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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 48-year-old man presents to the clinic with several weeks of watery diarrhea and right upper quadrant pain with fever. He also endorses malaise, nausea, and anorexia. He is HIV-positive and is currently on antiretroviral therapy. He admits to not being compliant with his current medications. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), respiratory rate is 15/min, pulse is 70/min, and blood pressure is 100/84 mm Hg. A physical examination is performed which is within normal limits. His blood tests results are given below: Hb%: 11 gm/dL Total count (WBC): 3,400 /mm3 Differential count: Neutrophils: 70% Lymphocytes: 25% Monocytes: 5% CD4+ cell count: 88/mm3 Stool microscopy results are pending. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Cryptosporidiosis', 'B': 'C. difficile colitis', 'C': 'Irritable bowel syndrome', 'D': 'Norovirus infection', 'E': 'Traveler’s diarrhea due to ETEC'},
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A: Cryptosporidiosis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:Following a recent myocardial infarction, a 60-year-old woman has been started on multiple medications at the time of discharge from the hospital. After 10 days of discharge, she presents to the emergency department with a history of fever, headache, and dark colored urine for 2 days. Her husband mentions that she has not passed urine for the last 24 hours. Her physical examination shows significant pallor, and multiple petechiae are present all over her limbs. Her vital signs include: temperature 38.9°C (102.0°F), pulse rate 94/min, blood pressure 124/82 mm Hg, and respiratory rate 16/min. Her sensorium is altered with the absence of spontaneous speech and spontaneous movements. She responds inappropriately to verbal stimuli. Her laboratory results show the presence of anemia and thrombocytopenia. Examination of peripheral blood smear shows the presence of schistocytes. Serum creatinine is 2 mg/dL. Serum levels of fibrinogen, fibrin monomers, fibrin degradation products and D-dimers are normal. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are normal. Which is the most likely treatment for this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Renal dialysis', 'B': 'Plasma exchange', 'C': 'Intravenous immunoglobulin', 'D': 'Rehydration', 'E': 'Platelet transfusion'},
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B: Plasma exchange
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 68-year-old man comes to the physician because of double vision and unilateral right eye pain that began this morning. His vision improves when he covers either eye. He has hypertension, mild cognitive impairment, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for 40 years. His current medications include lisinopril, donepezil, metformin, and insulin with meals. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 85/minute, respirations are 12/minute, and blood pressure is 132/75 mm Hg. His right eye is abducted and depressed with slight intorsion. He can only minimally adduct the right eye. Visual acuity is 20/20 in both eyes. Extraocular movements of the left eye are normal. An MRI of the head shows no abnormalities. His fingerstick blood glucose concentration is 325 mg/dL. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Ptosis', 'B': 'Dilated and fixed pupil', 'C': 'Miosis and anhidrosis', 'D': 'Bitemporal hemianopsia', 'E': 'Positive swinging-flashlight test\n"'},
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A: Ptosis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An 82-year-old woman presents to the emergency department because of excruciating right flank pain and fever for the past 2 days. She states that she is having trouble urinating. Her past medical history is unremarkable. A urinalysis is performed and comes back positive for leukocytes and gram-negative bacilli. A contrast computed tomography of the abdomen is performed and reveals a large retroperitoneal mass compressing the right ureter, leading to hydronephrosis of the right kidney. The mass is excised. Histopathologic evaluation of the mass is shown in the image below, and it is determined to be malignant. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Liposarcoma', 'B': 'Lipoma', 'C': 'Rhabdomyosarcoma', 'D': 'Teratoma', 'E': 'Leiomyosarcoma'},
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A: Liposarcoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 70-year-old woman, gravida 5, para 5, comes to the physician for the evaluation of sensation of vaginal fullness for the last six months. During this period, she has had lower back and pelvic pain that is worse with prolonged standing or walking. The patient underwent a hysterectomy at the age of 35 years because of severe dysmenorrhea. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia. Medications include metformin and atorvastatin. Vital signs are within normal limits. Pelvic examination elicits a feeling of pressure on the perineum. Pelvic floor muscle and anal sphincter tone are decreased. Pelvic examination shows protrusion of posterior vaginal wall with Valsalva maneuver and vaginal discharge. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Bartholin gland cyst', 'B': 'Atrophic vaginitis', 'C': 'Infectious vulvovaginitis', 'D': 'Enterocele', 'E': 'Vaginal cancer'},
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D: Enterocele
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 30-year-old woman, gravida 2 para 1, at 39 weeks gestation presents to the hospital with painful contractions and a rupture of membranes. She reports that the contractions started a couple hours ago and are now occurring every 4 minutes. She is accompanied by her husband who states, “her water broke an hour ago before we left for the hospital." The patient denies vaginal bleeding, and fetal movements are normal. The patient has attended all her pre-natal visits without pregnancy complications. She has no chronic medical conditions and takes only pre-natal vitamins. Her blood pressure is 110/75 mm Hg and pulse is 82/min. A fetal heart rate tracing shows a pulse of 140/min with moderate variability and no decelerations. Cervical examination reveals a cervix that is 7 cm dilated and 100% effaced with the fetal head at -1 station. The patient forgoes epidural anesthesia. During which of the following scenarios should a cesarean delivery be considered for this patient?? {'A': 'Cervix is 7 cm dilated and fetal head is at 0 station after 1 hour, with contractions every 5 minutes', 'B': 'Cervix is 7 cm dilated and fetal head is at -1 station after 2 hours with contractions every 7 minutes', 'C': 'Cervix is 7 cm dilated and fetal head is at 0 station after 4 hours, with contractions every 2 minutes', 'D': 'Cervix is 9 cm dilated and fetal head is at -1 station after 3 hours, with contractions every 3 minutes', 'E': 'Cervix is 10 cm dilated and fetal head is at +1 station after 2 hours, with contractions every 2 minutes'},
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C: Cervix is 7 cm dilated and fetal head is at 0 station after 4 hours, with contractions every 2 minutes
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 3-year-old female is found to have unusual susceptibility to infections by catalase-producing organisms. This patient likely has a problem with the function of which of the following cell types?? {'A': 'B cells', 'B': 'T cells', 'C': 'Natural killer cells', 'D': 'Neutrophils', 'E': 'Eosinophils'},
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D: Neutrophils
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 3-year-old child is brought to the pediatrician by his mother who states that he has been fussy for the past two days. She says that he has had a runny nose, a cough, a sore throat, and decreased appetite. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical exam reveals a slightly erythematous oropharynx and clear nasal discharge. The mother states that she is a single mother working at a busy law firm. The mother demands that the child receive antibiotics, as her babysitter refuses to care for the child unless he is treated with antibiotics. You diagnose the child with the common cold and inform the mother that antibiotics are not indicated. She is infuriated and accuses you of refusing to treat her child appropriately. How should you respond?? {'A': 'Prescribe antibiotics to the child', 'B': 'Refer the mother to a nearby physician who will prescribe antibiotics', 'C': 'Prescribe a placebo', 'D': 'Explain the reasoning as to why antibiotics are not indicated for the common cold', 'E': 'Ask the mother to leave immediately'},
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D: Explain the reasoning as to why antibiotics are not indicated for the common cold
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:One day after delivery, an African American female newborn develops yellow discoloration of the eyes. She was born at term via uncomplicated vaginal delivery and weighed 3.4 kg (7 lb 8 oz). Her mother did not receive prenatal care. Examination shows scleral icterus and mild hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 10.7 mg/dL Reticulocytes 3.5% Maternal blood group 0, Rh-negative Anti-Rh antibody titer positive Fetal blood group A, Rh-negative Serum Bilirubin, total 6.1 mg/dL Direct 0.4 mg/dL Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?"? {'A': 'Viral infiltration of the bone marrow', 'B': 'Polymerization of deoxygenated hemoglobin', 'C': 'Atresia of the bilary tract', 'D': 'Transfer of Anti-A antibodies', 'E': 'Binding of Rhesus immune globulins'},
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D: Transfer of Anti-A antibodies
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 67-year-old man presents to the physician for a followup examination. He was diagnosed with hypertension 12 years ago. He had a coronary stent placement 2 years ago. His medications include aspirin, atorvastatin, lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, and carvedilol. Amlodipine was also added to his medication list 2 months ago to control his blood pressure. He has no history of smoking. He is on a plant-based diet. His blood pressure is 175/105 mm Hg, pulse is 65/min, and respirations are 14/min. His BMI is 24 kg/m2. In addition, his serum creatinine was 1.2 mg/dL which was tested 3 months ago. The most recent blood work reveals that his serum creatinine has increased to 1.6 mg/dL. The Doppler velocity in the right renal artery is 300 cm/s. The contrast-enhanced CT shows 70% stenosis in the right renal artery. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Adding losartan', 'B': 'Renal artery revascularization', 'C': 'Enoxaparin', 'D': 'Tissue plasminogen activator', 'E': 'Maximizing the dose of antihypertensive medications'},
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B: Renal artery revascularization
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 68-year-old woman presents to the hospital for an elective right hemicolectomy. She is independently mobile and does her own shopping. She has had type 2 diabetes mellitus for 20 years, essential hypertension for 15 years, and angina on exertion for 6 years. She has a 30-pack-year history of smoking. The operation was uncomplicated. On post-op day 5, she becomes confused. She has a temperature of 38.5°C (101.3°F), respiratory rate of 28/min, and oxygen saturation of 92% on 2 L of oxygen. She is tachycardic at 118/min and her blood pressure is 110/65 mm Hg. On chest auscultation, she has coarse crackles in the right lung base. Her surgical wound appears to be healing well, and her abdomen is soft and nontender. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)', 'B': 'Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome', 'C': 'Sepsis', 'D': 'Malignant hyperthermia', 'E': 'Drug-induced fever'},
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C: Sepsis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 35-year-old woman with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presents with worsening fatigue. She says her symptoms onset a few months ago and are significantly worse than experienced due to her SLE. Past medical history is significant for SLE diagnosed 3 years ago, managed with NSAIDs and hydroxychloroquine. A review of systems is significant for abdominal pain after meals, especially after eating fast food. Her vitals include: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 100/75 mm Hg, pulse 103/min, respirations 20/min, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. On physical examination, the patient appears pale and tired. The cardiac exam is normal. The abdominal exam is significant for prominent splenomegaly. Scleral icterus is noted. Skin appears jaundiced. Laboratory tests are pending. A peripheral blood smear is shown in the exhibit. Which of the following is the best course of treatment for this patient’s fatigue?? {'A': 'Splenectomy', 'B': 'Cyclophosphamide', 'C': 'Prednisone', 'D': 'Exchange transfusion', 'E': 'Rituximab'},
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C: Prednisone
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 55-year-old male presents with left hip pain and stiffness. Radiographs are shown in Figures A and B. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels are elevated. A biopsy of the left femur is performed and shown in Figure C. Which of the following cells are initially responsible for this condition?? {'A': 'Osteoblasts', 'B': 'Osteoclasts', 'C': 'Neutrophils', 'D': 'T-Cells', 'E': 'Fibroblasts'},
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B: Osteoclasts
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 1-day-old infant in the general care nursery, born at full term by uncomplicated cesarean section delivery, is noted to have a murmur, but otherwise appears well. On examination, respiratory rate is 40/min and pulse oximetry is 96%. Precordium is normoactive. With auscultation, S1 is normal, S2 is single, and a 2/6 systolic ejection murmur is heard at the left upper sternal border. Echocardiography shows infundibular pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect and concentric right ventricular hypertrophy. Which of the following correlate with the presence or absence of cyanosis in this baby?? {'A': 'The degree of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction', 'B': 'The ratio of reduced hemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin', 'C': 'The size of ventricular septal defect', 'D': 'The concentration of pulmonary surfactant', 'E': 'The concentration of hemoglobin'},
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A: The degree of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An 8-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her parents because they are concerned with her behavior. She has temper outbursts six or seven times per week, which last anywhere between 5 minutes to half an hour or until she becomes tired. According to her father, she screams at others and throws things in anger “when things don't go her way.” He says these outbursts started when she was 6 and a half years old and even between the outbursts, she is constantly irritable. She had been suspended from school three times in the past year for physical aggression, but her grades have remained unaffected. She appears agitated and restless. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. During the mental status examination, she is uncooperative and refuses to answer questions. What is the most likely diagnosis in this child?? {'A': 'Pediatric bipolar disorder', 'B': 'Conduct disorder', 'C': 'Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder', 'D': 'Oppositional defiant disorder', 'E': 'Intermittent explosive disorder'},
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C: Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A healthy 29-year-old nulligravid woman comes to the physician for genetic counseling prior to conception. Her brother has a disease that has resulted in infertility, a right-sided heart, and frequent sinus and ear infections. No other family members are affected. The intended father has no history of this disease. The population prevalence of this disease is 1 in 40,000. Which of the following best represents the chance that this patient’s offspring will develop her brother's disease?? {'A': '0.7%', 'B': '1%', 'C': '25%', 'D': '66%', 'E': '0.2%'},
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E: 0.2%
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 79-year-old man with aortic stenosis comes to the emergency room because of worsening fatigue for 5 months. During this time, he has also had intermittent bright red blood mixed in with his stool. He has not had any abdominal pain or weight loss. Physical examination shows pale conjunctivae and a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur best heard at the second right intercostal space. The abdomen is soft and non-tender. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin of 8 g/dL and a mean corpuscular volume of 71 μm3. Colonoscopy shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's bleeding?? {'A': 'Thrombus in the superior mesenteric artery', 'B': 'Transmural inflammation of the large bowel', 'C': 'Atherosclerotic narrowing of the mesenteric arteries', 'D': 'Tortuous submucosal blood vessels', 'E': 'Inherited factor VIII deficiency'},
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D: Tortuous submucosal blood vessels
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 15-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of recurrent respiratory infections that cause him to miss several weeks of school each year. He also has bulky, foul-smelling stools that are difficult to flush. He has a good appetite and eats a variety of foods. His height and weight are below the 10th percentile. Physical examination shows multiple nasal polyps. There is mild wheezing over the lower lung fields. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Antibodies to endomysium', 'B': 'Absence of the vas deferens', 'C': 'Apical impulse to the right of the sternum', 'D': 'Positive methacholine challenge test', 'E': 'Deficiency of immunoglobulin A'},
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B: Absence of the vas deferens
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 16-year-old girl is brought to the physician because she has not yet reached menarche. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. She is at the 20th percentile for weight and 50th percentile for height. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows mild facial hair. There is no glandular breast tissue. Pubic hair is coarse and curly and extends to the inner surface of both thighs. Pelvic examination shows clitoromegaly. Ultrasound shows an absence of the uterus and ovaries. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause for this patient's symptoms?? {'A': '5-α reductase deficiency', 'B': 'Sex chromosome monosomy', 'C': 'Aromatase deficiency', 'D': '21-hydroxylase deficiency', 'E': 'Complete androgen insensitivity'},
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A: 5-α reductase deficiency
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 23-year-old woman with no significant past medical history currently on oral contraceptive pills presents to the emergency department with pleuritic chest pain. She states that it started today. Yesterday she had a trip and returned via plane. Her temperature is 98°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 117/66 mmHg, pulse is 105/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals tachycardia, a normal S1 and S2, and clear breath sounds. The patient’s lower extremities are non-tender and symmetric. Chest pain is not reproducible with position changes or palpation but is worsened with deep breaths. Which of the following is the most appropriate next test for this patient?? {'A': 'Chest radiograph', 'B': 'CT angiogram', 'C': 'D-dimer', 'D': 'Ultrasound of the lower extremities', 'E': 'Ventilation-perfusion scan'},
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C: D-dimer
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 26-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 28 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a prenatal visit. She feels well. Pregnancy and delivery of her first child were uncomplicated. Her temperature is 37.2°C (99°F) and blood pressure is 163/105 mm Hg. Her blood pressure 10 weeks ago was 128/84 mm Hg. At her last visit two weeks ago, her blood pressure was 142/92 mm Hg. Pelvic examination shows a uterus consistent in size with a 28-week gestation. A complete blood count and serum concentrations of electrolytes, creatinine, and hepatic transaminases are within the reference range. A urinalysis is within normal limits. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Magnesium sulfate therapy', 'B': 'Lisinopril therapy', 'C': 'Complete bed rest', 'D': 'Dietary salt restriction', 'E': 'Hydralazine therapy'},
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E: Hydralazine therapy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 12-month-old child passed away after suffering from craniofacial abnormalities, neurologic dysfunction, and hepatomegaly. Analysis of the child’s blood plasma shows an increase in very long chain fatty acids. The cellular analysis demonstrates dysfunction of an organelle responsible for the breakdown of these fatty acids within the cell. Postmortem, the child is diagnosed with Zellweger syndrome. The family is informed about the autosomal recessive inheritance pattern of the disease and their carrier status. Which of the following processes is deficient in the dysfunctional organelle in this disease?? {'A': 'Beta-oxidation', 'B': 'Transcription', 'C': 'Translation', 'D': 'Ubiquitination', 'E': 'Phosphorylation'},
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A: Beta-oxidation
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 15-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his father for difficulty in school. He reports that his son has been suspended several times over his high school career for instigating fights. Per the patient, he has always had trouble controlling his anger and would feel especially frustrated at school since he has difficulty “keeping up.” His past medical history is unremarkable and he is up-to-date on all his vaccinations. A physical examination demonstrates a 6-foot tall teenage boy with severe acne vulgaris throughout his face and back. He is later worked up to have a chromosomal abnormality. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s presentation?? {'A': 'Conduct disorder', 'B': 'Down syndrome', 'C': 'Fragile X syndrome', 'D': 'Klinefelter syndrome', 'E': 'XYY syndrome'},
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E: XYY syndrome
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A study on cholesterol levels of a town in rural Idaho is performed, of which there are 1000 participants. It is determined that in this population, the mean LDL is 200 mg/dL, with a standard deviation of 50 mg/dL. If the population has a normal distribution, how many people have a cholesterol less than 300 mg/dL?? {'A': '680', 'B': '925', 'C': '950', 'D': '975', 'E': '997'},
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D: 975
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 28-year-old patient presents to a medical office for a consultation regarding a mole on her nose that is increasing in size. She also complains of frequent headaches, which she associates with stress on the job. She works as a civil engineer and spends much of her time outside. Her past medical history is positive for bronchial asthma; nevertheless, her vitals are stable. The mole is 8 mm in diameter, has irregular borders, and is brown in color. A biopsy is performed and sent for genetic analysis. A mutation is found. A mutation in which gene is characteristic of this patient’s main diagnosis?? {'A': 'c-MYC', 'B': 'APC', 'C': 'BRAF', 'D': 'DCC', 'E': 'BCL-2'},
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C: BRAF
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 33-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She feels well. She was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis one year ago. She has had two exacerbations since then, each lasting about one week and each requiring hospitalization for corticosteroid treatment. Her most recent exacerbation was three weeks ago. In between these episodes she has had no neurologic symptoms. She takes a multivitamin and a calcium supplement daily. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination, including neurologic examination, shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in pharmacotherapy?? {'A': 'Natalizumab', 'B': 'Mitoxantrone', 'C': 'Methylprednisolone', 'D': 'Interferon beta', 'E': 'Supportive therapy only as needed'},
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D: Interferon beta
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician because of vaginal discharge for 4 days. She has no pain or pruritus. Menses occur at regular 27-day intervals and last 5 days. Her last menstrual period was 2 weeks ago. She is sexually active with two male partners and uses a diaphragm for contraception. She had a normal pap smear 3 months ago. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 115/75 mm Hg. Pelvic examination shows a malodorous gray vaginal discharge. The pH of the discharge is 5.0. Microscopic examination of the vaginal discharge is shown. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?? {'A': 'Escherichia coli', 'B': 'Neisseria gonorrhoeae', 'C': 'Gardnerella vaginalis', 'D': 'Candida albicans', 'E': 'Trichomonas vaginalis'},
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C: Gardnerella vaginalis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 50-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after the sudden onset of severe pain in the middle of his chest. He describes the pain as tearing in quality; it radiates to his jaw. He is sweating profusely. He has a 5-year history of hypertension and was diagnosed with chronic bronchitis 3 years ago. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 33 years. Current medications include enalapril and formoterol. The patient appears agitated. His pulse is 104/min, and respirations are 26/min. Blood pressure is 154/98 mm Hg in his right arm and 186/108 mm Hg in his left arm. An x-ray of the chest shows moderate hyperinflation; the mediastinum has a width of 9 cm. An ECG shows no abnormalities. This patient is at increased risk of developing which of the following?? {'A': 'Tactile crepitus over the neck', 'B': 'Muffled heart sounds', 'C': 'Early diastolic knocking sound', 'D': 'Systolic murmur along the left sternal border', 'E': 'Diminished breath sounds over the right lung base'},
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B: Muffled heart sounds
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 68-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of acute confusion and sudden weakness of her left leg that lasted for about 30 minutes. One hour prior to admission, she was unable to understand words and had slurred speech for about 15 minutes. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years. Current medications include metformin and hydrochlorothiazide. Her pulse is 110/min and irregular; blood pressure is 135/84 mmHg. Examination shows cold extremities. There is a mild bruit heard above the left carotid artery. Cardiac examination shows a grade 2/6 late systolic ejection murmur that begins with a midsystolic click. Neurological and mental status examinations show no abnormalities. An ECG shows irregularly spaced QRS complexes with no discernible P waves. Doppler ultrasonography shows mild left carotid artery stenosis. A CT scan and diffusion-weighted MRI of the brain show no abnormalities. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prevent future episodes of neurologic dysfunction in this patient?? {'A': 'Enalapril', 'B': 'Warfarin', 'C': 'Alteplase', 'D': 'Aspirin', 'E': 'Aortic valve replacement'},
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B: Warfarin
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 9-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician by her father for dysuria, genital pruritus, and vaginal discharge. Cultures of the discharge are sent, revealing the causative agent to be a Gram-negative glucose-fermenting, non-maltose fermenting diplococci. Which of the following steps should the physician follow next?? {'A': 'Tell the father that the child needs antiobiotics to treat the bacterial infection', 'B': 'Discuss with the father that the child is being sexually abused', 'C': 'Contact the mother instead of the father', 'D': 'Contact Child Protective Services', 'E': 'Treat the child with antibiotics and schedule a follow up'},
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D: Contact Child Protective Services
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 20-year-old man presents with a painless neck mass that has gradually increased in size. The mass is anteromedial to the right sternocleidomastoid muscle and has been present for 3 years. The mass increased in size and became more tender following an upper respiratory infection. An ultrasound of the neck identifies a single, round cystic mass with uniform, low echogenicity, and no internal septations. A contrast-enhanced CT scan of the neck shows a homogeneous mass with low attenuation centrally and with smooth rim enhancement. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'First branchial cleft cyst', 'B': 'Ectopic thyroid tissue', 'C': 'Second branchial cleft cyst', 'D': 'Sternomastoid tumor', 'E': 'Cervical lymphadenopathy'},
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C: Second branchial cleft cyst
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Q:Please refer to the summary above to answer this question An 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for a well-child examination at a clinic for low-income residents. Although her son's elementary school offers free afterschool programming, her son has not been interested in attending. Both the son's maternal and paternal grandmothers have major depressive disorder. The mother is curious about the benefits of afterschool programming and asks for the physician's input. Based on the study results, which of the following statements best addresses the mother's question?" "High-quality afterschool programming during childhood promotes long-term adult mental health Background High-quality afterschool programming in children has been found to improve standardized test scores, dropout rates, and college attendance. The APPLE (Afterschool Programming for Psychiatric Long-term Endpoints) study seeks to examine the effect of such programs on long-term adult mental health. Design, Setting, and Participants Socioeconomically disadvantaged children ages 5–10 were recruited for this study. Participants with a history of intellectual/developmental disability or existing psychiatric illness were excluded. Eligible families were identified by screening government social service agencies in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and of all qualified families who were invited to participate in free afterschool enrichment activities for their children, 320 children were enrolled. The socioeconomic characteristics of study participants were found to be similar to those of the population being studied. 160 children were randomly assigned to free afterschool enrichment activities and 160 to a waiting list that served as a control; the parents of 12 children declined participation after their children were randomly assigned to the control group. Of the 83 children participating in the study's 20-year follow-up, 62 were in the treatment group and 21 were in the control group. Interventions The intervention involved free afterschool programming for the first three years of the study. The programming lasted three hours per day and was held five days per week, consisting of an hour of creative problem-based math/reading instruction supplemented with two hours of music, art, and athletic group activities. Children in the control group were placed on the waiting list for the intervention. Main Outcomes and Measures Data on incidence of common DSM 5-validated mental health conditions was collected at the study's 20-year follow-up evaluation and confirmed by chart review. Results Table - Association of major depression, ADHD, bipolar disorder, and psychotic disorder at 20-year follow-up of participants who received afterschool enrichment during childhood*. *Adjusted for income and family history of psychiatric illness. Major Depressive Disorder Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Bipolar Disorder (I or II) without Psychosis Any Psychotic Disorder Hazard Ratio (95% CI) P -value Hazard Ratio (95% CI) P -value Hazard Ratio (95% CI) P -value Hazard Ratio (95% CI) P -value Control 1.0 [reference] -- 1.0 [reference] -- 1.0 [reference] -- 1.0 [reference] -- Afterschool Enrichment 0.69 (0.59–0.87) < 0.001 0.80 (0.74–0.92) 0.02 0.64 (0.59–1.35) 0.34 0.84 (0.51–1.23) 0.22 Conclusions This study highlights the potential of high-quality afterschool programming during childhood in promoting long-term adult mental health. Source of funding: Wisconsin Children's Mental Health Foundation, National Early Childhood Education Coalition"? {'A': 'High-quality afterschool programming has a greater effect on reducing ADHD risk in adults than major depressive disorder risk.', 'B': "The patient's family history of psychiatric illness prevents any conclusions from being drawn from the study.", 'C': "High-quality afterschool programming would decrease this patient's risk of developing major depressive disorder.", 'D': 'High-quality afterschool programming has a greater effect on reducing psychotic disorder risk in adults than bipolar disorder risk.', 'E': 'High-quality afterschool programming for low-income 8-year-olds may correlate with decreased ADHD risk in adults.'},
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E: High-quality afterschool programming for low-income 8-year-olds may correlate with decreased ADHD risk in adults.
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Q:A 19-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by the police. The officers indicate that he was acting violently and talking strangely. In the ED, he becomes increasingly more violent. On exam his vitals are: Temp 101.1 F, HR 119/min, BP 132/85 mmHg, and RR 18/min. Of note, he has vertical nystagmus on exam. What did this patient most likely ingest prior to presentation?? {'A': 'Marijuana', 'B': 'Phencyclidine', 'C': 'Ketamine', 'D': 'Dextromethorphan', 'E': 'Mescaline'},
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B: Phencyclidine
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Q:A researcher is investigating the behavior of two novel chemotherapeutic drugs that he believes will be effective against certain forms of lymphoma. In order to evaluate the safety of these drugs, this researcher measures the concentration and rate of elimination of each drug over time. A partial set of the results is provided below. Time 1: Concentration of Drug A: 4 mg/dl Concentration of Drug B: 3 mg/dl Elimination of Drug A: 1 mg/minute Elimination of Drug B: 4 mg/minute Time 2: Concentration of Drug A: 2 mg/dl Concentration of Drug B: 15 mg/dl Elimination of Drug A: 0.5 mg/minute Elimination of Drug B: 4 mg/minute Which of the following statements correctly identifies the most likely relationship between the half-life of these two drugs?? {'A': 'The half-life of drug A is always longer than that of drug B', 'B': 'The half-life of both drug A and drug B are constant', 'C': 'The half-life of drug A is constant but that of drug B is variable', 'D': 'The half-life of drug A is variable but that of drug B is constant', 'E': 'The half-life of both drug A and drug B are variable'},
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C: The half-life of drug A is constant but that of drug B is variable
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Q:A 25-year-old man comes to the physician because of palpitations, sweating, and flushing. Since he was promoted to a manager in a large software company 6 months ago, he has had several episodes of these symptoms when he has to give presentations in front of a large group of people. During these episodes, his thoughts start racing and he fears that his face will “turn red” and everyone will laugh at him. He has tried to avoid the presentations but fears that he might lose his job if he continues to do so. He is healthy except for mild-persistent asthma. He frequently smokes marijuana to calm his nerves. He does not drink alcohol. His only medication is an albuterol inhaler. His pulse is 78/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 120/75 mm Hg. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. On mental status examination, the patient appears worried and has a flattened affect. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Olanzapine therapy', 'B': 'Duloxetine therapy', 'C': 'Cognitive behavioral therapy', 'D': 'Lorazepam therapy', 'E': 'Buspirone therapy'},
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C: Cognitive behavioral therapy
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Q:An 18-year-old college student seeks evaluation at an emergency department with complaints of fevers with chills, fatigue, diarrhea, and loss of appetite, which have lasted for 1 week. He says that his symptoms are progressively getting worse. He was taking over-the-counter acetaminophen, but it was ineffective. The past medical history is insignificant. His temperature is 38.8°C (101.9°F) and his blood pressure is 100/65 mm Hg. The physical examination is within normal limits, except that the patient appears ill. Eventually, a diagnosis of typhoid fever was established and he is started on appropriate antibiotics. Which of the following cellular components is most likely to be responsible for the toxic symptoms in this patient?? {'A': 'Lipid A - a toxic component present in the bacterial cell wall', 'B': 'Toxins secreted by the bacteria', 'C': 'Pili on the bacterial cell surface', 'D': 'Flagella', 'E': 'Outer capsule'},
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A: Lipid A - a toxic component present in the bacterial cell wall
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Q:A 34-year-old man presents to the emergency department by ambulance after being involved in a fight. On arrival, there is obvious trauma to his face and neck, and his mouth is full of blood. Seconds after suctioning the blood, his mouth rapidly fills up with blood again. As a result, he is unable to speak to you. An attempt at direct laryngoscopy fails as a result of his injuries. His vital signs are pulse 102/min, blood pressure 110/75 mmHg, and O2 saturation 97%. Which of the following is indicated at this time?? {'A': 'Endotracheal intubation', 'B': 'Cricothyroidotomy', 'C': 'Nasogastric tube', 'D': 'Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)', 'E': 'Cardiopulmonary resusication'},
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B: Cricothyroidotomy
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Q:A 54-year-old man presents to the clinic for epigastric discomfort during the previous month. He states he has not vomited, but reports of having epigastric pain that worsens after most meals. The patient states that his stool “looks black sometimes.” The patient does not report of any weight loss. He has a past medical history of gastroesophageal reflux disease, diabetes mellitus, peptic ulcer disease, and Crohn’s disease. The patient takes over-the-counter ranitidine, and holds prescriptions for metformin and infliximab. The blood pressure is 132/84 mm Hg, the heart rate is 64/min, the respiratory rate is 14/min, and the temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F). On physical examination, the abdomen is tender to palpation in the epigastric region. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step to accurately determine the diagnosis of this patient?? {'A': 'Serology for Helicobacter pylori', 'B': 'Urea breath testing', 'C': 'CT abdomen', 'D': 'Treat with PPI, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin before doing lab and imaging tests', 'E': 'Endoscopy with biopsy'},
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E: Endoscopy with biopsy
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Q:A 63-year-old man with a history of stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) has started to develop refractory anemia. He denies any personal history of blood clots in his past, but he says that his mother has also had to be treated for deep venous thromboembolism in the past. His past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, non-seminomatous testicular cancer, and hypercholesterolemia. He currently smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day, drinks a glass of wine per day, and he currently denies any illicit drug use. The vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 87/min, and respiratory rate 17/min. On physical examination, the pulses are bounding, the complexion is pale, but breath sounds remain clear. Oxygen saturation was initially 91% on room air, with a new oxygen requirement of 2 L by nasal cannula. His primary care physician refers him to a hematologist, who is considering initiating the erythropoietin-stimulating agent (ESA), darbepoetin. Which of the following is true regarding the use of ESA?? {'A': 'ESAs can improve survival in patients with breast and cervical cancers', 'B': 'ESAs are utilized in patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy with an anticipated curative outcome', 'C': 'ESAs should only be used with the hemoglobin level is < 10 g/dL', 'D': 'ESAs show efficacy with low iron levels', 'E': 'The highest-tolerated dose should be used in patients with chronic kidney disease'},
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C: ESAs should only be used with the hemoglobin level is < 10 g/dL
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Q:A 48-year-old woman comes to the physician because of progressively worsening dyspnea on exertion and fatigue for the past 2 months. She had Hodgkin lymphoma as an adolescent, which was treated successfully with chemotherapy and radiation. Her father died from complications related to amyloidosis. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 124/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 98/60 mm Hg. Cardiac examination shows no murmurs. Coarse crackles are heard at the lung bases bilaterally. An ECG shows an irregularly irregular rhythm with absent P waves. An x-ray of the chest shows globular enlargement of the cardiac shadow with prominent hila and bilateral fluffy infiltrates. Transthoracic echocardiography shows a dilated left ventricle with an ejection fraction of 40%. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Amyloid deposition', 'B': 'Acute psychological stress', 'C': 'Chronic tachycardia', 'D': 'Coronary artery occlusion', 'E': 'Postradiation fibrosis\n"'},
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C: Chronic tachycardia
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Q:A 45-year-old man presents to a psychiatrist by his wife with recent behavioral and emotional changes. The patient’s wife says that her husband’s personality has completely changed over the last year. She also says that he often complains of unpleasant odors when actually there is no discernible odor present. The patient mentions that he is depressed at times while on other occasions, he feels like he is ‘the most powerful man in the world.’ The psychiatrist takes a detailed history from this patient and concludes that he is most likely suffering from a psychotic disorder. However, before prescribing an antipsychotic medication, he recommends that the patient undergoes brain imaging to rule out a brain neoplasm. Based on the presence of which of the following clinical signs or symptoms in this patient is the psychiatrist most likely recommending this imaging test?? {'A': 'Anhedonia', 'B': 'Delusions of grandeur', 'C': 'Thought broadcasting', 'D': 'Olfactory hallucinations', 'E': 'Echolalia'},
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D: Olfactory hallucinations
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Q:A scientist is studying the characteristics of a newly discovered infectious disease in order to determine its features. He calculates the number of patients that develop the disease over several months and finds that on average 75 new patients become infected per month. Furthermore, he knows that the disease lasts on average 2 years before patients are either cured or die from the disease. If the population being studied consists of 7500 individuals, which of the following is the prevalence of the disease?? {'A': '0.005', 'B': '0.01', 'C': '0.02', 'D': '0.12', 'E': '0.24'},
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E: 0.24
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Q:An investigator is studying the function of the endoplasmic reticulum in genetically modified lymphocytes. A gene is removed that facilitates the binding of ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following processes is most likely to be impaired as a result of this genetic modification?? {'A': 'Production of secretory proteins', 'B': 'Synthesis of ketone bodies', 'C': 'α-Oxidation of fatty acids', 'D': 'Neutralization of toxins', 'E': 'Ubiquitination of proteins'},
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A: Production of secretory proteins
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Q:An 80-year-old man is admitted to the hospital after the sudden onset of sub-sternal chest pain and shortness of breath while sitting in a chair. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 42 years. Four days after admission, he becomes tachycardic and then loses consciousness; the cardiac monitor shows irregular electrical activity. Cardiac examination shows a new systolic murmur at the apex. Despite appropriate measures, he dies. Microscopic evaluation of the myocardium is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Coagulative necrosis with dense neutrophilic infiltrate', 'B': 'Wavy myocardial fibers without inflammatory cells', 'C': 'Low cellularity with dense, non-contractile scar tissue', 'D': 'Dense granulation tissue with collagenous scar formation', 'E': 'Hyperemic granulation tissue with abundance of macrophages'},
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E: Hyperemic granulation tissue with abundance of macrophages
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Q:An investigator is conducting a study on hematological factors that affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. An illustration of two graphs (A and B) that represent the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is shown. Which of the following best explains a shift from A to B?? {'A': 'Decreased serum 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate concentration', 'B': 'Increased serum pH', 'C': 'Increased hemoglobin γ-chain synthesis', 'D': 'Increased body temperature', 'E': 'Decreased serum pCO2'},
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D: Increased body temperature
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Q:A 72-year-old female presents to the emergency department complaining of severe abdominal pain and several days of bloody diarrhea. Her symptoms began with intermittent bloody diarrhea five days ago and have worsened steadily. For the last 24 hours, she has complained of fevers, chills, and abdominal pain. She has a history of ulcerative colitis, idiopathic hypertension, and hypothyroidism. Her medications include hydrochlorothiazide, levothyroxine, and sulfasalazine. In the ED, her temperature is 39.1°C (102.4°F), pulse is 120/min, blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg, and respirations are 20/min. On exam, the patient is alert and oriented to person and place, but does not know the day. Her mucus membranes are dry. Heart and lung exam are not revealing. Her abdomen is distended with marked rebound tenderness. Bowel sounds are hyperactive. Serum: Na+: 142 mEq/L Cl-: 107 mEq/L K+: 3.3 mEq/L HCO3-: 20 mEq/L BUN: 15 mg/dL Glucose: 92 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.2 mg/dL Calcium: 10.1 mg/dL Hemoglobin: 11.2 g/dL Hematocrit: 30% Leukocyte count: 14,600/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 405,000/mm^3 What is the next best step in management?? {'A': 'Abdominal CT with IV contrast', 'B': 'Plain abdominal radiograph', 'C': 'Colectomy', 'D': 'Emergent colonoscopy', 'E': 'Contrast enema'},
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B: Plain abdominal radiograph
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Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of progressive muscular weakness. She has had difficulty climbing stairs, getting up from chairs, and brushing her hair. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Muscle strength is 2/5 with flexion of the hips and 3/5 with abduction of the shoulders. She is unable to stand up from her chair without the use of her arms for support. Laboratory studies show elevations in leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and creatine kinase concentration. Histological evaluation of a biopsy specimen of the deltoid muscle is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Muscle fiber necrosis with rare inflammatory cells', 'B': 'Sarcolemmal MHC-I overexpression with CD8+ lymphocytic infiltration', 'C': 'Sarcoplasmic rimmed vacuoles with CD8+ lymphocytic infiltration', 'D': 'Relative atrophy of type II muscle fibers with hypertrophy of type I muscle fiber', 'E': 'Perimysial inflammation with perivascular CD4+ T lymphocytic infiltration'},
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B: Sarcolemmal MHC-I overexpression with CD8+ lymphocytic infiltration
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Q:A neuroscientist is delivering a lecture on the electrophysiology of the brain. He talks about neuroreceptors which act as ion channels in the neurons. He mentions a specific receptor, which is both voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channel. Which of the following receptors is most likely to be the one mentioned by the neuroscientist?? {'A': 'GABAA receptor', 'B': 'Glycine receptor', 'C': 'NMDA receptor', 'D': 'Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor', 'E': 'AMPA receptor'},
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C: NMDA receptor
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Q:A 57-year-old woman comes to the physician because of several years of recurrent pelvic pain and constipation. She has increased fecal urgency and a sensation of incomplete evacuation following defecation. She has had no problems associated with urination. Her last menstrual period was 6 years ago. She has had three uncomplicated vaginal deliveries. Physical examination shows normal external genitalia. Speculum examination of the vagina and the cervix shows bulging of the posterior vaginal wall during Valsalva maneuver. Weakness of which of the following structures is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Pubocervical fascia', 'B': 'Rectovaginal fascia', 'C': 'Uterosacral ligament', 'D': 'Cardinal ligament', 'E': 'Bulbospongiosus muscle'},
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B: Rectovaginal fascia
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Q:A 19-year-old male from rural West Virginia presents to his family medicine doctor to discuss why he is having trouble getting his wife pregnant. On exam, he is 6 feet 2 inches with a frail frame and broad hips for a male his size. He is noted to have mild gynecomastia, no facial hair, and small, underdeveloped testes. He claims that although he has a lower libido than most of his friends, he does have unprotected sex with his wife. His past medical history is notable for developmental delay and difficulties in school. What is the most likely chromosomal abnormality in this patient?? {'A': 'Trisomy 13', 'B': 'Trisomy 21', 'C': '47: XYY', 'D': '47: XXY', 'E': '45: XO'},
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D: 47: XXY
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Q:A 62-year-old woman is hospitalized for an open reduction of a fracture of her right femur following a motor vehicle accident 2 hours prior. She has had rheumatoid arthritis for 12 years. She was hospitalized 1 month ago for an exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis. Since then, she has been taking a higher dose of prednisone to control the flare. Her other medications include calcium supplements, methotrexate, and etanercept. She has had appropriate nutrition over the years with regular follow-ups with her healthcare providers. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Cardiovascular examination shows no abnormalities. In order to reduce the risk of post-operative wound failure, which of the following is the most appropriate modification in this patient’s drug regimen?? {'A': 'Adding zinc supplementation', 'B': 'Applying topical vitamin C', 'C': 'Discontinuing steroids before surgery', 'D': 'Increasing prednisone dose initially and tapering rapidly after 3 days', 'E': 'Replacing prednisone with hydrocortisone'},
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E: Replacing prednisone with hydrocortisone
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Q:A 23-year-old woman presents to the outpatient OB/GYN clinic as a new patient who wishes to begin contraception. She has no significant past medical history, family history, or social history. The review of systems is negative. Her vital signs are: blood pressure 118/78 mm Hg, pulse 73/min, and respiratory rate 16/min. She is afebrile. Physical examination is unremarkable. She has researched multiple different contraceptive methods, and wants to know which is the most efficacious. Which of the following treatments should be recommended?? {'A': 'Intrauterine device (IUD)', 'B': 'NuvaRing', 'C': 'Male condoms', 'D': 'Withdrawal', 'E': 'Diaphragm with spermicide'},
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A: Intrauterine device (IUD)
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Q:A 42-year-old man presents to his primary care provider for abdominal pain. He reports that for several months he has been experiencing a stabbing pain above the umbilicus during meals. He denies associated symptoms of nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. The patient’s past medical history is significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia for which he takes amlodipine and atorvastatin. His family history is significant for lung cancer in his father. The patient is a current smoker with a 20 pack-year smoking history and drinks 3-5 beers per week. Initial laboratory testing is as follows: Serum: Na+: 141 mEq/L K+: 4.6 mEq/L Cl-: 102 mEq/L HCO3-: 25 mEq/L Urea nitrogen: 14 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Glucose: 120 mg/dL Calcium: 8.4 mg/dL Alkaline phosphatase: 66 U/L Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 40 U/L Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 52 U/L Gastrin: 96 pg/mL (<100 pg/mL) Lipase: 90 U/L (<160 U/L) The patient is started on a proton pump inhibitor without symptomatic improvement after 6 weeks. He is referred for an upper endoscopy, which demonstrates erosive gastritis, three ulcers in the duodenum, and one ulcer in the jejunum. Biopsy of the gastric mucosa is negative for H. pylori. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Calcium infusion study', 'B': 'Empiric triple therapy', 'C': 'Secretin stimulation test', 'D': 'Serum chromogranin A level', 'E': 'Serum prolactin level'},
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C: Secretin stimulation test
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Q:A patient is infected with a pathogen and produces many antibodies to many antigens associated with that pathogen via Th cell-activated B cells. This takes place in the germinal center of the lymphoid tissues. If the same patient is later re-infected with the same pathogen, the immune system will respond with a much stronger response, producing antibodies with greater specificity for that pathogen in a shorter amount of time. What is the term for this process that allows the B cells to produce antibodies specific to that antigen?? {'A': 'Affinity maturation', 'B': 'Avidity', 'C': 'T cell positive selection', 'D': 'Immunoglobulin class switching', 'E': 'T cell negative selection'},
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A: Affinity maturation
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Q:Physical exam of a 15-year-old female reveals impetigo around her mouth. A sample of the pus is taken and cultured. Growth reveals gram-positive cocci in chains that are bacitracin sensitive. Which of the following symptoms would be concerning for a serious sequelae of this skin infection?? {'A': 'Fever', 'B': 'Myocarditis', 'C': 'Joint swelling', 'D': 'Hematuria', 'E': 'Chorea'},
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D: Hematuria
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Q:A 34-year-old woman comes to a physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She moved to Denver 1 week ago after having lived in New York City all her life. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. Which of the following sets of changes is most likely on analysis of a blood sample obtained now compared to prior to her move? $$$ Erythropoietin level %%% O2 saturation %%% Plasma volume $$$? {'A': '↓ unchanged ↑', 'B': 'Unchanged ↓ unchanged', 'C': 'Unchanged unchanged ↓', 'D': '↑ unchanged unchanged', 'E': '↑ ↓ unchanged'},
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E: ↑ ↓ unchanged
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Q:A 19-year-old male is found to have Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia. This bacterium produces an IgA protease capable of cleaving the hinge region of IgA antibodies. What is the most likely physiological consequence of such a protease?? {'A': 'Membrane attack complex formation is impaired', 'B': 'Opsonization and phagocytosis of pathogen cannot occur', 'C': 'Impaired adaptive immune system memory', 'D': 'Impaired antibody binding to mast cells', 'E': 'Impaired mucosal immune protection'},
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E: Impaired mucosal immune protection
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Q:A 7-year-old girl is brought to the physician with complaints of erythema and rashes over the bridge of her nose and on her forehead for the past 6 months. She also has vesiculobullous and erythematous scaly crusted lesions on the scalp and around the perioral areas. Her parents report a history of worsening symptoms during exposure to sunlight, along with a history of joint pain and oral ulcers. Her temperature is 38.6°C (101.4°F), pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 20/min. On physical examination, pallor and cervical lymphadenopathy are present. On cutaneous examination, diffuse hair loss and hyperpigmented scaly lesions are present. Her laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 7.9 mg/dL Total leukocyte count 6,300/mm3 Platelet count 167,000/mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 30 mm/h ANA titer 1:520 (positive) Which of the following most likely explains the mechanism of this condition?? {'A': 'Type I hypersensitivity', 'B': 'Type II hypersensitivity', 'C': 'Type III hypersensitivity', 'D': 'Type IV hypersensitivity', 'E': 'Type V hypersensitivity'},
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C: Type III hypersensitivity
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Q:A graduate student at the biochemistry laboratory decides to research the different effects of vitamin deficiencies in mice by completely depriving the mice of one vitamin. The symptoms of this deficiency include posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination, as well as hemolytic anemia. Further analysis is negative for megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, and elevated serum methylmalonic acid. What characteristic of the vitamin is causing the symptoms in the mice?? {'A': 'Deficiency causes the impaired production of blood clotting factors in the liver', 'B': 'High doses can increase the effects of warfarin', 'C': 'The vitamin facilitates iron absorption', 'D': 'The vitamin controls serum calcium levels', 'E': 'The vitamin is important in rod and cone cells for vision'},
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B: High doses can increase the effects of warfarin
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Q:A 58-year-old woman presents to the physician for a routine gynecological visit. She denies any acute issues and remarks that she has not been sexually active for the past year. Her last Pap test was negative for any abnormal cytology. A pelvic examination and Pap test is performed at the current visit with no remarkable findings. Which of the following approaches to cervical cancer screening is most appropriate for this patient?? {'A': 'Colposcopy at the current visit to verify Pap test results', 'B': 'Colposcopy in 3 years', 'C': 'Discontinue screening until the patient becomes sexually active', 'D': 'Pap test and HPV test in 5 years', 'E': 'Pap test only in 5 years'},
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D: Pap test and HPV test in 5 years
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Q:A 15-month-old boy is brought to the pediatrician’s office by his mother due to abnormal muscle tone and an inability to walk. He was able to control his head at 5 months of age, roll at 8 months of age, sit at 11 months of age, and develop hand preference at 13 months of age. On physical exam, he is observed to asymmetrically crawl. He has a velocity-dependent increase in tone and 3+ biceps and patellar reflexes. His startle, asymmetric tonic neck, and Babinski reflexes are present. Which of the following is the most common risk factor for developing this patient’s clinical presentation?? {'A': 'Intrauterine growth restriction', 'B': 'Multiparity', 'C': 'Perinatal hypoxic injury', 'D': 'Prematurity', 'E': 'Stroke'},
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D: Prematurity
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Q:A 65-year-old man presents with generalized edema and dyspnea on exertion. He also complains of easy bruising and nasal bleeding. Past medical history is significant for a right-sided myocardial infarction 4 years ago. Current medications are metoprolol, aspirin, and rosuvastatin. His vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg, heart rate 78/min, respiratory rate 17/min, and temperature 36.5℃ (97.7℉). On physical examination, the patient is pale and acrocyanotic with cold extremities. Cardiac examination shows the right displacement of the apical beat, decreased heart sounds, and the presence of an S3. Abdominal percussion reveals ascites and hepatomegaly. Which of the following hepatic cell types is most sensitive to ischemia?? {'A': 'Pericentral hepatocytes', 'B': 'Ito cells', 'C': 'Ductal cells', 'D': 'Periportal hepatocytes', 'E': 'Sinusoidal endothelial cells'},
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A: Pericentral hepatocytes
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Q:An 82-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room after her neighbor saw her fall in the hallway. She lives alone and remarks that she has been feeling weak lately. Her diet consists of packaged foods and canned meats. Her temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 133/83 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a weak, frail, and pale elderly woman. Laboratory studies are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 9.1 g/dL Hematocrit: 30% Leukocyte count: 6,700/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 199,500/mm^3 MCV: 110 fL Which of the following is the most likely deficiency?? {'A': 'Folate', 'B': 'Niacin', 'C': 'Thiamine', 'D': 'Vitamin B12', 'E': 'Zinc'},
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A: Folate
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Q:An otherwise healthy 10-day-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents because of progressively enlarging breasts bilaterally for the last 4 days. The parents report that they have sometimes noticed a discharge of small quantities of a white liquid from the left breast since yesterday. During pregnancy, the mother was diagnosed with hypothyroidism and was treated with L-thyroxine. The patient's maternal grandmother died of breast cancer. The patient currently weighs 3100-g (6.8-lb) and is 51 cm (20 in) in length. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows symmetrically enlarged, nontender breasts, with bilaterally inverted nipples. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Reassurance', 'B': 'Breast biopsy', 'C': 'Serum gonadotropin measurement', 'D': 'Chromosomal analysis', 'E': 'Mammography'},
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A: Reassurance
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Q:A 60-year-old man presents to the physician for a regular checkup. The patient has a history of osteoarthritis in his right knee and gastroesophageal reflux disease. His conditions are well controlled by medications, and he has no active complaints at the moment. He takes ibuprofen, omeprazole, and a multivitamin. Laboratory tests show: Laboratory test Serum glucose (fasting) 77 mg/dL Serum electrolytes Sodium 142 mEq/L Potassium 3.9 mEq/L Chloride 101 mEq/L Serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL Blood urea nitrogen 10 mg/dL Cholesterol, total 250 mg/dL HDL-cholesterol 35 mg/dL LDL-cholesterol 190 mg/dL Triglycerides 135 mg/dL Which of the following will be increased in the liver?? {'A': 'Bile acid production', 'B': 'Cholesterol degradation', 'C': 'HMG-CoA reductase activity', 'D': 'Surface LDL-receptors', 'E': 'Scavenger receptors'},
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A: Bile acid production
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Q:A 19-year-old male college student presents to the clinic in the month of January with a 2-day history of watery diarrhea. The patient also complains of weakness, nausea, vomiting and abdominal cramps. He has no significant past medical history. He does not take any medication. He drinks socially on the weekends but does not smoke cigarettes. He recently returned from a cruise with his fraternity brothers. Blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, heart rate is 104/min, respiratory rate is 12/min and temperature is 37.7°C (99.9°F). On physical examination his buccal mucosa is dry. The physician suggests oral rehydration therapy. Which of the following is the most likely causative agent?? {'A': 'Norovirus', 'B': 'Rotavirus', 'C': 'Helicobacter pylori', 'D': 'Staphylococcus aureus', 'E': 'Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli'},
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A: Norovirus
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Q:An 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of a 3-week history of irritability and frequent bed wetting. She also reports that he has been unable to look upward without tilting his head back for the past 2 months. He is at the 50th percentile for height and weight. His vital signs are within normal limits. Ophthalmological examination shows dilated pupils that are not reactive to light and bilateral optic disc swelling. Pubic hair development is Tanner stage 2. The most likely cause of this patient's condition is a tumor in which of the following locations?? {'A': 'Cerebral falx', 'B': 'Dorsal midbrain', 'C': 'Fourth ventricle', 'D': 'Sella turcica', 'E': 'Cerebellar vermis'},
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B: Dorsal midbrain
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Q:A 72-year-old man presents to the physician with a 3-month history of severe lower back pain and fatigue. The pain increases with activity. He has no history of any serious illness. He takes ibuprofen for pain relief. He does not smoke. His blood pressure is 105/65 mm Hg, pulse is 86/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, and temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F). His conjunctivae are pale. Palpation over the 1st lumbar vertebra shows tenderness. Heart, lung, and abdominal examinations show no abnormalities. No lymphadenopathy is noted on palpation. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 90 μm3 Leukocyte count 5,500/mm3 with a normal differential Platelet count 350,000/mm3 Serum Calcium 11.5 mg/dL Albumin 3.8 g/dL Urea nitrogen 54 mg/dL Creatinine 2.5 mg/dL Lumbosacral X-ray shows an osteolytic lesion in the 1st lumbar vertebra and several similar lesions in the pelvic bone. Serum immunoelectrophoresis shows an IgG type monoclonal component of 40 g/L. Bone marrow plasma cells levels are at 20%. Which of the following is the most common cause of this patient’s acute renal condition?? {'A': 'Amyloid deposits', 'B': 'Hypercalcemia', 'C': 'Infiltration of kidney by malignant cells', 'D': 'Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)', 'E': 'Recurrent infections'},
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B: Hypercalcemia
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Q:A 35-year-old man and his 9-year-old son are brought to the emergency department following a high-speed motor vehicle collision. The father was the restrained driver. He is conscious. His pulse is 135/min and his blood pressure is 76/55 mm Hg. His hemoglobin concentration is 5.9 g/dL. His son sustained multiple body contusions and loss of consciousness. He remains unresponsive in the emergency department. A focused assessment of the boy with sonography is concerning for multiple organ lacerations and internal bleeding. The physician decides to move the man's son to the operating room for emergency surgical exploration. The father says that he and his son are Jehovah's witnesses and do not want blood transfusions. The physician calls the boy's biological mother who confirms this religious belief. She also asks the physician to wait for her arrival before any other medical decisions are undertaken. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step for the physician?? {'A': 'Consult hospital ethics committee for medical treatment of the son', 'B': 'Proceed to surgery on the son without transfusion', 'C': 'Seek a court order for medical treatment of the son', 'D': 'Transfuse packed red blood cells to the son but not to father', 'E': "Wait for the son's mother before providing further treatment"},
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D: Transfuse packed red blood cells to the son but not to father
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Q:A 47-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a fever and a headache. Her symptoms started yesterday and have rapidly progressed. Initially, she was experiencing just a fever and a headache which she was treating with acetaminophen. It rapidly progressed to blurry vision, chills, nausea, and vomiting. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes and hypertension and she is currently taking insulin, metformin, lisinopril, and oral contraceptive pills. Her temperature is 104°F (40.0°C), blood pressure is 157/93 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Upon further inspection, the patient also demonstrates exophthalmos in the affected eye. The patient's extraocular movements are notably decreased in the affected eye with reduced vertical and horizontal gaze. The patient also demonstrates decreased sensation near the affected eye in the distribution of V1 and V2. While the patient is in the department waiting for a CT scan, she becomes lethargic and acutely altered. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Acute closed angle glaucoma', 'B': 'Brain abscess', 'C': 'Cavernous sinus thrombosis', 'D': 'Periorbital cellulitis', 'E': 'Intracranial hemorrhage'},
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C: Cavernous sinus thrombosis
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Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She has generalized fatigue and has had difficulties doing her household duties for the past 3 months. She has eczema and gastroesophageal reflux disease. She has a history of using intravenous methamphetamine in her youth but has not used illicit drugs in 23 years. Her medications include topical clobetasol and pantoprazole. She is 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 105 kg (231 lb); BMI is 42 kg/m2. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 95/min, and blood pressure is 145/90 mm Hg. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. Pelvic examination shows a normal vagina and cervix. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13.1 g/dL Leukocyte count 7,800/mm3 Platelet count 312,000/mm3 Serum Na+ 141 mEq/L K+ 4.6 mEq/L Cl- 98 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 12 mg/dL Fasting glucose 110 mg/dL Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL Total cholesterol 269 mg/dL HDL-cholesterol 55 mg/dL LDL-cholesterol 160 mg/dL Triglycerides 320 mg/dL Urinalysis is within normal limits. An x-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. She has not lost any weight over the past year despite following supervised weight loss programs, including various diets and exercise regimens. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management of this patient?"? {'A': 'Liposuction', 'B': 'Metformin and statin therapy and follow-up in 3 months', 'C': 'Bariatric surgery', 'D': 'Behavioral therapy', 'E': 'Phentermine and topiramate therapy and follow-up in 3 months'},
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C: Bariatric surgery
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Q:A 12-year-old girl is presented to the office by her mother with complaints of cola-colored urine and mild facial puffiness that began 5 days ago. According to her mother, she had a sore throat 3 weeks ago. Her immunization records are up to date. The mother denies fever and any change in bowel habits. The vital signs include blood pressure 138/78 mm Hg, pulse 88/min, temperature 36.8°C (98.2°F), and respiratory rate 11/min. On physical examination, there is pitting edema of the upper and lower extremities bilaterally. An oropharyngeal examination is normal. Urinalysis shows the following results: pH 6.2 Color dark brown Red blood cell (RBC) count 18–20/HPF White blood cell (WBC) count 3–4/HPF Protein 1+ Cast RBC casts Glucose absent Crystal none Ketone absent Nitrite absent 24 h urine protein excretion 0.6 g HPF: high-power field Which of the following would best describe the light microscopy findings in this case?? {'A': 'Wire looping of capillaries', 'B': 'Hypercellular and enlarged glomeruli', 'C': 'Segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis', 'D': 'Mesangial proliferation', 'E': 'Crescentic proliferation consisting of glomerular parietal cells, macrophage, and fibrin'},
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B: Hypercellular and enlarged glomeruli
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Q:A 75-year-old male arrives by ambulance to the emergency room severely confused. His vitals are T 40 C, HR 120 bpm, BP 80/55 mmHg, RR 25. His wife explains that he injured himself about a week ago while cooking, and several days later his finger became infected, oozing with pus. He ignored her warning to see a doctor and even refused after he developed fever, chills, and severe fatigue yesterday. After being seen by the emergency physician, he was given antibiotics and IV fluids. Following initial resuscitation with IV fluids, he remains hypotensive. The ED physicians place a central venous catheter and begin infusing norepinephrine. Which of the following receptors are activated by norepinephrine?? {'A': 'Alpha 1', 'B': 'Alpha 2', 'C': 'Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1', 'D': 'Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, Beta 2', 'E': 'Alpha 1, Beta 1, Dopamine 1'},
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C: Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1
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Q:A 74-year-old woman presents to the clinic for evaluation of an erythematous and edematous skin rash on her right leg that has progressively worsened over the last 2 weeks. The medical history is significant for hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2. She takes prescribed lisinopril and metformin. The vital signs include: blood pressure 152/92 mm Hg, heart rate 76/min, respiratory rate 12/min, and temperature 37.8°C (100.1°F). On physical exam, the patient appears alert and oriented. Observation of the lesion reveals a poorly demarcated region of erythema and edema along the anterior aspect of the right tibia. Within the region of erythema is a 2–3 millimeter linear break in the skin that does not reveal any serous or purulent discharge. Tenderness to palpation and warmth is associated with the lesion. There are no vesicles, pustules, papules, or nodules present. Ultrasound of the lower extremity is negative for deep vein thrombosis or skin abscess. The blood cultures are pending. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis based on history and physical examination?? {'A': 'Erysipelas', 'B': 'Cellulitis', 'C': 'Irritant contact dermatitis', 'D': 'Folliculitis', 'E': 'Gas gangrene'},
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B: Cellulitis
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Q:A 12-year-old girl presents to her physician for the evaluation of episodic shortness of breath and cough. These episodes occur more frequently in spring. Her mother has a history of similar complaints. The physical examination reveals bilateral wheezes on chest auscultation. The initial response to pollen consists of the production of IgM; however, over time, antigen-specific lgE becomes predominant. This change from an IgM to an IgE response is caused by which of the following processes?? {'A': 'Allelic exclusion', 'B': 'Junctional diversity', 'C': 'Affinity maturation', 'D': 'Somatic hypermutation', 'E': 'Isotype switching'},
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E: Isotype switching
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Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought into your office by his mother. His father recently passed away, and his mother states she just lost her job. She has been unable to buy food regularly, and they have had to eat boiled and preserved vegetables. His mother denies that the boy has any prior medical conditions, but the patient states that his gums bleed when he brushes his teeth. On exam, the patient's vital signs are normal, but he appears malnourished. There is gum hypertrophy present on exam along with small, curled hairs over his head. CBC is significant for a Hgb of 9.5 g/dL with an MCV of 85. PT, aPTT, and bleeding time are all normal. What is the most likely cause?? {'A': 'Vitamin K deficiency', 'B': 'Vitamin C deficiency', 'C': 'Vitamin B12 deficiency', 'D': 'Iron deficiency', 'E': 'Vitamin B3 deficiency'},
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B: Vitamin C deficiency
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Q:A mother brings her 4-year-old son to his pediatrician. Over the last eight months, her son has been exhibiting several "odd" behaviors. Most importantly, he repeatedly says that he is playing games with a friend named "Steven," though she is certain that he does not exist. She has often found him acting out magical scenarios as though someone else is present, when no one is there. What is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Developmental delay', 'B': 'Schizophrenia', 'C': 'Normal development', 'D': 'Schizoid personality disorder', 'E': 'Schizophreniform disorder'},
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C: Normal development
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Q:A 29-year-old woman comes to the office with her husband because she has had 4 spontaneous abortions. Regarding her medical history, she was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus 9 years ago, had a stroke 3 years ago, and was diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis in the same year. She has no relevant family history. Her vital signs include: heart rate 78/min, respiratory rate 14/min, temperature 37.5°C (99.5°F), and blood pressure 120/85 mm Hg. The physical examination is unremarkable. The complete blood count results are as follows: Hemoglobin 12.9 g/dL Hematocrit 40% Leukocyte count 8,500/mm3 Neutrophils 55% Bands 2% Eosinophils 1% Basophils 0% Lymphocytes 29% Monocytes 2% Platelet count 422,000/mm3 His coagulation test results are as follows: Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 50.9 s Prothrombin time 13.0 s A VDRL test is done, and the result is positive. Mixing studies are performed, and they fail to correct aPTT. What is the most likely cause in this patient?? {'A': 'Protein C deficiency', 'B': 'Protein S deficiency', 'C': 'Antiphospholipid syndrome', 'D': 'Mutation of Leiden V factor', 'E': 'Antithrombin deficiency'},
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C: Antiphospholipid syndrome
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 59-year-old male with history of hypertension presents to your clinic for achy, stiff joints for the last several months. He states that he feels stiff in the morning, particularly in his shoulders, neck, and hips. Occasionally, the aches travel to his elbows and knees. His review of systems is positive for low-grade fever, tiredness and decreased appetite. On physical exam, there is decreased active and passive movements of his shoulders and hips secondary to pain without any obvious deformities or joint swelling. His laboratory tests are notable for an ESR of 52 mm/hr (normal for males: 0-22 mm/hr). What is the best treatment in management?? {'A': 'Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent', 'B': 'Hyaluronic acid', 'C': 'Bisphosphonate', 'D': 'Methotrexate', 'E': 'Corticosteroid'},
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E: Corticosteroid
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Q:A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of facial hair growth, acne, and irregular menses. Her friends have told her that her voice sounds lower than usual. Physical examination shows pustular acne and dark hair growth along the jawline. Serum studies show elevated testosterone levels and normal inhibin levels. An ultrasound of the pelvis shows a left-sided ovarian mass. Microscopic examination of the resected ovarian mass shows pale, testosterone-positive staining cells with cytoplasmic Reinke crystal inclusions. These abnormal cells are homologous to which of the following physiological cell type in females?? {'A': 'Granulosa cells', 'B': 'Sertoli cells', 'C': 'Germinal epithelial cells', 'D': 'Theca interna cells', 'E': 'Clue cells'},
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D: Theca interna cells
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Q:A group of gastroenterologists is concerned about low colonoscopy screening rates. They decide to implement a free patient navigation program to assist local residents and encourage them to obtain colonoscopies in accordance with U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines. Local residents were recruited at community centers. Participants attended monthly meetings with patient navigators and were regularly reminded that their adherence to screening guidelines was being evaluated. Colonoscopy screening rates were assessed via chart review, which showed that 90% of participants adhered to screening guidelines. Data collected via chart review for local residents recruited at community centers who did not participate in the free patient navigation system found that 34% of that population adhered to USPSTF guidelines. Which of the following has most likely contributed to the observed disparity in colonoscopy screening rates?? {'A': 'Confirmation bias', 'B': 'Reporting bias', 'C': 'Hawthorne effect', 'D': 'Sampling bias', 'E': 'Recall bias\n"'},
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C: Hawthorne effect
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Q:A 32-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after he was found unresponsive on the street. Upon admission, he is lethargic and cyanotic with small, symmetrical pinpoint pupils. The following vital signs were registered: blood pressure of 100/60 mm Hg, heart rate of 70/min, respiratory rate of 8/min, and a body temperature of 36.0°C (96.8°F). While being assessed and resuscitated, a sample for arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis was taken, in addition to the following biochemistry tests: Laboratory test Serum Na+ 138 mEq/L Serum Cl- 101 mEq/L Serum K+ 4.0 mEq/L Serum creatinine (SCr) 0.58 mg/dL Which of the following values would you most likely expect to see in this patient’s ABG results?? {'A': 'pH: increased, HCO3- : decreased, Pco2: decreased', 'B': 'pH: decreased, HCO3- : decreased, Pco2: decreased', 'C': 'pH: decreased, HCO3- : increased, Pco2: increased', 'D': 'pH: increased, HCO3- : increased, Pco2: increased', 'E': 'pH: normal, HCO3- : increased, Pco2: increased'},
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C: pH: decreased, HCO3- : increased, Pco2: increased
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Q:A 38-year-old woman applies a PABA sunscreen to her skin before going to the beach. Which type(s) of ultraviolet light will it protect her against?? {'A': 'UVA', 'B': 'UVB', 'C': 'UVC', 'D': 'UVA and UVB', 'E': 'UVB and UVC'},
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B: UVB
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Q:An investigator studying the epidemiology of breast cancer finds that prevalence of breast cancer has increased significantly in the United States since the 1980s. After analyzing a number of large epidemiological surveillance databases, the epidemiologist notices that the incidence of breast cancer has remained relatively stable over the past 30 years. Which of the following best explains these epidemiological trends?? {'A': 'Increased awareness of breast cancer among clinicians', 'B': 'Increased average age of population at risk for breast cancer', 'C': 'Improved screening programs for breast cancer', 'D': 'Improved treatment of breast cancer', 'E': 'Increased exposure to risk factors for breast cancer'},
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D: Improved treatment of breast cancer
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Q:A 37-year old man is being evaluated due to a recent history of fatigue that started 3 weeks ago. The patient presents with a history of HIV, which was first diagnosed 7 years ago. He has been on an antiretroviral regimen and takes it regularly. His CD4+ count is 350 cells/mm3. According to the patient, his partner passed away from a "blood cancer", and he is worried that his fatigue might be connected to a similar pathology. The physician clarifies that there is an increased risk for HIV patients to develop certain kinds of lymphomas. Which one of the conditions below is the patient more likely to develop based on his medical history?? {'A': 'Burkitt’s lymphoma', 'B': 'Diffuse large B cell lymphoma', 'C': 'Follicular lymphoma', 'D': 'Small lymphocytic lymphoma', 'E': 'Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma'},
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B: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 67-year-old man presents to the emergency department with acute onset of shortness of breath of 30 minutes' duration. Initially, he felt faint but did not lose consciousness. He is complaining of left-sided chest pain that increases on deep inspiration. He has no history of cardiopulmonary disease. A week ago, he underwent a total left hip replacement and, following discharge, was on bed rest for 5 days due to poorly controlled pain. He subsequently noticed swelling in his right calf, which is tender on examination. His current vital signs reveal a temperature of 38.0°C (100.4°F), heart rate of 112/min, blood pressure of 95/65 mm Hg, and an oxygen saturation on room air of 91%. Computerized tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) shows a partial intraluminal filling defect. Which of the following is the mechanism of this patient's illness?? {'A': 'Inflammation of the lung parenchyma', 'B': 'Occluding thrombus in a coronary artery', 'C': 'Accumulation of fluids in the pericardial sac', 'D': 'Accumulation of air in the pericardial sac', 'E': 'Trapped thrombus in the pulmonary vasculature'},
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E: Trapped thrombus in the pulmonary vasculature
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Q:A 26-year-old nulligravid woman presents to her gynecologist after noticing a lump in her right breast while showering. She states that she first noticed the lump approximately 2 weeks ago, when the mass was slightly tender to touch. Since then, the lump has gotten slightly smaller and is now non-tender. The patient is otherwise healthy. She does not take oral contraceptives. Her last menses was approximately 2 weeks ago. There is no family history of cancer. On exam, the patient's temperature is 98.3°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 116/84 mmHg, pulse is 65/min, and respirations are 12/min. In her right breast, there is a small 1.5 cm mass that is mobile, well-circumscribed, and firm. Which of the following is most likely on histological examination of the mass?? {'A': 'Cysts with “leaf-like” projections', 'B': 'Dilated glands with 2 cell layers present', 'C': 'Hypercellular stroma with overgrowth of fibrous and glandular tissues', 'D': 'Large, pleomorphic cells with associated central necrosis and microcalcifications', 'E': 'Terminal duct lobular units surrounded by dense stroma'},
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C: Hypercellular stroma with overgrowth of fibrous and glandular tissues
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Q:A 58-year-old African-American man with a history of congestive heart failure presents to the emergency room with headache, frequent vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and heart palpitations. He is taking a drug that binds the sodium-potassium pump in myocytes. EKG reveals ventricular dysrhythmia. Which of the following is likely also present in the patient?? {'A': 'Angioedema', 'B': 'Bronchoconstriction', 'C': 'Changes in color vision', 'D': 'Decreased PR interval', 'E': 'Cough'},
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C: Changes in color vision
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 59-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of frequent urination. He has to urinate every 1–2 hours during the day and wakes up at least 2–3 times at night to urinate. He also reports that over the last 2 months, he has difficulty initiating micturition and the urinary stream is weak, with prolonged terminal dribbling. His pulse is 72/min, and blood pressure is 158/105 mm Hg. Rectal exam shows a smooth, symmetrically enlarged prostate without any tenderness or irregularities. Prostate-specific antigen is within the reference range and urinalysis shows no abnormalities. A postvoid ultrasound shows a residual bladder volume of 110 mL. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Bladder catheterization', 'B': 'Transurethral resection of the prostate', 'C': 'Terazosin therapy', 'D': 'Finasteride therapy', 'E': 'Cystoscopy'},
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C: Terazosin therapy
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Q:A 37-year-old man presents to the emergency department with rapid onset epigastric pain that started 4 hours ago. He describes the pain as severe, localized to the epigastric region and radiating to the back, which is partially relieved by leaning forward. He admits to binge drinking this evening at a friend’s party. He is nauseated but denies vomiting. Vital signs include: blood pressure 90/60 mm Hg, pulse 110/min, temperature 37.2°C (99.0°F), and respiratory rate 16/min. Physical examination shows tenderness to palpation over the epigastric region with no rebound or guarding. The bowel sounds are decreased on auscultation. The laboratory findings are significant for the following: Laboratory test Leukocyte Count 18,000/mm³ Neutrophils 81% Serum amylase 416 U/L Serum lipase 520 U/L Which of the following would be the most helpful in determining the prognosis in this case?? {'A': 'Bedside Index of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) score', 'B': 'Modified Glasgow Score', 'C': 'C- reactive protein level', 'D': 'Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Examination (APACHE) II score', 'E': 'Ranson´s criteria'},
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A: Bedside Index of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) score
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Q:A 23-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with complaints of fatigue and cheek pain that started a day ago. He notes that he has nasal discharge that is yellow/green as well. Otherwise, he feels well and is generally healthy. The patient has a past medical history of type I diabetes mellitus and occasionally uses IV drugs. His temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/84 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. There is pain to palpation of the left and right maxilla. Pain is worsened when the patient bends over. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management?? {'A': 'Amoxicillin-clavulanate', 'B': 'Amphotericin and debridement', 'C': 'CT head', 'D': 'MRI head', 'E': 'Pseudoephedrine and follow up in 1 week'},
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E: Pseudoephedrine and follow up in 1 week
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Q:A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of a 12-hour history of abdominal pain and dark urine. Three days ago, he developed a cough, sore throat, and rhinorrhea. Examination shows conjunctival pallor, scleral icterus, and mild splenomegaly. A peripheral blood smear shows small round inclusions within erythrocytes and several erythrocytes with semicircular indentations. The underlying cause of this patient's condition is most likely to also affect which of the following processes?? {'A': 'Biosynthesis of glutathione', 'B': 'Generation of superoxide', 'C': 'Anchoring proteins to cell surface', 'D': 'Conversion of phosphoenolypyruvate', 'E': 'Function of myeloperoxidase'},
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B: Generation of superoxide
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Q:A 34-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with complaints of fevers, nausea/vomiting, and severe left flank pain that has developed over the past several hours. She denies any prior episodes similar to her current presentation. Physical examination is significant for a body temperature of 39.1 C and costovertebral angle tenderness. A urinalysis and urine microscopy are ordered. Which of the following findings on kidney histology would be expected in this patient?? {'A': 'Interstitial fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltrate', 'B': 'Neutrophils filling the lumens of the renal tubules', 'C': 'Thickening of the capillaries and glomerular basement membrane', 'D': 'Scarring of the glomeruli', 'E': "Enlarged, hypercellular glomeruli with 'wire-looping' of capillaries"},
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B: Neutrophils filling the lumens of the renal tubules
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Q:A 19-year-old woman presents to the family medicine clinic for evaluation of a sore throat. The patient states that she does not have a runny nose, cough or itchy throat. The patient has no past medical history but she did have an appendectomy when she was 8 years old. She takes acetaminophen when she gets a headache and does not smoke cigarettes. Her vitals include: blood pressure 112/68 mm Hg, heart rate 72/min, respiratory rate 10/min and temperature 39.2°C (102.6°F). Physical examination reveals a patient who is uncomfortable but alert and oriented. Upon palpation, the physician notices swollen anterior cervical nodes. Inspection of the pharynx and tonsils does not reveal any erythema or exudate. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step for this patient?? {'A': 'Antibiotics', 'B': 'Rapid strep test', 'C': 'Strep culture', 'D': 'Symptomatic treatment', 'E': 'Ultrasound of neck'},
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B: Rapid strep test
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Q:A 31-year-old woman visits her primary care physician with the complaint that over the past 6 months she has “felt out of breath and dizzy while walking, even after short distances.” She reports no other medical problems and denies taking any medications, vitamins, supplements, recreational drugs, alcohol or tobacco. Her BMI is 24kg/m2. On physical examination, the patient has a loud second heart sound over the left upper sternal border, increased jugular venous pressure, and a palpable right ventricular impulse. Which of the following is the patient most at risk of developing if her condition is allowed to persist for a prolonged period:? {'A': 'Abdominal aortic aneurysm', 'B': 'Right ventricular failure', 'C': 'Pulmonary abscess', 'D': 'Tension pneumothorax', 'E': 'Sarcoidosis'},
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B: Right ventricular failure
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 19-month-old girl is brought by her mother to the local walk-in clinic after noticing a mass protruding from her vagina. The mass had the appearance of "a bunch of grapes". She also says that she has been having a vaginal discharge for the past 6 months. Her family and personal history are not significant for malignancies or inherited disorders. The physical examination is unremarkable except for the presence of soft nodules protruding from the vaginal canal. A tissue sample is obtained for histologic evaluation. Several weeks later the patient returns to the walk-in clinic for a scheduled follow-up visit. The pathology report describes a polypoid mass beneath an epithelial surface with atypical stromal cells positive for polyclonal desmin. What is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Sarcoma', 'B': 'Verrucous carcinoma', 'C': 'Melanoma', 'D': 'Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)', 'E': 'Adenocarcinoma'},
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A: Sarcoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 78-year-old man receives chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite appropriate therapy, he dies 4 months later. Histopathological examination of the cancer cells shows the presence of a transmembrane efflux pump protein that is known to cause decreased intracellular concentrations of chemotherapeutic drugs. Which of the following best describes this membrane protein?? {'A': 'P-glycoprotein', 'B': 'Cadherin', 'C': 'Tyrosine receptor', 'D': 'G protein', 'E': 'Channel protein'},
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A: P-glycoprotein
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 65-year-old woman presents to her physician with chronic breathlessness. Her condition has been progressively worsening over the last 20 years despite treatment with inhaled salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids, and multiple courses of antibiotics. She has a 30-pack-year smoking history but quit 20 years ago. Her pulse is 104/min and respirations are 28/min. Physical examination shows generalized wasting. Chest auscultation reveals expiratory wheezes bilaterally and distant heart sounds. Pulmonary function testing shows a non-reversible obstructive pattern. Her carbon monoxide diffusion capacity of the lungs (DLCO) is markedly reduced. Which of the following explains the underlying mechanism of her condition?? {'A': 'Accumulation of fluid in the alveolar space', 'B': 'Contraction of pulmonary smooth muscles', 'C': 'Decreased partial pressure of alveolar oxygen', 'D': 'Diminished surface area for gas exchange', 'E': 'Inflammation of the pulmonary bronchi'},
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D: Diminished surface area for gas exchange
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 12-year-old boy is brought by his father to a pediatrician for evaluation of stiff jaw and swallowing difficulty. He has also developed painful body spasms triggered by loud noise, light, and physical touch. His father says that a few days ago, his son continued to play football, even after falling and bruising his arms and knees. On examination, the boy had a sustained facial smile, stiff arched back, and clamped hands. The toxin responsible for these clinical manifestations that travel retrograde in axons of peripheral motor neurons blocks the release of which of the following? ? {'A': 'Norepinephrine', 'B': 'Serotonin', 'C': 'GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)', 'D': 'Glutamate', 'E': 'Acetylcholine'},
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C: GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 62-year-old Caucasian man visits his primary care provider with recurrent episodes of moderate to severe abdominal pain, nausea, and anorexia for the past 2 years. Additional complaints include constipation, steatorrhea, weight loss, polyphagia, and polyuria. His personal history is relevant for a 2-year period of homelessness when the patient was 55 years old, cigarette smoking since the age of 20, alcohol abuse, and cocaine abuse for which is currently under the supervision of a psychiatry team. He has a pulse of 70/min, a respiratory rate of 16/min, a blood pressure of 130/70 mm Hg, and a body temperature of 36.4°C (97.5°F). His height is 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) and weight is 90 kg (198 lb). On physical examination, he is found to have telangiectasias over the anterior chest, mild epigastric tenderness, and a small nodular liver. Laboratory test results from his previous visit a month ago are shown below: Fasting plasma glucose 160 mg/dL HbA1c 8% Serum triglycerides 145 mg/dL Total cholesterol 250 mg/dL Total bilirubin 0.8 mg/dL Direct bilirubin 0.2 mg/dL Amylase 180 IU/L Lipase 50 IU/L Stool negative for blood; low elastase This patient’s condition is most likely secondary to which of the following conditions?? {'A': 'Alcohol abuse', 'B': 'Cocaine abuse', 'C': 'Obesity', 'D': 'Hypercholesterolemia', 'E': 'Hypertriglyceridemia'},
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A: Alcohol abuse
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