Chest X-rays showed a lesion of < 2 cm that includes glands and cysts in the upper lobe of the right lung. Diseases affecting the immune system were investigated and ruled out. No family history of any pulmonary disease or congenital malformations exists. He was born at full term via a normal vaginal delivery with an APGAR score of 10. Which of the following should be highly considered for effective management of this child’s condition?? {'A': 'Antibiotics', 'B': 'Bronchoscopy', 'C': 'Observance', 'D': 'Lobectomy', 'E': 'Pneumonectomy'},
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D: Lobectomy
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Q:A 22-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his friends 30 minutes after falling down a flight of stairs. His friends report that they were at a college party, where he drank large amounts of alcohol. He is aggressive and restless. Examination shows tenderness to palpation and swelling of his right lower leg. An x-ray of the right leg shows a lower tibial shaft fracture. The physician recommends overnight observation and surgery the following morning. The patient refuses the suggested treatment and requests immediate discharge. Otherwise, he says, he will call his lawyer and sue the entire medical staff involved in his care. Which of the following is the most appropriate response by the physician?? {'A': '"""If you don\'t consent to treatment, I\'ll be forced to obtain consent from your parents."""', 'B': '"""Have you ever felt you should cut down on your drinking?"""', 'C': '"""You can leave the hospital after signing a self-discharge against medical advice form."""', 'D': '"""I understand that you want to go home, but I\'ll have to keep you here as long as you are intoxicated."""', 'E': '"""I can\'t force you to stay here, but I\'ll have to inform your dean of this incident."""\n"'},
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D: """I understand that you want to go home, but I'll have to keep you here as long as you are intoxicated."""
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Q:A 25-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of numbness in his left lower extremity. One month ago, he sustained a fracture of the neck of the left fibula during soccer practice that was treated with immobilization in a plaster cast. Physical examination of the left lower extremity is most likely to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Impaired dorsiflexion of the foot', 'B': 'Loss of sensation over the medial calf', 'C': 'Inability to stand on tiptoes', 'D': 'Decreased ankle reflex', 'E': 'Loss of sensation on the sole of the foot'},
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A: Impaired dorsiflexion of the foot
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Q:A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care physician due to worsening headache and double vision. His headache began several months ago, and he describes them as sharp and localized to the left side of the head. His double vision began one week prior to presentation. Medical history is significant for hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus, which is treated with lisinopril and metformin. He smokes a pack of cigarettes a day for the last 40 years. His temperature is 98.3°F (37°C), blood pressure is 148/84 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, and respirations are 14/min. On physical exam, a mild head turning towards the left is appreciated. Pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light, with a more pronounced esotropia on left-lateral gaze. The rest of the neurologic exam is otherwise normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and MR angiography shows a left-sided intracavernous carotid aneurysm. Which of the following nerves is most likely compressed by the aneurysm in this patient?? {'A': 'Oculomotor', 'B': 'Ophthalmic', 'C': 'Abducens', 'D': 'Trochlear', 'E': 'Optic'},
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C: Abducens
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Q:A 56-year-old woman undergoes open reduction and internal fixation of the distal tibia 1 day after a fall. She has had rheumatoid arthritis for 12 years and diabetes mellitus for 2 years. Her medications over the past year have included metformin, prednisone, calcium supplements, and methotrexate. Prior to surgery, insulin was added to her medications, and the dose of prednisone was increased. She has had appropriate nutrition over the years with regular follow-ups with her healthcare professional. Which of the following is the most appropriate supplement to prevent wound failure in this patient?? {'A': 'Arginine', 'B': 'Glutamine', 'C': 'Vitamin A', 'D': 'Vitamin C', 'E': 'Zinc'},
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C: Vitamin A
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Q:A 32-year-old woman makes an appointment with her family physician for a new-employment physical examination. She has no complaints and the physical examination is unremarkable. The family history is negative for malignancies and inherited disorders. During the visit, she provides the results of a Pap smear taken last week, which reports the presence of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), along with a test for HPV, which was negative. The previous Pap smear was normal (negative for intraepithelial lesions or malignancy). When would you recommend that she have another Pap smear?? {'A': 'Immediately', 'B': '6 months', 'C': '3 years', 'D': '5 years', 'E': '1 year'},
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C: 3 years
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Q:A 35-year-old woman gravida 2, para 1, comes to the physician for her first prenatal visit. Pregnancy and delivery of her first child were uncomplicated. She is not sure about the date of her last menstrual period. Pelvic examination shows a uterus consistent in size with a 10-week gestation. An ultrasound examination confirms the gestational age and shows one fetus with no indication of multiple gestations. During counseling on pregnancy risks and possible screening and diagnostic tests, the patient states she would like to undergo screening for Down syndrome. She would prefer immediate and secure screening with a low risk to herself and the fetus. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management at this time?? {'A': 'Maternal serum α-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, unconjugated estriol, and inhibin A', 'B': 'Amniocentesis', 'C': 'Nuchal translucency, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, human chorionic gonadotropin', 'D': 'Cell-free fetal DNA testing', 'E': 'Chorionic villus sampling'},
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D: Cell-free fetal DNA testing
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Q:A 72-year-old African American man presents with progressive fatigue, difficulty breathing on exertion, and lower extremity swelling for 3 months. The patient was seen at the emergency department 2 times before. The first time was because of back pain, and the second was because of fever and cough. He took medications at the emergency room, but he refused to do further tests recommended to him. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. His family history is irrelevant. His vital signs include a blood pressure of 110/80 mm Hg, temperature of 37.2°C (98.9°F), and regular radial pulse of 90/min. On physical examination, the patient looks pale, and his tongue is enlarged. Jugular veins become distended on inspiration. Pitting ankle edema is present on both sides. Bilateral basal crackles are audible on the chest auscultation. Hepatomegaly is present on abdominal palpation. Chest X-ray shows osteolytic lesions of the ribs. ECG shows low voltage waves and echocardiogram shows a speckled appearance of the myocardium with diastolic dysfunction and normal appearance of the pericardium. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of this patient’s illness?? {'A': 'Thickening of the parietal pericardium with dystrophic calcification', 'B': 'Deposition of an extracellular fibrillar protein that stains positive for Congo red in the myocardium', 'C': 'Concentric hypertrophy of the myocytes with thickening of the interventricular septum', 'D': 'Calcification of the aortic valve orifice with obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract', 'E': 'Diastolic cardiac dysfunction with reciprocal variation in ventricular filling with respiration'},
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B: Deposition of an extracellular fibrillar protein that stains positive for Congo red in the myocardium
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Q:A 73-year-old woman is brought in by her daughter stating that her mom has become increasingly forgetful and has trouble remembering recent events. Her memory for remote events is remarkably intact. The patient is no longer able to cook for herself as she frequently leaves the stove on unattended. She has recently been getting lost in her neighborhood even though she has lived there for 30 years. Her mood is not depressed. Decreased activity in which of the following areas of the brain is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease?? {'A': 'Locus ceruleus', 'B': 'Nucleus basalis', 'C': 'Raphe nucleus', 'D': 'Ventral tegmentum', 'E': 'Nucleus accumbens'},
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B: Nucleus basalis
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Q:A 27-year-old female in her 20th week of pregnancy presents for a routine fetal ultrasound screening. An abnormality of the right fetal kidney is detected. It is determined that the right ureteropelvic junction has failed to recanalize. Which of the following findings is most likely to be seen on fetal ultrasound:? {'A': 'Bilateral renal agenesis', 'B': 'Unilateral hydronephrosis', 'C': 'Renal cysts', 'D': 'Pelvic kidney', 'E': 'Duplicated ureter'},
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B: Unilateral hydronephrosis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 16-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother because she is concerned about the “spots” on his abdomen and back. The patient’s mother reports that there are several “light spots” on the patient’s trunk that have been slowly increasing in number. The lesions are not painful nor pruritic. The patient’s mother is worried because her nephew had vitiligo. The patient reports that he feels “fine,” but reports occasional headaches and increasing difficulty with seeing the board at school. In addition to the patient’s cousin having vitiligo, the patient’s paternal grandfather and uncle have bilateral deafness, and his mother has systemic lupus erythematous. On physical examination, there are multiple, discrete, 2-3 cm hypopigmented macules on the chest, abdomen, back, and posterior shoulders. Which of the following head and neck computed tomography findings is the patient most likely to develop?? {'A': 'Bilateral vestibular schwannomas', 'B': 'Cerebral atrophy', 'C': 'Optic nerve glioma', 'D': 'Subependymal hamartomas', 'E': 'Thyroid nodule'},
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A: Bilateral vestibular schwannomas
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Q:A 4-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician's office by her parents with a complaint of foul-smelling discharge from one side of her nose for the past 2 weeks. There is no history of trauma to the nose and she was completely fine during her well-child visit last month. She was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. She is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the nose reveals a mucoid discharge oozing out from the left nostril. The girl panics when the physician tries to use a nasal speculum. Palpation over the facial bones does not reveal any tenderness. An X-ray image of the paranasal sinuses shows no abnormality. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?? {'A': 'Nasal foreign body', 'B': 'Bilateral maxillary sinusitis', 'C': 'Nasal polyp', 'D': 'Septal hematoma', 'E': 'Nasal tumor'},
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A: Nasal foreign body
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Q:A 27-year-old male presents to clinic complaining of coughing up small amounts of blood daily for the past week. He denies smoking, sick contacts, or recent travel. Chest radiographs demonstrates interstitial pneumonia with patchy alveolar infiltrates suggestive of multiple bleeding sites. Urinalysis is positive for blood and protein. A positive result is returned for anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody (anti-GBM Ab). What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)', 'B': "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegner's)", 'C': 'Microscopic polyangiitis', 'D': 'Churg-Strauss syndrome', 'E': 'Goodpasture disease'},
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E: Goodpasture disease
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Q:A 66-year-old man presents with severe respiratory distress. He was diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension secondary to occupational pneumoconiosis. Biopsy findings of the lung showed ferruginous bodies. What is the most likely etiology?? {'A': 'Coal', 'B': 'Iron', 'C': 'Asbestos', 'D': 'Beryllium', 'E': 'Silica'},
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C: Asbestos
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Q:A 25-year-old G1P1 with a history of diabetes and epilepsy gives birth to a female infant at 32 weeks gestation. The mother had no prenatal care and took no prenatal vitamins. The child’s temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 100/70 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 25/min. On physical examination in the delivery room, the child’s skin is pink throughout and he cries on stimulation. All four extremities are moving spontaneously. A tuft of hair is found overlying the infant’s lumbosacral region. Which of the following medications was this patient most likely taking during her pregnancy?? {'A': 'Lithium', 'B': 'Ethosuximide', 'C': 'Warfarin', 'D': 'Gentamicin', 'E': 'Valproic acid'},
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E: Valproic acid
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Q:Following a motor vehicle accident, a 63-year-old man is scheduled for surgery. The emergency physician notes a posture abnormality in the distal left lower limb and a fracture-dislocation of the right hip and acetabulum based on the radiology report. The senior orthopedic resident mistakenly notes a fraction dislocation of the left hip and marks the left hip as the site of surgery. The examination by the surgeon in the operating room shows an externally rotated and shortened left lower limb. The surgeon inserts a pin in the left tibia but erroneously operates on the left hip. A review of postoperative imaging leads to a second surgery on the fracture-dislocation of the right hip. Rather than the surgeon alone, the surgical team and the hospital system are held accountable for not implementing the mandatory protocol of preincision ‘time-out’ and compliance monitoring. Which of the following best describes this approach to prevent medical errors?? {'A': 'Closed-loop communication', 'B': 'Primordial prevention', 'C': 'Root cause analysis', 'D': 'Swiss-cheese model', 'E': 'Sentinel event'},
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D: Swiss-cheese model
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Q:A 53-year-old woman with hypertension is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after having a generalized, tonic-clonic seizure. She has had recurrent headaches and dizziness in the last 3 months. One year ago, she had diarrhea after a trip to Ecuador that resolved without treatment. She has not received any medical care in the last five years. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years. Her temperature is 36°C (96.8°F) and blood pressure is 159/77mm Hg. Physical examination shows dysarthria and hyperreflexia. She is confused and oriented only to name and place. Four brain lesions are found in a CT scan of the brain; one of the lesions is shown. Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Avoidance of contaminated food', 'B': 'Vaccination against meningococcus', 'C': 'Avoidance of cat feces', 'D': 'Smoking cessation', 'E': 'Improved blood pressure control'},
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A: Avoidance of contaminated food
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Q:A 6-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of increasing swelling around his eyes for the past 3 days. During this period, he has had frothy light yellow urine. He had a sore throat 12 days ago. He appears tired. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure is 105/65 mm Hg. Examination shows periorbital edema and pitting edema of the lower extremities. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following findings on urinalysis is most likely associated with this patient's condition?? {'A': 'WBC casts', 'B': 'Hyaline casts', 'C': 'RBC casts', 'D': 'Fatty casts', 'E': 'Muddy brown casts'},
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D: Fatty casts
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Q:A 55-year-old female presents to the emergency room complaining of severe abdominal pain. She reports a six-month history of worsening dull mid-epigastric pain that she had attributed to stress at work. She has lost fifteen pounds over that time. She also reports that her stools have become bulky, foul-smelling, and greasy. Over the past few days, her abdominal pain acutely worsened and seemed to radiate to her back. She also developed mild pruritus and yellowing of her skin. Her temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 145/85 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 20/min. On examination, her skin appears yellowed and she is tender to palpation in her mid-epigastrium and right upper quadrant. She is subsequently sent for imaging. If a mass is identified, what would be the most likely location of the mass?? {'A': 'Common hepatic duct', 'B': 'Cystic duct', 'C': 'Common bile duct', 'D': 'Pancreatic duct', 'E': 'Ampulla of Vater'},
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E: Ampulla of Vater
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Q:A 67-year-old woman comes to the physician because of intermittent chest pain and dizziness on exertion for 6 months. Her pulse is 76/min and blood pressure is 125/82 mm Hg. Cardiac examination shows a grade 3/6, late-peaking, crescendo-decrescendo murmur heard best at the right upper sternal border. An echocardiogram confirms the diagnosis. Three months later, the patient returns to the physician with worsening shortness of breath for 2 weeks. An ECG is shown. Which of the following changes is most likely responsible for this patient's acute exacerbation of symptoms?? {'A': 'Impaired contractility of the left ventricle', 'B': 'Impaired pulmonary artery outflow', 'C': 'Decreased left ventricular preload', 'D': 'Decreased impulse conduction across the AV node', 'E': 'Increased systemic vascular resistance'},
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C: Decreased left ventricular preload
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 45-year-old woman presents with fever, pain, and swelling of the right leg. She says that her right leg swelling has gradually worsened over the last 2 weeks. She has also noted worsening fatigue and anorexia. Two days ago, she developed a low-grade fever. Her past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosed 5 years ago and managed with metformin. Her temperature is 38.0°C (100.4°F), pulse is 110/min, blood pressure is 110/72 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 16/min. On physical examination, there is a painful swelling of the right lower extremity extending to just below the knee joint. The overlying skin is tense, glossy, erythematous, and warm to touch. A diagnosis of cellulitis is established and appropriate antibiotics are started. Which of the following best describes the organism most likely responsible for this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Catalase-negative cocci in grape-like clusters', 'B': 'Catalase-negative cocci in chain', 'C': 'Shows no hemolysis on blood agar', 'D': 'Gram-negative cocci with beta hemolysis', 'E': 'Catalase-positive Gram-positive diplococci'},
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B: Catalase-negative cocci in chain
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Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to a pediatric clinic by his mother because he had difficulty swallowing for 4 days. He was diagnosed with asthma 3 months ago and has been using an inhaler as directed by the pediatrician. The child does not have a fever or a cough and is not short of breath. He denies pain during swallowing. His vital signs include: temperature 35.8℃ (96.5℉), respiratory rate 14/min, blood pressure 90/40 mm Hg, and pulse 80/min. The oral examination reveals a slightly raised white lesion over his tongue (as shown in the provided photograph) and oropharynx. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Lichen planus', 'B': 'Leukoplakia', 'C': 'Primary gingivostomatitis', 'D': 'Oral thrush', 'E': 'Oral hairy leukoplakia'},
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D: Oral thrush
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Q:A 13-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by his mother for a generalized tonic-clonic seizure that occurred while attending a laser light show. His mother says that he has been otherwise healthy but “he often daydreams”. Over the past several months, he has reported recurrent episodes of jerky movements of his fingers and arms. These episodes usually occurred shortly after waking up in the morning. He has not lost consciousness during these episodes. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Carbamazepine', 'B': 'Tiagabine', 'C': 'Valproate', 'D': 'Vigabatrin', 'E': 'Diazepam\n"'},
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C: Valproate
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Q:A 4-day-old male newborn is brought to the physician because of increasing yellowish discoloration of his skin for 2 days. He was born at 38 weeks' gestation and weighed 2466 g (5 lb 7 oz); he currently weighs 2198 g (4 lb 14 oz). Pregnancy was complicated by pregnancy-induced hypertension. The mother says he breastfeeds every 3 hours and has 3 wet diapers per day. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 165/min, and respirations are 53/min. Examination shows jaundice and scleral icterus. The anterior fontanelle is mildly sunken. The abdomen is soft and nontender; there is no organomegaly. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hematocrit 58% Serum Bilirubin _ Total 20 mg/dL _ Conjugated 0.8 mg/dL Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?"? {'A': 'Increased breakdown of fetal RBCs', 'B': 'Elevated β-glucuronidase in breast milk', 'C': 'Inadequate breastfeeding', 'D': 'Gram-negative infection', 'E': 'Defective alpha-globin chains of hemoglobin'},
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C: Inadequate breastfeeding
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Q:A 19-year-old man and recent immigrant from Brazil present to the clinic. He has no known past medical, past surgical, or family history. The patient admits to having several regular sexual partners. Today, he complains of a skin rash on his back. He is unclear when it started but became aware when one of his partners pointed it out. A review of systems is otherwise negative. Physical examination reveals numerous hypopigmented skin lesions over his upper back. When questioned, he states that they do not get darker after spending time in the sun. On examination, there is a 5 cm (1.9 in) patch of hypopigmented skin in the center of his back with a fine-scale overlying it. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Tinea versicolor', 'B': 'Mycosis fungoides', 'C': 'Pityriasis rosea', 'D': 'Vitiligo', 'E': 'Secondary syphilis'},
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A: Tinea versicolor
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Q:A 56-year-old woman visits her family physician accompanied by her son. She has recently immigrated to Canada and does not speak English. Her son tells the physician that he is worried that his mother gets a lot of sugar in her diet and does not often monitor her glucose levels. Her previous lab work shows a HbA1c value of 8.7%. On examination, her blood pressure is 130/87 mm Hg and weight is 102 kg (224.9 lb). Which of the following is the correct location of where the glucose transport is most likely affected in this patient?? {'A': 'Pancreas', 'B': 'Liver', 'C': 'Brain', 'D': 'Skeletal muscle', 'E': 'Red blood cells'},
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D: Skeletal muscle
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Q:A 33-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of severe right flank pain for 2 hours. The pain is colicky in nature and she describes it as 9 out of 10 in intensity. She has had 2 episodes of vomiting. She has no history of similar episodes in the past. She is 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 104 kg (229 lb); BMI is 41 kg/m2. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 96/min, respirations are 16/min and blood pressure is 116/76 mm Hg. The abdomen is soft and there is mild tenderness to palpation in the right lower quadrant. Bowel sounds are reduced. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Her leukocyte count is 7,400/mm3. A low-dose CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis shows a round 12-mm stone in the distal right ureter. Urine dipstick is mildly positive for blood. Microscopic examination of the urine shows RBCs and no WBCs. 0.9% saline infusion is begun and intravenous ketorolac is administered. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Ureterorenoscopy', 'B': 'Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy', 'C': 'Observation', 'D': 'Ureteral stenting', 'E': 'Thiazide diuretic therapy\n"'},
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A: Ureterorenoscopy
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Q:A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath and weakness. Past medical history includes coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, and chronic heart failure. He reports that the symptoms started around 2 weeks ago and have been gradually worsening. His temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), blood pressure is 135/90 mm Hg, heart rate is 95/min, respiratory rate is 24/min, and oxygen saturation is 94% on room air. On examination, mild jugular venous distention is noted. Auscultation reveals bilateral loud crackles. Pitting edema of the lower extremities is noted symmetrically. His plasma brain natriuretic peptide level on rapid bedside assay is 500 pg/mL (reference range < 125 pg/mL). A chest X-ray shows enlarged cardiac silhouette. He is diagnosed with acute on chronic left heart failure with pulmonary edema and receives immediate care with furosemide. The physician proposes a drug trial with a new BNP stabilizing agent. Which of the following changes below are expected to happen if the patient is enrolled in this trial?? {'A': 'Increased water reabsorption by the renal collecting ducts', 'B': 'Increased blood pressure', 'C': 'Restricted aldosterone release', 'D': 'Increased potassium release from cardiomyocytes', 'E': 'Inhibition of funny sodium channels'},
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C: Restricted aldosterone release
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Q:An 11-month-old boy presents with a scaly erythematous rash on his back for the past 2 days. No significant past medical history. Family history is significant for the fact that the patient’s parents are first-degree cousins. In addition, his older sibling had similar symptoms and was diagnosed with a rare unknown skin disorder. On physical examination, whitish granulomatous plaques are present in the oral mucosa, which exhibit a tendency to ulcerate, as well as a scaly erythematous rash on his back. A complete blood count reveals that the patient is anemic. A plain radiograph of the skull shows lytic bone lesions. Which of the following immunohistochemical markers, if positive, would confirm the diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'CD21', 'B': 'CD1a', 'C': 'CD40L', 'D': 'CD15', 'E': 'CD30'},
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B: CD1a
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Q:A 22-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 10 minutes after falling down a flight of stairs. An x-ray of the right wrist shows a distal radius fracture. A rapidly acting intravenous anesthetic agent is administered, and closed reduction of the fracture is performed. Following the procedure, the patient reports palpitations and says that he experienced an “extremely vivid dream,” in which he felt disconnected from himself and his surroundings while under anesthesia. His pulse is 110/min and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. The patient was most likely administered a drug that predominantly blocks the effects of which of the following neurotransmitters?? {'A': 'Glutamate', 'B': 'Norepinephrine', 'C': 'Endorphin', 'D': 'Gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'E': 'Dopamine'},
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A: Glutamate
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Q:An otherwise healthy 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of an itchy rash on her left nipple. The rash began as small vesicles on the nipple and spread to the areola. It has become a painful ulcer with yellow, watery discharge that is occasionally blood-tinged. She has asthma treated with theophylline and inhaled salbutamol. Her younger sister was diagnosed with endometrial cancer a year ago. Examination shows a weeping, ulcerated lesion involving the entire left nipple-areolar complex. There are no breast masses, dimpling, or axillary lymphadenopathy. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Inflammatory breast cancer', 'B': 'Mastitis', 'C': 'Breast abscess', 'D': 'Breast fibroadenoma', 'E': 'Paget disease of the breast\n"'},
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E: Paget disease of the breast "
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Q:A 40-year-old woman in her 18th week of pregnancy based on the last menstrual period (LMP) presents to her obstetrician for an antenatal check-up. The antenatal testing is normal, except the quadruple screen results which are given below: Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MS-AFP) low Unconjugated estriol low Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) high Inhibin-A high Which of the following conditions is the most likely the cause of the abnormal quadruple screen?? {'A': 'Trisomy 21', 'B': 'Spina bifida', 'C': 'Omphalocele', 'D': 'Gastroschisis', 'E': 'Fetal alcohol syndrome'},
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A: Trisomy 21
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Q:A 46-year-old man presents with increasing fatigue and weakness for the past 3 months. He works as a lawyer and is handling a complicated criminal case which is very stressful, and he attributes his fatigue to his work. He lost 2.3 kg (5.0 lb) during this time despite no change in diet or activity level. His past history is significant for chronic constipation and infrequent episodes of bloody stools. Family history is significant for his father and paternal uncle who died of colon cancer. and who were both known to possess a genetic mutation for the disease. He has never had a colonoscopy or had any genetic testing performed. Physical examination is significant for conjunctival pallor. A colonoscopy is performed and reveals few adenomatous polyps. Histopathologic examination shows high-grade dysplasia and genetic testing reveals the same mutation as his father and uncle. The patient is concerned about his 20-year-old son. Which of the following is the most appropriate advice regarding this patient’s son?? {'A': 'The son should undergo a prophylactic colonic resection.', 'B': 'An immediate colonoscopy should be ordered for the son.', 'C': "The son doesn't need to be tested now.", 'D': 'A genetic test followed by colonoscopy for the son should be ordered.', 'E': 'Screening can be started by 50 years of age as the son’s risk is similar to the general population.'},
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D: A genetic test followed by colonoscopy for the son should be ordered.
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Q:Background: Beta-blockers reduce mortality in patients who have heart failure reduced ejection fraction and are on background treatment with diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. We aimed to compare the effects of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcome. Methods: In a multicenter, double-blind, and randomized parallel group trial, we assigned 1,511 patients with chronic heart failure to treatment with carvedilol (target dose 25 mg twice daily) and 1,518 to metoprolol (metoprolol tartrate, target dose 50 mg twice daily). Patients were required to have chronic heart failure (NYHA II-IV), previous admission for a cardiovascular reason, an ejection fraction of less than 0.35, and have been treated optimally with diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors unless not tolerated. The primary endpoints were all-cause mortality and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality or all-cause admission. The analysis was done by intention to treat. Findings: The mean study duration was 58 months (SD 6). The mean ejection fraction was 0.26 (0.07), and the mean age 62 years (11). The all-cause mortality was 34% (512 of 1,511) for carvedilol and 40% (600 of 1,518) for metoprolol (hazard ratio 0.83 [95% CI 0.74-0.93], p=0.0017). The reduction of all-cause mortality was consistent across predefined subgroups. The incidence of side effects and drug withdrawals did not differ by much between the two study groups. To which of the following patients are the results of this clinical trial applicable?? {'A': 'A 62-year-old male with primarily preserved ejection fraction heart failure', 'B': 'A 75-year-old female with systolic dysfunction and an EF of 45%', 'C': 'A 56-year-old male with NYHA class I systolic heart failure', 'D': 'A newly diagnosed 66-year-old male who has yet to begin treatment for his NYHA class II left-sided heart failure', 'E': 'A 68-year-old male with NYHA class II systolic heart failure and EF 30%'},
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E: A 68-year-old male with NYHA class II systolic heart failure and EF 30%
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Q:A 48-year-old female comes into the ER with chest pain. An electrocardiogram (EKG) shows a heart beat of this individual in Image A. The QR segment best correlates with what part of the action potential of the ventricular myocyte shown in Image B?? {'A': 'Phase 0, which is primarily characterized by sodium influx', 'B': 'Phase 0, which is primarily characterized by potassium efflux', 'C': 'Phase 1, which is primarily characterized by potassium and chloride efflux', 'D': 'Phase 1, which is primarily characterized by calcium efflux', 'E': 'Phase 3, which is primarily characterized by potassium efflux'},
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A: Phase 0, which is primarily characterized by sodium influx
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Q:Ten days after being discharged from the hospital, a 42-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of reduced urine output for 3 days. Physical examination is normal. Serum creatinine concentration is 2.9 mg/dL. Urinalysis shows brownish granular casts and 2+ proteinuria. Renal biopsy shows patchy necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubule with sloughing of tubular cells into the lumen and preservation of tubular basement membranes. Administration of which of the following drugs during this patient's hospitalization is most likely the cause of the observed decrease in renal function?? {'A': 'Captopril', 'B': 'Aspirin', 'C': 'Acyclovir', 'D': 'Omeprazole', 'E': 'Gentamicin'},
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E: Gentamicin
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 4-week history of generalized fatigue and malaise. He was born at term and has been healthy since. His mother has a history of recurrent anemia. He appears pale. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F) and pulse is 97/min. Examination shows pale conjunctivae and jaundice. The abdomen is soft and nontender; the spleen is palpated 3–4 cm below the left costal margin. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9.3 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 81.3 μm3 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 39% Hb/cell Leukocyte count 7300/mm3 Platelet count 200,000/mm3 Red cell distribution width 19% (N = 13–15) Which of the following is most likely to confirm the diagnosis?"? {'A': 'Fluorescent spot test', 'B': 'Direct antiglobulin test', 'C': 'Eosin-5-maleimide binding test', 'D': 'Indirect antiglobulin test', 'E': 'Peripheral smear'},
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C: Eosin-5-maleimide binding test
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 71-year-old woman presents with high-grade fever and chills, difficulty breathing, and a productive cough with rust-colored sputum. She complains of a sharp left-sided chest pain. Physical examination reveals increased fremitus, dullness to percussion, and bronchial breath sounds on the lower left side. A chest X-ray shows left lower lobe consolidation. The offending organism that was cultured from the sputum was catalase-negative and had a positive Quellung reaction. The organism will show which gram stain results?? {'A': 'Cannot be seen with gram staining since the organism lacks a cell wall', 'B': 'Gram-negative rod', 'C': 'Gram-positive diplococci', 'D': 'Gram-negative diplococci', 'E': 'Gram-positive cocci in clusters'},
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C: Gram-positive diplococci
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:You are conducting a lab experiment on skeletal muscle tissue to examine force in different settings. The skeletal muscle tissue is hanging down from a hook. The experiment has 3 different phases. In the first phase, you compress the muscle tissue upwards, making it shorter. In the second phase, you attach a weight of 2.3 kg (5 lb) to its lower vertical end. In the third phase, you do not manipulate the muscle length at all. At the end of the study, you see that the tension is higher in the second phase than in the first one. What is the mechanism underlying this result?? {'A': 'There are more actin-myofibril cross-bridges attached in phase 2 than in phase 1.', 'B': 'Shortening of the muscle in phase 1 uses up ATP stores.', 'C': 'Lengthening of the muscle in phase 2 increases passive tension.', 'D': 'The tension in phase 1 is only active, while in phase 2 it is both active and passive.', 'E': 'Shortening the muscle in phase 1 pulls the actin and myosin filaments apart.'},
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C: Lengthening of the muscle in phase 2 increases passive tension.
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Q:A 20-year-old woman reports to student health complaining of 5 days of viral symptoms including sneezing and a runny nose. She started coughing 2 days ago and is seeking cough medication. She additionally mentions that she developed a fever 2 days ago, but this has resolved. On exam, her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 118/76 mmHg, pulse is 86/min, and respirations are 12/min. Changes in the activity of warm-sensitive neurons in which part of her hypothalamus likely contributed to the development and resolution of her fever?? {'A': 'Anterior hypothalamus', 'B': 'Lateral area', 'C': 'Paraventricular nucleus', 'D': 'Posterior hypothalamus', 'E': 'Suprachiasmatic nucleus'},
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A: Anterior hypothalamus
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Q:A 28-year-old woman is brought to a counselor by her father after he found out that she is being physically abused by her husband. The father reports that she refuses to end the relationship with her husband despite the physical abuse. She says that she feels uneasy when her husband is not around. She adds, “I'm worried that if I leave him, my life will only get worse.” She has never been employed since they got married because she is convinced that nobody would hire her. Her husband takes care of most household errands and pays all of the bills. Physical examination shows several bruises on the thighs and back. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Borderline personality disorder', 'B': 'Separation anxiety disorder', 'C': 'Dependent personality disorder', 'D': 'Schizoid personality disorder', 'E': 'Avoidant personality disorder'},
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C: Dependent personality disorder
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Q:A 23-year-old patient presents to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. The patient was an unrestrained driver involved in a head-on collision. The patient is heavily intoxicated on what he claims is only alcohol. An initial trauma assessment is performed, and is notable for significant bruising of the right forearm. The patient is in the trauma bay, and complains of severe pain in his right forearm. A physical exam is performed and is notable for pallor, decreased sensation, and cool temperature of the skin of the right forearm. Pain is elicited upon passive movement of the right forearm and digits. A thready radial pulse is palpable. A FAST exam is performed, and is negative for signs of internal bleeding. The patient's temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), pulse is 100/min, blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Radiography of the right forearm is ordered. The patient is still heavily intoxicated. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Detoxification', 'B': 'IV fluids', 'C': 'Analgesics', 'D': 'Fasciotomy', 'E': 'Pressure measurement'},
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D: Fasciotomy
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Q:A 57-year-old man presents with 2 days of severe, generalized, abdominal pain that is worse after meals. He is also nauseated and reports occasional diarrhea mixed with blood. Apart from essential hypertension, his medical history is unremarkable. His vital signs include a temperature of 36.9°C (98.4°F), blood pressure of 145/92 mm Hg, and an irregularly irregular pulse of 105/min. Physical examination is only notable for mild periumbilical tenderness. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Acute pancreatitis', 'B': "Crohn's disease", 'C': 'Acute mesenteric ischemia', 'D': 'Diverticular disease', 'E': 'Gastroenteritis'},
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C: Acute mesenteric ischemia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 66-year-old farmer is being evaluated for abnormal lung findings on a low dose chest CT scan obtained as part of his lung cancer screening. He has a 50-pack-year smoking history and has been hesitant to quit. He has a non-productive cough but brushes it away saying he is not bothered by it. He denies ever coughing up blood, breathlessness, chest pain, fatigue, or weight loss. He has never sought any medical care and states that he has always been in good shape. He consumes alcohol moderately and uses marijuana occasionally. He lives with his wife and has not traveled recently. On physical examination, his temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), blood pressure is 148/70 mm Hg, and pulse rate is 95/min. His BMI is 32 kg/m2. A general physical examination is unremarkable. Coarse breath sounds are present bilaterally. The cardiac exam is normal. Laboratory studies show a normal complete blood count and comprehensive metabolic panel. A follow-up high-resolution CT scan is performed that shows small irregular subcentimeter pulmonary nodules, several of which are cavitated in both lungs, predominantly distributed in the upper and middle zones. There is no mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy. A transbronchial needle aspiration of the lesion is performed which shows a nodular pattern of abundant, granular, mildly eosinophilic cells with grooved nuclei with indented nuclear membranes and a chronic inflammation that consists primarily of eosinophils. Immunohistochemical staining reveals numerous cells that stain positive for S100 and CD1a. Which of the cells of the human immune system are responsible for this lesion?? {'A': 'T lymphocytes', 'B': 'B lymphocytes', 'C': 'Natural killer cells', 'D': 'Dendritic cells', 'E': 'Ciliary epithelium'},
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D: Dendritic cells
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Q:A 51-year-old man seeks evaluation from his family physician with a complaint of heartburn, which has been gradually increasing over the last 10 years. The heartburn gets worse after eating spicy foods and improves with antacids. The past medical history is benign. He is a security guard and works long hours at night. He admits to smoking 1.5 packs of cigarettes every day. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy reveals several gastric ulcers and regions of inflammation. A biopsy is obtained, which revealed gram-negative bacteria colonized on the surface of the regenerative epithelium of the stomach, as shown in the micrograph below. Which of the following bacterial products is responsible for neutralizing the acidity of the stomach?? {'A': 'β-lactamase', 'B': 'Hyaluronidase', 'C': 'Urease', 'D': 'Streptokinase', 'E': 'Prostaglandins'},
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C: Urease
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Q:A previously healthy 32-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of progressively worsening cough with blood-tinged sputum, shortness of breath at rest, and intermittent left-sided chest pain. She has some mild vaginal bleeding since she had a cesarean delivery 6 weeks ago due to premature rupture of membranes and fetal distress at 38 weeks' gestation. She has been exclusively breastfeeding her child. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 95/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg. Breath sounds are decreased in the left lung base. The fundal height is 20 cm. Pelvic examination shows scant vaginal bleeding. Chest x-ray is shown. Further evaluation is most likely to reveal which of the following?? {'A': 'Increased angiotensin converting enzyme levels', 'B': 'Increased serum β-HCG levels', 'C': 'Acid fast bacilli in sputum', 'D': 'Increased carcinoembryonic antigen levels', 'E': 'Increased brain natriuretic peptide levels'},
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B: Increased serum β-HCG levels
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 32-year-old woman presents to her physician concerned about wet spots on the inside part of her dress shirts, which she thinks it may be coming from one of her breasts. She states that it is painless and that the discharge is usually blood-tinged. She denies any history of malignancy in her family and states that she has been having regular periods since they first started at age 13. She does not have any children. The patient has normal vitals and denies any cough, fever. On exam, there are no palpable masses, and the patient does not have any erythema or induration. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Fibrocystic changes', 'B': "Paget's disease", 'C': 'Breast abscess', 'D': 'Ductal carcinoma', 'E': 'Intraductal papilloma'},
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E: Intraductal papilloma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 54-year-old African American male presents to the emergency department with 1 day history of severe headaches. He has a history of poorly controlled hypertension and notes he hasn't been taking his antihypertensive medications. His temperature is 100.1 deg F (37.8 deg C), blood pressure is 190/90 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, and respirations are 15/min. He is started on a high concentration sodium nitroprusside infusion and transferred to the intensive care unit. His blood pressure eventually improves over the next two days and his headache resolves, but he becomes confused and tachycardic. Labs reveal a metabolic acidosis. Which of the following is the best treatment?? {'A': 'Methylene blue', 'B': 'Sodium nitrite', 'C': 'Bicarbonate', 'D': 'Glucagon', 'E': 'Ethanol'},
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B: Sodium nitrite
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 33-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of trauma from a motor vehicle accident. His pulse is 122/min and rapid and thready, the blood pressure is 78/37 mm Hg, the respirations are 26/min, and the oxygen saturation is 90% on room air. On physical examination, the patient is drowsy, with cold and clammy skin. Abdominal examination shows ecchymoses in the right flank. The external genitalia are normal. No obvious external wounds are noted, and the rest of the systemic examination values are within normal limits. Blood is sent for laboratory testing and urinalysis shows 6 RBC/HPF. Hematocrit is 22% and serum creatinine is 1.1 mg/dL. Oxygen supplementation and IV fluid resuscitation are started immediately, but the hypotension persists. The focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) examination shows a retroperitoneal fluid collection. What is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'CT of the abdomen and pelvis with contrast', 'B': 'Take the patient to the OR for an exploratory laparotomy', 'C': 'Perform an MRI scan of the abdomen and pelvis', 'D': 'Obtain a retrograde urethrogram', 'E': 'Perform a diagnostic peritoneal lavage'},
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B: Take the patient to the OR for an exploratory laparotomy
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