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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
Q:A 36-year-old man undergoes ileocecal resection after a gunshot injury. The resected ileocecal segment is sent for histological evaluation. One of the slides derived from the specimen is shown in the image. Which of the following statements regarding the structure marked within the red circle is correct?? {'A': 'This structure can be only found in the colon.', 'B': 'This structure can become a site of entry of certain microorganisms including S. typhi.', 'C': 'Infants have the largest amount of these structures within their intestinal wall.', 'D': 'This structure only appears in case of bacterial infection.', 'E': 'These structures mostly contain M-cells.'},
B: This structure can become a site of entry of certain microorganisms including S. typhi.
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Q:A 30-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 42 weeks' gestation is admitted to the hospital in active labor. Pregnancy has been complicated by gestational diabetes, for which she has been receiving insulin injections. Her first child was delivered by lower segment transverse cesarean section because of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate. Her pulse is 90/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 135/80 mm Hg. The fetal heart rate tracing shows a baseline heart rate of 145/min and moderate variation with frequent accelerations and occasional early decelerations. She undergoes an elective repeat lower segment transverse cesarean section with complete removal of the placenta. Shortly after the operation, she starts having heavy uterine bleeding with passage of clots. Examination shows a soft uterus on palpation. Her bleeding continues despite fundal massage and the use of packing, oxytocin, misoprostol, and carboprost. Her pulse rate is now 120/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 90/70 mm Hg. Her hemoglobin is 8 g/dL, hematocrit is 24%, platelet count is 120,000 mm3, prothrombin time is 11 seconds, and partial thromboplastin time is 30 seconds. Mass transfusion protocol is activated and a B-Lynch uterine compression suture is placed to control her bleeding. Which of the following is the mostly likely cause of her postpartum complication?? {'A': 'Lack of uterine muscle contraction', 'B': 'Uterine inversion', 'C': 'Adherent placenta to myometrium', 'D': 'Infection of the endometrial lining of the uterus', 'E': 'Uterine rupture'},
A: Lack of uterine muscle contraction
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Q:One week after an aortic valve replacement surgery, a 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency room 30 minutes after the onset of severe, sharp chest pain. He appears pale and dyspneic but is alert, oriented, and speaks in full sentences. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 192/min and thready, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. Faint rales can be heard in the lower lung fields on both sides on auscultation. There is a midline thoracotomy scar with mild reddening but without warmth or discharge. A portion of an ECG is shown. The pattern remains unchanged after 1 minute. Which of the following is the most appropriate intervention?? {'A': 'Epinephrine', 'B': 'Synchronized cardioversion', 'C': 'Vagal maneuvers', 'D': 'Administer magnesium sulfate', 'E': 'Administer amiodarone'},
B: Synchronized cardioversion
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Q:A 33-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a 3-day history of backache, progressive bilateral lower limb weakness, and a pins-and-needles sensation in both of her legs. She has not passed urine for the past 24 hours. Her medical history is unremarkable. Her blood pressure is 112/74 mm Hg, heart rate is 82/min, and temperature is 37°C (98.6°F). She is alert and oriented to person, place, and time. Higher mental functions are intact. Muscle strength is 5/5 in the upper limbs and 3/5 in the lower limbs. The lower limb weakness is accompanied by increased muscle tone, brisk deep tendon reflexes, and a bilateral upgoing plantar reflex. Pinprick sensations are decreased at and below the level of the umbilicus. The bladder is palpable on abdominal examination. What is the most likely pathophysiology involved in the development of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Demyelination of peripheral nerves', 'B': 'Enlargement of a central fluid-filled cavity within spinal cord', 'C': 'Inflammation of the spinal cord', 'D': 'Low serum potassium levels', 'E': 'Nutritional deficiency'},
C: Inflammation of the spinal cord
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Q:A 63-year-old man undergoes workup for nocturnal dyspnea and what he describes as a "choking" sensation while sleeping. He also endorses fatigue and dyspnea on exertion. Physical exam reveals a normal S1, loud P2, and a neck circumference of 17 inches (43 cm) (normal < 14 inches (< 35 cm)). His temperature is 98.8°F (37°C), blood pressure is 128/82 mmHg, pulse is 86/min, and respirations are 19/min. He undergoes spirometry, which is unrevealing, and polysomnography, which shows 16 hypopneic and apneic events per hour. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure is 30 mmHg. Which of the following complications is this patient most at risk for?? {'A': 'Aspiration pneumonia', 'B': 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'C': 'Left ventricular failure', 'D': 'Pulmonary embolism', 'E': 'Right ventricular failure'},
E: Right ventricular failure
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Q:A 4-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician by her parents for a 1-year history of gradual loss of speech and motor skills. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated, and development was normal until the age of 3 years. Her parents say she used to run and speak in short sentences but now is only able to walk slowly and cannot form sentences. She avoids eye contact and constantly rubs her hands together. There are no dysmorphic facial features. Neurologic examination shows marked cognitive and communicative delay. She has a broad-based gait and is unable to hold or pick up toys on her own. Which of the following mutations is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Microdeletion of methyl-CpG binding protein 2 on X-chromosome', 'B': 'CGG trinucleotide repeat in FMR1 gene on X-chromosome', 'C': 'CTG trinucleotide repeat in DMPK gene on chromosome 19', 'D': 'Partial deletion of long arm of chromosome 7', 'E': 'Partial deletion of short arm of chromosome 5\n"'},
A: Microdeletion of methyl-CpG binding protein 2 on X-chromosome
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Q:A 57-year-old man presents to the emergency department because he has been having abdominal pain for the past several months. Specifically, he complains of severe epigastric pain after eating that is sometimes accompanied by diarrhea. He has also lost 20 pounds over the same time period, which he attributes to the fact that the pain has been stopping him from wanting to eat. He does not recall any changes to his urine or stool. Physical exam reveals scleral icterus and a large non-tender gallbladder. Which of the following substances would most likely be elevated in the serum of this patient?? {'A': 'Alpha-fetoprotein', 'B': 'Bombesin', 'C': 'CA-19-9', 'D': 'CEA', 'E': 'PTHrP'},
C: CA-19-9
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Q:A 26-year-old medical student comes to the physician with a 3-week history of night sweats and myalgias. During this time, he has also had a of 3.6-kg (8-lb) weight loss. He returned from a 6-month tropical medicine rotation in Cambodia 1 month ago. A chest x-ray (CXR) shows reticulonodular opacities suggestive of active tuberculosis (TB). The student is curious about his likelihood of having active TB. He reads a study that compares sputum testing results between 2,800 patients with likely active TB on a basis of history, clinical symptoms, and CXR pattern and 2,400 controls. The results are shown: Sputum testing positive for TB Sputum testing negative for TB Total Active TB likely on basis of history, clinical symptoms, and CXR pattern 700 2100 2,800 Active TB not likely on basis of history, clinical symptoms, and CXR pattern 300 2100 2,400 Total 1000 4200 5,200 Which of the following values reflects the probability that a patient with a diagnosis of active TB on the basis of history, clinical symptoms, and CXR pattern actually has active TB?"? {'A': '1.4', 'B': '0.25', 'C': '0.50', 'D': '0.70', 'E': '0.88'},
B: 0.25
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Q:A 49-year-old man comes with odynophagia, abdominal pain, fatigue, headache, and fever for several weeks. The patient reports no chronic medical problems, no travel, and no recent sick exposures. Physical examination is significant only for an erythematous oral mucosa and cervical lymphadenopathy. His vital signs show a blood pressure of 121/72 mm Hg, heart rate of 82/min, and respiratory rate of 16/min. On a review of systems, the patient reports regular, unprotected sexual encounters with men and women. Of the following options, which disease must be excluded?? {'A': 'Disseminated gonococci', 'B': 'Primary syphilis', 'C': 'Secondary syphilis', 'D': 'Primary HIV infection', 'E': 'Latent genital herpes'},
D: Primary HIV infection
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Q:A 65-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of severe pain in his left shoulder for several days. He did not fall or injure his shoulder. He has a history of osteoarthritis of both knees that is well-controlled with indomethacin. He spends most of his time at a retirement facility and does not do any sports. There is no family history of serious illness. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 35 years. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows tenderness of the greater tuberosity of the left humerus. There is no swelling or erythema. The patient is unable to slowly adduct his arm after it is passively abducted to 90 degrees. External rotation is limited by pain. Subacromial injection of lidocaine does not relieve his symptoms. An x-ray of the left shoulder shows sclerosis of the acromion and humeral head. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Musculoskeletal ultrasound', 'B': 'CT scan of the shoulder', 'C': 'Surgical fixation', 'D': 'Biopsy of the humerus', 'E': 'Reassurance'},
A: Musculoskeletal ultrasound
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Q:A 27-year-old woman with no past medical history presents to her primary care provider because she has begun to experience color changes in her fingers on both hands in cold temperatures. She reports having had this problem for a few years, but with the weather getting colder this winter she has grown more concerned. She says that when exposed to cold her fingers turn white, blue, and eventually red. When the problem subsides she experiences pain in the affected fingers. She says that wearing gloves helps somewhat, but she continues to experience the problem. Inspection of the digits is negative for ulcerations. Which of the following is the next best step in treatment?? {'A': 'Amlodipine', 'B': 'Phenylephrine', 'C': 'Propranolol', 'D': 'Sildenafil', 'E': 'Thoracic sympathectomy'},
A: Amlodipine
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Q:A 68-year-old man presents to your office concerned about the frequency with which he wakes up in the middle night feeling out of breath. He has been required to use 3 more pillows in order to reduce the shortness of breath. In addition to this, he has noticed that he tires easily with minor tasks such as walking 1 block, and more recently when he is dressing up in the mornings. Physical examination reveals a blood pressure of 120/85 mm Hg, heart rate of 82/min, respiratory rate of 20/min, and body temperature of 36.0°C (98.0°F). Cardiopulmonary examination reveals regular and rhythmic heart sounds with S4 gallop, a laterally displaced point of maximum impulse (PMI), and rales in both lung bases. He also presents with prominent hepatojugular reflux, orthopnea, and severe lower limb edema. Which of the following changes would be seen in this patient’s heart?? {'A': 'Increased nitric oxide bioactivity', 'B': 'Decreased collagen synthesis', 'C': 'Decreased expression of metalloproteinases', 'D': 'Increased production of brain natriuretic peptide', 'E': 'Cardiomyocyte hyperplasia'},
D: Increased production of brain natriuretic peptide
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Q:A 69-year-old man with metastatic colon cancer is brought to the emergency department because of shortness of breath, fever, chills, and a productive cough with streaks of blood for the past 5 days. He has a history of emphysema. The patient does not have abdominal pain or headache. He receives chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin every 6 weeks; his last cycle was 3 weeks ago. His temperature is 38.3°C (101°F), pulse is 112/min, and blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 83%. A few scattered inspiratory crackles are heard over the right lung. His mucous membranes are dry. Cardiac examination is normal. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9.3 mg/dL Leukocyte count 700/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 68% Lymphocytes 25% Eosinophils 4% Monocytes 3% Platelet count 104,000/mm3 Serum Glucose 75 mg/dL Urea nitrogen 41 mg/dL Creatinine 2.1 mg/dL Galactomannan antigen Positive Which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacotherapy?"? {'A': 'Ceftriaxone and azithromycin', 'B': 'Piperacillin-tazobactam', 'C': 'Ceftazidime and levofloxacin', 'D': 'Rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol', 'E': 'Voriconazole'},
E: Voriconazole
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Q:A 50-year-old man presents to a clinic with a skin lesion on his forearm, which recently changed in color from light brown to brown-black. The lesion was initially pinhead in size but now has grown to the size of a penny. On examination, there is a 3.5 x 2.5 cm irregularly-shaped lesion on his left forearm. A photograph of the lesion is presented. A biopsy of the lesion shows nests of pigmented melanocytes, with few areas showing invasion into the superficial dermis. The physician talks to the patient about a new drug, a monoclonal antibody against the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) molecule, that has recently been launched in the market for his condition. The CTLA-4 molecule usually interacts with which of the following on the antigen-presenting cells?? {'A': 'MHC class II', 'B': 'MHC class I', 'C': 'T cell receptor', 'D': 'CD 28', 'E': 'B7'},
E: B7
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Q:A 58-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of intermittent dysphagia for 6 months. He states that he drinks a lot of water during meals to help reduce discomfort he has while swallowing food. He has hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux disease. He has smoked one half-pack of cigarettes daily for 32 years. He does not drink alcohol. Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide and ranitidine. He is 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall and weighs 101 kg (222 lb); BMI is 33.7 kg/m2. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 125/75 mm Hg. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows no murmurs, rubs, or gallops. The abdomen is soft and nontender. A barium esophagogram shows complete obstruction at the lower end of the esophagus with an irregular filling defect. An upper endoscopy shows a sliding hiatal hernia and a constricting ring at the gastroesophageal junction. Biopsies from the lesion show squamocolumnar epithelium with no metaplasia. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Esophagectomy', 'B': 'Esophageal stent', 'C': 'Iron supplementation', 'D': 'Nissen fundoplication', 'E': 'Mechanical dilation\n"'},
E: Mechanical dilation "
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Q:A 43-year-old man presents to the emergency department following a work-related accident in which both arms were amputated. The patient lost a substantial amount of blood prior to arrival, and his bleeding is difficult to control due to arterial damage and wound contamination with debris. His complete blood count (CBC) is significant for a hemoglobin (Hgb) level of 5.3 g/dL. The trauma surgery resident initiates the massive transfusion protocol and orders whole blood, O negative, which she explains is the universal donor. The patient receives 6 units of O negative blood prior to admission. He subsequently develops fever, chills, hematuria, and pulmonary edema. Several hours later, the patient goes into hemodynamic shock requiring the emergent administration of vasopressors. Of the following options, which hypersensitivity reaction occurred?? {'A': 'Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction', 'B': 'Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction', 'C': 'Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction', 'D': 'Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Combined type 1 and type 4 hypersensitivity reaction'},
B: Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
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Q:A 37-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 35 weeks' gestation is brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of continuous, dark, vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain for one hour. Her first child was delivered by lower segment transverse cesarean section because of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate. The patient has a history of hypertension and has been noncompliant with her hypertensive regimen. Her medications include methyldopa, folic acid, and a multivitamin. Her pulse is 90/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 145/90 mm Hg. The abdomen is tender, and hypertonic contractions can be felt. There is blood on the vulva, the introitus, and on the medial aspect of both thighs. The fetus is in a breech presentation. The fetal heart rate is 180/min with recurrent decelerations. Which of the following is the cause of fetal compromise?? {'A': 'Rupture of the uterus', 'B': 'Placental tissue covering the cervical os', 'C': 'Rupture of aberrant fetal vessels', 'D': 'Abnormal position of the fetus', 'E': 'Detachment of the placenta'},
E: Detachment of the placenta
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Q:A 54-year-old African American man presents to the clinic for his first annual well-check. He was unemployed for years but recently received health insurance from a new job. He reports feeling healthy and has no complaints. His blood pressure is 157/90 mmHg, pulse is 86/min, and respirations are 12/min. Routine urinalysis demonstrated a mild increase in albumin and creatinine. What medication is indicated at this time?? {'A': 'Amlodipine', 'B': 'Furosemide', 'C': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'D': 'Lisinopril', 'E': 'Metoprolol'},
D: Lisinopril
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Q:A 48-year-old man from Argentina presents to your office complaining of difficulty swallowing for the past few months. He is accompanied by his wife who adds that his breath has started to smell horrible. The patient says that he feels uncomfortable no matter what he eats or drinks. He also has lost 5 kg (11 lb) in the last 2 months. The patient is afebrile, and his vital signs are within normal limits. Physical exam is unremarkable. A barium swallow study along with esophageal manometry is performed and the results are shown in the image below. Manometry shows very high pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s symptoms?? {'A': 'Food allergy', 'B': 'Malignant proliferation of squamous cells', 'C': 'Outpouching of the mucosa and submucosa', 'D': 'Trypanosoma cruzi infection', 'E': 'Pyloric stenosis'},
D: Trypanosoma cruzi infection
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Q:A 32-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after a skiing accident. The patient had been skiing down the mountain when he collided with another skier who had stopped suddenly in front of him. He is alert but complaining of pain in his chest and abdomen. He has a past medical history of intravenous drug use and peptic ulcer disease. He is a current smoker. His temperature is 97.4°F (36.3°C), blood pressure is 77/53 mmHg, pulse is 127/min, and respirations are 13/min. He has a GCS of 15 and bilateral shallow breath sounds. His abdomen is soft and distended with bruising over the epigastrium. He is moving all four extremities and has scattered lacerations on his face. His skin is cool and delayed capillary refill is present. Two large-bore IVs are placed in his antecubital fossa, and he is given 2L of normal saline. His FAST exam reveals fluid in Morison's pouch. Following the 2L normal saline, his temperature is 97.5°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 97/62 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 12/min. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Close observation', 'B': 'Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy', 'C': 'Diagnostic peritoneal lavage', 'D': 'Diagnostic laparoscopy', 'E': 'Emergency laparotomy'},
E: Emergency laparotomy
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Q:An 8-month-old child presents with a history of poor growth and a chronic cough. He was born to a 21-year-old woman at 41 weeks of gestation. Soon after birth, he developed respiratory distress and was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit where he was mechanically ventilated for 24 hours. He was initially breastfed, but due to frequent vomiting and loose bowel movements, he was formula fed thereafter. Despite this change, he continued to have loose, large, greasy, foul-smelling stools and failure to thrive. When physically examined, his temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), heart rate is 120/min, and blood pressure is 80/60 mm Hg. Oxygen saturation is 97% on room air and the baby’s weight is 6.7 kg (14.8 lb, < 5th percentile). HEENT examination is significant for bilateral otitis media and mild nasal congestion. Normal breath sounds with mild wheezing and rales are heard. What is the pathophysiology behind the patient’s bowel habits?? {'A': 'Metaplasia', 'B': 'Hyperplasia', 'C': 'Dysplasia', 'D': 'Hypertrophy', 'E': 'Atrophy'},
E: Atrophy
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Q:A 40-year-old woman comes to the therapist for weekly psychotherapy. She was diagnosed with major depressive disorder and anxiety after her divorce 1 year ago. During last week's appointment, she spoke about her ex-husband's timidity and lack of advancement at work; despite her urging, he never asked for a raise. Today, when the therapist asks how she is doing, she replies, “If there's something you want to know, have the courage to ask me! I have no respect for a man who won't speak his mind!” The patient's behavior can be best described as an instance of which of the following?? {'A': 'Transference', 'B': 'Displacement', 'C': 'Projection', 'D': 'Passive aggression', 'E': 'Reaction formation'},
A: Transference
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Q:A 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his friends after he was found vomiting copious amounts of blood. According to his friends, he is a chronic alcoholic and lost his family and job because of his drinking. The admission vital signs were as follows: blood pressure is 100/75 mm Hg, heart rate is 95/min, respiratory rate is 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. He is otherwise alert and oriented to time, place, and person. The patient was stabilized with intravenous fluids and a nasogastric tube was inserted. He is urgently prepared for endoscopic evaluation. An image from the procedure is shown. Which of the following sets of pathologies with the portacaval anastomoses is paired correctly?? {'A': 'Caput medusae | Caval (systemic): epigastric veins | Portal (hepatic): paraumbilical vein', 'B': 'Anorectal varices | Caval (systemic): inferior rectal vein | Portal (hepatic): middle rectal vein', 'C': 'Esophageal varices | Caval (systemic): azygos vein | Portal (hepatic): esophageal vein', 'D': 'External hemorrhoids | Caval (systemic): middle and inferior rectal veins | Portal (hepatic): superior rectal vein', 'E': 'Internal hemorrhoids | Caval (systemic): retroperitoneal veins | Portal (hepatic): colic veins'},
A: Caput medusae | Caval (systemic): epigastric veins | Portal (hepatic): paraumbilical vein
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Q:A scientist in Boston is studying a new blood test to detect Ab to the parainfluenza virus with increased sensitivity and specificity. So far, her best attempt at creating such an exam reached 82% sensitivity and 88% specificity. She is hoping to increase these numbers by at least 2 percent for each value. After several years of work, she believes that she has actually managed to reach a sensitivity and specificity even greater than what she had originally hoped for. She travels to South America to begin testing her newest blood test. She finds 2,000 patients who are willing to participate in her study. Of the 2,000 patients, 1,200 of them are known to be infected with the parainfluenza virus. The scientist tests these 1,200 patients’ blood and finds that only 120 of them tested negative with her new test. Of the following options, which describes the sensitivity of the test?? {'A': '82%', 'B': '84%', 'C': '86%', 'D': '90%', 'E': '98%'},
D: 90%
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Q:A 55-year-old man with a history of congestive heart failure, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia presents to his primary care clinic. He admits he did not adhere to a low salt diet on a recent vacation. He now has progressive leg swelling and needs two pillows to sleep because he gets short of breath when lying flat. Current medications include aspirin, metoprolol, lisinopril, atorvastatin, and furosemide. His physician decides to increase the dosage and frequency of the patient’s furosemide. Which of the following electrolyte abnormalities is associated with loop diuretics?? {'A': 'Hypocalcemia', 'B': 'Hypouricemia', 'C': 'Hypoglycemia', 'D': 'Hyperchloremia', 'E': 'Hypermagnesemia'},
A: Hypocalcemia
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Q:A 60-year-old man presents with pain, swelling, and a purulent discharge from his left foot. He says that the symptoms began 7 days ago with mild pain and swelling on the medial side of his left foot, but have progressively worsened. He states that there has been a foul-smelling discharge for the past 2 days. The medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus that was diagnosed 10 years ago and is poorly managed, and refractory peripheral artery disease that failed revascularization 6 months ago. The current medications include aspirin (81 mg orally daily) and metformin (500 mg orally twice daily). He has a 20-pack-year smoking history but quit 6 months ago. The family history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus in both parents and his father died of a myocardial infarction at 50 years of age. His temperature is 38.9°C (102°F); blood pressure 90/65 mm Hg; pulse 102/min; respiratory rate 22/min; and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. On physical examination, he appears ill and diaphoretic. The skin is flushed and moist. There is 2+ pitting edema of the left foot with blistering and black discoloration (see picture). The lower legs are hairless and the lower extremity peripheral pulses are 1+ bilaterally. Laboratory tests are pending. Blood cultures are positive for Staphylococcus aureus. Which of the following findings is the strongest indication for amputation of the left lower extremity in this patient?? {'A': 'Diminished peripheral pulses', 'B': 'Positive blood cultures', 'C': 'Presence of wet gangrene', 'D': 'Smoking history', 'E': 'Poorly managed blood glucose'},
C: Presence of wet gangrene
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Q:A 6-year-old girl is brought to your clinic by her mother with a high grade temperature associated with generalized weakness and lethargy. Her mother reports that she has had similar episodes, each last 3-4 days since she was an infant. These episodes would often lead to hospitalization where she would be found to be anemic and require RBC transfusions. She was born at full term and out of a consanguineous marriage. Her mother also tells you that multiple other relatives had similar symptoms and died at a young age. Her vital signs were, temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), respiratory rate is 15/min, pulse is 107/min, and blood pressure is 99/58 mm Hg. On examination, she was found to have prominent pallor and other physical exam findings were normal. Labs were significant for a low hgb, low hct, normal MCV, high serum iron, high transferrin, high ferritin, and low TIBC. Additionally, a peripheral blood smear is ordered and shows basophilic stippling, anisocytosis, and ringed sideroblasts. Based on these labs, what is the most likely substance deficient in the patient?? {'A': 'Niacin', 'B': 'Thiamine', 'C': 'Folic acid', 'D': 'Riboflavin', 'E': 'Pyridoxine'},
E: Pyridoxine
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Q:A 42-year-old woman presents with pruritus and progressive weakness for the past 3 months. She says she feels excessively tired during the daytime and is losing interest in activities that used to be fun. The patient reports a history of heavy alcohol use and drinks around 20 ounces per week. Laboratory studies show: Proteins 6.5 g/dL Albumin 4.5 g/dL Globulin 1.9 g/dL Bilirubin 5.8 mg/dL Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 86 U/L Serum aspartate transaminase (AST) 84 U/L Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 224 U/L Antinuclear antibody (ANA) positive Antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) positive anti-HBs positive anti-HBc negative Which is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Alcoholic cirrhosis', 'B': 'Viral hepatitis', 'C': 'Primary sclerosing cholangitis', 'D': 'Primary biliary cholangitis', 'E': 'Cardiac cirrhosis'},
D: Primary biliary cholangitis
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Q:A 25-year-old female comes to her obstetrician’s office for a prenatal visit. She has a transvaginal ultrasound that correlates with her last menstrual period and dates her pregnancy at 4 weeks. She has no complaints except some nausea during the morning that is improving. She comments that she has had some strange food cravings, but has no issues with eating a balanced diet. Her BMI is 23 kg/m^2 and she has gained 1 pound since the start of her pregnancy. She is curious about her pregnancy and asks the physician what her child is now able to do. Which of the following developments is expected of the fetus during this embryological phase?? {'A': 'Creation of the notochord', 'B': 'Closure of the neural tube', 'C': 'Movement of limbs', 'D': 'Cardiac activity visible on ultrasound', 'E': 'Formation of male genitalia'},
B: Closure of the neural tube
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Q:A 32-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of cough, weight loss, and night sweats. He migrated from Sri Lanka 6 months ago. He appears emaciated. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.5°F). Physical examination shows enlargement of the right supraclavicular lymph node. Chest and abdominal examination show no abnormalities. An interferon-gamma assay is positive. A biopsy specimen of the cervical lymph node is most likely to show the causal organism in which of the following locations?? {'A': 'Germinal center', 'B': 'Medullary sinus', 'C': 'Paracortex', 'D': 'Mantle zone', 'E': 'Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath'},
B: Medullary sinus
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Q:A 33-year-old woman presents with anxiety, poor sleep, and occasional handshaking and sweating for the past 10 months. She says that the best remedy for her symptoms is a “glass of a good cognac” after work. She describes herself as a “moderate drinker”. However, on a more detailed assessment, the patient confesses that she drinks 1–2 drinks per working day and 3–5 drinks on days-off when she is partying. She was once involved in a car accident while being drunk. She works as a financial assistant and describes her job as “demanding”. She is divorced and lives with her 15-year-old daughter. She says that she often hears from her daughter that she should stop drinking. She realizes that the scope of the problem might be larger than she perceives, but she has never tried stopping drinking. She does not feel hopeless, but sometimes she feels guilty because of her behavior. She does not smoke and does not report illicit drugs use. Which of the following medications would be a proper part of the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Naltrexone', 'B': 'Disulfiram', 'C': 'Gabapentin', 'D': 'Amitriptyline', 'E': 'Topiramate'},
A: Naltrexone
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Q:A 26-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with confusion, severe myalgia, fever, and a rash over her inner left thigh. The patient was diagnosed with pharyngitis three days ago and prescribed antibiotics, but she did not take them. Her blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg, heart rate is 99/min, respiratory rate is 17/min, and temperature is 38.9°C (102.0°F). On physical examination, the patient is disoriented. The posterior wall of her pharynx is erythematous and swollen and protrudes into the pharyngeal lumen. There is a diffuse maculopapular rash over her thighs and abdomen. Which of these surface structures interacts with the causative agent of her condition?? {'A': 'Variable part of TCR β-chain', 'B': 'CD3', 'C': 'CD1', 'D': 'Constant part of TCR α-chain', 'E': 'CD4'},
A: Variable part of TCR β-chain
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Q:A pharmaceutical corporation is developing a research study to evaluate a novel blood test to screen for breast cancer. They enrolled 800 patients in the study, half of which have breast cancer. The remaining enrolled patients are age-matched controls who do not have the disease. Of those in the diseased arm, 330 are found positive for the test. Of the patients in the control arm, only 30 are found positive. What is this test’s sensitivity?? {'A': '370 / (30 + 370)', 'B': '370 / (70 + 370)', 'C': '330 / (330 + 70)', 'D': '330 / (330 + 30)', 'E': '330 / (400 + 400)'},
C: 330 / (330 + 70)
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Q:A 23-year-old woman presents to the physician with complaints of pain and paresthesias in her left hand, particularly her thumb, index, and middle fingers. She notes that the pain is worse at night, though she still feels significant discomfort during the day. The patient insists that she would like urgent relief of her symptoms, as the pain is keeping her from carrying out her daily activities. On physical examination, pain and paresthesias are elicited when the physician percusses the patient’s wrist as well as when the patient is asked to flex both of her palms at the wrist. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in the management of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Corticosteroid injection', 'B': 'Electromyography testing', 'C': 'Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs', 'D': 'Splinting', 'E': 'Surgical decompression'},
D: Splinting
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Q:A previously healthy 45-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He has been having recurrent headaches, especially early in the morning, and sometimes feels dizzy. There is no family history of serious illness. The patient runs 5 miles 3 days a week. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. He is 177 cm (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 72 kg (159 lb); BMI is 23 kg/m2. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 70/min, and blood pressure is 152/90 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies are within normal limits. Two weeks later, the patient's blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg in both arms. He is started on an antihypertensive medication. One month later, physical examination shows 2+ pretibial edema bilaterally. This patient was most likely treated with which of the following medications?? {'A': 'Losartan', 'B': 'Prazosin', 'C': 'Propranolol', 'D': 'Spironolactone', 'E': 'Amlodipine'},
E: Amlodipine
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Q:A researcher measures action potential propagation velocity in various regions of the heart in a 42-year-old Caucasian female. Which of the following set of measurements corresponds to the velocities found in the atrial muscle, AV Node, Purkinje system, and venticular muscle, respectively?? {'A': '2.2 m/s, 0.3 m/s, 0.05 m/s, 1.1 m/s', 'B': '1.1 m/s, 0.05 m/s, 2.2 m/s, 0.3 m/s', 'C': '0.5 m/s, 1.1 m/s, 2.2 m/s, 3 m/s', 'D': '0.3 m/s, 2.2 m/s, 0.05 m/s, 1.1 m/s', 'E': '0.05 m/s, 1.1 m/s, 2.2 m/s, 3.3 m/s'},
B: 1.1 m/s, 0.05 m/s, 2.2 m/s, 0.3 m/s
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Q:A 29-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with joint pain and a notable rash. She has had joint pain for the past 12 months but noticed the rash recently as well as generalized malaise. She states her joint pain is symmetric, in her upper extremities, and is worse in the morning. Her temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 111/74 mmHg, pulse is 83/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory studies are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL Hematocrit: 30% Leukocyte count: 6,800/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 207,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 140 mEq/L Cl-: 101 mEq/L K+: 4.9 mEq/L HCO3-: 21 mEq/L BUN: 30 mg/dL Glucose: 120 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.8 mg/dL The patient is ultimately admitted to the hospital. Which of the following is the most appropriate test to monitor her disease progression?? {'A': 'Anti-CCP', 'B': 'Anti-dsDNA', 'C': 'Anti-nuclear antibody', 'D': 'Anti-topoisomerase', 'E': 'Rheumatoid factor'},
B: Anti-dsDNA
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Q:A healthy 30-year-old female has a measured creatinine clearance of 100 mL/min. She has a filtration fraction (FF) of 25%. Serum analysis reveals a creatinine level of 0.9 mg/dL and an elevated hematocrit of 0.6. Which of the following is the best estimate of this patient’s renal blood flow?? {'A': '400 mL/min', 'B': '600 mL/min', 'C': '800 mL/min', 'D': '1.0 L/min', 'E': '1.2 L/min'},
D: 1.0 L/min
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Q:A 22-year-old female college student comes to your clinic to establish care. She has no significant past medical history and her only complaint today is that she has had trouble maintaining a consistent weight. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 100/65 mmHg, pulse is 62/min, and respirations are 12/min. Her body mass index is 19.5. Her physical exam is significant for callused knuckles and dental enamel erosions. What laboratory abnormalities are likely to be found in this patient?? {'A': 'Decreased chloride, decreased potassium, decreased bicarbonate', 'B': 'Decreased chloride, decreased potassium, increased bicarbonate', 'C': 'Decreased chloride, increased potassium, increased bicarbonate', 'D': 'Increased chloride, decreased potassium, decreased bicarbonate', 'E': 'Increased chloride, increased potassium, increased bicarbonate'},
B: Decreased chloride, decreased potassium, increased bicarbonate
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Q:As part of a clinical research study, the characteristics of neoplastic and normal cells are being analyzed in culture. It is observed that neoplastic cell division is aided by an enzyme which repairs progressive chromosomal shortening, which is not the case in normal cells. Due to the lack of chromosomal shortening, these neoplastic cells divide more rapidly than the normal cells. Which of the following enzymes is most likely involved?? {'A': 'Protein kinase', 'B': 'Reverse transcriptase', 'C': 'Telomerase', 'D': 'DNA polymerase', 'E': 'Topoisomerase'},
C: Telomerase
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Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought in by his mother with reports of trouble at school. Teachers report that for the last 6 months he has been having difficulty finishing tasks, is easily distracted, frequently does not listen, commonly fails to finish schoolwork, has not been able to complete any of the class projects this year, and frequently loses school books and supplies. Teachers also say that he constantly fidgets, often leaves his seat without permission, has trouble being quiet, talks excessively, frequently interrupts his classmates when trying to answer questions, and has difficulty waiting in line. The mother states that she has also been noticing similar behaviors at home and that his symptoms have been affecting him negatively academically and socially. The patient has no significant past medical history. The patient is in the 90th percentile for height and weight and has been meeting all the developmental milestones. He is afebrile, and his vital signs are within normal limits. A physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following medications is a first-line treatment for this patient’s most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Atomoxetine', 'B': 'Methylphenidate', 'C': 'Clonidine', 'D': 'Guanfacine', 'E': 'Haloperidol'},
B: Methylphenidate
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Q:A 32-year-old male asks his physician for information regarding a vasectomy. On further questioning, you learn that he and his wife have just had their second child and he asserts that they no longer wish to have additional pregnancies. You ask him if he has discussed a vasectomy with his wife to which he replies, "Well, not yet, but I'm sure she'll agree." What is the next appropriate step prior to scheduling the patient's vasectomy?? {'A': 'Insist that the patient first discuss this procedure with his wife', 'B': "Telephone the patient's wife to inform her of the plan", 'C': 'Explain the risks and benefits of the procedure and request signed consent from the patient', 'D': 'Refuse to perform the vasectomy', 'E': 'Explain the risks and benefits of the procedure and request signed consent from the patient and his wife'},
C: Explain the risks and benefits of the procedure and request signed consent from the patient
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Q:A 16-year-old boy comes to the physician for the evaluation of fatigue over the past month. He reports that his energy levels are low and that he spends most of his time in his room. He also states that he is not in the mood for meeting friends. He used to enjoy playing soccer and going to the shooting range with his father, but recently stopped showing interest in these activities. He has been having difficulties at school due to concentration problems. His appetite is low. He has problems falling asleep. He states that he has thought about ending his life, but he has no specific plan. He lives with his parents, who frequently fight due to financial problems. He does not smoke. He drinks 2–3 cans of beer on the weekends. He does not use illicit drugs. He takes no medications. His vital signs are within normal limits. On mental status examination, he is oriented to person, place, and time. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. In addition to the administration of an appropriate medication, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Recommend family therapy', 'B': 'Contact child protective services', 'C': 'Recommend alcohol cessation', 'D': 'Hospitalization', 'E': 'Instruct parents to remove guns from the house'},
E: Instruct parents to remove guns from the house
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Q:A 24-year-old woman presents with blisters and erosions on her upper face, chest, and back. The blisters have erythema, scales, and crust formation. The lesions are aggravated, especially after sun exposure. Examination shows oromucosal involvement. Histopathologic evaluation reveals a tombstone arrangement at the base of the blister. What is the most likely cause for the patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Pemphigus vulgaris', 'B': 'Bullous pemphigoid', 'C': 'Pemphigus foliaceus', 'D': 'Dermatitis herpetiformis', 'E': 'Linear immunoglobulin A (IgA) disease (LAD)'},
A: Pemphigus vulgaris
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Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his mother for a productive cough. His symptoms began approximately 3 days prior to presentation and have not improved. His mother also reports that he developed diarrhea recently and denies any sick contacts or recent travel. He has received all of his vaccinations. Medical history is significant for pneumonia and a lung abscess of staphylococcal origin, and osteomyelitis caused by Serratia marcescens. Physical examination demonstrates growth failure and dermatitis. Laboratory testing is remarkable for hypergammaglobulinemia and a non-hemolytic and normocytic anemia. Work-up of his productive cough reveals that it is pneumonia caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Which of the following is most likely the immune system defect that will be found in this patient?? {'A': 'ATM gene defect', 'B': 'LFA-1 integrin defect', 'C': 'Lysosomal trafficking regulator gene defect', 'D': 'NAPDH oxidase defect', 'E': 'WASP gene mutation'},
D: NAPDH oxidase defect
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Q:A 28-year-old female presents to her primary care provider for headache. The patient reports that every few weeks she has an episode of right-sided, throbbing headache. The episodes began several years ago and are accompanied by nausea and bright spots in her vision. The headache usually subsides if she lies still in a dark, quiet room for several hours. The patient denies any weakness, numbness, or tingling during these episodes. Her past medical history is significant for acne, hypothyroidism, obesity, and endometriosis. Her home medications include levothyroxine, oral contraceptive pills, and topical tretinoin. She has two glasses of wine with dinner several nights a week and has never smoked. She works as a receptionist at a marketing company. On physical exam, the patient has no focal neurologic deficits. A CT of the head is performed and shows no acute abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient during these episodes?? {'A': 'Acetazolamide', 'B': 'High-flow oxygen', 'C': 'Verapamil', 'D': 'Sumatriptan', 'E': 'Topiramate'},
D: Sumatriptan
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Q:A 19-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist’s office stating that she has never had a period. She is slightly alarmed because most of her friends in college have been menstruating for years. She is also concerned about her short stature. When she previously visited her family physician during early puberty, she was told that she will gain the appropriate height during her final teenage years. However, over the past few years, she has gained only a couple of inches. On examination, she has a wide chest and short neck. Her breast development is at Tanner stage 1. Her external genitalia is normal with sparse hair distribution over the mons pubis. Her gynecologist suspects a genetic condition and sends her for genetic counseling. Based on her clinical findings, which of the following diseases is she most likely to develop?? {'A': 'Cystic medial necrosis', 'B': 'Coarctation of aorta', 'C': 'Supravalvular aortic stenosis', 'D': 'Intelligence disability', 'E': 'Endocardial cushion defects'},
B: Coarctation of aorta
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Q:A 25-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her mother because she refuses to get out of bed and spends most days crying or staring at the wall. Her symptoms started 3 months ago. The patient states that she is very sad most of the time and that none of the activities that used to interest her are interesting now. She sleeps more than 10 hours every night and naps during the day for several hours as well. Her mother, who cooks for her, says that she has been eating much larger portions than she did prior to the onset of her symptoms. The patient moved in with her mother after splitting up with her boyfriend and being expelled from her doctoral program at the local university, and she feels guilty for not being able to support herself. Two months ago, the patient was diagnosed with atypical depression and prescribed fluoxetine, which she has taken regularly since that time. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Mental status examination shows a depressed mood and flat affect. There is no evidence of suicidal ideation. Which of the following would be contraindicated as the next step in management?? {'A': 'Continue fluoxetine and increase dosage', 'B': 'Taper fluoxetine and switch to desipramine', 'C': 'Taper fluoxetine and then start venlafaxine', 'D': 'Continue fluoxetine and add bupropion', 'E': 'Continue fluoxetine and add phenelzine'},
E: Continue fluoxetine and add phenelzine
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Q:A 19-year-old basketball player unexpectedly collapses on the court. Several minutes later he returns to consciousness and is able to continue playing. This has happened several times before with similar outcomes. He had no significant past medical history. Which of the following is most likely to be found in this patient?? {'A': 'Atheromatous plaque rupture', 'B': 'Coagulation necrosis with loss of nuclei and striations', 'C': 'Septal hypertrophy', 'D': 'Postductal coarctation of the aorta', 'E': 'Cardiac myxoma'},
C: Septal hypertrophy
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Q:A 27-year-old woman presents to her doctor complaining of pain in her neck that radiates to her left ear. The pain has been more or less constant for the last 3 weeks and increases when she chews and swallows. She was in her normal state of health before the pain started. She also mentions that she has been experiencing palpitations, muscle weakness, and increased sweating for the last 2 weeks. Past medical history is significant for a flu-like illness 2 months ago. She currently takes no medication and neither consumes alcohol nor smokes cigarettes. Her pulse is 104/min and irregular with a blood pressure of 140/80 mm Hg. On examination, the physician notices that the patient is restless. There is a presence of fine tremors in both hands. The anterior neck is swollen, warm to the touch, and markedly tender on palpation. Thyroid function tests and a biopsy are ordered. Which of the following deviations from the normal is expected to be seen in her thyroid function tests?? {'A': 'Normal Serum TSH, ↑ Total T4, Normal Free T4, Normal I131 Uptake', 'B': '↓ Serum TSH, ↑ Total T4, ↑ Free T4, ↑ I131 Uptake', 'C': '↓ Serum TSH, ↑ Total T4, ↑ Free T4, ↓ I131 Uptake', 'D': 'Normal Serum TSH, ↓ Total T4, Normal Free T4, Normal I131 Uptake', 'E': '↑ Serum TSH, ↑ Total T4, ↑ Free T4, ↑ I 131 Uptake'},
C: ↓ Serum TSH, ↑ Total T4, ↑ Free T4, ↓ I131 Uptake
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Q:Patient 1 – A 26-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for an annual exam. She currently does not have any acute concerns and says her health has been generally well. Medical history is significant for asthma, which is managed with an albuterol inhaler. Her last pap smear was unremarkable. She is currently sexually active with one male and consistently uses condoms. She occasionally smokes marijuana and drinks wine once per week. Her mother recently passed away from advanced ovarian cancer. Her sister is 37-years-old and was recently diagnosed with breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Physical examination is remarkable for a mildly anxious woman. Patient 2 – A 27-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for an annual exam. She says that she would like to be screened for breast cancer since two of her close friends were recently diagnosed. She noticed she has a small and mobile mass on her left breast, which increases in size and becomes tender around her time of menses. Family history is remarkable for hypertension in the father. The physical exam is significant for a small, well-defined, and mobile mass on her left breast that is not tender to palpation. Which of the following is the best next step in management for patient 1 and 2?? {'A': 'Patient 1 – BRCA testing. Patient 2 – Breast ultrasound', 'B': 'Patient 1 – Breast ultrasound. Patient 2 – Return in 3 months for a clinical breast exam', 'C': 'Patient 1 – Breast and ovarian ultrasound. Patient 2 – Mammography', 'D': 'Patient 1 – CA-125 testing. Patient 2 – BRCA testing', 'E': 'Patient 1 – Reassurance. Patient 2 – Breast ultrasound'},
A: Patient 1 – BRCA testing. Patient 2 – Breast ultrasound
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Q:A 67-year-old man with a past medical history of poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is brought to the emergency department for acute onset nausea and vomiting. According to the patient, he suddenly experienced vertigo and began vomiting 3 hours ago while watching TV. He reports hiking in New Hampshire with his wife 2 days ago. Past medical history is significant for a myocardial infarction (MI) that was treated with cardiac stenting, T2DM, and hypertension. Medications include lisinopril, aspirin, atorvastatin, warfarin, and insulin. Physical examination demonstrates left-sided facial droop and decreased pinprick sensation at the right arm and leg. What is the most likely etiology of this patient’s symptoms?? {'A': 'Early disseminated Lyme disease', 'B': 'Embolic stroke at the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)', 'C': 'Hypoperfusion of the anterior spinal artery (ASA)', 'D': 'Labryrinthitis', 'E': 'Thrombotic stroke at the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)'},
E: Thrombotic stroke at the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
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Q:A 27-year-old female is brought to the Emergency Department by Fire Rescue after participating in a physical altercation with several commuters on the subway. She appears to be responding to hallucinations and is diaphoretic. Her vitals are as follows: T 100.5F (38C), HR 115, BP 155/90, RR 17. Her past medical history is notable for a previous ED visit for phencyclidine-related agitation. Which of the following physical findings would most strongly suggest the same diagnosis?? {'A': 'Prominent vertical nystagmus', 'B': 'Constricted but responsive pupils', 'C': 'Dilated, minimally responsive pupils', 'D': 'Conjunctival injection', 'E': 'Conjunctival pallor'},
A: Prominent vertical nystagmus
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Q:A 25-year-old nulligravid female presents to clinic complaining of abnormal vaginal discharge and vaginal pruritis. The patient's past medical history is unremarkable and she does not take any medications. She is sexually active with 3 male partners and does not use condoms. Pelvic examination is notable for a thick, odorless, white discharge. There is marked erythema and edema of the vulva. Vaginal pH is normal. Microscopic viewing of the discharge shows pseudohyphae and white blood cells. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment plan?? {'A': 'Oral clindamycin for the patient and her partner', 'B': 'Oral clindamycin for the patient', 'C': 'Oral fluconazole for the patient and her partner', 'D': 'Oral fluconazole for the patient', 'E': 'Topical metronidazole'},
D: Oral fluconazole for the patient
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Q:A 52-year-old female presents to her rheumatologist with complaints of fatigue, a sore mouth, and occasional nausea and abdominal pain over the past several months. Her medical history is significant for 'pre-diabetes' treated with diet and exercise, hypertension managed with lisinopril, and rheumatoid arthritis well-controlled with methotrexate. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination is significant for an overweight female with the findings as shown in Figures A and B. The physician orders laboratory work-up including complete blood count with peripheral blood smear as well as basic metabolic panel and serum methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels. These tests are significant for a hematocrit of 29.5, a decreased reticulocyte count, normal serum methylmalonic acid level, increased homocysteine level, as well as the peripheral smear shown in Figure C. Which of the following could have reduced this patient's risk of developing their presenting condition?? {'A': 'Discontinuation of lisinopril and initiation of triamterene for blood pressure control', 'B': 'Administration of daily, high-dose PO vitamin B12', 'C': 'Monthly injection of vitamin B12 supplementation', 'D': 'Initiation of folinic acid', 'E': 'Addition of metformin'},
D: Initiation of folinic acid
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Q:Cardiac muscle serves many necessary functions, leading to a specific structure that serves these functions. The structure highlighted is an important histology component of cardiac muscle. What would be the outcome if this structure diffusely failed to function?? {'A': 'Inappropriate formation of cardiac valve leaflets', 'B': 'Failure of propagation of the action potential from the conduction system', 'C': 'Outflow tract obstruction', 'D': 'Ineffective excitation-contraction coupling due to insufficient calcium ions', 'E': 'Failure of potassium channels to appropriately open to repolarize the cell'},
B: Failure of propagation of the action potential from the conduction system
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Q:A 32-year-old primigravid woman with a history of seizures comes to the physician because she had a positive pregnancy test at home. Medications include valproic acid and a multivitamin. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. A urine pregnancy test is positive. Her baby is at increased risk for requiring which of the following interventions?? {'A': 'Lower spinal surgery', 'B': 'Kidney transplanation', 'C': 'Respiratory support', 'D': 'Cochlear implantation', 'E': 'Arm surgery'},
A: Lower spinal surgery
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Q:An investigator is studying early post-mortem changes in the lung. Autopsies are performed on patients who died following recent hospital admissions. Microscopic examination of the lungs at one of the autopsies shows numerous macrophages with brown intracytoplasmic inclusions. A Prussian blue stain causes these inclusions to turn purple. These findings are most consistent with a pathological process that would manifest with which of the following symptoms?? {'A': 'Diaphoresis that worsens at night', 'B': 'Dry cough that worsens early in the morning', 'C': 'Purulent expectoration that worsens in the lateral recumbent position', 'D': 'Lower extremity swelling that worsens on standing', 'E': 'Shortness of breath that worsens when supine'},
E: Shortness of breath that worsens when supine
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Q:A 42-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a checkup. She has been trying to get pregnant with her husband for the past 7 months but has been unsuccessful. The patient states that they have been having unprotected intercourse daily during this time frame. She states that she experiences her menses every 28 days. Her husband has 2 children from another marriage. Otherwise, the patient only complains of mild vaginal dryness during intercourse. The patient's past medical history is notable for seasonal allergies for which she takes loratadine and a chlamydial infection which was treated in college. On physical exam, you note a healthy woman. Cardiopulmonary, abdominal, and pelvic exam are within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Decreased ovarian reserve', 'B': 'Menopause', 'C': 'Premature ovarian failure', 'D': 'Spermatogenesis defect', 'E': 'Tubal scarring'},
A: Decreased ovarian reserve
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Q:A 48-year-old man comes to the physician because of increasing generalized fatigue for 1 month. He has been unable to do normal household duties or go for his evening walks during this period. He has hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. His father died of liver cancer at the age of 60 years. He does not smoke. He drinks one alcoholic beverage daily. Current medications include atorvastatin, enalapril, metformin, and insulin glargine. He is 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) tall and weighs 100 kg (220 lb); BMI is 34.6 kg/m2. His temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F), pulse is 116/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Examination shows hyperpigmented skin over the nape of the neck and extremities. The liver is palpated 4 cm below the right costal margin. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 10.6 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 87 μm3 Leukocyte count 9,700/mm3 Platelet count 182,000/mm3 Serum Glucose 213 mg/dL Creatinine 1.4 mg/dL Albumin 4.1 mg/dL Total bilirubin 1.1 mg/dL Alkaline phosphatase 66 U/L AST 100 U/L ALT 69 U/L γ-glutamyl transferase 28 U/L (N=5–50) Hepatitis B surface antigen negative Hepatitis C antibody negative Iron studies Iron 261 μg/dL Ferritin 558 ng/dL Transferrin saturation 83% Anti-nuclear antibody negative Which of the following is the most appropriate next step to confirm the diagnosis?"? {'A': 'CT of the abdomen', 'B': 'Bone marrow biopsy', 'C': 'Abdominal ultrasonography', 'D': 'Liver biopsy', 'E': 'Genetic testing'},
E: Genetic testing
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Q:A 50-year-old male presents to the emergency room complaining of fever, shortness of breath, and diarrhea. He returned from a spa in the Rocky Mountains five days prior. He reports that over the past two days, he developed a fever, cough, dyspnea, and multiple watery stools. His past medical history is notable for major depressive disorder and peptic ulcer disease. He takes omeprazole and paroxetine. He does not smoke and drinks alcohol on social occasions. His temperature is 102.8°F (39.3°C), blood pressure is 120/70 mmHg, pulse is 65/min, and respirations are 20/min. Physical examination reveals dry mucus membranes, delayed capillary refill, and rales at the bilateral lung bases. A basic metabolic panel is shown below: Serum: Na+: 126 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.1 mEq/L HCO3-: 23 mEq/L Ca2+: 10.1 mg/dL Mg2+: 2.0 mEq/L Urea nitrogen: 14 mg/dL Glucose: 90 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Which of the following is the most appropriate growth medium to culture the pathogen responsible for this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Charcoal yeast agar with iron and cysteine', 'B': 'Sorbitol-MacConkey agar', 'C': 'Bordet-Gengou agar', 'D': 'Thayer-Martin agar', 'E': 'Eaton’s agar'},
A: Charcoal yeast agar with iron and cysteine
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Q:A 56-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her family with altered mental status. Her husband says that she complained of fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain 2 days ago. She has a history of long-standing alcoholism and previous episodes of hepatic encephalopathy. Current vital signs include a temperature of 38.3°C (101°F), blood pressure of 85/60 mm Hg, pulse of 95/min, and a respiratory rate 30/min. On physical examination, the patient appears ill and obtunded. She is noted to have jaundice, a palpable firm liver, and massive abdominal distension with shifting dullness. Which of the following is the best initial step in management of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Empiric antibiotics', 'B': 'Non-selective beta-blockers', 'C': 'Intravenous albumin', 'D': 'Diagnostic paracentesis', 'E': 'Large volume paracentesis'},
D: Diagnostic paracentesis
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Q:An investigator studying viral replication isolates the genetic material of an unidentified virus strain. After exposing a cell culture to the isolated, purified viral genetic material, the cells begin to produce viral polymerase and subsequently replicate the viral genome. Infection with the investigated strain is most likely to cause which of the following conditions?? {'A': 'Hepatitis B', 'B': 'Rotavirus infection', 'C': 'Influenza', 'D': 'Rabies', 'E': 'Poliomyelitis'},
E: Poliomyelitis
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Q:A 26-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for 5 days of increasing pelvic pain. She says that the pain has been present for the last 2 months; however, it has become increasingly severe recently. She also says that the pain has been accompanied by unusually heavy menstrual periods in the last few months. Physical exam reveals a mass in the right adnexa, and ultrasonography reveals a 9 cm right ovarian mass. If this mass is surgically removed, which of the following structures must be diligently protected?? {'A': 'Cardinal ligament of the uterus', 'B': 'External iliac artery', 'C': 'Internal iliac artery', 'D': 'Ovarian ligament', 'E': 'Ureter'},
E: Ureter
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Q:A 46-year-old man with HIV infection comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of severe retrosternal pain while swallowing. He has not been compliant with his antiretroviral drug regimen. His CD4+ T-lymphocyte count is 98/mm3 (N ≥ 500). Endoscopy shows white plaques in the esophagus. The most appropriate immediate treatment is a drug that inhibits which of the following enzymes?? {'A': 'DNA polymerase', 'B': 'Hydrogen-potassium ATPase', 'C': 'Phospholipase A2', 'D': 'Cytochrome p450 enzymes', 'E': 'Squalene epoxidase'},
D: Cytochrome p450 enzymes
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Q:A 62-year-old woman is evaluated for fatigue 6 months after placement of a mechanical valve due to aortic stenosis. She does not drink alcohol or smoke cigarettes. A complete blood count reports hemoglobin of 9.5 g/L and a reticulocyte percentage of 5.8%. Platelet and leukocyte counts are within their normal ranges. The patient’s physician suspects traumatic hemolysis from the patient’s mechanical valve as the cause of her anemia. Which of the following peripheral blood smear findings would most support this diagnosis?? {'A': 'Bite cells and Heinz bodies', 'B': 'Sickle cells and target cells', 'C': 'RBC fragments and schistocytes', 'D': 'Round macrocytes and target cells', 'E': 'Macrocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils'},
C: RBC fragments and schistocytes
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Q:A 36-year-old woman comes to the physician because of new onset limping. For the past 2 weeks, she has had a tendency to trip over her left foot unless she lifts her left leg higher while walking. She has not had any trauma to the leg. She works as a flight attendant and wears compression stockings to work. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows weakness of left foot dorsiflexion against minimal resistance. There is reduced sensation to light touch over the dorsum of the left foot, including the web space between the 1st and 2nd digit. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Decreased ankle jerk reflex', 'B': 'Normal foot eversion', 'C': 'Normal foot inversion', 'D': 'Weak knee flexion', 'E': 'Weak hip flexion'},
C: Normal foot inversion
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Q:A 26-year-old woman comes to the physician because she has not had a menstrual period for 5 weeks. Menarche was at the age of 14 years and menses occurred at regular 30-day intervals. She reports having unprotected sexual intercourse 3 weeks ago. A urine pregnancy test is positive. Which of the following best describes the stage of development of the embryo at this time?? {'A': 'Sexual differentiation has begun, but fetal movement has not started', 'B': 'Fetal heart is beating, but cardiac activity is not yet visible on ultrasound', 'C': 'Limb buds have formed, but fetal movements have not begun', 'D': 'Neural crest has formed, but limb buds have not yet formed', 'E': 'Implantation has occured, but notochord has not yet formed'},
D: Neural crest has formed, but limb buds have not yet formed
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Q:A 3-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mom for breathing difficulty after a recent fall. His parents say that he rolled off of the mattress and landed on the hard wood floor earlier today. After an extensive physical exam, he is found to have many purplish bruises and retinal hemorrhages. A non-contrast head CT scan shows a subdural hemorrhage. He was treated in the hospital with full recovery from his symptoms. Which of the following is the most important follow up plan?? {'A': 'Inform child protective services', 'B': 'Provide parents with anticipatory guidance', 'C': 'Provide home nursing visits', 'D': 'Reassurance that accidents are common', 'E': 'Referral to genetics for further testing'},
A: Inform child protective services
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Q:A 23-year-old man presents to the office complaining of weight loss and fatigue for the past 2 months. He states that he has been experiencing foul-smelling, light-colored stools but thinks it is because he hasn’t been eating well, recently. He has a past medical history significant for cystic fibrosis, which is well-controlled medically. He denies any shortness of breath, chest or abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or melena. On physical examination, his skin is pale and dry. Which of the following would be the most likely etiology of a malabsorption syndrome giving rise to this patient’s current condition?? {'A': 'Autoimmune damage to parietal cells', 'B': 'Damage to intestinal brush border', 'C': 'Chronic damage to intestinal mucosa', 'D': 'Decreased recycling of bile acids', 'E': 'Pancreatic insufficiency'},
E: Pancreatic insufficiency
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Q:A clinical diagnosis of abruptio placentae is suspected. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Administration of intravenous oxytocin', 'B': 'Administration of intravenous fluids', 'C': 'Vaginal delivery', 'D': 'Administration of intramuscular betamethasone', 'E': 'Administration of intravenous tranexamic acid'},
B: Administration of intravenous fluids
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Q:A researcher is studying the effects of a new antihypertensive medication on urine osmolality. She first measures urine osmolality in different parts of the nephron of a healthy human control. The findings are shown below: Portion of nephron Urine osmolality (mOsmol/kg) Proximal convoluted tubule 300 Loop of Henle, descending limb 1200 Loop of Henle, ascending limb 200 Distal convoluted tubule 100 Collecting duct 600 Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the urine osmolality in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?"? {'A': 'Increased transcription of water channels', 'B': 'Impermeability to sodium', 'C': 'Increased urea excretion', 'D': 'Increased bicarbonate reabsorption', 'E': 'Impermeability to water'},
E: Impermeability to water
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Q:A 59-year-old woman with a history of chronic kidney disease comes to the physician for a 3-month history of easy fatiguability. Physical examination shows subconjunctival pallor. Her hemoglobin concentration is 8.9 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume is 86 μm3, and serum ferritin is 225 ng/mL. Treatment with erythropoietin is begun. A peripheral blood smear is obtained one week after treatment. A photomicrograph of the smear after specialized staining is shown. The prominent color of the intracellular structure in some of the cells is most likely the result of staining which of the following?? {'A': 'Ribosomal RNA', 'B': 'Denatured globin chains', 'C': 'Golgi apparatus', 'D': 'Remnants of the nucleus', 'E': 'Mitochondria'},
A: Ribosomal RNA
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Q:A 45-year-old woman presents with recent onset movement abnormalities. She says that she noticeably blinks, which is out of her control. She also has spasms of her neck muscles and frequent leg cramps. Past medical history is significant for ovarian cancer, currently being treated with an antineoplastic agent that disrupts microtubule function and an alkylating agent, as well as metoclopramide for nausea. Her blood pressure is 110/65 mm Hg, the respiratory rate is 17/min, the heart rate is 78/min, and the temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F). Physical examination is within normal limits. Which of the following drugs would be the best treatment for this patient?? {'A': 'Diazepam', 'B': 'Physostigmine', 'C': 'Benztropine', 'D': 'Clozapine', 'E': 'Bethanechol'},
C: Benztropine
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Q:Serum studies show a troponin T concentration of 6.73 ng/mL (N < 0.01), and fingerstick blood glucose concentration of 145 mg/dL. The cardiac catheterization team is activated. Treatment with unfractionated heparin, aspirin, ticagrelor, and sublingual nitroglycerin is begun, and the patient's pain subsides. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 65/min, respirations are 23/min, and blood pressure is 91/60 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 96%. Which of the following is the most appropriate additional pharmacotherapy?? {'A': 'Intravenous morphine', 'B': 'Oral atorvastatin', 'C': 'Intravenous furosemide', 'D': 'Intravenous insulin', 'E': 'Intravenous nitroglycerin'},
B: Oral atorvastatin
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Q:A 55-year-old woman presents with fatigue, shortness of breath during ordinary activities, and occasional fluttering in her chest. She denies chest pain or lower extremity edema. She has no prior medical history. She does not smoke but drinks alcohol socially. Her blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, her temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F), and her radial pulse is 95/min and regular. On physical examination, lungs are clear to auscultation, the apical impulse is slightly displaced, and a III/VI holosystolic murmur is audible at the apex and radiates to the axilla. Transthoracic echocardiography shows the presence of mitral regurgitation and an ejection fraction of 60 %. Which of the following is the optimal therapy for this patient?? {'A': 'Emergency surgery', 'B': 'Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-blockers', 'C': 'ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and surgery', 'D': 'Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation', 'E': 'Observation and echocardiographic followup'},
C: ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and surgery
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Q:A 2-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of an 8-hour history of difficulty feeding and decreased arousability. His mother says that the symptoms began after he rolled over and fell from the bed. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows regions of purple discoloration in the T4–T10 dermatomes bilaterally and tense fontanelles. Fundoscopy shows bilateral optic disc swelling with dot-and-blot hemorrhages extending to the ora serrata. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Basilar skull fracture', 'B': 'Epidural hematoma', 'C': 'Bacterial meningitis', 'D': 'Periventricular hemorrhage', 'E': 'Subdural hematoma'},
E: Subdural hematoma
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Q:A 15-year-old teenager presents to the emergency department via emergency medical service (EMS) after a motor vehicle accident. The patient is in critical condition and is hemodynamically unstable. It becomes apparent that the patient may require a blood transfusion, and the parents are approached for consent. They are Jehovah’s Witnesses and deny the blood transfusion, saying it is against their beliefs. However, the patient insists that she wants the transfusion if it will save her life. Despite the patient’s wishes, the parents remain steadfast in their refusal to allow the transfusion. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action?? {'A': 'Give the patient the blood transfusion.', 'B': 'Do not give blood transfusion due to the parents’ refusal.', 'C': 'Give intravenous fluids to attempt to stabilize the patient.', 'D': 'Consult the hospital ethics committee.', 'E': 'Obtain a court order to give blood products.'},
A: Give the patient the blood transfusion.
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Q:A 6-hour-old newborn male is noted to have a “lump on his head” by his mother. She denies that the lump was present at birth and is concerned about an infection. The child was born at 39 weeks gestation to a 34-year-old gravida 2 by vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery after a prolonged labor. The child’s birth weight was 3.8 kg (8.4 lb), and his length and head circumference are at the 40th and 60th percentiles, respectively. The mother was diagnosed during this pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus and received prenatal care throughout. All prenatal screening was normal, and the 20-week anatomy ultrasound was unremarkable. On physical exam, the child is in no acute distress. He has a 3x3 cm fluctuant swelling over the right parietal bone that does not cross the midline. There is no discoloration of the overlying scalp. Laboratory testing is performed and reveals the following: Total bilirubin: 5.5 mg/dL Direct bilirubin: 0.7 mg/dL Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Incision and drainage', 'B': 'Intensive phototherapy', 'C': 'Neurosurgical decompression', 'D': 'Red blood cell transfusion', 'E': 'Observation only'},
E: Observation only
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Q:A 48-year-old man presents with chronic uncontrolled hypertension for the past 12 years. He smokes approx. 3 packs of cigarettes per day and have consumed 2 alcohol drinks per day for the past 10 years. Which of the following pathologic changes would occur in the bronchial epithelium?? {'A': 'Atrophy', 'B': 'Hyperplasia', 'C': 'Dysplasia', 'D': 'Hypertrophy', 'E': 'Metaplasia'},
E: Metaplasia
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Q:An 87-year-old man with glioblastoma multiforme is informed that the size and location of the tumor make operative resection impossible, and he has a prognosis of between 3-6 months. The patient then asks whether it would be possible to get a prescription for lethal medications so that he would be able to end his life if his situation deteriorated further. The physician says that he is unable to prescribe such drugs because assisted suicide is not legal in their state. Refusing to help a patient commit suicide is most consistent with which of the following ethical principles?? {'A': 'Autonomy', 'B': 'Beneficence', 'C': 'Distributive justice', 'D': 'Formal justice', 'E': 'Non-maleficence'},
E: Non-maleficence
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Q:A 66-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a wellness exam. She noticed mild spotting a few days prior to presentation. Her last menstrual period was when she was 53 years of age, and she denies any trauma to the area. She is sexually active with one male partner and does not use condoms. Medical history is significant for type II diabetes mellitus and hypertension. She is currently taking metformin and lisinopril. Her last pap smear was normal. She is 5 ft 5 in (165.1 cm), weighs 185 lbs (84 kg), and BMI is 30.8 kg/m2. Her blood pressure is 115/70 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 15/min. Pelvic examination demonstrates a normal sized uterus with no adnexal masses. There are no vulvar, vaginal, or cervical lesions. Stool testing for blood is negative and an endometrial biopsy is performed, which demonstrates simple endometrial hyperplasia without atypia. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Anastrozole', 'B': 'Estrogen-progestin contraceptives', 'C': 'Hysterectomy', 'D': 'Megestrol acetate', 'E': 'Nafarelin'},
D: Megestrol acetate
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Q:A 62-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and rheumatoid arthritis presents for evaluation of elevated serum liver chemistries. She has had three months of intense, unremitting itching. Current medications include chlorthalidone, atorvastatin, and ibuprofen. Physical exam is unremarkable. Laboratory studies show aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 42 units/L, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 39 units/L, alkaline phosphatase 790 units/L, total bilirubin 0.8 mg/dL, and antimitochondrial antibody titer 1:80. What do you expect to see on liver biopsy?? {'A': 'Intrahepatic and extra hepatic bile duct destruction', 'B': 'Intrahepatic bile duct destruction', 'C': 'Lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic infiltration of portal tracts', 'D': 'Granulomas in portal tracts', 'E': 'Bile plugging of hepatocytes and bile ducts'},
B: Intrahepatic bile duct destruction
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Q:A 65-year-old man presents to a clinic after 2 days of pain just below the right nipple. The pain radiates to the scapula. The rash was preceded by a burning and tingling pain in the affected region. His medical history is relevant for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. He does not recall his vaccination status or childhood illnesses. A physical examination reveals stable vital signs and a vesicular rash distributed along the T4 dermatome. Which of the following is most appropriate for treating his condition and preventing further complications?? {'A': 'Prednisone', 'B': 'Famciclovir', 'C': 'Valganciclovir', 'D': 'Amitriptyline', 'E': 'Gabapentin'},
B: Famciclovir
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Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought to his neurologist for continued treatment of muscle spasms. His past medical history is significant for a brain abnormality that was detected neonatally when it presented with an enlarged posterior fossa as well as a malformed cerebellar vermis. Since birth, he has had developmental delay, high muscle tone, difficulty with coordination, and speech delay. He has been treated with a number of therapies to relax his muscle tone such as baclofen. Which of the following conditions is associated with this patient's most likely condition?? {'A': 'Fetal alcohol syndrome', 'B': 'Hydrocephalus', 'C': 'Polyhydramnios', 'D': 'Syringomyelia', 'E': 'Vocal cord paralysis'},
B: Hydrocephalus
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Q:A 47-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for headaches. The patient states that he typically has headaches in the morning that improve as the day progresses. Review of systems reveals that he also experiences trouble focusing and daytime fatigue. The patient drinks 2 to 3 alcoholic beverages daily and smokes 1 to 2 cigarettes per day. His past medical history includes diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. His current medications include insulin, metformin, metoprolol, aspirin, and atorvastatin. His temperature is 98.7°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 157/98 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals a fatigued-appearing obese man with a BMI of 37 kg/m^2. Which of the following is the best initial step in management?? {'A': 'Continuous positive airway pressure', 'B': 'CT scan of the head', 'C': 'Ibuprofen and follow up in 2 weeks', 'D': 'Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty', 'E': 'Weight loss'},
E: Weight loss
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Q:A 48-year-old man presents with a productive cough and occasional dyspnea on exertion. He has experienced these symptoms for the past 6 years. Patient denies weight loss, night sweats, or hemoptysis. Past medical history is significant for arterial hypertension, diagnosed 3 years ago, and diabetes mellitus type 2, diagnosed 5 years ago. He also has allergic rhinitis with exacerbations in the spring. The current medications include 12.5 mg of lisinopril and 1,000 mg of metformin daily. The patient reports a 30-pack-year smoking history. He works as a financial advisor and is physically inactive. The vital signs are within normal limits. The BMI is 44.9 kg/m2. Upon physical examination, lung auscultation is significant for occasional wheezes over both lungs. The spirometry shows an FEV1 of 59% of predicted. Which of the following interventions would be most useful to slow the progression of this patient’s most likely condition?? {'A': 'Smoking cessation', 'B': 'Weight reduction', 'C': 'Identifying and avoiding contact with an allergen', 'D': 'Increasing physical activity', 'E': 'Discontinuing lisinopril'},
A: Smoking cessation
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Q:A 26-year-old woman presents with a 3-month history of progressive muscle weakness and dysphagia. She reports choking on her food several times a day and has difficulty climbing the stairs at work. She denies any changes in her routine, diet or muscle pain. Her vital signs include: blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg, pulse 70/min, respiratory rate 13/min, temperature 36.5°C (97.7°F). On physical examination, strength is 3 out of 5 in her upper extremities bilaterally and 2 out of 5 in her lower extremities bilaterally. Laboratory tests are significant for the following: Mean corpuscular volume 92.2 μm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 35 mm/h C-reactive protein 6 mg/dL (ref: 0-10 mg/dL) Anti-citrullinated protein 10 EU (ref: < 20 EU) Creatine kinase-MB 320 U/L (ref: < 145 U/L) Anti-Jo-1 3.2 U (ref: < 1.0 U) Hemoglobin 12.9 g/dL Hematocrit 45.7% Leukocyte count 5500/mm3 Platelet count 200,000/mm3 Differential: Neutrophils 65% Lymphocytes 30% Monocytes 5% Transthoracic echocardiography is unremarkable. A muscle biopsy is performed, and the finding are shown in the exhibit (see image). The patient is started on high doses of systemic corticosteroids, but, after 4 weeks, no clinical improvement is noted. Which of the following is the most appropriate next treatment for this patient?? {'A': 'Rituximab', 'B': 'Methotrexate', 'C': 'Tacrolimus', 'D': 'Infliximab', 'E': 'Intravenous immunoglobulin'},
B: Methotrexate
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Q:A 20-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after he sustained a stab wound to his back during an altercation. He reports weakness and numbness of the lower extremities. He has no history of serious illness. On arrival, he is alert and cooperative. His pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure is 100/65 mm Hg. Examination shows a deep 4-cm laceration on his back next to the vertebral column at the level of the T10 vertebra. Neurologic examination shows right-sided flaccid paralysis with a diminished vibratory sense ipsilaterally, decreased sensation to light touch at the level of his laceration and below, and left-sided loss of hot, cold, and pin-prick sensation at the level of the umbilicus and below. Deep tendon reflexes of his right lower extremity are 4+ and symmetrical. Babinski sign is absent bilaterally. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Anterior cord syndrome', 'B': 'Cauda equina syndrome', 'C': 'Brown-Sequard syndrome', 'D': 'Posterior cord syndrome', 'E': 'Central cord syndrome'},
C: Brown-Sequard syndrome
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Q:A 56-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She has no other history of serious illness. Menopause occurred 1 year ago. Current medications include antirheumatic drugs and hormone replacement therapy. She exercises regularly. A DEXA scan shows a T-score of -1.80, indicating decreased bone density. Which of the following drugs is most likely involved in the pathogenesis of this finding?? {'A': 'Sulfasalazine', 'B': 'Medroxyprogesterone acetate', 'C': 'Naproxen', 'D': 'Prednisone', 'E': 'Adalimumab'},
D: Prednisone
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Q:A 70-year-old retired police officer is being evaluated for fatigue. A peripheral smear shows extremely elevated numbers of immature myeloid cells, which are positive for myeloperoxidase and a translocation t(15,17). Which of the following statements is true regarding his condition?? {'A': 'This condition is also developed early in life in patients with Down syndrome.', 'B': 'Myelodysplastic syndromes may give rise to the condition.', 'C': 'The patient can be treated with a vitamin A derivative.', 'D': 'Auer rods are responsible for gum hyperplasia and bleeding.', 'E': 'Philadelphia chromosome may be seen and indicates a poor prognosis.'},
C: The patient can be treated with a vitamin A derivative.
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Q:A 12-year-old boy is brought by his mother to a neurologist for continuing evaluation of seizures. His seizures were previously well-controlled on medication but over the last month he has been having seizures several times per week. The boy is non-verbal and has had severe developmental delays and cognitive disability since birth. On exam, the boy is found to be enthusiastically playing with the toys in the office and laughing at almost any stimulus. Furthermore, his movements are found to be uncoordinated with a wide based gait. Previous genetic testing has revealed an abnormality in an E3 ubiquitin ligase gene. Compared to unaffected individuals, which of the following patterns of gene expression is most likely seen in this patient?? {'A': 'Abnormally decreased expression of the gene from both chromosomes', 'B': 'Abnormally decreased expression of the gene from the maternal chromosome', 'C': 'Abnormally decreased expression of the gene from the paternal chromosome', 'D': 'Abnormally increased expression of the gene from the maternal chromosome', 'E': 'Abnormally increased expression of the gene from the paternal chromosome'},
B: Abnormally decreased expression of the gene from the maternal chromosome
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Q:A 61-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of fever, chills, and flank pain for 8 hours. Her temperature is 39.1°C (102.4°F). Physical examination shows right costovertebral angle tenderness. Urine dipstick is positive for nitrites. Urinalysis shows gram-negative rods. The patient is admitted to the hospital and treatment with a drug that directly inhibits bacterial DNA replication is begun. This drug inhibits a protein that is normally responsible for which of the following steps of DNA replication?? {'A': 'Cleaving DNA to relieve supercoils', 'B': 'Joining of short DNA fragments', 'C': "Excising RNA fragments in 5' to 3' direction", 'D': 'Unwinding DNA at replication fork', 'E': 'Binding to single-stranded DNA to prevent reannealing'},
A: Cleaving DNA to relieve supercoils
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Q:An exclusively breast-fed, 5-day-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for a routine examination. He was born at term and delivery was uncomplicated. He received all standard treatment and testing prior to being discharged from the hospital 3 days ago. Examination shows no abnormalities. Without receiving additional supplementation at this time, this newborn is at greatest risk of developing which of the following conditions?? {'A': 'Scaly dermatitis', 'B': 'Intracranial bleed', 'C': 'Microcytic anemia', 'D': 'Peripheral neuropathy', 'E': 'Rickets'},
E: Rickets
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Q:A 59-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider with a 6-month history of progressive left-arm swelling. Two years ago she had a partial mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection for left breast cancer. She was also treated with radiotherapy at the time. Upon further questioning, she denies fever, pain, or skin changes, but reports difficulty with daily tasks because her hand feels heavy and weak. She is bothered by the appearance of her enlarged extremity and has stopped playing tennis. On physical examination, nonpitting edema of the left arm is noted with hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, and induration of the skin. Limb elevation, exercise, and static compression bandaging are started. If the patient has no improvement, which of the following will be the best next step?? {'A': 'Diethylcarbamazine', 'B': 'Low molecular weight heparin', 'C': 'Endovascular stenting', 'D': 'Vascularized lymph node transfer', 'E': 'Antibiotics'},
D: Vascularized lymph node transfer
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Q:A 29-year-old woman with hypothyroidism comes to her primary care physician for advice on a health insurance plan. She works as a baker and owns a small bakery. The patient explains that she would like to have affordable monthly premiums. She would be willing to make additional payments to be able to see providers outside her network and to get specialist care if referred by her primary care physician. Which of the following health insurance plans would be most appropriate?? {'A': 'Preferred provider organization', 'B': 'Medicare', 'C': 'Medicaid', 'D': 'Point of service', 'E': 'Health maintenance organization'},
D: Point of service
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Q:A 76-year-old woman presents to the office with a generalized weakness for the past month. She has a past medical history significant for uncontrolled hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Her temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure is 135/82 mm Hg, pulse is 90/min, respiratory rate is 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam shows no remarkable findings. Her last recorded glomerular filtration rate was 30 mL/min. A radiograph of the patient’s hand is given. Which of the following lab findings is most likely to be found in this patient?? {'A': 'Increased PTH, decreased calcium, increased phosphate', 'B': 'Increased PTH, decreased calcium, decreased phosphate', 'C': 'Increased PTH, increased calcium, decreased phosphate', 'D': 'Increased PTH, increased calcium, increased phosphate', 'E': 'Normal PTH, increased calcium, normal phosphate'},
A: Increased PTH, decreased calcium, increased phosphate
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Q:A 27-year-old G3P2002 presents to the clinic for follow up after her initial prenatal visit. Her last period was 8 weeks ago. Her medical history is notable for obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and eczema. Her current two children are healthy. Her current pregnancy is with a new partner after she separated from her previous partner. Her vaccinations are up to date since the delivery of her second child. Her temperature is 98°F (37°C), blood pressure is 110/60 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 18/min. Her physical exam is unremarkable. Laboratory results are shown below: Hemoglobin: 14 g/dL Hematocrit: 41% Leukocyte count: 9,000/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 210,000/mm^3 Blood type: O Rh status: Negative Urine: Epithelial cells: Rare Glucose: Positive WBC: 5/hpf Bacterial: None Rapid plasma reagin: Negative Rubella titer: > 1:8 HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody screen: Negative Gonorrhea and Chlamydia NAAT: negative Pap smear: High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL) What is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Colposcopy and biopsy after delivery', 'B': 'Colposcopy and biopsy now', 'C': 'Cryosurgical excision', 'D': 'Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)', 'E': 'Repeat Pap smear'},
B: Colposcopy and biopsy now
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Q:A 17-year-old girl is brought to the physician because she has never menstruated. She is at the 15th percentile for weight and 45th percentile for height. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows facial hair, clitoromegaly, and coarse, curly pubic hair that extends to the inner surface of both thighs. She has no glandular breast tissue. Ultrasound shows inguinal testes but no uterus or ovaries. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause for this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Sex chromosome mosaicism', 'B': 'Sex chromosome monosomy', 'C': 'Complete androgen insensitivity', 'D': 'Aromatase deficiency', 'E': '5-α reductase deficiency'},
E: 5-α reductase deficiency
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Q:A 35-year-old man comes to the Veterans Affairs hospital because of a 2-month history of anxiety. He recently returned from his third deployment to Iraq, where he served as a combat medic. He has had difficulty readjusting to civilian life. He works as a taxi driver but had to take a leave of absence because of difficulties with driving. Last week, he hit a stop sign because he swerved out of the way of a grocery bag that was in the street. He has difficulty sleeping because of nightmares about the deaths of some of the other soldiers in his unit and states, “it's my fault, I could have saved them. Please help me.” Mental status examination shows a depressed mood and a restricted affect. There is no evidence of suicidal ideation. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in treatment?? {'A': 'Motivational interviewing', 'B': 'Dialectical behavioral therapy', 'C': 'Prazosin therapy', 'D': 'Venlafaxine therapy', 'E': 'Cognitive behavioral therapy'},
E: Cognitive behavioral therapy