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7539
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dbpedia
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Delaware_Colony
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Delaware Colony facts for kids
|
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Learn Delaware Colony facts for kids
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en
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/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Delaware_Colony
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The Delaware Colony, officially known as the three "Lower Counties on the Delaware", was a semiautonomous region of the proprietary Province of Pennsylvania and a de facto British colony in North America. Although not royally sanctioned, Delaware consisted of the three counties on the west bank of the Delaware River Bay.
In the early 17th century, the area was inhabited by Lenape and possibly Assateague Native American Indian tribes. The first European settlers were Swedes, who established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina in present-day Wilmington, Delaware, in 1638. The Dutch captured the colony in 1655 and annexed it to New Netherland to the north. Great Britain subsequently took control of it from the Dutch in 1664. In 1682, William Penn, the Quaker proprietor of the Province of Pennsylvania to the north leased the three lower counties on the Delaware River from James, the Duke of York, who went on to become King James II.
The three lower counties on the Delaware River were governed as part of the Province of Pennsylvania from 1682 until 1701, when the lower counties petitioned for and were granted an independent colonial legislature; the two colonies shared the same governor until 1776. The English colonists who settled in Delaware were mainly Quakers. In the first half of the 18th century, New Castle and Philadelphia became the primary ports of entry to the new world for a quarter of a million Protestant immigrants from Northern Ireland, referred to as "Scotch-Irish" in America and "Ulster Scots" in Northern Ireland. Delaware had no established religion at this time.
The American Revolutionary War began in April 1775, and on June 15, 1776, the Delaware Assembly voted to break all ties with Great Britain, creating the independent State of Delaware. On July 4, 1776, Delaware joined 12 other British colonies to form the United States of America.
Dutch and Swedish settlements
Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1670 700 — 1680 1,005 +43.6% 1690 1,482 +47.5% 1700 2,470 +66.7% 1710 3,645 +47.6% 1720 5,385 +47.7% 1730 9,170 +70.3% 1740 19,870 +116.7% 1750 28,704 +44.5% 1760 33,250 +15.8% 1770 35,496 +6.8% 1774 37,219 +4.9% 1780 45,385 +21.9% Source: 1670–1760; 1774 1770–1780
From the early Dutch settlement in 1631 to the colony's rule by Pennsylvania in 1682, the land that later became the U.S. state of Delaware changed hands many times. Because of this, Delaware became a heterogeneous society made up of individuals who were diverse in country of origin and religion.
The first European exploration of what would become known as the Delaware Valley was made by the Dutch ship Halve Maen under the command of Henry Hudson in 1609. He was searching for what was believed to be a Northwest Passage to Asia. Hudson sailed into what now is the Delaware Bay. He named it the South River, but this would later change after Samuel Argall came across the mouth of the river in 1610, after being blown off course. Argall later renamed this waterway as the river Delaware, after Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, the second governor of Virginia.
Follow-up expeditions by Cornelius May in 1613 and Cornelius Hendrickson in 1614 mapped the shoreline of what would become the colony and state of Delaware for inclusion in the New Netherland colony. Initial Dutch settlement was centered up the Delaware River at Fort Nassau at Big Timber Creek, south of what is now Gloucester City, New Jersey.
Neither the Dutch nor the English showed any early interest in establishing settlement on this land. It was not until 1629 that agents of the Dutch West India Company, Gillis Hossitt and Jacob Jansz, arrived to negotiate with the Native Americans to "purchase" land for a colony. (The Dutch always purchased land from the Native Americans, rather than take it by force, but the peoples had differing concepts of property and use. The Native Americans often considered the Dutch "payments" to be gifts in keeping with their Native custom, and expected to share use of the common land.) Hossitt and Jansz secured a treaty granting the Dutch a parcel of land running along the shore eight Dutch miles long and half a Dutch mile deep (roughly 29 by just under 2 US miles). This nearly coincided with the length of the coast of modern Sussex and Kent counties in Delaware.
In 1631 the Dutch sent a group of twenty-eight men to build a fort inside Cape Henlopen on Lewes Creek to establish the Zwaanendael Colony. This first colony was intended to take advantage of the large whale population in the bay and to produce whale oil. A cultural misunderstanding with the Native Americans resulted in their killing of these 28 colonists before a year had passed. Patroon David Pietersz. de Vries arrived shortly thereafter with an additional 50 settlers. Although he concluded a treaty with the Indians, de Vries, his partners in Holland, and the Dutch West India Company decided the location was too dangerous for immediate colonization. They took the additional settlers to New Amsterdam (New York) instead.
In March 1638, the Swedish colony of New Sweden was established as the first permanent European settlement in Delaware. The Kalmar Nyckel anchored at a rocky point on the Minquas Kill. Today this site is called Swedes' Landing; it is located in Wilmington, Delaware. The New Sweden Company was organized and overseen by Clas Larsson Fleming, a Swedish admiral and administrator. Samuel Blommaert, a Flemish director of the Dutch West India Company who had grown frustrated with the company's policies, assisted the fitting-out. The expedition was led, and had been instigated by Peter Minuit, the founding governor of New Netherland. He had been dismissed by the Dutch West India Company, which operated the colony as a concession. Minuit resented the company and was well aware that the Dutch had little settlement in the Zuyd (Delaware) river valley. New Sweden was a multicultural affair, with Finns, Dutch, Walloons (Belgians), and Germans, in addition to Swedes among the settlers.
The first outpost of the Swedish settlement was named Fort Christina (now Wilmington) after Queen Christina of Sweden. The Swedes introduced log cabin construction to the New World and the humble house form was later spread to the American backcountry by Scotch-Irish immigrants who entered the colony through the port of New Castle. Swedish colonial Governor Johan Björnsson Printz administered the colony of New Sweden from 1643 to 1653. He was succeeded by Johan Classon Risingh, the last governor of New Sweden. The Dutch had never accepted the Swedish colony as legitimate, and the Dutch West India Company competed with the officials and backers of New Sweden. In 1651, New Netherland Governor Peter Stuyvesant had Fort Nassau dismantled and reassembled downriver of Fort Christina as Fort Casimir. This meant that the Dutch effectively encircled the Swedish colony. The Swedes abandoned Fort Beversreede, a short-lived attempt to establish a foothold at the end of the Great Minquas Path (in modern Philadelphia).
Three years later, the New Sweden colony attacked and seized Fort Casimir, renaming it Fort Trinity. The struggle finally came to an end in September 1655. With the Second Great Northern War raging in Europe, Stuyvesant assembled an army and naval squadron sufficient to capture the Swedish forts, thus re-establishing control of the colony. The Dutch renamed Fort Casimir/Trinity as New Amstel (later translated to New Castle). It became their center for fur trading with Native Americans and the colony's administration headquarters. The area's European population grew rapidly.
English conquest
In 1664, after English Colonel Richard Nicolls captured New Amsterdam, Robert Carr was sent to the Delaware River settlements. He took over New Amstel, pillaging it and mistreating its settlers, some of whom he sold into slavery in Virginia. Carr translated the name of the post from Dutch into English and it has been known since as New Castle. Carr and his troops continued down the shore, ravaging and burning settlements, including a Mennonite utopian community led by Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy near present-day Lewes, Delaware. This effectively ended the Dutch rule of the colony and, for that matter, ended their claims to any land in colonial North America. The English took over New Netherland, renaming it New York. Delaware was thenceforth claimed by New York under a Deputy of the Duke of York from 1664 to 1682, but neither the Duke nor his colonists controlled it. The proprietors of Maryland took action to take advantage of this situation.
Durham County, Maryland
Between 1669 and 1672, Delaware was an incorporated county under the Province of Maryland. When the Duke of York made use of his charter on behalf of courtier William Penn, through conveyances made by the governor of New York, there was a brief conflict of interest between the Catholic, Tory, and sometime Jacobite sympathizer Lord Baltimore with his friend the aforesaid Duke. A hard-fought court battle was subsequently relegated to a proprietary dispute between the Calvert and Penn families since both were held in favor by both the King and Prince James. By 1768, the Mason-Dixon line is said to have legally resolved vague outlines in the overlap between Maryland and Pennsylvania. By this boundary, Delaware was substantially awarded to Pennsylvania. Eventually, Delaware gained its own independence from Pennsylvania and fended off Maryland.
New Castle, Kent, and Sussex Counties, Pennsylvania
The area now known as Delaware was owned by William Penn, the Quaker owner of Pennsylvania. In contemporary documents from the early Revolutionary period, the area is generally referred to as "The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware River" (Lower Counties on Delaware) or by the names of the three counties.
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https://www.oakknoll.com/pages/books/106155/barbara-e-benson-carol-e-hoffecker/new-castle-delaware-a-walk-through-time
|
en
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NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE: A WALK THROUGH TIME
|
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[
"Barbara E. Benson",
"Carol E. Hoffecker",
"Barbara E",
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] | null |
New Castle, Delaware: Oak Knoll Press, 2011. 7 x 10 inches paperback 240 pages ISBN: 1584562978 ISBN: 9781584562979
|
en
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Oak Knoll
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https://www.oakknoll.com/pages/books/106155/barbara-e-benson-carol-e-hoffecker/new-castle-delaware-a-walk-through-time
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New Castle, Delaware: A Walk Through Time traces the evolution of one town from its seventeenth-century settlement to the leafy, beautiful, and well-preserved small city of today. The historic arc begins in the conflicts of European exploration and colony building that pitted the Netherlands against Sweden and then Great Britain. New Castle slowly developed under the flags of those three countries from a small settlement of wood into Delaware's jewel-like brick colonial capital. Today New Castle has retained its beautiful historic town center, with outstanding examples of colonial and federal architecture that surround its preserved village center, called the Green, which dates back to Peter Stuyvesant.
Yet New Castle is more than a town frozen in the Colonial and Federal eras, for its history continued through time to mirror the economic opportunities and challenges of an expanding nation. Railroad, factories, and automobiles brought expansion that trans-formed it from its role as a county seat into a small industrial city. Neighborhoods east and west of the town center developed to house the shopkeepers, factory workers, owners, and managers brought by industrialization. Those neighborhoods remain today as the physical examples of changing architectural styles and evolving standards of urban planning and preservation.
The New Castle of today presents a work-in-progress. It continues to evolve as a twenty-first-century city while protecting the historic fabric of its long, rich past. New Castle, Delaware: A Walk through Time is heavily illustrated with maps, drawings, and photographs that visually illuminate the city's past and present.
Barbara E. Benson, Ph.D., Indiana University, 1976, retired from the Historical Society of Delaware as executive director in 2003. At the Society, she oversaw the collection, exhibition, education, and publication programs as well as the protection of the organization's eight historic properties, including the George Read II House and Gardens in New Castle. Dr. Benson currently chairs the New Castle County Historic Review Board.
Carol E. Hoffecker, Ph.D., Harvard University, 1967, retired from the faculty of the University of Delaware in 2003 as Richards Professor of History and Alison Professor. In a career focused on the history of Delaware, she has written numerous books and articles that explore many aspects of the state, its government, its people, and its economy. Her two volumes on the history of Wilmington, Delaware, continue to provide perspective on the connection of urban and industrial development.
In addition to New Castle, Delaware, A Walk through Time, Dr. Benson and Dr. Hoffecker have collaborated on several projects in Delaware history, ranging from an expert report submitted by the State of Delaware to the Supreme Court of the United States in State of New Jersey v. State of Delaware (2008) to a textbook about the state entitled The Delaware Adventure.
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7539
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dbpedia
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https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2007/12/american-colonies-delaware.html
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History of American Women
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2007-12-07T00:00:00+00:00
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The Year: 1638 Early explorations of Delaware’s coastline were made by Samuel Argall in 1610. During a storm, Argall was blown off course and sailed into a bay that he named in honor of his governor—Lord De La Warr. In 1631, the first white settlement was made on Delaware soil, after a group of Dutchmen formed a trading company headed by Captain David Pietersen de Vries. The expedition of about 30 individuals sailed from the town of Hoorn on the ship De Walvis (The Whale). Arriving in the New World in 1632, Captain de Vries found the settlers had been killed and their buildings burned by the Indians. The Swedes In 1638, a Swedish trading post and colony was established...Read Article
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en
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History of American Women
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https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2007/12/american-colonies-delaware.html
|
The Year: 1638
Early explorations of Delaware’s coastline were made by Samuel Argall in 1610. During a storm, Argall was blown off course and sailed into a bay that he named in honor of his governor—Lord De La Warr. In 1631, the first white settlement was made on Delaware soil, after a group of Dutchmen formed a trading company headed by Captain David Pietersen de Vries. The expedition of about 30 individuals sailed from the town of Hoorn on the ship De Walvis (The Whale). Arriving in the New World in 1632, Captain de Vries found the settlers had been killed and their buildings burned by the Indians.
The Swedes
In 1638, a Swedish trading post and colony was established at Fort Christina (now Wilmington) by Dutchman Peter Minuit and a group of Swedes, Finns, and Dutch. This was the first permanent European settlement in the Delaware Valley.
The first expedition, consisting of two ships, Kalmar Nyckel and Vogel Grip, under the leadership of Peter Minuit, landed about March 29. The location of the first Swedish settlement was at The Rocks. A fort was built called Fort Christina after the young queen of Sweden, and they named their settlement New Sweden.
The Swedes purchased lands of the Indians on the western side of the Delaware as far up as a point opposite Trenton, founded a town on the site of Philadelphia, built churches here and there, and soon presented the appearance of a happy and prosperous community. The Dutch claimed the entire Delaware Valley as part of New Netherland, and Dutch Governor Kieft had protested the Swedes’ settlement, but Sweden was too powerful a nation to be defied at that time.
New Sweden grew by immigration and spread over the surrounding country. It seemed for a time that the whole Delaware Valley would be settled and held by the Scandinavians, but the Dutch came in 1651 and built Fort Casimir where New Castle now stands, and took control of the bay. In 1654, the new Swedish governor Johan Rising seized Fort Casimir.
In 1655, Peter Stuyvesant was the governor of New Amsterdam, and he was determined to put an end to New Sweden. He entered the bay with a fleet bearing over six hundred men, and the Swedes were overtaken. New Sweden, which had existed for seventeen years, ceased to exist as a separate colony, but the people were allowed to keep their farms, and the community continued to prosper under its new government.
The conquest of New Amsterdam by the English, in 1664, included Delaware, which then became the property of the Duke of York. The Duke’s Laws were soon extended to Delaware, and the people were granted some measure of self-government.
Province of Pennsylvania
In 1681, Pennsylvania was granted to William Penn by King Charles II, and Penn’s agents soon arrived on the Delaware River. They reported to Penn that the new province would be landlocked if the colonies on either side of the Delaware River or Bay were hostile. As a result, Penn petitioned the Crown for the land on the west side of the bay below his province, which the Duke of York conveyed in March 1682.
On October 27 1682, William Penn landed in America and took possession from the Duke of York’s agents as Proprietor of the lower counties. The colonists took an oath of allegiance to the new proprietor, and the first general assembly was held in the colony.
The following year, the three Lower Counties were annexed to the Province of Pennsylvania as territories with full privileges under Penn’s famous “Frame of Government.” Penn established representative government and briefly combined his two possessions under one General Assembly.
A long dispute ensued between William Penn and Lord Baltimore of the Province of Maryland as to the exact dominion controlled by Penn on the lower Delaware. The dispute continued between the heirs Penn and Baltimore until almost the end of the colonial period.
By 1704, the Province of Pennsylvania had grown so large that their representatives wanted to make decisions without the assent of the Lower Counties and the two groups of representatives began meeting on their own, one at Philadelphia, and the other at New Castle.
Independence at Last
In 1776, at the time of the Declaration of Independence, Delaware not only declared itself free from the British Empire, but also established a state government entirely separate from Pennsylvania.
During the American Revolution, nearly 4,000 men enlisted for service from the small state. The colonial wars had built up the militia system and supplied a number of capable officers who led the troops of Delaware in all the principal engagements from the battle of Long Island to the siege of Yorktown. The only Revolutionary engagement fought on Delaware soil was the battle of Cooch’s Bridge, near Newark, on September 3, 1777.
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https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/august-24/
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en
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Today in History - August 24
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William Penn Acquires the Lower Counties | The Panic of 1857
|
en
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The Library of Congress
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https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/august-24/
|
On August 24, 1682, the Duke of York awarded Englishman William Penn a deed to the “Three Lower Counties” that make up the present state of Delaware, recently transferred from Dutch to British jurisdiction. Penn acquired this tract of land just west of the Delaware Bay in order to ensure ocean access for his new colony of Pennsylvania. While Delaware established its own assembly in 1704, it was not until shortly after July, 1776, that Delaware became a separate state. On December 7, 1787, Delaware was the “first state” to ratify the new U.S. Constitution, thereby earning its current proud nickname.
The final boundary separating Delaware from Pennsylvania and a portion of Maryland is an unusual one, featuring the arc of a circle defined by a twelve-mile radius centered on the courthouse at New Castle. An ongoing dispute between Penn and Maryland’s Lord Baltimore about the extent of each’s territory had led to this unique resolution. The same dispute spurred the creation of the famous Mason-Dixon Line in 1763, when British surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon were selected to establish a definitive Maryland-Pennsylvania border—a task that took five years to complete. This line, moving west, came to symbolize the divisions of North from South in the years before the American Civil War.
Before Penn, Delaware’s fertile coastal plain attracted the Lenni-Lenape (also known as Delaware Indians), who supported themselves by farming, hunting, and fishing. Swedes, the region’s first permanent European settlers, arrived in the late 1630s, establishing themselves in what is now Wilmington. With its accessibility to other ports, especially the Port of Philadelphia twenty-five miles to the northeast, and its abundance of natural resources, the Wilmington area flourished as a center for saw, paper, and flour mills, aided by creation of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Later, Wilmington served as home to DuPont’s extensive chemical industries, and to the many banks incorporated in the state.
In 1802, French immigrant Eleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours founded DuPontExternal, one of the world’s oldest continuously operating industrial enterprises, as a gunpowder mill outside of Wilmington. While it has transformed itself over the years, the company remains an influential force in the economic life of Delaware, and its founding du Pont family a fixture of the state’s history and institutional growth.
When Delaware sided with the Union during the Civil War, its vital river route was protected by a three-point defense consisting of Fort DuPont on the Delaware shore, Fort Mott on the New Jersey shore, and Fort Delaware in the center of the river. Fort Delaware is perhaps the best known of the three forts because it was used by the Union army to house Confederate prisoners of war, some of whom published their own newspaper. After the Battle of Gettysburg, the fort held a teeming 12,500 prisoners.
One of Delaware’s richest cultural treasures is the former country estate of Henry Francis du Pont, now known as the Winterthur MuseumExternal. A showcase for du Pont’s collection of American decorative arts and architectural interiors, the museum features almost two hundred rooms decorated with objects made or used in America between 1640 and 1860. Winterthur has also become a center for the study of American art and objects, featuring several graduate programs and a premier libraryExternal collection.
The major financial catalyst for the panic of 1857 was the August 24, 1857, failure of the New York branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company. It was soon reported that the entire capital of the Trust’s home office had been embezzled. What followed was one of the most severe economic crises in U.S. history.
The history of the panic is clearly divisible into…two periods: the former, when the banks took the initiative…and the latter, in which the depositors seized it…
The Banks of New York, Their Dealers, the Clearing-House, and the Panic of 1857External, by J. S. Gibbons. New York: Published by D. Appleton & Co., 1858. p. 361 Making of America: BooksExternal. University of Michigan Library
Almost immediately, New York bankers put severe restrictions on even the most routine transactions. In turn, many people interpreted these restrictions as a sign of impending financial collapse and panicked. Individual holders of stock and of commercial paper rushed to their brokers and eagerly made deals that “a week before they would have shunned as a ruinous sacrifice.” As the September 12, 1857, Harper’s Weekly described the scene on the New York Stock Exchange, “…prominent stocks fell eight or ten per cent in a day, and fortunes were made and lost between ten o’clock in the morning and four of the afternoon.”
The Report of the Clearinghouse Committee, produced in the years following the panic of 1857, found that “A financial panic has been likened to a malignant epidemic, which kills more by terror than by real disease.” Yet behind the reaction of New York’s bankers to the closing of a trust company lay a confluence of national and international events that heightened concern:
the British withdrew capital from U.S. banks
grain prices fell
Russia undersold U.S. cotton on the open market
manufactured goods lay in surplus
railroads overbuilt and some defaulted on debts
land schemes and projects dependent on new rail routes failed
To compound the problem, the SS Central America, a wooden-hulled steamship transporting millions of dollars in gold from the new San Francisco Mint to create a reserve for eastern banks, was caught in a hurricane and sunk in mid-September. (The vessel had aboard 581 persons—many carrying great personal wealth—and more than $1 million in commercial gold. She also bore a secret shipment of 15 tons of federal gold, valued at $20 per ounce, intended for the eastern banks.)
As banking institutions of the day dealt in specie (gold and silver coins instead of paper money) the loss of some thirty thousand pounds of gold reverberated through the financial community. Howell Cobb, secretary of the treasury, encouraged not only the placement of vast amounts of such government gold on the market, but also redemption of government bonds at a premium. At his suggestion, President James Buchanan proposed to Congress that the Treasury be authorized to sell revenue bonds for the first time since the Mexican American War.
Although bankers showed the first signs of concern, depositors soon followed. On October 3 there was a marked increase of withdrawals in New York, and over the next two weeks withdrawals nearly quadrupled. Reports of financial instability, perhaps exaggerated, were quickly carried between cities by the new telecommunications medium, the telegraph.
As the public’s faith in soundness of financial institutions continued to plummet, the nation’s banks began to collapse. Although the East Coast was hardest hit—with bank closures in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and elsewhere–bank failures also reached across the Missouri River to cities such as Omaha. The climax came on October 14, Suspension Day, when banking was suspended in New York and throughout New England.
The term panic refers to the worst moments of a financial crisis. What follows is frequently a recession (a period of reduced economic activity) or a depression (a more serious and prolonged period of low economic activity, marked especially by rising unemployment). The contraction of the economy that followed the panic of 1857 was profound and had parallels in Europe, South America, South Africa, and the Far East causing it to be held as the first worldwide economic crisis. In the U.S., the setback caused significant job loss, a major slowdown in capital investment, commerce, land development, and the formation of unions, as well as in the rate of immigration. The effects of the “revulsion,” as it was referred to at the time, lasted a full eighteen months and reverberated until the onset of the Civil War.
Harper’s Weekly for September 12, 1857, took a dim view of dealings on the New York Stock Exchange. They claimed that the greed of speculators underlay the panic and gave examples that included the following:
…Jones believes that we are going to have a “crisis,” a “revulsion,” and “panic.” Or Jones as treasurer of the New Gauge Railway, and having access to the books, knows that it is insolvent. In both these cases Jones directs his broker to sell for his account so many shares of the New Gauge Railway…retaining the right of delivering the stock on any day he pleases prior to the conclusion of the contract. Of course, Jones doesn’t own the stock he sells; he intends to buy it at a reduced price at the time he delivers. Now, if Jones has been right in his prognostications — if the panic and crisis do come, or if the New Gauge Company does turn out to be insolvent, of course the stock goes down, and Jones buys in for delivery at the reduced price, realizing the difference between that price and the one at which he sold. But if Jones has been wrong — if the crisis don’t come, or is unduly postponed — such things have been known to occur — if the New Gauge concern should prove profitable, and not insolvent, why then the stock might go up, and at the end of the contract Jones might be forced to buy for, say $50, that which he sold at $45 — netting a loss of $5 per share.
In the late 1980s the wreck of the SS Central America was located about 8,000 feet under water. One ton of extraordinary riches surfaced including the world’s largest bar of gold ingot, weighing more than eighty pounds, and thousands of 1857-S Liberty Double Eagle twenty-dollar gold pieces, each of which contained nearly a full ounce of gold.
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William Penn Welcomed by the People of New Castle
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https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/indians-at-the-post-office-murals-encounter/william-penn-welcomed-by-the-people-of-new
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When the mural William Penn Welcomed by the People of New Castle was painted in 1938, the post office in New Castle, Delaware was only two years old. The choice of an historical subject for the mural seemed appropriate for a building that was designed to blend in with the colonial architecture of the town (livingnewdeal.org).
The artist J. Scott Williams began his career as an illustrator of books and magazines. By the 1930s, Williams had created and supervised the installation of several stained glass window displays for Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, the Main Reading Room in the University of Illinois Library, and the Indiana State Library. His work at the Indiana State Library led to a commission to paint four murals reflecting the history of Indiana for their Library and Historical Building, two of which featured Native American themes: The Song of the Indian Land and The Indian’s Gift of Corn (Vavra 84). When he painted the murals for Indian State, he declared that most of the work was historically accurate, although he admitted to taking some artist license with the clothing of the Native Americans for fear of offending the public tastes of 1934 (Vavra 94-5). Williams served as the president of the National Society of Mural Painters from1937 to 1938. In addition to his work as muralist, he taught art at the University of Wyoming from 1946 to 1949 (Vavra 95).
In addition to his technical skills as a painter, Williams’ experience with historical subjects is apparent in the detail of his work. This accuracy can be seen in the murals he completed for a commission at Indiana State as well as the mural painted for the New Castle post office. For the New Castle mural, Williams retained the accuracy of his Native American subjects, portraying them bare chested and wearing the traditional breechcloth and leggings tied to a belt. While men of the Delaware tribe may have worn shirts or robes in the colder months, their attire in the mural seems appropriate for the time of year depicted. The man on the left wears a necklace and headband made of shells or some other natural material, which would have been traditional for both men and women (Lenape Lifeways).
The mural, which was painted over the Postmaster’s door, is carefully balanced on both sides with the figures tightly compressed in the foreground. On the right stands William Penn, erect and formal with his cane held regally away from his body. Behind him are crew members from the ship on which he has just arrived. On the left side of the painting, three men are gathered in conference, one holding a large piece of paper. Behind the central figures are additional townspeople of New Castle. The artist placed the emphasis of the mural on the figures; the background is simply painted with a large tree and a ship in the harbor.
In the center foreground is a banner bearing the mural’s title with members of the Lenni Lenape tribe, now more commonly referred to as the Delaware, seated on the ground on either side of the banner looking up at the proceedings. Although the Native American subjects are relegated to observers rather than active participants, their inclusion in the mural is important to the story of William Penn's activities in the New World.
The Lenape were a significantly large tribe spread out over an area from southeastern New York State to Delaware. Archeologists believe they arrived in the Delaware region thousands of years before the Europeans, crossing the Bering Strait from Asia to Alaska along continental glaciers. They were comprised of two major divisions: the Munsee in the north and the Unami in the south (Lenape Lifeways). Prior to William Penn’s arrival, the Dutch and Swedish settlers had traded with the Delaware tribe for years. However, the Dutch viewed the Native Americans as pagans and savages and fought with them frequently over territory (Dale 1-4).
William Penn, a Quaker, facilitated the migration of 800 fellow Quakers to the Mid-Atlantic region, including some from Holland. Having established strong ties with the Dutch Quakers, Penn was able to arbitrate land disputes between the Dutch and the British (Hull 15). He used this clout to petition King Charles II for a land grant and on March 4, 1681, received a charter for what would become Pennsylvania (Sonderland 3).
Even before arriving in New Castle, Penn was determined to maintain equitable relations with the Native Americans. He sent messages to the colonists stating that all occupied lands must first be cleared of their Indian-held title by fair purchase and that any disputes be handled with a jury trial that included six natives (Penn and Myers 10). By the time Penn landed in New Castle, his agents had signed their first deed with the Delaware tribe (Sonderland 14).
Although the New Castle mural is not specifically about Penn’s interaction with the Native Americans, its layout is reminiscent of three earlier paintings reflecting William Penn’s negotiations with the Delaware tribe: Penn’s Treaty with the Indians by Benjamin West, William Penn’s Treaty with Lenape Chiefs at Shackamaxon by Edward Hicks, and William Penn’s Treaty with the Indians Founding the Colony of Pennsylvania by Currier & Ives. Penn frequently sat in council with the Unami division of the Lenape tribe, learning their language and customs. He was determined to bring about more amicable relations after the hostile confrontations with the Dutch and Swedes (Penn and Myers 7-9).
Although William Penn saw his colony in the Mid-Atlantic region to be a “holy experiment” where society could flourish in tolerance and without religious persecution, he also hoped to gain financial security through the sale of land parcels (Sonderland 5). Penn’s sons, John and Thomas, were more interested in financial gain than peaceful coexistence and set about with unscrupulous tactics to scam the Delaware tribe out of large tracts of land. Relocation and eviction moved the tribe westward. The effects of alcoholism and disease took their toll as well and by the 18th century, the tribe was in decline. The Munsee division eventually settled in Ontario, Canada while others moved to Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wisconsin (Dale 6-8).
By Neal Patterson
More information: lenapelifeways.org
Sources:
Dale, Frank. Delaware Diary: Episodes in the Life of a River. Rutgers University Press, 1996. Print.
Hart Vavra, Trinity. “The Indiana State Library: A Testament to History Thru Architecture.” Ball State University, 2010. Print.
Hull, William Isaac. William Penn and the Dutch Quaker Migration to Pennsylvania. Genealogical Publishing Com, 1970. Print.
“Lenape Lifeways (lenapelifeways.org/lenape1.htm).” N.p., 22 Sept. 2015. Web.
Marling, Karal Ann. Wall-to-Wall America: Post-Office Murals in the Great Depression. Minneapolis: Univ Of Minnesota Press, 2000. Print.
“New Castle Delaware Post Office Mural.” Flickr - Photo Sharing!. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.
Penn, William, and Albert Cook Myers. William Penn’s Own Account of the Lenni Lenape Or Delaware Indians. B B& A Publishers, 1981. Print.
“Post Office Mural - New Castle DE.” Living New Deal. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.
Soderlund, Jean R. William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania: A Documentary History. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983. Print.
“William Penn | English Quaker Leader and Colonist.” Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.
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The Delaware Colony, officially known as the three "Lower Counties on the Delaware", was a semiautonomous region of the proprietary Province of Pennsylvania and...
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https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Lower_Counties
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The Delaware Colony, officially known as the three "Lower Counties on the Delaware", was a semiautonomous region of the proprietary Province of Pennsylvania and a de facto British colony in North America.[1] Although not royally sanctioned, Delaware consisted of the three counties on the west bank of the Delaware River Bay.
Quick Facts Lower Counties onthe Delaware, Status ...
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In the early 17th century, the area was inhabited by Lenape and possibly Assateague Native American Indian tribes. The first European settlers were Swedes, who established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina in present-day Wilmington, Delaware, in 1638. The Dutch captured the colony in 1655 and annexed it to New Netherland to the north. Great Britain subsequently took control of it from the Dutch in 1664. In 1682, William Penn, the Quaker proprietor of the Province of Pennsylvania to the north leased the three lower counties on the Delaware River from James, the Duke of York, who went on to become King James II.
The three lower counties on the Delaware River were governed as part of the Province of Pennsylvania from 1682 until 1701, when the lower counties petitioned for and were granted an independent colonial legislature; the two colonies shared the same governor until 1776. The English colonists who settled in Delaware were mainly Quakers. In the first half of the 18th century, New Castle and Philadelphia became the primary ports of entry to the new world for a quarter of a million Protestant immigrants from Northern Ireland, referred to as "Scotch-Irish" in America and "Ulster Scots" in Northern Ireland. Delaware had no established religion at this time.
The American Revolutionary War began in April 1775, and on June 15, 1776, the Delaware Assembly voted to break all ties with Great Britain, creating the independent State of Delaware.[1] On July 4, 1776, Delaware joined 12 other British colonies to form the United States of America.
More information Year, Pop. ...
Historical populationYearPop.±%1670700—16801,005+43.6%16901,482+47.5%17002,470+66.7%17103,645+47.6%17205,385+47.7%17309,170+70.3%174019,870+116.7%175028,704+44.5%176033,250+15.8%177035,496+6.8%177437,219+4.9%178045,385+21.9%Source: 1670–1760;[2] 1774[3] 1770–1780[4]
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From the early Dutch settlement in 1631 to the colony's rule by Pennsylvania in 1682, the land that later became the U.S. state of Delaware changed hands many times. Because of this, Delaware became a heterogeneous society made up of individuals who were diverse in country of origin and religion.[citation needed]
The first European exploration of what would become known as the Delaware Valley was made by the Dutch ship Halve Maen under the command of Henry Hudson in 1609. He was searching for what was believed to be a Northwest Passage to Asia. Hudson sailed into what now is the Delaware Bay. He named it the South River, but this would later change after Samuel Argall came across the mouth of the river in 1610, after being blown off course. Argall later renamed this waterway as the river Delaware, after Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, the second governor of Virginia.[5]
Follow-up expeditions by Cornelius May in 1613 and Cornelius Hendrickson in 1614 mapped the shoreline of what would become the colony and state of Delaware for inclusion in the New Netherland colony. Initial Dutch settlement was centered up the Delaware River at Fort Nassau at Big Timber Creek, south of what is now Gloucester City, New Jersey.
Neither the Dutch nor the English showed any early interest in establishing settlement on this land. It was not until 1629 that agents of the Dutch West India Company, Gillis Hossitt and Jacob Jansz, arrived to negotiate with the Native Americans to "purchase" land for a colony. (The Dutch always purchased land from the Native Americans, rather than take it by force, but the peoples had differing concepts of property and use. The Native Americans often considered the Dutch "payments" to be gifts in keeping with their Native custom, and expected to share use of the common land.) Hossitt and Jansz secured a treaty granting the Dutch a parcel of land running along the shore eight Dutch miles long and half a Dutch mile deep (roughly 29 by just under 2 US miles). This nearly coincided with the length of the coast of modern Sussex and Kent counties in Delaware.
In 1631 the Dutch sent a group of twenty-eight men to build a fort inside Cape Henlopen on Lewes Creek to establish the Zwaanendael Colony.[6] This first colony was intended to take advantage of the large whale population in the bay and to produce whale oil. A cultural misunderstanding with the Native Americans resulted in their killing of these 28 colonists before a year had passed.[6] Patroon David Pietersz. de Vries arrived shortly thereafter with an additional 50 settlers. Although he concluded a treaty with the Indians, de Vries, his partners in Holland, and the Dutch West India Company decided the location was too dangerous for immediate colonization. They took the additional settlers to New Amsterdam (New York) instead.
In March 1638, the Swedish colony of New Sweden was established as the first permanent European settlement in Delaware. The Kalmar Nyckel anchored at a rocky point on the Minquas Kill. Today this site is called Swedes' Landing; it is located in Wilmington, Delaware.[6] The New Sweden Company was organized and overseen by Clas Larsson Fleming, a Swedish admiral and administrator. Samuel Blommaert, a Flemish director of the Dutch West India Company who had grown frustrated with the company's policies, assisted the fitting-out.[7] The expedition was led, and had been instigated by Peter Minuit, the founding governor of New Netherland. He had been dismissed by the Dutch West India Company, which operated the colony as a concession. Minuit resented the company and was well aware that the Dutch had little settlement in the Zuyd (Delaware) river valley. New Sweden was a multicultural affair, with Finns, Dutch, Walloons (Belgians), and Germans, in addition to Swedes among the settlers.
The first outpost of the Swedish settlement was named Fort Christina (now Wilmington) after Queen Christina of Sweden. The Swedes introduced log cabin construction to the New World and the humble house form was later spread to the American backcountry by Scotch-Irish immigrants who entered the colony through the port of New Castle. Swedish colonial Governor Johan Björnsson Printz administered the colony of New Sweden from 1643 to 1653. He was succeeded by Johan Classon Risingh, the last governor of New Sweden.[5] The Dutch had never accepted the Swedish colony as legitimate, and the Dutch West India Company competed with the officials and backers of New Sweden. In 1651, New Netherland Governor Peter Stuyvesant had Fort Nassau dismantled and reassembled downriver of Fort Christina as Fort Casimir. This meant that the Dutch effectively encircled the Swedish colony. The Swedes abandoned Fort Beversreede, a short-lived attempt to establish a foothold at the end of the Great Minquas Path (in modern Philadelphia).
Three years later, the New Sweden colony attacked and seized Fort Casimir, renaming it Fort Trinity. The struggle finally came to an end in September 1655. With the Second Great Northern War raging in Europe, Stuyvesant assembled an army and naval squadron sufficient to capture the Swedish forts, thus re-establishing control of the colony. The Dutch renamed Fort Casimir/Trinity as New Amstel (later translated to New Castle). It became their center for fur trading with Native Americans and the colony's administration headquarters.[5] The area's European population grew rapidly.
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https://dehistory.org/field-trips/
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Delaware Historical Society
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Delaware Historical Society
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https://dehistory.org/field-trips/
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Experience the history of the First State through the many stories of those who have come before.
In the Delaware History Museum, students will Discover Delaware. Experience and explore the First State’s unique past, present and future. In the Mitchell Center for African American Heritage, students will Journey to Freedom. Discover African Americans’ struggle for human rights and dignity in Delaware and in the nation.
$2.00 per student, all ages
$1.00 per student when combined with a school program.
In this interactive program students will discover remarkable African Americans from Delaware who achieved personal greatness and expanded opportunities for others. What were the keys to their success? How did their personal philosophies, evidenced by their actions, inspire them to break barriers and overcome obstacles based on race or gender? The Delaware History Museums exhibitions, Discover Delaware and Journey to Freedom, will serve as a backdrop as students portray the stories of church and community leader Peter Spencer, baseball Hall of Famer Judy Johnson, civil rights lawyer Louis Redding, artist Ed Loper, and basketball star Val Whiting.
$3.50 per student, 90 minutes, Grades 1-4
In 1638, Sweden established a colony in present day Delaware. The settlers encountered the Lenape, who had been living here for centuries. How did the Lenape and the settlers interact? Was there conflict or did the two cultures find a way to work together? Students will learn about the lifestyles of the Lenape and the “first contact” with Swedish settlers through discussion, artifact analysis, and participation in a trade activity illustrating the economic relationship that characterized the beginning of the colony of New Sweden.
$3.50 per student, 90 minutes, Grades: 3-6
Delaware played an important role in the political and military events that helped shape the outcome of the American Revolution. Students will bring the history of Revolutionary Delaware to life by stepping into the roles of important Delaware political figures, soldiers, and civilians.
$3.00 per student, 1/2 day; $6.00 per student for full day, Grades: 4-8
What was it like to seek freedom on the Underground Railroad? Students explore this question as they learn about freedom seekers and the brave men and women, both enslaved and free, who made this region one of the most successful routes to freedom in the years before the Civil War. The challenges faced by those involved in the Underground Railroad are explored and reinforced through primary source analysis and a visit to Old Town Hall jail cells (weather permitting).
$3.50 per student, 90 minutes, Grades 4-12
What constitutes civic engagement? Why does it matter? Is civic engagement worth the effort? The rights established by the 1st Amendment are imperative to the workings of American democracy and essential for citizenship in a diverse society. Along with these rights come responsibilities. Citizens have the right and the responsibility to participate in governing our nation and they may choose among many different ways of doing this. Citizens fulfill their responsibilities by active participation in government and society in a multitude of ways, to engage with and even challenge their elected representatives, and to develop and communicate their values and opinions.
Examining the rights set forth in the 1st Amendment and utilizing primary sources related to the topics of immigration, voting rights, desegregation, and eminent domain, students will explore the ways in which Delaware citizens have been active participants in the political process throughout Delaware’s history. Through inquiry and discussion, students will apply what they have learned by creating tweets in favor of or opposed to each issue and discuss additional ways students can become citizen activists.
$3.50 per student, 2 hours, Grades 7-12
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https://libraries.psu.edu/about/collections/unearthing-past-student-research-pennsylvania-history/new-sweden-brief-history
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New Sweden: A Brief History
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by Elizabeth Covart The history of New Sweden began in 1637 with the founding of the New Sweden Company. The formation of the Company was the brainchild of Dutch, German, and Swedish investors who convinced Axel Oxenstierna, Chancellor of the Realm and Queen Christina’s regent,(1) that Sweden stood to profit in the tobacco and fur trades of North America.
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Penn State University Libraries
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https://libraries.psu.edu/about/collections/unearthing-past-student-research-pennsylvania-history/new-sweden-brief-history
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by Elizabeth Covart
The history of New Sweden began in 1637 with the founding of the New Sweden Company. The formation of the Company was the brainchild of Dutch, German, and Swedish investors who convinced Axel Oxenstierna, Chancellor of the Realm and Queen Christina’s regent,(1) that Sweden stood to profit in the tobacco and fur trades of North America.
Hoping to advance its world power status and become a dominant member of the European economic market, the Swedish government permitted the Company to form and Peter Minuit was brought in from the Netherlands to lead Sweden’s first New World expedition.(2)
Minuit, the former Governor of New Netherlands and famous purchaser of Manhattan, was the perfect choice for the New Sweden Company’s expedition leader. Minuit was still disgruntled over his 1631 recall to Holland and was willing to retaliate against the Dutch by working for the advantage of the Swedes.(3)
With map in hand, Minuit showed the Swedish government where he thought the boundary lines of the French, English, Spanish, and Dutch colonies were. In between England’s claim to Virginia and the Dutch claim to New Amsterdam, Minuit pointed to a vast amount of land from the Minquas Kill, the present-day Christina River, up to Sankikan Kill, present-day Trenton, New Jersey, which was currently unoccupied.(4) The land between those two points, and along both banks of the Delaware River,was chosen as the place for Sweden’s colony.
In December 1637, Minuit and his settlers began their trip across the Atlantic from Goethenburg, Sweden. The travelers landed on the banks of the Delaware in the spring of 1638, disembarked, and met with the local Native Americans to purchase the land. Minuit and his Lenape translator, Andres Lucassen, met with Mattahorn, Mitatsemint, Eru Packen, Mohomen, and Chiton, the five local Lenape Chiefs and purchased sixty-seven miles of Delaware River frontage, centering around Minquas Kill, and extending as far west as the “setting sun.”(5) With title in hand the Swedes began building their first outpost, Fort Christina, which today would sit in Wilmington, Delaware.
After constructing the fort, Minuit boarded his ship, in June 1639, and set sail for Gothenburg to let the Swedish government know that they now had a colony in the New World. At Fort Christina, Minuit left behind twenty-three soldiers, Antonius, a black slave, and the colony’s first Commissioner, Hendrick Huygen. Unlike the English settlers of New England and Virginia, the Swedes were fortunate to settle in an area where the Native Americans were sedentary and had huge farms. After establishing good trading relations with the Algonquin tribes, most notably the Lenape and Minquas, the Swedes were able to buy Indian corn, apples, plums, watermelons, grapes, beans, turkeys, geese, fish, venison, moose, and bear to make it through their first season.(6)
In the spring of 1640, the second Swedish expedition landed with supplies, more soldiers, a chaplain, colonists, goods to be traded with the Indians, and the new Governor, Peter Hollender Ridder. Ridder was pivotal in the colony’s expansion. Though the Swedes had more than enough land for its small population, Ridder insisted on expanding the colony’s boundaries. With the aid of some soldiers and a sloop, Ridder sailed north on the Delaware River and defiantly passed the Dutch Fort Nassau, located in present-day Gloucester City, New Jersey. Well beyond Fort Nassau, Ridder met with the local Indian chiefs and bought a title to the land from the Schuylkill tributary to Trenton, New Jersey.
Today, the combined purchases of Minuit and Ridder would comprise one hundred and twenty miles of land on both banks of the Delaware, from just north of Trenton, New Jersey to as far south as Wilmington, Delaware—including the land that the Dutch Fort Nassau sat on.(7)
The Dutch had begun to protest Swedish claims to the land on the Delaware as early as 1639, but since they, like the Swedes, had few soldiers, neither side was able make a decisive move against the other.(8) Around late 1641-early 1642, however, the two groups temporarily stopped bickering and combined their efforts to evict a group of sixty English men and women, who had come to establish England’s claim to the region.
The first English settlers on the Delaware River were representatives of the English Delaware Company based in New Haven, Connecticut. Finding the area around the Delaware to be sparsely populated, the Company was successful in purchasing tracts of land from the region’s Indians. Having purchased its land, the Company sent a group of sixty settlers to establish two new communities; one at the mouth of the Schuylkill River and the other at Varkens Kill or present-day Salem, New Jersey. Both the Swedes and the Dutch felt threatened by the English presence and their almost instantaneous monopolization of the region’s Indian fur trade. Tired of having to compete for furs and living in fear of their developing a more substantial settlement, the Swedes and Dutch joined forces and forcibly removed the English from the region.(9)
By 1642, the New Sweden Company became the sole property of the Swedish government. Though the colony had expanded and thrived since its start in 1638, the profits that were projected in 1637 were not forthcoming and as a result the Company’s private financiers relinquished their shares to the government. Now fully in control of their colony, the Swedish government appointed Johan Printz as the colony’s Governor. Before setting sail from Gothenburg in 1642, Oxenstierna sent Printz a list of instructions so that he might know the extent of his gubernatorial power and exactly what the Crown expected from him.
With dark, unforgiving eyes, a protruding jaw, and a girth of approximately four hundred pounds, which led the local Indians to call him “Mighty Belly,” Printz had a commanding presence. The day after his February 15, 1643 arrival, Printz set to work plotting strategic points along the Delaware where forts, blockhouses, and farms could be built. Almost immediately Printz and his Swedes set to work building their second fort, Fort Elfsborg, on the site of the former English colony of Varkens Kill. The purpose of the fort was to, in combination with Fort Christina, control the opening of the Delaware and the Dutch at Fort Nassau.
Also in 1643, Printz established the official capital of New Sweden on Tinicum Island, which lies in the Delaware River just southwest of present-day Philadelphia. In honor of Sweden’s major port, where the majority of New Sweden’s settlers departed from, Printz named the capital New Gothenburg and had both his house, Printzhof, and a new fort built there.(10) In addition, Printz also built Fort Korsholm, near present-day Chester, Pennsylvania, in 1647 to add to the Swedes’ defense.
What is interesting about Printz’s rule, is not only was he New Sweden’s longest reigning Governor, 1643-1653, but he also managed to keep the Swedes on good terms with the Indians. It seemed that every colony in North America had problems with neighboring tribes. The French quarreled with the Iroquois, the Dutch with the Algonquins, and the Southern English with the Susquehannocks or Minquas as they were called in New Sweden. Unlike the Swedes, the English carried out-right extermination against the Minquas. From 1643-1644 the animosity and violence between the Indians and the English escalated into massacres on both sides. Printz had strict orders to maintain favorable relations with the Indians and he followed through on them, which allowed the Swedes to continue trading with the Indians.(11)
Between 1651-1653 New Sweden began to decline. The Swedish government had lost interest in its colony, which was evident as they did not send a single supply ship or any ship, from 1648-1654.(12) Part of this neglect was due to the fact that all of the colony’s supply ships, which for the first five years of Printz’s governorship came with some regularity, were commandeered by the Swedish government to help in its war against the Netherlands.
Another reason for the colony’s decline was that in 1647 the Dutch sent a new governor, Peter Stuyvesant, who was as quick to take action and defend his colony’s right to the Delaware as Printz was. Without supply ships and reinforcements, Printz was a lame-duck.(13)
For the next six years, Stuyvesant and Printz fought each other over their respective country’s claims to the Delaware.
Unfortunately for Printz, Stuyvesant often had the upper hand. He received regular ships filled with supplies and reinforcements while Printz did not receive a single ship. Stuyvesant had soldiers who were full of confidence about the Dutch colony; Printz was constantly trying to keep his soldiers and settlers from deserting to Maryland or New Amsterdam.
Left with few men to fight, Printz abandoned both Fort Elfsborg and Fort Korsholm in order to concentrate his forces at Fort Christina and New Gothenburg, allowing the Christina River to become the de facto boundary between New Sweden and New Netherlands.(14) Seeing that his opponent was weak, Stuyvesant seized the opportunity to establish Fort Casimir, near present-day New Castle, Delaware, just five miles below Fort Christina, in 1651.
By abandoning Fort Nassau and strengthening Fort Casimir with its resources, Stuyvesant was better able to keep Printz in check and control ship traffic on the Delaware.(15)
Faced with the many problems that Stuyvesant caused for him and with the problems created by Sweden’s temporary abandonment of their colony, Printz often had to rule with an “iron fist” to keep his colonists and soldiers from deserting. In 1653, Printz was presented with a document signed by twenty-two colonists, one-fourth of New Sweden’s male population. In the document, the colonists reported that they no longer felt safe in New Sweden and complained about Printz’s restrictions concerning their trading with the Indians and other non-Swedish Christians. The document also accused Printz of abusing the powers of his office; Printz did not take this document well and declared it an act of mutiny. In response, to the colonists’ accusations, Printz had their leader arrested, tried, and executed by a firing squad.
Frustrated with the lack of support from home and the dissatisfaction of his colonists, Printz packed his bags and left for Old Sweden in late 1653.(16) He was officially replaced in 1654 with Johan Rising. With Rising came a supply ship which not only contained material supplies for the colony, but a group of two hundred and fifty new colonists to replenish its near-extinct population of seventy. Unfortunately for Rising, a man with great vision and plans for New Sweden, he was only able to govern for year.
Yet, during that year he was very active; he evicted the Dutch from Fort Casimir and re-named it Fort Trinity, which allowed New Sweden to reassume control of the Delaware River, and he encouraged more settlers to come over from Old Sweden, which allowed the colony to boast a population of three hundred and sixty-eight, but he was not able to stave off the famine and disease that decimated the colony.(17)
By 1655, Dutch General Stuyvesant was done dealing with the Swedes and their desire to control the Delaware. With three hundred and seventeen soldiers and seven armed ships, Stuyvesant invaded New Sweden and took its forts one by one, ending with Fort Christina in September 1655. Stuyvesant’s capturing of Fort Christina marked the end of New Sweden and Swedish claims to the New World.(18)
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Delaware was first settled by the New Sweden Company in 1638. Their first settlement was named "Fort Christian", after the queen of Sweden. In 1655, Peter Stuyvesant captured New Sweden for the Dutch. In 1664, when the English captured New Netherlands they also took control of Delaware territory. By this time the settlers living in Delaware were a very diverse group. Initially, the area was governed from New York. When William Penn founded Pennsylvania, he requested that the territory that became Delaware be added to the colony of Pennsylvania. The Duke of York agreed. Penn had a difficult time governing the colony. In 1701, Penn agreed to allow Delaware to have a separate assembly that would meet in New Castle, while that of Pennsylvania continued to meet in Philadelphia.
Both colonies were not officially authorized by the England.
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https://delmarvabackroads.blogspot.com/2021/11/new-castles-secrets.html
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New Castle Secrets
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2021-11-03T14:43:00-04:00
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Amstel House garden at 2 East 4th Street In my first two blog posts on New Castle ( here and here ), I covered much of what visitors see ...
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Amstel House garden at 2 East 4th Street
In my first two blog posts on New Castle (here and here), I covered much of what visitors see when they visit. In this post, I’m sharing what I’m calling secret New Castle—not exactly secrets, but sights, legends, and bits of history that visitors often miss.
New Castle began with the construction of Fort Casimir in 1651. The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in the New Castle area, building Fort Casimir in 1651—mostly to annoy the Swedes, who had just built Fort Christina upriver at what’s now Wilmington. Fort Casimir is long gone, but you can see the site and a wayfinding sign in the park at the river end of Chestnut Street. Towns often crop up next to forts, because forts provide jobs and protection. That’s what happened in New Castle. One of New Castle’s legends is that the town was laid out by Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General of the Dutch colonies.
Fort Casimir marker at the corner of E 2nd Street and Chestnut Street
William Penn may have spent his first night on American soil in New Castle. We know that William Penn first set foot on American soil in New Castle. There’s a legend that he may have spent his first night in the house at 206 Delaware Street.
206 Delaware Street, soon to be the Mercury Cafe & Tea Room and where William Penn may have spent his first night on American soil
William Penn created a trust that still benefits New Castle citizens today. Penn set aside 1000 acres of “common” land (roughly where New Castle airport is today) for all New Castle residents to use for things such as pasturing livestock and cutting firewood. He appointed trustees to manage the land. The Trustees of the New Castle Common still exist today.
Sign between East 2nd Street and Market Street
Over the centuries the Trustees have sold much of the original Common land and invested elsewhere. They have used the income from their investments in a variety of ways to benefit New Castle residents. A few examples include college scholarships and construction of the New Castle Library, Goodwill Fire Company building, and the riverfront path in Battery Park. While the Trustees of the New Castle Common is a private organization, its trustees are elected by New Castle residents…and, yes, that’s confusing! The trustees continue to be paid as Penn stipulated, with one ear of corn every year.
Caesar Rodney may have changed horses in New Castle during his famous ride. Caesar Rodney is famous for riding from Dover to Philadelphia to break a tie between Delaware’s other two representatives to the Continental Congress on the vote for independence. Without Rodney’s vote, the Continental Congress's vote for independence may have failed.
There are legends that Rodney made this ride through a thunderstorm. There’s also a legend that the building at 114-118 East 3rd Street was a stable at the time, and Rodney changed horses there.
114-118 East 3rd Street, where Caesar Rodney may have changed horses during his famous ride
New Castle has one of America’s first takeout windows. It’s at the Rising Sun Tavern at 118 Harmony Street.
Rising Sun Tavern at 118 Harmony Street
The Rising Sun Tavern was built in 1773 (we now know the date on its sign is wrong). I’ve heard two stories about why the tavern has a take-out window. It may have served customers who were either too dirty or (my favorite) too drunk to be served inside. Whichever reason is true, it says a lot about life in New Castle in the 1700s!
Those contraptions you see on many second-floor windows are called busybodies.
Two houses along the Strand wsith busybodies attached to second floor windowframes
Benjamin Franklin saw busybodies when he visited France. He was intrigued by them and introduced them in the United States. They’re mirrors. If you’re on the second floor and someone knocks at the front door, a busybody lets you see who it is and decide whether to answer the door!
Those granite structures in the Delaware River are called ice piers.
Ice piers in the Delaware Driver
The ice piers were built over several decades by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, starting in the late 1700s. Their purpose was to keep the busy New Castle piers navigable in wintertime. I’ve heard different stories on how they were supposed to work. One theory is that the ice piers would somehow divert ice away from New Castle piers. Another is that the ice piers would keep the river from freezing by keeping water moving around them (the same way a waterfall doesn’t freeze).
The ice piers are basically wooden boxes filled with stones and topped with granite blocks. The wood is now collapsing, and therefore so are some of the granite blocks. The ice piers are still the property of the Federal government, and there are no plans to restore them.
New Castle was once a lot hillier than it is today. In 1804 the city hired architect Benjamin Latrobe to survey the city and develop a city plan. Latrobe recommended leveling the streets to improve drainage. This left some buildings like the Dutch House below street level, while others, such as the Court House, above street level.
The Dutch House door now sits below street level
The Court House now sits above street level
At the corner of Delaware and Market Streets, you can see some grooves in the top of the Court House plaza’s retaining wall.
Grooves at the edge of the Court House's retaining wall
Shad fishing was once a big business here, and there are tales that shad fishermen used to gather here to gossip…and sharpen their knives on the stone.
The mysterious Tile House once brought a touch of medieval Amsterdam to New Castle. The Tile House, once at 54 The Strand, is a long-demolished building that continues to fascinate local historians.
A drawing of the "Old Tyle House" from Delaware Archives
We know that generations of people loved this building with its steep “stepped” front gable. But what fascinates historians is how little we really know about it. We don’t know when it was built—some think the date of 1687 in the “irons” is inaccurate. We’re also not sure why it was called the Tile House. The walls were built of small yellow bricks that may have looked like tiles to local residents, or the building may have had a tile roof. And we don’t know why it was demolished in 1884. It had been vacant for many years and was very dilapidated. But there are reports that dynamite was required to demolish it, suggesting that it was not deteriorated beyond repair. We do know that people mourned its loss, and that got them interested in saving other historic buildings in New Castle.
One of America’s great Gothic Revival mansions is just outside the historic district. Lesley Manor, also known as Lesley-Travers Mansion, Allen Lesley House, and Fox Lodge at Lesley Major, is at 123 West 7th Street. The photo below is from Delaware Today .
Lesley Manor from Delaware Today
Lesley Manor was built in 1855 for Allen Lesley, a Philadelphia surgeon who had roots in this region. Unfortunately the house is surrounded by trees, walls, and other houses, so it’s hard to see Lesley Manor from the street. I found the best glimpse at the intersection of West 7th Street and Deemer Place.
Lesley Manor as seen from the corner of West 7th Street and Deemer Place
Try to get your glimpse of Lesley Manor in winter or early spring, when leaves are off the trees. Please stay off private property.
Work to save New Castle’s historic buildings began in the 1920s and 1930s. In my blog post on New Castle’s essential sights I noted that New Castle was a major East Coast transportation hub in the 1700s and early 1800s. Roads were so poor that people traveled by water as much as possible, so anyone traveling from, say, Philadelphia to Baltimore would take a boat down the Delaware River to New Castle, go overland to the now-vanished town of Frenchtown on the Elk River in Maryland, then continue by boat on the Chesapeake Bay to Baltimore. When steam locomotives were invented, the road became one of America’s first railroads.
Poster for the New Castle Frenchtown Railroad
But in just a few years the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal opened a few miles downriver from New Castle. Travelers and cargo could now make the whole trip by water. And soon a railroad line was built directly from Philadelphia to Wilmington and Baltimore, making it possible to make the whole trip by rail. New Castle was suddenly no longer a major transportation hub. To make matters worse, the county seat moved from New Castle to Wilmington in the 1880s. New Castle stagnated for decades. There was still some industry here, but no one had the resources to either restore New Castle’s historic buildings or replace them with modern ones.
Things began to change in 1920, when Philip and Lydia Laird—related by marriage to the Duponts—bought the Read House and began restoring it.
Plaque across the Strand from Read House
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New Castle, Pennsylvania, USA
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2015-12-10T20:43:19+00:00
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SUMMARY New Castle is a city in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, United States, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Pittsburgh and near the Pennsylvania-Ohio border. The population is 21,000. It is the county seat of Lawrence County and is the commercial centre of a fertile agricultural region. New Castle is known both as the "hot dog…
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https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
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https://newcastlesoftheworld.com/list-of-newcastles/new-castle-pennsylvania-usa/
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SUMMARY New Castle is a city in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, United States, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Pittsburgh and near the Pennsylvania-Ohio border. The population is 21,000. It is the county seat of Lawrence County and is the commercial centre of a fertile agricultural region.
New Castle is known both as the “hot dog capital of the world” and the “fireworks capital of America.” Its chili dogs are the product of Greek immigrants who came to New Castle in the early 20th century and established restaurants along with their homes. The notoriety for fireworks is because of two local fireworks companies of international stature, S.Vitale Pyrotechnic Industries, Inc. (Pyrotecnico) and Zambelli Internationale.
HISTORY: In 1798, John Carlysle Stewart, a civil engineer, travelled to western Pennsylvania to resurvey the “donation lands” resurveyed lands, which had been reserved for veterans of the Revolutionary War. He discovered that the original survey had neglected to stake out approximately 50 acres (200,000 m2) at the confluence of the Shenango River and the Neshannock Creek, at that time a part of Allegheny County. Claiming the land for himself, he laid out what was to become the town of New Castle. Stewart laid out the town of New Castle in April 1798. New Castle became a borough in 1825 and later became a part of Mercer County. In 1849 the Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania signed an act creating Lawrence County named in honor of U.S. Navy Captain James Lawrence. New Castle became a city in 1869 and was headed by its first Mayor.
In 1849, a group of Old Order Amish families from Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, settled just north of New Castle in New Wilmington. Later migrations from Holmes County, Ohio would make this Amish community one of the largest in Pennsylvania. Approximately 2,000 Amish live and work presently in the townships north of New Castle.
The first Warner Brothers’ theatre, the Cascade, opened in New Castle in 1907. The New Castle Playhouse is the premier location for top amateur performances. For a hands-on experience, the Arts + Education at the Hoyt offers more than 80 workshops and the Celebrity Series at Westminster College showcase world entertainment.
New Castle has a large Arab-American population whose culture is visible throughout the community. Large numbers of Lebanese and Syrian immigrants were attracted by the city’s prosperity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Their culture is especially visible in the local cuisine, which makes popular use of items such as stuffed grape leaves, lamb on the rod, kibbe, and garlic sauce.
Mayor – Mark Ellisco: mayor@newcastlepa.org
City Administrator – Chris Frye: cfrye@newcastlepa.org
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New Castle County, Delaware
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New Castle County is the northernmost of the three counties of the U.S. state of Delaware. As of the 2010 census, the population was 538,479, making it the most populous county in Delaware, with just under 60% of the state's population of 897,936 in the same census. The county...
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Counties Wiki
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https://counties.fandom.com/wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware
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New Castle County is the northernmost of the three counties of the U.S. state of Delaware. As of the 2010 census, the population was 538,479, making it the most populous county in Delaware, with just under 60% of the state's population of 897,936 in the same census. The county seat is Wilmington.
New Castle County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is named after the English city of Newcastle.
New Castle County has the highest population and population density of any Delaware county, and it is the smallest county in the state by area. It has more people than the other two counties, Kent and Sussex, combined. It is also the most economically developed of the three.
Matt Meyer was elected New Castle County Executive in 2016.
New Castle County is home to two minor league sports teams: the Wilmington Blue Rocks (baseball) and the Delaware 87ers(basketball) which play in Newark. It also has a professional auto racing track in New Castle known as Airport Speedway, which races on Saturday nights throughout the summer.
History[]
The first permanent European settlement on Delaware soil was Fort Christina, resulting from Peter Minuit's 1638 expedition on the Swedish vessels Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel. The Swedes laid out the town at the site of modern-day Wilmington. They contracted with the Lenape Native Americans for land of Old Cape Henlopen north to Sankikans (Trenton Falls), and inland as far as they desired. However, a dispute ensued between the Swedes and the Dutch, who asserted a prior claim to that land.
In 1640, New Sweden was founded a few miles south of Christina. In 1644, Queen Christina appointed Lt. Col. Johan Printz as Governor of New Sweden. She directed boundaries to be set and to reach Cape Henlopen north along the west side of Godyn's Bay (Delaware Bay), up the South River (Delaware River), past Minquas Kill (Christina River), to Sankikans (Trenton Falls). Printz settled on Tinicum Island, as the seat of government and capital of the New Sweden colony.
Peter Stuyvesant, Governor of New Netherland, sailed up the South River in 1651. He purchased land from the Lenape that covered Minquas Kill to Bompties Hook (Bombay Hook); the Lenape had sold part of the property to the Swedes in 1638. Stuyvesant began to build Fort Casimir (contemporary New Castle).
In 1654, Johan Risingh, commissary and councilor to the Governor Lt. Col. Printz, officially assumed Printz's duties and began to expel all Dutch from New Sweden. Fort Casimirsurrendered and was renamed Fort Trinity in 1654. The Swedes had complete possession of the west side of the Delaware River. On June 21, 1654, the Lenape met with the Swedes to reaffirm the purchase.
Having learned of the fall of Fort Casimir, the Dutch sent Stuyvesant to drive the Swedes from both sides of the river. They allowed only Dutch colonists to settle in the area and on August 31, 1655, the territory was converted back to Fort Casimir. Consequently, Fort Christina fell on September 15 to the Dutch and New Netherland ruled once again. John Paul Jacquet was immediately appointed governor, making New Amstel the capital of the Dutch-controlled colony.
As payment for regaining the territory, the Dutch West India Company conveyed land from the south side of Christina Kill to Bombay Hook, and as far west as Minquas land. This land was known as the Colony of The City. On December 22, 1663, the Dutch transferred property rights to the territory along the Delaware River to England.
In 1664, the Duke of York, James, was granted this land by King Charles II. One of the first acts by the Duke was to order removal of all Dutch from New Amsterdam; he renamed New Amstel as New Castle. In 1672, the town of New Castle was incorporated and English law ordered. However, in 1673, the Dutch attacked the territory, reclaiming it for their own.
On September 12, 1673, the Dutch established New Amstel in present-day Delaware, fairly coterminous with today's New Castle County. The establishment was not stable, and it was transferred to the British under the Treaty of Westminster on February 9, 1674. On November 6, 1674, New Amstel was made dependent on New York Colony, and was renamed New Castle on November 11, 1674.
On September 22, 1676, New Castle County was formally placed under the Duke of York's laws. It gained land from Upland County on November 12, 1678.
On June 21, 1680, St. Jones County was carved from New Castle County. It is known today as Kent County, Delaware. On August 24, 1682, New Castle County, along with the rest of the surrounding land, was transferred from the Colony of New York to the possession of William Penn, who established the Colony of Delaware.
In September 1673, a Dutch council established a court at New Castle with the boundaries defined as north of Steen Kill (present-day Stoney Creek) and south to Bomties Hook (renamed Bombay Hook). In 1681, a 12-mile arc was drawn to specifically delineate the northern border of New Castle County as it currently exists. In 1685, the western border was finally established by King James II; this was set as a line from Old Cape Henlopen (presently Fenwick) west to the middle of the peninsula and north up to the middle of the peninsula to the 40th parallel.
Geography[]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 494 square miles (1,280 km2), of which 426 square miles (1,100 km2) is land and 68 square miles (180 km2) (13.8%) is water. The boundaries of New Castle County are described in § 102 of the Delaware Code. The county is drained by Brandywine Creek, Christina River, and other channels. Its eastern edge sits along the Delaware Riverand Delaware Bay.
Two small exclaves of the county and the state lie across the Delaware River, on its east bank on the New Jersey side, Finns Point adjacent to Pennsville Township, New Jersey, and the northern tip of Artificial Island, adjacent to Lower Alloways Creek Township, New Jersey.
New Castle County, like all of Delaware's counties, is subdivided into hundreds. New Castle County is apportioned into ten hundreds: Brandywine, Christiana, Wilmington (the city of Wilmington, which, by law, is a hundred in itself), Mill Creek, White Clay Creek, Pencader, New Castle, Red Lion, St. Georges and Appoquinimink.
The highest natural point in Delaware, Ebright Azimuth at 451 feet (137 m), is located in New Castle County.
The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was built through New Castle County, and adjoining Cecil County, Maryland, between 1822 and 1829.
Bordering Counties[]
Pennsylvania[]
Chester County, Pennsylvania
Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Delaware[]
Kent County, Delaware
Maryland[]
Kent County, Maryland
Cecil County, Maryland
Demographics[]
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 538,479 people, 202,651 households, and 134,743 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,263.2 inhabitants per square mile (487.7/km2). There were 217,511 housing units at an average density of 510.2 per square mile (197.0/km2).[15] The racial makeup of the county was 65.5% white, 23.7% black or African American, 4.3% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 3.5% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 8.7% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 19.2% were Irish, 15.0% were German, 11.7% were Italian, 11.3% were English, 6.2% were Polish, and 3.0% were American.
Of the 202,651 households, 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.5% were non-families, and 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.11. The median age was 37.2 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $62,474 and the median income for a family was $78,072. Males had a median income of $52,637 versus $41,693 for females. The per capita income for the county was $31,220. About 6.6% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.6% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.
Communities[]
County Seat[]
Wilmington
Cities[]
Delaware City
Middletown
New Castle
Newark
Towns[]
Bellefonte
Clayton (partly in Kent County)
Elsmere
Newport
Odessa
Smyrna (partly in Kent County)
Townsend
Villages[]
Arden
Ardencroft
Ardentown
Census-designated Places[]
Bear
Brookside
Claymont
Edgemoor
Glasgow
Greenville
Hockessin
North Star
Pike Creek
Pike Creek Valley
St. Georges
Wilmington Manor
Unincorporated Communities[]
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Delaware Colony
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Colony
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British colony in North America (1664–1776)
The Delaware Colony, officially known as the three "Lower Counties on the Delaware", was a semiautonomous region of the proprietary Province of Pennsylvania and a de facto British colony in North America.[1] Although not royally sanctioned, Delaware consisted of the three counties on the west bank of the Delaware River Bay.
In the early 17th century, the area was inhabited by Lenape and possibly Assateague Native American Indian tribes. The first European settlers were Swedes, who established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina in present-day Wilmington, Delaware, in 1638. The Dutch captured the colony in 1655 and annexed it to New Netherland to the north. Great Britain subsequently took control of it from the Dutch in 1664. In 1682, William Penn, the Quaker proprietor of the Province of Pennsylvania to the north leased the three lower counties on the Delaware River from James, the Duke of York, who went on to become King James II.
The three lower counties on the Delaware River were governed as part of the Province of Pennsylvania from 1682 until 1701, when the lower counties petitioned for and were granted an independent colonial legislature; the two colonies shared the same governor until 1776. The English colonists who settled in Delaware were mainly Quakers. In the first half of the 18th century, New Castle and Philadelphia became the primary ports of entry to the new world for a quarter of a million Protestant immigrants from Northern Ireland, referred to as "Scotch-Irish" in America and "Ulster Scots" in Northern Ireland. Delaware had no established religion at this time.
The American Revolutionary War began in April 1775, and on June 15, 1776, the Delaware Assembly voted to break all ties with Great Britain, creating the independent State of Delaware.[1] On July 4, 1776, Delaware joined 12 other British colonies to form the United States of America.
Dutch and Swedish settlements
[edit]
Historical populationYearPop.±%1670700— 16801,005+43.6%16901,482+47.5%17002,470+66.7%17103,645+47.6%17205,385+47.7%17309,170+70.3%174019,870+116.7%175028,704+44.5%176033,250+15.8%177035,496+6.8%177437,219+4.9%178045,385+21.9%Source: 1670–1760;[2] 1774[3] 1770–1780[4]
From the early Dutch settlement in 1631 to the colony's rule by Pennsylvania in 1682, the land that later became the U.S. state of Delaware changed hands many times. Because of this, Delaware became a heterogeneous society made up of individuals who were diverse in country of origin and religion.[citation needed]
The first European exploration of what would become known as the Delaware Valley was made by the Dutch ship Halve Maen under the command of Henry Hudson in 1609. He was searching for what was believed to be a Northwest Passage to Asia. Hudson sailed into what now is the Delaware Bay. He named it the South River, but this would later change after Samuel Argall came across the mouth of the river in 1610, after being blown off course. Argall later renamed this waterway as the river Delaware, after Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, the second governor of Virginia.[5]
Follow-up expeditions by Cornelius May in 1613 and Cornelius Hendrickson in 1614 mapped the shoreline of what would become the colony and state of Delaware for inclusion in the New Netherland colony. Initial Dutch settlement was centered up the Delaware River at Fort Nassau at Big Timber Creek, south of what is now Gloucester City, New Jersey.
Neither the Dutch nor the English showed any early interest in establishing settlement on this land. It was not until 1629 that agents of the Dutch West India Company, Gillis Hossitt and Jacob Jansz, arrived to negotiate with the Native Americans to "purchase" land for a colony. (The Dutch always purchased land from the Native Americans, rather than take it by force, but the peoples had differing concepts of property and use. The Native Americans often considered the Dutch "payments" to be gifts in keeping with their Native custom, and expected to share use of the common land.) Hossitt and Jansz secured a treaty granting the Dutch a parcel of land running along the shore eight Dutch miles long and half a Dutch mile deep (roughly 29 by just under 2 US miles). This nearly coincided with the length of the coast of modern Sussex and Kent counties in Delaware.
In 1631 the Dutch sent a group of twenty-eight men to build a fort inside Cape Henlopen on Lewes Creek to establish the Zwaanendael Colony.[6] This first colony was intended to take advantage of the large whale population in the bay and to produce whale oil. A cultural misunderstanding with the Native Americans resulted in their killing of these 28 colonists before a year had passed.[6] Patroon David Pietersz. de Vries arrived shortly thereafter with an additional 50 settlers. Although he concluded a treaty with the Indians, de Vries, his partners in Holland, and the Dutch West India Company decided the location was too dangerous for immediate colonization. They took the additional settlers to New Amsterdam (New York) instead.
In March 1638, the Swedish colony of New Sweden was established as the first permanent European settlement in Delaware. The Kalmar Nyckel anchored at a rocky point on the Minquas Kill. Today this site is called Swedes' Landing; it is located in Wilmington, Delaware.[6] The New Sweden Company was organized and overseen by Clas Larsson Fleming, a Swedish admiral and administrator. Samuel Blommaert, a Flemish director of the Dutch West India Company who had grown frustrated with the company's policies, assisted the fitting-out.[7] The expedition was led, and had been instigated by Peter Minuit, the founding governor of New Netherland. He had been dismissed by the Dutch West India Company, which operated the colony as a concession. Minuit resented the company and was well aware that the Dutch had little settlement in the Zuyd (Delaware) river valley. New Sweden was a multicultural affair, with Finns, Dutch, Walloons (Belgians), and Germans, in addition to Swedes among the settlers.
The first outpost of the Swedish settlement was named Fort Christina (now Wilmington) after Queen Christina of Sweden. The Swedes introduced log cabin construction to the New World and the humble house form was later spread to the American backcountry by Scotch-Irish immigrants who entered the colony through the port of New Castle. Swedish colonial Governor Johan Björnsson Printz administered the colony of New Sweden from 1643 to 1653. He was succeeded by Johan Classon Risingh, the last governor of New Sweden.[5] The Dutch had never accepted the Swedish colony as legitimate, and the Dutch West India Company competed with the officials and backers of New Sweden. In 1651, New Netherland Governor Peter Stuyvesant had Fort Nassau dismantled and reassembled downriver of Fort Christina as Fort Casimir. This meant that the Dutch effectively encircled the Swedish colony. The Swedes abandoned Fort Beversreede, a short-lived attempt to establish a foothold at the end of the Great Minquas Path (in modern Philadelphia).
Three years later, the New Sweden colony attacked and seized Fort Casimir, renaming it Fort Trinity. The struggle finally came to an end in September 1655. With the Second Great Northern War raging in Europe, Stuyvesant assembled an army and naval squadron sufficient to capture the Swedish forts, thus re-establishing control of the colony. The Dutch renamed Fort Casimir/Trinity as New Amstel (later translated to New Castle). It became their center for fur trading with Native Americans and the colony's administration headquarters.[5] The area's European population grew rapidly.
English conquest
[edit]
In 1664, after English Colonel Richard Nicolls captured New Amsterdam, Robert Carr was sent to the Delaware River settlements. He took over New Amstel, pillaging it and mistreating its settlers, some of whom he sold into slavery in Virginia.[8][9] Carr translated the name of the post from Dutch into English and it has been known since as New Castle.[6] Carr and his troops continued down the shore, ravaging and burning settlements, including a Mennonite utopian community led by Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy near present-day Lewes, Delaware. This effectively ended the Dutch rule of the colony and, for that matter, ended their claims to any land in colonial North America. The English took over New Netherland, renaming it New York. Delaware was thenceforth claimed by New York under a Deputy of the Duke of York from 1664 to 1682, but neither the Duke nor his colonists controlled it. The proprietors of Maryland took action to take advantage of this situation.[6]
Durham County, Maryland
[edit]
Between 1669 and 1672, Delaware was an incorporated county under the Province of Maryland. When the Duke of York made use of his charter on behalf of courtier William Penn, through conveyances made by the governor of New York, there was a brief conflict of interest between the Catholic, Tory, and sometime Jacobite sympathizer Lord Baltimore with his friend the aforesaid Duke. A hard-fought court battle was subsequently relegated to a proprietary dispute between the Calvert and Penn families since both were held in favor by both the King and Prince James. By 1768, the Mason-Dixon line is said to have legally resolved vague outlines in the overlap between Maryland and Pennsylvania. By this boundary, Delaware was substantially awarded to Pennsylvania. Eventually, Delaware gained its own independence from Pennsylvania and fended off Maryland.
New Castle, Kent, and Sussex Counties, Pennsylvania
[edit]
The area now known as Delaware was owned by William Penn, the Quaker owner of Pennsylvania. In contemporary documents from the early Revolutionary period, the area is generally referred to as "The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware River" (Lower Counties on Delaware) or by the names of the three counties.[10]
After William Penn was granted the province of Pennsylvania by King Charles II in 1681, he asked for and later received the lands of Delaware from the Duke of York.[5][11] Penn had a very hard time governing Delaware because the economy and geology resembled those of the Chesapeake Bay colonies more than that of Pennsylvania. The lowland areas were developed for tobacco plantations and dependent on enslaved Africans and African Americans for labor. Penn attempted to merge the governments of Pennsylvania and the lower counties of Delaware. Representatives from each area clashed strongly and, in 1701 Penn agreed to allow two assemblies to be elected and conduct their separate affairs. Delawareans would meet in New Castle, and Pennsylvanians would gather in Philadelphia.[6] Delaware, like Philadelphia and more so than Maryland, continued to be a melting pot of sorts. It was home to Swedes, Finns, Dutch, and French, in addition to the English, who constituted the dominant culture.
References
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Cool small town — New Castle, Delaware
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2016-10-30T00:52:53+00:00
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This week, Road Trips with Tom heads for the small colonial village of New Castle, Delaware. Most people visiting Delaware see it from Interstate 95, which connects Philadelphia with Baltimore. Or they arrive via the Delaware Memorial Bridge...
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en
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Road Trips with Tom
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http://www.roadtripswithtom.com/cool-small-town-new-castle-delaware/
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This week, Road Trips with Tom heads for the small colonial village of New Castle, Delaware.
Most people visiting Delaware see it from Interstate 95, which connects Philadelphia with Baltimore. Or they arrive via the Delaware Memorial Bridge, which marks the southern end of the New Jersey Turnpike. Either way, it takes less than 30 minutes to cross this tiny state. They pass the forgettable city of Wilmington, a mall or two, and a couple of industrial zones before leaving Delaware for Maryland, Pennsylvania or New Jersey.
Most don’t realize that just a few miles off the busy interstate is something very special — the historic riverfront village of New Castle. If Wilmington is Delaware’s economic heart and Dover its capital, New Castle is its soul. This is where the key events in Delaware’s history played out during the 17th and 18th centuries.
New Castle is best reached from Interstate 295, the highway connecting I-95 with the Delaware Memorial Bridge. Take the exit for SR 9, which is either the first or last Delaware exit, depending on which way you’re headed. Follow SR 9 south a few miles. Where Route 9 veers to the right, continue straight ahead on 6th St. – there’s a sign showing the way to the historic district. Go three blocks, then turn left onto Delaware St. Your destination is “The Green.” In a few short blocks, you’ll be transported back in time nearly 300 years.
When you arrive at the stately courthouse – you can’t miss it – find a parking place and set off on foot.
Capture the Flag
New Castle’s history is very eventful and a bit complicated. I’ll try to oversimplify it, in the hope you won’t get bored. It was essentially a big game of “Capture the Flag.”
Delaware was first settled by the Dutch (and Swedes at the same time) back in the 1630s. It was named for Thomas West, the 3rd Baron De La Warr, who was governor of Virginia from 1610 to 1618. The first permanent settlement was along the Delaware River in 1651. The Dutch named it Fort Casimir, but they didn’t have it for long. It was taken over by a Swedish colony in 1654, but the Dutch took it back a year later and named it Nieuw Amstel. That, in turn, was seized by the British in 1664, who changed the name to New Castle.
But wait: There were more flag changes. The Dutch reclaimed New Castle in 1673, only to lose it to the British a year later. The monarchy conveyed the little colony to William Penn in 1675. They were anxious to get rid of him and his annoying Quaker brethren, and figured that sending Penn to this remote outpost was an ideal way to put him out of sight and out of mind. He arrived soon afterward and founded Philadelphia several miles upstream.
This transfer, however, was contested by Lord Baltimore (a.k.a. George Calvert, head of the Maryland colony), and a survey was commissioned to establish the boundary. The surveyors were Mason and Dixon, and their boundary is still known as the Mason-Dixon Line. The spire on New Castle’s courthouse was the center of a 12-mile arc marking the boundary. You can see this arc if you look at a map of the state.
The First State
Enough history? Not hardly. It seems that the original Delaware settlers (Dutch, Swedes and English) found Penn’s Quaker colony a bit too strict. They petitioned for separation, which was finally granted in 1704, making Delaware a separate colony, with New Castle as its capital. This is where the Declaration of Independence was read in 1776 – three of its signers were from New Castle. A year later, the capital was moved to Dover. Later, Delaware became the first state to ratify the U.S. constitution, earning its nickname, “The First State,” which is on its license plates.
After losing the capital to Dover, New Castle’s economy floundered. The town was too poor to build new structures and instead kept its existing buildings and fixed them up. That’s to our benefit, because New Castle looks much the way it did more than 200 years ago.
Despite its crucial role in U.S. history, this river town of 5,000 people is a quiet place. It’s not overly touristy – no zip lines, no mini-golf courses, water parks or other tacky tourist trash. It’s the real deal, with a genuine aura of history. Plan on 2-3 hours for your visit.
Your first objective is the courthouse. This is (or will be) a key element of First State National Historic Park, a new National Park Service site that’s still under development. Eventually, there will be an NPS visitor center next door at the Sheriff’s House. For now, however, the courthouse is operated by the State of Delaware.
More logistics
I was the only visitor on Tuesday afternoon, October 18. An enthusiastic and remarkably well-prepared young woman gave me a personal tour. The courtroom is the highlight (see accompanying photo). It’s open 10-4:30 Tuesday-Saturday and 1:4:30 Sunday. There’s no admission charge, but you should leave a $5 per person donation. Delaware has no sales tax, so you’re still getting a good deal here. Be sure to grab a copy of the New Castle walking tour map. You’ll also find a nice guide map on the interpretive sign in front of the courthouse.
There are a few other historic sites nearby. Ask at the courthouse for details.
None of the web sites covering New Castle were particularly helpful, so I’m not going to waste your time by giving you a link.
Next, check out the George Read house a couple of blocks away (separate admission charged), the home of a wealthy citizen and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. It was closed the day I was there. Hours are Wednesday-Friday and Sunday, 11 to 4, Saturday 10 to 4. It’s also closed from January to March. Admission is $7 for adults, $6 for seniors and students, $4 for ages 6-12.
You’ll find some nice shops and galleries near the green, along with a couple of cafes. Accommodations are easily found in the Wilmington area, just a few miles away. I stayed at the Red Roof Inn near the University of Delaware in Newark; it was quite nice and good value.
Thanks for visiting Road Trips with Tom. Join us again on Sunday, November 6, as we look at a very different historic perspective from the Oregon Trail in western Nebraska.
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dbpedia
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3
| 11 |
https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/most-explosive-city-america-new-castle
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en
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Pennsylvania Center for the Book
|
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https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/most-explosive-city-america-new-castle
|
Located 50 miles north of Pittsburgh in Lawrence County, New Castle is home to one of the densely-concentrated Italian-American populations in America. According to the New Castle News, during the years of 1890 to 1921, it is estimated that western Pennsylvania served as the new home for over 100,000 Italian immigrants in search of “pane e lavoro,” Italian for “bread and work.” These Italian immigrants established all of the trades that served as the foundation of western Pennsylvania, New Castle in particular. These trades included coal mining, rail work, masonry, and work in the tin mills. However, there were a select few immigrants who arrived with a different skill set; the pyrotechnic trade.
According to the Lawrence County Historical Society, Leopold Fazzoni moved to New Castle from Italy in 1886 to work in the local tin mills. After several years, the rising entrepreneur saved enough money to start his own business and was issued the first certificate for fireworks manufacturing in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
Fazzoni started the Fazzoni Brother’s Fireworks Company, which would quickly lay the foundation for the pyrotechnic industry in the now famous city. In 1893, Fazzoni Brother’s Fireworks Company employed another fireworker, Antonio Zambelli. According to Anita Devivo’s New Castle and Mahoningtown, Zambelli’s son, George, worked for Fazzoni Brother’s Fireworks Company until the late 1940s when he purchased the company and renamed it Zambelli Fireworks Internationale. According to a CNNMoney article, the company titled itself the “First Family of Fireworks,” a name still used today.
Constantino Vitale, who also worked with Fazzoni, started his own pyrotechnics company in 1889 in Pietramelara, Italy. In 1922, Vitale brought his company, Vitale Fireworks Manufacturing Co., to New Castle by way of Ellis Island. According to the Fireworks Capital of America website, the homepage of New Castle’s annual Fireworks Festival, Vitale’s company “quickly became one of America’s premiere fireworks manufacturers.” Vitale’s great-grandson, Stephen Vitale, President/CEO, changed the company’s name to Pyrotecnico in 1994.
While only two pyrotechnic firms remain in New Castle and history confirms the loss of several industries, such as steel, in western Pennsylvania, the city continues to serve as the headquarters of two thriving pyrotechnic giants, Zambelli Fireworks Internationale and Pyrotecnico. Because of this, New Castle officially became the “Fireworks Capital of America” in 2006, thanks in part to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Although this claim to fame could be maintained by other American cities, the most explosive city in America has the history to support it.
Zambelli Fireworks Internationale and Pyrotecnico survived due to their innovative thinking. For example, in a 2007 interview with CNNMoney, George Zambelli, Jr. commented, “My dad took the business to another level. He created a designer brand of fireworks, and choreographed the displays to musical scores or live music.” He added, “That’s when the business exploded, you could say.” Zambelli Fireworks Internationale did not stop there. An article written on July 4, 2009 for The Philadelphia Inquirer describes Zambelli’s shift towards a “greener” firework. The article details steps taken by Zambelli Fireworks Internationale to reduce, and eventually eliminate, the pollutant perchlorate from its fireworks. Although the company is not required to comply with specific air or water regulations, when questioned why he would take steps to eliminate the toxin, George Zambelli, Jr. stated, “Being the largest isn’t the main point. We want to be the safest, the most creative, the most innovative, and on the cutting edge.”
The 2010 New Year’s celebration in Philadelphia was an example of Pyrotecnico’s groundbreaking methods. According to The Philadelphia Inquirer, the centerpiece of the night’s exhibition was a “giant arch mounted on a barge floating on the Delaware. Sprays of pyrotechnics created a ‘rising moon effect’ and dazzling waves of color and light.” Victor Laurenza, the show producer and Pyrotecnico employee, commented, “I can’t wait for the people of Philadelphia to see it.” The arch effects were the integral reason that Pyrotecnico was awarded first price at the 2008 L’International des Feux Loto-Québec, an international fireworks competition in Montreal, Canada. A The New York Times interview with president/CEO Stephen Vitale stated, “It’s like the Olympics for us.”
These approaches to the business world exemplify the exact reasons why a city like New Castle is proud to identify itself as the “Fireworks Capital of the World.” The aforementioned family bonds and original ideas, combined with excitement and pride in their work, are four characteristics that help define the citizens of Lawrence County.
According to Memory & Artifact: F is for Fireworks, the first firework displays in New Castle were finales for religious festivals in honor of Catholic saints and biblical figures. With hundreds of the Catholic religious festivals occurring in western Pennsylvania each year, the fireworks companies of New Castle maintained a steady market. As competition increased, they began to expand from the Italian-themed religious festivals into a wider market of events. Soon, fireworks became the staple celebration for holidays such as the Fourth of July, Christmas, and New Year’s Eve. Events such as county fairs, dedication ceremonies, weddings, and sporting events employed fireworks in a celebratory manner. On any given night, there might be a fireworks display in a backyard.
In our country today, fireworks continue to provide major entertainment at local sporting events and county fairs. Firework displays are huge events in most towns and cities on the Fourth of July. Many townships in and around New Castle alternate employing Zambelli Fireworks Internationale or Pyrotecnico every year for its “Fourth of July extravaganza,” supporting both companies that continue to call the city their home.
Each year, New Castle celebrates its Annual Fireworks Festival. The festival is a three- day event where citizens of the city and surrounding communities can gather for fun, food, and of course, fireworks. The pinnacle of the festival occurs on Saturday night when either Zambelli Fireworks Internationale or Pyrotecnico put on a show. Pyrotecnico took the stage in 2010 to prove to the citizens of New Castle their claim to fame.
Although proud to celebrate their hometown roots, Zambelli Fireworks Internationale and Pyrotecnico have gone on to do bigger things. According to The Washington Post, Zambelli Fireworks Internationale presented fireworks for the Kentucky Derby’s annual Thunder Over Louisville. Additionally, in 2008, they participated in the New Year’s Eve celebrations in Times Square. Not to be outdone, Pyrotecnico has provided fireworks for the Democratic National Convention and also for Super Bowl XXXVIII in Houston, Texas.
Through a combination of pride in their work, dedication to safety, and innovation, the successful family-owned businesses of Zambelli Fireworks Internationale and Pyrotecnico allow their resident city of New Castle to proudly identify itself as the “Fireworks Capital of the World.”
The Center would like to thank JoAnn McBride of the Lawrence County Tourist Promotion Agency, Sandy McStay of Zambelli Fireworks, and Lauren Tiura of Pyrotecnico for their assistance with this article.
Sources:
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dbpedia
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0
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https://www.immanuelonthegreen.org/History/history-of-new-castle.html
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en
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History of New Castle
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https://www.immanuelonthegreen.org/History/history-of-new-castle.html
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Immanuel Church on the Green is located in the heart of Old New Castle, a living village of well preserved colonial and federal homes and public buildings. A stroll through New Castle will reveal the original capital of Delaware, the site where William Penn landed in America, as well as beautiful 17th, 18th and 19th century buildings – all within a 7-block walk of the Delaware River.
The Swedes, the Dutch, and the English
The Swedes arrived and built a fort near what is now Wilmington, Delaware, just up the river from New Castle, in 1638. However, the Dutch, believing they had a prior claim to the land, asserted their claim to it by building Fort Casimir in New Castle in 1651. Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant headed the fort and used it to isolate the Swedish settlement. The Swedes retaliated by overtaking the fort and renaming it Fort Trinity. But in 1655, the Dutch regained the fort and once again changed the name of the settlement to New Amstel.
England took the land from the Dutch, and had a firm control of the settlement by 1674, renaming it New Castle.
From Pennsylvania to Delaware
In 1682 the Duke of York handed over a large piece of his American holdings to William Penn. This land included present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware. Penn first landed in America in 1682 and his first step on American soil took place in New Castle, from which he journeyed upriver to found Philadelphia.
But Penn's Quaker government was not favorably viewed by the Dutch, Swedish, and English settlers in Delaware, who almost immediately began petitioning for their own Assembly. They were finally successful in 1704, and New Castle became the capital of the colony. Called Separation Day, this event is celebrated in New Castle every year on the first Saturday in June.
Revolutionary Times
As the colonial capital, New Castle grew in size and stature. Larger houses were constructed, and businesses sprang up to accommodate the judges, lawyers, and other professionals who had business in the capital. As the Revolution drew near, political debates and protests in the colony were centered in New Castle. Several signers of the Declaration of Independence lived in New Castle – one of them, George Read, is buried in the Immanuel cemetery.
Although Delaware was the first state to ratify the Constitution, in December of 1787, it did so in Dover, where the capital had been moved in 1777, rather than New Castle.
The Federal Period and Beyond
After the Revolution, New Castle prospered. Although it was no longer the capital of Delaware, it served as a destination on the first overland turnpike built from the Chesapeake River. Saving a 400-mile trip around the Delaware peninsula, the highway became a central trading route, bringing goods and passengers right to New Castle.
When this prosperity was threatened by the building of a canal to connect the Delaware and Chesapeake rivers, merchants and other businessmen constructed a railroad to cover the route. It opened in 1828, the same year as the canal.
But the small railroad wasn't enough to maintain New Castle's dominance. By 1840, train lines ran between Baltimore and Philadelphia, bypassing the much smaller and less significant city. By the end of the nineteenth century, the county seat was moved to the larger city of Wilmington and New Castle fell into an economic decline.
New Castle Today
Nineteenth-century New Castle's decline meant that many owners of homes could no longer afford to make changes to them, which is why so many buildings have been preserved, especially from the Federal period. When New Castle was "rediscovered" during the Colonial Revival craze in 1920s and 1930s, its buildings were largely unaltered, and remain so today.
Today, strolling the brick sidewalks of New Castle, listening to the church bells and taking in the large green at the center of town, it's possible to imagine what village life must have been like in early nineteenth-century America.
*Source for this history: The New Castle Heritage Trail brochure, published by the Mayor and Council of New Castle and the Historic New Castle Visitors Bureau.
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https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/delaware
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en
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Delaware ‑ Capital, Map & State
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2024-08-06T14:45:01+00:00
|
Delaware, one of the smallest but most densely populated states, was the first of the original 13 colonies to ratify the U.S. Constitution in 1787.
|
en
|
HISTORY
|
https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/delaware
|
Delaware's Native American History
Paleo-Indians inhabited the area now known as Delaware at least 12,000 years ago. Thousands of years later, various Native American tribes, including the Algonquian, Lenape, Nanticoke and others, lived in settled communities, farmed and traded along the region’s waterways.
The Dutch and Swedes arrived in the early 17th century, with the Dutch founding the colony of New Sweden. The region’s name comes from the Delaware River and Delaware Bay, named after Sir Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, an English nobleman who became the first colonial governor of Virginia.
European-introduced diseases, including smallpox and measles, killed many Native Americans in the Delaware Valley, and conflict over land and with the Iroquois Confederacy forced most surviving Lenape to relocate.
Delaware's Colonial History
English Explorer Henry Hudson’s 1609 discovery of Delaware Bay led to European settlements in the area. In 1631, Dutch traders established Zwaanendael (archaic Dutch for "swan valley”) near present-day Lewes, which members of the Lenape tribe destroyed due to cultural misunderstandings. In 1638, Swedish settlers founded Fort Christina, now Wilmington, the first permanent European settlement in Delaware. New Castle, founded in 1651, was another significant settlement, serving as a major colonial port.
The Dutch and Swedes clashed over the territory, leading to the Dutch-Swedish War (1655-1657). The war ended with Dutch control, but the English seized the territory in 1664, incorporating it into the English colony of New York. William Penn gained the land in 1682, putting it under Pennsylvania governance, and in 1703, it was granted its own provincial assembly until 1776, when it became its own colony.
Delaware and the American Revolution
In 1776, during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), Delaware’s delegates were divided on whether to vote for the Declaration of Independence. Famously, Caesar Rodney, elected to serve as the first president of Delaware two years later, rode 70 miles in the rain from Dover to Philadelphia to cast his vote for independence from England.
Delaware’s location along the Atlantic coast made it a strategic asset for trade and military operations during the war. The state contributed troops, including the Delaware Regiment and the “Blue Hen Chicks,” but saw only one Revolutionary War battle in 1777, at the Battle of Cooch’s Bridge.
Following the British defeat, delegates to the Constitutional Convention drafted a new U.S. Constitution, and Delaware was the first state to ratify it on December 7, 1787.
Delaware and the Civil War
A border state, Delaware was a slave state in 1861, divided between its northern and the southern population, much like the nation. However, it remained in the Union during the Civil War (1861-1865). When asked to join the Confederate cause, Delaware Governor William Burton said, “As the first state to join the Union, Delaware will be the last state to leave it.”
Fort Delaware became a significant site during the war, holding Confederate prisoners, and nearly 12,000 Delawareans fought for the Union Army, while approximately 2,000 joined the Confederacy.
Wilmington’s Quaker population played a crucial role in the Underground Railroad, helping enslaved people escape to freedom. However, despite the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, slavery continued in Delaware until the 13th Amendment was ratified in 1865. Delaware enforced Jim Crow laws into the late 1960s.
Delaware's Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth
Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, Delaware saw waves of immigration, particularly from Ireland, Germany and Italy, as people sought work in the state’s growing industries, which played an important role in the American Industrial Revolution.
Among the most notable was French immigrant Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours, founder of the gunpowder-producing DuPont company founded near Wilmington in 1802. DuPont expanded, developing innovations such as nylon, neoprene, Teflon, Mylar, Kevlar, Lycra, Styrofoam and more, and remains in Wilmington as one of the nation’s oldest companies.
The state was key in shipbuilding, gunpowder production, and later chemical manufacturing. It is home to the first automated flour mills and the invention of the high-pressure steam engine. Agricultural output in Delaware includes poultry, dairy products, corn and soybeans.
Delaware’s industries were crucial in supplying materials during both World Wars. Post-war, the state’s economy diversified into finance and corporate services, with Wilmington becoming a hub for credit card banking and corporate headquarters.
Delaware Quick Facts
Date of Statehood: December 7, 1787
Capital: Dover
Population: 989,948 (2020 U.S. Census)
Size: 1,949 square miles
Nickname: The First State
Motto: Liberty and Independence
Tree: American Holly
Flower: Peach Blossom
Bird: Delaware Blue Hen
Delaware Interesting Facts
Delaware is home to twice as many chickens as people.
The state has three counties (the fewest of any state): New Castle to the North, Kent in the center and Sussex to the South.
Delaware does not have a state sales tax.
The News Journal, one of the nation’s oldest newspapers, was established in 1785.
The Delaware Bay is home to the world’s largest horseshoe crab population.
Notable Delaware residents have included U.S. President Joe Biden, Howard Pyle, author of The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, Dr. Henry Heimlich of the Heimlich Maneuver, and astronomer Annie Jump Cannon.
The official state song is “Our Delaware.”
Delaware is the second-smallest state in the country, measuring 96 miles long and 35 miles wide.
The nation’s first commercially produced ice cream was made in the state in 1851.
Peach pie has been the official state dessert since 2009.
In addition to “The First State,” Delaware is also known as the “Blue Hen State” (after a Revolutionary War regiment), “The Diamond State” (Thomas Jefferson reportedly called Delaware a “jewel”), and “Small Wonder” (owing to its small land mass but large contributions).
Sources
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Find Newcastles around the World
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2011-11-15T11:41:06+00:00
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There are over 100 different Newcastles around the world. This section list the Newcastles and provides information for many of them. In just two minutes you can travel the world to see the location of many of them - many thanks to Out of the Square Media agency in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia for this great film.…
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https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
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https://newcastlesoftheworld.com/list-of-newcastles/
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Castelnuovo Belbi
Castelnuovo Berardenga
Castelnuovo Bozzente
Castelnovo del Fruili
Castelnovo Di Sotto
Castelnovo Ne’Monti
Castelnovo (Trento)
Castelnuovo Bocca D’Adda
Castelnuovo Bormida
Castelnuovo Calcea
Castelnuovo Cilento
Castelnuovo del Garda
Castelnuova della Daunia
Castelnuovo di Ceva
Castelnuovo di Conza
Castelnuovo Di Farfa
Castelnuovo di Garfagnana
Castelnuovo di Porto
Castlenuovo Rangone, Italy
Castelnuovo di Val di Cecina
Castelnuovo don Bosco
Castlenuovo Magra
Castlenuovo Nigra
Castelnuovo Parano
Castelnuovo Scrivia
Republic of Ireland
Newcastle West , County Limerick in place
Newcastle, County Dublin , town in South County Dublin
Newcastle, County Galway
Newcastle, County Tipperary
Newcastle, County Wicklow , town in County Wicklow
Newcastle, Oldcastle, County Meath
England
Newcastle, Herefordshire
Newcastle, Shropshire (Newcastle on Clun), town in the district of South Shropshire
Wales
Little Newcastle (Casnewydd-Bach), Pembrokeshire
Newcastle, Bridgend , Glamorgan
Newcastle Emlyn , Ceredigion place between (Cardiganshire) and Carmarthenshire
Newcastle, Monmouthshire , town in Monmouthshire
Scotland – Newcastleton
Northern Ireland – Newcastle, County Down
U.S.A.
New Castle, Alabama, Jefferson County
Newcastle, Arkansas, Johnson Township
Newcastle, California, city in Placer County
New Castle, Colorado, in Garfield County Municipality
New Castle Hundred, a unified district in New Castle County, Delaware
New Castle, Delaware, city of New Castle County – and County of New Castle
New Castle, Illinois, Carrier Mills Township
New Castle, Kentucky, city in Henry County
Newcastle, Maine, town in Lincoln County – part of Damariscotta-Newcastle
New Castle, Missouri, Jefferson Township
Newcastle, Nebraska , city in Dixon County
New Castle, New Hampshire , city in Rockingham County
New Castle, New York , town in Westchester County
Newcastle Township, Coshocton County, Ohio, city in Coshocton County
New Castle, Ohio, Belmont County
Newcastle, Oklahoma, city in McClain County
New Castle, North Carolina, Wilkes County
New Castle Township, Pennsylvania, in Schuylkill County town
South Newcastle, Pennsylvania, Lawrence County
Newcastle, Texas, city in Young County
Newcastle, Utah, a unified district in Iron County
New Castle, Virginia, town in Craig County
Newcastle, Washington State, city in King County
Newcastle, Wyoming, city in Weston County
Canada – Newcastle, New Brunswick , a district in the Canadian city Miramichi
Jamaica – Newcastle
Barbados – Newcastle
Saint Kitts and Nevis – Newcastle, St. Kitts and Nevis , town on the northern part of the island of Nevis
India – Pudukkottai – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudukkottai in Pudukkottai District https://pudukkottai.nic.in/ part of Tamil Nadu state
also Hoskote in Bangalore Rural District, in Karnatakka state – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoskote https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/
Afghanistan – Qal’eh-ye Now
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https://ncccc.com/
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New Castle County Chamber of Commerce
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JOIN THE CHAMBER Let us become your trusted business partner. Get connected to an established business community that is committed to accelerating your business growth! Explore Membership Attend an Event Grow your business with us. For over 100 years, Delaware businesses have leveraged the New Castle County Chamber of Commerce to build awareness, grow revenue,…
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en
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New Castle County Chamber of Commerce
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https://ncccc.com/
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Membership Benefits
As a member of the Chamber, businesses can improve and increase their visibility, public perception, connections and networks, education, and much more!
Education & Events
The Chamber hosts over 100 networking, large conferences, and live interactive workshops focus on sales, marketing, leadership, business organization and operations led by industry and subject matter experts.
Advocacy
As your partner, the Chamber works to minimize the legislative and regulatory burden on your company, and foster a sound economic environment in our county and state. We speak as a unified voice for the business community to elected and appointed officials.
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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/delaware-declares-independence
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Delaware declares independence
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[
"Missy Sullivan"
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2009-11-13T15:28:54+00:00
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On June 15, 1776, the Assembly of the Lower Counties of Pennsylvania declares itself independent of British and Pennsylvanian authority, thereby creating the state of Delaware. Delaware did not exist as a colony under British rule. As of 1704, Pennsylvania had two colonial assemblies: one for the “Upper Counties,” originally Bucks, Chester and Philadelphia, and […]
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HISTORY
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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/delaware-declares-independence
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On June 15, 1776, the Assembly of the Lower Counties of Pennsylvania declares itself independent of British and Pennsylvanian authority, thereby creating the state of Delaware.
Delaware did not exist as a colony under British rule. As of 1704, Pennsylvania had two colonial assemblies: one for the “Upper Counties,” originally Bucks, Chester and Philadelphia, and one for the “Lower Counties on the Delaware” of New Castle, Kent and Sussex. All of the counties shared one governor.
Thomas McKean and Caesar Rodney, the same two men who represented the Lower Counties in the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, proposed the Lower Counties’ simultaneous separation from Pennsylvania and the British crown. McKean and Rodney, along with George Read, represented the Lower Counties at the First Continental Congress in 1774 as well as the Second Continental Congress in 1775-76. When Read refused to vote for independence, McKean had famously summoned an ailing Rodney, who rode overnight from Dover, Delaware, to Philadelphia in order to cast his vote in favor of independence and break the Delaware delegation’s stalemate.
McKean and Rodney were punished for their zealous pursuit of independence in an area heavily populated by Loyalists. The first Delaware General Assembly, a body that owed its existence to McKean and Rodney, chose not to return them to the Continental Congress in October 1776. But, after Wilmington, Delaware, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, fell under British occupation, the second General Assembly returned the two Patriots to the Continental Congress in October 1777. Both men went on to serve as president of the state of Delaware. Rodney held the post from March 31, 1778, to November 6, 1781. McKean served briefly as the acting president from September 22 until October 20, 1777, while George Read traveled from Philadelphia to assume the post, left vacant by John McKinly’s capture by British troops.
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https://www.amazon.com/Walking-Tour-Castle-Delaware-America-ebook/dp/B00280LP9A
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Amazon.com
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https://dehistory.org/learn/delaware-facts/
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What state has more chickens than humans?
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2020-11-29T01:07:27+00:00
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Delaware State Facts. Learn more about Delaware and explore the rest of the website to find out how you can be a part of Delaware history!
|
en
|
Delaware Historical Society
|
https://dehistory.org/learn/delaware-facts/
|
About Delaware
Facts About the State of Delaware
Delaware may be the second smallest state in the USA, but it certainly packs a punch when it comes to its rich history and fascinating facts. Known as the “First State,” Delaware played a vital role in the founding of the United States, with its residents signing the Declaration of Independence and Constitution. From its colonial beginnings to its modern-day charm, Delaware has plenty of stories to tell.
Learn more about Delaware Historical Society
Buildings of DHS
Coloring Book
Discover Delaware
Primary Source Packet
Speaking of Delaware…
on YouTube
DHS’ African American
Resource Guide
About Delaware Historical Society
Delaware Historical Society is a non-profit organized dedicated to preserving Delaware history. Explore our website to learn more. Sign up for emails, follow us on Social Media, and support us however you can.
Our Delaware
Remixed by Vince Comegys-Davis, Street Xpressions Dance & Art Academy
https://dehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/DHS-2_7_20-10.27-AM.m4a
“Our Delaware” is the official state song of Delaware. Originally a poem with three verses representing each of the 3 counties, written by George Beswick Hynson in 1904, “Our Delaware” became the state song in 1925, the musical score composed by Will M. S. Brown.
Little State, Big History
Why did the chicken cross I-95? To find their 1,999,999 friends on the other side of course! Delaware has 2 million chickens spread out across all three counties of the second smallest state. As a result of Delaware ranking third most bike-friendly, you might bike past a field and say look at all those chickens!
The Diamond State is a jewel of a place to live with 974,000 people calling it home. When you visit the First State, be sure to call home and say “Hi, I’m in Delaware.”
Scroll to learn more Delaware state facts and explore the rest of the website to find out how you can be a part of Delaware history!
Delaware Nicknames
First State
The first to ratify the Constitution.
Diamond State
Legend has it that Thomas Jefferson called Delaware a “jewel” among the states because of its strategic location along the East Coast.
Blue Hen State
One form of entertainment during the Revolutionary War for Delaware soldiers was cock fighting. It was so popular that Delaware Soldiers brought their own Blue Hens with them during their stay in the army. The Blue Hen was noted for its fighting ability, and because of their bravery, the men of Captain Jonathan Caldwell’s company were soon compared to this breed.
Small Wonder
Home of Tax-Free Shopping
Corporate Capital
Chemical Capital
How big is Delaware?
2,488.1
square miles
96
miles long
35
miles wide
Delaware State Facts FAQ
How did Delaware become a state?
Delaware declared its independence from Great Britain on June 15, 1776 and thereby also became independent of Pennsylvania with which it had been connected since 1682. Delaware was the first to ratify the U.S. Constitution and thus became known as the “First State.”
What's Delaware's Flag?
Delaware adopted the current state flag on July 24, 1913. The state seal is enclosed in a buff diamond on a colonial blue background. Below the diamond is printed “December 7, 1787,” the date that Delaware ratified the U.S. Constitution and became the first state.
What's the capital of Delaware?
Dover, named by William Penn for Dover in Kent, England, is the capital of Delaware.
What are the counties of Delaware?
Delaware has 3 counties: New Castle (northern Delaware), Kent (center of Delaware, 11 miles south of Dover), and Sussex (downstate, the largest county, measuring 950 square miles).
How did Delaware get its name?
In 1610 explorer Samuel Argall named the Delaware River and Bay for the governor of Virginia, Thomas West, Lord De La Warr. The state of Delaware takes its name from the river and bay.
What's Delaware's government?
Delaware’s government consists of the General Assembly, made up of a Senate and House of Representatives, the Governor, and the judiciary.
Delaware State Facts Flashcards
State Bird
Blue Hen
Named in February 1939 after the “Fighting Blue Hens” the mascot of Delaware Revolutionary War soldiers.
State Butterfly
Tiger Swallowtail (Pterourus glaucus)
Adopted June 10, 1999.
State Flower
Peach Blossom
Adopted on May 9, 1895. Beginning in the early 1800s, Delaware became a leading producer of peaches until a blight called “the yellows” destroyed the orchards in the late 1800s.
State Fruit
Strawberry
Adopted as the state fruit in 2010.
State Herb
Sweet Golden Rod
Adopted June 24, 1996 and indigenous to Delaware. Found throughout the state along coastal areas and by marshes.
State Insect
Ladybug
Adopted April 25, 1974, after state schoolchildren petitioned the General Assembly.
State Tree
Holly American
Adopted on May 1,1939. During the late nineteenth century until the 1930s, Sussex County became the leading supplier of holly, used for Christmas decorations and wreaths.
State Fish
Weakfish
Also known as the sea trout or the yellow fin trout, the weak fish was adopted as state fish in 1981, in recognition of sport fishing’s recreational and economic standing in the state of Delaware.
State Beverage
Milk
Adopted on June 3, 1983.
State Colors
Colonial blue and buff
Representing the uniform of General George Washington.
State Shell
Shell of the channeled whelk
Adopted in May 2014.
State Marine Animal
Horseshoe Crab
Adopted on June 25, 2002.
Browse Our Collections
By clicking the image above, a new tab will open to the website for the Lenape Tribe of Delaware.
Land Acknowledgement
We begin by acknowledging with respect, that we gather today in Lenapehoking, traditional homeland of the Lenape people for tens of thousands of years. Sometimes translated “Original People,” the Lenape were known as mediators and called “The Grandfathers”. Encompassing the Delaware River Basin, Lenapehokink includes present-day New Jersey, most of Delaware, the Eastern parts of New York and Pennsylvania, and was home to 20,000 Lenape.
Resources
Search DHS collections to learn more about the history of Indigenous Peoples in Delaware
Visit the Delaware History Museum and Mitchell Center for African American Heritage to see the “One State, Many Stories” exhibition
Download the Lenape and Settlers in New Sweden primary source packet
Additional Reading
“A Guide to Indigenous Land Acknowledgement” (Native Governance Center)
“So you began your event with an Indigenous land acknowledgment. Now what?” (NPR)
“Honoring Original Indigenous Inhabitants: Land Acknowledgment” (Museum of the American Indian)
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https://www.pbs.org/video/flavors-of-the-first-state-delaware-a52xfj/
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en
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Flavors of the First State - Delaware
|
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2023-12-07T00:00:00
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Chef Walter Staib explores Delaware’s pivotal role in American history.
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en
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PBS.org
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https://www.pbs.org/video/flavors-of-the-first-state-delaware-a52xfj/
|
[Heroic music] [Walter] Despite its small size, Delaware played a gigantic role in American history.
Like a tiny but mighty spark that ignites a roaring flame, Delaware's impact on American culture and politics cannot be understated.
From the early days of the Dutch and the Swedish settlements in the 17th century, to the crucial battles of the Revolutionary War, Delaware has always been at the forefront of American history.
And what better way to connect with Delaware's heritage than through its food?
So come with us as we cook up some delicious recipes and discover the many ways the first state has left its mark on American history.
All this for A Taste of History.
[Narrator] This program is made possible by.
Pasture-raised Australian beef and lamb, adding variety into your weekly meals or unique touch for your next celebration.
Widely available at your local market.
For recipes and more, we're at aussiebeefandlamb.com [Piano music] [Mike] The New Castle Historical Society, we started as an organization to save the building that's right behind me, the Amstel House.
This was the home of a man named Nicholas Van Dyke, who was governor of Delaware during the Revolution.
Another house called the Dutch House, where we talk about New Castle's earliest period.
Then we have another building called the Old Library Museum, where we do changing exhibits on New Castle history.
Really, the whole town of New Castle is a living museum, so it's a fantastic place to work, a fantastic place to visit.
[Fire burning] [Karen] Chef Staib, welcome.
We're so excited to have you here at the Amstel House today.
I hope you're going to enjoy spending some time cooking period recipes from the 18th century and 17th century.
[Walter] Karen, it's my honor to be here.
I'm always enamored with anybody that does such a great job on restoring buildings as such and also your entire town, it's like me just walking back to the 18th century.
[Karen] Our cooking will represent all three of the countries that were in charge of New Castle at one time or anothe [Walter] Karen, see what it says here?
[Karen] A Taste of History!
[Walter] That's what we are all about.
[Karen] Let's do it, Chef.
So our first recipe up is our 'Scollop Tomatos' from Mary Randolph.
[Walter] Honestly, I love tomatoes in any form I can get my hands on it.
[Karen] We didn't use them initially because people were getting sick after eating them and they thought that it was the tomato when in fact, it was really a reaction of the acid to the lead, either in the pewter or the glaze from redware.
[Walter] For sure the pewter because it oxidizes really quick absolutely.
You know, I used to run a big restaurant in Philadelphia and we served everything that pewter.
And the one thing we did not serve on pewter was our sliced tomatoes.
[Karen] So people stayed away from tomatoes for a while but you were explaining to me how they were encouraged to try them.
[Walter] Well, our president at the time, Thomas Jefferson, made sure that he served tomatoes all the time in the White House.
And then afterwards, obviously, in Monticello.
So you're right, there was a misunderstanding.
And it's just was a strange vegetable at the time.
What would be America without tomatoes?
We would have no pizza!
[Karen] We would not have any pizza.
We wouldn't have any BLT's, we wouldn't have all of our favorite things.
And we're just going to kind of layer them up.
[Walter] It's some beautiful tomatoes.
[Karen] Each layer then will get a layer of seasoning, salt and pepper, bread crumbs.
[Walter] Nothing would ever be wasted.
So obviously, any bread that got stale, they would make it into breadcrumbs.
[Karen] It was very labor intensive in the kitchen.
[Walter] Matter of fact, in Monticello, you had the kitchen help literally sleeping on top of flour bags right next to the kitchen so they could maintain the temperature of the oven.
So there may have been 15 or 20 different courses times three.
So think about the amount of prep work, the amount of detail that has to happen.
[Karen] And then a little bit of, or a lot of butter.
[Laughing] [Walter] You know what's also good about this dish here?
It's a nice vegetarian dish.
Delicious eating.
[Karen] It absolutely is.
[Walter] In the 18th century, there was a lot of vegetarian.
Not by design, why?
Because protein was sometimes difficult to get.
So meat may be eaten once in a household a week, and the rest was all vegetarian.
[Karen] I think that we are about to set here.
- Yep.
[Walter] Now just would have been a side dish that would have been served with many other dishes, but it's very, very simple.
Here, what Karen is doing she's preparing a dutchie, with a griddle in there, and she's going to put it in the dutchie and on the fire it goes.
[Karen] Maybe 40 minutes, 45.
[Walter] If you had a working beehive, it could go now in the beehive.
[Sounds of the ocean] [Narrator] The Dutch were the first European nation to establish a settlement in the Delaware Valley in 1614, which they eventually named New Netherland.
Originally home to the native Lenni-Lenape tribes, this colony's primary purpose was to control trade and commerce along the river, particularly in beaver pelts, which were used to make highly fashionable hats in Europe at the time.
However, the Dutch weren't the only European power interested in the region.
[Walter] In 1638, the Swedish established their own colony right here in present day Wilmington, Delaware.
And called it New Sweden.
[Mike] The Swedes and the Dutch, they both believed that they had rights to this area.
One of the things that caused a boiling point, so to speak, was the Dutch decided to establish Fort Casimir in 1651, right here where New Castle is today.
Just a little bit south of Wilmington.
Ships that were coming upriver would reach Fort Casimir first.
So that put the Dutch squarely in control of traffic along the Delaware River.
[Narrator] The Dutch eventually conquered New Sweden and governed the area for the next decade until 1664, when the British seized control.
[Mike] A little less than 20 years later, another Englishman shows up on the scene.
His name is William Penn.
I almost think that at that point, people that were living in the area would wake up on the morning and say, okay, who's in control now?
Is it the Dutch?
Is that the Swedes?
Is the English?
In 1682, when Penn arrived here, what is now today, the state of Delaware was originally part of the colony of Pennsylvania, and we were just referred to at that point as the three lower counties on Delaware.
[Flutes playing] [Narrator] The next century was marked by shifting alliances and political landscapes as the American Revolution began With independence on the minds of all of the British colonies.
A delegate from Delaware named Thomas McKean had been working behind the scenes to rally support for not only breaking away from British rule, but also for creating an independent state separate from Pennsylvania.
On June 13th, 1776, the Delaware Colonial Assembly met at the New Castle courthouse and unanimously voted in favor of separation.
[Tapping the wood floor] [Mke] So from 1776, the war continues until 1783.
At that point the original colonies, now states, they all have to make decisions on whether or not they're willing to work under this new national governing law.
Geographically, places like Virginia and Pennsylvania are much larger in space.
If you're basing your representation on population.
Delaware is at a disadvantage.
But the Constitution evened that out a little bit for them, and that's what they were interested in.
[Narrator] On December 7th, 1787, a modest tavern named the Golden Fleece served as the hallowed ground where a select group of 30 elected delegates congregated and officially ratified the U.S. Constitution, marking the beginning of a new era in governance and democracy and cementing Delaware's place in American history as the first state.
And it has been celebrated for its role in shaping the nation ever since.
[Orchestra music] [Walter] Spicy corn relish is one of my favorite dishes.
Why?
[Karen] Well, you created it!
[Walter] No, no!
It's not just because of that.
Just envision months and months and months of nothing fresh and no color.
Spicy corn relish, it's so visually appealing between, you know, scalloped tomatoes that are cooking right now, the corn relish I thought was a perfect complement.
What we're going to do, we're going to bring this corn over.
You boiled it for me, it's sitting right there.
I'll strain it up over here.
I'm from Germany as you know.
And the only way that I knew corn would be the little tiny corn cappets that are marinated.
[Karen] Oh, my goodness.
- We don't eat corn.
[Walter] Corn is to feed the chickens and the animals.
Until much later when I came to this country, and I saw corn meal and different recipes with corn.
Now you're going to put the corn right in there.
Onion, you got a little bit of pepper green, a little bit of red.
So now we're going to make a little mix here of that.
A little bit of thyme.
You could do me a favor on that, just pull it and throw it right in there.
So we've got some chive here.
This smell is wonderful, we've got the thyme going and the chives.
[Walter] All right.
Next one over here.
Now we've got a green onion.
[Chopping] I don't need it all, just about like that.
It takes plenty of salt because the corn itself doesn't have any much salt in there.
Pepper, spicy pepper, cumin.
I'm pouring a little extra virgin olive oil in there.
And then you have the rice wine vinegar.
I recommend you put it in your refrigerator for about a half an hour, because what happens is the corn has a tendency to absorb all that.
The only thing it gets.
- Cilantro.
[Walter] For the final flavor.
Oh, yeah.
[Karen] It is absolutely stunning.
[Laughing] [Karen] Awesome.
[Walter] But honestly, let it sit for half hour and then retest it.
[Karen] Okay.
Chef, I think we better check our tomatoes.
[Walter] Oh, yeah.
Perfect.
Two dishes down, two to go.
Let's put this there.
Let's put this one over here.
You did a good job.
Perfect portion.
[Karen] If I'm not mistaken.
[Walter] Yep, you got it.
- Right in the center.
[Walter] Did your homework.
[Orchestra music] [Walter] Oh.
Oh.
To die for, the butter the flavor of the tomato.
And look how simple and how beautiful.
Because you know what?
Less is always better.
Now, try this with a little bit of of corn relish.
[Karen] This, I can't wait to dig into.
[Walter] Oh.
Oh, I can't believe it.
Oh, a marriage made in heaven those two together.
[Upbeat music] [Walter] I'm visiting the Copeland Maritime Center in Wilmington, Delaware, where they have a full scale replica of the Kalmar Nyckel, a historic ship that played such a crucial role in the early history of Delaware and United States.
[Sam] Walter, welcome to the Kalmar Nyckel Foundation and the Copeland Maritime Center.
[Walter] Sam, I'm honored to be here and to experience this unbelievable place.
The Kalmar Nyckel was central to the history of Sweden, and also what would become the state of Delaware.
It was chosen by the New Sweden company and the chancellor of Sweden to be the flagship to launch this new colony all the way across the Atlantic in North America.
First there were Swedes, then the Dutch, and then the British correct?
[Sam] Yes, well, actually, the Dutch were here first, but they didn't put a permanent settlement.
So the Swedes had the first permanent settlement called Fort Christina.
It was a trading fort put right here 200 yards upstream.
And it was the first permanent European settlement in the entire Delaware Valley.
So the first log cabins in American history on American soil were built by the Swedes and the Finns in Fort Christina n 1638.
Peter Minuit, the commander of the expedition, had been here before.
He was the one that had been the director of the New Netherland Colony, knew all the strategic reasons that this might be a great place to start a new colony for the international fur trade that would compete with the Dutch and the English.
And then knew that the Dutch, they had perfected their claims in New Amsterdam and the Hudson, what they called the North River, but not here in the South River, that they hadn't gotten around to purchasing the land from the native Lenape.
So he used that insider knowledge to come in, set up shop, set up a new colony, and make the purchase treaties with the various Lenape tribes.
[Walter] Fort Christina was relatively short-lived too right?
[Sam] It survived the Dutch takeover in 1655 and it surrendered peacefully.
[Walter] No bloodshed?
- No bloodshed.
[Sam] It was a peaceful surrender.
But they also negotiated favorable terms that allowed the Swedes to remain and keep their property and their farms and their homes.
And many of the Swedes stayed in the Delaware Valley and they were here and they were part of the revolutionary generation.
One of the signers of the Declaration was a Swedish immigrant.
The Swedish colony reminds us the multicultural, multinational effort on the North American seaboard.
That's one element of the story that we can get across in ways that Plymouth or Jamestown can't [Acoustic guitar strumming] [Karen] So our next recipe is going to be To Stew Codfish.
And we've brought Erica in to help us out here because we've got a couple of different things going in its preparation.
This is a Dutch recipe.
Very few ingredients, but all put together comes out to be a very lovely dish.
One of the things that it uses is Rusk.
Rusk is a very, very hard [Tapping on wood] ship biscuit, basically.
[Walter] So it's like a relative of the hardtack.
[Karen] Yes, exactly.
[Walter] You know what's really interesting, there are two components that were expensive already then, lemon and mace, because mace is the outer emblem of the nutmeg that gets dried and then gets ground like what you have there.
It's used a lot in baking, but honestly, me, I have never seen it with cod so it's going to be very interesting.
[Karen] In the recipe it says, take thick slices.
How do you think we should set this up?
[Walter] Okay, as a Chef for many, many years, I would not slice it.
I would fold it over.
Cod is so delicate that if you cut it it's going to fall apart.
It's a very flakey fish.
Very tasty, but very flaky.
So I would do it like that.
Me, my recommendation would be, put the seasoning on the inside.
A little salt.
Here I go.
Okay.
Salt, pepper and a very precious mace, which is like very-- I can hardly wait for you to cook that, because it's going to be a very, very interesting flavor profile that the mace will give.
So then I would just take, like so.
[Tapping the dutchie] There we go, yeah.
[Karen] So Erica is going to get started by getting that rusk all crumbled down for us.
[Crumbling bread] [Walter] So do the same thing one more time here.
The skin part on the inside it holds together.
Salt, black pepper, and the mace.
You could use any kind of fish.
Most likely for me, I would recommend, the firmer the fish, the easier to get it out later.
And now comes the water.
[Karen] Water.
That's good.
And then our rusk.
And then we're going to get our coal set.
[Walter] And there we go.
That's what makes it nice because the heat on the top will make the rusk a little more crispy even.
[Karen] Mhmm.
[Walter] Cooking it the old fashioned way, it be more like 20 minutes or thereabouts.
If you would do it in a modern oven at maybe four and a quarter, 8 minutes.
[Soft piano music] [Walter] Wow!
And the flavor.
Look at that.
It's done when you're able to penetrate all the way through and it comes out off with ease.
There you go.
The addition of the citrus from the lemon obviously will take this right over the top.
No question about it.
I've never done this dish, or cooked with mace.
Let's see here.
I've never had this flavor and I've been cooking for many, many years.
It's very unique.
[Karen] And it's buttery.
[Walter] I mean, I learned something today, seriously, in New Castle I really did.
This is a hell of a great dish.
It shows you that after all the years I've been cooking, I always find something new, like today.
And God knows I had to find it right here, in New Castle, Delaware.
Think about it.
[Karen] Thank you, chef.
[Energetic orchestra music] [Walter] The journey across the Atlantic was a treacherous one, with passengers facing a host of dangers.
Surviving the journey required not only physical endurance, but a range of specialized tools and skills and a sturdy ship.
[Energetic orchestra music] [Walter] Captain.
[Lauren] Hi, welcome aboard, Chef.
Welcome to the Kalmar Nyckel.
My name's Captain Lauren and it's great to have you here today.
[Walter] What does it feel like, first of all, to be able to sail that treasure?
And what are the challenges for you?
[Lauren] So we have so many more resources available to us now.
Good weather forecasting, electronic navigation.
But operating a ship like this still requires an incredible amount of manpower with a significant amount of training and teamwork.
It's a lot of time and effort and dedication to make that work.
So I know about cooking, but I surely don't know how to operate a beautiful ship like that.
[Lauren] I am not much of a cook but I do know how to navigate.
[Laughing] [Lauren] In the 17th century to estimate how far you had traveled across the ocean.
We use this device.
It's called a chip log.
If you would like to be the ocean.
Yeah.
Okay.
I'm going to throw the chip into the ocean.
We turn the timer, and for 6 seconds, this string runs out, the timer runs out, and we say stop.
And we grab the string.
And then as we pull it back aboard, there are little knots tied in the twine.
And we count them.
So each of those knots represents a nautical mile per hour of the ship's speed.
If you're going four knots and you've been doing that for one hour, you know that you've gone four nautical miles.
But the origin of that term is from these knots that are in this twine.
- That's really interesting.
[Lauren] The other half of the game, of course, is the compass.
So if you know how far you've gone, that's helpful.
But you also need to know which direction you're going.
[Walter] I can't even drive to the store without using the GPS and look at them.
They're out there in the big old ocean.
When you look around, all you see is water.
There is no way to see anything.
There's no landmarks.
- Yeah, exactly.
[Lauren] This is a magnetic compass, somewhat more modern than the one they would have had back then.
But the concept is also ancient, right?
Even the Greeks had lodestone or magnet compasses.
The compass points toward the North magnetic pole.
Every half hour when they streamed the chip log, they would also make note of which direction they had been steering.
What they could do is take one of these pegs.
Even in the first half hour, using the inner ring, they put a peg in the direction that the ship had been sailing.
So maybe it was Southwest.
And then in the second half hour, a little bit of a wind shift and they were going maybe a point more south than before.
At the end of eight of those half hours, the four hour watch, the officer could take all this information and transfer it into the log book.
[Walter] I see a lot of new things but today you actually wowed me.
[Lauren] Thank you so much for coming, Chef, and come back anytime.
[Soft piano music] [Karen] So our last recipe for today, Chef, is macaroons.
It's a recipe from Hannah Glasse And they're just as delicious today as they were back then.
[Walter] So did you ever cook anything inexpensive here?
I see almonds, I see eggs, I see sugar.
All this stuff was relatively expensive for the time.
[Karen] And just like our last recipe with the spices, the mace and the lemon, we are able yes, to use all of these foodstuffs because it was an upper class Gentile household.
And so this would have been expected in a household like this.
So this is what you're going to see right out of the shell.
And then they would have to be blanched and dried and chopped.
The first thing we're going to do, Erica is going to separate three eggs and start whipping whites.
So the egg white is going to make it to puff up.
And after it is baked, it gives it that chewy consistency.
And then you have the crunch from the ground almond and it's just a mouthful of sweet, chewy goodness.
[Walter] There's lots of natural fat in the almond that comes out.
So basically, your egg white is a natural binder that combines it all together.
If you wouldn't have that it'd never stick together.
[Karen] All we have to do really for this recipe is to mix up our almonds, equal weight of sugar.
[Walter] Oh, gosh!
[Karen chuckling] [Karen] It just has to come together.
The sugar starts to melt down a little bit, breaks things down.
So you have a nice thick paste.
And then all we do is form them onto mounds on our tin.
We're going to only use one or two here because they tend to get very puffed up in the oven.
[Walter] For the people that watch it at home, they're going to say, this is a macaroon?
What has she been drinking today?
That's what they look like until much later when the macaroon became smaller and more fluffy.
So now I have to get our last oven together and ready to go.
[Walter] How much time on that?
[Karen] In a regular oven it's 10 minutes.
They're done.
[Piano music] [Walter] Wow!
You're fantastic.
I mean, look at that.
[Karen] They're wonderful aren't they?
[Walter] You know what it tells me?
Eat me.
[Karen] Yes.
Well, I have some for you.
Check it out.
[Walter] Oh, golly.
You're an artist.
Let's try some macaroons.
Let me bite in there.
I have my eye on it.
[Crunch] Mhmmm.
One of Hannah Glasse's.
better recipes, no question about it.
[Karen] Agreed.
[Walter] I don't want to know how many calories are in there, not important, or how much it costs.
But it's beautiful.
[Energetic strings] Obviously, Delaware has changed over time.
What hasn't changed, their commitment to a cuisine like I experienced today with those two lovely ladies, really digging deep to the recipe vocabulary of the 18th century.
All this for A Taste of History!
[Narrator] This program is made possible by.
Pasture-raised Australian beef and lamb, adding variety into your weekly meals or unique touch for your next celebration.
Widely available at your local market.
For recipes and more, we're at aussiebeefandlamb.com Viewers can find DVD's and cookbooks at atasteofhistory.org including the all new A Taste of History Cookbook, complete with step by step instructions of recipes seen on the show.
Exclusive content can be found on A Taste of History's Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube pages.
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New Castle County Delaware Genealogy and History
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New Castle County, Delaware
Genealogy and History
Volunteers Dedicated to Free Genealogy
History
(Source: Wikipedia.org and "NEW YORK: Atlas of Historical County Boundaries" by Kathryn Ford Thorne and John H. Long.)
The first permanent settlement on Delaware soil was Fort Christina, resulting from Peter Minuet's 1638 expedition in the Kalmar Nyckel. The town was laid out where Wilmington presently exists, and the land contracted with the Indians consisted of Old Cape Henlopen north to Sankikans (Trenton Falls), and inland as far as they desired. However, a dispute ensued between the Swedes and the Dutch, who stated they had prior claim to that land.
In 1640, New Sweden was founded a few miles south of Christina, and in 1644, Queen Christina appointed Lt. Col. Johan Printz as Governor of New Sweden. She directed boundaries to be set and to reach Cape Henlopen north along the west side of Godyn's Bay (Delaware Bay), up the South River (Delaware River), past Minquas Kill (Christina River), to Sankikans (Trenton Falls). Printz settled on Tinicum Island, making it the seat of government and capital of New Sweden.
Peter Stuyvesant, Governor of New Netherland, sailed up the South River in 1651. He purchased land from the Indians that covered Minquas Kill to Bompties Hook (Bombay Hook), part of this purchase had already been sold to the Swedes in 1638. Stuyvesant, unaware of any dishonesty, began to build Fort Casimir (contemporary New Castle).
In 1654, John Rising, Commissary and Councilor to the Governor Lt. Col. Printz, officially assumed Printz's duties and began to extricate all Dutch from New Sweden. Fort Casimir surrendered and was renamed Fort Trinity in 1654. The Swedes were now in complete possession of the west side of the Delaware River. On June 21, 1654, the Indians met with the Swedes to reaffirm the purchase.
The Dutch, having learned of the fall of Fort Casimir, sent Stuyvesant to drive the Swedes from both sides of the river. Only the Dutch were allowed to settle in the area and on August 31, 1655, the territory was converted back to Fort Casimir. Consequently, Fort Christina fell on September 15th and New Netherland ruled once again. John Paul Jacquet was immediately appointed Governor, making New Amstel the capital of the Dutch-controlled colony.
As payment for regaining the territory, Dutch West India Company conveyed land from the south side of Christina Kill to Bombay Hook, and as far west as Minquas land. This land was known as the Colony of The City. On December 22, 1663, the Dutch transferred property rights to the territory along the Delaware River to England. In 1664, the Duke of York, James, was granted this land by King Charles II. One of the first acts by the Duke was to order removal of all Dutch from New Amsterdam; the name was then changed from New Amstel to New Castle. In 1672, the town of New Castle was incorporated and English law ordered. However, in 1673, the Dutch attacked the territory, reclaiming it for their own.
On September 12, 1673, the Dutch established New Amstel in present-day Delaware, fairly coterminous with today's New Castle County. The establishment was not stable, however, and it was transferred to the British under the Treaty Of Westminster on February 9, 1674.
On November 6, 1674, New Amstel was made dependent on New York Colony, and was renamed New Castle on November 11, 1674.
On September 22, 1676, New Castle County was formally placed under the Duke of York's laws. It gained land from Upland County on November 12, 1678.
On June 21, 1680, St. Jones County was carved from New Castle County. It is known today as Kent, Delaware.
On August 24, 1682, New Castle County, along with the rest of the surrounding land, was transferred from the Colony of New York to the possession of William Penn, who established the Colony of Delaware.
New Castle County Home Page
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The Founding Fathers: Delaware
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En Español Richard Bassett, Delaware Bassett (Basset) was born in Cecil County, MD., in April 1745. After his tavern-keeper father deserted his mother, he was reared by a relative, Peter Lawson, from whom he later inherited Bohemia Manor (MD.) estate. He read for the law at Philadelphia and in 1770 received a license to practice in Dover, DE. He prospered as a lawyer and
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https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/founding-fathers-delaware
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En Español
Richard Bassett, Delaware
Bassett (Basset) was born in Cecil County, MD., in April 1745. After his tavern-keeper father deserted his mother, he was reared by a relative, Peter Lawson, from whom he later inherited Bohemia Manor (MD.) estate. He read for the law at Philadelphia and in 1770 received a license to practice in Dover, DE. He prospered as a lawyer and planter, and eventually came to own not only Bohemia Manor, but homes in Dover and Wilmington as well.
During the Revolution, Bassett captained a troop of Dover cavalry militia and served on the Delaware council of safety. Subsequently, he participated in Delaware's constitutional convention and sat in both the upper and lower houses of the legislature. In 1786 he represented his state in the Annapolis Convention.
At the U.S. Constitutional Convention the next year, Bassett attended diligently but made no speeches, served on no committees, and cast no critical votes. Like several other delegates of estimable reputation and talent, he allowed others to make the major steps.
Bassett subsequently went on to a bright career in the state and federal governments. In the Delaware ratifying convention, he joined in the 30-0 vote for the Constitution. Subsequently, in the years 1789-93, he served in the U.S. Senate. In that capacity, he voted in favor of the power of the President to remove governmental officers and against Hamilton's plan for the federal assumption of state debts.
From 1793 until 1799 Bassett held the chief justiceship of the court of common pleas. He espoused the Federalist cause in the 1790s, and served as a Presidential elector on behalf of John Adams in 1797. Two years later, Bassett was elected Governor of Delaware and continued in that post until 1801. That year, he became one of President Adams' "midnight" appointments as a judge of the U.S. Circuit Court. Subsequently, the Jeffersonian Republicans abolished his judgeship, and he spent the rest of his life in retirement.
Twice married, to Ann Ennals and a woman named Bruff, Bassett fathered several children. He was a devout Methodist, held religious meetings at Bohemia Manor, and supported the church financially. He died in 1815 at the age of 70 and is interred at the Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery, Wilmington, DE.
Image: Courtesy of The Baltimore Museum of Art
Gunning Bedford, Jr., Delaware
Bedford was born in 1747 at Philadelphia and reared there. The fifth of seven children, he was descended from a distinguished family that originally settled in Jamestown, VA. He usually referred to himself as Gunning Bedford, Jr., to avoid confusion with his cousin and contemporary Delaware statesman and soldier, Col. Gunning Bedford.
In 1771 signer Bedford graduated with honors from the College of New Jersey (later Princeton), where he was a classmate of James Madison. Apparently while still in school, Bedford wed Jane B. Parker, who bore at least one daughter. After reading law with Joseph Read in Philadelphia, Bedford won admittance to the bar and set up a practice. Subsequently, he moved to Dover and then to Wilmington. He apparently served in the Continental Army, possibly as an aide to General Washington.
Following the war, Bedford figured prominently in the politics of his state and nation. He sat in the legislature, on the state council, and in the Continental Congress (1783-85). In the latter year, he was chosen as a delegate to the Annapolis Convention but for some reason did not attend. From 1784 to 1789 he was attorney general of Delaware.
Bedford numbered among the more active members of the Constitutional Convention, and he missed few sessions. A large and forceful man, he spoke on several occasions and was a member of the committee that drafted the Great Compromise. An ardent small-state advocate, he attacked the pretensions of the large states over the small and warned that the latter might be forced to seek foreign alliances unless their interests were accommodated. He attended the Delaware ratifying convention.
For another 2 years, Bedford continued as Delaware's attorney general. In 1789 Washington designated him as a federal district judge for his state, an office he was to occupy for the rest of his life. His only other ventures into national politics came in 1789 and 1793, as a Federalist presidential elector. In the main, however, he spent his later years in judicial pursuits, in aiding Wilmington Academy, in fostering abolitionism, and in enjoying his Lombardy Hall farm.
Bedford died at the age of 65 in 1812 and was buried in the First Presbyterian Churchyard in Wilmington. Later, when the cemetery was abandoned, his body was transferred to the Masonic Home, on the Lancaster Turnpike in Christiana Hundred, DE.
Image: Courtesy of The Architect of the Capital
Jacob Broom, Delaware
Broom was born in 1752 at Wilmington, DE., the eldest son of a blacksmith who prospered in farming. The youth was educated at home and probably at the local Old Academy. Although he followed his father into farming and also studied surveying, he was to make his career primarily in mercantile pursuits, including shipping and the import trade, and in real estate. In 1773 he married Rachel Pierce, who bore eight children.
Broom was not a distinguished patriot. His only recorded service was the preparation of maps for George Washington before the Battle of Brandywine, PA. In 1776, at 24 years of age, Broom became assistant burgess of Wilmington. Over the next several decades, he held that office six times and that of chief burgess four times, as well as those of borough assessor, president of the city "street regulators," and justice of the peace for New Castle County.
Broom sat in the state legislature in the years 1784-86 and 1788, during which time he was chosen as a delegate to the Annapolis Convention, but he did not attend. At the Constitutional Convention, he never missed a session and spoke on several occasions, but his role was only a minor one.
After the convention, Broom returned to Wilmington, where in 1795 he erected a home near the Brandywine River on the outskirts of the city. He was its first postmaster (1790-92) and continued to hold various local offices and to participate in a variety of economic endeavors. For many years, he chaired the board of directors of Wilmington's Delaware Bank. He also operated a cotton mill, as well as a machine shop that produced and repaired mill machinery. He was involved, too, in an unsuccessful scheme to mine bog iron ore. A further interest was internal improvements: toll roads, canals, and bridges.
Broom also found time for philanthropic and religious activities. He served on the board of trustees of the College of Wilmington and as a lay leader at Old Swedes Church. He died at the age of 58 in 1810 while in Philadelphia on business and was buried there at Christ Church Burial Ground.
John Dickinson, Delaware
Dickinson, "Penman of the Revolution," was born in 1732 at Crosiadore estate, near the village of Trappe in Talbot County, Maryland. He was the first son of Samuel Dickinson, the prosperous farmer, and his second wife, Mary (Cadwalader) Dickinson. In 1740, the family moved to Kent County near Dover, Delaware, where private tutors educated the youth. In 1750, he began to study law with John Moland in Philadelphia. In 1753, Dickinson went to England to continue his studies at London's Middle Temple. Four years later, he returned to Philadelphia and became a prominent lawyer there. In 1770, he married Mary Norris, daughter of a wealthy merchant. The couple had two daughters.
By that time, Dickinson's superior education and talents had propelled him into politics. In 1760, he had served in the assembly of the Three Lower Counties (Delaware), where he held the speakership. Combining his Pennsylvania and Delaware careers in 1762, he won a seat as a Philadelphia member in the Pennsylvania assembly where he remained through 1765. He became the leader of the conservative side in the colony's political battles. His defense of the Quaker charter against the faction led by Benjamin Franklin earned him respect for his integrity and Franklin lost his seat in the assembly.
In the meantime, the struggle between the colonies and the mother country had waxed strong and Dickinson had emerged in the forefront of Revolutionary thinkers. In the debates over the Stamp Act (1765), he played a key part serving as de facto leader of the Stamp Act Congress and authoring its publications. Later that year, he wrote The Late Regulations Respecting the British Colonies… Considered, an influential pamphlet that urged Americans to seek repeal of the act by pressuring British merchants.
In 1767-68, in response to the Townshend Duties, Dickinson wrote a series of newspaper articles entitled "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania." They attacked British taxation policy and urged resistance to unjust laws, but also emphasized the possibility of a peaceful resolution. So popular were the "Letters" in the colonies that Dickinson received an honorary LL.D. from the College of New Jersey (later Princeton), public thanks from a meeting in Boston, accolades from around the colonies, and international celebrity. He championed rigorous colonial resistance in the form of nonimportation and nonexportation agreements and peaceful means of resistance, including civil disobedience.
In 1771, Dickinson returned to the Pennsylvania legislature and drafted a petition to the king that was unanimously approved. He particularly resented the tactics of New England leaders in that year and refused to support aid requested by Boston in the wake of the Intolerable Acts, though he sympathized with the city's plight. In 1774 he chaired the Philadelphia committee of correspondence and briefly sat in the First Continental Congress as a representative from Pennsylvania. He authored four of the six documents published by Congress.
Throughout 1775, Dickinson supported American rights and liberties, but continued to work for peace. He drew up petitions asking the king for redress of grievances. At the same time, he chaired a Philadelphia committee of safety and defense and held a colonelcy in the first battalion recruited in Philadelphia to defend the city.
After Lexington and Concord, Dickinson continued to hope for a peaceful solution. In the Second Continental Congress (1775-76), still a representative of Pennsylvania, he drew up the Olive Branch Petition and the "Declaration of the Causes of Taking Up Arms." In the Pennsylvania assembly in November 1775, he drafted instructions to the delegates to Congress directing them to seek redress of grievances, but ordered them to oppose separation of the colonies from Britain. In June 1776, he wrote new instructions allowing them to vote for independence, but not expressly instructing them to do so.
By that time, Dickinson's moderate position had left him in the minority, but he nevertheless was asked to draft the Articles of Confederation. In Congress, he abstained from the vote on the Declaration of Independence (1776) and refused to sign it. Nevertheless, he then became one of only two contemporary congressional members (with Thomas McKean) who entered the military. During the summer, while on the New Jersey front, he was voted out of the Pennsylvania assembly. When much of his unit deserted, he resigned his colonelcy and accepted reelection to the Pennsylvania assembly in the fall of 1776. When the revolutionary government would not consider amending the new constitution to protect dissenters’ rights, he resigned his seat. He then enlisted as a private in the Delaware militia and may have taken part in the Battle of Brandywine, Pennsylvania (September 11, 1777). He was given a commission as brigadier general in the Delaware militia, but he appears not to have acted on it.
Dickinson took a seat in the Continental Congress (1779), where he signed the Articles of Confederation, although a much different version from the one he had drafted. In 1781, he became president of Delaware's Supreme Executive Council. Before his tenure was over, he was elected president of Pennsylvania (1782-85). In 1786, representing Delaware, he attended and chaired the Annapolis Convention and authored the letter to Congress calling for the Constitutional Convention.
The next year, Delaware sent Dickinson to the Constitutional Convention. He missed a number of sessions and left early because of illness, but he made worthwhile contributions, including engineering the solution for representation known as the Connecticut Compromise and arguing for the end of the slave trade. Because of his premature departure from the convention, he did not actually sign the Constitution but authorized his friend and fellow-delegate George Read to do so for him. From home he wrote the Fabius Letters (1788) arguing for ratification.
Dickinson continued to be active in public affairs. In 1792 he served as president of the Delaware Constitutional Convention, in 1795 he led citizen opposition to the Jay Treaty, and he served as informal advisor to politicians, including Senator George Logan, Attorney General Caesar A. Rodney, and President Thomas Jefferson. In addition to continuing to publish pamphlets on current events, in 1801 he published two volumes of his collected works. He died at Wilmington in 1808 at the age of 75 and was entombed in the Friends Burial Ground.
Image: Courtesy of Independence National Historical Park
George Read, Delaware
Read's mother was the daughter of a Welsh planter, and his Dublin-born father a landholder of means. Soon after George's birth in 1733 near the village of North East in Cecil County, MD, his family moved to New Castle, DE, where the youth, who was one of six sons, grew up. He attended school at Chester, PA, and Rev. Francis Alison's academy at New London, PA, and about the age of 15 he began reading with a Philadelphia lawyer.
In 1753 Read was admitted to the bar and began to practice. The next year, he journeyed back to New Castle, hung out his shingle, and before long enlisted a clientele that extended into Maryland. During this period he resided in New Castle but maintained Stonum a country retreat near the city. In 1763 he wed Gertrude Ross Till, the widowed sister of George Ross, like Read a future signer of the Declaration of Independence. She bore four sons and a daughter.
While crown attorney general (1763-74) for the Three Lower Counties (present Delaware), Read protested against the Stamp Act. In 1765 he began a career in the colonial legislature that lasted more than a decade. A moderate Whig, he supported nonimportation measures and dignified protests. His attendance at the Continental Congress (1774-77) was irregular. Like his friend John Dickinson, he was willing to protect colonial rights but was wary of extremism. He voted against independence on July 2, 1776, the only signer of the Declaration to do so, apparently either bowing to the strong Tory sentiment in Delaware, or believing reconciliation with Britain was still possible.
That same year, Read gave priority to state responsibilities. He presided over the Delaware constitutional convention, in which he chaired the drafting committee, and began a term as speaker of the legislative council, which in effect made him vice president of the state. When the British took Wilmington the next fall, they captured the president, a resident of the city. At first, because Read was away in Congress, Thomas McKean, speaker of the lower house, took over as acting president. But in November, after barely escaping from the British himself while he and his family were en route to Dover from Philadelphia, newly occupied by the redcoats, Read assumed the office and held it until the spring of 1778. Back in the legislative council, in 1779 he drafted the act directing Delaware congressional delegates to sign the Articles of Confederation.
During 1779, in poor health, Read resigned from the legislative council, refused reelection to Congress, and began a period of inactivity. During the years 1782-88, he again sat on the council and concurrently held the position of judge of the court of appeals in admiralty cases.
Meantime, in 1784, Read had served on a commission that adjusted New York-Massachusetts land claims. In 1786 he attended the Annapolis Convention. The next year, he participated in the Constitutional Convention, where he missed few if any sessions and championed the rights of the small states. Otherwise, he adopted a Hamiltonian stance, favoring a strong executive. He later led the ratification movement in Delaware, the first state to ratify.
In the U.S. Senate (1789-93), Read's attendance was again erratic, but when present he allied with the Federalists. He resigned to accept the post of chief justice of Delaware. He held it until his death at New Castle 5 years later, just 3 days after he celebrated his 65th birthday. His grave is there in the Immanuel Episcopal Churchyard.
Image: Courtesy of The National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution
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Historic New Castle
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2021-08-12T19:08:49+00:00
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Step back in time and experience the charm, history, and beauty of colonial New Castle, one of the most important Colonial/Federal villages in America.
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Delaware Bayshore Byway
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https://delawarebayshorebyway.org/destinations/historic-new-castle/
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Founded in 1640, New Castle is among the oldest cities in America. As the capital of the region and of colonial Delaware, New Castle played a pivotal role in the formative era of the United States. Located on the Delaware River just six miles south of Wilmington, the city serves as the northern gateway to the Delaware Bayshore Byway.
A stroll through the historic district will transport you back to the 1700s when the seeds of a new country were taking root. Learn about the life of settlers and colonists with a walking tour or visits to the historic homes, churches and government buildings that now serve as museums of the era.
At the New Castle Court House Museum you can learn about the Underground Railroad and the trials of abolitionists Thomas Garrett and John Hunn, who helped over 2,500 slaves find safe passage to freedom in the mid-1800s.
After visiting the museums, shops and restaurants of the historic district, you can enjoy the fresh air with a walk along the Delaware River or through Battery Park. Or, for a longer adventure, you can hike or cycle along the Jack A. Markell Trail which connects historic New Castle with the Wilmington Riverwalk.
For nature enthusiasts, there’s also the Broad Dyke Wetlands Nature Area to explore. It provides habitat for a variety of species and is a wonderful place to observe wildlife.
For those whose interests can lie on the water, the Kalmar Nyckel, Tall Ship of Delaware docks in Historic New Castle, throughout the year on its route up the coast.
With so many places to see and so much to learn, you’ll want to stop by the New Castle Visitor Center at The Arsenal for guides, maps and brochures. They’re open Friday through Sunday.
For those looking to explore more of Delaware’s history, the Byway, as it travels through Historic New Castle is also a section of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway, with pivotal events occurring like the trials mentioned above in the Courthouse, and many others along its 98 miles through Delaware.
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https://dced.pa.gov/newsroom/shapiro-administration-announces-end-of-new-castles-distressed-municipality-status-under-act-47-after-nearly-16-years/
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Shapiro Administration Announces End of New Castle’s Distressed Municipality Status Under Act 47 After Nearly 16 Years
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2023-12-12T21:30:09+00:00
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Governor Josh Shapiro and his Administration are continuing their commitment to strengthening PA’s communities, the Lawrence County city is the 28th PA municipality to recover from distressed status Harrisburg, PA – Today, Department of Community and Economic Development (DCED) Secretary Rick Siger announced the approval of New Castle’s exit from distressed status under the Municipalities […]
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PA Department of Community & Economic Development
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https://dced.pa.gov/newsroom/shapiro-administration-announces-end-of-new-castles-distressed-municipality-status-under-act-47-after-nearly-16-years/
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Governor Josh Shapiro and his Administration are continuing their commitment to strengthening PA’s communities, the Lawrence County city is the 28th PA municipality to recover from distressed status
Harrisburg, PA – Today, Department of Community and Economic Development (DCED) Secretary Rick Siger announced the approval of New Castle’s exit from distressed status under the Municipalities Financial Recovery Program, known as Act 47. Governor Josh Shapiro and his Administration know the importance of strengthening our communities to make the Commonwealth a better place to live, work, and prosper.
Secretary Siger signed a formal determination letter finding that termination of the city’s distressed status was appropriate under Section 255.1 of Act 47. The decision was made due to New Castle’s ability to effectively utilize the tools offered through the program to significantly improve its financial position and management infrastructure since entering Act 47.
“Congratulations to the local officials, community leaders, key partners, and residents who have worked so hard to make this day possible for New Castle,” said Secretary Siger. “The city’s commitment to making the tough, but necessary, decisions to get on the path to financial prosperity is commendable. The Shapiro Administration is committed to helping our municipalities become stronger and healthier and we look forward to seeing New Castle prosper in the years to come.”
DCED Deputy Secretary of Community Affairs and Development Rick Vilello was on hand in New Castle today to present City Administrator Chris Frye with the signed determination letter.
“It’s truly my honor to be here today as New Castle emerges from distressed status after almost 16 years,” said Deputy Secretary Vilello. “The Commonwealth has provided crucial support to the city over the years and will continue to partner with New Castle as they move forward and begin writing their next chapter.”
“With profound gratitude and a sense of accomplishment, I am excited about the city of New Castle’s successful exit from Act 47,” said Chris Frye, New Castle City Administrator. “This milestone represents the culmination of tireless efforts and unwavering commitment from our entire team. We are deeply grateful for the support and collaboration of our stakeholders throughout this journey. As we move forward, we remain steadfast in our dedication to building a strong and sustainable future. This is a new chapter, filled with exciting possibilities, and we are ready to seize them with enthusiasm and determination.”
New Castle was designated as distressed on January 5, 2007, under Act 47. The determination was made because the town had run multi-year deficits and missed a payment to its pension fund. Gordon Mann was appointed the Act 47 Coordinator for the city in 2007.
“New Castle’s elected officials, appointed leaders, and employees have made a lot of difficult decisions over the last 16 years to put city government back on the path to financial stability,” said Mann. “As a result, the city government is in better position to deliver the types of services that New Castle residents rely upon every day. Hopefully, the current and future leaders will continue to apply the hard lessons learned during oversight and build on the last 16 years of progress.”
New Castle has made significant strides to improve its management practices and fiscal situation. The city has made timely debt service payments for years, paying off debt ahead of schedule when possible, and should be able to continue to do so after leaving Act 47. The city has no outstanding claims or judgments that would place the municipality in jeopardy of financial default. The Act 47 Coordinator also projects that New Castle should generate sufficient revenues to support expenditures through 2024.
New Castle is the 28th municipality to recover from distressed status under Act 47. Prior to New Castle, Aliquippa, Beaver County, was the most recent community to recover, exiting Act 47 status on December 1, 2023. For a full list of the municipalities that have recovered from distressed status under the program, please click on the Act 47 Financial Distress page of the DCED website.
For more information about Act 47 or the Department of Community and Economic Development, visit the DCED website, and be sure to stay up-to-date with all of our agency news on Facebook, X, and LinkedIn.
MEDIA CONTACT:
Governor’s Office, ra-gvgovpress@pa.gov, 717.783.1116
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7539
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http://www.russpickett.com/history/detime.htm
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Delaware U.S. Senators
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Delaware Time Line
| null |
Year (s) Event 1400 The Lenni Lenape, Native Americans of the Algonkians, settle along the Delaware. 1600 Minquas Indians, from the Susquehanna River Valley, began to attack the villages of the Lenni Lenape. 1609 Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, discovers Delaware Bay and River. 1610 Captain Samuel Argall, an English sea captain, names the bay and river after Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, the governor of Virginia. 1631 Dutch Capt. Peter Heycs makes settlement at Zwaanendael on Hoorn Kill (Lewes Creek) along with 28 men. (site of present-day Lewes). 1632 Capt. David Pieterssen Dc Vries comes to Zwaanendael (Lewes), finds colony destroyed, all colonists killed in dispute with Native Americans. 1637 New Sweden Company organized in Sweden. First expedition in Kalmar Nyckel (Key of Kalmar) and Fogel Grip (Bird Griffin) sails from Gothenburg, Sweden. 1638 Peter Minuit and his expedition arrives in Minquas Kill (Christina River), disembarks at The Rocks, builds Fort Christina (Wilmington), names river Christina Kill. Colony consists of 23 men. This was the first permanent settlement of white men in Delaware and the entire Delaware River Valley. The beginnings of the New Sweden Colony. 1639 The first African on the Delaware, Black Anthony, is brought from the Caribbean to Fort Christina. 1640 Two more Swedish expeditions arrive, with Peter Hollandaer. Hollandaer is named Governor of the colony. The first Lutheran minister in America, the Reverend Reorus Torkillus, arrives at Fort Christina. 1641 Fourth Swedish expedition arrives, with Herr Christoffer, a clergyman and 35 colonists including a number of Finns (Dutch). 1643 Fifth Swedish expedition arrives with Lt. Col. Johan Printz who now becomes governor of the New Sweden Colony. Printz builds Fort Elfsborg at Varckens Kill, N.J., Fort New Gothenburg at Tinicum, Pa. and a blockhouse at Upland (Chester), establishes a tobacco plantation on the Schuylkill; First law court held at Tinicum. 1644 Sixth Swedish expedition arrives. 1646 Seventh Swedish expedition arrives, with trade goods. Governor Printz expels Dutch settlers, from New Amsterdam, at Schuylkill. 1648 Eighth Swedish expedition arrives with trade-goods, but few settlers. Now only 79 men in the colony, of whom only 28 are farmers. The Swedes control the River. 1651 Peter Stuyvesant, Dutch governor of New Netherland, builds Fort Casimir (now New Castle) just a few miles south of Fort Christina on the Delaware. 1654 The Swedes capture Fort Casimir and rename it Fort Trinity. 1659 Lewes, Delaware is founded ! 1655 The Dutch defeat the Swedes on the Delaware, ending the New Sweden Colony. Delaware becomes a part of New Netherland. 1664 Sir Robert Carr drives the Dutch off the Delaware and claims the land for James, Duke of York. Delaware becomes an English colony. 1673 The Dutch regain control of the Delaware River. 1674 The English regain control of the Delaware River. 1682 The Duke of York transfers control of the Delaware Colony to English Quaker William Penn. 1698 Holy Trinity, Old Swedes Church, is built in Wilmington. 1698-
1700 Pirates, including Captain Kidd, sail along the Delaware. 1704
Delaware's first assembly of the Three Lower Counties Upon Delaware, separate from Pennsylvania, meets at New Castle.
1717 Town of Dover laid out. 1731 Thomas Willing founds Willingtown in Northern Delaware.
Richard Cantwell founds Cantwell's Bridge (Odessa). 1739 Willingtown receives royal charter and is renamed Wilmington. 1742 Oliver Canby builds flour mill on Brandywine River at Wilmington, beginning large commercial flour milling industry. 1761
James Adams sets up first printing press in Delaware at Wilmington.
1764
Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon survey Delaware's western boundary.
1765
Caesar Rodney and Thomas McKean represent Delaware at the Stamp Act Congress.
1767
John Dickinson writes " Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, " an influential protest against British policies towards the colonies.
1774
Caesar Rodney, Thomas McKean, and George Read represent Delaware at the First Continental Congress.
1776 June 15: Delaware Assembly declares independence from England. This is the origin of the holiday called Separation Day. July 1-2: Caesar Rodney makes heroic overnight ride from Dover to Philadelphia to cast the vote that put Delaware on the side of independence. Delaware adopts its first state constitution. 1777 Dover replaces New Castle as state capital. John McKinly elected first "President" (Governor) of Delaware, February 12, 1777. Late August-early September: British and American armies are in northern New Castle County. September 3: Battle of Cooch's Bridge near Newark, only engagement of the war in Delaware. September 12-British capture Delaware state documents, funds, and President John McKinly after winning the Battle of the Brandywine, then occupy Wilmington until mid October. 1778 Delaware President McKinly released by the British and returns to Delaware. 1779 Delaware Assembly ratifies Articles of Confederation. 1784 Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury meet at Barratt's Chapel in Frederica, establishing the Methodist Church as a separate denomination in the U.S.
Caesar Rodney dies on July 25th.
1785 Oliver Evans builds prototype automatic flour mill in Newport.
Delaware Gazette, state's first newspaper, begins publication. 1786 Delaware is one of 5 states to send delegates to Annapolis Convention, which hoped to revise the Articles of Confederation. 1787 December 7: Delaware is the first state to ratify the new U.S. Constitution. 1788 Abolition societies established in Dover and Wilmington. 1789 Richard Bassett & George Read become Delaware's first U.S. Senators. John Vining becomes Delaware's first U.S. Representatives.
Governor Thomas Collins becomes the first Governor to die while in office. 1791 The county seat of Sussex County is moved from Lewes to Georgetown. 1792 Delaware adopts second state constitution. 1795 Bank of Delaware, the state's first bank, founded in Wilmington. 1798 British ship DeBraak sinks off Lewes.
Yellow fever epidemic spreads from Philadelphia to Wilmington. 1802 Du Pont Company is founded when Eleuthere Irenee duPont de Nemours begins manufacturing gunpowder along the Brandywine River near Wilmington. 1805 First Methodist camp meeting held near Smyrna. 1807 Caesar Augustus Rodney named Attorney General of the United States by President Thomas Jefferson. 1808 Newport and Gap Turnpike becomes first toll road in Delaware. 1812-13 Peter Spencer founds the African Union Methodist Protestant Church. AUMP is the first denomination in the nation controlled entirely by African-Americans. 1813 The British bombard Lewes during War of 1812.
Dr. James Tilton appointed Surgeon General of the U.S. Army.
1814 Commodore Thomas Macdonough defeats British on Lake Champlain. James A. Bayard is one of American signers of the Treaty of Ghent, ending War of 1812. Big Quarterly, or August Quarterly, started by Peter Spencer, founder of African Union Methodist Protestant Church, in Wilmington. America's first major black religious festival continues in the 21st century. 1818 Construction begins on the mile-long Delaware Breakwater, completed in 1835. 1828 Steamboat line opens between Philadelphia and New Castle. 1829 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal opens. Delaware Free School Act passes in legislature creating first public schools in the state. Louis McLane appointed Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. 1832 New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad opens. Covering one and a half miles at first, it used horse cars for nearly a year before switching over to steam service in 1832. Delaware adopts third constitution. First peach orchard planted in Delaware. State soon becomes major commercial producer of peaches. 1833 The University of Delaware is founded as Newark College. Louis McLane appointed Secretary of State of the United States. 1838 Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad opens. 1844 The Bangor, America's first iron-hulled propeller steamship, launched in Wilmington. 1847 Delaware Senate considers an act to abolish slavery. " The act is defeated by one vote. " 1849 John M. Clayton appointed Secretary of State of the United States. 1852 Delaware Railroad Company organized. 1855 State-wide prohibition law enacted; repealed, 1857. 1856 Delaware Railroad completed to Seaford; to Delmar in 1859. 1861 Although a slaveholding state, Delaware rejects invitation to join Confederacy. Peace convention at Dover favors peaceable recognition of Confederacy. Troops from Philadelphia garrison Fort Delaware, which becomes prison camp. 1861-65 More than 12,000 troops from Delaware join Union forces; a small number join the Confederate Army. 1862 Delaware legislature rejects President Lincoln's offer to buy its slaves. 1865 Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery. The Delaware legislature votes against the amendment. 1867 Howard High School, Delaware's first high school for African-Americans, established. 1868 The 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees equal protection for all races under the law. The Delaware legislature votes against the amendment. 1869 First woman suffrage convention in Delaware 1870 First ocean resort opens at Rehoboth Beach. The Fifteenth Amendment guarantees blacks the right to vote. The Delaware legislature votes against the amendment. Wilmington's African American community honors Thomas Garrett for his work as a stationmaster on the Underground Railroad. 1872 Coeducation introduced at Delaware College, discontinued in 1885. 1875 State legislature creates separate schools with separate funding for white children and African American children. 1876 Indian River Lifesaving Station is built, the nation's oldest station still on its original site. 1878 First telephone line installed in Wilmington. 1880 Dynamite and nitroglycerine manufactured by DuPont Company. Rehoboth Beach holds what some claim is the first beauty contest in the nation. 1881 County seat of New Castle County moves from New Castle to Wilmington. First organized Jewish religious service in Delaware. 1882 First electric street lights installed in Wilmington. 1883-86 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad extends through Delaware. 1885 Thomas F. Bayard appointed Secretary of State of the United States. 1887 Volunteer, a steel-hulled racing yacht, built in Wilmington, defeats Thistle to win America's Cup. 1888 Electric street cars begin to replace horse cars in Wilmington. 1889 Law passes prohibiting punishment of women at whipping post or pillory. 1891 State College for Colored Students (now Delaware State University) chartered; opened in 1892. Delmar nearly destroyed by fire. 1893 Thomas F. Bayard appointed first United States Ambassador to Great Britain. Delaware receives "The Wedge," a small piece of land, in boundary dispute with Maryland. 1897 New state constitution adopted; still in effect today. Property qualifications for voter registration abolished. 1899 The Delaware Corporation Law is passed. In time this law will make it easier for businesses to incorporate in Delaware than in other states. 1900 Illustrator Howard Pyle opens his art school in Wilmington. Frank Stephens purchases 163 acres near Grubbs Corner to found single tax community of Arden. 1901 Legislature ratifies 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution. 1905 Delaware becomes last state to abolish use of the pillory. 1907 First automobile licensed in state. Delawarean Emily Bissell introduces Christmas Seal into America. 1909 State House restored and enlarged. 1911-24 T. Coleman du Pont builds a highway running the length of the state and gives to State of Delaware ( Route 13 ). It's the " First Dual Highway " in the United States to have grass inbetween the lanes. 1913 Women's College founded at Newark. Hotel Du Pont and Playhouse open. Wilson Line ferry begins ferry service between Wilmington and Pennsville, N.J. 1914 Women's College opens in Newark. 1915 Child Labor Law passes. State Labor Commission created. 1920 Woman suffrage amendment narrowly fails adoption in legislature. 1921 Construction begins on Wilmington Marine Terminal, completed 1923. 1923 Cecile Steele begins Delaware's broiler chicken industry. 1926 Cape Henlopen Lighthouse collapses. 1933 Legislative Hall completed. Legislature votes to repeal prohibition amendment. 1934 United States Supreme Court confirms Delaware's claim to control Delaware River. 1935 U.S. Supreme Court rules that twelve mile arc that defines the Pennsylvania-Delaware line should be extended into the Delaware River, giving Delaware a few uninhabited acres attached to New Jersey. Dr. Wallace Carothers, working at the DuPont Experimental Station, discovers Fiber 66, the first synthetic fiber. 1937 Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge organized. Delaware Park race track opens. 1938 Tercentenary Celebration of landing of Swedes in Wilmington. 1939 DuPont Company opens first nylon plant in Seaford and nylon stockings exhibits at World Fairs in San Francisco and New York. 1941-45 30,000+ Delaware men and women serve in armed forces in World War II. 1942 Fort Miles created between Lewes and Rehoboth Beach.
Major air bases created at New Castle and Dover.
1945 Women's College merges with University of Delaware. 1949 First annual Delmarva Chicken Festival held. 1950 Delaware Court of Chancery orders University of Delaware to end segregation. 1951 Delaware Memorial Bridge opens first span linking Delaware to New Jersey. 1952 Chancellor Collins J. Seitz deemed Delaware's segregated schools to be separate and unequal, a position upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education. Last public whipping; this form of punishment was abolished in Delaware in 1972. 1963 Delaware General Assembly outlaws racial segregation in public accommodations. President John F. Kennedy opens Delaware Turnpike (Interstate 95; now John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway) completing a non-stop highway between Boston and Washington D.C. This was one of Kennedy's last public appearances. 1964 Cape May- Lewes Ferry begins operation. 1968 Riots break out in Wilmington following assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., prompting 10-month occupation of city by National Guard, the longest occupation in the country. Second span of the Delaware Memorial Bridge dedicated. 1969 Richard Petty ( #43 ) wins the first NASCAR-sanctioned race at Dover Downs. 1971 The Delaware Coastal Zone Act prohibits construction of industrial plants on coastal areas. 1975 William "Judy" Johnson, a former Negro League baseball player, becomes state's first player elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. 1978 Daniel Nathans wins the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work with molecular hormones. 1981 The Financial Center Development Act passes, encouraging out-of-state banks to move headquarters to Delaware. 1984 S.B. Woo elected lieutenant governor, becoming the highest-ranking Asian-American official in the United States. 1995 Legislature approves use of slot machines at Dover Downs, Harrington, and Delaware Park. Route 1 bridge over the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal opens. 1999 Jacqueline Jones, a native of Christiana, wins prestigious MacArthur Genius Award. 2000 Ruth Ann Minner elected Delaware's first woman governor. 2002 Clean Air Act passed - ban on smoking in public places.
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https://www.legendsofamerica.com/delaware/
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en
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Delaware – The First State – Legends of America
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Delaware bills itself as 'not far from where you are' because it is easily reached by air, rail or road.
|
https://www.legendsofamerica.com/delaware/
|
Delaware – The First State
This Mid-Atlantic state bills itself as “not far from where you are” because it is easily reached by air, rail, or road. Its rolling Brandywine Valley is home to historic mansions, while southern beaches are favorite havens for city folks fleeing the summer heat. The state is smaller in area than any other but Rhode Island.
Before Europeans explored its coastline in the 16th century, Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans, including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south. The state was named after the Delaware River, which in turn derived its name from Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, the English governor of Virginia who first explored Delaware Bay in 1611. Though the Lenape called themselves “the people,” Europeans began to call them Delaware Indians, the name derived from the same source.
The first settlers in Delaware were Dutch colonists. They arrived in 1611 and established an outpost of the New Amsterdam Colony, which later became New York. The Dutch were joined a few years later by a colony of Swedes, accompanied by several Finns. They settled at the present site of Wilmington. The Dutch and the Swedes had many conflicts until 1655 when the Dutch captured the Swedish settlements. Nine years later, William Penn and other English colonists seized both the Dutch and Swedish settlements to keep the Pennsylvania colony from being landlocked.
The town of New Castle, a port on the Delaware River, became the colonial capital of the “Three Lower Counties” (Delaware) in 1704. The “Three Lower Counties” remained a part of Pennsylvania until 1776, when economic, cultural, and political differences fostered a permanent separation. The capital was moved from New Castle to Dover in 1777. In later years, many Scotch, Irish, and English Quakers settled in Delaware, and in Kent, there are today descendants of a shipload of Moors who were wrecked on the Delaware coast generations ago.
Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution. On December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify the Constitution of the United States, thereby becoming known as “The First State.” Another one of its nicknames is the “Diamond State.”
The growth and prosperity of the state are inseparably interwoven with that of the Great Bay, which provides Delaware with easy transportation, a mild climate, and quantities of good seafood. The state is a low plain, its average elevation being but 60 feet above the bay’s waters. Some of the richest farms are on land that has been recovered from the bay by the building of dikes.
Wilmington, the state’s largest city, was once a great manufacturing and shipbuilding center. Wilmington’s growth was largely due to the vision of a French family, the Dupon de Nemours, who settled here and began making explosives for the American army during the Revolutionary War. Wilmington-made explosives have helped win numerous wars in which our country has taken part. Today, the company is known as DuPont and is one of the largest chemical companies in the nation. Presently, Wilmington remains strong as a financial and service center for numerous corporations.
Delaware is one vast market garden. From one end of the state to the other, there is scarcely an acre of suitable land that is not cultivated, and the farmers have even pushed back the tidelands of the bay to reclaim thousands of acres formerly under water. The output of Delaware farms includes fruit, fresh vegetables, corn, wheat, hay, and dairy products.
Delaware Bay has been a source of wealth to the state’s people since colonial times. It is one of the world’s greatest oyster beds. Its waters yield several kinds of fish, the most important being shad and sturgeon. Delaware Bay is connected with the Chesapeake Bay by a ship canal, 13 miles long, excavated across the state.
Though most Delaware towns are small, they are busy places, particularly during the summer season when the canneries operate. Delaware is widely known for canned goods, particularly tomatoes, peas, corn, and peaches.
Today, Delaware is one of the most industrialized states, known for its chemical research. Lying along the Atlantic coastline, most of Delaware lies in a low, flat coastal plain. The rolling hills and valleys of the Piedmont region cover the northern tip of the state. Delaware’s many freshwater lakes and ponds, ocean beaches, rivers, and streams provide excellent swimming, boating, and fishing. Cultural and historical attractions also attract visitors to the state.
Delaware Facts:
Capital: Dover
Population: More than 945,000 people live in Delaware.
Geography: This small, flat state is 48 kilometers wide, 154 kilometers long, and encompasses 6,452 square kilometers on the U.S. eastern seaboard.
Higher Education: The University of Delaware and Delaware State University both award bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees. Wesley College, affiliated with the United Methodist Church, was founded in 1873 and is the state’s oldest private college.
Major Industries are chemical manufacturing (home to E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, one of the world’s largest chemical companies), the manufacture of scientific instruments, and publishing.
Famous Delawareans include Vice President Biden, surgeon Henry Heimlich, and actress Valerie Bertinelli.
International connection: Delaware’s sister state in Japan is Miyagi Prefecture.
Nicknames: The First State because it was the first state to adopt the constitution. The “Diamond State” is a nickname Thomas Jefferson gave because he described Delaware as a “jewel” among states due to its strategic location on the Eastern Seaboard. The “Blue Hen State” was given to Delaware after the fighting Blue Hen Cocks that were carried with the Delaware Revolutionary War Soldiers for entertainment during Cockfights. “Small Wonder” is given to Delaware due to its size, the contributions it has made to our country as a whole, and the beauty of Delaware.
Fun facts:
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https://www.newcastleky.com/
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en
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City of New Castle Kentucky
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Welcome to the City of New Castle Kentucky - founded in 1798, located in Henry County. Discover our rich historical heritage and unique rural community.
|
en
|
https://www.newcastleky.com/
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With approximately 1000 people, New Castle is one of the smallest towns in Kentucky with a preservation district and is certified in both “Kentucky Main Street" and “Preserve America” Programs. We are very proud of our efforts to preserve our historical buildings and rural heritage.
New Castle has one of the few remaining intact 19th Century courthouse squares in Kentucky. Our homes and commercial buildings allow us glimpses of the rich architectural history of our city. A tractor on Main Street is as common as a car, truck, or school bus. This is what makes us a unique rural community.
CITY OF NEW CASTLE, KY PUBLIC NOTICE
The City of New Castle will hold a public hearing on Monday, September 9, 2024 at 5:45pm at the Locker Building, 24 S. Main Street, for the purpose of obtaining comments from the public regarding the proposed tax rate for real and personal property.
The rate levied last year was .140 for real and personal property and produced revenues in the amount of $67,597. This year’s compensating rate for real and personal property is .137 and will produce revenues in the amount of $67,126. The City of New Castle may propose a tax rate of .143 for real and personal property which will produce a maximum of $69,568 in revenues. The City may propose to leave the rate unchanged at .140 which would produce revenues in the amount of $68,108.
The tax rate for Motor Vehicles and Watercraft is .171 cents per $100 of assessed value and will produce revenues in the amount of $10,856.
Revenue received in excess of last year’s revenue will be used for General Fund Expenditures.
Those unable to attend may submit written comments to the City Clerk, 31 E. Cross Main St., New Castle, Kentucky by 4pm on Monday September 09, 2024. If you wish to attend but require special accommodations, please contact the City Clerk, 845-5750 no later than 4pm on Friday, September 6, 2024.
The Kentucky General Assembly requires that the City of New Castle publish this notice with the above information contained herein.
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The colonies that became the state of Delaware were a contested borderland. William Penn gained control as an addition to his land grant for Pennsylvania.
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Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
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https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/lower-delaware-colonies/
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Essay
The colonies that became the state of Delaware lay in the middle of the North American Atlantic coast, extending about 120 miles north from the Atlantic Ocean along the southwestern shore of the Delaware (South) Bay and River to within 10 miles of Philadelphia. Between 1609 and 1704, the area was a contested borderland between north and south, as a dozen native and colonial political and commercial regimes sought to assert authority over the region. William Penn (1644-1718) ultimately gained control of the area as an addition to his land grant for Pennsylvania.
The bay and river—named in 1610 by English explorer Samuel Argall (1580-1626) in honor of Virginia’s governor, Thomas West, Lord De La Warr (1576-1618)—provided a rich, diverse estuarine environment for natives and colonists. A network of natural harbors and navigable rivers enabled trade along the coast and access into the interior. Early historic maps show extensive oyster-laden shoals in the shallow southern reaches of the bay. Shad, sturgeon, and other fish migrated annually up the river. An extensive marsh system lined the bay and river, broken by broad meadows and savannahs. Waterfowl, small mammals, fish, and salt hay abounded, and these lands proved amenable to grazing cattle. The forested coastal plain provided wild game and timber for structures, fencing, and shipbuilding, as did the Cypress Swamp in southern Sussex County. The northern Piedmont hills yielded flint for native people’s stone toolmaking and Europeans exploited the iron ore at Iron Hill, near Newark, New Castle County.
Lenape and Susquehannocks
For most of the seventeenth century, Lenape Algonquian people exerted the greatest political and economic control over the country from central New Jersey through eastern Pennsylvania and along the Delaware Bay to its mouth at Cape Henlopen (Sussex County). Led by sachems and councils of elders, they lived in unpalisaded towns and spoke Unami. Over the course of the century, these Lenape natives created with European settlers a distinctive society that valued peace over conflict, religious freedom, collaboration, respect for diverse people, and local authority. Nonetheless, desire for profits led to contention, and native traders shifted among European nations to obtain the quantity and quality of goods they sought. Exchange provided the source of the Lenapes’ power, which they used to provoke colonial rivalries.
Inland, Susquehannock (Minquas) peoples living in fortified villages along the Susquehanna River proved especially determined to maintain independence in the fur trade, and played Swedes, Dutch, and English against each other. A decade of intermittent war with Lenapes between 1626 and 1636 typified the larger contest for control over furs in the North Atlantic world. The outcome earned Susquehannock traders the right to do business in Lenape areas along Delaware Bay and instigated a trade alliance among the groups.
Dutch Republic and Sweden along the Delaware
While the Lenapes defended their homeland against the Susquehannocks and northern Iroquois, Europeans from the Dutch Republic’s West India Company, the City of Amsterdam, and Sweden established small trading colonies. Lenapes welcomed trade with Dutch sailors, who entered the bay and river by about 1615. The Dutch West India Company established Fort Nassau on the eastern side of the Delaware River in 1626 as part of its colony of New Netherland, an outpost of the Dutch commercial empire and potential source of furs for the expanding European market. Dutch activity expanded in 1629, when officials bargained with a southernmost Lenape community, Sickoneysincks, for a tract of land reaching from Cape Henlopen to the mouth of the Delaware River. By 1631 the resulting colony, Zwaanendael, consisted of about thirty colonists housed in a palisaded fort. Within a year, however, the venture ended in violence. After the Sickoneysincks determined that the Dutch intended to build an agricultural settlement, not merely a trading fort, they destroyed the fort and its occupants. Though the colony failed, its brief existence prevented the future area of Delaware, or at least southern Delaware, from being adjudged part of Maryland.
In the mid-1630s, Peter Minuit (c. 1580-1638), former director of New Netherland, negotiated with the Swedish government to establish the New Sweden colony under Swedish protection. He understood the strategic geographical importance of the lower Delaware Valley, and that the Dutch West India Company had insufficient resources to devote to its development and defense. The New Sweden Company, under leadership of Minuit and other investors, benefited from Dutch colonial experience and funding while enjoying the added advantage of patronage and the protection of the Swedish monarch. For the crown, New Sweden promised to strengthen the nation’s new position as a European power, naval experience, and imperial growth.
The New Sweden Company built Fort Christina, the first permanent European settlement in Delaware, in 1638. The fort, which became the base of one of two primary European settlements along the west side of the river in the seventeenth century, stood at the confluence of the Brandywine and Christina Creeks, later Wilmington, northern New Castle County. At its peak, the colony claimed territory along both sides of the Delaware from the mouth of the bay to the falls (later Trenton, New Jersey), and the settlers traded with Lenapes and Susquehannocks. New Sweden officials established fortifications along the river in an effort to control trade with Indian fur suppliers. Most New Sweden settlers lived along the tributaries of the Delaware River between what later became Wilmington and Philadelphia.
Despite their nations’ alliance in Europe, Dutch West India Company and New Sweden Company settlers believed the lower Delaware Valley could not accommodate them both. They maneuvered for trade advantages, particularly after Peter Stuyvesant (d. 1672) became director-general of New Netherland in 1647. By 1650, the Dutch administration on Manhattan Island and directors in Amsterdam had realized the importance of settling the lower Delaware. Stuyvesant provocatively replaced Fort Nassau in 1651 with Fort Casimir, a second principal European settlement just south of the Swedish Fort Christina. Stuyvesant was concerned not only with Swedes but with English efforts to colonize the river.
After Stuyvesant invaded New Sweden in 1655, Sweden lost its tenuous foothold in this middling borderland. The Dutch then divided the settlements on the Delaware into two colonies. The City of Amsterdam created its “City Colony” in the region surrounding Fort Casimir below the Christina River, centered on New Amstel (later New Castle). Two rows of house and garden plots extended south from the fort along the river. Purportedly 110 houses were completed within a year for Dutch administrators, soldiers, traders, and a mix of settlers from across northern Europe. Within a few years, however, political infighting and economic turmoil led to outmigration, and the population plummeted. Settlers arriving from Maryland and Virginia caused concern because Charles Calvert, Lord Baltimore (1637-1715) considered the lands between the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware River part of his proprietorship. Plans to profit from the tobacco trade with Maryland were stymied by epidemic and the inability of farmers to support the population.
The second Dutch colony, the “Company Colony” north of the Christina River, remained under the administration of Dutch West India Company with a predominantly Swedish and Finnish population. Dutch administrators remained suspicious and distrustful of these Finnish and Swedish settlers. The Dutch renamed the Swedes’ Fort Christina as Fort Altena, but the “Swedish nation” remained strong in other settlements upriver. The Dutch depended on the Swedes’ skills as farmers, interpreters, messengers, diplomats, and soldiers.
English: Duke of York
The unstable, contested relationships among the multinational, multicultural population of the lower Delaware Valley paved the way for conquest by the English in 1664, after Charles II (1630-85) granted his brother James, Duke of York (1633-1701), proprietary rights to land extending from New England to the east side of Delaware Bay. A bloodless invasion of the west shore at Fort Casimir extended the English claim, and the Duke created New Castle County (1664). Beginning in the late 1660s, Swedes, Finns, and Dutch from the Christina Valley and New Castle moved west and south, while English settlers, including some from Maryland, moved to the west bank of the Delaware in small but increasing numbers. Often they brought enslaved Africans with them. In 1670 Governor Francis Lovelace (c. 1621-75) established the first local court in southern Delaware, at Whorekill (later Sussex County). By the mid-1670s, distinct communities of Finns, a wealthy elite, and multiethnic peasants had emerged along the west coast of the lower Delaware. The “Swedish nation” remained autonomous and resilient through alliances with Lenapes and Susquehannocks.
Under the Duke of York, the tobacco economy in Delaware flourished. By 1680, pork and corn joined tobacco as the principal agricultural exports to England, Scotland, and the West Indies. Sufficient population growth and economic development had occurred along the central Delaware coast to warrant the division of Kent County from Whorekill in that year. In some areas these new colonists and descendants of earlier settlers expanded into grain farming and milling and established commercial orchards and animal husbandry operations.
English: William Penn
In 1681 William Penn convinced the English Crown to grant him a charter to 45,000 square miles on the western side of the Delaware River, with a southern boundary on the river twelve miles north of New Castle. Two years later, just before Penn sailed for Pennsylvania, the Duke of York deeded him possession of the three Delaware counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex (the Lower Counties). At the time, only about four hundred nonnative inhabitants—Swedish, Finnish, Dutch, and English settlers, and approximately one hundred enslaved Africans—shared with Lenape peoples the entire settled area from Cape Henlopen to New Castle.
In the 1690s, many Lenapes sold claims along the Delaware and moved west into former lands of Minquas-Susquehannock peoples. The borderland region remained torn by religious schism and political rivalry. An extended dispute with Lord Baltimore over the Maryland-Three Lower Counties of Delaware boundary also plagued Penn’s administration.
Penn sought to establish a predominantly Quaker colony. The ethnically, religiously diverse Lower Counties resisted efforts to incorporate them under one proprietary government for Pennsylvania based in Philadelphia. Conflicts arose over autonomy, representation, divergent economic interests, and military defense. Although the region remained Penn’s domain, beginning in 1704 a separate Assembly governed the Lower Counties of Delaware.
By the early eighteenth century, the increasingly European-American landscape of Delaware’s three counties consisted of a few small port towns like New Castle in New Castle County and Lewes in Sussex County and dispersed farmsteads where the land possessed good agricultural qualities. Farmers located their farmsteads near waterways or roads, and cleared small areas for buildings and tobacco, rye, barley, and wheat fields, orchards, and livestock grazing lands. As Philadelphia rapidly grew to be the second-largest city in English North America, Delaware became part of the city’s agricultural and commercial hinterland.
Lu Ann De Cunzo holds a Ph.D. in American Civilization with a specialization in historical archaeology. Her research has addressed diverse themes and topics of lower Delaware Valley history and cultures between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. She is Professor and Chair of Anthropology at the University of Delaware. (Author information current at time of publication.)
Copyright 2016, Rutgers University
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New Castle County Delaware Genealogy and History
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New Castle County, Delaware
Genealogy and History
Volunteers Dedicated to Free Genealogy
History
(Source: Wikipedia.org and "NEW YORK: Atlas of Historical County Boundaries" by Kathryn Ford Thorne and John H. Long.)
The first permanent settlement on Delaware soil was Fort Christina, resulting from Peter Minuet's 1638 expedition in the Kalmar Nyckel. The town was laid out where Wilmington presently exists, and the land contracted with the Indians consisted of Old Cape Henlopen north to Sankikans (Trenton Falls), and inland as far as they desired. However, a dispute ensued between the Swedes and the Dutch, who stated they had prior claim to that land.
In 1640, New Sweden was founded a few miles south of Christina, and in 1644, Queen Christina appointed Lt. Col. Johan Printz as Governor of New Sweden. She directed boundaries to be set and to reach Cape Henlopen north along the west side of Godyn's Bay (Delaware Bay), up the South River (Delaware River), past Minquas Kill (Christina River), to Sankikans (Trenton Falls). Printz settled on Tinicum Island, making it the seat of government and capital of New Sweden.
Peter Stuyvesant, Governor of New Netherland, sailed up the South River in 1651. He purchased land from the Indians that covered Minquas Kill to Bompties Hook (Bombay Hook), part of this purchase had already been sold to the Swedes in 1638. Stuyvesant, unaware of any dishonesty, began to build Fort Casimir (contemporary New Castle).
In 1654, John Rising, Commissary and Councilor to the Governor Lt. Col. Printz, officially assumed Printz's duties and began to extricate all Dutch from New Sweden. Fort Casimir surrendered and was renamed Fort Trinity in 1654. The Swedes were now in complete possession of the west side of the Delaware River. On June 21, 1654, the Indians met with the Swedes to reaffirm the purchase.
The Dutch, having learned of the fall of Fort Casimir, sent Stuyvesant to drive the Swedes from both sides of the river. Only the Dutch were allowed to settle in the area and on August 31, 1655, the territory was converted back to Fort Casimir. Consequently, Fort Christina fell on September 15th and New Netherland ruled once again. John Paul Jacquet was immediately appointed Governor, making New Amstel the capital of the Dutch-controlled colony.
As payment for regaining the territory, Dutch West India Company conveyed land from the south side of Christina Kill to Bombay Hook, and as far west as Minquas land. This land was known as the Colony of The City. On December 22, 1663, the Dutch transferred property rights to the territory along the Delaware River to England. In 1664, the Duke of York, James, was granted this land by King Charles II. One of the first acts by the Duke was to order removal of all Dutch from New Amsterdam; the name was then changed from New Amstel to New Castle. In 1672, the town of New Castle was incorporated and English law ordered. However, in 1673, the Dutch attacked the territory, reclaiming it for their own.
On September 12, 1673, the Dutch established New Amstel in present-day Delaware, fairly coterminous with today's New Castle County. The establishment was not stable, however, and it was transferred to the British under the Treaty Of Westminster on February 9, 1674.
On November 6, 1674, New Amstel was made dependent on New York Colony, and was renamed New Castle on November 11, 1674.
On September 22, 1676, New Castle County was formally placed under the Duke of York's laws. It gained land from Upland County on November 12, 1678.
On June 21, 1680, St. Jones County was carved from New Castle County. It is known today as Kent, Delaware.
On August 24, 1682, New Castle County, along with the rest of the surrounding land, was transferred from the Colony of New York to the possession of William Penn, who established the Colony of Delaware.
New Castle County Home Page
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Delaware Colony ***
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Check out this site for facts about the Delaware Colony. Fact File of the Government, History, Geography and Religion of the Delaware Colony. Fast facts about the Delaware Colony
| null |
The Delaware Colony
The Delaware Colony was one of the original 13 colonies located on the Atlantic coast of North America. The original 13 colonies were divided into three geographic areas consisting of the New England, Middle and Southern colonies. The Delaware Colony was classified as one of the Middle Colonies. The Province of Delaware was an English colony in North America that existed from 1638 until 1776, when it joined the other 12 of the 13 colonies in rebellion against Great Britain and became the U.S. state of Delaware.
Founding of the Delaware Colony
When was the colony of Delaware founded? The Delaware Colony was founded in 1638 by Peter Minuit and New Sweden Company.
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Delaware Colony facts for kids
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Learn Delaware Colony facts for kids
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Delaware_Colony
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The Delaware Colony, officially known as the three "Lower Counties on the Delaware", was a semiautonomous region of the proprietary Province of Pennsylvania and a de facto British colony in North America. Although not royally sanctioned, Delaware consisted of the three counties on the west bank of the Delaware River Bay.
In the early 17th century, the area was inhabited by Lenape and possibly Assateague Native American Indian tribes. The first European settlers were Swedes, who established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina in present-day Wilmington, Delaware, in 1638. The Dutch captured the colony in 1655 and annexed it to New Netherland to the north. Great Britain subsequently took control of it from the Dutch in 1664. In 1682, William Penn, the Quaker proprietor of the Province of Pennsylvania to the north leased the three lower counties on the Delaware River from James, the Duke of York, who went on to become King James II.
The three lower counties on the Delaware River were governed as part of the Province of Pennsylvania from 1682 until 1701, when the lower counties petitioned for and were granted an independent colonial legislature; the two colonies shared the same governor until 1776. The English colonists who settled in Delaware were mainly Quakers. In the first half of the 18th century, New Castle and Philadelphia became the primary ports of entry to the new world for a quarter of a million Protestant immigrants from Northern Ireland, referred to as "Scotch-Irish" in America and "Ulster Scots" in Northern Ireland. Delaware had no established religion at this time.
The American Revolutionary War began in April 1775, and on June 15, 1776, the Delaware Assembly voted to break all ties with Great Britain, creating the independent State of Delaware. On July 4, 1776, Delaware joined 12 other British colonies to form the United States of America.
Dutch and Swedish settlements
Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1670 700 — 1680 1,005 +43.6% 1690 1,482 +47.5% 1700 2,470 +66.7% 1710 3,645 +47.6% 1720 5,385 +47.7% 1730 9,170 +70.3% 1740 19,870 +116.7% 1750 28,704 +44.5% 1760 33,250 +15.8% 1770 35,496 +6.8% 1774 37,219 +4.9% 1780 45,385 +21.9% Source: 1670–1760; 1774 1770–1780
From the early Dutch settlement in 1631 to the colony's rule by Pennsylvania in 1682, the land that later became the U.S. state of Delaware changed hands many times. Because of this, Delaware became a heterogeneous society made up of individuals who were diverse in country of origin and religion.
The first European exploration of what would become known as the Delaware Valley was made by the Dutch ship Halve Maen under the command of Henry Hudson in 1609. He was searching for what was believed to be a Northwest Passage to Asia. Hudson sailed into what now is the Delaware Bay. He named it the South River, but this would later change after Samuel Argall came across the mouth of the river in 1610, after being blown off course. Argall later renamed this waterway as the river Delaware, after Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, the second governor of Virginia.
Follow-up expeditions by Cornelius May in 1613 and Cornelius Hendrickson in 1614 mapped the shoreline of what would become the colony and state of Delaware for inclusion in the New Netherland colony. Initial Dutch settlement was centered up the Delaware River at Fort Nassau at Big Timber Creek, south of what is now Gloucester City, New Jersey.
Neither the Dutch nor the English showed any early interest in establishing settlement on this land. It was not until 1629 that agents of the Dutch West India Company, Gillis Hossitt and Jacob Jansz, arrived to negotiate with the Native Americans to "purchase" land for a colony. (The Dutch always purchased land from the Native Americans, rather than take it by force, but the peoples had differing concepts of property and use. The Native Americans often considered the Dutch "payments" to be gifts in keeping with their Native custom, and expected to share use of the common land.) Hossitt and Jansz secured a treaty granting the Dutch a parcel of land running along the shore eight Dutch miles long and half a Dutch mile deep (roughly 29 by just under 2 US miles). This nearly coincided with the length of the coast of modern Sussex and Kent counties in Delaware.
In 1631 the Dutch sent a group of twenty-eight men to build a fort inside Cape Henlopen on Lewes Creek to establish the Zwaanendael Colony. This first colony was intended to take advantage of the large whale population in the bay and to produce whale oil. A cultural misunderstanding with the Native Americans resulted in their killing of these 28 colonists before a year had passed. Patroon David Pietersz. de Vries arrived shortly thereafter with an additional 50 settlers. Although he concluded a treaty with the Indians, de Vries, his partners in Holland, and the Dutch West India Company decided the location was too dangerous for immediate colonization. They took the additional settlers to New Amsterdam (New York) instead.
In March 1638, the Swedish colony of New Sweden was established as the first permanent European settlement in Delaware. The Kalmar Nyckel anchored at a rocky point on the Minquas Kill. Today this site is called Swedes' Landing; it is located in Wilmington, Delaware. The New Sweden Company was organized and overseen by Clas Larsson Fleming, a Swedish admiral and administrator. Samuel Blommaert, a Flemish director of the Dutch West India Company who had grown frustrated with the company's policies, assisted the fitting-out. The expedition was led, and had been instigated by Peter Minuit, the founding governor of New Netherland. He had been dismissed by the Dutch West India Company, which operated the colony as a concession. Minuit resented the company and was well aware that the Dutch had little settlement in the Zuyd (Delaware) river valley. New Sweden was a multicultural affair, with Finns, Dutch, Walloons (Belgians), and Germans, in addition to Swedes among the settlers.
The first outpost of the Swedish settlement was named Fort Christina (now Wilmington) after Queen Christina of Sweden. The Swedes introduced log cabin construction to the New World and the humble house form was later spread to the American backcountry by Scotch-Irish immigrants who entered the colony through the port of New Castle. Swedish colonial Governor Johan Björnsson Printz administered the colony of New Sweden from 1643 to 1653. He was succeeded by Johan Classon Risingh, the last governor of New Sweden. The Dutch had never accepted the Swedish colony as legitimate, and the Dutch West India Company competed with the officials and backers of New Sweden. In 1651, New Netherland Governor Peter Stuyvesant had Fort Nassau dismantled and reassembled downriver of Fort Christina as Fort Casimir. This meant that the Dutch effectively encircled the Swedish colony. The Swedes abandoned Fort Beversreede, a short-lived attempt to establish a foothold at the end of the Great Minquas Path (in modern Philadelphia).
Three years later, the New Sweden colony attacked and seized Fort Casimir, renaming it Fort Trinity. The struggle finally came to an end in September 1655. With the Second Great Northern War raging in Europe, Stuyvesant assembled an army and naval squadron sufficient to capture the Swedish forts, thus re-establishing control of the colony. The Dutch renamed Fort Casimir/Trinity as New Amstel (later translated to New Castle). It became their center for fur trading with Native Americans and the colony's administration headquarters. The area's European population grew rapidly.
English conquest
In 1664, after English Colonel Richard Nicolls captured New Amsterdam, Robert Carr was sent to the Delaware River settlements. He took over New Amstel, pillaging it and mistreating its settlers, some of whom he sold into slavery in Virginia. Carr translated the name of the post from Dutch into English and it has been known since as New Castle. Carr and his troops continued down the shore, ravaging and burning settlements, including a Mennonite utopian community led by Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy near present-day Lewes, Delaware. This effectively ended the Dutch rule of the colony and, for that matter, ended their claims to any land in colonial North America. The English took over New Netherland, renaming it New York. Delaware was thenceforth claimed by New York under a Deputy of the Duke of York from 1664 to 1682, but neither the Duke nor his colonists controlled it. The proprietors of Maryland took action to take advantage of this situation.
Durham County, Maryland
Between 1669 and 1672, Delaware was an incorporated county under the Province of Maryland. When the Duke of York made use of his charter on behalf of courtier William Penn, through conveyances made by the governor of New York, there was a brief conflict of interest between the Catholic, Tory, and sometime Jacobite sympathizer Lord Baltimore with his friend the aforesaid Duke. A hard-fought court battle was subsequently relegated to a proprietary dispute between the Calvert and Penn families since both were held in favor by both the King and Prince James. By 1768, the Mason-Dixon line is said to have legally resolved vague outlines in the overlap between Maryland and Pennsylvania. By this boundary, Delaware was substantially awarded to Pennsylvania. Eventually, Delaware gained its own independence from Pennsylvania and fended off Maryland.
New Castle, Kent, and Sussex Counties, Pennsylvania
The area now known as Delaware was owned by William Penn, the Quaker owner of Pennsylvania. In contemporary documents from the early Revolutionary period, the area is generally referred to as "The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware River" (Lower Counties on Delaware) or by the names of the three counties.
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The Colonies
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Colonial America: Delaware, established in 1638, was formerly known as New Sweden.
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Made up of just three small counties, Delaware (formerly New Sweden) attracted much attention, greed, and strife in the 17th and 18th centuries. Delaware sits in a desirable and strategic location at the mouth of the Delaware River on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay.
Delaware struggled for its place on the colonial map, but it was a colony destined for mighty deeds. When the time came to fight for independence of the thirteen colonies, Delaware boldly answered the call.
Before the arrival of the first European settlers, the Delaware River Valley was inhabited by a group of American Indians called the Lenni Lenape, which means "original people." Renamed the "Delaware" by European settlers, the Lenni Lenape tribe was comprised of three large groups settled between southern New York to northern Delaware. The southernmost group lived along the northern part of present-day Delaware. The Nanticoke people lived in southwestern Delaware along the Nanticoke River. The Minqua came from Pennsylvania to trade furs along the Delaware River.
The Spanish and Portuguese are believed to have made explorations of the Delaware coastline in the early 16th century. Henry Hudson, an English explorer hired by the Dutch East India Company, discovered what would become known as the Delaware River and the Delaware Bay in 1609. He did not explore the area, however. One year later, Captain Samuel Argallâthe same Englishman who had kidnapped Pocahontasâwas blown off course and sailed into the Delaware Bay. He named a point of land on the western shore Cape De la Warr, in honor of Thomas West, Lord De la Warr, the first governor of the English colony of Virginia. The Delaware River and Bay were first explored in depth by Captain Cornelius Hendricksen. In his journal, Hendricksen recorded trading with American Indians for various types of furs and hides, including sable, otter, mink, and bear.
In 1631, the first European settlement was attempted when the Dutch West India Company, in partnership with a Dutch merchant captain named David Pietersen de Vries, established a tobacco-growing and whaling industry at Zwaanendael near the present town of Lewes. Within the first year, the settlement was destroyed and its inhabitants were massacred in what is believed to be the result of a dispute that began over the theft of a tin plate bearing the Dutch coat of arms.
Unlike most English companies, the Dutch West India Company hoped to expand trade rather than set up colonies. In contrast, in 1637, Swedish, Dutch, and German stockholders formed the New Sweden Company to establish a colony. Several of the members of the Dutch West India Company offered their services to the New Sweden Company. One of them, Peter Minuit, the former Director-General of New Netherland, led an expedition of settlers from Sweden and set sail in late 1637 on the Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Grip.
They arrived in March, 1638, and the expedition built a fortified trading post on the site of present-day Wilmington. It was named Fort Christina in honor of Sweden's 12-year-old queen. Minuit secured a deed from the American Indians for the land extending north from Bombay Hook to the Schuylkill River, which flows into the Delaware River at what is now Philadelphia. The territory was named New Sweden.
More than a dozen expeditions arrived in New Sweden over the next 17 years, bringing Swedish, Finnish, and Dutch emigrants, as well as supplies. Additional land was purchased, and the colony spread to both sides of the Delaware River.
New Sweden prospered during the governorship of Johan Björnsson Printz (1643â1653). The settlers built forts, mills, and houses up and down the Delaware River. Trade with local American Indian groups flourished, and many colonists planted tobacco.
In 1651, the Dutch West India Company attempted to gain control of New Sweden, believing that the company still held rights to the area. Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherland, led Dutch troops in building Fort Casimir at present-day New Castle. Under the administration of the colony's last governor, Johan Rising, New Sweden captured the fort in 1654. Stuyvesant returned in greater numbers the following year and took back the whole territory, including the fort. This act effectively ended Swedish influence and participation in the colonization of North America.
The English and the Dutch were in constant competition with one another over trade and colonies in North America. These tensions eventually led to a series of wars between them, which were fought between 1652 and 1674. In 1664 England took over all of New Netherland and the Dutch possessions in the Delaware Valley. This prompted the Second Anglo-Dutch War, which resulted in England's possession of the Dutch territories in 1667. The Duke of York annexed Delaware, and for 18 years it was governed by England as part of the colony of New York (formerly New Netherland). Swedish and Finnish inhabitants were allowed to retain their lands, practice their own religion, and be governed by their own court system. Settlers from England and from surrounding English colonies moved to Delaware, causing the population to increase rapidly.
In 1682, William Penn, a Quaker who founded the neighboring Pennsylvania colony, requested lands from England for a sea route to Pennsylvania. The Duke of York consented and granted Penn all the land between New Castle and Cape Henlopen, which included most of what is now Delaware. Delaware then came under the proprietorship of Penn, but it was administered separately from Pennsylvania as a distinct entity called the "three counties of Delaware" or the "Lower Counties." Charles Calvert, or Lord Baltimore, had founded the colony of Maryland and argued against William Penn, claiming the land along the Delaware River for himself. His claim was denied by England, which prompted a long-running dispute between Penn and Baltimore (and later generations of influential people in Maryland and Pennsylvania) over boundary issues. The argument over the Maryland-Delaware boundary was finally put to rest in 1769 with the demarcation of the Mason-Dixon line.
Penn signed a peace treaty with the Lenni Lenape in 1682, and no further conflict occurred between American Indians and the Delaware settlers until the French and Indian War in 1754. Many of the Delaware Indians had moved west in an attempt to stay ahead of white settlement, and most of them already lived in Ohio by the time the French and Indian War broke out along the coast.
The people of Delaware wanted independence from the strong influence of Pennsylvania's large population of Quakers. The Quakers, or Society of Friends, was a religious body that dominated Philadelphia, and the people of Delaware feared the rapid economic growth of the Pennsylvania colony. They were equally unwilling to become the property of Lord Baltimore and Maryland.
Finally, the establishment of a separate assembly was granted to the people of Delaware. The town of New Castle hosted the first assembly meeting in 1704, serving as Delaware's capital. While the assembly passed laws and made decisions about the economy and government in Delaware's three counties, the colony was still technically under the authority of Pennsylvania's governor.
Delaware was the deciding state in whether or not to declare independence from Great Britain. History was made when a delegate named Caesar Rodney rode his horse from Delaware to Philadelphia to cast Delaware's vote in favor of independence from Great Britain. Riding through thunder, lightning, and a heat wave, Rodney's act of courage is depicted on the commemorative Delaware state quarter issued by the United States Mint in 1999.
During the Revolutionary War, Delaware provided 4,000 men to fight for independence. In fact, Delaware fought not just for freedom from England, but for independence from Pennsylvania, as well. In 1787, Delaware was the first state to ratify the U.S. Constitution, becoming the first state in the new federal union.
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Delaware | Bibliography
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About Philadelphia – University of Pennsylvania – Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology
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https://oto.med.upenn.edu/education/residency-program/about-philadelphia/
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Philadelphia: The Birthplace of Freedom
The first Americans to live in the Delaware Valley were of the Lenape and Minqua Tribes. The Swedes founded the first European settlement in what is now Philadelphia in the 1640s. In 1655, fewer than 2,000 Swedes and Finns surrendered New Sweden to a Dutch expedition from New Amsterdam. However, in 1664 the Dutch surrendered New Netherlands to the English. Thereafter, the history of Philadelphia is inseparable from that of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. On March 4, 1681, William Penn received from King Charles II of England his charter for a colony to lay north of Maryland and west of the Delaware River. As a Quaker leader, William Penn planned his colony as a whole experiment where men of his own religious sect or other persuasions might find freedom of mind. Penn chose the peninsula formed by the flow of the Schuylkill into the Delaware River as the site for the capital of his colony.
He named the town after the city of Philadelphia in Lydia of Asia Minor. The name of that city, referred to in passages from the Book of Revelation, signified ‘brotherly love’.
Statue of Benjamin Franklin on the University of Pennsylvania Campus
In the pre-Revolutionary history of America, Philadelphia played a prominent role. Much of this history centered on the achievements of Benjamin Franklin which include the founding in 1731 of the Library Company of Philadelphia, the first subscription library in America, as well as the founding of the University of Pennsylvania in 1740. The University of Pennsylvania is presently the largest educational institution in Pennsylvania. Philadelphia has been a medical-surgical center since the 18th century. The Pennsylvania Hospital, founded in 1751 was the first hospital to be established in the British Colonies and the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, founded in 1765, is the oldest in the country. The tradition of intellectual freedom for which Philadelphia is famous has been exemplified in the spirit of freedom of information dating back to Revolutionary times. By 1792 the Pennsylvania Hospital had founded the first medical library in the United States. Furthermore, among the 280 public and special libraries in Philadelphia, that of the University of Pennsylvania is regarded as outstanding.
America’s Oldest Street, Elfreth’s Alley
Philadelphia as the first capital of the United States is the site of the most historic square mile in all of America. Here are found the Liberty Bell Pavilion and Independence Hall where the Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776 and the United States Constitution was written in 1787. Associated with this section of Philadelphia is Christ Church, which was attended by Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Betsy Ross and a great many other historic figures. The Betsy Ross House and the First Bank of the United States founded under Alexander Hamilton are also in this area.
The 2700 acre Valley Forge National Park, is a major historic site. Here General Washington and his Continental Army wintered after defeats at nearby Brandywine Battlefield and the battle of Germantown. On this site, approximately 2,500 of the 10,000 revolutionary soldiers made the ultimate sacrifice for their country, dying of disease, hunger and exposure, while the British Army under General Howe resided in relative comfort in Philadelphia.
Horse Carriage, Independence National Historic Park
19th century Philadelphia prospered and grew during the Industrial Revolution, becoming one of the most productive manufacturing centers in the world prior to 1950. During this period Philadelphia attempted to sustain the artistic traditions begun by Charles Wilson Peale, and before him Benjamin West. There are in the city approximately 40 art associations, schools of art, museums and collections, public and private. The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (chartered 1805) of which Thomas Eakins was an instructor, is the oldest art institution in the United States and remains among the most distinguished in the country. Popular art museums in Philadelphia include the Rodin museum, which has more than 200 original statues, The Philadelphia Museum of Art, which is recognized, not only as a great art museum but also as an architectural site in itself, and the Norman Rockwell museum. Public art adorns the city with sculptures by Frederick Remington, Alexander Calder, Claes Oldenburg, Henry Mitchell and others.
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Founded in 1876, the Philadelphia Museum of Art is among the largest art museums in the United States. It houses over 300,000 objects in its collection, and contains a research library of over 135,000 art books, periodicals, and auction catalogues, free to museum members, University faculty and graduate students, and visiting scholars.
Recreational Activities
For the musical arts, the world famous Philadelphia Orchestra, Peter Nero and the Philly Pops, Philadanco, and many others are resident companies at the newly built Kimmel Center on the Avenue of the Arts. The Opera Company of Philadelphia and The Pennsylvania Ballet performs and at the historic Academy of Music, built in 1857, and modeled on La Scala in Milan, is also on the Avenue of the Arts. The Pennsylvania Opera Theater as well as a great many other theaters of dance, music and drama are among the other advantages of life in the Philadelphia area.
The Franklin Institute founded in 1824 is a public museum devoted to the promotion of science and technology. Among other massive exhibits, they have a state of the art planetarium with a computer-controlled projector with outstanding graphics and special effects. The Franklin Institute’s Future Center illustrates visions of the future of electronics, as well as economic, technological and demographic changes, which are shaping our world.
The Academy of Natural Science, founded in 1812, is the oldest such institution in the United States and promotes appreciation of natural science. Throughout its history the Academy has sponsored numerous expeditions such as Admiral Robert E. Peary’s voyage of 1892 which proved Greenland is an island. The Academy of Natural Science maintains a display of numerous life-size robotic dinosaurs as well as interactive and live animal programs.
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
The University Museum, across the street from the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, has a world-renowned collection of archaeological and anthropological artifacts. Displays range from the Sumerian period, the Egyptian period (including the preserved body of an Egyptian woman (c.3500 B.C.) to the Alaskan Indians and other 19th century subjects. The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology was founded in 1887. Collections include nearly one million artifacts from cultures throughout time and across continents.
Other attractions in Philadelphia include the United States Mint, the world’s largest mint, and the Philadelphia Zoological Gardens, founded in 1874, which is the oldest zoo in the United States. On display are more than 1,600 birds, mammals, reptiles as well as a petting zoo. Other general attractions include Chinatown, Penn’s Landing, the Italian Market and Reading Terminal Market.
City activities include the nationally televised Thanksgiving Day Parade, Saint Patrick’s Day Parade, New Year’s Day Mummer’s Parade and the annual Freedom Festival every Fourth of July weekend. The city also sports the largest municipal park system in the world, Fairmount Park, with more than 4,000 acres for public use.
Philadelphia sports fans are notoriously enthusiastic and sports opportunities abound in Philadelphia with major league football, baseball, basketball and hockey teams.
Franklin Field, University of Pennsylvania’s Historic Football Stadium, has hosted the best in collegiate and professional competitions.
Finally, one of the greatest assets of Philadelphia is the general location. One can make outings to the Lancaster region, famous for the life style of the Amish farm people or one can go camping, skiing or hiking in the Pocono Mountains within two hours drive to the west. Eighty minutes to the east is the Jersey shore where in towns such as Cape May, one can enjoy everything from beautiful Victorian houses and clean salt water beaches to wild life preserves with salt marshes as habitat to a wide variety of migratory birds. To the south within a 25 minute drive is Longwood Gardens, a massive botanical garden with palatial fountains and buildings on an approximately 180 acre site, founded by Pierre Dupont. A nice feature about living in the Philadelphia area is the ease with which one can reach, by train or car, Washington, D.C., or Baltimore to the south, or New York City and Boston to the north. You will find the Philadelphia area to be enjoyable to live in as well as a place where friends will love to come to visit you.
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In Historic New Castle Delaware
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Separation Day is the annual celebration of Delaware’s independence from Pennsylvania and the British Crown. 2024 marks the 248th anniversary of arguably one of the longest running traditions in the state. The community event is held annually in Historic New Castle. Friday night festivities include music, food and drink in the center of town. Saturday kicks off with a Colonial-inspired parade. The middle of the day is filled with children’s rides, an Artisan & Vintage market, live music, beer garden and foods prepared by community groups. The day culminates with fireworks over the Delaware River.
RSVP & Invite Guests on Facebook:
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A quick guide to living in Newcastle, Australia for people thinking about coming to the University of Newcastle to work, study or visit.
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The University of Newcastle, Australia
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https://www.newcastle.edu.au/campus-life/newcastle/living-in-newcastle
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"Newcastle is a place where if you want to work hard and have innovation, you can open your own business, you can get involved with the University and do your own research. Newcastle is an incubator for great ideas." Professor John Fischetti.
Newcastle, Australia has been named as one of the world's top 'Smart Cities' to watch in 2017 by Global magazine National Geographic Traveler.
In 2011, the highly respected travel guide Lonely Planet listed Newcastle - Australia's seventh largest city and economic hub of the Hunter region - among the world's Top 10 Cities.
Discover Newcastle
Nestled on Australia's spectacular NSW coast and surrounded by some of the state's most popular destinations, Newcastle is an all-round great choice as a safe and friendly place to live.
The city itself has a lot to offer - great weather, beautiful surrounds, an unbeatable lifestyle and a vibrant cultural identity that is truly its own. The city is recognised world-wide for its ongoing transformation and has come a long way since its 90 year history as the 'Steel City'.
There are lots of ways to get to know the city of Newcastle and plenty of information available to help you. Visit our Getting to know Newcastle page to get started.
Beautiful surrounds
When you choose the University of Newcastle, Australia for work or study, you will enjoy the area's stunning scenery and world-famous destinations, including the Hunter Valley Wine region, historic Maitland, Lake Macquarie, Port Stephens and Barrington Tops National Park. Newcastle is also the gateway to the state's north coast.
The city itself is an interesting mix of old and new architecture, dominated by the magnificent Christ Church Cathedral that sits atop The Hill, with views over the busy harbour, the city and coastline.
A thriving arts scene
With the support of fantastic programs like Renew Newcastle, Newcastle is fast developing a reputation as the 'place to be' for the creative arts. We have the highest ratio of artists per head of population in the country.
On top of the thriving local scene, Newcastle has always been a popular destination for major international and national artists and shows touring Australia.
Venues range from world-class galleries, museums and theatres to shopfronts and the emerging small bar scene.
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The Delaware Colony, officially known as the three "Lower Counties on the Delaware", was a semiautonomous region of the proprietary Province of Pennsylvania and...
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https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Lower_Counties
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The Delaware Colony, officially known as the three "Lower Counties on the Delaware", was a semiautonomous region of the proprietary Province of Pennsylvania and a de facto British colony in North America.[1] Although not royally sanctioned, Delaware consisted of the three counties on the west bank of the Delaware River Bay.
Quick Facts Lower Counties onthe Delaware, Status ...
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In the early 17th century, the area was inhabited by Lenape and possibly Assateague Native American Indian tribes. The first European settlers were Swedes, who established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina in present-day Wilmington, Delaware, in 1638. The Dutch captured the colony in 1655 and annexed it to New Netherland to the north. Great Britain subsequently took control of it from the Dutch in 1664. In 1682, William Penn, the Quaker proprietor of the Province of Pennsylvania to the north leased the three lower counties on the Delaware River from James, the Duke of York, who went on to become King James II.
The three lower counties on the Delaware River were governed as part of the Province of Pennsylvania from 1682 until 1701, when the lower counties petitioned for and were granted an independent colonial legislature; the two colonies shared the same governor until 1776. The English colonists who settled in Delaware were mainly Quakers. In the first half of the 18th century, New Castle and Philadelphia became the primary ports of entry to the new world for a quarter of a million Protestant immigrants from Northern Ireland, referred to as "Scotch-Irish" in America and "Ulster Scots" in Northern Ireland. Delaware had no established religion at this time.
The American Revolutionary War began in April 1775, and on June 15, 1776, the Delaware Assembly voted to break all ties with Great Britain, creating the independent State of Delaware.[1] On July 4, 1776, Delaware joined 12 other British colonies to form the United States of America.
More information Year, Pop. ...
Historical populationYearPop.±%1670700—16801,005+43.6%16901,482+47.5%17002,470+66.7%17103,645+47.6%17205,385+47.7%17309,170+70.3%174019,870+116.7%175028,704+44.5%176033,250+15.8%177035,496+6.8%177437,219+4.9%178045,385+21.9%Source: 1670–1760;[2] 1774[3] 1770–1780[4]
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From the early Dutch settlement in 1631 to the colony's rule by Pennsylvania in 1682, the land that later became the U.S. state of Delaware changed hands many times. Because of this, Delaware became a heterogeneous society made up of individuals who were diverse in country of origin and religion.[citation needed]
The first European exploration of what would become known as the Delaware Valley was made by the Dutch ship Halve Maen under the command of Henry Hudson in 1609. He was searching for what was believed to be a Northwest Passage to Asia. Hudson sailed into what now is the Delaware Bay. He named it the South River, but this would later change after Samuel Argall came across the mouth of the river in 1610, after being blown off course. Argall later renamed this waterway as the river Delaware, after Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, the second governor of Virginia.[5]
Follow-up expeditions by Cornelius May in 1613 and Cornelius Hendrickson in 1614 mapped the shoreline of what would become the colony and state of Delaware for inclusion in the New Netherland colony. Initial Dutch settlement was centered up the Delaware River at Fort Nassau at Big Timber Creek, south of what is now Gloucester City, New Jersey.
Neither the Dutch nor the English showed any early interest in establishing settlement on this land. It was not until 1629 that agents of the Dutch West India Company, Gillis Hossitt and Jacob Jansz, arrived to negotiate with the Native Americans to "purchase" land for a colony. (The Dutch always purchased land from the Native Americans, rather than take it by force, but the peoples had differing concepts of property and use. The Native Americans often considered the Dutch "payments" to be gifts in keeping with their Native custom, and expected to share use of the common land.) Hossitt and Jansz secured a treaty granting the Dutch a parcel of land running along the shore eight Dutch miles long and half a Dutch mile deep (roughly 29 by just under 2 US miles). This nearly coincided with the length of the coast of modern Sussex and Kent counties in Delaware.
In 1631 the Dutch sent a group of twenty-eight men to build a fort inside Cape Henlopen on Lewes Creek to establish the Zwaanendael Colony.[6] This first colony was intended to take advantage of the large whale population in the bay and to produce whale oil. A cultural misunderstanding with the Native Americans resulted in their killing of these 28 colonists before a year had passed.[6] Patroon David Pietersz. de Vries arrived shortly thereafter with an additional 50 settlers. Although he concluded a treaty with the Indians, de Vries, his partners in Holland, and the Dutch West India Company decided the location was too dangerous for immediate colonization. They took the additional settlers to New Amsterdam (New York) instead.
In March 1638, the Swedish colony of New Sweden was established as the first permanent European settlement in Delaware. The Kalmar Nyckel anchored at a rocky point on the Minquas Kill. Today this site is called Swedes' Landing; it is located in Wilmington, Delaware.[6] The New Sweden Company was organized and overseen by Clas Larsson Fleming, a Swedish admiral and administrator. Samuel Blommaert, a Flemish director of the Dutch West India Company who had grown frustrated with the company's policies, assisted the fitting-out.[7] The expedition was led, and had been instigated by Peter Minuit, the founding governor of New Netherland. He had been dismissed by the Dutch West India Company, which operated the colony as a concession. Minuit resented the company and was well aware that the Dutch had little settlement in the Zuyd (Delaware) river valley. New Sweden was a multicultural affair, with Finns, Dutch, Walloons (Belgians), and Germans, in addition to Swedes among the settlers.
The first outpost of the Swedish settlement was named Fort Christina (now Wilmington) after Queen Christina of Sweden. The Swedes introduced log cabin construction to the New World and the humble house form was later spread to the American backcountry by Scotch-Irish immigrants who entered the colony through the port of New Castle. Swedish colonial Governor Johan Björnsson Printz administered the colony of New Sweden from 1643 to 1653. He was succeeded by Johan Classon Risingh, the last governor of New Sweden.[5] The Dutch had never accepted the Swedish colony as legitimate, and the Dutch West India Company competed with the officials and backers of New Sweden. In 1651, New Netherland Governor Peter Stuyvesant had Fort Nassau dismantled and reassembled downriver of Fort Christina as Fort Casimir. This meant that the Dutch effectively encircled the Swedish colony. The Swedes abandoned Fort Beversreede, a short-lived attempt to establish a foothold at the end of the Great Minquas Path (in modern Philadelphia).
Three years later, the New Sweden colony attacked and seized Fort Casimir, renaming it Fort Trinity. The struggle finally came to an end in September 1655. With the Second Great Northern War raging in Europe, Stuyvesant assembled an army and naval squadron sufficient to capture the Swedish forts, thus re-establishing control of the colony. The Dutch renamed Fort Casimir/Trinity as New Amstel (later translated to New Castle). It became their center for fur trading with Native Americans and the colony's administration headquarters.[5] The area's European population grew rapidly.
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Putting It All Together
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The following text is in an excerpt from the National Park Service Special Resource Study (2008), Delaware National Coastal Special Resource Study, and Environmental Assessment.
Early Settlement:
A brief summary of the early history of Delaware provides some background for the objects of historic and scientific interest that would be included in this park. In 1638, Peter Minuet-who had formerly been director general of the Dutch New Netherland colony-led Swedish colonists to present day Wilmington, Delaware, and established New Sweden at a point known as "the rocks" on the Christina River. The settlers constructed Fort Christina at this location, and while the site today is a National Historic Landmark, no vestiges of the fort remain. However, in 1698, Swedish settlers established Holy Trinity ("Old Swedes'") Church near the fort. This church is the oldest church in the United States that still stands as originally built, and is a National Historic Landmark.
In 1651, Peter Stuyvesant led Dutch settlers from New Amsterdam, the capital city of New Netherland on Manhattan Island in present day New York, to a site approximately 7 miles south of Fort Christina, where they built Fort Casimir at a place Stuyvesant named "New Amstel" in present day New Castle, Delaware. The Dutch fort at New Amstel proved a superior position to the Swedish Fort Christina for controlling supplies and commerce. Conflicts between the Swedish and Dutch colonists resulted in changing occupations of Fort Casimir, with the Dutch regaining control in 1655.
Then, in 1665, the English arrived in New Amstel with men and warships, seized control of the city for the King of England, and renamed it "New Castle." In fact, the English at that time wrested control of all of New Netherland, which then became part of the colony of New York under the Duke of York, brother of King Charles II. In 1681, King Charles II paid his gratitude to Sir Admiral William Penn, a key military supporter, by deeding "Penn's Woods" (Pennsylvania) to the Admiral's son, William. The King set the boundary of Penn's Woods 12 miles out from New Castle in an arc extending radially. This 12-mile circle protected land around New Castle that the King had previously granted to his brother the Duke of York, but also prevented William Penn from having access to the Atlantic Ocean for his new Quaker colony. So Penn asked the Duke of York for land along the Delaware River down to the Atlantic Ocean, and the Duke acquiesced, thereby laying the basis for Penn's establishing the three "Lower Counties of Pennsylvania" that eventually became Delaware.
William Penn landed in New Castle in 1682 and took possession of the city. In 1704, Penn established Delaware's General Assembly and allowed it to meet separately from Pennsylvania's. New Castle remained the colonial capital of Delaware until 1777. The New Castle Courthouse is a National Historic Landmark. The New Castle Historic District, which contains numerous additional resources from the time of earliest settlement through the Federal era, is also a National Historic Landmark.
Becoming The First State:
As outlined in the NPS Special Resource Study, the history of Colonial Delaware and the era leading to American Independence is complex and fascinating. Delaware was actively engaged in the debates surrounding the conflict with Britain and the choice for Revolution. Delaware delegates actively participated in the Continental Congress debating British taxation of the colonies and the idea of independence from England. Delaware delegates participated in the first and second Continental Congresses, and were part of the decision making that lead to a vote to form a new government on May 10, 1776. While five elected men stayed in Philadelphia to write the declaration, the other delegates returned home in June 1776 to consult with their colony's legislature. The Delaware Assembly met on June 15, 1776, in New Castle and voted to sever ties with the crown. Until a new government could be formed it was suggested that business would be directed by the three county representatives rather than the king. This made June 15, 1776, the official birth date of "Delaware State"; the following day, June 16, Delaware separated from the state of Pennsylvania. Soon after, a Delaware State Constitution was approved and adopted on September 20th, still celebrated as "Constitution Day" in the state.
On September 17, 1787, the Constitution of the United States was completed in Philadelphia, and a four-part ratification process began. On September 28, 1787, the Confederation Congress sent the Constitution to the states. Of course, the states nearest to Philadelphia had the advantage of deliberating on the new Constitution sooner than those at some distance. The Golden Fleece Tavern on the Green in Dover, Delaware, had become a center for community and government activities. Also known as Battell's Tavern, it was the meeting place of the Delaware Assembly's Upper House, the Legislative Council, when the state government moved from New Castle to Dover in 1777. In September 1787, when the constitution was sent to the states for consideration, thirty delegates were elected in Delaware to meet and review the document. The meeting was convened on December 3. Approval was unanimous, and on December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first state in the new nation to ratify the Federal Constitution. The site of the Golden Fleece Tavern, the Dover Green Historic District, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Industrial Era:
The boundary arc establishing the three "Lower Counties of Pennsylvania" that became Delaware runs, in part, through the Woodlawn Trustees property ("Woodlawn") to the northwest of present day Wilmington in the Brandywine Hundred. Woodlawn is tied to William Penn and the early Quaker settlements in Delaware, and it also tells the nationally significant story of Quaker industrialist William Poole Bancroft's altruistic planning efforts for the region.
As noted, Woodlawn is situated on land known as the "Brandywine Hundred," acquired by William Penn from the Duke of York in 1682. Penn called the 4,120 acre tract "Rockland Manor." In 1701 , Penn commissioned a survey and demarcation of the twelve-mile arc through his property. The initial tree blazes that marked the boundary were replaced in 1892 with more permanent stone markers. One of these stone boundary markers still stands at Woodlawn, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
In 1699, Penn sold 2,000 acres of Rockland Manor to the Pennsylvania Land Company, which in turn sold the land to settlers---predominantly Quakers---who had begun settling the area before 1690. In time, the Brandywine and Delaware valleys were more densely settled with Quakers than any other rural area in the United States. The Quaker community established farms, businesses, and industries on the land once owned by William Penn. At least 8 properties from the eighteenth century are known to be located at Woodlawn. The Beaver Valley area of Woodlawn was owned by the Hicklens and Chandlers, two Quaker families that dominated settlement in that area throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.
Beginning in 1906, Quaker industrialist William Poole Bancroft began to purchase property in the Brandywine Hundred, five miles outside Wilmington city limits, to hold in reserve for the public. Bancroft, heir to the Bancroft cotton mills on the Brandywine River, eventually amassed over 1,300 acres in the Brandywine Hundred, of which Woodlawn comprises 1,100 acres. Woodlawn remains as it was when Bancroft purchased it: farm fields and forests predominate, sprinkled with old farmsteads, bridges, and a few roads and trails. Because it has remained relatively undisturbed for more than a century, the property exhibits Colonial and Quaker settlement patterns that have vanished elsewhere.
Woodlawn was the culmination of Bancroft's city planning efforts, which began after the Civil War with development of a city park and parkway system for Wilmington, and evolved into more comprehensive planning in the early twentieth century. In Wilmington, Bancroft developed affordable housing known as "The Flats," available to anyone, not just Bancroft mill employees, and still in use. In consultation with experts like Frederick Law Olmsted, he also developed boulevards and parkways to link neighborhoods and parks. Bancroft also secured bucolic green space outside the city, in this case Woodlawn, for the inspiration and benefit of city dwellers, and set up a trust entity--
"…to hold the majority of the undeveloped land in trust for permanent green space, and sell the most developable land to fund the work that Bancroft had outlined for the corporation: affordable housing and the acquisition of land for parkland and open space. The Trust, still operating today in its intended capacity, may be unique in the United States in this regard."
With respect to Woodlawn in particular, Bancroft envisioned the population growth over the next century of both Wilmington and the area between Wilmington and Philadelphia, and set out to preserve Woodlawn for the long-term well-being of the public. In 1909, Bancroft stated that it could take 100 years to appreciate the need to preserve this property as parkland.
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Wilmington, Delaware’s largest city, originated as a colonial trading area and became an industrial and chemical-producing center.
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Essay
Located thirty miles southwest of Philadelphia, Wilmington is Delaware’s largest city and the New Castle County seat. It originated as a colonial trading area and ferry crossing and later became one of the country’s most vital industrial and chemical-producing centers. With the decline of manufacturing near the close of the twentieth century, the city emerged as America’s “corporate capital.” Despite the city’s industrial might and corporate wealth, its history also reflected the spatial, economic, and racial disparities seen in cities across Greater Philadelphia and the nation. Often overshadowed by the region’s larger cities, Wilmington remained modest in size yet ambitious in scope.
Prior to Swedish and Dutch colonization in the early 1600s, the area that became Wilmington contained a vast population of Lenni Lenape Indians scattered in villages along the Delaware River. Over time, the Indians and settlers engaged in trade, exchanging furs for European-made goods. New Castle, six miles to the south, initially served as the area’s primary trading center. But in 1638, Swedish colonists erected Fort Christina on a narrow stretch of land between the Brandywine and Christina Rivers, the latter of which fed into the larger Delaware. In 1669, Governor Francis Lovelace (1621-75) chartered the Christina’s first ferry service north of present-day Newport. Twenty years later, an additional crossing opened over the Brandywine, generating commerce on the peninsula between the rivers. In 1731, with the colony then under English rule, the humble settlement gained incorporation.
Thomas Penn (1702-75), son of Pennsylvania founder William Penn (1644-1718), served as the first proprietor of the Borough of Wilmington, which he named for Spencer Compton (1673-1743), the First Earl of Wilmington and close associate of King George II (1683-1760). With easy river access to the interior and the Atlantic Ocean, Wilmington attracted craftsmen, merchants, millers, and artisans, who transformed the fledgling borough into a key producer of flour and grain; the city’s so-called “Brandywine Superfine” flour reached markets throughout the colonies and ports as far away as Europe and the West Indies. In 1771, after concluding a carpentry apprenticeship, Samuel Canby (1751-1832) established the borough’s first textile mill along the Brandywine near Orange Street. Later, his son James Canby (1781-1858) assumed control of the mills and eventually helped found the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, serving as its first chief executive. Although Wilmington witnessed no significant combat during the American Revolution, the borough provided shelter for American troops during the 1777-78 British occupation of nearby Philadelphia. Regiments from Maryland and Delaware remained in Wilmington to protect patriot supply lines along the Elk and Delaware Rivers.
Brandywine Village
Industrialization expanded in the Wilmington area during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Brandywine Village, a flour milling center, opened in 1753. Founded by prominent Quakers William Shipley (1693-1768), his wife Elizabeth Levis-Shipley (1690-1777), and their partner Thomas Canby Jr. (1702-1764), the complex contained twelve mills and more than sixty homes. In 1783, engineer Oliver Evans (1755-1819) introduced his automatic flour mill to the complex, a system that later revolutionized the industry. Working from his Newport, Delaware, and Philadelphia shops, Evans also experimented with steam and refrigeration technologies. With industry came growth; by the early 1800s, Wilmington’s population reached five thousand residents and its papermaking, grain, and flour processing operations were complemented by new technologies and industries. In 1802, French chemist E.I. du Pont (1771-1834) established a gunpowder mill along the Brandywine upstream from the city. Over the next century, his namesake company remained headquartered in Wilmington and grew into the world’s largest explosives manufacturer. Other prominent local families during the period included the Talleys, active in the timber business; the Bringhursts, who prospered in shipping and banking; and the Bancrofts, whose patriarch Joseph Bancroft (1803-1874) opened a textile mill along the Brandywine in 1831.
The Delaware legislature rechartered the borough as the city of Wilmington in 1832, and with the completion of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad five years later, the city’s riverfront advantages merged with the Northeast’s burgeoning rail network. Shipbuilding, carriage making, and iron founding flourished during the 1840s, generating demand for raw materials and skilled workers. Yet railroad cars and their related components generated much of the city’s nineteenth-century economic activity. Prior to the Civil War, companies including Harlan and Hollingsworth, Pusey and Jones, and Jackson and Sharp opened factories along the Christina, placing Wilmington at the forefront of U.S railcar production. The Lobdell Car Wheel Company led the nation in train wheel production while Jackson and Sharp exported cars and later electric trolleys to Europe, Latin America, and Asia. As Wilmington’s industrial base increased, so too did its population of foreign workers, many of whom arrived from Ireland and Germany during the 1840s and 1850s.
The population of New Castle County had included numerous enslaved Africans, primarily in its rural southern areas, since the 1700s, but by the early 1800s members of Wilmington’s free Black community achieved considerable home and property ownership and established a number of schools and churches. In 1827, the Wilmington Union Colonization Society petitioned the state assembly for a resolution to manumit slaves, provided they return to Africa, a measure deeply at odds with the city’s free Blacks, who argued colonization ran counter to the nation’s founding principles. Wilmington also harbored considerable abolitionist sentiment and with its location less than ten miles from the Pennsylvania border served as the northeastern terminus for the Underground Railroad. Hardware purveyor Thomas Garrett (1789-1871) assisted Harriet Tubman (?-1913) on eight of her missions. Garrett’s covert activities eventually landed him in federal court, where in 1848, he was fined $5,400 for violating the Fugitive Slave Act. Other notable Wilmington abolitionists included shoemaker Abraham Doras Shadd (1801-82) and his daughter Mary Ann Shadd (1823-93), who used their homes to aid escaped slaves, as well as Samuel Burris (1808-68), who coordinated escape routes north into Philadelphia and out of Kent and Sussex Counties to the south. Although a slave state in 1860, with its citizens polarized by Northern and Southern sympathies, Delaware remained in the Union following the outbreak of the Civil War. During the conflict, Wilmington’s industries provided the Union Army with much-needed clothing, blankets, riverboats, rail cars, and artillery.
A Key Industrial Contributor
Despite competition from larger cities in the Northeast and Midwest, Wilmington’s productive capacity and population rose after 1865, making the city a key element in greater Philadelphia’s industrial network. Its yards and factories churned out carriages and rail cars, and by 1870, produced more iron ships than the rest of the nation’s facilities combined, earning the city the nickname “the American Clyde.” With such activity, the city’s population, which stood at 21,258 people at the onset of the Civil War, grew steadily, reaching nearly 77,000 by 1900. Newly arrived immigrants from Italy, Hungary, and Poland settled in neighborhoods on the edges of downtown or in low-lying, flood-prone areas along the Christina. Most lived in two- or three-story brick row houses, similar to those in Philadelphia and Camden, and found work in textiles or constructing the Baltimore and Ohio (B&O) Railroad. However, fierce competition for jobs prompted the Wilmington City Council in the 1880s to temporarily prohibit Italian or Hungarian immigrants from employment on public works projects.
In the late nineteenth century, Wilmington confronted side effects from decades of industrial activity. The Brandywine River, the city’s main source of municipal water, became heavily polluted. Outbreaks of cholera and typhoid fever occurred regularly in the 1870s and 1880s, prompting city officials to build reservoirs, a modern sewer system in 1890, and in 1909, Wilmington’s first water purification plant. In recognizing the ills of the industrial city, Wilmington’s elite removed to the suburbs, constructing mansions in areas such as Kentmere, Westover Hills, and Montchanin. Yet many prominent citizens such as U.S. Sen. Thomas F. Bayard (1828-98), William Poole Bancroft (1835-1928), Pierre S. du Pont (1870-1954), businessman John Jacob Raskob (1879-1950), and U.S. Sen. T. Coleman du Pont (1863-1930) donated influence, land, funding, or ingenuity to beautify Wilmington’s public spaces and improve its infrastructure. Bancroft, known as the godfather of Wilmington’s park system, at Bayard’s urging in 1889 bequeathed to the city acreage for both Rockford Park and Brandywine River Park; the former’s observation tower, built in 1901, became one of Wilmington’s most beloved landmarks. Pierre S. du Pont personally financed road improvements of Kennett Pike (State Route 52), and enlisted Raskob to redesign Rodney Square, the city’s main public square. In 1905, the Pennsylvania Railroad elevated its street-level tracks through Wilmington and retained architect Frank Furness (1839-1912) to design a new station.
The Du Pont family also left an indelible architectural legacy in the city, opening the twelve-story Du Pont Building on Rodney Square in 1906 and the luxurious Hotel Du Pont in 1913. The hotel and its restaurant, the Green Room, remain two of Wilmington’s finest establishments. In 1924 the Du Pont Highway (US 13), personally financed by Pierre Du Pont, opened to vehicular traffic, allowing easier travel between the city and Delaware’s southern counties. Following the death of Wilmington-based artist Howard Pyle (1853-1911), friends, patrons, and former students honored his legacy by establishing the Wilmington Society for Fine Arts. The society later received the art collection of William’s brother Samuel Bancroft Jr. (1840-1915), who also donated eleven acres in Kentmere for the site of the Delaware Art Museum, which opened to the public in 1938. Decades later, artist Helen Farr Sloan (1911-2005) donated to the museum hundreds of paintings and prints executed by her husband John French Sloan (1871-1951), a member of the Philadelphia-founded Ashcan School; over time, her contributions amounted to the largest collection of his works held by a museum.
A Boost From World War I
In the 1910s, Pierre S. du Pont foresaw conflict in Europe, and in 1915 his company began supplying the Allies with armaments. By World War I’s conclusion, Du Pont had provided 40 percent of Allied explosives and seen its labor force increase dramatically, from 5,300 in 1914 to 48,000 four years later. The company’s regional footprint grew as well, as its facility in Carney’s Point, New Jersey, expanded and handled the bulk of wartime production. Hundreds of soldiers from Wilmington fought in the Battle of Argonne while thousands more at home participated in roadbuilding and maintenance work. The city’s shipyards supplied hundreds of submarine-chaser yachts and patrol craft. After the war, Du Pont reduced its munitions production and, aided by confiscated German research and patents, greatly expanded its production of chemicals, dyes, and cinematic film. Over time, this growth led Wilmingtonians to call Du Pont simply “the company.” Aiding the city’s postwar boom, in 1920 the Lobdell Car Wheel Company sold 101 acres of land to the city for the construction of modern port facilities. Two years later, the Port of Wilmington opened for commerce, exporting lumber, cork, burlap, lead, iron ore, fertilizer, and petroleum. As the 1920s drew to a close, Wilmington’s 110,000 residents enjoyed the prosperity seen elsewhere around the country, evident in its movie theaters, clothing stores, hotels and restaurants, sporting venues, and growing use of automobiles.
During the Great Depression, Wilmington benefited from several New Deal projects overseen by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civil Works Administration (CWA). These included new public schools; road, sidewalk, and bridge improvements; upgraded dikes along the Christina River; and new buildings for the Wilmington Waterworks and the United States Postal Service. Located on Rodney Square, the Classical Revival-style post office opened in 1937 and contained murals designed by Albert Pels (1910-98) and Herman Zimmerman. As the nation plunged into World War II, Wilmington’s citizens and industries rushed to meet Allied demands. Thousands enlisted for military service. The New Castle County Airport shifted solely to military use. Iron founding, textile, and shipbuilding activity all increased dramatically as did the chemical and munitions output of the Du Pont, Hercules, and Atlas companies. Additionally, Du Pont engineers, working in Wilmington; Oak Ridge, Tennessee; and Hanford, Washington, played key roles in the Manhattan Project, the secret program to develop the atomic bomb.
Wilmington prospered after World War II. Du Pont increased its workforce by ten thousand in the early 1950s and over the next three decades pioneered advances in plastics, nylon, rayon, Kevlar, Tyvek, and several other chemicals and products that helped fuel the nation’s postwar consumption; the company even advertised its famous “nylon suites” at the Hotel du Pont. With thousands of new jobs in the area, housing developments appeared in suburbs such as Sherwood Park, Pike Creek, Duncan Woods, Talleyville, and Forest Hills Park. While railcar production declined sharply, automobile production emerged as the state’s largest industry, second only to Du Pont. Shifting to peacetime operations, General Motors opened its Wilmington plant in 1947 on Boxwood Road while Chrysler opened a plant in Newark in 1952. In 1957, construction commenced on Interstate 95, which passed directly through downtown Wilmington between Jackson and Adams Streets. The highway, which many neighborhood residents opposed, was completed in 1968 and over time, ferried commuters away from downtown businesses. To relieve traffic congestion, the Interstate 495 bypass, along the city’s eastern edge, opened in 1977. With suburbanization came new recreational opportunities such as the Concord Mall (1965), the Delcastle Sports Complex (1970), and the Christiana Mall (1978).
Rioting of 1968
Despite Wilmington’s prosperity, race relations remained fraught in the postwar decades. While local institutions such as Salesianum High School, the YMCA, and the Hotel Du Pont began integrating in the early 1950s, the fight to desegregate the city’s public schools did not end until the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. Wilmington’s schools complied with the decision later that year. In July 1967, civil disturbances in the city’s Black neighborhoods prompted Mayor John E. Babiarz (1915-2004) to establish an evening curfew and temporary bans on liquor sales. Following the April 1968 assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-68), three thousand National Guard troops arrived to quell ten days of widespread rioting and looting of downtown stores. Though Babiarz requested the troops be withdrawn after twenty-four days, Governor Charles L. Terry, Jr. (1900-70), a southern-style Democrat who won office on a platform of law and order, refused on the grounds of maintaining security and protecting property. The troops remained for nine months, leading to Terry’s reelection loss in November and marking the longest military occupation of an American city since the Civil War.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, many of Wilmington’s industrial interests contracted or relocated out of state. Its population dwindled. But the city entered a new phase. Du Pont, Hercules, and BASF continued to grow. Hercules, which spun off from Du Pont decades earlier, completed a 680,000-square-foot headquarters at the edge of the Midtown-Brandywine neighborhood—the state’s largest office building erected during the 1980s. Although Du Pont continued as the city’s largest employer, in September 2017 the storied company completed a $130 billion merger with Dow Chemical; by mid-2019, the newly formed conglomerate planned to break into three independent, publicly traded units. Beyond chemicals, Wilmington continued to diversify. In 1981, with the passage of the Financial Center Development Act, the state’s banking and tax laws were liberalized to attract outside investment. Banking giants such as Chase Manhattan, Bank of America, ING, MBNA, and Barclays opened offices as did pharmaceutical and telecommunications companies. By the 1990s, the city gained a somewhat dubious reputation as a base for “shell companies” suspected of avoiding government regulations and laundering foreign sources of income. These developments earned Wilmington yet another nickname, “corporate capital.”
Even with the influx of corporate investment, Wilmington faced other challenges in the 1990s and early 2000s, such as the environmental cleanup of dozens of industrial sites, the disappearance of automobile manufacturing, and persistent inequality between the city and its suburbs. Decades of manufacturing led to a high concentration of Superfund and brownfield locations, with New Castle County alone containing more than several U.S. states. Many of the most contaminated, such as the Tybout’s Corner landfill, saw remediation completed by the early 2000s. One of the most successful brownfield projects, Justison Landing, was completed in 2005; once home to tanneries and shipyards, the thirty-three-acre site transformed into apartments, offices, restaurants, and a stadium for the Wilmington Blue Rocks, a minor league baseball affiliate of the Kansas City Royals. In 2009, the last active car factory in the eastern U.S, Wilmington’s Boxwood Road GM plant, closed. As of 2019, with the plant demolished, plans included a new e-commerce facility on the site.
Demographic Shifts
Demographics in Wilmington shifted after 1990. The proportion of white residents fell from 40 to 28 percent by 2010, a period of steady gains in the African American population (which reached 58 percent) and Latino residents (12 percent). After the 2010 census, projections estimated Wilmington’s population growing by 0.4 per cent, far below the gains of Philadelphia. Although surrounded by affluent areas on its northern and western edges, in 2018 Wilmington had one of the nation’s highest murder rates and nearly half of its residents under age eighteen lived below the federal poverty line.
Throughout its nearly 350-year existence, Wilmington has mirrored the aspirations, tensions, and historical changes of the United States as a whole. Although never achieving the prominence of nearby Philadelphia or Baltimore to its south, the city at times exerted enormous influence for one of its comparatively smaller size. And despite the many challenges that Wilmington faced in the early twenty-first century, it still strived to be, as welcome signs at the city limits proclaimed, “a place to be somebody.”
Stephen Nepa teaches history at Temple University, Pennsylvania State University-Abington, Rowan University, and Moore College of Art and Design. He is a contributing author to numerous books and journals, and regularly appears in the Emmy Award-winning documentary series Philadelphia: The Great Experiment. He received his B.A and M.A. from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and his Ph.D. from Temple. A native of Wilmington, he lives in Philadelphia. (Author information current at time of publication.)
Copyright 2019, Rutgers University
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Thomas J Scharf, History of Delaware: Chapter VIII: William Penn and his government
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An excerpt from Thomas Scharf's -History of Delaware, 1609-1888- concerning William Penn.
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Scharf, Thomas J., History of Delaware, 1609-1888. Volume One- pp. 68-81.
CHAPTER VIII.
WILLIAM PENN AND HIS GOVERNMENT.
AFTER the Restoration of the Stuarts the attention of the court as well as the people of England was directed in a much larger measure than formerly to the American colonies. Men who were weary of strife, discontented with the present aspect of affairs or apprehensive of the future, sought relief and peace in emigration. The hardship of the wilderness, the perils of Indian warfare, the depressing diseases of a new climate and unbroken soil were as nothing to those in comparison with the blessings of political and religious liberty secured by emigration. As far as the court was concerned, Charles wanted provinces to give way to his favorites, while his cabinets, both under Clarendon, the Cabal, and Danby, had strong political reasons for putting the colonies more immediately under the control of the crown in order to check their manifest yearning for self-government and comparative independence. Thus the representatives of prerogative were compelled likewise to give an enlarged attention to colonial affairs. The Council for Foreign Plantations was given new powers and a greater and more exalted membership in 1671, and in 1674 this separate commission was dissolved and the conduct of colonial affairs intrusted to a committee of the Privy Council itself, which was directed to sit once a week and report its proceedings to the council. This committee comprised some of the ablest of the king's councilors, and among the members were the Duke of York and the Marquis of Halifax.
William Penn, who was a great favorite with the Duke of York, and the founder of Pennsylvania and Delaware, was born in London, in St. Catharine's Parish, hard by the Tower, October 14, 1644. His father was Vice Admiral Sir William Penn; his mother Margaret Jasper, daughter of a well-to-do Rotterdam merchant. They were united June 6, 1643, when the elder Penn, though only twenty years old, had already received his commission as post-captain in the royal navy, and William was their first child. It is probable that the stories of Admiral Penn about the conquest of Jamaica and the tropical splendors of that beautiful island first turned the attention of the younger Penn to our continent.
William Penn received his first education at the free grammar-school of Chigwell, Essex, where he experienced strong religious impressions and had visions of the "Inner Light," though he as yet had never heard Fox's name mentioned. He was not a puny child, though he must have been a studious one. He delighted and excelled in field-sports, boating, running, hunting and athletic exercises. At the age of twelve he was removed from Chigwell to receive private instruction at home, and three years later entered Christ Church College, Oxford. Penn studied assiduously, he joined the "serious set," he went to hear Thomas Loe preach the new gospel of the Society of Friends, he resented the discipline which the college attempted to put upon him and his intimates in consequence, and he was expelled from the university for rejecting the surplice and rioting in the quadrangle. His father beat him, relented, and sent him to France, where he came home with the manners and dress of a courtier, but saturated with Genevan theology. He had shown in Paris that he could use his rapier gallantly, and his father took him to sea to prove to the court, when he returned as bearer of dispatches, that he was capable of beginning the career of office. The plague of London set him again upon a train of serious thinking, and his father, to counteract this, sent him to the Duke of Ormond, at the same time giving him charge of his Irish estates. Penn danced in Dublin and fought at Carrickfergus equally well, and he even applied for a troop of horse. He was a very handsome young fellow, and armor and lace became him mightily. But at Cork he met Thomas Loe again and heard a sermon upon the text "There is a faith which overcomes the world, and there is a faith which is overcome by the world." Penn came out of this meeting a confirmed Quaker. His father recalled him, but could not break his conviction; and then again he was driven from home, but his mother still found means to supply his needs. He now joined the Quakers regularly, and became the most prominent of the followers of that singularly eccentric but singularly gifted leader of men, George Fox. Penn's affection for Fox was deep and strong. He repeatedly got "the man in the leather breeches" released from jail, and he gave him a thousand acres of land out of the first surveys made in Pennsylvania. Penn preached in public as Fox was doing, and so well that he soon found himself a prisoner in the Tower of London, where, when brought up for trial, he defended himself so ably as to prove that he could have become a great lawyer had he so chosen.
Penn married in 1672, his wife being Gulielma Springett, daughter of Sir William Springett, a lady of lovely person and sweet temper. He did not spend many weeks to his honeymoon. He was soon at his work again wrestling for the truth, and, it must be said, wrestling still more lustily as one who wrestles for victory with the oppressors of the faithful. In this cause he went to court again, resumed his relations with the Duke of York and secured that prince's influence in behalf of his persecuted sect. This semi-alliance of Penn with the duke led up directly to the settlement of Pennsylvania and Delaware. Penn realized the fact that the Friends could not escape persecution nor enjoy without taint their peculiar religious seclusion, nor could his ideal commonwealth be planted in such a society as that of Europe. It must seek new and virgin soil, where it could form its own manners and ripen its own code. Then, in 1672, came home George Fox,* fresh from his journey through the wilderness and his visits to the Quaker settlements in New Jersey and Maryland, in which latter province the ancient meetings of Anne Arundel and Talbot Counties were already important gatherings of a happy people entirely free from persecutions. We may imagine how eagerly and closely Penn read Fox's journals and the letters of Edmondston, Wenlock Christison, and others about their settlements.
In 1675, when his disgust with European society and his consciousness of the impossibility to effect radical reform there had been confirmed and deepened, Penn became permanently identified with American colonial affairs, and was put in the best possible position for acquiring a full and accurate knowledge of the resources and possibilities of the country between the Susquehanna and the Hudson. As has already been stated, on March 12, 1664, King Charles II. granted to his brother James, Duke of York and Albany, a patent for all the lands in New England from the St. Croix River to the Delaware. This patent, meant to lead directly up to the overthrow of the Dutch power in New Netherland, was probably also intended no less as a hostile demonstration against the New England Puritan colonies, which both the brothers hated cordially and which latterly had grown so independent and had so nearly established their own authority as to provoke more than one charge that they sought presently to abandon all allegiance due from them to the mother-country. At any rate, the New England colonies at once attempted to organize themselves into a confederacy for purposes of mutual defense against the Indians and Canadian French, as was alleged, but for divers other and weighty reasons, as many colonists did not hesitate to proclaim.** The Duke of York secured New York, Pennsylvania and Delaware to himself as his own private possessions. That part of New Netherland lying between the Hudson and the Delaware Rivers was forthwith (in 1664, before Nicolls sailed from Portsmouth to take New York) conveyed by the duke, by deeds of lease and release, to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. The latter being governor of the Channel Islands at the time, the new colony was called New Jersey, or rather Nova Coesarea, in the original grant. In 1675 Lord Berkeley sold, for one thousand pounds, his undivided half-share in New Jersey to John Fenwick, in trust for Edward Billinge and his assigns. Fenwick and Billinge were both Quakers, and Billinge was bankrupt. Not long after this conveyance Fenwick and Billinge fell out about the property, and, after the custom of the Friends, the dispute was submitted to arbitration. The disputants fixed upon William Penn as arbitrator. When he made his award Fenwick was not satisfied and refused to abide by Penn's decision, which, indeed, gave Fenwick only a tenth of Lord Berkeley's share in the joint tenancy, reserving the remaining nine-tenths to Billinge, but giving Fenwick a money payment besides. Penn was offended at Fenwick's recalcitrancy, and wrote him some sharp letters. "Thy days spend on," he said, "and make the best of what thou hast. Thy grandchildren may be in the other world before the land thou hast allotted will be employed." Penn stuck to his decision, and, for that matter, Fenwick likewise maintained his grievance. He sailed for the Delaware at the head of a colony, landed at Salem, N.J., and commenced a settlement. Here he carried matters with such a high hand, patenting land, distributing office, etc., that he made great trouble for himself and others also. His authority was not recognized, and for several years the name of Major John Fenwick fills a large place in the court records of New Castle, Upland, and New York, where he was frequently imprisoned and sued for damages by many injured persons.
Billinge's business embarrassments increasing he made over his interest in the territory to his creditors, appointing Penn, with Gawen Lawrie, of London, and Nicholas Lucas, of Hertford, two of the creditors, as trustees in the matter. The plan was not to sell, but to improve the property for the benefit of the creditors. To this end a partition of the province was made, a line being drawn through Little Egg Harbor to a point near where Port Jervis now is. The part of the province on the right of this line, called East New Jersey, the most settled portion of the territory, was assigned to Carteret. That on the left, West New Jersey, was deeded to Billinge's trustees. A form of government was at once established for West Jersey, in which Penn's hand is distinctly seen. The basis was liberty of person and conscience, "the power in the people," local self-government and amelioration of the criminal code. The territory was next divided into one hundred parts, ten being assigned to Fenwick and ninety to Billinge's trustees, and the land was opened for sale and occupancy, being extensively advertised and particularly recommended to Friends. In 1677 and 1678 five vessels sailed for West New Jersey, with eight hundred emigrants, nearly all Quakers. Two companies of these, one from Yorkshire, the other from London, bought large tracts of land, and sent out commissioners to quiet Indian titles and lay off the properties. At Chygoes Island they located a town, first called Beverly, then Birdlington, then Burlington.*** There was a regular treaty with the Indians, and the Friends not only secured peace for themselves but paved the way for the pacific relations so firmly sealed by Penn's subsequent negotiations with the savages. The Burlington colony prospered, and was reinforced by new colonists continually arriving in considerable numbers. In 1680, Penn, as counsel for the trustees of West New Jersey, succeeded, by means of a vigorous and able remonstrance, in getting the Duke of York, then proprietary of New York, to remove an onerous tax on imports and exports imposed by the Governor of New York and collected at the Horekill. The next year Penn became part proprietor of East New Jersey, which was sold under the will of Sir George Carteret, then deceased, to pay his debts. A board of twenty-four proprietaries was organized, Penn being one, and to them the Duke of York made a fresh grant of East New Jersey, dated March 14, 1682, Robert Barclay becoming Governor, while Penn's friend, Billinge, was made Governor of West New Jersey. Both these governments were surrendered to the crown in Queen Anne's reign, April 15, 1702.
While Penn was thus acquiring knowledge of and strong property interests in America, two other circumstances occurred to intensify his impatience with the state of affairs in England. One was the insensate so-called "Popish plot" of Titus Oates, the other the defeat of his friend, Algernon Sidney, for Parliament. From the date of these events Penn began to look steadily westward, and prepared himself for his "Holy" or "Divine Experiment."
Admiral Penn at his death had left his son a property of '1500 a year in English and Irish estates. There was in addition a claim against King Charles' government for money lent, which, with interest, amounted to '15,000. The king had no money and no credit. What he got from Louis XIV., through the compliant Barillon, hardly sufficed for his own menus plaisirs.(4*) Penn being now resolved to establish a colony in America alongside his New Jersey plantations, and to remove there himself with his family so as to be at the head of a new Quaker community and commonwealth, petitioned the king to grant him, in lieu of the claim of '15,000, a tract of country in America north of Maryland, with the Delaware on its east, its western limits the same as those of Maryland, and its northern as far as plantable country extended. Before the Privy Council Committee Penn explained that he wanted five degrees of latitude measured from Lord Baltimore's line, and that line, at his suggestion, was drawn from the circumference of a circle, the radius of which was twelve miles from New Castle as its centre. The petition of Penn's was received June 14, 1680. The object sought by the petitioner, it was stated, was not only to provide a peaceful home for the persecuted members of the Society of Friends, but to afford an asylum for the good and oppressed of every nation on the basis of a practical application of the pure and peaceable principles of Christianity. The petition encountered much and various opposition. Sir John Werden, agent of the Duke of York, opposed it because the territory sought was an appendage to the government of New York, and as such belonged to the duke. Mr. Burke, the active and untiring agent of Lord Baltimore, opposed it because the grant asked by Penn would infringe upon the territory covered by Baltimore's charter. At any rate, said Mr. Burke, in a letter to the Privy Council Committee, if the grant be made to Penn, let the deed expressly state lands to the north of Susquehanna Fort, "which is the boundary of Maryland to the northward." There was also strong opposition in the Privy Council to the idea of a man such as Penn being permitted to establish plantations after his own peculiar model. His theories of government were held to be Utopian and dangerous alike to Church and State. He was looked upon as a Republican like Sidney. However, he had strong friends in the Earl of Sunderland, Lord Hyde, Chief Justice North, and the Earl of Halifax. He had an interview with the Duke of York, and contrived to win him over to look upon his project with favor, and Sir J. Werden wrote to the secretary, saying, "His royal Highness commands me to let you know, in order to your informing their lordships of it, that he is very willing Mr. Penn's request may meet with success." The attorney-general, Sir William Jones, examined the petition in view of proposed boundaries, and reported that with some alterations it did not appear to touch upon any territory of previous grants, "except the imaginary lines of New England patents, which are bounded westwardly by the main ocean, should give them a real though impracticable right to all those vast territories." The draught of the patent, when finally it had reached that stage of development, was submitted to the Lords of Trade to see if English commercial interests were subserved, and to the Bishop of London to look after the rights of the church. The king signed the patent on March 4, 1681, and the venerable document may now be seen by the curious, framed and hung up in the office of the Secretary of State, at Harrisburg. The name to be given to the new territory was left blank for the king to fill up, and Charles called it Pennsylvania. Penn, who seems to have been needlessly squeamish on the subject, wrote to his friends to say that he wanted the territory called New Wales, and offered the Under Secretary twenty guineas to change the name, "for I feared lest it should be looked on as a vanity in me." However, he consoled himself with the reflection that "it is a just and clear thing, and my God, that has given it me through many difficulties, will, I believe, bless and make it the seed of a nation. I shall have a tender care to the government that it be well laid at first."
The charter, which is given complete in "Hazard's Annals," consists of twenty-three articles, with a preamble reciting the king's desire to extend his dominions and trade, convert the savages, etc., and his sense of obligation to Sir William Penn:
I. The grant comprises all that part of America, islands included, which is bounded on the east by the Delaware River from a point on a circle twelve miles northward of New Castle town to the 43' north latitude if the Delaware extends so far; if not, as far as it does extend, and thence to the 43' by a meridian line. From this point westward five degrees of longitude on the 43' parallel; the western boundary to the 40th parallel, and thence by a straight line to the place of beginning.
II. Grants Penn rights to and use of rivers, harbors, fisheries, etc.
III. Creates and constitutes him Lord Proprietary of the Province, saving only his allegiance to the King, Penn to hold directly of the kings of England, "as of our castle of Windsor in the county of Berks, in free and common socage, by fealty only, for all services, and not in capite, or by Knight's service, yielding and paying therefore to us, our heirs and successors, two beaver skins, to be delivered at our castle of Windsor on the 1st day of January every year," also one-fifth of precious metals taken out. On these terms Pennsylvania was erected into "a province and seigniory."
IV. Grants Penn and his successors, his deputies and lieutenants "free, full, and absolute power" to make laws for raising money for the public uses of the Province and for other public purposes at their discretion, by and with the advice and consent of the people or their representatives in assembly.
V. Grants power to appoint officers, judges, magistrates, etc., to pardon offenders, before judgment or after, except in cases of treason, and to have charge of the entire establishment of justice, with the single proviso that the laws adopted shall be consonant to reason and not contrary nor repugnant to the laws and statutes of England, and that all persons should have the right of appeal to the King.
VI. Prescribes that the laws of England are to be in force in the Province until others have been substituted for them.
VII. Laws adopted for the government of the Province to be sent to England for royal approval within five years after their adoption, under penalty of becoming void.
VIII. Licenses emigration to the new colony.
IX. Licenses trade between the colony and England, subject to the restrictions of the Navigation Acts.
X. Grants permission to Penn to divide the colony into the various minor political divisions, to constitute fairs, grant immunities and exemptions, etc.
XI. Similar to IX., but applies to exports from colony.
XII. Grants leave to create seaports and harbors, etc., in aid of trade and commerce, subject to English customs regulations.
XIII. Penn and the Province to have liberty to levy customs duties.
XIV. The Proprietary to have a resident agent in London, to answer in case of charges, etc., and continued misfeasance to void the charter and restore the government of the Province to the King.
XV. Proprietary forbidden intercourse or correspondence with the enemies of England.
XVI. Grants leave to Proprietary to pursue and make war on the savages or robbers, pirates, etc., and to levy forces for that end, and to kill and slay according to the laws of war.
XVII. Grants full power to Penn to sell or otherwise convey lands in the Province.
XVIII. Gives title to persons holding under Penn.
XIX. Penn may erect manors, and each manor to have privilege of court-baron and frank-pledge, holders under manor-title to be protected in their tenure.
XX. The King not to lay taxes in the Province "unless the same be with the consent of the Proprietary or chief Governor, or Assembly, or by act of Parliament of England."
XXI. The charter to be valid in English courts against all assumptions or presumptions of ministers or royal officers.
XXII. Bishop of London may send out clergymen if asked to do so by twenty inhabitants of the Province.
XXIII. In cases of doubt the charter is to be interpreted and construed liberally in Penn's favor, provided such constructions do not interfere with or lessen the royal prerogative.
On the 2nd of April, after the signing of the charter, King Charles made a public proclamation of the fact of the patent, addressed chiefly to the inhabitants of the territory, enjoining upon them to yield ready obedience to Penn and his deputies and lieutenants. At the same time Penn also addressed a letter to the inhabitants of the province, declaring that he wished them all happiness here and hereafter, that the Providence of God had cast them within his lot and care, and, though it was a new business to him, he understood his duty and meant to do it uprightly. He told the people that they were not now at the mercy of a Governor who came to make his fortune out of them, but "you shall be governed by laws of your own making, and live a free and, if you will, a sober and industrious people. I shall not usurp the right of any or oppress his person. God has furnished me with a better resolution and has given me his grace to keep it." He hoped to see them in a few months, and any reasonable provision they wanted made for their security and happiness would receive his approbation. Until he came he hoped they would obey and pay their customary dues to his deputy.
That deputy was Penn's cousin, William Markham, a captain in the British army, who was on April 20, 1681, commissioned to go out to Pennsylvania, and act in that capacity until Penn's arrival. He was given power to call a Council of nine, of which he was to be president; to secure a recognition of Penn's authority on the part of the people; to settle bounds between Penn and his neighbors; to survey, lay out, rent, or lease lands according to his instructions; to erect courts, make sheriffs, justices of the peace, and other inferior requisite officers, so as to keep the peace and enforce the laws; to suppress disturbance or riot by the posse comitatus, and to make or ordain any ordinary ordinances or do whatever he lawfully might for the peace and security of the province. Markham was particularly instructed to settle, if he could, boundaries with Lord Baltimore, and Penn gave him a letter to that neighbor of his. The deputy soon after sailed for Pennsylvania, on what day is not definitely known, but he was in New York on June 21st, when he obtained from the Governor, Anthony Brockholls, a proclamation enjoining upon the inhabitants of Pennsylvania that they should obey the king's charter and yield a ready obedience to the new proprietary and his deputy. When Markham arrived at Upland he found Lord Baltimore there; the boundary question at once came up, and was as quickly let drop when Markham found that the lines could not be run according to the two charters respectively without giving to Baltimore some lands which Penn was resolved to keep as his own.
It is not supposed that Markham took out any emigrants with him. His business was to get possession of the province as speedily as possible, so as to insure the allegiance of the people, secure the revenue, and prepare the way for Penn. It is probable, therefore, that he sailed in the first ship offering for New York or Boston, without waiting for company. Meanwhile, even before Markham's departure, Penn began to advertise his new province and popularize what information he had concerning it. This was the business part of "the Divine Experiment," and Penn was very competent to discharge it. He published a pamphlet (through Benjamin Clark, bookseller, in George Yard, Lombard Street), entitled "Some account of the Province of Pennsylvania in America, lately granted under the Great Seal of England to William Penn, etc. Together with privileges and powers necessary to the well-governing thereof. Made public for the information of such as are or may be disposed to transport themselves or servants into those parts." This prospectus shows the extent of the knowledge Penn had already gleaned concerning his province, and how closely he had studied the methods by which he proposed to secure its prompt and effective planting and settlement. It is not necessary to incorporate the whole of such a pamphlet in this narrative, but some of its salient points must be noted. It was written, we must remember, in April, 1681, a month after the signing of the patent. Penn begins with an excursus upon the benefit of plantations or colonies in general, to "obviate a common objection." "Colonies," he says, "are the seeds of nations, begun and nourished by the care of wise and populous countries, as conceiving them best for the increase of human stock and beneficial for commerce." Antiquity is then searched through for examples needless to repeat, but all brought in to prove that colonies do not weaken or impoverish the mother-country. Indeed, this part of his argument reads as if it were Penn's brief while his petition was before the Privy Council, and as if he drew it up in reply to objections there urged against conceding him the patent. He shows how colonies and foreign plantations have contributed to the benefit of England's commerce and industry, and might be expected to continue to do so. He denies that emigration has depopulated the country, but says that the increase of luxury has drawn an undue proportion of the rural communities into cities and towns, and that the increased cost of living thus brought about tends to prevent marriage and so promotes the decay of population. For this and the many attendant evils emigration, he suggests, is the only effective remedy. He then proceeds to speak of his province, the inducements it offers to colonists, and the terms on which he is prepared to receive them.
"The place," he says, "lies six hundred miles nearer the sun than England," so far as difference of latitude goes, adding, "I shall say little in its praise to excite desires in any, whatever I could truly write as to the soil, air and water; this shall satisfy me, that by the blessing of God and the honesty and industry of man it may be a good and fruitful land." He then enumerates the facilities for navigation by way of the Delaware Bay and River, and by way of Chesapeake Bay also; the variety and abundance of timber; the quantity of game, wild fowl, and fish; the variety of products and commodities, native or introduced, including "silk, flax, hemp, wine, sider, wood, madder, liquorish, tobacco, pot-ashes, and iron, . . . . hides, tallow, pipe-staves, beef, pork, sheep, wool, corn or wheat, barley, rye, and also furs, as your peltree, mincks, racoons, martins, and such like store of furs which is to be found among the Indians that are profitable commodities in England." Next, after explaining the channels of trade,' country produce to Virginia, tobacco to England, English commodities to the colonies,' he gives assurance that under his liberal charter, paying due allegiance to the mother-country, the people will be able to enjoy the very largest proportion of liberty and make their own laws to suit themselves, and that he intends to prepare a satisfactory constitution.
Penn states explicitly in this pamphlet the conditions of immigration into his province. He looks to see three sorts of people come,' those who will buy, those who will rent, and servants. "To the first, the shares I sell shall be certain as to number of acres; that is to say, every one shall contain five thousand acres, free from any incumbrance, the price a hundred pounds, and for the quit-rent but one English shilling, or the value of it, yearly, for a hundred acres; and the said quit-rent not to begin to be paid till 1684. To the second sort, that take up land upon rent, they shall have liberty so to do, paying yearly one penny per acre, not exceeding two hundred acres. To the third sort, to wit, servants that are carried over,(5*) fifty acres shall be allowed to the master for every head, and fifty acres to every servant when their time is expired. And because some engage with me that may not be disposed to go, it were very advisable for every three adventures to send over an overseer with their servants, which would well pay the cost."(6*)
Penn next speaks of his plan for allotments or dividends, but as his scheme was not then, as he confesses, fully developed, and as he later furnished all the details of this scheme as he finally matured it, we will pass that by for the present. It is enough to say that the plan is very closely followed to-day in Eastern Europe to promote the sale of government bonds.
The persons, Penn says, that "Providence seems to have most fitted for plantations" are "1st, industrious husbandmen and day laborers that are hardly able (with extreme labor) to maintain their families and portion their children; 2, laborious handicrafts, especially carpenters, masons, smiths, weavers, taylors, tanners, shoemakers, shipwrights, etc., where they may be spared or low in the world, and as they shall want no encouragement, so their labor is worth more there than here, and there provisions cheaper." 3, Penn invites ingenious spirits who are low in the world, younger brothers with small inheritances and (often) large families; "lastly," he says, "there are another sort of persons, not only fit for but necessary in plantations, and that is men of universal spirits, that have an eye to the good of posterity, and that both understand and delight to promote good discipline and just government among a plain and well-intending people; such persons may find room in colonies for their good counsel and contrivance, who are shut out from being of much use or service to great nations under settled customs; these men deserve much esteem and would be hearken'd to."
Very considerately Penn next tells all he knows about the cost and equipments for the journey and subsistence during the first few months, "that such as incline to go may not be to seek here, or brought under any disappointments there." He mentions among goods fit to take for use or for sale at a profit "all sorts of apparel and utensils for husbandry and building and household stuff." People must not delude themselves, he says, with the idea of instant profits. They will have a winter to encounter before the summer comes, "and they must be willing to be two or three years without some of the conveniences they enjoy at home, and yet I must needs say that America is another thing than it was at the first plantation of Virginia and New England, for there is better accommodation and English provisions are to be had at easier rates." The passage across the ocean will be at the outside six pounds per head for masters and mistresses, and five pounds for servants, children under seven years old fifty shillings, "except they suck, then nothing." Arriving out in September or October, "two men may clear as much ground by spring (when they set the corn of that country) as will bring in that time, twelve months, forty barrels, which makes twenty-five quarters of corn. So that the first year they must buy corn, which is usually very plentiful. They must, so soon as they come, buy cows, more or less, as they want or are able, which are to be had at easy rates. For swine, they are plentiful and cheap, these will quickly increase to a stock. So that after the first year, what with the poorer sort sometimes laboring to others, and the more able fishing, fowling, and sometimes buying, they may do very well till their own stocks are sufficient to supply them and their families, which will quickly be, and to spare, if they follow the English husbandry, as they do in New England and New York, and get winter fodder for their stock." Finally, the candid Penn recommends that none should make up their minds hastily, all get the consent of their friends or relatives, and all pray God for his blessing on their honest endeavors.
During all the rest of this year and of 1682 and up to the moment of his embarkation for Europe, William Penn was most busily and absorbingly engaged in the multifarious preparations for his new plantations. He drew up a great variety of papers, concessions, conditions, charters, statutes, constitutions, etc., equal to the average work of half a dozen congressional committees. In addition to work of this sort, requiring concentrated and abstracted thought and study, his correspondence was of the most voluminous character, and he was further most actively employed in disposing of lands and superintending the sailing of ship-loads of his colonists. The first of these papers on concessions and conditions was prepared indeed on the eve of the sailing of the first vessels containing his "adventurers." This was in July, and the vessels arrived out in October. Every paper he published called forth numerous letters from his friends, who wanted him to explain this or that obscure point to them, and he always seems to have responded cheerfully to these exhaustive taxes upon his time. His work seems to have attracted great attention and commanded admiration. James Claypoole writes (July 22d), "I have begun my letter on too little a piece of paper to give thee my judgment of Pennsylvania, but, in short, I, and many others wiser than I am, do very much approve of it and do judge William Penn as fit a man as any one in Europe to plant a country." Penn had also been busily negotiating with the Duke of York for the lands now constituting the State of Delaware, which were the duke's property, and which Penn wanted to possess in order to insure his own province the free navigation of the Delaware, and perhaps, also, to keep this province from falling into the hands of his neighbor, Lord Baltimore, who claimed it under his charter. But Sir John Werden, the duke's agent, still held off and gave Penn much trouble and uneasiness. The latter had received a tempting offer from a company of Marylanders of six thousand pounds cash, and a two-and-a-half per cent. royalty for the monopoly of the Indian (fur) trade between the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, but he refused it upon noble grounds.
So also Penn refused to abate the quit-rents even to his most intimate friends, "intending," as Claypoole wrote, "to do equal by all," but he did reduce them from a penny to a half-penny in favor of servants settling on their fifty-acre lots, after having served their time. Subsequently, as we shall see, Penn was less rigidly moral in his land contracts. In lieu of the proposed monopoly Penn made many liberal concessions of land and privileges to another company, "The Free Society of Traders," whose plans he favored, and whose constitution and charter he helped to draw.
The charter to the Pennsylvania Company, the Free Society of Traders, bears date March 24, 1682. The incorporators named in Penn's deed to them were "Nicholas Moore of London, medical doctor; James Claypoole, merchant; Philip Ford (Penn's unworthy steward): William Sherloe, of London, merchant; Edward Pierce, of London, leather-seller; John Symcock and Thomas Brassey, of Cheshire, yeoman; Thomas Baker, of London, wine-cooper; and Edward Brookes, of London, grocer." The deed cites Penn's authority under his patent, mentions the conveyance to the company of twenty thousand acres, erects this tract into the manor of Frank, "in free and common soccage, by such rents, customs and services as to them and their successors shall seem meet, so as to be consistent with said tenure," allows them two justices' courts a year, privilege of court-baron and court-leet and view of frank-pledge, with all the authority requisite in the premises. The society is authorized to appoint and remove its officers and servants, is given privilege of free transportation of its goods and products, and exempted from any but state and local taxes, while at the same time it can levy all needful taxes for its own support within its own limits. Its chief officers are commissioned as magistrates and charged to keep the peace, with jurisdiction in case of felony, riot, or disorder of any kind. It is given three representatives in the Provincial Council, title to three-fifths of the products of all mines and minerals found, free privilege to fish in all the waters of the province, and to establish fairs, markets, etc., and the books of the society are exempt from all inspection. The society immediately prepared and published an address, with its constitution and by-laws, in which a very extensive field of operation is mapped out.(7*)
In the regulations for colonists set forth in his statement of "certain conditions or concessions agreed upon by William Penn, proprietary and Governor of Pennsylvania, and those who are the adventurers and purchasers in that province the 11th of July, 1681," the system of plantation is plainly described. First, a large city is to be laid off on navigable water, divided into lots, and purchasers of large tracts of lands (five thousand acres) are to have one of these city lots assigned them, the location determined by chance. It was Penn's original plan to have his great city consist of ten thousand acres, divided into one hundred lots of one hundred acres each, one of these lots to be awarded (by lot) to each purchaser of a tract of manorial proportions, who was to build in the centre of his lot and surround his house with gardens and orchards, "that it may be a green country town," he said, "which will never be burnt and always be wholesome." Of course no great city could be built on any such plan, and Penn himself abandoned it or greatly modified it even before he sailed, the commissioner and surveyor finding it impossible to observe the conditions, especially when vessels began to be numerous along the water-front and business sprang up. This system of great farms, with a central township divided into minor lots, Penn proposed to extend all over the province. His road system was excellent. Roads were to be built not less than forty feet wide from city to city, on air-lines as nearly as possible; all streets were to be laid off at right angles and of liberal width, and no buildings were to be allowed to encroach on these, nor was there any irregular building to be permitted. This rule of symmetry, amounting almost to formality, could not be carried out any more than the great city plan. It was not Penn's notion, probably, for he was not a precisian in anything, and it looks much more like a contrivance borrowed by him for the nonce from Sir William Petty, Sir Thomas Browne, or some other hare-brain among his contemporaries. Penn's system of quit-rents and of manors also, the foundations of a great fortune, resembled closely that of Lord Baltimore in Maryland. It is likely that Penn got the idea where Lord Baltimore derived his, from Ireland, that form of irredeemable ground-rent being an old and familiar Irish tenure.(8*) The quit-rent system caused almost immediate discontent in Pennsylvania, and undoubtedly injured the proprietary's popularity and interfered with his income. His large reservations of choice lots in every section that was laid out, contributed to this also.
Every person was to enjoy access to and use of water-courses, mines, quarries, etc., and any one could dig for metals anywhere, bound only to pay for damages done. Settlers were required to plant land surveyed for them within three years. Goods for export could only be bought or sold, in any case, in public market, and fraud and deception were to be punished by forfeiture of the goods. All trading with Indians was to be done in open market, and fraud upon them prevented by inspection of goods. Offenses against Indians were to be punished just as those against the whites, and disputes between the two races to be settled by a mixed jury. Indians to have the same privileges as the whites in improving their lands and raising crops. Stock not marked within three months after coming into possession of planters to be forfeited to the Governor. In clearing land, one-fifth to be left in wood, and oak and mulberry trees to be preserved for ship-building. To prevent debtors from furtively absconding, no one was to leave the province until after three weeks' publication of the fact.
On April 25th he published his "frame of government," or, as James Claypoole called it in his letters, "the fundamentals for government," ' in fact, the first constitution of Pennsylvania.
The document is entitled "The frame of the government of the province of Pennsylvania, in America, together with certain laws agreed upon in England by the governor and divers freemen of the aforesaid province, to be further explained and continued there by the first provincial council that shall be held, if they see meet."
The "preface" or preamble to this constitution is curious, for it is written as if Penn felt that the eyes of the court were upon him. The first two paragraphs form a simple excursus upon the doctrine of the law and the transgressor as expounded in St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans: "For we know that the law is spiritual: but I am carnal, sold under sin," etc. From this Penn derives, not very perspicuously, however, "the divine right of government," the object of government being two-fold, to terrify evil-doers and to cherish those that do well, "which gives government a life beyond corruption (i.e., divine right), and makes it as durable in the world as good men shall be." Hence Penn thinks that government seems like a part of religion itself, a thing sacred in its institution and end.
In the Constitution, which follows the preamble, Penn begins by confirming to the freemen of the province all the liberties, franchises, and properties secured to them by the patent of King Charles II. The government of the province is to consist of "the Governor and freemen of the said province, in form of a Provincial Council and General Assembly, by whom all laws shall be made, officers chosen, and public affairs transacted." The Council, of seventy-two members, is to be elected at once, one-third of the members to go out, and their successors elected each year, and after the first seven years those going out each year shall not be returned within a year. Two-thirds of the Council are required to constitute a quorum, except in minor matters, when twenty-four will suffice. The Governor is always to preside over the session of Council, and is to have three votes "The Governor and Provincial Council shall prepare and propose to the General Assembly hereafter mentioned all bills which they shall at any time think fit to be passed into laws within the said province, . . . and on the ninth day from their so meeting, the said General Assembly, after reading over the proposed bills by the clerk of the Provincial Council, and the occasion and motives for them being opened by the Governor or his deputies, shall give their affirmative or negative, which to them seemeth best, . . . and the laws so prepared and proposed as aforesaid that are assented to by the General Assembly shall be enrolled as laws of the province, with this style: 'By the Governor, with the assent and approbation of the freemen in the Provincial Council and General Assembly.'" Here is the fatal defect of Penn's Constitution, a defect which robs it of even any pretence of being republican or democratic in form or substance. The Assembly, the popular body, the representatives of the people, are restricted simply to a veto power. They cannot originate bills; they cannot even debate them; they are not allowed to think or act for themselves or those they represent, but have nothing to do except vote "yes" or "no." To be sure, the Council is an elective body too. But it is meant to consist of the Governor's friends. It is the aristocratic body. It does not come fresh from the people. The tenure of its members is three years. Besides, for ordinary business, twenty-four of the Council make a quorum, of whom twelve, with the Governor's casting vote, comprise a majority. The Governor has three votes; the Society of Free Traders has six votes; if the Governor have three or four friends in Council, with the support of this society he can control all legislation. It seems incredible that William Penn should have of his own free will permitted this blemish upon his Constitution, which he claimed gave all the power of government and law-making into the hands of the people.
Aside from this fatal piece of subservience there is much to praise in Penn's Constitution and something to wonder at, as being so far in advance of his age. The executive functions of Governor and Council are carefully defined and limited. A wholesome and liberal provision is made for education, public schools, inventions, and useful scientific discoveries.(9*)
The Provincial Council, for the more prompt dispatch of business, was to be divided into four committees,' one to have charge of plantations, "to situate and settle cities, posts, and market-towns and highways, and to have and decide all suits and controversies relating to plantations," one to be a committee of justice and safety, one of trade and treasury, and the fourth of manners, education, and arts, "that all wicked and scandalous living may be prevented, and that youth may be successfully trained up in virtue and useful knowledge and arts."
The General Assembly was to be elected yearly, not to exceed two hundred members, representing all the freemen of the province. They were to meet in the capital on "the 20th day of the second month," and during eight days were expected to freely confer with one another and the Council, and, if they chose, to make suggestions to the Council committees about the amendment or alteration of bills (all such as the Council proposed to offer for the adoption being published three weeks beforehand), and on the ninth day were to vote, "not less than two-thirds making a quorum in the passing of laws and choice of such officers as are by them to be chosen." The General Assembly was to nominate a list of judges, treasurers, sheriffs, justices, coroners, etc., two for each office, from which list the Governor and Council were to select the officers to serve. The body was to adjourn upon being served with notice that the Governor and Council had no further business to lay before them, and to assemble again upon the summons of the Governor and Council. Elections were to be by ballot, and so were questions of impeachment in the Assembly and judgment of criminals in the Council. In case the proprietary be a minor, and no guardian has been appointed in writing by his father, the Council was to appoint a commission of three guardians to act as Governor during such minority. No business was to be done by the Governor, Council, or Assembly on Sunday, except in cases of emergency. The Constitution could not be altered without the consent of the Governor and six-sevenths of the Council and the General Assembly. (Such a rule, if enforced, would have perpetuated any Constitution, however bad). Finally Penn solemnly declared "that neither I, my heirs nor assigns, shall procure or do anything or things whereby the liberties in this charter contained and expressed shall be infringed or broken; and if anything be procured by any person or persons contrary to these premises it shall be held of no force or effect."
On May 15th Penn's code of laws, passed in England, to be altered or amended in Pennsylvania, was promulgated. It consists of forty statutes, the first of which declares the charter or Constitution which has just been analyzed to be "fundamental in the government itself." The second establishes the qualifications of a freeman (or voter or elector). These include every purchaser of one hundred acres of land, every tenant of one hundred acres, at a penny an acre quitrent, who has paid his own passage across the ocean and cultivated ten acres of his holding, every freeman who has taken up fifty acres and cultivated twenty, "and every inhabitant, artificer, or other resident in the said province that pays scot and lot to the government." All these electors are also eligible to election both to Council and Assembly.
Elections must be free and voluntary, and electors who take bribes shall forfeit their votes, while those offering bribes forfeit their election, the Council and Assembly to be sole judges of the regularity of the election of their members.
"No money or goods shall be raised upon or paid by any of the people of this province, by way of public tax, custom, or contribution, but by a law for that purpose made." Those violating this statute are to be treated as public enemies and betrayers of the liberties of the province.
All courts shall be open, and justice shall neither be sold, denied, or delayed. In all courts all persons of all (religious) persuasions may freely appear in their own way and according to their own manner, pleading personally or by friend; complaint to be exhibited fourteen days before trial, and summons issued not less than ten days before trial, a copy of complaint to be delivered to the party complained of at his dwelling. No complaint to be received but upon the oath or affirmation of complainant that he believes in his conscience his cause to be just. Pleadings, processes, and records in court are required to be brief, in English, and written plainly so as to be understood by all.
All trials shall be by twelve men, peers, of good character, and of the neighborhood. When the penalty for the offense to be tried is death, the sheriff is to summon a grand inquest of twenty-four men, twelve at least of whom shall pronounce the complaint to be true, and then twelve men or peers are to be further returned by the sheriff to try the issue and have the final judgment. This trial jury shall always be subject to reasonable challenge.
Fees are required to be moderate, their amounts settled by the Legislature, and a table of them hung up in every court-room. Any person convicted of charging more than the lawful fee shall pay twofold, one-half to go to the wronged party, while the offender shall be dismissed. All persons wrongly imprisoned or prosecuted at law shall have double damages against the informer or prosecutor.
All prisons, of which each county is to have one, shall be work-houses for felons, vagrants, and loose and idle persons. All persons shall be bailable by sufficient security, save in capital offenses "where the proof is evident or the presumption great." Prisons are to be free as to fees, food, and lodging.
All lands and goods shall be liable to pay debts, except where there is legal issue, and then all goods and one-third of the land only. (This is meant in case a man should die insolvent.) All wills in writing, attested by two witnesses, shall be of the same force as to lands or other conveyances, being legally proved within forty days within or without the province.
Seven years' quiet possession gives title, except in cases of infants, lunatics, married women, or persons beyond the seas.
Bribery and extortion are to be severely punished, but fines should be moderate and not exhaustive of men's property.(10*)
Marriage (not forbidden by the degrees of consanguinity or affinity) shall be encouraged, but parents or guardians must first be consulted, and publication made before solemnization; the ceremony to be by taking one another as husband and wife in the presence of witnesses, to be followed by a certificate signed by parties and witnesses, and recorded in the office of the county register. All deeds, charters, grants, conveyances, long notes, bonds, etc., are required to be registered also in the county enrollment office within two months after they are executed, otherwise to be void. Similar deeds made out of the province were allowed six months in which to be registered before becoming valid.
All defacers or corrupters of legal instruments or registries shall make double satisfaction, half to the party wronged, be dismissed from place, and disgraced as false men.
A separate registry of births, marriages, deaths, burials, wills, and letters of administration is required to be kept.
All property of felons is liable for double satisfaction, half to the party wronged; when there is no land the satisfaction must be worked out in prison; while estates of capital offenders are escheated, one-third to go to the next of kin of the sufferer and the remainder to next of kin of criminal.
Witnesses must promise to speak the truth, the whole truth, etc., and if convicted of willful falsehood shall suffer the penalty which would have been inflicted upon the person accused, shall make satisfaction to the party wronged, and be publicly exposed as false witnesses, never to be credited in any court or before any magistrate in the province.
Public officers shall hold but one office at a time; all children more than twelve years old shall be taught some useful trade; servants shall not be kept longer than their time, must be well treated if deserving, and at the end of their term be "put in fitting equipage, according to custom."
Scandal-mongers, back-biters, defamers and spreaders of false news, whether against public or private persons, are to be severely punished as enemies to peace and concord. Factors and others guilty of breach of trust must make satisfaction, and one-third over, to their employers, and in case of the factor's death the Council Committee of Trade is to see that satisfaction is made out of his estates.
All public officers, legislators, etc., must be professors of faith in Jesus Christ, of good fame, sober and honest convictions, and twenty-one years old. "All persons living in this province who confess and acknowledge the one Almighty and Eternal God to be the Creator, Upholder, and Ruler of the world, and that hold themselves obliged in conscience to live peaceably and justly in civil society, shall in noways be molested or prejudiced for their religious persuasion or practice in matters of faith and worship; nor shall they be compelled at any time to frequent or maintain any religious worship, place, or ministry whatever." The people are required to respect Sunday by abstaining from daily labor. All "offenses against God," swearing, cursing, lying, profane talking, drunkenness, drinking of healths, obscenity, whoredom and other uncleanness, treasons, misprisions, murders, duels, felony, sedition, maimings, forcible entries and other violence, all prizes, stage-plays, cards, dice, May-games, gamesters, masks, revels, bull-baitings, cock-fightings, and the like, "which excite the people to rudeness, cruelty, looseness, and irreligion, shall be respectfully discouraged and severely punished, according to the appointment of the Governor and freemen in Council and General Assembly."
All other matters not provided for in this code are referred to "the order, prudence, and determination" of the Governor and Legislature.
The most admirable parts of this code, putting it far ahead of the contemporary jurisprudence of England or any other civilized country at the time,(11*) are the regulations for liberty of worship and the administration of justice. Penn's code on this latter point is more than a hundred years in advance of England. In the matter of fees, charges, plain and simple forms, processes, records, and pleadings, it still remains in advance of court proceedings and regulations nearly everywhere. The clauses about work-houses and about bailable offenses are also far in advance of even the best modern jurisprudence.
Notwithstanding all these and many other heavy and pressing engagements, Penn seems to have found time to attend to his work as a preacher and a writer of religous tracts and pamphlets. He went on a mission tour into the West of England, he wrote on "Spiritual Commission," he mediated between dissenting Friends, and healed a breach in his church; his benevolent endeavors were given to aid and encourage the Bristol Quakers, then severely persecuted, and he barely escaped being sent to jail himself for preaching in London at the Grace Church Street meeting.
Penn had expected to go out to Pennsylvania himself late in the fall of 1681, but the pressure of all these concerns and the rush of emigrants and colonists delayed him. He found he would have settlers from France, Holland, and Scotland, as well as from England, and few besides servants would be ready to go before the spring of 1682. "When they go, I go," he wrote to his friend James Harrison, "but my going with servants will not settle a government, the great end of my going." He also said in this letter that in sell ng or renting land he cleared the king's and the Indian title, the purchaser or lessee paid the scrivener and surveyor. In October Penn sent out three commissioners, William Crispin, John Bezar, and Nathaniel Allen, to co-operate with Markham in selecting a site for Penn's proposed great city, and to lay it out. They also were given very full, careful, and explicit instructions by Penn, particularly as to dealing with the Indians, some Indian titles needing to be extinguished by them. He wrote a letter to the Indians themselves by these commissioners, which shows he had studied the savage character very carefully. It touched the Indian's faith in the one universal Great Spirit, and finely appealed to his strong innate sense of justice. He did not wish to enjoy the great province his king had given him, he said, without the Indian's consent. The red man had suffered much injustice from his countrymen, but this was the work of self seekers; "but I am not such a man, as is well known in my own country, I have a great love and regard for you, and I desire to win and gain your love and friendship by a kind, just, and peaceable life, and the people I send are all of the same mind, and shall in all things behave themselves accordingly, and if in anything any shall offend you or your people, you shall have a full and speedy satisfaction for the same by an equal number of just men on both sides, that by no means you may have just occasion of being offended against them." This was the initiatory step in that "traditional policy" of Penn and the Quakers towards the Indians which has been so consistently maintained ever since, to the imperishable honor of that sect.
As the year 1682 entered we find Penn reported to be "extraordinarily busy" about his province and its affairs. He is selling or leasing a great deal of land, and sending out many servants. A thousand persons are going to emigrate along with him. He gets Claypoole to write to his correspondent in Bordeaux for grape-vines, fifteen hundred or two thousand plants, to carry out with him, desiring vines that bear the best grapes, not the most. Claypoole has himself bought five thousand acres, wants to go out and settle, but doubts and fears. He don't feel sure about the climate, the savages, the water the vermin, reptiles, etc.
By June 1st Penn had made the extraordinary sale of five hundred and sixty-five thousand five hundred acres of land in the new province, in parcels of from two hundred and fifty to twenty thousand acres. Penn's mother died about this time, causing him much affliction. The Free Traders' Society is organized, Claypoole makes up his mind at last to emigrate, the site for Philadelphia is determined, and Markham buys up Indian titles and settlers' land upon it, so as to have all clear for the coming great city. August 31st the Duke of York gives Penn a protective deed for Pennsylvania, and on the 24th the Duke finally concedes New Castle, and twelve miles about it, and Horekill (Delaware), between New Castle and Cape Henlopen, to him by deed of feoffment.(12*) This concludes the major part of Penn's business in England, and he is ready to sail Sept. 1st, 1682, in the ship "Welcome," three hundred tons, Captain Robert Greenway, master. It is then that he writes the touching letter to his wife and children, in which he says, "remember thou wast the love of my youth and much the joy of my life; the most beloved as well as the most worthy of all my earthly comforts; and the reason of that love was more thy inward than thy outward excellences, which yet were many." He embarked at Deal with a large company of Quakers, and from the Downs sent a letter of "salutation to all faithful friends in England."
* Hazard says, "This year (1672) the celebrated Friend, George Fox, visited this part of the country. He arrived from Jamaica, in Maryland, and, accompanied by John Burnyeat, Robert Withers and George Pattison, on their way to New England, by land, they touched at New Castle, and from thence, with much difficulty, crossed the Delaware. On their return, they again visit New Castle, swimming their horses by the sides of canoes, and underwent many difficulties. At New Castle, they met with a handsome reception from Governor Carr, and had a pretty large meeting there, it being the first ever held in that place; thence they returned to Maryland." ' Annals of Pennsylvania.
** This was a revival of the old New England confederacy of 1643, of late crippled and made ineffective by inter-colonial dissensions. It finally fell to pieces through the destruction of local self-government and the substitution of royal governors in the New England colonies between 1664 and 1684. See Richard Frothingham's "Rise of the Republic," chap. ii.
*** The value of Indian lands at that time to the savages may be gathered from the price paid in 1677 for twenty miles square on the Delaware between Timber and Oldman's Creeks, to wit: 30 match-coats (made of hairy wool with the rough side out), 20 guns, 30 kettles, 1 great kettle, 30 pair of hose, 20 fathoms of duffels (Duffield blanket cloth, of which match coats were made), 30 petticoats, 30 narrow hoes, 30 bars of lead, 15 small barrels of powder, 70 knives, 30 Indian axes, 70 combs, 60 pair of tobacco tongs, 60 pair of scissors, 60 tinshaw looking-glasses, 120 awl-blades, 120 fish-hooks, 2 grasps of red paint, 120 needles, 60 tobacco-boxes, 120 pipes, 200 bells, 100 jews-harps, and 6 anchors of rum." The value of these articles probably did not exceed three hundred pounds sterling. But, on the other hand, the Indian titles were really worth nothing, except so far as they served as a security against Indian hostility. It has been said that there is not an acre of land in the eastern part of Pennsylvania the deeds of which cannot be traced up to an Indian title, but that in effect would be no title at all. Mr. Lawrence Lewis, in his learned and luminous "Essay on Original Land Titles in Philadelphia," denies this absolutely, and says that it is "impossible to trace with any accuracy" the titles to land in Philadelphia derived from the Indians. Nor is it necessary to trace a title which is of no value. The Indians could not sell land to individuals and give valid title for it in any of the colonies; they could sell, if they chose, but only to the government. Upon this subject the lawyers are explicit. All good titles in the thirteen original colonies are derived from land-grants, made or accepted not by the Indians, but by the British crown. Thus Chalmers (Political Annals, 677) says, "The law of nations sternly disregarded the possession of the aborigines, because they had not been admitted into the society of nations." At the Declaration of Independence (see Dallas' Reports, ii. 470) every acre of land in this country was held, mediately or immediately, by grants from the crown. All our institutions (Wheaton, viii. 588) recognize the absolute title of the crown, subject only to the Indian right of occupancy, and recognize the absolute title of the crown to extinguish that right. An Indian conveyance alone could give no title to an individual. (The references here given are quoted from the accurate Frothingham's "Rise of the Republic.")
(4*) Not to be wondered at when we find in Charles' book of secret service money such entries as the following: "March 28th. Paid to Duchess of Portsmouth (king's mistress) '13,341 10s. 4 1/2d. in various sums June 14th. Paid to Richard Yates, son of Francis Yates, who conducted Prince Charles from the field of Worcester to Whyte Ladies after the battle, and suffered death for it under Cromwell, '10 10s."
(5*) Called "redemptioners," because they sold their services for a term of years to pay or redeem the money advanced to "carry them over."
(6*) On this basis, if we suppose the servant allotments to pay the same quit-rent as other tenants, Penn's colonists would be assessed about thus:
Manors.'50.0 acres @ '100, int. 5 per cent.'5 50 servants to a manor, giving it 2500 acres more, total quit-rent @ 1s. per 100 A.3 10 (Equal to 27 1/5 pence per 100 A. per annum)'8 10s. Tenants.'200 A. @ 1d. per A. 5000 A., 25 tenants, 25 servants, 1250 A., 6250 A. @ 1d.26 Servants.'75 servants @ 50 A., equal to 3750 A. @ 1d.15 12 1/2
Thus Penn, in placing 17,500 acres, proposed to get '100 cash and yearly rents amounting to '45 2s. or 5s. 2d. nearly per 100 acres, the greater part of the burden falling upon the smaller tenants of course. The purchaser of 5000 acres had, moreover, a further advantage in sharing in the allotments, or "dividends," as Penn calls them.
(7*) In this society votes were to be on basis of amount of stock held, up to three votes, which was the limit. No one in England was allowed more than one vote, and proxies could be voted. The officers were president, deputy, treasurer, secretary, and twelve committee-men. Five, with president or deputy, a quorum. Committee-men to have but one vote each in meetings, with the casting vote to the president. Officers to hold during seven years on good behaviour; general election and reopening of subscription books every seventh year; general statement at the end of each business year. The officers to live on society's property. All the society's servants were bound to secrecy, and the books were kept in society's house, under three locks, the keys in charge of president, treasurer, and oldest committee-man, and not to be intrusted to any person longer than to transcribe any part in daytime and in the house, before seven persons, appointed by committee. The society was to send two hundred servants to Pennsylvania the first year to build two or more general factories in Pennsylvania, one on Chesapeake Bay, one on Delaware or elsewhere; to aid Indians in building houses, etc., and to hold negroes for fourteen years' service, when they were to go free, "on giving the society two-thirds of what they can produce on land allotted to them by the society, with a stock and tools; if they agree not to this, to be servants till they do." The leading object of the society at the outset seems to have been an extensive free trade with the Indians.
(8*) Instructions to commissioners for settling the colony, Oct. 19, 1681.
This has been conclusively shown in some opinions (published in the Maryland Reports) of the judges of the Maryland Court of Appeals. These opinions were given in interpretation of leases "for ninety-nine years, renewable forever." It was decided that these leases were perpetual, and their historical relation to the Irish leases was demonstrated in order to establish the fact of their irredeemable character.
(9*) In the preamble Penn lays down a doctrine now universally recognized, and the general acceptance of which, it is believed, affords the surest guarantee for the perpetuity of American institutions: that virtue and wisdom, "because they descend not with worldly inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a virtuous education of youth, for which after-ages will owe more to the care and prudence of founders and the successive magistracy than to their parents for their private patrimonies." No great truth could be more fully and nobly expressed than this.
(10*) "Contenements, merchandise, and wainage," says the text,' the land by which a man keeps his house, his goods, and his means of transportation
(11*) But we must except the Catholic colony in Maryland, founded by Sir George Calvert, whose charter of 1632, and the act of toleration passed by the Assembly of Maryland, in 1649, under the inspiration of Sir George's son. Caecilius, must be placed alongside of Penn's work. Two brighter lights in an age of darkness never shone. Calvert's charter was written during the heat of the Thirty Years' religious war, Penn's Constitution at the moment when all Dissenters were persecuted in England and when Louis XIV. was about to revoke the Edict of Nantes. The Virginians were expelling the Quakers and other sectaries. In New England the Puritan separatists, themselves refugees for opinion's sake, martyrs to the cause of religious freedom, were making laws which were the embodiment of doubly-distilled intolerance and persecution. Roger Williams was banished in 1635, in 1650 the Baptists were sent to the whipping-post, in 1634 there was a law passed for the expulsion of Anabaptists, in 1647 for the exclusion of Jesuits, and if they returned they were to be put to death. In 1656 it was decreed against "the cursed sect of heretics lately risen up in the world, which are commonly called Quakers," that captains of ships bringing them in were to be fined or imprisoned, Quaker books, or "writings containing their devilish opinions," were not to be imported, Quakers themselves were to be sent to the house of correction, kept at work, made to remain silent, and severely whipped. This was what the contemporaries of Calvert and Penn did. We have seen Penn's law of liberty of conscience. Calvert's was equally liberal. The charter of Calvert was not to be interpreted so as to work any diminution of God's sacred Christian religion, open to all sects, Protestant and Catholic, and the act of toleration and all preceding legislation, official oaths, etc., breathed the same spirit of toleration and determination, in the words of the oath of 1637, that none in the colony, by himself or other directly or indirectly, will "trouble, molest, or discountenance any person professing to believe in Jesus Christ for or on account of his religion."
(12*) It would appear from the following, that very soon after receiving the charter for Pennsylvania, William Penn was negotiating for New Castle, and probably for the remaining portion of the territory below. "Sir John Werden wrote to Mr. Penn, that the duke was not yet disposed to grant the lands about New Castle. He, at the same time, informed him that he thought his claims to the islands in the Delaware ill-founded, because they were not included by the words of the patent, and were not intended to be granted. He immediately warned Dongan, Governor of New York, to prevent Penn's encroachments on his province, or its dependencies, giving a reason, which shows the opinions of men who had done so much business with him, that he was very intent on his own interests in those parts, as you observe." ' Chalmers, p. 660.
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New Castle County, Delaware
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Of the eleven counties in the Philadelphia metropolitan statistical area, New Castle County is perhaps the most varied geographically. It may be the most culturally heterogeneous, for no other touches three states, with distinctive influences flowing in.
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Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
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https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/locations/new-castle-county-delaware/
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Essay
Of the eleven counties in the Philadelphia metropolitan statistical area, New Castle County is perhaps the most varied geographically. Stretching from the Piedmont to the Coastal Plain, it is marked by rolling hills and fast-flowing crystalline streams to the north, sluggish brown tidal creeks meandering towards Delaware Bay to the south. Its northernmost neighborhood at Claymont is virtually an outer suburb of Philadelphia; to the south, the county extends down to the latitude of Baltimore, where Southern culture begins to be detectable. The great majority of the county lies south of the Mason-Dixon Line (drawn between 1763 and 1768). Of all the counties around Philadelphia, it may be the most culturally heterogeneous, for no other touches three states, with distinctive influences flowing in. Southern New Castle County shares the Delmarva Peninsula with Maryland and partly drains into Chesapeake Bay; Wilmington is a stone’s throw across the river from New Jersey; scenic Brandywine Creek knits New Castle County together with Pennsylvania.
Not only is New Castle County diverse, its early settlement history is unusual among the American colonies for the multitude of European nations that claimed it. Sweden, the Netherlands, and England all jockeyed for control throughout the seventeenth century, each establishing settlements that indicated serious claims to the fur trade and other bounties of the New World. Pushed aside were the native peoples who belonged to the Delaware or Lenni Lenape tribe.
Arriving on the ship Kalmar Nyckel, the Swedes built Fort Christina near the later site of Wilmington in 1638. The fort comprised the first Swedish settlement in the Western Hemisphere. Dutch director-general Peter Stuyvesant (ca. 1592-1672) established Fort Casimir, later called New Castle, just south on the Delaware River in 1651.
The British Take Over
Fort Casimir, later New Amstel, in 1651, became the most important Dutch town in America outside of the New York region. A British takeover came in 1664, with New Amstel renamed New Castle after the populous riverfront port in northeast England. By 1682 Quakers were starting to flood the region, quickly diluting whatever remained of the culture of New Sweden. Upon arrival in America—at the wharf in New Castle in 1682—William Penn (1644-1718) moved quickly to give representative government to the Three Lower Counties, including New Castle County, which had officially been founded in 1673, with its courthouse at New Castle. Otherwise, he feared that these counties could be wrested from his control by Lord Baltimore (1605-1675), who dreamed of annexing them to Maryland. The matter was hotly contested: Lawsuits raged in London until 1750, finally determining that the Delaware counties belonged to Pennsylvania. Not that the marriage was always amicable. Anglican Delawareans often clashed with their pacifist Quaker neighbors to the north, finding them dilatory in appropriating funds for military necessities, in particular the protection of Delaware Bay against enemy ships and pirates.
The early history of New Castle County was inextricable from that of Philadelphia. It was one of Pennsylvania’s “Three Lower Counties,” providing crucial access to the sea. The town of New Castle thrived as an overnight stop for travelers coming and going from Philadelphia, and to the south of there, Port Penn attempted to compete with Philadelphia’s shipping trade.
Philadelphia’s influence on Wilmington (chartered in 1739) was extensive. Along streets that bore the familiar Philadelphia names (Walnut, Spruce, and Pine) rose sturdy brick Georgian houses as fireproof as those recommended by William Penn in the Quaker City, and the handsome Old Town Hall (1798) virtually copied Philadelphia’s Congress Hall. Even Wilmington’s Old Swedes Church was built in 1698-99 by a Philadelphia mason of English descent in an English architectural style. The sophisticated colonial houses of Odessa in southern New Castle County showed how closely the leading families there were tied to Philadelphia by the grain trade around 1770.
War Comes, 1777
The Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolution brought war to the quiet agricultural landscapes of New Castle County. George Washington’s September 1777 efforts to protect Philadelphia from British attack centered on Delaware before shifting just north to the banks of the Brandywine at Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, where the second largest land battle of the Revolutionary War was fought, the Battle of the Brandywine. The opening skirmish of that campaign happened in New Castle County, the Battle of Cooch’s Bridge, on a site preserved in the twentieth century by the State of Delaware and, according to much-debated legend, the place where the Stars and Stripes may have first flown in battle. Later Washington’s army marched rapidly to Chadds Ford along the river, through what later became First State National Historical Park (founded 2013), Delaware’s first and only federal park.
New Castle County’s early history was thoroughly shaped by rivers and boats, the only practicable means of getting products to market, and a galaxy of little towns sprang up along waterways, only to dwindle and fade once the railroad passed them by. The town of New Castle is perhaps the best example, filled with stylish houses of the Federal period, clustered near the once-thriving riverfront. Several blocks from the wharfs stands the Court House (begun ca. 1730), one of the nation’s oldest surviving government facilities, scene of heated trials regarding slavery and abolitionism—a reminder that slavery was legal in more Southern-leaning New Castle County for eighty years after Pennsylvania first took steps in 1780 to abolish it. The Court House was also, according to legend, the point from which Delaware’s distinctive Circular Border with Pennsylvania was measured in colonial times (1701 and again in 1750, actually from multiple center points). But New Castle’s economy sputtered once railroads eclipsed water transportation. The gradual nineteenth-century decline of the town was measured by the fact that the county seat eventually shifted to flourishing Wilmington in 1881, leaving New Castle as a time capsule of early American architecture.
At New Castle, the full impact of successive changes in transportation is evident. The historic road that linked to Wilmington crossed the top of an ancient dike, one of several built by the Dutch and English starting in the 1650s to improve transport and reclaim marshland for agriculture. Remarkably, these still protect the low-lying town from flooding, and some were rehabilitated as barriers against sea-level rise as recently as 2014. Later, travelers both famous and obscure got off boats to and from Philadelphia, then trudged up narrow Packet Alley in New Castle to catch overland transport to the Chesapeake Bay. In 1832, New Castle briefly became the terminus for one of America’s first railroads, the New Castle & Frenchtown, and the nation’s second-oldest train station still stands there, though exhibiting a typically modest Delawarean scale, hardly bigger than a broom closet.
Canals, Railroads, Highways
The 1820s brought a nationwide canal mania. A canal through New Castle County linking the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays had been proposed as early as the seventeenth century. As Philadelphia and Baltimore grew, a fourteen-mile canal emerged as a favored way of reducing the four-hundred-mile trip between them to less than one hundred. Partly funded by the federal government and constructed between 1824 and 1829, the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal extended along the middle of the Delmarva Peninsula. The Deep Cut at Summit Bridge (east of Chesapeake City, Maryland) excavated by 2,500 men with shovels, was one of the most arduous engineering feats of the age. The C & D Canal cost nearly nine times more per mile than the slightly earlier Erie Canal as the route through soft Coastal Plain sediments was constantly plagued by mudslides.
The ambitiously titled Delaware City was established at the east end of the canal in anticipation of a boom. It was backed by two brothers, originally from New Jersey, who hoped it would steal much of Philadelphia’s shipping. The canal did see steady increases in tonnage through 1872 and played a critical role in Union troop movements during the Civil War. Thereafter, competition from railroads was stiff, and Delaware City largely fizzled. Much enlarged in the twentieth century, the C & D Canal grew to one of the busiest waterways in the nation, carrying forty percent of the maritime freight of the Port of Baltimore and much of Philadelphia’s as well. Culturally, it formed an unofficial divide between North and South, “Below the Canal” being a Delaware byword for a more rural and relaxed lifestyle in the so-called “Slower Lower” part of the state—a distinction that blurred with rapid suburbanization.
The advent of the railroad completely refigured the patterns of travel and commerce in New Castle County. Wilmington mushroomed due to its location on the main line between New York and Washington, D.C. The routing of the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore (1837) through northern New Castle County triggered an explosion of industry, including tanneries, carriage factories, and textile and flour mills. Starting in the 1830s, Lobdell Car Wheel Company mastered the difficult art of forging metal wheels tough enough to withstand high-speed railroad use. Nearby, Jackson & Sharp dominated American production of railroad coaches after the Civil War. Another historic railroad line cut through the county (and the outer suburbs of Wilmington) in the 1880s, the Baltimore & Ohio, with picturesque stations on the northwestern edge of Wilmington and at Newark designed by renowned Philadelphia architect Frank Furness (1839-1912), both subsequently demolished in the automobile age.
New Castle & Frenchtown Railroad
But the most historic railroad story in New Castle County was the first-ever attempt to cross the Delmarva Peninsula by rail: the New Castle & Frenchtown Railroad. It came extremely early, with surveying begun in spring 1830, the year the Baltimore & Ohio opened for business in Maryland as America’s very first railroad. A private company undertook the project, with Philadelphia investors playing a key role and Philadelphia architect and engineer William Strickland (1788-1854) working as a consultant. The reach of this enterprise was remarkable. Trains ran on granite blocks hauled from Maryland and Pennsylvania, on which were stretched timbers from Georgia, topped with iron straps from Liverpool, England, nailed in with spikes forged at Troy Nail Works in New York. Notably, two locomotives were imported from England in 1832, duplicates of the lightest locomotives in use on the famous Liverpool & Manchester Railroad (opened 1830), designed by the esteemed Robert Stephenson (1803-1859). Locomotives were named Delaware and Maryland; Pennsylvania was ordered a year later, in 1832.
Another hundred years later New Castle County again saw a transportation innovation of importance, not just nationally but internationally. Delaware’s fertile farms lay tantalizingly close to the giant urban market of Philadelphia, but poor roads meant that highway transport was slow, causing fruits and vegetables to perish. Industrialist T. Coleman du Pont (1863-1930) proposed a concrete highway to stretch the entire length of the state, hoping for a multilane thoroughfare with swift cars separated from slower trolleys, trucks, and horses, a suggestion only partially acted upon. He personally funded the DuPont Highway, later U.S. Routes 13 and 113, which was completed in 1923 and served as a key proving ground for highway-improvement campaigners nationwide. The smooth, white concrete invited high speeds, but problems were soon identified. Curves were frighteningly tight, headlight glare dazzled drivers, and head-on collisions were frequent. An experiment followed in 1929-1933, when the forty-five miles from Wilmington to Dover were reconfigured as a divided highway, Delaware Dual Road, said to be the first in the world to adopt the dual roadway technique (well before the German autobahns opened in 1935-36, or the Merritt Parkway, Connecticut, in 1938-40, or the Pennsylvania Turnpike in 1940). Closely involved with the DuPont Highway was Coleman’s son, Francis V. du Pont (1894-1962), later a leading figure in the creation of the U.S. interstate highway system under President Dwight Eisenhower (1890-1969).
Heritage of the du Ponts
For most of its history, New Castle County was heavily agricultural, in common with the entire state. As late as the 1920s, Delaware was first in the country for its percentage of land under cultivation. But at the same time, New Castle County’s Brandywine Creek had been a key center of the industrial revolution in the United States, with scores of mills springing up. Here about 1790 occurred the historic American debut of the mechanized production of flour and, in 1817, machine-made paper for newsprint and books, helping spur the nineteenth-century explosion in publishing. Well before that, in 1794, Scottish immigrant William Young (1755-1829) had opened the Delaware Paper Mill at Rockland, providing paper for his shop and printing press on Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, so that Brandywine paper from New Castle County became the watermarked standard for U. S. government documents.
In 1802 the du Ponts arrived as part of the larger wave of refugees from the French Revolution to found their famous gunpower-manufacturing complex along Brandywine Creek and subsequently dominate the state economy. By the early twentieth century, the DuPont company was the nation’s top producer of gunpower and dynamite and increasingly dominating the chemical industry as well, with products woven into the daily life of every American, from toothpaste to nylon hosiery to automotive paints. Later still came Tyvek for building insulation, Kevlar for bulletproof vests, Teflon for nonstick pans. The wealth of the family became legendary. The corporation brought high salaries and an influx of talent, making Wilmington the wealthiest city per capita in the United States following World War I. The family was ardently philanthropic, founding schools and churches for the company’s early Irish and Italian workforce. Pierre S. du Pont (1870-1954), great-grandson of E. I. du Pont (1771-1834) who immigrated from France, proved one of the most generous contributors to charity in the nation’s history. Concerned about the poor quality of schools throughout Delaware, he began to finance them himself, including the sumptuous P. S. duPont Middle School in Wilmington (1935), one of the most beautiful public schools in the country, a brick-and-limestone masterpiece in Delaware’s signature Colonial Revival style. He also paid for eighty-nine mostly rural schools for African Americans (built 1919-28), one of which, School House #112C, remains preserved as Iron Hill Museum near Newark after it was shuttered, like virtually all of the Black schools, following the court-ordered desegregation of all Delaware schools in 1965.
Another legacy of the du Pont family was the preservation of scenic land in Piedmont New Castle County and the creation of house-museums that enjoy a national reputation as “Chateau Country,” a major driver of tourism to the region. Countless workers were employed on these estates, from housekeepers to chauffeurs and gardeners, many of them recent immigrants from Europe. When not engaged in his legendary feud with certain du Pont cousins, Alfred I. du Pont (1864-1935)—proud of his direct line of descent via “oldest sons” from the family in France—built a state-of-the-art children’s hospital on the grounds of his French-style estate, later called Nemours Mansion & Gardens. Hagley Museum & Library preserves the first du Pont home in America, Eleutherian Mills, and the nearby gunpowder manufactory. Winterthur was the dream of Henry Francis du Pont (1880-1969), another cousin of A. I.’s. Starting in 1927, he built a gigantic addition to showcase his growing collections of classic American interiors and antiques. The existing thirty-two-room mansion was supplemented by a wing with more than a hundred “period rooms” housing the largest collection of American antiques in the world.
Farm Fields and Crossroads Towns
Long overwhelmingly rural outside of Wilmington, New Castle County developed slowly, with farmers cultivating grain that was ground at mills along local streams, then shipped by the Delaware River to distant markets. At crossroads that sometimes dated back to Indian times, settlements sprang up with taverns to serve travelers who were just passing through Delaware on their way to somewhere more populous. Often these were millers transporting grain. At the hamlet of Christiana, near Christiana Mall, the crossroads settlement pattern remains intact. The main north-south colonial highway ran directly through town, as did an important east-west county road, so that a Connecticut visitor of 1749 was surprised to find, after countless Mid-Atlantic log houses, “a Clump of very fine brick houses a Dozen or more & Several Taverns,” this being “a place . . . of much Business.” A wharf on the Christiana River provided a small but prosperous port for this well-inland settlement. George Washington (1732-1799) slept regularly in Christiana taverns during his frequent travels between Virginia and the North.
Milling flourished on many of New Castle County’s streams, as at the John England Mill east of Newark, founded by an immigrant from Staffordshire in the 1720s, two decades before he built the sturdy brick colonial house that survives amidst modern suburban development. This miller was English, but many of his neighbors were Scots-Irish, the most populous minority in the county, and not far west were a group of Welsh settlers at Iron Hill. Newark itself was, in the eighteenth century, yet another crossroads town, although strung along a considerable straightaway, later named Main Street. Just outside of town, the Curtis Paper Company operated on White Clay Creek from 1789 until 1997, the longest-running paper mill in America. Home to the University of Delaware, Newark was a sleepy place for generations, but after World War II, with the expansion of the school and construction of two DuPont facilities and a Chrysler plant, it grew to be Delaware’s third-largest town (population 31,000), nearly as large as Dover.
Unusual in Delaware for having been founded away from any navigable river, Middletown in southern New Castle County coalesced at another early crossroads. The place experienced rapid growth after the railroad came through in 1855. Peach farming on the fertile “Levels” brought prosperity, and sizable Victorian houses went up on Cass and Broad Streets. Demographically, the lower county was Southern, with slaves working in the peach orchards. Freedom was not far away in Pennsylvania, however, making Middletown a vital link in the Underground Railroad that extended straight through New Castle County, up to the dreaded Market Street Bridge over the Brandywine in Wilmington—a covered span watched closely for runaways. In a celebrated 1845 case, a Quaker farmer and abolitionist of Middletown, John Hunn (1818-1894), assisted a group of escaped slaves who arrived in the night from Maryland’s Eastern Shore, part of a regular flow from the South seeking freedom. Neighbors called the local constable, who arrested the runaways and delivered them to the jail in New Castle.
Ethnic Diversification, Rise of Suburbia
The familiar agricultural ethos of New Castle County persisted for centuries until finally succumbing to implacable economic forces in the mid-twentieth-century. A 1992 memoir by elderly Emma Mariane (1903-2005) about farm life in Brandywine Hundred, north of Wilmington, recounts the swift disappearance of a rural way of life, long organized around haymaking, cutting corn with knives, bottling milk. She tells how small-scale dairies, once thriving, were finally regulated out of existence by modernizing state health authorities. With the coming of supermarkets after 1945, the King Street farmers market downtown—where curbs were lined with hundreds of horse wagons bearing eggs, broiler chickens, and an array of vegetables—was ruled unsanitary and closed, meaning locals had nowhere to sell their products. With big business ascendant, self-sufficient farms failed. Mariane’s little farm converted into a nursery serving the front-yard needs of suburban homeowners; all the neighboring ones were paved over for housing developments.
Along with the rest of the Philadelphia region, New Castle County was utterly transformed by suburbanization and the automobile after World War II. Growth in industry, stimulated in part by the war effort, reshaped the county. Companies relocated to the area to take advantage of cheap land and proximity to major markets, the area lying in the burgeoning megalopolis about midway between New York and Washington. Wilmington had long been ringed by trolley suburbs, but now the automobile allowed neighborhoods to spring up in odd corners largely untethered from the city—for example, seven hundred boxy housing units sprouting in a cow pasture at Fairfax in 1950, by developer Alfred J. Vilone (1905-98).
Like many of his customers, Vilone was of Italian descent. New Castle County long had relatively little ethnic diversity, other than African Americans and the many Irish who had built antebellum canals and railroads and later worked in cotton mills. But a huge influx starting in the 1880s changed the picture dramatically. German immigrants became bakers, butchers, and cabinetmakers; Poles excelled in leather-tanning and ironworking. After 1900 they were joined by Italians whose many enterprises included boot- and shoemaking, tailoring, and masonry. Compared to other ethnic groups, Italians grouped tightly together rather than dispersing, with concentrations at Wilmington’s Little Italy around landmark St. Anthony’s Church (1926) as well as at Hockessin and Claymont. By midcentury their descendants had mastered the English language and spread throughout the county, producing a dominant cultural strain marked by intermarriage between Irish and Italians. The postwar suburbanization of northern New Castle County owed much to these ethnic groups abandoning Wilmington rowhouses, joined by many others who sought to escape crowded city conditions in South Philadelphia.
For generations, practically everybody had gone to Market and King Streets in downtown Wilmington to go shopping—old photographs show the sidewalks thronged at Christmastime. The focus shifted dramatically after World War II when the Philadelphia firm of John Wanamaker (1838-1922) proposed to build a state-of-the-art department store on sixteen acres along the edge of a forest far outside of town (1948-50). Seemingly audacious, this marked the beginning of a whole new era of land use in the county, as the company broke free from Wilmington taxes and zoning and felled trees to build an enormous parking lot of the kind one never found in crowded downtown. The elegant marble architecture in “conservative-modern” style by local architect Alfred V. du Pont (1900-70), son of A. I. who owned Nemours, was meant to suggest a country club, with an Ivy Tea Room overlooking the Brandywine River, an aspirational design for upscale Wilmingtonians moving to the suburbs. The idea was to lure out-of-state shoppers as well, a model later taken up by the Christiana Mall, which opened east of Newark (Delaware 1 at Interstate 95) in 1978. Its name, borrowed from the nearby village, recalled Queen Christina of Sweden (1626-1689) and Delaware’s earliest permanent European settlement. It became one of the most successful regional malls in the country, with an appraised value of a billion dollars. New Castle County’s convenient location, low property taxes, and lack of sales tax kept Christiana Mall thriving, although the Brandywine Wanamaker’s succumbed by the end of the twentieth century to a plethora of new malls and retail outlets in the booming region.
Delaware Memorial Bridge
The Wanamaker store had been planned to coincide with the opening of the Delaware Memorial Bridge (1948-51), which finally linked northern Delaware to the New Jersey Turnpike and allowed an influx of commerce, fully linking New Castle County to the surging economy of the larger megalopolis. A plan for the bridge was conceived in earnest during the last months of World War II, as a war memorial, with Francis V. du Pont a key proponent. This suspension bridge represented an extraordinary engineering achievement, its 2,150-foot span over the busy shipping lanes of the Delaware River claiming for a time the title of sixth-longest bridge ever built.
New highways and automobiles shook old-fashioned Wilmington to the core. The city had long dominated New Castle County and as recently as 1920, . But during the 1950s, Wilmington’s stature swiftly collapsed as riverfront industries shut down and the population of its suburbs nearly doubled, and it ignominiously fell out of the list of American cities of 100,000 for the first time in fifty years. By 1960, only 31 percent of county residents lived in Wilmington, the suburban population of the county having . Although urban depopulation was a national trend, the DuPont company remained, and as a result the Wilmington urban area in 1955 was the sixth wealthiest in the U.S. in terms of average family income ($6,900). By 1960, DuPont . Money was available for a vast rebuilding of downtown, revolving around a key question broached as early as a Wilmington Chamber of Commerce publication in 1926: “‘Where shall we park the car?’ Wanamaker’s had shown that suburbanites would skip downtown altogether, so long as parking was easy outside of town. As an answer, in the 1960s twenty-two vast blocks downtown were leveled for urban renewal—mostly replaced by parking lots, along with a few governmental buildings, as commercial development seldom materialized. Increasingly, drivers found little to lure them into Wilmington, then palpably in decline, with stores closing and aging Victorian neighborhoods looking decrepit.
As with Philadelphia, Interstate 95 had a powerful and ultimately deleterious effect on urban planning in Wilmington. New Castle County had long been a place that one traveled through to get somewhere else, going back to the Kings Highway of colonial times. Now the greatest of America’s north-south interstate highways would run directly through the county, traversing twenty-three miles. It could have bypassed Wilmington through wealthy suburbs to the west, but this was overruled in favor of annihilation of several blocks through the residential sections adjoining downtown, starting in 1959.
The Impact of Interstate 95
The damage that I-95 did to Wilmington has been emphasized to the point, perhaps, of overstatement; the centuries-old city might have declined in any case. The highway did contribute to economic growth outside of the town, allowing a rapid commute to Newark in the 1960s and then, in the 1980s, to sprawling new developments in Pike Creek and Hockessin. Thanks in part to that often-maligned interstate, New Castle County has thrived in recent decades. Delaware , incorporating more than a million businesses (including two-thirds of the Fortune 500), with thousands of local jobs the result, from bankruptcy lawyers to corporate-service specialists. Powerful New Castle County politicians have long nurtured relationships with corporations. A disproportionate number of governors, congressmen, and senators have lived in this one corner of a small state, including a charismatic senator who became president of the United States, Joseph R. Biden (b. 1942). Like many residents of New Castle County, Biden was born someplace farther north—in Scranton, Pennsylvania, a fading town that his father soon fled, seeking economic opportunity as a used-car salesman in Delaware and buying a house in a new development near Claymont. The 1981 Financial Center Development Act built on Delaware’s business-friendly reputation by giving special breaks to the credit card industry. An influx of highly educated outsiders came to the area from New Jersey and elsewhere, tipping the political scales firmly towards the Democratic party in a state long considered Southern-leaning and conservative. Many banks are headquartered in New Castle County, and residents are engaged in financial careers at nearly twice the national average. Service-sector jobs have supplanted manufacturing: recently demolished were the post-World War II Chrysler automotive plant at Newark and the General Motors plant at Newport, replaced, respectively, by a high-tech “innovation community” associated with the University of Delaware (2010) and a colossal Amazon fulfillment center (2019)—both symbolic of the constantly changing economic and demographic picture in an ever-evolving New Castle County.
W. Barksdale Maynard is the author of eight books on American history, art, and architecture, including Buildings of Delaware in the Buildings of the United States series (University of Virginia Press, 2008), The Brandywine: An Intimate Portrait (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014), and Artists of Wyeth Country: Howard Pyle, N. C. Wyeth, and Andrew Wyeth (Temple University Press, 2021). He lives in Greenville, Delaware. (Author information current at time of publication.)
Copyright 2023, Rutgers University.
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dbpedia
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https://www.thoughtco.com/key-facts-about-the-delaware-colony-103871
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en
|
Significant Events of the Delaware Colony
|
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Martin Kelly",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2004-05-19T07:42:34-04:00
|
The Delaware colony was founded in 1638 as New Sweden and was later part of New Netherland before being claimed by the British.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
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ThoughtCo
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https://www.thoughtco.com/key-facts-about-the-delaware-colony-103871
|
The Delaware colony was founded in 1638 by European colonists from the Netherlands and Sweden. Its history includes occupations by the Dutch, Swedish, British—and the colony of Pennsylvania, which included Delaware until 1703.
Early Arrivals
The first European arrivals in the area occurred in the early 17th century when the Dutch were involved in establishing many trading posts and colonies around the world including in North America. Henry Hudson had been hired by the Dutch to explore the New World in 1609 and he "discovered" and named the Hudson River.
By 1611, the Dutch had established fur trading enterprises with Indigenous peoples called the Lenni Lenape. In 1614, Fort Nassau, on what is the Hudson River near Gloucester, New Jersey, was the earliest Dutch settlement in the New World.
Peter Minuit and the New Sweden Company
In 1637, Swedish explorers and stockholders created the New Sweden Company to explore and trade in the New World, under a charter with Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus. Adolphus died in 1632, and his daughter and successor Queen Christina took over the charter's administration. Christina's chancellor formed the New Sweden Company in 1637 and hired Peter Minuit.
Minuit was a German-born Dutch resident likely of French Huguenot ancestry, who had previously been the governor of New Netherland from 1626 to 1631 and is most well known for the purchase of Manhattan Island. In March of 1638, Minuit and his two ships, Key of Kalmar and the Griffin, landed at the mouth of a river they named Christina, in what is now Wilmington and founded the first permanent colony in Delaware.
Annexed to New Netherland
While the Dutch and Swedes coexisted for some time, the incursion of the Dutch into New Sweden territory saw its leader, Johan Rising, move against some Dutch settlements. In 1655, Peter Stuyvesant, New Netherland's governor, sent armed ships to New Sweden. The colony surrendered without a fight. Thus, the area that was once New Sweden then became part of New Netherland.
British Ownership
The British and Dutch were direct competitors during the 17th century. England felt they had a claim to the prosperous New Netherland territory due to the explorations by John Cabot made in 1498. In 1660, with the restoration of Charles II to the throne of England, the Dutch feared the British would attack their territory and forged an alliance with the French against the British. In response, Charles II gave his brother, James, the Duke of York, New Netherland in March 1664.
This "annexation" of New Netherland required a show of force. James sent a fleet of ships to New Netherland to demand its surrender. Peter Stuyvesant agreed. While the northern part of the New Netherland was named New York, the lower part was leased to William Penn as the "lower counties on the Delaware." Penn wanted access to the sea from Pennsylvania. Thus, the territory was part of Pennsylvania until 1703. In addition, Delaware continued to share a governor with Pennsylvania until the Revolutionary War, even though it had its own representative assembly.
Beginning the War of Independence
In October 1765, Delaware sent two delegates to a congress of the colonies in New York to deliberate on a joint colonial response to recent British measures, in particular, the Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765. The two men were landholder Caesar Rodney and attorney Thomas McKean: the two men and assemblyman George Read would continue to play a role in the movement for independence.
Delaware declared its independence from Great Britain on June 15, 1776, and signed the Declaration of Independence with its fellow colonies on July 4.
Sources
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7539
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dbpedia
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https://streetsofsalem.com/tag/new-castle/
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en
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New Castle Archives
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en
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streetsofsalem
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https://streetsofsalem.com/tag/new-castle/
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Last week was my spring break, and I was determined to get away after spending the past three right here at home during the prolonged Covid Time. I wanted to drive off alone so I could indulge myself with days of endless historic house-spotting: my husband needs a destination and a drink after too much of that! First I planned an extensive trip around revolutionary taverns along much of the east coast, and then I narrowed down my target area to the short-lived colony of New Sweden, incorporating areas of New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania (and even a bit of Maryland, I think). This trip was further restricted by a delayed departure and the big snowstorm that hit many parts of the northeast: I ended up snowed in at my brother’s house in Rhinebeck, New York. And then I was off, bound for New Castle, Delaware, a small historic city that I had always passed through too quickly. This would be the center of my exploration, but along the way, right before I passed over the Delaware Memorial Bridge, I decided to get off the turnpike and explore Salem County, one of the counties of southern New Jersey that borders Delaware Bay. The sun was shining and it was warm: it seemed as if I had passed from winter into spring, and from the North into the South. I had never been in this region of Jersey, but I had heard about some of its revolutionary history and seen pictures of some of its distinct 18th century houses built of patterned brick, dated and decoratively embellished on one side. I wanted to see one, and I did, and then I wanted to see more: and so I drove down rural roads for hours to do so. Before I knew it, it was dusk, and then I had to drive over that damn bridge in the dark (I have a mild bridge phobia issue and a much stronger tunnel one). New Castle was charming at night and the next morning, when I saw rows of little brick town houses. So forget about any theme of history or function: my spring break (or what was left of it) was just going to be all about little brick houses—and some big brick houses too.
The Dickinson and Oakford Houses, Alloway Township, Salem County New Jersey; the collage is all New Castle houses, with the exception of the conjoined houses in the center–which are in Salem TOWN, New Jersey (more about this other Salem below); New Castle’s old library; this 18th century map shows my travels–on both sides of the Delaware.
Established in 1651 by the Dutch, New Castle was at the center of shifting colonial sovereignties in the middle of the seventeenth century: it became part of a the short-lived colony of New Sweden in 1654, but was recaptured by the Dutch within the year, and in 1680 it was included in the land grant of William Penn, along with the rest of Delaware. New Castle was the capital of the Delaware colony until the Revolution, but before and after it was a center of trade and transportation due to its strategic location on the river. Its pre-revolutionary and pre-industrial wealth created a beautiful city that survives today relatively intact. I don’t really agree with its chamber-of-commerce description: thanks to preservation efforts, this vibrant, fully occupied community remains one of the most important Colonial/Federal villages in America—second only to Williamsburg, Virginia in the number and authenticiy of its historic structures. Williamsburg is a creation, an open-air museum: New Castle is a living city. Though they both have that fixed-in-time feeling, I saw the residents walking around engaged in all sorts of tasks as I walked the streets of New Castle, and they weren’t in colonial costume, like the “residents” of Williamsburg. New Castle is real, but almost too perfect: perfectly-preserved buildings, perfect signage, perfectly laid and -maintained brick sidewalks (it’s like an opposite-word of Salem: they seem to be letting their asphalt sidewalks languish as they replace with brick!), no litter in sight. And while late colonial and federal houses rule, they come in different sizes and were built with different materials: rows of modest brick and wooden houses were just as perfectly maintained as more stately structures. And there are new houses too, built with an obvious mandate to integrate with the old.
Just perfect New Castle, on a perfect day! These are all residences: I’m going to show the museums in my next post. The last two photos show a new house rising on the Strand, and the very old Anglican/Episcopalian Church, Immanuel on the Green, the parish of which has been operating continuously since 1689.
I spent a couple of days in New Castle and then drove lightly northeast into the Brandywine Valley, ostensibly to do some research at the Winterthur library, but I spent more time in the museum and (you guess it) driving around looking for little stone houses. And on my way back home, I turned off the bridge right after I crossed into Jersey rather than before I crossed into Delawar: I wanted to go back to Salem County to hunt for more houses and see the city of Salem as well: I had driven through it days before but didn’t stop. It’s somewhat blighted, with boarded up houses on the main street, but other houses were perfectly restored: it seemed to have quite a bit of integrity and potential. Of course, this Salem has a historical society, and a completely over-the-top but unfortunately former city hall: I wonder what will become of it?
Salem, New Jersey: historical society, murals, and the “exuberant Queen Anne” former municipal building.
One last stop in old New Jersey and then I turned northward. Most of the patterned brick houses are in private hands and hard to find, but one has been turned into a state park: the Hancock House, in Alloway Township, or more particularly a little village within called Hancock’s Bridge. On this very day in 1778, raiding British rangers under the command of Major John Simcoe raided the house and bayoneted as many people as they could find inside: at the very least ten Patriot milita men and also the owner of the house, Judge William Hancock, who was a Loyalist and also, as a Quaker, a pacifist. This became known as the Massacre at Hancock’s Bridge, and just as I was arriving at the house on Saturday morning regiments of reenactors were as well, for the annual commemoration of the massacre. I couldn’t stay around, unfortunately, but I have borrowed a photograph from the HM 17th Regiment of Infantry in America’s facebook page, below. Then I drove home to Massachusetts, making just one stop along the way: at Guilford, Connecticut to see another very old stone house, the 1639 Henry Whitefield House.
Above: The Hancock House, 1734 and members of the HM 17th Regiment of Infantry in America, 1775-1784 on Saturday. Just two streets over, the Quaker Meeting House, built on land donated to the community by Judge Hancock, who was slain on March 21, 1778.
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dbpedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Colony
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en
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Delaware Colony
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en
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/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Colony
|
British colony in North America (1664–1776)
The Delaware Colony, officially known as the three "Lower Counties on the Delaware", was a semiautonomous region of the proprietary Province of Pennsylvania and a de facto British colony in North America.[1] Although not royally sanctioned, Delaware consisted of the three counties on the west bank of the Delaware River Bay.
In the early 17th century, the area was inhabited by Lenape and possibly Assateague Native American Indian tribes. The first European settlers were Swedes, who established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina in present-day Wilmington, Delaware, in 1638. The Dutch captured the colony in 1655 and annexed it to New Netherland to the north. Great Britain subsequently took control of it from the Dutch in 1664. In 1682, William Penn, the Quaker proprietor of the Province of Pennsylvania to the north leased the three lower counties on the Delaware River from James, the Duke of York, who went on to become King James II.
The three lower counties on the Delaware River were governed as part of the Province of Pennsylvania from 1682 until 1701, when the lower counties petitioned for and were granted an independent colonial legislature; the two colonies shared the same governor until 1776. The English colonists who settled in Delaware were mainly Quakers. In the first half of the 18th century, New Castle and Philadelphia became the primary ports of entry to the new world for a quarter of a million Protestant immigrants from Northern Ireland, referred to as "Scotch-Irish" in America and "Ulster Scots" in Northern Ireland. Delaware had no established religion at this time.
The American Revolutionary War began in April 1775, and on June 15, 1776, the Delaware Assembly voted to break all ties with Great Britain, creating the independent State of Delaware.[1] On July 4, 1776, Delaware joined 12 other British colonies to form the United States of America.
Dutch and Swedish settlements
[edit]
Historical populationYearPop.±%1670700— 16801,005+43.6%16901,482+47.5%17002,470+66.7%17103,645+47.6%17205,385+47.7%17309,170+70.3%174019,870+116.7%175028,704+44.5%176033,250+15.8%177035,496+6.8%177437,219+4.9%178045,385+21.9%Source: 1670–1760;[2] 1774[3] 1770–1780[4]
From the early Dutch settlement in 1631 to the colony's rule by Pennsylvania in 1682, the land that later became the U.S. state of Delaware changed hands many times. Because of this, Delaware became a heterogeneous society made up of individuals who were diverse in country of origin and religion.[citation needed]
The first European exploration of what would become known as the Delaware Valley was made by the Dutch ship Halve Maen under the command of Henry Hudson in 1609. He was searching for what was believed to be a Northwest Passage to Asia. Hudson sailed into what now is the Delaware Bay. He named it the South River, but this would later change after Samuel Argall came across the mouth of the river in 1610, after being blown off course. Argall later renamed this waterway as the river Delaware, after Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, the second governor of Virginia.[5]
Follow-up expeditions by Cornelius May in 1613 and Cornelius Hendrickson in 1614 mapped the shoreline of what would become the colony and state of Delaware for inclusion in the New Netherland colony. Initial Dutch settlement was centered up the Delaware River at Fort Nassau at Big Timber Creek, south of what is now Gloucester City, New Jersey.
Neither the Dutch nor the English showed any early interest in establishing settlement on this land. It was not until 1629 that agents of the Dutch West India Company, Gillis Hossitt and Jacob Jansz, arrived to negotiate with the Native Americans to "purchase" land for a colony. (The Dutch always purchased land from the Native Americans, rather than take it by force, but the peoples had differing concepts of property and use. The Native Americans often considered the Dutch "payments" to be gifts in keeping with their Native custom, and expected to share use of the common land.) Hossitt and Jansz secured a treaty granting the Dutch a parcel of land running along the shore eight Dutch miles long and half a Dutch mile deep (roughly 29 by just under 2 US miles). This nearly coincided with the length of the coast of modern Sussex and Kent counties in Delaware.
In 1631 the Dutch sent a group of twenty-eight men to build a fort inside Cape Henlopen on Lewes Creek to establish the Zwaanendael Colony.[6] This first colony was intended to take advantage of the large whale population in the bay and to produce whale oil. A cultural misunderstanding with the Native Americans resulted in their killing of these 28 colonists before a year had passed.[6] Patroon David Pietersz. de Vries arrived shortly thereafter with an additional 50 settlers. Although he concluded a treaty with the Indians, de Vries, his partners in Holland, and the Dutch West India Company decided the location was too dangerous for immediate colonization. They took the additional settlers to New Amsterdam (New York) instead.
In March 1638, the Swedish colony of New Sweden was established as the first permanent European settlement in Delaware. The Kalmar Nyckel anchored at a rocky point on the Minquas Kill. Today this site is called Swedes' Landing; it is located in Wilmington, Delaware.[6] The New Sweden Company was organized and overseen by Clas Larsson Fleming, a Swedish admiral and administrator. Samuel Blommaert, a Flemish director of the Dutch West India Company who had grown frustrated with the company's policies, assisted the fitting-out.[7] The expedition was led, and had been instigated by Peter Minuit, the founding governor of New Netherland. He had been dismissed by the Dutch West India Company, which operated the colony as a concession. Minuit resented the company and was well aware that the Dutch had little settlement in the Zuyd (Delaware) river valley. New Sweden was a multicultural affair, with Finns, Dutch, Walloons (Belgians), and Germans, in addition to Swedes among the settlers.
The first outpost of the Swedish settlement was named Fort Christina (now Wilmington) after Queen Christina of Sweden. The Swedes introduced log cabin construction to the New World and the humble house form was later spread to the American backcountry by Scotch-Irish immigrants who entered the colony through the port of New Castle. Swedish colonial Governor Johan Björnsson Printz administered the colony of New Sweden from 1643 to 1653. He was succeeded by Johan Classon Risingh, the last governor of New Sweden.[5] The Dutch had never accepted the Swedish colony as legitimate, and the Dutch West India Company competed with the officials and backers of New Sweden. In 1651, New Netherland Governor Peter Stuyvesant had Fort Nassau dismantled and reassembled downriver of Fort Christina as Fort Casimir. This meant that the Dutch effectively encircled the Swedish colony. The Swedes abandoned Fort Beversreede, a short-lived attempt to establish a foothold at the end of the Great Minquas Path (in modern Philadelphia).
Three years later, the New Sweden colony attacked and seized Fort Casimir, renaming it Fort Trinity. The struggle finally came to an end in September 1655. With the Second Great Northern War raging in Europe, Stuyvesant assembled an army and naval squadron sufficient to capture the Swedish forts, thus re-establishing control of the colony. The Dutch renamed Fort Casimir/Trinity as New Amstel (later translated to New Castle). It became their center for fur trading with Native Americans and the colony's administration headquarters.[5] The area's European population grew rapidly.
English conquest
[edit]
In 1664, after English Colonel Richard Nicolls captured New Amsterdam, Robert Carr was sent to the Delaware River settlements. He took over New Amstel, pillaging it and mistreating its settlers, some of whom he sold into slavery in Virginia.[8][9] Carr translated the name of the post from Dutch into English and it has been known since as New Castle.[6] Carr and his troops continued down the shore, ravaging and burning settlements, including a Mennonite utopian community led by Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy near present-day Lewes, Delaware. This effectively ended the Dutch rule of the colony and, for that matter, ended their claims to any land in colonial North America. The English took over New Netherland, renaming it New York. Delaware was thenceforth claimed by New York under a Deputy of the Duke of York from 1664 to 1682, but neither the Duke nor his colonists controlled it. The proprietors of Maryland took action to take advantage of this situation.[6]
Durham County, Maryland
[edit]
Between 1669 and 1672, Delaware was an incorporated county under the Province of Maryland. When the Duke of York made use of his charter on behalf of courtier William Penn, through conveyances made by the governor of New York, there was a brief conflict of interest between the Catholic, Tory, and sometime Jacobite sympathizer Lord Baltimore with his friend the aforesaid Duke. A hard-fought court battle was subsequently relegated to a proprietary dispute between the Calvert and Penn families since both were held in favor by both the King and Prince James. By 1768, the Mason-Dixon line is said to have legally resolved vague outlines in the overlap between Maryland and Pennsylvania. By this boundary, Delaware was substantially awarded to Pennsylvania. Eventually, Delaware gained its own independence from Pennsylvania and fended off Maryland.
New Castle, Kent, and Sussex Counties, Pennsylvania
[edit]
The area now known as Delaware was owned by William Penn, the Quaker owner of Pennsylvania. In contemporary documents from the early Revolutionary period, the area is generally referred to as "The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware River" (Lower Counties on Delaware) or by the names of the three counties.[10]
After William Penn was granted the province of Pennsylvania by King Charles II in 1681, he asked for and later received the lands of Delaware from the Duke of York.[5][11] Penn had a very hard time governing Delaware because the economy and geology resembled those of the Chesapeake Bay colonies more than that of Pennsylvania. The lowland areas were developed for tobacco plantations and dependent on enslaved Africans and African Americans for labor. Penn attempted to merge the governments of Pennsylvania and the lower counties of Delaware. Representatives from each area clashed strongly and, in 1701 Penn agreed to allow two assemblies to be elected and conduct their separate affairs. Delawareans would meet in New Castle, and Pennsylvanians would gather in Philadelphia.[6] Delaware, like Philadelphia and more so than Maryland, continued to be a melting pot of sorts. It was home to Swedes, Finns, Dutch, and French, in addition to the English, who constituted the dominant culture.
References
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Sources
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dbpedia
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3
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https://www.newcastlepa.org/visit/about-new-castle/
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en
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About New Castle
|
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2019-06-10T16:16:54+00:00
|
The City of New Castle has been referred to as “Little New York City” because of its rich ethnic, religious, and racial diversity. Families enjoy a quiet community with a low crime rate with the benefits of the major City … →
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en
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The City of New Castle, Pennsylvania
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https://www.newcastlepa.org/visit/about-new-castle/
|
The City of New Castle has been referred to as “Little New York City” because of its rich ethnic, religious, and racial diversity. Families enjoy a quiet community with a low crime rate with the benefits of the major City of Pittsburgh less than an hour away where entertainment is plentiful.
A full range of municipal services, the low cost of living, and excellent opportunities for quality housing in beautiful homes located in long established neighborhoods provides a most important attraction. Traditional family values, close knit families, and community pride are among the attributes of the people of New Castle.
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dbpedia
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https://delawarebayshorebyway.org/attractions/new-castle-courthouse-museum/
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en
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New Castle Court House Museum
|
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2021-07-29T20:08:03+00:00
|
Visit one of the oldest courthouses in the United States. Built in 1732, the New Castle Court House served as Delaware’s first court and state capitol.
|
en
|
Delaware Bayshore Byway
|
https://delawarebayshorebyway.org/attractions/new-castle-courthouse-museum/
|
Visit one of the oldest courthouses in the United States that has played a role in a number of historic events. Built in 1732, the New Castle Court House served as Delaware’s first court and state capitol.
On your tour, you’ll hear about critical events in the history of Delaware – in 1776, New Castle, Kent and Sussex counties declared their independence from Pennsylvania and England creating the Delaware State.
You’ll also learn about the significant events that took place involving slavery and the Underground Railroad, including the trials of abolitionists Thomas Garrett and John Hunn. In 2003, the New Castle Court House was designated as a National Historic Underground Railroad Site by the U.S. Department of Interior and awarded inclusion in the Nation Park Service Network to Freedom Program.
It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972, and in 2013, was included as a partner site in the First State National Historical Park – so be sure and check out the other attractions nearby.
Tours:
Tours of the museum are approximately 45 minutes in length, and are available on Monday (June- early Sept.), Wednesday through Saturday on the hour from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.; and on Sundays at 1:30 p.m., 2:30 p.m. and 3:30 p.m.
Logistics:
On street parking is available throughout the Historic New Castle area.
Hours:
Monday (June – Sept.),
Wednesday through Saturday from 10am-4:00pm
Sunday from 1:30pm-4:30pm
Admission:
The museum is open to the public and admission is free. Donations are appreciated.
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dbpedia
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https://delcopa.gov/departments/history.html
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en
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Delaware County, Pennsylvania
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../favicon.ico
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The History of Delaware County
The Beginning
Delaware County, presently consisting of over 184 square miles divided into forty-nine municipalities is the oldest settled section of Pennsylvania. The first major settlement occurred under Swedish rule by Governor Johan Printz who in 1643 established the first court, school, church and governmental offices on Tinicum Island. Equitable treatment of the Lenni Lenape Indians helped the European settlements to thrive and both races continued to farm on the banks of the Delaware. The Delaware River Settlements after a brief period fell under the jurisdiction of England's Duke of York. Twenty years later in 1681, King Charles II granted rights for a proprietary colony to William Penn which led to the founding of the Province of Pennsylvania under Penn's control. The city where Penn first landed during 1682 in Pennsylvania is home of the oldest public building in the United States, The Old Chester Court House in Chester. In Chester, the General Assembly of Pennsylvania met with Penn and on December 7, 1682 the Assembly adopted Penn's " Great Law of Pennsylvania." The document granted the right to vote, citizenship, freedom of religion and trial by jury to all settlers. William Penn had implemented a form of government which established Pennsylvania as a haven for the oppressed of all nations, emphazing religious freedom, fair treatment of Indians and minorities with a democratic government. Major developments had began. Early settlements were at Marcus Hook, Upland/Chester, Tinicum and Darby. During the first years under Penn's rule the population more than tripled. Farm sites were established beyond the river and major roads still in use today (Route 252, 452, Springfield Road, Lansdowne Road, etc.) were laid out. Shipbuilding, which began under the Swedes escalated and an active coastal trade zone developed.
The Revolution and The Growth of a County
Trouble in the county and the colonies brewed due to the dictatorial rule of the British King George III and his parliament. With the subsequent American Revolution, Delaware County became a major battleground for along the Brandywine River, the largest land battle of the Revolution was fought on September 11th 1777. Nearly, 30,000 British and American Troops faced each other in a bloody battle. The American army led by General Washington retreated while the British marched on to occupy Philadelphia. There at Brandywine, Marquis de Lafayette of France then only twenty years old, began his service for the cause of freedom with the American Revolution and then later the French Revolution. When Delaware County split from Chester County in 1789, the seat of local government was retained in Upland/Chester. As the interior developed, complaints grew concerning the distance to the county seat and finally was moved to Media in 1850 with the beautiful Delaware County Courthouse being erected in 1889. Many major landowners on the river sold off their the farms and purchased property near the new county seat, thus opening the riverfront to major industrial development. From 1845 on, the riverfront became a heavy industry magnet. Several shipyards built vessels for international buyers and locomotives from Baldwin and other works were exported around the world.
In the middle of the century, the Pennsylvania Railroad's Main Line was built through Radnor Township in the northern part of Delaware County. Later the Baltimore, Ohio and Reading Railroads, traveling from North & South, were built through the southeastern part of the county. Between 1870 and turn of the century, nineteen boroughs were established, largely along the path of these railroads. West Chester Pike, constructed of planks and stones, provided a route for farmers to transport their milk and produce to Philadelphia. Resort hotels were built around Media and Newtown Square, as parts of the County became vacation areas.
The Success of The Twentieth Century
At the turn of the twentieth century, a third of the County's population lived in Chester, and the waterfront area became a powerful industrial complex, contributing significantly to the needs of the country during both World Wars. On the waterfront were Sun shipbuilding and Drydock company, the oil refineries, The Baldwin Locomotive Works, The Ford Motor Company assembly plant, Westinghouse Electric Company, The American Viscose Company, which housed the world's first synthetic fiber plant and Scott Paper.
In the eastern part of the County the 69th Street Terminal, completed in 1907, became a hub of transportation; subway and elevated trains from Philadelphia connected with the trolley cars of Delaware County which served West Chester, Sharon Hill, Ardmore and Media. After the First World War there was considerable residential development in Upper Darby, Drexel Hill, Havertown and Springfield which continued after the Second World War in such communities as Westbrook Park, Upper Darby Township and Marple Township.
The middle part of the twentieth century witnessed unparalled population growth as more and more families moved to the suburbs. Delaware County is the fourth most populous in the state even though it has the third smallest land mass. However, the county is poised to enter the twenty-first century complemented by some of the best educational institutions and medical facilities in the country along with cutting edge technology such as the Boeing Vertol V-22 manufactured in Delaware County. Delaware County has a great future thanks to its glorious history.
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dbpedia
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| 70 |
https://fieldtripdirectory.com/destinations/delaware/new-castle/new-castle-historical-society/
|
en
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Historic New Castle - New Castle, DE
|
http://nextadmin.familypublications.com/images/pool/images2/N/New%20Castle%20Historical%20Society/DP_newcastle_historical.jpg
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http://nextadmin.familypublications.com/images/pool/images2/N/New%20Castle%20Historical%20Society/DP_newcastle_historical.jpg
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2017-10-30T22:13:37+00:00
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New Castle Historical Society offers field trips for school, scout, and camp groups that provide a history of the colonial houses and museum collections.
|
en
|
Field Trip Directory | FieldTripDirectory.com
|
https://fieldtripdirectory.com/destinations/delaware/new-castle/new-castle-historical-society/
|
Historic Site Lesson Plan
FUN FACTS
Philadelphia’s Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and Constitution were signed; Boston’s Old State House, where the Boston Massacre and the American Revolution began; Washington D.C.’s National Mall, where Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech; Virginia’s Jamestown settlement, the country’s first colony; Charleston’s Fort Sumter, where the first shots of the Civil War were fired; New York’s Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island, where millions of immigrants were introduced to their new home. All of these sites, significant to America’s history, can be visited, toured, and admired. While visiting one of the many historical sites around the country, consider the importance in preserving these sites.
View Lesson Plan>>
Historic Site Lesson Plan
FUN FACTS
Philadelphia’s Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and Constitution were signed; Boston’s Old State House, where the Boston Massacre and the American Revolution began; Washington D.C.’s National Mall, where Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech; Virginia’s Jamestown settlement, the country’s first colony; Charleston’s Fort Sumter, where the first shots of the Civil War were fired; New York’s Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island, where millions of immigrants were introduced to their new home. All of these sites, significant to America’s history, can be visited, toured, and admired. While visiting one of the many historical sites around the country, consider the importance in preserving these sites.
View Lesson Plan>>
Historic Site Lesson Plan
FUN FACTS
Philadelphia’s Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and Constitution were signed; Boston’s Old State House, where the Boston Massacre and the American Revolution began; Washington D.C.’s National Mall, where Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech; Virginia’s Jamestown settlement, the country’s first colony; Charleston’s Fort Sumter, where the first shots of the Civil War were fired; New York’s Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island, where millions of immigrants were introduced to their new home. All of these sites, significant to America’s history, can be visited, toured, and admired. While visiting one of the many historical sites around the country, consider the importance in preserving these sites.
View Lesson Plan>>
Historic Site Lesson Plan
FUN FACTS
Philadelphia’s Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and Constitution were signed; Boston’s Old State House, where the Boston Massacre and the American Revolution began; Washington D.C.’s National Mall, where Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech; Virginia’s Jamestown settlement, the country’s first colony; Charleston’s Fort Sumter, where the first shots of the Civil War were fired; New York’s Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island, where millions of immigrants were introduced to their new home. All of these sites, significant to America’s history, can be visited, toured, and admired. While visiting one of the many historical sites around the country, consider the importance in preserving these sites.
View Lesson Plan>>
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7539
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3
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https://travelwyoming.com/places-to-go/cities/newcastle/
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Newcastle, Wyoming: Trip Ideas, Things To Do & Events
|
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2024-01-08T10:51:42-07:00
|
Newcastle, Wyoming is a charming town located on the edge of Black Hills National Forest.
|
en
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/apple-touch-icon.png
|
Travel Wyoming
|
https://travelwyoming.com/places-to-go/cities/newcastle/
|
Newcastle
This charming town located on the edge of Black Hills National Forest was named after its sister community in England, Newcastle upon Tyne.
The town formed after the coal and railroad industries came to the area and was also widely known for the Cheyenne to Black Hills stagecoach route, which brought a handful of characters to the area in the late 19th century. The nearby Thunder Basin National Grassland and Black Hills provide plenty of outdoor opportunities. Access 11 individual trails available for hiking or mountain biking on the Flying V Trail system. Fish at Black Hill Pond or, in the winter months, snowmobile or cross-country ski 50 miles of groomed trails. Visit Newcastle Main Street to see historic buildings and shop locally-owned stores. You will also find the Anna Miller Museum, featuring a large collection of old fire wagons. Driving through the area, you might take the Beaver Creek Loop Tour. This scenic route provides wildlife, amazing views and stagecoach trails. At the end of the day, choose from a number of unique lodging options, including the historic Flying V Lodge.
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7539
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3
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https://www.facebook.com/NewCastleCourtHouse/
|
en
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Facebook
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https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yb/r/hLRJ1GG_y0J.ico
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https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yb/r/hLRJ1GG_y0J.ico
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Sieh dir auf Facebook Beiträge, Fotos und vieles mehr an.
|
de
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yb/r/hLRJ1GG_y0J.ico
|
https://www.facebook.com/login/
| ||||
7539
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dbpedia
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| 33 |
https://mrnussbaum.com/storage/uploads/activities/13c/delcolony.htm
|
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[
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[
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The Dutch first settled Delaware in 1631, although all of the original settlers were killed in a disagreement with local Indians. Seven years later, the Swedes set up a colony and trading post at Fort Christina in the northern part of Delaware. Today, Fort Christina is called Wilmington. In 1651, the Dutch reclaimed the area and built a fort near present day New Castle. By 1655, the Dutch had forcibly removed the Swedes from the area and reincorporated Delaware into their empire. In 1664, however, the British removed the Dutch from the east coast.
After William Penn was granted the land that became Pennsylvania in 1682, he persuaded the Duke of York to lease him the western shore of Delaware Bay so that his colony could have an outlet to the sea. The Duke agreed and henceforth, Penn’s original charter included the northern sections of present-day Delaware, which became known as “The Lower Counties on the Delaware”.
The decision by the Duke angered Lord Baltimore, the first proprietary governor of Maryland, who believed he had the rights to it. A lengthy and occasionally violent 100-year conflict between Penn’s heirs and Baltimore’s heirs was finally settled when Delaware’s border was defined in 1750 and when the Maryland/Pennsylvania and Maryland/Delaware borders were defined as part of the Mason-Dixon Line in 1768.
Shortly after the incorporation of the “Lower Counties” into Pennsylvania, the sparsely populated region grew isolated from the bustling city of Philadelphia, and began holding their own legislative assemblies, though they remained subjects of the Pennsylvania governor. It wasn’t until 1776, however, that Delaware had a government completely independent from Pennsylvania. In 1787, Delaware became the first colony to ratify the U.S. Constitution, and hence became America’s first state.
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7539
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1
| 66 |
https://www.newcastlehistory.org/tours
|
en
|
New Castle History
|
https://static.parastorage.com/client/pfavico.ico
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https://static.parastorage.com/client/pfavico.ico
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en
|
https://static.parastorage.com/client/pfavico.ico
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New Castle History
|
https://www.newcastlehistory.org/tours
|
Take a virtual tour and learn more about this fascinating town and its history.
More tours will be added soon.
For our current selection of guided tours, visit our Events page
Whether you are walking through the New Castle Historic District or
relaxing in your favorite chair, you can enjoy a walking tour
of one of Delaware's most interesting towns at your own pace.
If you are walking the tour route, begin in the garden of the Amstel House at the corner of Delaware and East 4th Streets. The AudioWalk narrator will provide directions to each stop. Follow the tour map below.
|
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7539
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1
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https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/03/28/2013-07401/establishment-of-the-first-state-national-monument
|
en
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Federal Register :: Request Access
|
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2013-03-28T00:00:00
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Request Access
Due to aggressive automated scraping of FederalRegister.gov and eCFR.gov, programmatic access to these sites is limited to access to our extensive developer APIs.
If you are human user receiving this message, we can add your IP address to a set of IPs that can access FederalRegister.gov & eCFR.gov; complete the CAPTCHA (bot test) below and click "Request Access". This process will be necessary for each IP address you wish to access the site from, requests are valid for approximately one quarter (three months) after which the process may need to be repeated.
An official website of the United States government.
If you want to request a wider IP range, first request access for your current IP, and then use the "Site Feedback" button found in the lower left-hand side to make the request.
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7539
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dbpedia
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0
| 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware
|
en
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New Castle, Delaware
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware
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City in Delaware, United States
For the county, see New Castle County, Delaware.
City in Delaware, United States
New Castle is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. The city is located six miles (10 km) south of Wilmington and is situated on the Delaware River. As of 2020, the city's population was 5,551.[3] New Castle constitutes part of the Delaware Valley or Philadelphia metropolitan area.
History
[edit]
17th century
[edit]
New Castle was originally settled by the Dutch West India Company in 1651 under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant on the site of a former aboriginal village, "Tomakonck" ("Place of the Beaver"), to assert their claim to the area based on a prior agreement with the aboriginal inhabitants of the area. The Dutch originally named the settlement Fort Casimir, but this was changed to Fort Trinity following its seizure by the colony of New Sweden on Trinity Sunday in 1654. The Dutch conquered the entire colony of New Sweden the following year and rechristened the fort as Nieuw-Amstel, named after the Amstel. This marked the end of the Swedish colony in Delaware as an official entity, but it remained a semi-autonomous unit within the New Netherland colony and the cultural, social, and religious influence of the Swedish settlers remained strong. As the settlement grew, Dutch authorities laid out a grid of streets and established a common green in the town's center, which continues to this day.
In 1664, the English seized the entire New Netherland colony in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. They changed the name of the town to "New Castle" and made it the capital of their Delaware Colony. The Dutch regained the town in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War but it was returned to Great Britain the next year under the Treaty of Westminster. In 1680, New Castle was conveyed to William Penn by the Duke of York by livery of seisin and was Penn's landing place when he first set foot on American soil on October 27, 1682. This transfer to Penn was contested by Lord Baltimore and the boundary dispute was not resolved until the 1763-1767 survey conducted by Mason and Dixon, now famed in history as the Mason–Dixon line.[4][5][page needed]
18th century
[edit]
Prior to the establishment of Penn's Philadelphia, New Castle was a center of government. After being transferred to Penn, Delaware's Swedish, Dutch, and English residents became accustomed to the relaxed culture of the Restoration monarchy and grew uncomfortable with the more conservative Quaker influence, so Delaware petitioned for a separate legislature, which was finally granted in 1702. Delaware formally broke from Pennsylvania in 1704. New Castle again became the seat of the colonial government, thriving with the various judges and lawyers that fueled the economy. Many smaller houses were torn down and replaced in this era. In February, 1777, John McKinly was elected the first President of Delaware, a title later renamed "Governor". During the Revolution, when New Castle was besieged by William Howe, the government elected to move its functions south to Dover in May, 1777. McKinley was captured by the British and held prisoner for several months. New Castle remained the county seat until after the Civil War, when that status was transferred to Wilmington. Three of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence were from New Castle: Thomas McKean, George Read, and George Ross.
19th century
[edit]
The 16-mile (26 km) portage between the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay saved a 400-mile (640 km) trip around the Delmarva Peninsula, so this brought passengers, goods, and business to New Castle's port. In the years following the Revolution, a turnpike was built to facilitate travel between the two major waterways. Later, New Castle became the eastern terminus of the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad, the second-oldest rail line in the country, launched in 1828 with horse-drawn rail cars, then converting to steam power when an engine was purchased from Great Britain in 1832. The line traversed the Delmarva Peninsula, running to the Elk River, Maryland, from where passengers changed to packet boats for further travel to Baltimore and points south. This helped the New Castle economy to further boom; however, by 1840, rail lines were in place between Philadelphia and Baltimore, which had a stop in Wilmington, thus leaving New Castle to deal with a substantial decline in traffic and revenue.
The decline in New Castle's economy had the long-range fortunate effect of preventing most residents from making any significant structural changes to their homes. The many buildings of historic New Castle have largely not been upgraded or restored and appear much as they did in the Colonial and Federal periods.
20th century
[edit]
Since 1927, New Castle has offered tours of historical homes, churches, and gardens, which are typically held annually on the third Saturday of May. Householders dress in colonial costumes and an admittance fee, used toward the maintenance of the town's many historic buildings, is charged. Annually in June, New Castle holds its annual Separation Day celebration.
On April 28, 1961, an F3 tornado hit the north side.[6] Although no fatalities or injuries occurred, it was the only tornado of this magnitude ever recorded in Delaware during the Fujita scale area.[7]
21st century
[edit]
A tornado rated EF3 hit the city on April 1, 2023.[8]
Geography
[edit]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.2 km2), of which 3.0 square miles (7.9 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km2) of it (3.79%) is water.[citation needed]
The city is the home of Broad Dyke, the first dyke built in the United States.[citation needed]
The cupola of the court house is the center of the "Twelve-Mile Circle" that defines much of the border between Delaware and Pennsylvania. The circle also forms a small portion of the border between Delaware and New Jersey and Delaware and Maryland.[9]
Demographics
[edit]
Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18501,202—18601,90258.2%18701,9160.7%18803,70093.1%18904,0108.4%19003,380−15.7%19103,351−0.9%19203,85415.0%19304,1317.2%19404,4146.9%19505,39622.2%19604,469−17.2%19704,8147.7%19804,9071.9%19904,837−1.4%20004,8620.5%20105,2858.7%20205,5515.0%
As of the census[11] of 2000, there were 4,862 people, 2,012 households, and 1,339 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,594.6 inhabitants per square mile (615.7/km2). There were 2,199 housing units at an average density of 721.2 per square mile (278.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.48% White, 20.20% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.84% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.41% of the population.
There were 2,012 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.4% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $52,449, and the median income for a family was $56,368. Males had a median income of $40,153 versus $31,571 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,052. About 3.9% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.
Historic sites
[edit]
New Castle Historic District is an area approximately four blocks square in the center of town with about 500 historic buildings, built between 1700 and 1940. This area contains one of the highest concentrations of well-preserved buildings dating from the 17th to early 19th centuries. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967.[12][13]
The historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1967 and it was relisted, with enlarged boundaries and expanded period of significance, in 1984.[14] The historic district then covered 135 acres (55 ha) of area and includes Amstel House and Old Courthouse which are separately listed on the NRHP. The area includes 461 contributing buildings, one other contributing structure, and one contributing object.[15]
The New Castle Court House, the Green, and the Sheriff's House are parts of First State National Historical Park, a unit of the National Park System. The national park interprets Delaware's settlement and role in the founding of the United States.[16]
Notable sites the historic district include:
Amstel House, home of New Castle Historical Society
Stonum, home of George Read, an 18th century Delaware politician
Read House and Garden, former home of Read's son George Read Jr., built between 1801 and 1804
Immanuel Episcopal Church on the Green
New Castle Court House Museum, the original colonial capitol and first State House of Delaware, served as Court House until 1882 when the county seat was moved to Wilmington. Its cupola served as the center of the Twelve-Mile Circle, which defined Delaware's state border with Pennsylvania
Old Dutch House, a small early dwelling built circa 1700
Thomas McKean House, the former home of Thomas McKean, a Founding Father
New Castle Presbyterian Church, built in 1707
Lesley-Travers Mansion, built in 1855
Bellanca Airfield, located outside of the historic district, is the site of the former Bellanca Aircraft Corporation factory, which operated in New Castle from 1928 to 1960 and built over 3,000 airplanes. Delaware Aviation Hall of Fame Museum is located in hangar. Also nearby are Buena Vista, Glebe House, The Hermitage, New Castle Ice Piers, Penn Farm of the Trustees of the New Castle Common, and Swanwyck, all listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[17]
Education
[edit]
New Castle is served by the Colonial School District.[18] It operates William Penn High School.
Private schools located in New Castle include: Serviam Girls Academy, St. Peter's Catholic School (of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington) and Delaware Valley Classical School.
New Castle Public Library is the public library.
Infrastructure
[edit]
Transportation
[edit]
U.S. Route 13 and U.S. Route 40 are the most significant highways serving New Castle directly. They pass along the northwest edge of the city concurrently along Dupont Highway.
Delaware Route 9 runs southwest-to-northeast through New Castle, passing through the city along 7th Street, Washington Street, Delaware Street, and Ferry Cut Off Street; the route bypasses the historic area. DE 9 heads north to Wilmington and south to Delaware City. Delaware Route 141 heads north from New Castle on Basin Road and provides a bypass to the west of Wilmington. Delaware Route 273 heads west from New Castle on Frenchtown Road and provides access to Christiana and Newark. Several important roads are located just outside the city limits. Interstate 295 passes north of New Castle and crosses the Delaware River on the Delaware Memorial Bridge to New Jersey, with DE 9 providing access to New Castle from I-295.[19]
The Wilmington Airport (formerly New Castle Airport) is located northwest of New Castle along US 13/US 40.[19] The airport offers general aviation, commercial air service, and is home to a unit of the Delaware Air National Guard.
A freight line operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway passes through New Castle. The nearest passenger rail station to New Castle is Wilmington station in Wilmington, which is served by Amtrak and SEPTA Regional Rail's Wilmington/Newark Line.[19]
DART First State provides bus service to New Castle along Route 15 and Route 51, which both run between downtown Wilmington and the Christiana Mall and offer connections to multiple bus routes serving points across northern New Castle County.[20]
Utilities
[edit]
The Municipal Services Commission of the City of New Castle provides electricity and water to the city.[21] The electric department is a member of the Delaware Municipal Electric Corporation.[22] Natural gas service in New Castle is provided by Delmarva Power, a subsidiary of Exelon.[23] The city's Public Works department provides trash and recycling collection to New Castle.[24]
Notable people
[edit]
Walter W. Bacon, 60th Governor of Delaware
John Walter Bratton, songwriter
William C. Frazer, American lawyer and judge
Thomas Holcomb, Commandant of the United States Marine Corps
Dave May, former MLB player
Thomas McKean, lawyer, politician and a signer of the Declaration of Independence
Vinnie Moore, guitarist
George Read I, signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, second Governor of Delaware
George Ross, signer of the Declaration of Independence
Jeff Otah, NFL player
Ryan Phillippe, actor
Devin Smith, professional basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv
Charles Thomas, 25th Governor of Delaware
Nicholas Van Dyke I, President of Delaware
Nicholas Van Dyke II, son of Nicholas Van Dyke I, U.S. Senator
Jalen Duren, professional basketball player for the Detroit Pistons
Joe Biden, 46th President of the United States
In film
[edit]
New Castle has served as the filming location for numerous films and television series, including Dead Poets Society,[25] Beloved, and River Ridge.
References
[edit]
Delaware portal
Philadelphia portal
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Delaware :: New Netherland Institute
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Delaware River
Today we know it as the Delaware River, which forms the boundary between the states of Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. To the Dutch it was the South River, since it was the main highway through the southern part of New Netherland (by the same logic, they called the Hudson River the North River). It was a vital part of the colony, which would leave a fascinating collection of legacies in American history and culture. The cities of Wilmington, Trenton and Newark started life as trading centers in this era. The state of Delaware owes its existence to the short-lived Dutch settlement of Swaanendael.
In 1638, this area also became the site of yet another European venture when a Swedish expedition sailed into Delaware Bay and established the short-lived colony of New Sweden at present-day Wilmington (the area of Wilmington waterfront where the ship docked is still called Swedes' Landing). In its seventeen years, New Sweden expanded as far north as present-day Trenton, New Jersey. However, the Dutch of New Netherland were not going to stand for an incursion into their territory, and in 1655 Peter Stuyvesant himself led a military expedition to the Swedish fort on the Delaware, overwhelming the troops there, and bringing New Sweden to an end - just as, nine years later, an English military flotilla would sail to Manhattan and force Stuyvesant to give up New Netherland
The so-called South River area of New Netherland has made unique and important contributions to American history. While early New England and Virginia remained largely English enclaves, this region was, along with Manhattan Island, one of the few centers of multiculturalism in the early American colonies, a mixture of Dutch, English, Swedes, Finns, Germans and others. These early settlers of the Delaware Valley would, over the next two hundred years, fan out in one of the great cultural migrations of American history, throughout Appalachia, into the Deep South and the Midwest. The Finnish settlers who took part in this migration would bring with them one of their distinctive cultural features, which would become an icon of Americana: the log cabin.
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Welcome to the City of Newcastle, OK
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The official website for the City of Newcastle, Oklahoma.
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Newcastle City Hall
Address: 120 NE 2nd Street Newcastle, Oklahoma
Mailing: P.O. Box 179 Newcastle, Oklahoma 73065
Phone: (405)387-4427
Hours: Mon. through Thurs. 7:30 am to 5:30 pm, Fri., 7:30 am to 11:30 am
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New Castle, Delaware and First State National Historic Park
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[
"Mike and Kellye Hefner",
"Kellye Hefner",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2022-02-18T00:00:00
|
Established in 1651 by Dutch settlers, the town of New Castle sits on the banks of the Delaware River. The historic district has been designated a National Landmark. We chose to visit because it is part of the First State National Historical Park, which has several sites between the northern border and Dover. We arrived … Continue reading New Castle, Delaware and First State National Historic Park
|
en
|
One for the Money Two for the Road
|
https://oneforthemoneytwofortheroad.com/2022/02/18/new-castle-delaware-and-first-state-national-historic-park/
|
Established in 1651 by Dutch settlers, the town of New Castle sits on the banks of the Delaware River. The historic district has been designated a National Landmark. We chose to visit because it is part of the First State National Historical Park, which has several sites between the northern border and Dover. We arrived on a weekday and basically had the historic district to ourselves. Fall was in the air, and it turned out to be a perfect day to stroll the cobblestone streets and learn about the history of the state.
We’re going to wrap up here, but in closing we will leave you with a photo of the Delaware Legislative Hall which is the state capitol building.
Thank you for joining us on the road. We hope that you will keep coming back for more great road trips and perhaps a tip or two. Until then…
Travel safe, travel smart, and we will see you down the road!
Mike and Kellye
As always, we strive to be as accurate with our information as possible. If we made a mistake, it was unintentional. (Hey, we’re only human!) We aren’t paid for our recommendations, and we only recommend our own tried and true vendors and venues. Our suggestions are for places that we’ve heard good things about but haven’t visited personally, and our opinions are our own.
©2022
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http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/colonialamerica/colonies/delaware
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en
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The Colonies
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Colonial America: Delaware, established in 1638, was formerly known as New Sweden.
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Made up of just three small counties, Delaware (formerly New Sweden) attracted much attention, greed, and strife in the 17th and 18th centuries. Delaware sits in a desirable and strategic location at the mouth of the Delaware River on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay.
Delaware struggled for its place on the colonial map, but it was a colony destined for mighty deeds. When the time came to fight for independence of the thirteen colonies, Delaware boldly answered the call.
Before the arrival of the first European settlers, the Delaware River Valley was inhabited by a group of American Indians called the Lenni Lenape, which means "original people." Renamed the "Delaware" by European settlers, the Lenni Lenape tribe was comprised of three large groups settled between southern New York to northern Delaware. The southernmost group lived along the northern part of present-day Delaware. The Nanticoke people lived in southwestern Delaware along the Nanticoke River. The Minqua came from Pennsylvania to trade furs along the Delaware River.
The Spanish and Portuguese are believed to have made explorations of the Delaware coastline in the early 16th century. Henry Hudson, an English explorer hired by the Dutch East India Company, discovered what would become known as the Delaware River and the Delaware Bay in 1609. He did not explore the area, however. One year later, Captain Samuel Argallâthe same Englishman who had kidnapped Pocahontasâwas blown off course and sailed into the Delaware Bay. He named a point of land on the western shore Cape De la Warr, in honor of Thomas West, Lord De la Warr, the first governor of the English colony of Virginia. The Delaware River and Bay were first explored in depth by Captain Cornelius Hendricksen. In his journal, Hendricksen recorded trading with American Indians for various types of furs and hides, including sable, otter, mink, and bear.
In 1631, the first European settlement was attempted when the Dutch West India Company, in partnership with a Dutch merchant captain named David Pietersen de Vries, established a tobacco-growing and whaling industry at Zwaanendael near the present town of Lewes. Within the first year, the settlement was destroyed and its inhabitants were massacred in what is believed to be the result of a dispute that began over the theft of a tin plate bearing the Dutch coat of arms.
Unlike most English companies, the Dutch West India Company hoped to expand trade rather than set up colonies. In contrast, in 1637, Swedish, Dutch, and German stockholders formed the New Sweden Company to establish a colony. Several of the members of the Dutch West India Company offered their services to the New Sweden Company. One of them, Peter Minuit, the former Director-General of New Netherland, led an expedition of settlers from Sweden and set sail in late 1637 on the Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Grip.
They arrived in March, 1638, and the expedition built a fortified trading post on the site of present-day Wilmington. It was named Fort Christina in honor of Sweden's 12-year-old queen. Minuit secured a deed from the American Indians for the land extending north from Bombay Hook to the Schuylkill River, which flows into the Delaware River at what is now Philadelphia. The territory was named New Sweden.
More than a dozen expeditions arrived in New Sweden over the next 17 years, bringing Swedish, Finnish, and Dutch emigrants, as well as supplies. Additional land was purchased, and the colony spread to both sides of the Delaware River.
New Sweden prospered during the governorship of Johan Björnsson Printz (1643â1653). The settlers built forts, mills, and houses up and down the Delaware River. Trade with local American Indian groups flourished, and many colonists planted tobacco.
In 1651, the Dutch West India Company attempted to gain control of New Sweden, believing that the company still held rights to the area. Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherland, led Dutch troops in building Fort Casimir at present-day New Castle. Under the administration of the colony's last governor, Johan Rising, New Sweden captured the fort in 1654. Stuyvesant returned in greater numbers the following year and took back the whole territory, including the fort. This act effectively ended Swedish influence and participation in the colonization of North America.
The English and the Dutch were in constant competition with one another over trade and colonies in North America. These tensions eventually led to a series of wars between them, which were fought between 1652 and 1674. In 1664 England took over all of New Netherland and the Dutch possessions in the Delaware Valley. This prompted the Second Anglo-Dutch War, which resulted in England's possession of the Dutch territories in 1667. The Duke of York annexed Delaware, and for 18 years it was governed by England as part of the colony of New York (formerly New Netherland). Swedish and Finnish inhabitants were allowed to retain their lands, practice their own religion, and be governed by their own court system. Settlers from England and from surrounding English colonies moved to Delaware, causing the population to increase rapidly.
In 1682, William Penn, a Quaker who founded the neighboring Pennsylvania colony, requested lands from England for a sea route to Pennsylvania. The Duke of York consented and granted Penn all the land between New Castle and Cape Henlopen, which included most of what is now Delaware. Delaware then came under the proprietorship of Penn, but it was administered separately from Pennsylvania as a distinct entity called the "three counties of Delaware" or the "Lower Counties." Charles Calvert, or Lord Baltimore, had founded the colony of Maryland and argued against William Penn, claiming the land along the Delaware River for himself. His claim was denied by England, which prompted a long-running dispute between Penn and Baltimore (and later generations of influential people in Maryland and Pennsylvania) over boundary issues. The argument over the Maryland-Delaware boundary was finally put to rest in 1769 with the demarcation of the Mason-Dixon line.
Penn signed a peace treaty with the Lenni Lenape in 1682, and no further conflict occurred between American Indians and the Delaware settlers until the French and Indian War in 1754. Many of the Delaware Indians had moved west in an attempt to stay ahead of white settlement, and most of them already lived in Ohio by the time the French and Indian War broke out along the coast.
The people of Delaware wanted independence from the strong influence of Pennsylvania's large population of Quakers. The Quakers, or Society of Friends, was a religious body that dominated Philadelphia, and the people of Delaware feared the rapid economic growth of the Pennsylvania colony. They were equally unwilling to become the property of Lord Baltimore and Maryland.
Finally, the establishment of a separate assembly was granted to the people of Delaware. The town of New Castle hosted the first assembly meeting in 1704, serving as Delaware's capital. While the assembly passed laws and made decisions about the economy and government in Delaware's three counties, the colony was still technically under the authority of Pennsylvania's governor.
Delaware was the deciding state in whether or not to declare independence from Great Britain. History was made when a delegate named Caesar Rodney rode his horse from Delaware to Philadelphia to cast Delaware's vote in favor of independence from Great Britain. Riding through thunder, lightning, and a heat wave, Rodney's act of courage is depicted on the commemorative Delaware state quarter issued by the United States Mint in 1999.
During the Revolutionary War, Delaware provided 4,000 men to fight for independence. In fact, Delaware fought not just for freedom from England, but for independence from Pennsylvania, as well. In 1787, Delaware was the first state to ratify the U.S. Constitution, becoming the first state in the new federal union.
[Return to Top]
Delaware | Bibliography
Delaware | Image Credits
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https://www.city-data.com/city/New-Castle-Delaware.html
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New Castle, Delaware (DE 19720) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders
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New Castle, Delaware
New Castle: Bug life in New Castle De
New Castle: Looking down an alley toward the Delaware River
New Castle: SNOW IN NEW CASTLE
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Current weather forecast for New Castle, DE
Population in 2022: 5,533 (100% urban, 0% rural).
Population change since 2000: +13.8%
Males: 2,716 (49.1%)Females: 2,817 (50.9%)
Median resident age: 50.2 yearsDelaware median age: 41.5 years
Zip codes: 19720.
Estimated median household income in 2022: $96,683 (it was $52,449 in 2000)
New Castle: $96,683DE: $82,174
Estimated per capita income in 2022: $52,909 (it was $24,052 in 2000)
New Castle city income, earnings, and wages data
Estimated median house or condo value in 2022: $255,387 (it was $121,600 in 2000)
New Castle: $255,387DE: $337,200
Mean prices in 2022: all housing units: $280,509; detached houses: $286,562; townhouses or other attached units: $281,065; in 5-or-more-unit structures: $138,018; mobile homes: $97,424
Median gross rent in 2022: $1,512.
March 2022 cost of living index in New Castle: 102.1 (near average, U.S. average is 100)
Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2022: 4.3%
(3.9% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 5.0% for Black residents, 2.4% for Hispanic or Latino residents, 33.9% for two or more races residents)
Detailed information about poverty and poor residents in New Castle, DE
Business Search - 14 Million verified businesses
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3,49962.8%White alone
1,58728.5%Black alone
3105.6%Hispanic
591.1%Other race alone
480.9%Two or more races
170.3%Asian alone
Races in New Castle detailed stats: ancestries, foreign born residents, place of birth
According to our research of Delaware and other state lists, there were 173 registered sex offenders living in New Castle, Delaware as of August 17, 2024.
The ratio of all residents to sex offenders in New Castle is 31 to 1.
Crime rates in New Castle by year
Type
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Murders
(per 100,000)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)1
(18.5)0
(0.0)1
(18.5)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)1
(18.5)0
(0.0) Rapes
(per 100,000)3
(60.3)2
(37.8)1
(18.7)0
(0.0)1
(18.6)0
(0.0)4
(74.2)3
(55.6)0
(0.0)1
(18.7)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)1
(18.5)0
(0.0) Robberies
(per 100,000)5
(100.5)7
(132.5)10
(187.3)6
(111.6)4
(74.2)5
(92.6)6
(111.3)11
(204.0)7
(130.5)6
(112.1)5
(90.0)4
(73.8)6
(110.7)4
(73.2) Assaults
(per 100,000)16
(321.5)15
(283.8)8
(149.8)12
(223.1)14
(259.8)5
(92.6)10
(185.5)17
(315.3)11
(205.1)10
(186.9)16
(287.9)9
(166.1)10
(184.5)23
(420.9) Burglaries
(per 100,000)34
(683.3)35
(662.3)35
(655.6)39
(725.2)51
(946.5)20
(370.4)20
(370.9)16
(296.7)20
(373.0)25
(467.2)18
(323.9)4
(73.8)10
(184.5)13
(237.9) Thefts
(per 100,000)181
(3,637)214
(4,049)252
(4,720)249
(4,630)237
(4,399)224
(4,149)178
(3,301)166
(3,079)195
(3,637)191
(3,569)195
(3,508)168
(3,100)146
(2,694)168
(3,074) Auto thefts
(per 100,000)11
(221.1)6
(113.5)20
(374.6)7
(130.2)5
(92.8)15
(277.8)5
(92.7)9
(166.9)13
(242.4)17
(317.7)10
(179.9)11
(203.0)13
(239.9)14
(256.2) Arson
(per 100,000)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)0
(0.0)
City-Data.com crime index353.7344.2365.8324.5338.7297.5295.3363.1271.2286.9262.0200.7261.7266.2
The City-Data.com crime index weighs serious crimes and violent crimes more heavily. Higher means more crime, U.S. average is 246.1. It adjusts for the number of visitors and daily workers commuting into cities.
Click on a table row to update graph
Crime rate in New Castle detailed stats: murders, rapes, robberies, assaults, burglaries, thefts, arson
Full-time law enforcement employees in 2021, including police officers: 17 (16 officers - 14 male; 2 female).
Officers per 1,000 residents here: 2.95Delaware average: 2.33
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Latest news from New Castle, DE collected exclusively by city-data.com from local newspapers, TV, and radio stations
Ancestries: English (13.9%), Irish (12.7%), Italian (6.7%), American (5.4%), German (4.1%), Polish (2.4%).
Current Local Time: EST time zone
Elevation: 19 feet
Land area: 3.05 square miles.
Population density: 1,815 people per square mile (low).
354 residents are foreign born (2.9% Europe, 2.4% Latin America).
This city: 6.4%Delaware: 9.8%
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2022: $1,713 (0.6%)
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with no mortgage in 2022: $1,199 (0.5%)
Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: Wilmington, DE (5.8 miles , pop. 72,664).
Nearest city with pop. 200,000+: Philadelphia, PA (32.1 miles , pop. 1,517,550).
Nearest cities:
Wilmington Manor, DE (1.3 miles ),
Pennsville, NJ (1.6 miles ),
Newport, DE (2.0 miles ),
Lower Christiana, DE (2.2 miles ),
Elsmere, DE (2.3 miles ),
Carneys Point, NJ (2.4 miles ),
Wilmington, DE (2.4 miles ),
Upper Christiana, DE (2.5 miles )
Latitude: 39.66 N, Longitude: 75.57 W
Daytime population change due to commuting: +4,391 (+78.8%)
Workers who live and work in this city: 896 (26.7%)
Area code: 302
New Castle, Delaware accommodation & food services, waste management - Economy and Business Data
Single-family new house construction building permits:
2022: 12 buildings, average cost: $248,400
2021: 14 buildings, average cost: $228,400
2020: 2 buildings, average cost: $147,800
2019: 4 buildings, average cost: $151,300
2018: 3 buildings, average cost: $105,000
2017: 1 building, cost: $100,000
2016: 8 buildings, average cost: $73,400
2015: 6 buildings, average cost: $119,100
2014: 5 buildings, average cost: $110,400
2013: 4 buildings, average cost: $75,000
2012: 4 buildings, average cost: $91,800
2011: 4 buildings, average cost: $227,300
2010: 4 buildings, average cost: $57,000
2009: 11 buildings, average cost: $141,300
2008: 10 buildings, average cost: $106,000
2007: 4 buildings, average cost: $63,600
2006: 5 buildings, average cost: $63,600
2005: 5 buildings, average cost: $63,600
2004: 8 buildings, average cost: $63,600
2003: 6 buildings, average cost: $63,600
2002: 3 buildings, average cost: $63,600
2001: 4 buildings, average cost: $63,600
2000: 3 buildings, average cost: $63,600
1999: 6 buildings, average cost: $63,600
1998: 3 buildings, average cost: $63,000
1997: 4 buildings, average cost: $64,900
Unemployment in December 2023:
Here: 3.5%Delaware: 3.7%
Most common industries in New Castle, DE (%) Both Males Females
Finance & insurance (11.4%)
Health care (9.1%)
Construction (7.5%)
Educational services (7.5%)
Chemicals (6.8%)
Public administration (5.8%)
Professional, scientific, technical services (5.2%)
Construction (14.6%)
Chemicals (8.9%)
Public administration (7.2%)
Professional, scientific, technical services (5.6%)
Educational services (5.3%)
Motor vehicle & parts dealers (5.2%)
Health care (5.1%)
Finance & insurance (17.6%)
Health care (12.8%)
Educational services (9.6%)
Chemicals (4.8%)
Professional, scientific, technical services (4.7%)
Public administration (4.3%)
Arts, entertainment, recreation (3.6%)
Most common occupations in New Castle, DE (%) Both Males Females
Secretaries and administrative assistants (5.9%)
Other production occupations, including supervisors (5.0%)
Other office and administrative support workers, including supervisors (4.3%)
Other management occupations, except farmers and farm managers (3.4%)
Preschool, kindergarten, elementary, and middle school teachers (3.4%)
Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers (3.1%)
Customer service representatives (2.8%)
Other production occupations, including supervisors (8.9%)
Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers (5.4%)
Other management occupations, except farmers and farm managers (4.9%)
Electrical equipment mechanics and other installation, maintenance, and repair workers, including supervisors (4.5%)
Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers (4.4%)
Other office and administrative support workers, including supervisors (3.1%)
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations (2.7%)
Secretaries and administrative assistants (11.5%)
Other office and administrative support workers, including supervisors (5.6%)
Preschool, kindergarten, elementary, and middle school teachers (5.4%)
Customer service representatives (5.1%)
Information and record clerks, except customer service representatives (3.8%)
Health technologists and technicians (3.2%)
Computer specialists (3.1%)
Average climate in New Castle, Delaware
Based on data reported by over 4,000 weather stations
Air pollution and air quality trends
(lower is better) AQI CO NO2 SO2 Ozone PM10 PM2.5 Pb
Air Quality Index (AQI) level in 2023 was 103. This is significantly worse than average.
City: 103U.S.: 73
Carbon Monoxide (CO) [ppm] level in 2021 was 0.259. This is about average. Closest monitor was 3.5 miles away from the city center.
City: 0.259U.S.: 0.251
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) [ppb] level in 2023 was 8.99. This is significantly worse than average. Closest monitor was 4.8 miles away from the city center.
City: 8.99U.S.: 5.11
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) [ppb] level in 2021 was 0.267. This is significantly better than average. Closest monitor was 2.9 miles away from the city center.
City: 0.267U.S.: 1.515
Ozone [ppb] level in 2023 was 36.4. This is about average. Closest monitor was 5.2 miles away from the city center.
City: 36.4U.S.: 33.3
Particulate Matter (PM10) [µg/m3] level in 2015 was 16.7. This is about average. Closest monitor was 3.2 miles away from the city center.
City: 16.7U.S.: 19.2
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) [µg/m3] level in 2023 was 10.3. This is worse than average. Closest monitor was 5.2 miles away from the city center.
City: 10.3U.S.: 8.1
Lead (Pb) [µg/m3] level in 2020 was 0.00328. This is significantly better than average. Closest monitor was 4.1 miles away from the city center.
City: 0.00328U.S.: 0.00931
Tornado activity:
New Castle-area historical tornado activity is slightly above Delaware state average. It is 5% greater than the overall U.S. average.
On 4/28/1961, a category F3 (max. wind speeds 158-206 mph) tornado 0.4 miles away from the New Castle city center caused between $5000 and $50,000 in damages.
On 7/27/1994, a category F3 tornado 12.3 miles away from the city center injured 11 people and caused between $500,000 and $5,000,000 in damages.
Earthquake activity:
New Castle-area historical earthquake activity is significantly above Delaware state average. It is 64% smaller than the overall U.S. average.
On 8/23/2011 at 17:51:04, a magnitude 5.8 (5.8 MW, Depth: 3.7 mi, Class: Moderate, Intensity: VI - VII) earthquake occurred 176.3 miles away from New Castle center
On 1/16/1994 at 01:49:16, a magnitude 4.6 (4.6 MB, 4.6 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi, Class: Light, Intensity: IV - V) earthquake occurred 52.4 miles away from New Castle center
On 1/16/1994 at 00:42:43, a magnitude 4.2 (4.2 MB, 4.0 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi) earthquake occurred 51.4 miles away from the city center
On 11/30/2017 at 21:47:31, a magnitude 4.1 (4.1 MW, Depth: 6.1 mi) earthquake occurred 33.1 miles away from New Castle center
On 9/25/1998 at 19:52:52, a magnitude 5.2 (4.8 MB, 4.3 MS, 5.2 LG, 4.5 MW, Depth: 3.1 mi) earthquake occurred 283.4 miles away from New Castle center
On 10/7/1983 at 10:18:46, a magnitude 5.3 (5.1 MB, 5.3 LG, 5.1 ML) earthquake occurred 303.2 miles away from New Castle center
Magnitude types: regional Lg-wave magnitude (LG), body-wave magnitude (MB), local magnitude (ML), surface-wave magnitude (MS), moment magnitude (MW)
Natural disasters:
The number of natural disasters in New Castle County (15) is near the US average (15).
Major Disasters (Presidential) Declared: 9
Emergencies Declared: 5
Causes of natural disasters: Hurricanes: 7, Snowstorms: 2, Tropical Storms: 2, Winter Storms: 2, Blizzard: 1, Flood: 1, Snowfall: 1, Storm: 1, Tornado: 1, Water Shortage: 1, Other: 1 (Note: some incidents may be assigned to more than one category).
Main business address for: APPLIED EXTRUSION TECHNOLOGIES INC /DE (UNSUPPORTED PLASTICS FILM & SHEET).
Hospitals and medical centers in New Castle:
DELAWARE PSYCHIATRIC CENTER (1901 N DUPONT HIGHWAY)
MEADOWWOOD BEHAVIORAL HEALTH SYSTEM (575 SOUTH DUPONT HIGHWAY)
ARBORS AT NEW CASTLE (32 BUENA VISTA DRIVE)
CARVEL BLDG/DE PSYCHIATRIC CTR (1901 N. DUPONT HIGHWAY)
FRESENIUS MEDICAL CARE FIRST STATE (608 FERRY CUTOFF)
CHRISTIANA CARE VNA/NEW CASTLE (ONE READ'S WAY, SUITE 100)
INTERIM HEALTHCARE (2 READS WAY SUITE 123)
Amtrak stations near New Castle:
6 miles: WILMINGTON (M. L. KING BLVD, & FRENCH ST.) . Services: ticket office, partially wheelchair accessible, enclosed waiting area, public restrooms, public payphones, snack bar, ATM, paid short-term parking, paid long-term parking, car rental agency, taxi stand, intercity bus service, public transit connection.
11 miles: NEWARK (429 S. COLLEGE AVE.) . Services: public payphones, free short-term parking, call for car rental service, call for taxi service, public transit connection.
Operable nuclear power plants near New Castle:
9 miles: Salem 2 in Salem, NJ.
9 miles: Hope Creek in Salem, NJ.
9 miles: Salem 1 in Salem, NJ.
College/University in New Castle:
Wilmington University (Full-time enrollment: 10,072; Location: 320 Dupont Hwy; Private, not-for-profit; Website: www.wilmu.edu; Offers Doctor's degree)
Other colleges/universities with over 2000 students near New Castle:
Delaware Technical Community College-Stanton/Wilmington (about 6 miles; Wilmington, DE; Full-time enrollment: 4,972)
University of Delaware (about 11 miles; Newark, DE; FT enrollment: 20,078)
Neumann University (about 17 miles; Aston, PA; FT enrollment: 2,622)
Widener University-Main Campus (about 18 miles; Chester, PA; FT enrollment: 4,051)
West Chester University of Pennsylvania (about 20 miles; West Chester, PA; FT enrollment: 14,492)
Lincoln University of Pennsylvania (about 22 miles; Lincoln University, PA; FT enrollment: 2,042)
Delaware County Community College (about 23 miles; Media, PA; FT enrollment: 8,419)
Public high schools in New Castle:
PENN (WILLIAM) HIGH SCHOOL (Students: 2,330, Location: 713 EAST BASIN ROAD, Grades: 9-12)
LEACH (JOHN G.) SCHOOL (Students: 108, Location: 10 LANDERS LANE, Grades: PK-12)
DELAWARE ACADEMY OF PUBLIC SAFETY AND SECURITY (Location: 801 N. DUPONT HIGHWAY, Grades: 9-12, Charter school)
Private high schools in New Castle:
TALL OAKS CLASSICAL SCHOOL (Students: 231, Location: 903 E BASIN RD, Grades: KG-12)
LAYTON PREPARATORY SCHOOL (Students: 26, Location: 55 READS WAY, Grades: 9-12)
Biggest public elementary/middle schools in New Castle:
BEDFORD (GUNNING) MIDDLE SCHOOL (Students: 1,235, Location: 801 COX NECK ROAD, Grades: 6-8)
SOUTHERN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (Students: 1,117, Location: 795 COX NECK ROAD, Grades: KG-5)
READ (GEORGE) MIDDLE SCHOOL (Students: 1,064, Location: 314 EAST BASIN ROAD, Grades: 6-8)
MCCULLOUGH (CALVIN R. ) MIDDLE SCHOOL (Students: 862, Location: 20 CHASE AVENUE, Grades: 6-8)
CASTLE HILLS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (Students: 713, Location: 502 MOORES LANE, Grades: KG-5)
PLEASANTVILLE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (Students: 568, Location: 16 PLEASANT STREET, Grades: KG-5)
NEW CASTLE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (Students: 548, Location: 903 DELAWARE STREET, Grades: KG-5)
EISENBERG (HARRY O.) ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (Students: 468, Location: 27 LANDERS LANE, Grades: KG-5)
DOWNIE (CARRIE) ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (Students: 442, Location: 1201 DELAWARE STREET, Grades: KG-5)
WILMINGTON MANOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (Students: 407, Location: 200 EAST ROOSEVELT AVENUE, Grades: KG-5)
Private elementary/middle schools in New Castle:
OUR LADY OF FATIMA SCHOOL (Students: 263, Location: 801 N DUPONT HWY, Grades: PK-8)
ST PETER CATHOLIC SCHOOL (Students: 215, Location: 515 HARMONY ST, Grades: PK-8)
SERVIAM GIRLS ACADEMY (Students: 35, Location: 14 HALCYON DR, Grades: 5-8, Girls only)
See full list of schools located in New Castle
Libraries in New Castle:
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY SERVICES (Operating income: $12,178,125; Location: 87 READS WAY; 685,640 books; 56,897 audio materials; 57,428 video materials; 29 local licensed databases; 20 state licensed databases; 2 other licensed databases; 1,894 print serial subscriptions)
NEW CASTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY (Operating income: $606,653; Location: 424 DELAWARE STREET; 33,304 books; 2,267 audio materials; 1,627 video materials; 3 local licensed databases; 42 state licensed databases; 4 other licensed databases; 95 print serial subscriptions; 2 electronic serial subscriptions)
Birthplace of: Ryan Phillippe - Actor, C. Douglass Buck - Politician, Nicholas Van Dyke (senator) - Politician, Thomas Holcomb - Commandant of the Marine Corps, Anthony Higgins - Politician, George Gray (senator) - Politician, George R. Riddle - Politician, John B. Penington - Politician, John Walter Bratton - Musical theatre composer, Kensey Johns, Jr. - Politician.
New Castle County has a predicted average indoor radon screening level between 2 and 4 pCi/L (pico curies per liter) - Moderate Potential
Drinking water stations with addresses in New Castle and their reported violations in the past:
WHISPERING PINES MOBILE HOME PARK (Address: 761 GRANTHAM LANE , Serves MD, Population served: 325, Groundwater):
Past health violations:
OCCT/SOWT Study/Recommendation - In APR-01-2013, Contaminant: Lead and Copper Rule. Follow-up actions: St Violation/Reminder Notice (MAR-19-2013), St Compliance achieved (AUG-08-2014)
MCL, Monthly (TCR) - In AUG-2011, Contaminant: Coliform. Follow-up actions: St Public Notif requested (AUG-18-2011), St Violation/Reminder Notice (AUG-18-2011), St Public Notif received (AUG-22-2011), St Compliance achieved (OCT-10-2011)
OCCT/SOWT Study/Recommendation - In JAN-01-2009, Contaminant: Lead and Copper Rule. Follow-up actions: St Violation/Reminder Notice (2 times from MAR-23-2009 to AUG-26-2009), St Compliance achieved (DEC-14-2009)
Public Education - In AUG-30-2008, Contaminant: Lead and Copper Rule. Follow-up actions: St Violation/Reminder Notice (2 times from MAR-23-2009 to AUG-26-2009), St Compliance achieved (AUG-28-2009)
Past monitoring violations:
Lead Consumer Notice - In JAN-01-2013, Contaminant: Lead and Copper Rule. Follow-up actions: St Violation/Reminder Notice (2 times from JUL-13-2012 to MAR-19-2013)
Initial, Follow-up, or Routine Source Water M/R - In JUL-01-2008, Contaminant: Lead and Copper Rule. Follow-up actions: St Violation/Reminder Notice (2 times from MAR-23-2009 to AUG-26-2009), St Compliance achieved (SEP-09-2009)
Water Quality Parameter M/R - Between JAN-2008 and JUN-2008, Contaminant: Lead and Copper Rule. Follow-up actions: St Violation/Reminder Notice (3 times from MAR-24-2008 to AUG-26-2009), St Compliance achieved (SEP-21-2009)
One routine major monitoring violation
BLUE DIAMOND MX (Population served: 100, Groundwater):
Past health violations:
MCL, Monthly (TCR) - Between APR-2011 and JUN-2011, Contaminant: Coliform. Follow-up actions: St Public Notif requested (MAY-23-2011), St Formal NOV issued (MAY-23-2011), St Public Notif received (JUL-17-2011), St Compliance achieved (AUG-18-2011)
PANDA EARLY EDUCATION CENTER (Population served: 82, Groundwater):
Past health violations:
MCL, Monthly (TCR) - Between APR-2011 and JUN-2011, Contaminant: Coliform. Follow-up actions: St Public Notif requested (MAY-02-2011), St Formal NOV issued (MAY-02-2011), St Public Notif received (MAY-25-2011), St Compliance achieved (JUL-18-2011)
MCL, Monthly (TCR) - Between JAN-2011 and MAR-2011, Contaminant: Coliform. Follow-up actions: St Formal NOV issued (MAR-14-2011), St Compliance achieved (MAR-31-2011)
MCL, Average - Between JAN-2010 and MAR-2010, Contaminant: Nitrate. Follow-up actions: St Public Notif requested (JAN-15-2010), St Formal NOV issued (JAN-15-2010), St Public Notif received (MAY-05-2010), St Compliance achieved (JUL-14-2010)
MCL, Average - Between OCT-2009 and DEC-2009, Contaminant: Nitrate. Follow-up actions: St Public Notif requested (JAN-14-2010), St Formal NOV issued (JAN-14-2010), St Public Notif received (JAN-28-2010), St Compliance achieved (JUL-14-2010)
MCL, Average - Between JUL-2009 and SEP-2009, Contaminant: Nitrate. Follow-up actions: St Public Notif requested (SEP-29-2009), St Formal NOV issued (SEP-29-2009), St Compliance achieved (JUL-14-2010)
MCL, Monthly (TCR) - Between JUL-2009 and SEP-2009, Contaminant: Coliform. Follow-up actions: St Public Notif requested (SEP-29-2009), St Formal NOV issued (SEP-29-2009), St Public Notif received (OCT-14-2009), St Compliance achieved (JAN-11-2010)
Past monitoring violations:
One minor monitoring violation
WOODSIDE CENTER (Population served: 25, Groundwater):
Past health violations:
MCL, Monthly (TCR) - Between JUL-2007 and SEP-2007, Contaminant: Coliform. Follow-up actions: St Formal NOV issued (JUL-23-2007), St Public Notif issued (JUL-23-2007), St Compliance achieved (AUG-10-2007)
Drinking water stations with addresses in New Castle that have no violations reported:
NEW CASTLE WATER DEPARTMENT (Population served: 6,000, Primary Water Source Type: Groundwater)
Average household size:
This city: 2.3 peopleDelaware: 2.5 people
Percentage of family households:
This city: 59.0%Whole state: 67.4%
Percentage of households with unmarried partners:
This city: 6.8%Whole state: 7.3%
Likely homosexual households (counted as self-reported same-sex unmarried-partner households)
Lesbian couples: 0.5% of all households
Gay men: 0.5% of all households
Banks with most branches in New Castle (2011 data):
Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company: Community Plaza Branch, New Castle Drive-In Branch, New Castle Branch. Info updated 2011/08/08: Bank assets: $76,887.1 mil, Deposits: $60,064.2 mil, headquarters in Buffalo, NY, positive income, Commercial Lending Specialization, 808 total offices, Holding Company: M&T Bank Corporation
Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB: Airport Plaza Branch at 144 North Dupont Highway, branch established on 1989/05/30; Crossroads Shopping Center Branch at 2080 New Castle Avenue, branch established on 1965/03/17. Info updated 2011/07/21: Bank assets: $4,281.1 mil, Deposits: $3,150.2 mil, headquarters in Wilmington, DE, positive income, Commercial Lending Specialization, 43 total offices
Citibank, National Association: Citibank (Delaware) Branch at One Penn's Way, branch established on 1982/10/06. Info updated 2012/01/10: Bank assets: $1,288,658.0 mil, Deposits: $882,541.0 mil, headquarters in Sioux Falls, SD, positive income, International Specialization, 1048 total offices, Holding Company: Citigroup Inc.
TD Bank, National Association: Churchmans Corner Branch at 82 Christiana Road, branch established on 2000/08/19. Info updated 2010/10/04: Bank assets: $188,912.6 mil, Deposits: $153,149.8 mil, headquarters in Wilmington, DE, positive income, 1314 total offices, Holding Company: Toronto-Dominion Bank, The
Wells Fargo Bank, National Association: Wilmington Manor Branch at 1424 N Dupont Hwy, branch established on 1952/07/01. Info updated 2011/04/05: Bank assets: $1,161,490.0 mil, Deposits: $905,653.0 mil, headquarters in Sioux Falls, SD, positive income, 6395 total offices, Holding Company: Wells Fargo & Company
RBS Citizens, National Association: Airport Plaza Branch at 130 Dupont Highway, branch established on 1989/01/20. Info updated 2007/09/19: Bank assets: $106,940.6 mil, Deposits: $75,690.2 mil, headquarters in Providence, RI, positive income, 1135 total offices, Holding Company: Uk Financial Investments Limited
Bank of New Castle: Bank Of New Castle at 12 Read's Way, branch established on 1989/08/18. Info updated 2006/11/03: Bank assets: $16.0 mil, Deposits: $0.5 mil, local headquarters, positive income, 1 total offices, Holding Company: Discover Financial Services
Discover Bank: New Castle Administrative Office at 12 Read's Way, branch established on 1996/06/04. Info updated 2006/11/03: Bank assets: $67,778.5 mil, Deposits: $39,601.6 mil, headquarters in Greenwood, DE, positive income, Credit-Card Specialization, 2 total offices, Holding Company: Discover Financial Services
PNC Bank, National Association: Basin Road Branch at 1 East Basin Road, branch established on 1967/09/29. Info updated 2012/03/20: Bank assets: $263,309.6 mil, Deposits: $197,343.0 mil, headquarters in Wilmington, DE, positive income, Commercial Lending Specialization, 3085 total offices, Holding Company: Pnc Financial Services Group, Inc., The
For population 15 years and over in New Castle:
Never married: 30.8%
Now married: 50.2%
Separated: 0.1%
Widowed: 5.1%
Divorced: 13.8%
For population 25 years and over in New Castle:
High school or higher: 94.7%
Bachelor's degree or higher: 32.0%
Graduate or professional degree: 18.3%
Unemployed: 4.6%
Mean travel time to work (commute): 17.6 minutes
Education Gini index (Inequality in education)
Here: 10.8Delaware average: 11.5
Graphs represent county-level data. Detailed 2008 Election Results
Political contributions by individuals in New Castle, DE
Religion statistics for New Castle, DE (based on New Castle County data)
ReligionAdherentsCongregationsCatholic138,17233Mainline Protestant48,124125Evangelical Protestant32,993169Other22,67245Black Protestant7,21236Orthodox1,1665None288,140-
Source: Clifford Grammich, Kirk Hadaway, Richard Houseal, Dale E.Jones, Alexei Krindatch, Richie Stanley and Richard H.Taylor. 2012. 2010 U.S.Religion Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study. Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies. Jones, Dale E., et al. 2002. Congregations and Membership in the United States 2000. Nashville, TN: Glenmary Research Center. Graphs represent county-level data
Food Environment Statistics:
Number of grocery stores: 82
This county: 1.56 / 10,000 pop.Delaware: 1.74 / 10,000 pop.
Number of supercenters and club stores: 3
New Castle County: 0.06 / 10,000 pop.Delaware: 0.09 / 10,000 pop.
Number of convenience stores (no gas): 71
New Castle County: 1.35 / 10,000 pop.State: 1.25 / 10,000 pop.
Number of convenience stores (with gas): 112
This county: 2.13 / 10,000 pop.Delaware: 2.84 / 10,000 pop.
Number of full-service restaurants: 337
Here: 6.40 / 10,000 pop.Delaware: 7.43 / 10,000 pop.
Adult diabetes rate:
This county: 8.0%Delaware: 9.0%
Adult obesity rate:
This county: 26.7%Delaware: 27.9%
Health and Nutrition:
Healthy diet rate:
New Castle: 51.1%Delaware: 49.1%
Average overall health of teeth and gums:
New Castle: 48.7%State: 45.9%
Average BMI:
This city: 29.2State: 28.8
People feeling badly about themselves:
This city: 21.6%Delaware: 20.8%
People not drinking alcohol at all:
New Castle: 12.0%Delaware: 11.0%
Average hours sleeping at night:
This city: 6.8Delaware: 6.8
Overweight people:
Here: 36.3%Delaware: 33.9%
General health condition:
This city: 57.1%Delaware: 55.5%
Average condition of hearing:
New Castle: 78.9%Delaware: 79.1%
More about Health and Nutrition of New Castle, DE Residents
Local government employment and payroll (March 2022) Function Full-time employees Monthly full-time payroll Average yearly full-time wage Part-time employees Monthly part-time payroll Police Protection - Officers 17$107,444$75,8430$0 Solid Waste Management 10$34,215$41,0580$0 Other and Unallocable 7$43,536$74,6332$550 Water Supply 7$55,677$95,4460$0 Electric Power 6$49,847$99,6940$0 Other Government Administration 4$21,791$65,3738$3,450 Financial Administration 2$8,919$53,5140$0 Police - Other 1$4,125$49,5000$0
Totals for Government 54$325,554$72,34510$4,000
New Castle government finances - Expenditure in 2018 (per resident):
Current Operations - Police Protection: $1,328,000 ($240.01)
General - Other: $1,293,000 ($233.69)
Central Staff Services: $365,000 ($65.97)
Financial Administration: $161,000 ($29.10)
Solid Waste Management: $153,000 ($27.65)
Regular Highways: $7,000 ($1.27)
General - Interest on Debt: $4,000 ($0.72)
Total Salaries and Wages: $2,165,000 ($391.29)
New Castle government finances - Revenue in 2018 (per resident):
Charges - Other: $9,000 ($1.63)
Solid Waste Management: $8,000 ($1.45)
Local Intergovernmental - General Local Government Support: $740,000 ($133.74)
Miscellaneous - General Revenue - Other: $218,000 ($39.40)
Fines and Forfeits: $74,000 ($13.37)
Donations From Private Sources: $12,000 ($2.17)
Interest Earnings: $7,000 ($1.27)
Sale of Property: $4,000 ($0.72)
State Intergovernmental - Highways: $107,000 ($19.34)
Other: $26,000 ($4.70)
Tax - Property: $3,480,000 ($628.95)
Occupation and Business License - Other: $212,000 ($38.32)
New Castle government finances - Debt in 2018 (per resident):
Long Term Debt - Outstanding Unspecified Public Purpose: $1,894,000 ($342.31)
Issue, Unspecified Public Purpose: $1,894,000 ($342.31)
Beginning Outstanding - Public Debt for Private Purpose: $111,000 ($20.06)
Outstanding Nonguaranteed - Industrial Revenue: $94,000 ($16.99)
Retired Nonguaranteed - Public Debt for Private Purpose: $18,000 ($3.25)
New Castle government finances - Cash and Securities in 2018 (per resident):
Bond Funds - Cash and Securities: $1,894,000 ($342.31)
Other Funds - Cash and Securities: $3,172,000 ($573.29)
Sinking Funds - Cash and Securities: $94,000 ($16.99)
5.39% of this county's 2021 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2020 ($73,141 average adjusted gross income)
Here: 5.39%Delaware average: 6.79%
0.01% of residents moved from foreign countries ($80 average AGI)
New Castle County: 0.01%Delaware average: 0.03%
Top counties from which taxpayers relocated into this county between 2020 and 2021:
from Philadelphia County, PA 0.63% ($59,117 average AGI) from Delaware County, PA 0.57% ($66,163) from Kent County, DE 0.38% ($51,995)
5.25% of this county's 2020 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2021 ($94,385 average adjusted gross income)
Here: 5.25%Delaware average: 5.45%
0.01% of residents moved to foreign countries ($149 average AGI)
New Castle County: 0.01%Delaware average: 0.03%
Top counties to which taxpayers relocated from this county between 2020 and 2021:
to Kent County, DE 0.54% ($56,174 average AGI) to Sussex County, DE 0.35% ($114,479) to Philadelphia County, PA 0.33% ($55,383)
Businesses in New Castle, DE NameCountNameCount 7-Eleven3Motel 61 Advance Auto Parts1Nissan1 Applebee's1Papa John's Pizza1 Arby's1Pathmark1 AutoZone1Payless1 Blockbuster1Penske1 Budget Car Rental1Pizza Hut1 Burger King2Popeyes1 Chevrolet1Quality1 Clarion1RadioShack1 Cricket Wireless3Rite Aid2 Domino's Pizza1Ryder Rental & Truck Leasing1 Dunkin Donuts9Sheraton1 Econo Lodge1Sprint Nextel1 FedEx11Staples1 Firestone Complete Auto Care1Subway1 Ford2Super 81 GNC2Superfresh1 H&R Block2T-Mobile3 Home Depot1T.G.I. Driday's1 Hyundai1Taco Bell1 IHOP1Toyota1 Just Tires1U-Haul3 KFC1UPS5 Lane Furniture2Verizon Wireless1 Lowe's1Walgreens2 MasterBrand Cabinets1Walmart1 Mazda1Wendy's1 McDonald's3
Browse common businesses in New Castle, DE
Strongest AM radio stations in New Castle:
WVCH (740 AM; 50 kW; CHESTER, PA; Owner: WVCH COMMUNICATIONS, INC.)
WTMC (1380 AM; 5 kW; WILMINGTON, DE; Owner: STATE OF DELAWARE DEPARTMENT OF TRAN)
WPEN (950 AM; 50 kW; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: GREATER PHILADELPHIA RADIO, INC.)
WJBR (1290 AM; 2 kW; WILMINGTON, DE; Owner: CAPSTAR TX LIMITED PARTNERSHIP)
WZZD (990 AM; 50 kW; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: PENNSYLVANIA MEDIA ASSOCIATES, INC.)
KYW (1060 AM; 50 kW; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)
WDEL (1150 AM; 5 kW; WILMINGTON, DE; Owner: DELMARVA BROADCASTING COMPANY)
WILM (1450 AM; 1 kW; WILMINGTON, DE; Owner: DELAWARE BROADCASTING CO.)
WNWR (1540 AM; 50 kW; PHILADELPHIA, PA)
WPHT (1210 AM; 50 kW; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)
WFAI (1510 AM; daytime; 2 kW; SALEM, NJ; Owner: QC COMMUNICATIONS,INC.)
WWJZ (640 AM; 50 kW; MOUNT HOLLY, NJ; Owner: ABC, INC.)
WAMS (1260 AM; 1 kW; NEWARK, DE; Owner: CAPITOL BROADCASTING, INC.)
Strongest FM radio stations in New Castle:
WSTW (93.7 FM; WILMINGTON, DE; Owner: DELMARVA BROADCASTING COMPANY)
WJBR-FM (99.5 FM; WILMINGTON, DE; Owner: NM LICENSING, LLC)
WPLY (100.3 FM; MEDIA, PA; Owner: RADIO ONE LICENSES, LLC)
WMGK (102.9 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: GREATER PHILADELPHIA RADIO, INC.)
WMWX (95.7 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: GREATER PHILADELPHIA RADIO, INC.)
WOGL (98.1 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)
WBEB (101.1 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: WEAZ-FM RADIO, INC.)
WRTI (90.1 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: TEMPLE UNIV. OF THE COMMONWEALTH, ET)
WSNI-FM (104.5 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: AMFM RADIO LICENSES, L.L.C.)
WPHI-FM (103.9 FM; JENKINTOWN, PA; Owner: RADIO ONE LICENSES, LLC)
WMMR (93.3 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: GREATER BOSTON RADIO, INC.)
WHYY-FM (90.9 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: WHYY, INC.)
WXPN (88.5 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: TRUSTEES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNA.)
WXTU (92.5 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: WXTU LICENSE LIMITED PARTNERSHIP)
WDAS-FM (105.3 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: AMFM RADIO LICENSES, L.L.C.)
WMPH (91.7 FM; WILMINGTON, DE; Owner: BRANDYWINE SCHOOL DIST, BRD OF EDUC)
WPTP (96.5 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: WDAS LICENSE LIMITED PARTNERSHIP)
WYSP (94.1 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: INFINITY BROADCASTING OPERATIONS, INC.)
WUSL (98.9 FM; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: AMFM RADIO LICENSES, L.L.C.)
W278AK (103.5 FM; VILLAGE GREEN, PA; Owner: PRIORITY RADIO, INC.)
TV broadcast stations around New Castle:
WTSD-CA (Channel 14; WILMINGTON, DE; Owner: PRIORITY COMMUNICATIONS MINISTRIES, INC.)
KYW-TV (Channel 3; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: CBS BROADCASTING INC.)
WPHL-TV (Channel 17; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: TRIBUNE TELEVISION COMPANY)
WPPX (Channel 61; WILMINGTON, DE; Owner: PAXSON PHILADELPHIA LICENSE, INC.)
WPVI-TV (Channel 6; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: ABC, INC.)
WPSG (Channel 57; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: VIACOM STATIONS GROUP OF PHILADELPHIA INC.)
WCAU (Channel 10; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: NBC SUBSIDIARY (WCAU-TV), L.P.)
WWJT-LP (Channel 7; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: PHILADELPHIA TELEVISION NETWORK, INC)
WGTW (Channel 48; BURLINGTON, NJ; Owner: BRUNSON COMMUNICATIONS, INC.)
WYBE (Channel 35; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: INDEPENDENCE PUBLIC MEDIA OF PHILADELPHIA, INC.)
WMCN-TV (Channel 53; ATLANTIC CITY, NJ; Owner: LENFEST BROADCASTING, LLC)
WHYY-TV (Channel 12; WILMINGTON, DE; Owner: WHYY, INC.)
WUVP (Channel 65; VINELAND, NJ; Owner: UNIVISION PHILADELPHIA LLC)
WTXF-TV (Channel 29; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: FOX TV STATIONS OF PHILADELPHIA)
W40AZ (Channel 40; WILMINGTON, DE; Owner: NATIONAL MINORITY T.V., INC.)
W55BT (Channel 55; TALLEYVILLE, DE; Owner: MEDIACASTING LLC)
WELL-LP (Channel 8; WILLOW GROVE, ETC., PA; Owner: WORD OF GOD FELLOWSHIP, INC.)
WNJS (Channel 23; CAMDEN, NJ; Owner: NEW JERSEY PUBLIC BROADCASTING AUTHORITY)
WFPA-CA (Channel 28; PHILADELPHIA, PA; Owner: WXTV LICENSE PARTNERSHIP, G.P.)
New Castle fatal accident statistics for 1975 - 2021
See more detailed statistics of New Castle fatal car crashes and road traffic accidents for 1975 - 2021 here
National Bridge Inventory (NBI) Statistics
30Number of bridges
2,425ft / 739mTotal length
$95,742,000Total costs
832,143Total average daily traffic
74,826Total average daily truck traffic
New bridges - historical statistics
11920-1929
21950-1959
71960-1969
21970-1979
11980-1989
171990-1999
See full National Bridge Inventory statistics for New Castle, DE
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Aggregated Statistics For Year 2009
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA
Home Purchase LoansB) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansC) Refinancings
D) Home Improvement Loans
F) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED36$167,84215$166,89993$162,1279$57,89111$141,414 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED1$179,7803$190,5578$171,9362$83,4001$65,670 APPLICATIONS DENIED4$146,8803$76,39748$136,16014$60,7212$42,340 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN4$188,1781$216,82024$160,3481$88,5903$171,967 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$00$011$155,5981$93,0001$108,500
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2008
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA
Home Purchase LoansB) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansC) Refinancings
D) Home Improvement Loans
F) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED17$177,05227$172,03283$159,12627$27,82910$122,929 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED1$170,0001$56,03017$171,7855$38,7380$0 APPLICATIONS DENIED2$134,5255$133,09883$149,59836$56,1678$124,556 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN1$169,4601$126,56024$140,5963$111,4931$97,220 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS1$104,0003$175,8909$196,3231$44,6301$71,820
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2007
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA
Home Purchase LoansB) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansC) Refinancings
D) Home Improvement Loans
F) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED12$165,17366$161,93798$143,94234$52,27914$122,347 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED1$160,2903$192,96328$119,8027$42,8512$65,735 APPLICATIONS DENIED1$166,32014$175,629112$139,77846$66,8538$88,736 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN0$07$117,93160$157,5018$90,7682$116,275 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$04$164,51015$136,7130$00$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2006
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA
Home Purchase LoansB) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansC) Refinancings
D) Home Improvement Loans
F) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)G) Loans On Manufactured
Home Dwelling (A B C & D) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED7$169,614109$132,795150$126,32751$51,07021$107,0031$63,000 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED2$106,53013$124,30237$101,9758$42,0496$81,6271$134,000 APPLICATIONS DENIED1$260,89018$110,917122$129,94042$36,9308$171,4181$28,780 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN3$141,21015$137,36193$139,2479$96,0625$128,3200$0 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$02$129,93021$145,3651$85,6301$194,0000$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2005
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA
Home Purchase LoansB) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansC) Refinancings
D) Home Improvement Loans
E) Loans on Dwellings For 5+ Families
F) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)G) Loans On Manufactured
Home Dwelling (A B C & D) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED4$162,08293$128,111158$133,71443$48,0441$170,00025$110,8681$29,850 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED0$012$93,26632$86,29710$31,9410$02$55,1953$65,297 APPLICATIONS DENIED1$66,86025$121,978119$117,38339$42,0280$06$82,0623$96,673 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN0$011$146,37576$112,16611$56,4570$02$93,0950$0 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$06$113,65527$136,8341$38,4700$00$00$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2004
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA
Home Purchase LoansB) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansC) Refinancings
D) Home Improvement Loans
F) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)G) Loans On Manufactured
Home Dwelling (A B C & D) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED9$124,71689$136,988157$119,20135$44,33727$109,2450$0 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED1$75,82010$113,61732$105,8136$66,1434$129,2680$0 APPLICATIONS DENIED0$012$91,021123$106,04035$40,97911$66,2551$78,640 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN1$172,21011$164,23567$115,4557$82,8232$365,2800$0 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$04$143,43830$117,2302$21,8852$123,3250$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2003
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA
Home Purchase LoansB) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansC) Refinancings
D) Home Improvement Loans
F) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED16$127,45665$140,546210$122,41235$39,81826$103,887 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED2$71,5009$80,90655$131,81910$20,8915$72,726 APPLICATIONS DENIED4$73,01817$100,577115$108,65620$27,6159$96,398 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN1$158,7306$144,44047$103,8193$24,9532$60,110 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$03$59,37016$153,9701$14,9202$62,800
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2002
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA
Home Purchase LoansB) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansC) Refinancings
D) Home Improvement Loans
F) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED15$114,49468$117,686158$109,06031$23,73620$89,404 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED2$115,90511$123,70746$88,5755$56,8545$81,332 APPLICATIONS DENIED1$79,3009$152,03783$86,81022$22,0015$50,480 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN0$09$147,43354$102,3605$33,7364$101,025 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS1$67,4604$68,25019$89,4500$01$44,770
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2001
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA
Home Purchase LoansB) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansC) Refinancings
D) Home Improvement Loans
F) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED29$94,13453$114,356128$97,23331$28,57013$73,887 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED2$89,5106$105,12729$94,2786$25,0802$54,225 APPLICATIONS DENIED2$83,77017$69,55474$75,25831$27,1692$44,850 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN1$38,8907$117,70355$83,4478$16,1682$62,305 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$00$013$84,4710$00$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2000
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA
Home Purchase LoansB) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansC) Refinancings
D) Home Improvement Loans
F) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED22$93,16664$92,89460$79,12834$16,1116$71,715 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED2$78,5008$91,80615$68,80111$25,8911$34,620 APPLICATIONS DENIED2$75,44011$98,48571$66,96530$24,3185$57,706 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN1$80,1506$110,07031$64,5352$16,8151$60,670 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS2$85,0351$188,2507$83,3841$46,0002$134,000
Aggregated Statistics For Year 1999
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA
Home Purchase LoansB) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansC) Refinancings
D) Home Improvement Loans
F) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED25$105,76459$110,59578$84,38048$23,8108$93,428 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED2$99,3907$104,45923$70,9467$17,7470$0 APPLICATIONS DENIED2$153,56010$79,27355$66,77122$13,8104$85,005 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN2$121,9507$133,06436$71,5894$31,2822$90,080 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$03$183,52311$80,3540$01$48,500
Detailed HMDA statistics for the following Tracts: 0151.00 , 0158.00, 0161.00, 0162.00
Private Mortgage Insurance Companies Aggregated Statistics For Year 2009
(Based on 1 full and 2 partial tracts) A) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansB) Refinancings
NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED2$245,5001$143,950 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED0$01$190,440 APPLICATIONS DENIED2$252,6450$0 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN0$00$0 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$00$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2008
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansB) Refinancings
C) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED10$172,5369$203,4711$93,220 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED2$167,5004$181,4120$0 APPLICATIONS DENIED0$00$00$0 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN1$144,4700$00$0 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$01$148,0000$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2007
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansB) Refinancings
C) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED32$170,2137$175,8173$107,183 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED2$166,6453$145,1032$134,650 APPLICATIONS DENIED0$01$112,5600$0 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN0$00$00$0 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$00$00$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2006
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansB) Refinancings
C) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED23$156,3605$169,3722$138,595 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED2$180,8105$158,6660$0 APPLICATIONS DENIED0$00$00$0 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN2$136,7350$00$0 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$00$00$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2005
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansB) Refinancings
C) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED25$141,6227$149,0903$99,530 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED2$224,7801$133,7300$0 APPLICATIONS DENIED0$00$00$0 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN0$01$167,2700$0 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS1$71,0401$56,1201$71,040
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2004
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansB) Refinancings
C) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED25$139,41913$136,4275$167,266 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED0$04$96,9681$89,000 APPLICATIONS DENIED0$00$00$0 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN2$92,0001$56,1200$0 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$00$00$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2003
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansB) Refinancings
C) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED28$118,79423$133,7474$96,315 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED4$128,3105$114,6002$75,220 APPLICATIONS DENIED0$01$192,8300$0 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN3$100,1404$111,8181$69,910 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$00$00$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2002
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansB) Refinancings
C) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED28$119,02925$125,6223$80,543 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED3$89,4179$101,6790$0 APPLICATIONS DENIED1$61,5301$130,0801$76,840 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN0$03$138,3630$0 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$00$00$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2001
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansB) Refinancings
C) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED22$127,42716$115,5833$105,213 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED4$215,9953$98,7330$0 APPLICATIONS DENIED0$02$99,0851$67,170 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN0$00$00$0 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$00$00$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 2000
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansB) Refinancings
C) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED25$95,1364$104,1920$0 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED3$82,8631$83,6901$26,860 APPLICATIONS DENIED1$88,0000$00$0 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN0$00$00$0 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$00$00$0
Aggregated Statistics For Year 1999
(Based on 1 full and 3 partial tracts) A) Conventional
Home Purchase LoansB) Refinancings
C) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A & B) NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value LOANS ORIGINATED26$111,64411$96,5772$75,900 APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED2$92,0700$00$0 APPLICATIONS DENIED0$00$00$0 APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN0$00$00$0 FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS1$86,9600$00$0
Detailed PMIC statistics for the following Tracts: 0151.00 , 0158.00, 0161.00, 0162.00
2002 - 2018 National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) incidents
Based on the data from the years 2002 - 2018 the average number of fires per year is 521. The highest number of reported fires - 683 took place in 2004, and the least - 45 in 2002. The data has an increasing trend.
When looking into fire subcategories, the most reports belonged to: Structure Fires (66.9%), and Outside Fires (18.2%).
Fire incident types reported to NFIRS in New Castle, DE
5,93366.9%Structure Fires
1,60918.2%Outside Fires
1,05911.9%Mobile Property/Vehicle Fires
2623.0%Other
See full National Fire Incident Reporting System statistics for New Castle, DE
Fire-safe hotels and motels in New Castle, Delaware:
Super 8 Motel, 215 S Dupont Hwy, New Castle, Delaware 19720 , Phone: (302) 322-9480
Dutch Inn, 111 S Dupont Hwy, New Castle, Delaware 19720 , Phone: (302) 328-6246, Fax: (302) 328-9493
Budget Inn, 3 Memorial Dr, New Castle, Delaware 19720 , Phone: (302) 654-5400, Fax: (302) 654-5775
New Castle Super Lodge, 1213 West Ave, New Castle, Delaware 19720 , Phone: (302) 654-5544, Fax: (302) 652-0146
Quality Inn Skyways, 147 N Dupont Hwy, New Castle, Delaware 19720 , Phone: (302) 328-6666, Fax: (302) 322-3791
Clarion Hotel, 1612 N Dupont Hwy, New Castle, Delaware 19720 , Phone: (302) 428-1000, Fax: (302) 428-1440
Sheraton Wilmington South, 365 Airport Rd, New Castle, Delaware 19720 , Phone: (302) 328-6200
Fairfield Inn And Suites, 2117 N Dupont Hwy, New Castle, Delaware 19720 , Phone: (302) 777-4700, Fax: (302) 777-4701
All 8 fire-safe hotels and motels in New Castle, Delaware
Most common first names in New Castle, DE among deceased individuals NameCountLived (average) John42671.5 years William38770.7 years Mary36976.9 years James31970.8 years Robert20465.7 years Charles19973.8 years Joseph19271.8 years George16171.5 years Elizabeth14876.5 years Margaret14875.8 years
Most common last names in New Castle, DE among deceased individuals Last nameCountLived (average) Smith10670.7 years Johnson9370.4 years Brown8469.1 years Jones7771.2 years Williams7270.2 years Davis6871.3 years Wilson5773.2 years Taylor5472.2 years Thomas5170.7 years White4873.9 years
Houses and condos Apartments
79.0%Utility gas
11.3%Fuel oil, kerosene, etc.
7.9%Electricity
1.5%No fuel used
0.3%Bottled, tank, or LP gas
62.9%Utility gas
24.8%Electricity
9.0%Fuel oil, kerosene, etc.
3.2%Bottled, tank, or LP gas
New Castle compared to Delaware state average:
Unemployed percentage significantly below state average.
House age above state average.
Number of college students below state average.
New Castle on our top lists:
#21 on the list of "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of females in industries: finance and insurance (population 5,000+)"
#53 on the list of "Top 101 cities with the most residents born in Sierra Leone (population 500+)"
#17 on the list of "Top 101 counties with the highest number of infant deaths per 1000 residents 2007-2013 (pop. 50,000+)"
#35 on the list of "Top 101 counties with the highest percentage of residents that visited a dentist within the past year"
#51 on the list of "Top 101 counties with the highest carbon monoxide air pollution readings in 2012 (ppm)"
#53 on the list of "Top 101 counties with the highest average weight of females"
#55 on the list of "Top 101 counties with the highest Nitrogen Dioxide air pollution readings in 2012 (ppm)"
There are 40 pilots and 76 other airmen in this city.
Cost of Living Calculator Your current salary: State of origin: Destination state:
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https://www.britannica.com/place/Delaware-state
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Delaware | Flag, Facts, Maps, & Points of Interest
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1998-10-26T00:00:00+00:00
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Geographical and historical treatment of Delaware, including maps and a survey of its people, economy, and government. The first of the original 13 states to ratify the federal Constitution, Delaware occupies a small niche in the Boston-Washington, D.C., urban corridor along the Middle Atlantic seaboard.
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/place/Delaware-state
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Relief
Delaware, located mainly within the Atlantic Coastal Plain, is second only to Florida for having the lowest average elevation. A long sand beach forms the state’s oceanfront, stretching from the border with Maryland, at Fenwick Island, north to Cape Henlopen, at the mouth of Delaware Bay. Only one major break, Indian River Inlet, occurs along the 23-mile (37-km) length of the beach. Much of the beach is a low bar between the ocean and a series of lagoons or shallow bays, but at Bethany Beach, near the southern boundary, and again at Rehoboth Beach, near the northern end, the mainland reaches directly to the ocean.
Britannica Quiz
50 States, 50 Fun Facts Quiz
Much of the shoreline of Delaware Bay is marshy. The mouths of tributaries such as the Murderkill, the Mispillion, and the St. Jones are so shallow that only fishing boats find safe harbours north of Lewes. Farther north, on the banks of the Delaware River, spots of high, dry land appear, as at Port Penn, New Castle, and Edgemoor. The state’s main port, at Wilmington, is located at the confluence of the Delaware River and the Christina, one of its tributaries.
Most of Delaware is drained by streams that run eastward to the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean, but the Nanticoke River and its tributaries in southwestern Delaware flow into Chesapeake Bay. So does the Pocomoke River, which drains the Cypress Swamp, or so-called “Burnt Swamp,” in the extreme south of Delaware, athwart the Maryland line.
Most of the Coastal Plain is fertile and level, seldom rising above 60 feet (18 metres) above sea level, but it becomes increasingly sandy to the south. Near its northern edge the plain is intersected by the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, which has been deepened and straightened for ocean shipping. It shortens the water route between Philadelphia and Baltimore, Md., by several hundred miles and also brings Baltimore closer to the ocean than via Chesapeake Bay. The canal is popularly considered to be the boundary between agricultural downstate Delaware and the northern industrial region. Though the land on either side of it is similar, many Delawareans are convinced that even the weather changes at the canal.
Several high bridges over the canal, the giant twin bridges crossing the Delaware River north of New Castle, and the refinery stacks at Delaware City are the major landmarks on the horizon below the northwestern corner of the state, where the rolling hills of the Piedmont extend south from Pennsylvania. Until the mid-20th century, farmlands, woodlands, streams, and ponds, interspersed by occasional villages, made up most of the state’s landscape to the south of Wilmington. Suburban housing has spread out to encompass the area on either side of the canal and has encroached on New Castle county’s remaining farmland.
The highest point in the state—just off Ebright Road in New Castle county, near the Pennsylvania state line—is only 448 feet (137 metres) above sea level. Peculiar features are Iron and Chestnut hills, which protrude into the plain southwest of Newark and are scarred by open pits where iron ore once was mined.
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https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/our-city/newcastles-international-relationships
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Newcastle’s International Relationships
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https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/our-city/favicon.ico
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https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/our-city/favicon.ico
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The website of Newcastle City Council
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https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/our-city/newcastles-international-relationships
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Newcastle upon Tyne is a truly international city with a proud tradition of working with people, organisations and countries from around the world through formal and informal relationships. Some of our international relationships date back to the peace and friendship movements that emerged after World War II while other, more recent relationships, are often built around business, cultural or educational links.
You can find out more about Newcastle’s International Relationships and the work we are doing below.
Australia
Newcastle NSW: Newcastle is a city and port in New South Wales that lies 104 miles North East of Sydney. Like Newcastle upon Tyne the city was built on heavy industries such as coal mining, shipbuilding and engineering and our relationship began when people from our city emigrated to Newcastle NSW.
Links were formalised when we became Sister Cities during an ‘Australia Week’ in 1987. The distance between the two cities means the emphasis of the links is social with residents of both Newcastle’s visiting friends and relatives in each other cities. Newcastle NSW, along with our Newcastle, is also a member of Newcastles of the World.
China
Hainan: Hainan is the smallest and most southern province of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and is made up of around 200 islands the largest of which is Hainan island. The province was also established as the largest Special Economic Zone in the late 1980s.
Newcastle University signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Hainan Province in 2008 to encourage collaboration in research, development and teaching across a range of disciplines. The agreement was the first partnership of its kind between a UK university and Hainan Province. The partnership now includes a Confucius Institute making Newcastle University a leading centre for Chinese language and culture and co-operation between China and the UK.
Henan: Henan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country and has the third largest population in China. It is recognised as the birth place of Chinese civilization with numerous heritages and four of the Eight Great Ancient Capitals of China are located in Henan. The economy depends on dwindling aluminium and coal reserves, agriculture, heavy industry, tourism, and retail. The relationship between Newcastle and Henan was initiated by Newcastle University in 2008 linked to emerging green industries in Newcastle.
France
Nancy: Nancy lies at the crossroads of several European routes in North East France and is an attractive location for businesses and students. Newcastle and Nancy have many similarities including population, centuries of border conflict, a history of mining and heavy industry, established cultural sectors and well-known sports teams.
Our relationship with Nancy began in 1953 when the French Consul presented Newcastle City Council with a letter suggesting a “friendly association” between the two cities. The relationship was formalised a year later when we signed a Twin City agreement during a visit by the Mayor of Nancy to Newcastle.
In 2014 we celebrated the sixtieth anniversary of our Twin Cities relationship with funding support from the European Union. The project involved citizens from both cities, the re-signing of our Twin City agreement and a new Citizen’s Agreement. Links between the two cities have continued to grow with activities including a Veterans Exchange, a Book Exchange between the City Library, Lit and Phil and American Library in Nancy, the signing of an agreement between the North East Chamber of Commerce and Nancy Chamber of Commerce and an annual student month long student exchange programme with Newcastle University.
Germany
Gelsenkirchen: Gelsenkirchen is in the northern part of the Ruhr area, just north of Essen. The city was a centre of heavy industry and one of the most important mining towns in Europe. The city was important to Germany’s wartime economy and was a target for allied bombers which resulted in around three quarters of homes and public buildings in the city being destroyed by the end of the war in 1945.
Our relationship with Gelsenkirchen began in 1947 as part of the post-war peace and friendship movement and is our oldest formal relationship. Activities between the two cities include school exchange programmes, joint cultural and community projects, Chamber of Commerce links and shared interest in developing service industries and new technology.
Hanover: Our relationship with Hanover is relatively recent and based on an annual visit by students from the city to Newcastle. We are currently considering proposals to develop an internship programme with the city.
Holland
Groningen: Based on the banks of two rivers in the north of the Netherlands Groningen was for centuries a strategic trading location. Today it’s retail and commercial centre means it is still one of the most important cities with main industries including sugar refining, book printing, tobacco processing, and the manufacture of clothing, furniture, hosiery, machinery, and bicycles. Groningen has been called the ‘world cycling city’ with an extensive cycle network and claims that 57% of journeys are made by bicycle.
Although the relationship between Groningen and Newcastle is not a formal twinning arrangement it is one of the longest with cultural exchanges and cooperation taking part since the early 1900’s. The partnership in 1946 based on sporting exchanges and reconfirmed in 1988 with a bias towards cultural, social and economic links as well as collaborations on activities such as the European Cities Initiative on drug misuse.
Israel
Haifa: Haifa is situated in the north west of Israel and is its principal port and has a population of over 265,000 and a metropolitan area population of around 600,000. The population is a mix of Jews and Arabs with a reputation for good relations between the two communities. Industries in the area include steel foundries, food processing, shipbuilding (small naval craft, fishing boats) and the production of chemicals, textiles and cement. Newcastle and Haifa have been Twin Cities since 1979. There was activity in the 1980’s and 90’s but there is currently little contact between the two cities.
Norway
Bergen: Bergen is Norway's second largest city and is situated on the south west coast with an economy based mainly on fishing, shipbuilding and associated industries, machinery and metal products, food processing and offshore energy. The Naval Academy of the Royal Norwegian Navy is located at Laksevåg in Bergen.
Newcastle has a particularly close bond with Bergen. Every December since the Second World War the we have been presented with a Christmas Tree by the city as a symbol of peace and goodwill. In 1968 The King of Norway, Olav V, opened Newcastle's Civic Centre and we signed a Twin City agreement. The twinning arrangement is very important as Britain is the main recipient of foreign investment by Norwegian industrial, shipping, commercial and financial companies.
South Africa
Durban: eThekwini (Durban) is the busiest container port in Africa and thegateway to the national parks and historic sites of Zulu Kingdom and the Drakensberg. In December 2014 we signed a Memorandum of Understanding with eThekwini Municipality to “promote relations between the cities by agreeing to share information and best practice and to support cooperation on matters of mutual interest”. Since then there have been a number trade and business visits between the two cities.
Eastern Cape: In 1986 Nelson Mandela was made an Honorary Freeman of Newcastle and in 2008 North East of England twinned with the Eastern Cape. This agreement was made by the Association of North East Councils.
Sweden
Malmo: Malmö is the third most populous city in Sweden and the capital of Skåne County. The economy of was traditionally based on shipbuilding and construction related industries and although the city experienced an economic decline in the 1970’s there has been a revival in recent years. The strongest sectors in Malmö are logistics, retail and wholesale trade, construction and property. The city is also home to well-known companies in the fields of technology, IT and digital media.
Our relationship developed from a Cooperation Agreement signed in 2003 and reconfirmed in 2010. Joint areas of work, usually funded by the European Union, include sustainability, climate change, migration, regeneration, childhood education and care and education and skills.
United States of America
Atlanta: Atlanta is the State capital of Georgia and the largest city and principal trade and transportation centre in South East of the USA. Metropolitan Atlanta is the ninth largest metropolitan area in the USA with a population of 5.5 million and is home the world headquarters of Coca-Cola, AT&T Mobility, CNN and Delta Airlines it ranks fourth for the number of Fortune 500 companies based in the area. Atlanta has experienced rapid economic growth with employment increasing by almost 30% in the last decade with strong banking, engineering and health science sectors. It also has one of the largest concentrations of colleges and universities in the USA with over 30 higher education institutions including the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) and Georgia State University. Georgia Tech’s Industrial System’s and Engineering Department has ranked number one in the world for the past 15 years.
Our relationship with Sister City Atlanta was developed by an organisation known as the Friendship Force. The first exchange visit took place in 1977 when President Jimmy Carter visited Newcastle as part of his first overseas visit as President. Since then regular exchanges between Georgia and Newcastle have been organised by with President Carter returning in 1987. As well as civic and cultural relationships there are links between Universities, businesses and other organisations in the two cities.
Little Rock: Little Rock is Arkansas’ capital and largest city and the county seat of Pulaski County. It is a river port and an important transportation centre due to the level of raw materials in the area including timber, oil, gas and coal. The relationship between Newcastle and Little Rock was established in 1997 with an initial focus on young people. In 1999 Little Rock hosted the Sister Cities International Convention during which we signed a Friendship Agreement as at the time we were unable to become formal Sister Cities due to our relationship with Atlanta.
In 2002 Little Rock sent its first official delegation to Newcastle led by Sharon Priest, Arkansas’ first female Secretary of State to Newcastle to meet with national and local leaders and to explore areas of common interest including health care, tourism, economic development, urban renewal, public transportation and city services for youth and seniors.
In 2014 young people from the Little Rock Mayor’s Youth Leadership programme spent a week in our city working with members of Newcastle’s Youth Council and other young people from Newcastle to develop joint projects for future collaboration. In the same year the Sister Cities International Board changed their rules and Newcastle and Little Rock are now formally Sister Cities.
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https://www.britannica.com/place/Delaware-state/The-colony
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Delaware - Colonial, Quaker, Mid-Atlantic
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[
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1998-10-26T00:00:00+00:00
|
Delaware - Colonial, Quaker, Mid-Atlantic: The Dutch founded the first European settlement in Delaware at Lewes (then called Zwaanendael) in 1631. They quickly set up a trade in beaver furs with the Native Americans, who within a short time raided and destroyed the settlement after a disagreement between the two groups. A permanent settlement was not established until 1638—by Swedes at Fort Christina (now Wilmington) as part of their colony of New Sweden; they reputedly erected America’s first log cabins there. The Dutch from New Amsterdam (New York) defeated the Swedes in 1655, and the English seized the colony from the Dutch in 1664. Thereafter,
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en
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/favicon.png
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/place/Delaware-state/The-colony
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The Dutch founded the first European settlement in Delaware at Lewes (then called Zwaanendael) in 1631. They quickly set up a trade in beaver furs with the Native Americans, who within a short time raided and destroyed the settlement after a disagreement between the two groups. A permanent settlement was not established until 1638—by Swedes at Fort Christina (now Wilmington) as part of their colony of New Sweden; they reputedly erected America’s first log cabins there. The Dutch from New Amsterdam (New York) defeated the Swedes in 1655, and the English seized the colony from the Dutch in 1664. Thereafter, except for a brief Dutch reconquest in 1673, Delaware was administered as part of New York until 1682, when the duke of York (the future James II) ceded it to William Penn, who wanted it so that his colony of Pennsylvania could have access to the ocean. Though Penn tried to unite the Delaware counties with Pennsylvania, both sides resented the union. In 1704 he allowed Delaware an assembly of its own. Pennsylvania and Delaware shared an appointed governor until the American Revolution. Only in 1776 did the name Delaware—deriving from Thomas West, 12th baron de la Warr, a governor of Virginia—become official, though it had been applied to the bay in 1610 and gradually thereafter to the adjoining land.
Seal of Delaware
Delaware's state bird is the blue hen chicken.
The peach blossom is the state flower of Delaware.
Population:
(2020) 989,948; (2023 est.) 1,031,890
Governor:
John Carney (Democrat)
Date Of Admission:
Dec. 7, 17872
During the Penn family’s proprietorship, members of the Society of Friends (Quakers) came to the northern part of Delaware because it was close to Philadelphia and offered good farmland. Quaker merchants established the town of Wilmington in 1739. Another group of newcomers were the Scotch-Irish, who brought with them their Presbyterian religion and an emphasis on education. In 1743 Francis Alison, a Presbyterian minister, established a school that became the foundation for the later University of Delaware. Southern Delaware was populated largely by English, many coming from nearby Maryland, and by Africans, who were introduced as slaves to clear the land and work the farms. Toward the end of the 18th century, itinerant Methodist preachers found many converts among both black and white inhabitants of southern Delaware.
Economic development in the 19th century
With its swift-flowing rivers and creeks, northern Delaware was among the earliest parts of the new United States to adopt water-powered industry. Brandywine superfine flour, ground at Quaker-owned mills in Wilmington, was prized in Europe and the West Indies; and E.I. du Pont, a Frenchman trained by Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier in chemistry and powder making, established the country’s largest and best black powder factory north of Wilmington on the Brandywine Creek in 1802. Textiles, tobacco, and the first continuous-roll paper mill in the country were also established in the area.
Wilmington’s merchants and millers encouraged improvements in transportation, beginning with turnpikes into the hinterland and culminating in the establishment of a railroad connecting Wilmington with Baltimore and Philadelphia in 1838. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, built by Philadelphia merchants to capture products from the Susquehanna River valley, was completed in 1826. The Delaware Railroad connected Wilmington to Seaford in western Sussex county by 1856. Steamboats on the Delaware River assisted the commercial development of the state’s agriculture, especially the growing of peaches for urban markets. Steam-powered transportation also provided the key to Wilmington’s rapid industrialization in the mid-19th century. The city grew from about 5,500 in 1840 to some 77,000 by 1900 and attracted immigrants from Ireland, England, and Germany. Its industries included the manufacture of railroad cars, steamboats, morocco leather, and carriages.
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https://oneforthemoneytwofortheroad.com/2022/02/18/new-castle-delaware-and-first-state-national-historic-park/
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New Castle, Delaware and First State National Historic Park
|
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"Mike and Kellye Hefner",
"Kellye Hefner",
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2022-02-18T00:00:00
|
Established in 1651 by Dutch settlers, the town of New Castle sits on the banks of the Delaware River. The historic district has been designated a National Landmark. We chose to visit because it is part of the First State National Historical Park, which has several sites between the northern border and Dover. We arrived … Continue reading New Castle, Delaware and First State National Historic Park
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en
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One for the Money Two for the Road
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https://oneforthemoneytwofortheroad.com/2022/02/18/new-castle-delaware-and-first-state-national-historic-park/
|
Established in 1651 by Dutch settlers, the town of New Castle sits on the banks of the Delaware River. The historic district has been designated a National Landmark. We chose to visit because it is part of the First State National Historical Park, which has several sites between the northern border and Dover. We arrived on a weekday and basically had the historic district to ourselves. Fall was in the air, and it turned out to be a perfect day to stroll the cobblestone streets and learn about the history of the state.
We’re going to wrap up here, but in closing we will leave you with a photo of the Delaware Legislative Hall which is the state capitol building.
Thank you for joining us on the road. We hope that you will keep coming back for more great road trips and perhaps a tip or two. Until then…
Travel safe, travel smart, and we will see you down the road!
Mike and Kellye
As always, we strive to be as accurate with our information as possible. If we made a mistake, it was unintentional. (Hey, we’re only human!) We aren’t paid for our recommendations, and we only recommend our own tried and true vendors and venues. Our suggestions are for places that we’ve heard good things about but haven’t visited personally, and our opinions are our own.
©2022
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https://www.facebook.com/NewCastleCItyDE/
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Sieh dir auf Facebook Beiträge, Fotos und vieles mehr an.
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https://www.nps.gov/frst/learn/historyculture/special-resource-study.htm
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Putting It All Together
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The following text is in an excerpt from the National Park Service Special Resource Study (2008), Delaware National Coastal Special Resource Study, and Environmental Assessment.
Early Settlement:
A brief summary of the early history of Delaware provides some background for the objects of historic and scientific interest that would be included in this park. In 1638, Peter Minuet-who had formerly been director general of the Dutch New Netherland colony-led Swedish colonists to present day Wilmington, Delaware, and established New Sweden at a point known as "the rocks" on the Christina River. The settlers constructed Fort Christina at this location, and while the site today is a National Historic Landmark, no vestiges of the fort remain. However, in 1698, Swedish settlers established Holy Trinity ("Old Swedes'") Church near the fort. This church is the oldest church in the United States that still stands as originally built, and is a National Historic Landmark.
In 1651, Peter Stuyvesant led Dutch settlers from New Amsterdam, the capital city of New Netherland on Manhattan Island in present day New York, to a site approximately 7 miles south of Fort Christina, where they built Fort Casimir at a place Stuyvesant named "New Amstel" in present day New Castle, Delaware. The Dutch fort at New Amstel proved a superior position to the Swedish Fort Christina for controlling supplies and commerce. Conflicts between the Swedish and Dutch colonists resulted in changing occupations of Fort Casimir, with the Dutch regaining control in 1655.
Then, in 1665, the English arrived in New Amstel with men and warships, seized control of the city for the King of England, and renamed it "New Castle." In fact, the English at that time wrested control of all of New Netherland, which then became part of the colony of New York under the Duke of York, brother of King Charles II. In 1681, King Charles II paid his gratitude to Sir Admiral William Penn, a key military supporter, by deeding "Penn's Woods" (Pennsylvania) to the Admiral's son, William. The King set the boundary of Penn's Woods 12 miles out from New Castle in an arc extending radially. This 12-mile circle protected land around New Castle that the King had previously granted to his brother the Duke of York, but also prevented William Penn from having access to the Atlantic Ocean for his new Quaker colony. So Penn asked the Duke of York for land along the Delaware River down to the Atlantic Ocean, and the Duke acquiesced, thereby laying the basis for Penn's establishing the three "Lower Counties of Pennsylvania" that eventually became Delaware.
William Penn landed in New Castle in 1682 and took possession of the city. In 1704, Penn established Delaware's General Assembly and allowed it to meet separately from Pennsylvania's. New Castle remained the colonial capital of Delaware until 1777. The New Castle Courthouse is a National Historic Landmark. The New Castle Historic District, which contains numerous additional resources from the time of earliest settlement through the Federal era, is also a National Historic Landmark.
Becoming The First State:
As outlined in the NPS Special Resource Study, the history of Colonial Delaware and the era leading to American Independence is complex and fascinating. Delaware was actively engaged in the debates surrounding the conflict with Britain and the choice for Revolution. Delaware delegates actively participated in the Continental Congress debating British taxation of the colonies and the idea of independence from England. Delaware delegates participated in the first and second Continental Congresses, and were part of the decision making that lead to a vote to form a new government on May 10, 1776. While five elected men stayed in Philadelphia to write the declaration, the other delegates returned home in June 1776 to consult with their colony's legislature. The Delaware Assembly met on June 15, 1776, in New Castle and voted to sever ties with the crown. Until a new government could be formed it was suggested that business would be directed by the three county representatives rather than the king. This made June 15, 1776, the official birth date of "Delaware State"; the following day, June 16, Delaware separated from the state of Pennsylvania. Soon after, a Delaware State Constitution was approved and adopted on September 20th, still celebrated as "Constitution Day" in the state.
On September 17, 1787, the Constitution of the United States was completed in Philadelphia, and a four-part ratification process began. On September 28, 1787, the Confederation Congress sent the Constitution to the states. Of course, the states nearest to Philadelphia had the advantage of deliberating on the new Constitution sooner than those at some distance. The Golden Fleece Tavern on the Green in Dover, Delaware, had become a center for community and government activities. Also known as Battell's Tavern, it was the meeting place of the Delaware Assembly's Upper House, the Legislative Council, when the state government moved from New Castle to Dover in 1777. In September 1787, when the constitution was sent to the states for consideration, thirty delegates were elected in Delaware to meet and review the document. The meeting was convened on December 3. Approval was unanimous, and on December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first state in the new nation to ratify the Federal Constitution. The site of the Golden Fleece Tavern, the Dover Green Historic District, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Industrial Era:
The boundary arc establishing the three "Lower Counties of Pennsylvania" that became Delaware runs, in part, through the Woodlawn Trustees property ("Woodlawn") to the northwest of present day Wilmington in the Brandywine Hundred. Woodlawn is tied to William Penn and the early Quaker settlements in Delaware, and it also tells the nationally significant story of Quaker industrialist William Poole Bancroft's altruistic planning efforts for the region.
As noted, Woodlawn is situated on land known as the "Brandywine Hundred," acquired by William Penn from the Duke of York in 1682. Penn called the 4,120 acre tract "Rockland Manor." In 1701 , Penn commissioned a survey and demarcation of the twelve-mile arc through his property. The initial tree blazes that marked the boundary were replaced in 1892 with more permanent stone markers. One of these stone boundary markers still stands at Woodlawn, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
In 1699, Penn sold 2,000 acres of Rockland Manor to the Pennsylvania Land Company, which in turn sold the land to settlers---predominantly Quakers---who had begun settling the area before 1690. In time, the Brandywine and Delaware valleys were more densely settled with Quakers than any other rural area in the United States. The Quaker community established farms, businesses, and industries on the land once owned by William Penn. At least 8 properties from the eighteenth century are known to be located at Woodlawn. The Beaver Valley area of Woodlawn was owned by the Hicklens and Chandlers, two Quaker families that dominated settlement in that area throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.
Beginning in 1906, Quaker industrialist William Poole Bancroft began to purchase property in the Brandywine Hundred, five miles outside Wilmington city limits, to hold in reserve for the public. Bancroft, heir to the Bancroft cotton mills on the Brandywine River, eventually amassed over 1,300 acres in the Brandywine Hundred, of which Woodlawn comprises 1,100 acres. Woodlawn remains as it was when Bancroft purchased it: farm fields and forests predominate, sprinkled with old farmsteads, bridges, and a few roads and trails. Because it has remained relatively undisturbed for more than a century, the property exhibits Colonial and Quaker settlement patterns that have vanished elsewhere.
Woodlawn was the culmination of Bancroft's city planning efforts, which began after the Civil War with development of a city park and parkway system for Wilmington, and evolved into more comprehensive planning in the early twentieth century. In Wilmington, Bancroft developed affordable housing known as "The Flats," available to anyone, not just Bancroft mill employees, and still in use. In consultation with experts like Frederick Law Olmsted, he also developed boulevards and parkways to link neighborhoods and parks. Bancroft also secured bucolic green space outside the city, in this case Woodlawn, for the inspiration and benefit of city dwellers, and set up a trust entity--
"…to hold the majority of the undeveloped land in trust for permanent green space, and sell the most developable land to fund the work that Bancroft had outlined for the corporation: affordable housing and the acquisition of land for parkland and open space. The Trust, still operating today in its intended capacity, may be unique in the United States in this regard."
With respect to Woodlawn in particular, Bancroft envisioned the population growth over the next century of both Wilmington and the area between Wilmington and Philadelphia, and set out to preserve Woodlawn for the long-term well-being of the public. In 1909, Bancroft stated that it could take 100 years to appreciate the need to preserve this property as parkland.
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https://historycentral.com/States/Delaware.html
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Everything About Delaware
|
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Everything you wanted to know about Delaware, history, economy people and more
|
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../images/fav_icon.ico
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Delaware
Delaware Economy
AGRICULTURE: chickens, corn,
eggs, fruit, soybeans, vegetables.
MINING: magnesium compounds,
sand and gravel.
MANUFACTURING: chemicals,
electronics, instruments, paper
products, plastics.
Delaware Geography
Total Area: 2,489 sq. miles
Land area: 1,955 sq. miles
Water Area: 535 sq. miles
Geographic Center: Kent County
11 mi. S of Dover
Highest Point: Ebright Road
New Castle County (442 ft.)
Lowest Point: Atlantic Ocean
(sea level)
Highest Recorded Temp.: 110Ë F (7/21/1930)
Lowest Recorded Temp.: -17Ë F (1/17/1893)
With the exception of the Northwest corner of the state (which is hilly), Delaware is extremely flat with fertile land very suitable for farming. The Atlantic coast of the state has dune covered beaches.
Cities
Wilmington, 70,851;
Dover, 36,047;
Newark, 31,454;
Middletown, 18,871
Smyrna, 10,023
Milford, 9,559
Seaford, 6,928
Georgetown, 6,422
Elsmere, 6,131
New Castle, 5,285
Delaware History
1638 Peter Minuit established the first permanent white settlement in Delaware
called New Sweden.
1655 Peter Stuyvesant captures New Sweden claiming it for Holland.
1735 Quakers settle in Delaware.
1777 The Battle of Brandywine is fought and lost by the General Washington
troops.
1787 Delaware became the first state to ratify the Constitution.
1800 The Duponts migrate from France to Delaware and establish a gunpowder
plant.
1861-65 During the Civil War Delaware does not secede from the Union.
1951 Delaware Memorial Bridge opens.
2000- Ruth Ann Miner becomes the first woman governor of the state
Famous People
John Dickinson
E.I. du Pont
Thomas Garret
Henry Heimlich
Delaware National Sites
1) Fort Christina
Fort Christina (later renamed Fort Altena; Swedish: Fort Kristina) was the first Swedish settlement in North America and the principal settlement of the New Sweden colony. Built in 1638 and named after Queen Christina of Sweden, it was located approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) east of the present downtown Wilmington, Delaware, at the confluence of the Brandywine Creek and the Christina River, approximately 2 mi (3 km) upstream from the mouth of the Christina on the Delaware River..
2) Holy Trinity Church
The church was built in 1698â99 in the Swedish colony of New Sweden from local blue granite and Swedish bricks that had been used as ship's ballast. The church was situated on the site of the Fort Christina's burial ground, which dates to 1638. It is claimed that it is "the nation's oldest church building still standing as originally built". There are reportedly over 15,000 burials in the churchyard. Lutheran Church services were held in the Swedish language well into the 18th century.[4]
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https://sullivanny.us/Departments/ParksRecreation/FortDelaware
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Fort Delaware Museum
|
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Fort Delaware is an authentic depiction of the life of the Delaware Company Pioneers who settled in the Upper Delaware Valley in 1754. A tour of the facilities includes demonstrations of early settlers' lifestyles and craft-making. This facility is located within the Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River, a unit of the National Park Service.
Fort Delaware Museum is located in the Hamlet of Narrowsburg, in Sullivan County on State Route 97 (designated Scenic Byway) in the historic Upper Delaware River Valley approximately 45 minutes north of Port Jervis, NY and 30 minutes west of Monticello, NY.
The Fort is owned and maintained by Sullivan County through its Department of Parks, Recreation and Beautification. It is operated by The Delaware Company, a modern nonprofit whose mission is to promote and support the history and historic landmarks of the Upper Delaware River Valley and beyond through education, outreach and fundraising.
Museum Hours, Operating Schedule and Rates
Sullivan County has contracted out the operation of Fort Delaware to a local nonprofit historical organization known as The Delaware Company. A full list of events and volunteer opportunities at the Fort can be found on The Delaware Company's website. CLICK HERE to access their site.
Updates are also posted on the Fort's Facebook page.
Introduction
Much attention is paid to the people who settled the main cities of New York, but those who decided to take on the wilderness are often forgotten. At Fort Delaware, the daily life of the wilderness settler is explored through exhibits, crafts, demonstrations and tours. The Fort is a reconstruction of the original frontier settlement of the Cushetunk settlement on the Delaware River, with its stockades and stout log homes, which offered the only protection from hostile native Americans, and later English troops. The Fort consists of a small settlement entirely surrounded by high log walls, or stockades. During your visit, you will see the blockhouse (where arms and ammunition were stored), settlers’ cabins, a spinning, weaving and barn loom area, blacksmith shop, candle-making shed and much more. Period-dressed interpreters demonstrate 18th century life skills, including: cooking, baking bread, animal care, dipping candles, and the firing of a ½ pound British swivel cannon. Special events are scheduled throughout the summer so your visit may include quilting demonstrations, special spinning & weaving demonstrations, baking and food preparation, early settler demonstrations, re-enactors demonstrating life styles typical during the revolutionary and civil war periods.
top of page
Background*
Fort Delaware is a representation of the first white settlement on the Upper Delaware River, called Cushetunk. Today’s Fort represents the development of the settlement over a thirty year period. The original settlers were farmers who came primarily from central Connecticut and were of English descent. They were searching for more land because it had become too crowded in Connecticut to suit colonial farming techniques. A group of Connecticut men formed “The Delaware Company” and became proprietors. In the traditional New England way of land distribution they owned the land and either sold or leased it to farmers moving into this frontier, these proprietors moved their families to the frontier and never sold their land. The Delaware Company purchased land from the Lenape Indians, with the first deed signed in 1754. The land purchased was a 10 mile long strip along both sides of the Delaware River (situate in modern day New York and Pennsylvania). Procedures for filing land claims were very different in the 18 th century. Also at that time, the States of Pennsylvania and New York were engaged in a boundary dispute, disputes of other colonies really didn’t matter much to those early Connecticut farmers, so they claimed the land for Connecticut! And they called their community, “Cushetunk”. To those white settlers, it sounded like what the Lenapes were calling the place. KASH-ET-UNK, or “a place of red stone hills”.
By 1760, there were thirty cabins, a gristmill and a sawmill. Each spring saw the arrival of more people willing to hack a new life out of the frontier. These people faced hardships they probably never conceived of in Connecticut. Indian attacks, the remote wilderness, rough winters, and the possibility that farming this land would not sustain them. They came into the area during the French and Indian Wars (1755-1763). In 1761, a stockade was erected around three homes to serve as protection for the entire settlement against attack. In 1763, the settlement was attacked by a Lenape war party. The lower part of the settlement was destroyed with no known survivors. By the time the war party moved up the settlement, people had gathered into the Fort for protection. The attackers were held off, with two casualties among the settlers.
It is this fort which is represented today at Fort Delaware even though it was known as “the lower fort” during the 18 th century. Another fort was situated in the upper part of the settlement. The Fort was never used as a military post, only for civilian protection. In 1764, a rafting business was introduced into the community, and became very successful. It brought cash into the community on a steady basis, and Cushetunk experienced a lot of development. In the years between the French and Indian Wars and the American Revolution, the fort was abandoned as the threat of Indian attack decreased and people began building what they called “fair houses”. The period of the American Revolution (1775-1783) was a turbulent time for the people of Cushetunk. Generally, the inhabitants were “Tories” (or those who were loyal to the Crown). However, there were also a handful of patriots, or Whigs as well. As time went on neighbors became hated enemies. Many residents of Cushetunk took up arms for the British and Continental armies. Some fought with local militias. In some instances families were torn, brothers fighting on opposing armies. There were many occurrences in the settlement of neighbors (who once depended on each other for survival) fighting, looting, and even mudering each other. Some of the Patriots from the settlement fought not far from their homes at the Battle of Minisink on July 21, 1779 (see Minisink Battleground Park). After the Revolution, the Patriots returned victorious to reclaim their lands, and many loyalists left to settle in Canada. Today, the descendants of these early settlers can still be in the area.
* condensed from A History of Fort Delaware by James Burbank
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For information on Student Days: email jconway52@hotmail.com
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New Castle County Delaware
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2015-05-12T13:49:21+00:00
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Click here for New Castle Community History and Archaeology Project website Step back in time and experience the charm and beauty of colonial New Castle. Walk the cobblestone streets and enjoy the historic sites of this riverfront community. New Castle, originally named Fort Casimir, was founded in 1651 by Peter Stuyvesant, who was sent to provide the Dutch with command of all river traffic. Because of its strategic location, ownership of the settlement was constantly changing. The flags of the Netherlands, Sweden and Great Britain have all flown over New Castle. The three counties which make up the state of Delaware were added to William Penn’s lands in America. In 1682, Penn came ashore at New Castle and took possession, but these counties, which were well established, became dissatisfied with Penn’s rule. In 1704, when he granted them a separate legislature, New Castle became the colonial capitol of Delaware. The lively […]
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City of New Castle
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https://newcastlecity.delaware.gov/history/
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History
Click here for New Castle Community History and Archaeology Project website
Step back in time and experience the charm and beauty of colonial New Castle. Walk the cobblestone streets and enjoy the historic sites of this riverfront community.
New Castle, originally named Fort Casimir, was founded in 1651 by Peter Stuyvesant, who was sent to provide the Dutch with command of all river traffic. Because of its strategic location, ownership of the settlement was constantly changing. The flags of the Netherlands, Sweden and Great Britain have all flown over New Castle.
The three counties which make up the state of Delaware were added to William Penn’s lands in America. In 1682, Penn came ashore at New Castle and took possession, but these counties, which were well established, became dissatisfied with Penn’s rule. In 1704, when he granted them a separate legislature, New Castle became the colonial capitol of Delaware. The lively town also briefly served as the first state capital, and continued as the county seat until the 1880’s.
New Castle’s location made it an ideal transfer point for trips up and down the coast. As a result, New Castle was a thriving community throughout the 1700’s and early 1800’s. The courts and general assembly also attracted various judges, lawyers and government officials who built handsome houses, many of which still remain. The Great Fire of 1824, which started in the stables behind the Jefferson House, claimed many of the inns and warehouses located on The Strand. Among the buildings destroyed was the modest home of George Read, signer of the Declaration on Independence and the Constitution.
Unlike many historic communities, New Castle is a residential town where people live and work. Each house reflects the individuality of its past and present owners. Because New Castle has been named a National Landmark Historic Area, all renovations and restorations are carefully supervised.
This small, picturesque City allows vacationers, as well as business travelers, a refreshing respite from the pressures of daily life. Whether you are enjoying the beaches, the Brandywine Valley, or other treasures of Delaware, be sure to include New Castle in your itinerary.
A timeline of New Castle City History, compiled by the New Castle Historical Society:
1651 – Fort Casimir established at today’s New Castle by the Dutch under Gov. Peter Stuyvesant.
1682 – William Penn landed in New Castle to take control of the colony of Pennsylvania.
1704 – Penn granted Lower Three Counties (today’s Delaware) independent status, with New Castle as their capital.
1764 – First Board of Trustees of New Castle Common named to manage common land for residents.
1776 – New Castle became the state capital, but the state moved its governmental seat to Dover the following year.
1824 – New Castle was devastated by the Great Fire on Water Street, now known as The Strand.
1831 – New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad opened. It was the first railroad in Delaware and one of the first in the nation.
1875 – New Castle incorporated as a city under an act of the state legislature.
1881 – New Castle County seat moved from New Castle to Wilmington.
1897 – Electric trolley service to Wilmington added.
1925 – New Castle-Pennsville, N.J., ferry service was inaugurated. It ended in 1951.
1934 – New Castle Historical Society established for purpose of opening the 1738 Amstel House as the first historic-house museum in town.
1949 – The town’s central district was surveyed and mapped by Historic New Castle Inc. in a preservation initiative.
2001 – The city celebrated the 350th anniversary of its founding.
Researching Your House in the Town of New Castle
A house research guide for New Castle County is available from the State of Delaware has much useful detail, but there are some resources specific to the Town of New Castle. These research approaches are listed below in order of ease of use and usefulness. Even if you know only the address of a property in the historic area you can find out the names of occupants or owners from the first settlement in the 1650’s up to the 1840’s. These names help with the other approaches such as census, probate, tax or burial records.
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https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/a-tour-of-new-netherland/delaware
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Delaware :: New Netherland Institute
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https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/a-tour-of-new-netherland/delaware
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Delaware River
Today we know it as the Delaware River, which forms the boundary between the states of Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. To the Dutch it was the South River, since it was the main highway through the southern part of New Netherland (by the same logic, they called the Hudson River the North River). It was a vital part of the colony, which would leave a fascinating collection of legacies in American history and culture. The cities of Wilmington, Trenton and Newark started life as trading centers in this era. The state of Delaware owes its existence to the short-lived Dutch settlement of Swaanendael.
In 1638, this area also became the site of yet another European venture when a Swedish expedition sailed into Delaware Bay and established the short-lived colony of New Sweden at present-day Wilmington (the area of Wilmington waterfront where the ship docked is still called Swedes' Landing). In its seventeen years, New Sweden expanded as far north as present-day Trenton, New Jersey. However, the Dutch of New Netherland were not going to stand for an incursion into their territory, and in 1655 Peter Stuyvesant himself led a military expedition to the Swedish fort on the Delaware, overwhelming the troops there, and bringing New Sweden to an end - just as, nine years later, an English military flotilla would sail to Manhattan and force Stuyvesant to give up New Netherland
The so-called South River area of New Netherland has made unique and important contributions to American history. While early New England and Virginia remained largely English enclaves, this region was, along with Manhattan Island, one of the few centers of multiculturalism in the early American colonies, a mixture of Dutch, English, Swedes, Finns, Germans and others. These early settlers of the Delaware Valley would, over the next two hundred years, fan out in one of the great cultural migrations of American history, throughout Appalachia, into the Deep South and the Midwest. The Finnish settlers who took part in this migration would bring with them one of their distinctive cultural features, which would become an icon of Americana: the log cabin.
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https://www.newcastleweekly.com/
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United States
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Delaware's BIGGEST little newspaper
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THE WEEKLY
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https://www.newcastleweekly.com
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Besides the types of notices listed above, we published classifieds, sale notices, commercial ads and other legal notices. If you'd like to advertise with The Weekly, call us at 302-328-6005 or email us at Admin@TheWeekly.Press
We can design any advertising you need, or you can send us the camera-ready artwork you have.
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https://info.mysticstamp.com/this-day-in-history-december-7-1787/
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Delaware Becomes America’s First State
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2016-12-07T00:00:31-05:00
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On December 7, 1787, Delaware was the first state to ratify the U.S. Constitution, making it America’s first state.
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https://info.mysticstamp.com/wp-content/uploads/favicon.ico
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Mystic Stamp Learning Center
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https://info.mysticstamp.com/this-day-in-history-december-7-1787/
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On December 7, 1787, Delaware was the first state to ratify the U.S. Constitution, making it America’s first state.
Two Algonquian Indian tribes lived in the Delaware region when the first European explorers arrived. The Lenni-Lenape tribe lived along the Delaware River. The Nanticoke lived along the Nanticoke River. By the mid-1700s, white settlers had pushed most of the American Indians out of Delaware.
The English explorer Henry Hudson was the first European to visit the Delaware area. In 1609, he sailed into Delaware Bay looking for a trade route to the Far East. When Hudson saw the bay led to a river, he left the region and continued his search farther north. In 1610, Captain Samuel Argall of the Virginia Colony took refuge in the Delaware Bay during a fierce storm. He named the bay De La Warr Bay, after Lord De La Warr, Virginia’s governor.
The Dutch attempted to create a settlement in the region at Zwaanendael (present-day Lewes) in 1631, but within a year, Indians massacred the settlers and burned their fort. In 1638, Swedish settlers came to the region and founded the colony of New Sweden. They built Fort Christina, the first permanent white settlement, at the present-day site of Wilmington. The colony quickly expanded northward as new colonists arrived from Sweden and Finland. However, the Dutch believed New Sweden fell within their territory, and in 1651, the governor of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, established Fort Casimir at the site of present-day New Castle. The Swedes captured Fort Casimir in 1654, but the following year the Dutch took control of New Sweden.
The British captured all of New Netherland in 1664. Delaware was made part of the colony of New York. In 1682, a year after William Penn founded Pennsylvania, it was made part of that colony. Delaware became known as the Three Lower Counties, because it was “down” the Delaware River from Pennsylvania. As Pennsylvania grew, Delaware asked Penn to grant them a separate legislature, which he did in 1704. However, Pennsylvania governors ruled Delaware until the American Revolutionary War.
Representatives from the Three Lower Counties attended the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774. At the Second Continental Congress on July 2, 1776, the Three Lower Counties voted for independence. Later that year, the Three Lower Counties became Delaware State and established a state constitution. New Castle became the state’s first capital.
Troops from Delaware fought throughout the Revolutionary War. But only one small battle was fought in the state, when outnumbered American troops attempted to stop the British from marching toward Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The troops met the British at Coochs Bridge, near Newark, on September 3, 1777, but were quickly forced to retreat. The British marched on the defeated forces of General George Washington at the Battle of Brandywine. The British occupied Wilmington on September 12, 1777, forcing the legislature to move away from nearby New Castle. The legislature moved several times before making Dover the capital. Dover remains Delaware’s capital city to this day.
Delaware signed the Articles of Confederation (the forerunner to the U.S. Constitution) on February 22, 1779. However, the state’s leaders were not satisfied with the document. Two leaders, John Dickinson and George Read, helped draft a constitution with a stronger body of laws. On December 7, 1787, Delaware voted unanimously to ratify the United States Constitution and became America’s first state. Delaware adopted a new state constitution in 1792. At that time it changed its official name from Delaware State to the State of Delaware.
Wilmington became known as the nation’s leading flour-milling area during the American Revolution. In 1802, the state’s chemical industry began when Éleuthère Irénée du Pont started a powder mill on the Brandywine Creek near Wilmington. When the British established a trade embargo against the United States during the War of 1812, Delaware responded by building new industries. British ships bombarded the city of Lewes during the War of 1812, but with little effect.
Ideologically, Delaware was caught in the middle of the American Civil War (1861-65). It was a slave state, but it was also a firm supporter of the Union. Its location between the North and the Deep South tied it to both sides. Although it fought on the side of the Union, many people from Delaware felt the Confederate States should have been allowed to leave the Union peacefully.
Delaware continued to prosper during and after the Civil War. Its farms and industries were further bolstered by the expansion of the railroads. Wilmington experienced exceptional growth as thousands moved to the city to work in its shipyards, iron foundries, machine shops, and manufacturing plants.
As Delaware’s economy grew during the 20th century, it improved its public services. By 1920, the state had established an industrial accident board, a board of welfare, and a highway department. Pierre S. du Pont gave the state several million dollars to build new schools and improve public education.
During World War II and the 1950s and ’60s, many new industries came to Delaware. Giant corporations like Chrysler, General Foods, and General Motors moved into the state. Du Pont expanded its operations and became the state’s leading employer. Many businesses are located in the state because Delaware’s business laws favor corporations. It’s easier and less expensive to run a corporation in Delaware than in most other states. This is true even if the corporation does most of its business elsewhere.
Delaware also has some of the nation’s richest farm regions. In Sussex County and in southern portions of the state, farmers raise broilers – chickens 5-12 weeks old. Broilers are the leading cash crop in Delaware.
In 1980, Delaware’s constitution was amended to restrict the government’s spending to 95% of the state’s expected revenue. This has greatly increased Delaware’s financial situation. As a result, many financial institutions have moved to the area, and tourism has increased.
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New Castle County, Delaware
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New Castle County is the northernmost of the three counties of the U.S. state of Delaware. As of the 2010 census, the population was 538,479, making it the most populous county in Delaware, with just under 60% of the state's population of 897,936 in the same census. The county...
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/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico
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Counties Wiki
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https://counties.fandom.com/wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware
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New Castle County is the northernmost of the three counties of the U.S. state of Delaware. As of the 2010 census, the population was 538,479, making it the most populous county in Delaware, with just under 60% of the state's population of 897,936 in the same census. The county seat is Wilmington.
New Castle County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is named after the English city of Newcastle.
New Castle County has the highest population and population density of any Delaware county, and it is the smallest county in the state by area. It has more people than the other two counties, Kent and Sussex, combined. It is also the most economically developed of the three.
Matt Meyer was elected New Castle County Executive in 2016.
New Castle County is home to two minor league sports teams: the Wilmington Blue Rocks (baseball) and the Delaware 87ers(basketball) which play in Newark. It also has a professional auto racing track in New Castle known as Airport Speedway, which races on Saturday nights throughout the summer.
History[]
The first permanent European settlement on Delaware soil was Fort Christina, resulting from Peter Minuit's 1638 expedition on the Swedish vessels Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel. The Swedes laid out the town at the site of modern-day Wilmington. They contracted with the Lenape Native Americans for land of Old Cape Henlopen north to Sankikans (Trenton Falls), and inland as far as they desired. However, a dispute ensued between the Swedes and the Dutch, who asserted a prior claim to that land.
In 1640, New Sweden was founded a few miles south of Christina. In 1644, Queen Christina appointed Lt. Col. Johan Printz as Governor of New Sweden. She directed boundaries to be set and to reach Cape Henlopen north along the west side of Godyn's Bay (Delaware Bay), up the South River (Delaware River), past Minquas Kill (Christina River), to Sankikans (Trenton Falls). Printz settled on Tinicum Island, as the seat of government and capital of the New Sweden colony.
Peter Stuyvesant, Governor of New Netherland, sailed up the South River in 1651. He purchased land from the Lenape that covered Minquas Kill to Bompties Hook (Bombay Hook); the Lenape had sold part of the property to the Swedes in 1638. Stuyvesant began to build Fort Casimir (contemporary New Castle).
In 1654, Johan Risingh, commissary and councilor to the Governor Lt. Col. Printz, officially assumed Printz's duties and began to expel all Dutch from New Sweden. Fort Casimirsurrendered and was renamed Fort Trinity in 1654. The Swedes had complete possession of the west side of the Delaware River. On June 21, 1654, the Lenape met with the Swedes to reaffirm the purchase.
Having learned of the fall of Fort Casimir, the Dutch sent Stuyvesant to drive the Swedes from both sides of the river. They allowed only Dutch colonists to settle in the area and on August 31, 1655, the territory was converted back to Fort Casimir. Consequently, Fort Christina fell on September 15 to the Dutch and New Netherland ruled once again. John Paul Jacquet was immediately appointed governor, making New Amstel the capital of the Dutch-controlled colony.
As payment for regaining the territory, the Dutch West India Company conveyed land from the south side of Christina Kill to Bombay Hook, and as far west as Minquas land. This land was known as the Colony of The City. On December 22, 1663, the Dutch transferred property rights to the territory along the Delaware River to England.
In 1664, the Duke of York, James, was granted this land by King Charles II. One of the first acts by the Duke was to order removal of all Dutch from New Amsterdam; he renamed New Amstel as New Castle. In 1672, the town of New Castle was incorporated and English law ordered. However, in 1673, the Dutch attacked the territory, reclaiming it for their own.
On September 12, 1673, the Dutch established New Amstel in present-day Delaware, fairly coterminous with today's New Castle County. The establishment was not stable, and it was transferred to the British under the Treaty of Westminster on February 9, 1674. On November 6, 1674, New Amstel was made dependent on New York Colony, and was renamed New Castle on November 11, 1674.
On September 22, 1676, New Castle County was formally placed under the Duke of York's laws. It gained land from Upland County on November 12, 1678.
On June 21, 1680, St. Jones County was carved from New Castle County. It is known today as Kent County, Delaware. On August 24, 1682, New Castle County, along with the rest of the surrounding land, was transferred from the Colony of New York to the possession of William Penn, who established the Colony of Delaware.
In September 1673, a Dutch council established a court at New Castle with the boundaries defined as north of Steen Kill (present-day Stoney Creek) and south to Bomties Hook (renamed Bombay Hook). In 1681, a 12-mile arc was drawn to specifically delineate the northern border of New Castle County as it currently exists. In 1685, the western border was finally established by King James II; this was set as a line from Old Cape Henlopen (presently Fenwick) west to the middle of the peninsula and north up to the middle of the peninsula to the 40th parallel.
Geography[]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 494 square miles (1,280 km2), of which 426 square miles (1,100 km2) is land and 68 square miles (180 km2) (13.8%) is water. The boundaries of New Castle County are described in § 102 of the Delaware Code. The county is drained by Brandywine Creek, Christina River, and other channels. Its eastern edge sits along the Delaware Riverand Delaware Bay.
Two small exclaves of the county and the state lie across the Delaware River, on its east bank on the New Jersey side, Finns Point adjacent to Pennsville Township, New Jersey, and the northern tip of Artificial Island, adjacent to Lower Alloways Creek Township, New Jersey.
New Castle County, like all of Delaware's counties, is subdivided into hundreds. New Castle County is apportioned into ten hundreds: Brandywine, Christiana, Wilmington (the city of Wilmington, which, by law, is a hundred in itself), Mill Creek, White Clay Creek, Pencader, New Castle, Red Lion, St. Georges and Appoquinimink.
The highest natural point in Delaware, Ebright Azimuth at 451 feet (137 m), is located in New Castle County.
The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was built through New Castle County, and adjoining Cecil County, Maryland, between 1822 and 1829.
Bordering Counties[]
Pennsylvania[]
Chester County, Pennsylvania
Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Delaware[]
Kent County, Delaware
Maryland[]
Kent County, Maryland
Cecil County, Maryland
Demographics[]
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 538,479 people, 202,651 households, and 134,743 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,263.2 inhabitants per square mile (487.7/km2). There were 217,511 housing units at an average density of 510.2 per square mile (197.0/km2).[15] The racial makeup of the county was 65.5% white, 23.7% black or African American, 4.3% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 3.5% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 8.7% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 19.2% were Irish, 15.0% were German, 11.7% were Italian, 11.3% were English, 6.2% were Polish, and 3.0% were American.
Of the 202,651 households, 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.5% were non-families, and 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.11. The median age was 37.2 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $62,474 and the median income for a family was $78,072. Males had a median income of $52,637 versus $41,693 for females. The per capita income for the county was $31,220. About 6.6% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.6% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.
Communities[]
County Seat[]
Wilmington
Cities[]
Delaware City
Middletown
New Castle
Newark
Towns[]
Bellefonte
Clayton (partly in Kent County)
Elsmere
Newport
Odessa
Smyrna (partly in Kent County)
Townsend
Villages[]
Arden
Ardencroft
Ardentown
Census-designated Places[]
Bear
Brookside
Claymont
Edgemoor
Glasgow
Greenville
Hockessin
North Star
Pike Creek
Pike Creek Valley
St. Georges
Wilmington Manor
Unincorporated Communities[]
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https://audio-tours.cyaontheroad.com/experiences/1648236185.html
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New Castle, DE: First Capital of the First State
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2022-03-26T00:00:00
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Welcome to historic New Castle, Delaware, presented by Insight Guides. My name is Katherine and I’ll be your guide. This tour takes approximately one and
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https://audio-tours.cyaontheroad.com/images/favicon.ico
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https://audio-tours.cyaontheroad.com/experiences/1648236185.html
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Welcome to historic New Castle, Delaware, presented by Insight Guides. My name is Katherine and I’ll be your guide. This tour takes approximately one and a half hours to complete, not including any time spent touring museums or any buildings. You can stop at any time and start again at the same spot later. You can follow the route on your phone or simply listen as I guide you from one sight to the next. I’ll be giving you clear directions and the audio will automatically start playing when you get close to the next sight on the tour. Don’t worry if you need to skip a sight as the tour will pick up at the next location.
Overshadowed by historical heavyweights like Philadelphia and Boston, New Castle's critical role in the settlement of North American and the road to independence is often overlooked. The Dutch, Swedes and British tussled over this spot in the Delaware River. William Penn first stepped onto the land granted to him by King Charles here. It's been a busy port and rail head, and rivaled Wilmington as the center of Delaware's economy and manufacturing. At one point, there were plans to make it a northern version of Williamsburg. Instead, New Castle became a small city that maintains its historic roots and atmosphere without becoming a museum.
Today, we'll explore New Castle's history – the explorers, the preachers, the merchants and the seafarers. We'll talk about education in the colony, devastating fires and airborne bootleggers. We'll visit Delaware's Independence Hall and a unique library building.
Many of New Castle's streets and sidewalks are brick and cobblestone. They are uneven and often treacherous, particularly when wet or covered with leaves, so watch your step. Traffic is usually light, but use crosswalks when available and always be aware of your surroundings. Parking is free on side streets and at Battery Park, where our walk begins and ends.
Now let's discover New Castle!
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https://www.newcastlehistory.org/historic-district
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New Castle History
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https://static.parastorage.com/client/pfavico.ico
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New Castle History
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https://www.newcastlehistory.org/historic-district
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Becoming New Castle New Castle is a city that has continually faced and adapted to change. At various points in history, it has been a colonial capital, a transportation hub, and a center for commerce and industry. The arc that defines Delaware’s unique northern boundary was first surveyed in 1701, and is based on a circle with a 12-mile radius emanating from New Castle. New Castle’s designation as “The Center of the Circle” is significant not only for the purpose of defining boundaries, but also for establishing New Castle as central to life in Delaware. Transportation New Castle was founded by the Dutch in 1651 as a military outpost called Fort Casimir. During the next 31 years, New Castle was alternately governed by the Dutch, Swedish, and British, changing hands five times. Finally under British control in 1682, New Castle and the three counties that make up the present state of Delaware were granted to William Penn by the Duke of York. Though part of the Pennsylvania colony, Penn granted the “Three Lower Counties on Delaware” their own assembly in 1704. New Castle became the center of colonial government and the courts in the Three Lower Counties. In June of 1776, when Delaware separated permanently from Pennsylvania and declared independence from Great Britain, New Castle became Delaware’s first state capital. “Separation Day” is still celebrated every June in New Castle with parades, fireworks and other activities. New Castle was an important hub in the mid-Atlantic transportation network of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. With its small harbor on the southern end of the Delaware River, New Castle thrived as mercantile & passenger ships and packet boats sailed towards Philadelphia or out to sea. Land and rail routes were also important to transportation development in the city. New Castle was located on the route from Philadelphia to Baltimore, and later Washington. Stagecoaches traveled along a turnpike between New Castle and Frenchtown (Elkton), Maryland, connecting the Delaware River with the Chesapeake Bay. In 1831, the stagecoaches were replaced by the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad – one of the nation’s first railroads. In the 20th century, trolley lines connected New Castle with other area towns and cities like Wilmington. Regional travelers again were routed through New Castle as ferries served to connect the town to points in New Jersey, and served as a vital link in the travel route between New York City and Norfolk, Virginia. Business & Industry In its heyday, New Castle’s transportation system provided opportunities for businesses to serve travelers and supply ships. Local merchants located their establishments near the waterfront in order to serve and profit from incoming traffic. Taverns and inns provided workers, sailors, and passengers with food, drink, and lodging. Merchants supplied outgoing ships with necessary supplies, such as livestock, before departing for extended voyages, while others purchased goods from incoming ships for resale to local residents. The river also provided an opportunity for New Castle to develop a thriving fishing industry. Until the beginning of the 20th century, shad and sturgeon fishing along the Delaware provided the residents of New Castle with a significant source of income. New Castle’s fishing industry died out around World War I due to river pollution and increased shipping traffic. In the second half of the 19th century, after transportation-related opportunities disappeared, New Castle looked toward industrialization for its economic future. Industries established here included flour, cotton and woolen mills, iron works, a steam engine works, umbrella and glove factories, steel mills, and an aircraft plant. Small businesses that served New Castle’s industrial workers prospered during this time as well. Grocers, butchers, milliners, bakers, shoemakers, harness makers, clothiers, jewelers, lumber yards, dairies, pharmacies, physicians and others made New Castle a self-sufficient town. Eventually, however, local industry closed, and New Castle residents began to commute to Wilmington and elsewhere for work. Automobile-centric development pulled commerce away from New Castle’s downtown businesses toward regional shopping centers and larger stores, eventually forcing the closure of most of New Castle’s essential businesses, and turning the city into a bedroom community. Diversity New Castle’s original Dutch settlers were soon followed by people from other European countries including Sweden, Finland, England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. By the late 17th century, New Castle’s population was a mix of nationalities – a microcosm of what the United States would eventually become. Europeans, notably the Dutch, brought enslaved Africans to America beginning in the 17th century. Enslaved Africans were in New Castle as early as 1662, and the town’s population of enslaved people grew through the early 18th century, until by the middle of the 18th century, one-third of the population of Southern New Castle County was enslaved. Beginning in the late 18th century, a trend toward manumission, or granting freedom to enslaved people, took hold in New Castle. By 1860, only 3% of Black individuals in New Castle County were enslaved, and none of them lived in the town of New Castle. Bolstered by their local abolitionist Quaker populations, both New Castle and Wilmington played significant roles in the Underground Railroad network that helped enslaved people flee north. Thomas Garrett, a prominent Wilmington Quaker, was tried at the New Castle Court House for assisting in the Underground Railroad. Industrialization in the nineteenth century attracted new immigrant groups to New Castle – particularly from Eastern Europe – including Poles, Austrians, Russians, and Lithuanians. Around the turn of the 20th century, Italian immigrants began arriving in New Castle, attracted by employment with the railroad and steel mills. Today, the city still has a close-knit Italian community centered around Ninth and Clayton Streets in the Shawtown neighborhood. Preservation in New Castle The preservation of the history, architecture and landscapes of New Castle began in the early 20th century and continues to be a focus of the city. Prompted by the work of the WPA Federal Writers Project to document the historic buildings of New Castle, a group of concerned citizens raised funds to buy the Amstel House in 1929, the town’s first formal preservation effort. This group evolved into the New Castle Historical Society. Today, the New Castle Historical Society is joined in preserving the town by all of the residents and property owners in the historic district, community organizations, the Delaware Historical Society, the Trustees of the New Castle Common, the City of New Castle and the State of Delaware. The City government supports historic preservation primarily through the Historic Area Commission. All new exterior construction projects in New Castle’s historic district require approval from the Historic Area Commission before a building permit will be issued. This review process helps ensure that New Castle preserves its historic integrity and character.
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https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/midcol.htm
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Religious Pluralism in the Middle Colonies, Divining America, TeacherServe®, National Humanities Center
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Religious Pluralism in the Middle Colonies
If the American
experiment in pluralism
at times suggests the
metaphor of a pressure
cooker rather than a
melting pot, this should
come as no surprise
to observers of the
Middle Colonies.The Middle Colonies of British North America—comprised of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware—became a stage for the western world’s most complex experience with religious pluralism. The mid-Atlantic region, unlike either New England or the South, drew many of its initial settlers from European states that had been deeply disrupted by the Protestant Reformation and the religious wars that followed in its wake. Small congregations of Dutch Mennonites, French Huguenots, German Baptists, and Portuguese Jews joined larger communions of Dutch Reformed, Lutherans, Quakers, and Anglicans to create a uniquely diverse religious society. African Americans and the indigenous Indians, with religious traditions of their own, added further variety to the Middle Colony mosaic.
Historians conventionally note that early New England’s religious character was shaped primarily by English Puritans, and the religious character of the South by English Anglicans. But no two-word phrase can capture the essence of those who set the mold for Middle Colony religious culture. To see why this is so, we must look a little closer.
New York
The Dutch were the first Europeans to claim and settle lands between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers, a region they named New Netherland. Yet half of the inhabitants attracted to the new colony were not Dutch at all but people set adrift by post-Reformation conflicts—including Walloons, Scandinavians, Germans, French, and a few English. In 1664 New Netherland was conquered by England. The colony, renamed New York, only slowly acquired an English character, one citizen complaining in 1686, “Our chiefest unhappyness here is too great a mixture of Nations, & English the least part.”
Religious patterns in New York followed the ethnic configuration of the colony, with geography often facilitating the colonists’ impulse to form separate enclaves. Wherever the Dutch settled, as in the Hudson River Valley, the Dutch Reformed Church predominated. An example is the west-bank town of Kingston, where the Reformed congregation met in a large stone church while the few Anglicans made do with a “mean log-house.” German Reformed and Lutherans spread out along the Mohawk River west of Albany. Suffolk County at the eastern end of Long Island, settled by migrating New Englanders, was the stronghold of Congregationalists. French Huguenots, fleeing religious persecution after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, established their own town at New Rochelle in Westchester County, for decades keeping local records in French.
New York City’s religious scene was quite another matter. From its earliest years a port of entry for assorted newcomers, the city increasingly came to reflect its polyglot heritage. A woodblock of 1771 shows a skyline etched by church spires—eighteen houses of worship to serve a population of at most 22,000.
New Jersey
New Jersey, if slower to develop, also embraced a variety of religious groups. By 1701 the colony had forty-five distinct congregations; unable to afford churches, most met in houses or barns. And because clergymen were few, lay leaders frequently conducted services, with baptism and communion being offered only by the occasional itinerant minister. All denominations in New Jersey expanded rapidly over the eighteenth century. A church survey in 1765 lists the active congregations as follows:
Presbyterian 55 Quaker 39 Church of England 21 Dutch Reformed 21 Baptist 19 Dutch Lutheran 4 Seventh Day Baptist 2 German Reformed 2
and a few scattered others.
Pennsylvania
William Penn, an English gentleman and member of the Society of Friends, founded the colony of Pennsylvania in the early 1680s as a haven for fellow Quakers. But Penn’s conviction that in religion “force makes hypocrites; ’tis persuasion only that makes converts” led him to institute a policy of religious tolerance that drew other persecuted sects to Pennsylvania. Such groups as the Amish, Dunkers, Schwenkfelders, Mennonites, and later the Moravians made small if picturesque additions to the heterodox colony. The most influential religious bodies beside the Quakers were the large congregations of German Reformed, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Presbyterians. Pennsylvania’s religious spectrum also included small communities of Roman Catholics and Jews.
Delaware
Delaware, first settled by Scandinavian Lutherans and Dutch Reformed, with later infusions of English Quakers and Welsh Baptists, had perhaps the most diverse beginnings of any middle colony. Yet over the eighteenth century Delaware became increasingly British, with the Church of England showing the most striking gains before the Revolution.
African Americans and Native Americans
Adding further diversity to the region were inhabitants some missionaries considered ripe for conversion to Christianity—African Americans, who may have comprised 15 to 20 percent of the population of New York City and parts of New Jersey, and the native Indians. African Americans appear on the roles of almost every religious denomination, if usually in small numbers. Pennsylvania’s Germantown Quaker Meeting in 1688 issued the first American antislavery proclamation, though it was not until the 1750s that leading Friends endorsed their reform wing’s campaign to end the traffic in human property.“we therefore, believe ourselves religiously bound
to lay this subject before you”
Portion of a Quaker petition to abolish the slave trade,
addressed to the first U.S. Congress, 1790.
Courtesy National Archives
(46-PETITION-1AG3-2)
full text of petition New York City Anglicans enjoyed considerable success in educating and converting slaves to their denomination. Yet slave owners throughout the Middle Colonies, as in the South, feared that admitting slaves to church membership would make them proud and rebellious. The passage of legislation in New York and New Jersey specifying that baptism did not alter a slave’s status as chattel, or legal property, only partially quieted such misgivings.
A number of Middle Colony clergymen expressed concern for the souls of Native Americans, if primarily to counter the success of rival French Canadian Jesuits in drawing some tribes to Roman Catholicism. But when the Indians resisted surrendering their native ways as a prerequisite to conversion, most missionaries lost heart. It was not until the 1740s, with the arrival of the Moravians—a sect less focused on sin and uniquely respectful of native cultures—that any Middle Colony mission made significant inroads among the local Indians.
Religious Toleration in the Middle Colonies: A Trade-Off
This bird’s-eye view of Middle Colony society illustrates its patchwork religious geography, a pattern that often sparked anxiety and xenophobia in early modern times (A.D. 1400–1800). While the region’s multiple denominations did not always coexist harmoniously, certain environmental as well as social imperatives tended over time to erode historic tensions. The availability of land in rural sections often led to thinly settled communities, which for reasons of economy shared church buildings and even preachers. In more urban areas, social mixing, economic interdependence, and intermarriage blurred religious differences or reduced their importance.
One of the earliest efforts to assess the character of the Middle Colonies was that of J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur, a Frenchman who in the third quarter of the eighteenth century lived in New York and traveled frequently to Pennsylvania. In his Letters from an American Farmer (1782), Crèvecoeur noted that when variant religious groups are mixed together, their zeal for specific church doctrines “will cool for want of fuel.” Then, just as national characteristics become blurred, “in like manner, the strict modes of Christianity as practised in Europe are lost also… Here individuals of all nations [and religions] are melted into a new race.” The Frenchman’s sanguine temperament and benign view of human nature led him to round off the sharper edges of religious and ethnic competition, though there is some truth to his amiable picture, as Americans’ frequent recourse to the melting-pot metaphor suggests.
Early American
churchmen and
churchwomen soon
discovered that if they
wanted to practice
their beliefs unmolested
in a diverse society,
they had to grant the
same right to others.
This wisdom did not
come easily.Another way to think about the rise of religious toleration (which is not the same thing as religious liberty on principle) is to see it as a kind of trade-off. Early American churchmen and churchwomen soon discovered that if they wanted to practice their beliefs unmolested in a diverse society, they had to grant the same right to others. This wisdom did not come easily. Yet over time, along with bickering and competition among denominations, there also were bargains, accommodations, and compromises. In realizing that no single doctrine of faith could dominate Middle Colony society, a heterogeneous people learned, not to cherish their differences, but, at least, to tolerate and live with them. If the American experiment in pluralism at times suggests the metaphor of a pressure cooker rather than a melting pot, this should come as no surprise to observers of the Middle Colonies. For it was there that the most complex problems of American religious diversity, as well as measures to manage and moderate its extremes, were first confronted.
Guiding Student Discussion
Your main challenge in teaching about colonial religious pluralism will be to infuse these remote, and perhaps somewhat alien, conflicts with tension. My students in New York City have always known a lot about Catholicism and Judaism but not much at all about Protestantism, which many think of vaguely as a single denomination. (This will, of course, vary by region.) Given that the colonists were about 98 percent Protestant, students may view their struggles as rather quaint—not like today’s real tensions among national groups and races, to say nothing of those among Christians, Muslims, and Jews. Here is your chance to introduce the concept of historical perspective, while at the same time drawing on young people’s own experiences with multiculturalism.
Looking at the past through modern eyes drains history of much of its novelty and drama. We know that George Washington wasn’t caught and hanged by the British as a traitor, and that the Cold War didn’t lead to World War III. But people living in those times made decisions and took risks while having no idea how things would turn out. To perceive not only what they did but why, we have to recreate the cultural environment and mentality of their era. The century and a half following the Reformation was an Age of Belief when the finest minds tussled with theological questions and marked out boundaries that people of faith were prepared to defend with their lives. To them, the distinctions between Lutheran and Quaker and Calvinist Reformed seemed just as tautly drawn as today’s cultural differences seem to us.
Some of these early religious enmities were carried to North America in the first half of the seventeenth century. The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay were determined to exclude alien elements from their spiritual community, and they hanged four Quakers to prove it. Virginians at about the same time expelled from their Anglican province every Puritan they could lay hands on. New Netherland governor Peter Stuyvesant cleansed his colony of Lutherans and Quakers, and tried to do the same to Jews. Such episodes were largely confined, however, to the seventeenth century. Subsequently the extremes of religious conflict were moderated by the colonists’ growing sense that in a spacious land, which offered many opportunities for self-improvement, religious wars on the European model ran counter to their own best interests.
Though religious strife was not completely extinguished in America in the later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, its expression was often indirect and less harsh, frequently taking a political form. Philadelphia politicians tried to disenfranchise the Germans—whose churches had organized them into an effective political bloc—until they learned to speak English. Quaker and Jewish votes were disallowed on at least two occasions in closely contested New York elections. And authorities in New Jersey periodically tried to disqualify Quakers from public office, given their pacifist disinclination to raise a militia. In the heated New York City election of 1769, an “Anglican party” squared off against a “Presbyterian party.”
Modern students accustomed to seeing politicians march in St. Patrick’s Day parades or appeal to religious blocs at election time will note that religion and politics have always been connected in American history. And in times of high tension, then as now, religious politics could turn ugly. The rivalry in Pennsylvania between pacifist Quakers and Scotch-Irish Presbyterians who had settled in the colony’s western region—on land disputed by the Indians—became a central issue in that colony’s election of 1764. Political writings were laced with religious and ethnic slurs. Presbyterians charged that Quakers were not fit to sit in the legislature since they showed “more real Affection for Enemy Savages than for their fellow Subjects, of certain Denominations.” Quakers in turn reviled the Presbyterians as a lawless rabble “of the same Spirit with the…blood-thirsty Presbyterians who cut off King Charles Head” in the English Civil War of the 1640s.
The addition of race to religion precipitated two of the most violent moments in eighteenth-century Middle Colony history, brief reversions to the bloodletting of an earlier age. One was the so-called Negro Plot of 1741 in New York City. The town seethed with rumors that Catholics were conspiring with slaves to instigate a rebellion. The magistrates launched a fierce investigation, the result of which was the execution of thirty blacks and four whites (more than half again the number executed as witches at Salem). The other episode, in 1764, involved Scotch-Irish Presbyterians in the western Pennsylvania town of Paxton. Enraged at the Quaker assembly’s failure to protect their families from Indian attacks, the frontiersmen turned on a village of peaceful Indians at Conestoga, killing twenty of them in cold blood. It is not clear whether race or religion was the more significant catalyst for these melancholy events.
Maintaining group identity:
An Amish woman in Pennsylvania, 1973
Courtesy National Archives (412-DA-7609)This history of group tensions in the Middle Colonies can serve as a springboard for discussion about the pros and cons of group identity, a subject that has gained renewed attention in recent American discourse and practice. Is it better for Americans to play down their ethnic, religious, and racial differences in order to nurture an overarching national identity? Or should we cling to those differences as valuable attributes that enrich our society, and also amplify each group’s voice in politics?
The religious pluralism so visible in the Middle Colonies also bears on another issue much in the news these days—the relationship between church and state. To set the stage for this discussion, students must enter another time-warp. A primary axiom of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century political thought asserted that a strong church was the mainstay of civic stability. The church instilled moral behavior and respect for authority; in turn, the government protected the church. Throughout the early modern world, each state sanctioned but one official church—an established church—that was supported by taxes and received privileges granted to no other denomination. Every colony founded in the western hemisphere before the mid-seventeenth century, except one, conformed to this pattern. The exception, Maryland, was the personal fiefdom of a Catholic proprietor whose dependence on Protestant settlers ruled out any church establishment. But elsewhere establishments were the norm—the Church of England in Virginia, Puritan churches in New England, the Dutch Reformed Church in New Netherland. Such an arrangement, early colonial leaders believed, would shield their frail colonies from the turmoil of religious conflict.
Yet no colony could survive without people, and those most eligible to remove to British America from the later seventeenth century on were a mixed lot—the same Quakers, Lutherans, Anabaptists, and other Dissenters who now streamed into the mid-Atlantic section. Clearly no church establishments could be imposed on such a mixed population. Instead, a new form of religious practice emerged in the middle region: the voluntary church—an institution supported not by compulsory taxes and legal scaffolding but by the free choice and personal commitment of its adherents. That churches might endure, even thrive, in such an unregulated environment ran counter to ancient wisdom about the reinforcing nature of church and state. Yet over the eighteenth century the number and variety of churches in the region proliferated. Indeed, by 1750 there were more churches per capita in the Middle Colonies than in any other section, though many congregations were small.
Over the eighteenth century this positive experience with religious pluralism and voluntary churches gradually infiltrated Americans’ thinking about church and state. It became manifest after the American Revolution as Americans debated the form their new United States Constitution should take. Some leaders feared that without a specific statement favoring, at least, the Protestant religion, “Papists…deists…or Mahometans” might gain office. But the majority, wary of attempting to formulate language acceptable to an increasingly diverse people, settled on a broad statement of religious liberty. The Middle Colony experience with religious voluntarism provided a model for many Americans. As Thomas Jefferson wrote, “Pennsylvania and New York…have long subsisted without any establishment. … They flourish infinitely. Religion is well supported.” James Madison concurred: “The example of the Colonies…which rejected religious establishments altogether, proved that all Sects might be safely & advantageously put on a footing of equal & entire freedom.”
Historians Debate
Historians are not exempt from the human tendency to dispose of complicated questions by sorting them into neat categories. Yet, as noted earlier, the effort to put a label on the pluralistic Middle Colonies has befuddled and challenged students of that section over several generations. One of the first historians to assess the character of the “Middle region,” as he called it, was the venerable Frederick Jackson Turner. Democratic, materialistic, and tolerant were the qualities most apparent to Turner at the end of the nineteenth century. A quarter century later Charles H. Maxson, exploring the Great Awakening’s effect on the Middle Colonies, concluded that diversity had been a pernicious influence on religion, prompting competition, discord, and finally apathy. There the interpretation stalled for over fifty years.
Michael Kammen’s fine narrative survey, Colonial New York: A History (1975), took a more benevolent view of New York’s religious pluralism. Kammen charted church squabbles and ceasefires while noting the growth of all denominations; the end result of religious competition, in his view, was secularization and broad toleration. Two other Middle Colony historians, Sally Schwartz (“A Mixed Multitude”: The Struggle for Toleration in Colonial Pennsylvania [1987]) and Richard Pointer (Protestant Pluralism and the New York Experience [1988]), saw clear evidence of rising religious toleration while rejecting secularization.
How can historians disagree on such basic issues? Are they to be trusted any more than soothsayers, or economists? One problem is that historians’ conclusions often depend on the point at which they enter their subject and on how narrow or broad a view they take. If a historian, for example, looks at Middle Colony religious life only during a period of flux (new immigrants, populations on the move, wars, few clergymen), s/he is likely to discern conflict and disorder. By contrast, if the scholar focuses on a period of consolidation (when churches and ecclesiastical structures are abuilding), a more benign and tolerant atmosphere will be discovered. The same pertains to all history writings. So the reader’s motto must be caveat emptor.
You might conclude from the above that I recommend only long-term synthetic works for those seeking historical “truth.” I wrote such a book myself about colonial religion (Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America [1986]), in which I identified voluntary churches and lay participation as critical components of early denominational development. A short time later, Jon Butler produced another synthetic study (Awash in a Sea of Faith [1990]) that saw not voluntarism but ecclesiastical coercion as the key dynamic of colonial church development. And Butler wondered whether the majority of Americans went to church at all before the Second Great Awakening, whereas I had perceived strong church adherence in the eighteenth century. Both of us, you’ll be glad to know, see Christianization in considerable disarray in the seventeenth century, yet rising in the eighteenth century.
As for the question of whether religious pluralism leads to discord, perhaps the best thought to leave you with is that expressed by H. Richard Niebuhr. “The history of American Protestantism,” he wrote, “is one of many reformations. … of shaken foundations and new construction on ruins. Everything…is movement; everything a becoming.” Yet, over time, I might add, our Middle Colony inhabitants found ways to deal with their diversity, ways that eventually led to compromises, a growing toleration of differences, and perhaps the most modern society in British America.
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Related Topics
Delaware (State of)
Originally the "lower counties" of Pennsylvania, and thus one of three Quaker colonies founded by William Penn, Delaware has developed its own set of traditions and history.
City of Rivers and Rivulets
Philadelphia has always been defined by the waters that surround it.
Sights to See: The Outer Ring
There are many interesting places to visit in the exurban ring beyond Philadelphia, linked to the city by history rather than commerce.
Revolutionary Philadelphia's Patriots
All kinds of people were patriots in 1776, and many of them were all mixed up about what was going on and how they stood. Hotheads in the London Coffee House stirred up about an inoffensive Tea Act, Scotch-Irish come here to escape the British Crown, the local artisan class and the local smuggler class, unexpectedly prospering under non-importation, and the local gentry -- offended to be denied seats in Parliament like other Englishmen. Pennsylvania wavered until Ben Franklin stepped forward with a plan.
Land Tour Around Delaware Bay
Start in Philadelphia, take two days to tour around Delaware Bay. Down the New Jersey side to Cape May, ferry over to Lewes, tour up to Dover and New Castle, visit Winterthur, Longwood Gardens, Brandywine Battlefield and art museum, then back to Philadelphia. Try it!
Railroad Town
It's generally agreed, railroads failed to adjust their fixed capacity to changing demands. It's less certain Philadelphia was pulled down by that collapsing rail system.
Philadelphia Places
New topic 2017-02-06 20:19:14 description
New Castle, Delaware
New Castle is easy to get to, but hard to find. It's right on Delaware Bay, at the start of the old National Road (Route 40), next to two huge bridges, a few miles from the main north-south turnpikes, a couple of miles from an airport -- and lost in a sea of suburban housing and highway slums. It's lost, so to speak, in plain sight.
And yet it is a perfect jewel of early American history and architecture. It's just as attractive and historically important as Williamsburg, Virginia, except these buildings are not reproductions, but the real thing. The town says it was founded in 1651 by Peter Stuyvesant, but Peter Minuit in 1638 could make a claim to be even earlier. Located at the narrow neck of the funnel that is Delaware Bay, it was a natural place to start a colony, eventually to be the capital of the state. The Delaware River makes a rightward turn at that point, and creates a river highway all the way to Trenton. But a few miles upriver at Tinicum, now Philadelphia International Airport, the river started to fill up with islands and snags; was it better to locate upriver or downriver from the narrows? New Castle was placed downriver.
But in 1777 the British fleet came to visit with hostile intent, and New Castle could look out the windows along the Strand right into the mouths of ships with twenty or thirty cannons pointing at them. Philadelphia, on the other hand, was protected upriver by a series of mud flats and barricades at Fort Mifflin that could quite effectively bar passage to enemy sailing ships. Delaware got the point, and shortly thereafter, the capital of Delaware was prudently moved to Dover, while even the county seat of New Castle County was moved to Wilmington. New Castle had a big fire in 1824; rebuilding afterward accounts for much of the present uniformly Federalist architecture. The final nail in the commercial coffin of the town was driven by the Pennsylvania Railroad, which just by-passed the town. For a century, this little architectural jewel just sat there in the fields, until the narrow neck of the Delmarva Peninsula became such a transportation crossroads that the fields filled up with construction more appropriate to Los Angeles. New Castle disappeared, without moving an inch.
For fifty years in Colonial days, the rector of Immanuel Episcopal Church in New Castle was one George Ross. His son, also named George Ross became a lawyer in Lancaster and signed the Declaration of Independence. His widowed daughter, Gertrude Ross Till married George Read, a lawyer in New Castle who also signed the Declaration. And, a third signer Thomas McKean, lived two houses away. George Read had studied law under John Moland, whose house served as Washington's headquarters in 1777.
The northern border of Delaware is a semicircle, with a twelve-mile radius based on the cupola of the New Castle courthouse. It was originally the border of New Castle County, and it proved to be slightly imperfect. In the first place, it extended across the Delaware River into New Jersey, but it was a nuisance to go there, so that segment of land was abandoned to New Jersey. However, the legal border of the State of Delaware, therefore, extends to the high-water bank of the river on the New Jersey side, rather than running down the middle of the river. The significance of this curiosity appeared when the Delaware Memorial Bridges were built, and all of the tolls go to Delaware, instead of being split between the states as is more customary. The other problem with the semi-circular arc was that three lines meet at the northwestern corner of Delaware, and each was defined in its own way. The Mason-Dixon line goes due east-west, the border with Maryland goes north-south, and the idea was that the semicircular arc would meet the other two lines at a point. However, the instructions could be read in two different ways, leaving a little "wedge" of territory that could be reasonably said to lie in either Pennsylvania or Delaware, depending on the sequence of describing them. This was certainly a circumstance where any decision was better than no decision, but it took until 1921 for the states to harrumph their way to a final pronouncement. In the meantime, the disputed wedge of land was a good place to have duels, cockfights and other matters of questionable legality.
REFERENCES
Lewes, Delaware: Celebrating 375 Years of History Kevin N. Moore ASIN: B006DL8TC6 Amazon
Originally published: Thursday, June 03, 1993; most-recently modified: Thursday, January 09, 2020
Posted by: DouglasWentworthCampbell | Aug 27, 2011 12:22 PM
Posted by: DouglasWentworthCampbell | Aug 27, 2011 12:15 PM
Posted by: Sally | Oct 18, 2010 8:15 AM
Posted by: Donald A.Reese | Jun 9, 2009 11:04 AM
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Delaware State Facts. Learn more about Delaware and explore the rest of the website to find out how you can be a part of Delaware history!
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Delaware Historical Society
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About Delaware
Facts About the State of Delaware
Delaware may be the second smallest state in the USA, but it certainly packs a punch when it comes to its rich history and fascinating facts. Known as the “First State,” Delaware played a vital role in the founding of the United States, with its residents signing the Declaration of Independence and Constitution. From its colonial beginnings to its modern-day charm, Delaware has plenty of stories to tell.
Learn more about Delaware Historical Society
Buildings of DHS
Coloring Book
Discover Delaware
Primary Source Packet
Speaking of Delaware…
on YouTube
DHS’ African American
Resource Guide
About Delaware Historical Society
Delaware Historical Society is a non-profit organized dedicated to preserving Delaware history. Explore our website to learn more. Sign up for emails, follow us on Social Media, and support us however you can.
Our Delaware
Remixed by Vince Comegys-Davis, Street Xpressions Dance & Art Academy
https://dehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/DHS-2_7_20-10.27-AM.m4a
“Our Delaware” is the official state song of Delaware. Originally a poem with three verses representing each of the 3 counties, written by George Beswick Hynson in 1904, “Our Delaware” became the state song in 1925, the musical score composed by Will M. S. Brown.
Little State, Big History
Why did the chicken cross I-95? To find their 1,999,999 friends on the other side of course! Delaware has 2 million chickens spread out across all three counties of the second smallest state. As a result of Delaware ranking third most bike-friendly, you might bike past a field and say look at all those chickens!
The Diamond State is a jewel of a place to live with 974,000 people calling it home. When you visit the First State, be sure to call home and say “Hi, I’m in Delaware.”
Scroll to learn more Delaware state facts and explore the rest of the website to find out how you can be a part of Delaware history!
Delaware Nicknames
First State
The first to ratify the Constitution.
Diamond State
Legend has it that Thomas Jefferson called Delaware a “jewel” among the states because of its strategic location along the East Coast.
Blue Hen State
One form of entertainment during the Revolutionary War for Delaware soldiers was cock fighting. It was so popular that Delaware Soldiers brought their own Blue Hens with them during their stay in the army. The Blue Hen was noted for its fighting ability, and because of their bravery, the men of Captain Jonathan Caldwell’s company were soon compared to this breed.
Small Wonder
Home of Tax-Free Shopping
Corporate Capital
Chemical Capital
How big is Delaware?
2,488.1
square miles
96
miles long
35
miles wide
Delaware State Facts FAQ
How did Delaware become a state?
Delaware declared its independence from Great Britain on June 15, 1776 and thereby also became independent of Pennsylvania with which it had been connected since 1682. Delaware was the first to ratify the U.S. Constitution and thus became known as the “First State.”
What's Delaware's Flag?
Delaware adopted the current state flag on July 24, 1913. The state seal is enclosed in a buff diamond on a colonial blue background. Below the diamond is printed “December 7, 1787,” the date that Delaware ratified the U.S. Constitution and became the first state.
What's the capital of Delaware?
Dover, named by William Penn for Dover in Kent, England, is the capital of Delaware.
What are the counties of Delaware?
Delaware has 3 counties: New Castle (northern Delaware), Kent (center of Delaware, 11 miles south of Dover), and Sussex (downstate, the largest county, measuring 950 square miles).
How did Delaware get its name?
In 1610 explorer Samuel Argall named the Delaware River and Bay for the governor of Virginia, Thomas West, Lord De La Warr. The state of Delaware takes its name from the river and bay.
What's Delaware's government?
Delaware’s government consists of the General Assembly, made up of a Senate and House of Representatives, the Governor, and the judiciary.
Delaware State Facts Flashcards
State Bird
Blue Hen
Named in February 1939 after the “Fighting Blue Hens” the mascot of Delaware Revolutionary War soldiers.
State Butterfly
Tiger Swallowtail (Pterourus glaucus)
Adopted June 10, 1999.
State Flower
Peach Blossom
Adopted on May 9, 1895. Beginning in the early 1800s, Delaware became a leading producer of peaches until a blight called “the yellows” destroyed the orchards in the late 1800s.
State Fruit
Strawberry
Adopted as the state fruit in 2010.
State Herb
Sweet Golden Rod
Adopted June 24, 1996 and indigenous to Delaware. Found throughout the state along coastal areas and by marshes.
State Insect
Ladybug
Adopted April 25, 1974, after state schoolchildren petitioned the General Assembly.
State Tree
Holly American
Adopted on May 1,1939. During the late nineteenth century until the 1930s, Sussex County became the leading supplier of holly, used for Christmas decorations and wreaths.
State Fish
Weakfish
Also known as the sea trout or the yellow fin trout, the weak fish was adopted as state fish in 1981, in recognition of sport fishing’s recreational and economic standing in the state of Delaware.
State Beverage
Milk
Adopted on June 3, 1983.
State Colors
Colonial blue and buff
Representing the uniform of General George Washington.
State Shell
Shell of the channeled whelk
Adopted in May 2014.
State Marine Animal
Horseshoe Crab
Adopted on June 25, 2002.
Browse Our Collections
By clicking the image above, a new tab will open to the website for the Lenape Tribe of Delaware.
Land Acknowledgement
We begin by acknowledging with respect, that we gather today in Lenapehoking, traditional homeland of the Lenape people for tens of thousands of years. Sometimes translated “Original People,” the Lenape were known as mediators and called “The Grandfathers”. Encompassing the Delaware River Basin, Lenapehokink includes present-day New Jersey, most of Delaware, the Eastern parts of New York and Pennsylvania, and was home to 20,000 Lenape.
Resources
Search DHS collections to learn more about the history of Indigenous Peoples in Delaware
Visit the Delaware History Museum and Mitchell Center for African American Heritage to see the “One State, Many Stories” exhibition
Download the Lenape and Settlers in New Sweden primary source packet
Additional Reading
“A Guide to Indigenous Land Acknowledgement” (Native Governance Center)
“So you began your event with an Indigenous land acknowledgment. Now what?” (NPR)
“Honoring Original Indigenous Inhabitants: Land Acknowledgment” (Museum of the American Indian)
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The Arsenal, New Castle, Delaware, United States
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Build c. 1809. Operated by the New Castle Historical Society.
"New Castle was originally settled by the Dutch West India Company in 1651 under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant on the site of a former aboriginal village, "Tomakonck" ("Place of the Beaver"), to assert their claim to the area based on a prior agreement with the aboriginal inhabitants of the area. The Dutch originally named the settlement Fort Casimir, but this was changed to Fort Trinity (Swedish: Trefaldighet) following its seizure by the colony of New Sweden on Trinity Sunday, 1654. The Dutch conquered the entire colony of New Sweden the following year and rechristened the fort Nieuw-Amstel ("New Amstel", after the Amstel). This marked the end of the Swedish colony in Delaware as an official entity, but it remained a semi-autonomous unit within the New Netherland colony and the cultural, social, and religious influence of the Swedish settlers remained strong. As the settlement grew, Dutch authorities laid out a grid of streets and established the town common (The "Green"), which continue to this day.
In 1664, the English seized the entire New Netherland colony in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. They changed the name of the town to "New Castle" and made it the capital of their Delaware Colony. The Dutch regained the town in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War but it was returned to Great Britain the next year under the Treaty of Westminster. In 1680, New Castle was conveyed to William Penn by the Duke of York by livery of seisin and was Penn's landing place when he first set foot on American soil on October 27, 1682. This transfer to Penn was contested by Lord Baltimore and the boundary dispute was not resolved until the survey conducted by Mason and Dixon, now famed in history as the Mason–Dixon line.
Prior to the establishment of Penn's Philadelphia, New Castle was a center of government. After being transferred to Penn, Delaware's Swedish, Dutch, and English residents used to the relaxed culture of the Restoration monarchy grew uncomfortable with the more conservative Quaker influence, so Delaware petitioned for a separate legislature, which was finally granted in 1702. Delaware formally broke from Pennsylvania in 1704. New Castle again became the seat of the colonial government, thriving with the various judges and lawyers that fueled the economy. Many smaller houses were torn down and replaced in this era. In February, 1777, John McKinly was elected the first President of Delaware (a title later renamed "Governor"). During the Revolution, when New Castle was besieged by William Howe, the government elected to move its functions south to Dover in May, 1777. McKinley was captured by the British and held prisoner for several months. New Castle remained the county seat until after the Civil War, when that status was transferred to Wilmington. Three signers of the Declaration of Independence were from New Castle—Thomas McKean, George Read, and George Ross.
The 16-mile (26 km) portage between the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay saved a 400-mile (640 km) trip around the Delmarva Peninsula, so this brought passengers, goods, and business to New Castle's port. In the years following the Revolution, a turnpike was built to facilitate travel between the two major waterways. Later, New Castle became the eastern terminus of the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad, the second-oldest rail line in the country, launched in 1828 with horse-drawn rail cars, then converting to steam power when an engine was purchased from Great Britain in 1832. The line traversed the Delmarva Peninsula, running to the Elk River, Maryland, from where passengers changed to packet boats for further travel to Baltimore and points south. This helped the New Castle economy to further boom; however, by 1840, rail lines were in place between Philadelphia and Baltimore, which had a stop in Wilmington, thus leaving New Castle to deal with a substantial decline in traffic and revenue.
The decline in New Castle's economy had the long-range fortunate effect of preventing most residents from making any significant structural changes to their homes. So, the many buildings of historic New Castle look much as they did in the colonial and Federal periods.
New Castle has a tradition, dating back to 1927, of tours of historical homes, churches, and gardens. These tours, called "A Day in Olde New Castle", are usually held on the third Saturday of May. Householders dress in colonial costumes and an admittance fee is collected which is used toward the maintenance of the town's many historic buildings. In June the town holds its annual Separation Day celebration.
On April 28, 1961, an F3 tornado hit the north side. Although no fatalities or injuries occurred, it was the only tornado of this magnitude ever recorded in Delaware." - info from Wikipedia.
The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.
Now on <a href="https://www.instagram.com/billyd.wilson/" rel="noreferrer nofollow">Instagram</a>.
Become a patron to my photography on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/billywilson" rel="noreferrer nofollow">Patreon</a>.
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https://combo.staticflickr.com/pw/favicon.ico
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Flickr
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https://www.flickr.com/photos/billy_wilson/52522190620
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Build c. 1809. Operated by the New Castle Historical Society.
"New Castle was originally settled by the Dutch West India Company in 1651 under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant on the site of a former aboriginal village, "Tomakonck" ("Place of the Beaver"), to assert their claim to the area based on a prior agreement with the aboriginal inhabitants of the area. The Dutch originally named the settlement Fort Casimir, but this was changed to Fort Trinity (Swedish: Trefaldighet) following its seizure by the colony of New Sweden on Trinity Sunday, 1654. The Dutch conquered the entire colony of New Sweden the following year and rechristened the fort Nieuw-Amstel ("New Amstel", after the Amstel). This marked the end of the Swedish colony in Delaware as an official entity, but it remained a semi-autonomous unit within the New Netherland colony and the cultural, social, and religious influence of the Swedish settlers remained strong. As the settlement grew, Dutch authorities laid out a grid of streets and established the town common (The "Green"), which continue to this day.
In 1664, the English seized the entire New Netherland colony in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. They changed the name of the town to "New Castle" and made it the capital of their Delaware Colony. The Dutch regained the town in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War but it was returned to Great Britain the next year under the Treaty of Westminster. In 1680, New Castle was conveyed to William Penn by the Duke of York by livery of seisin and was Penn's landing place when he first set foot on American soil on October 27, 1682. This transfer to Penn was contested by Lord Baltimore and the boundary dispute was not resolved until the survey conducted by Mason and Dixon, now famed in history as the Mason–Dixon line.
Prior to the establishment of Penn's Philadelphia, New Castle was a center of government. After being transferred to Penn, Delaware's Swedish, Dutch, and English residents used to the relaxed culture of the Restoration monarchy grew uncomfortable with the more conservative Quaker influence, so Delaware petitioned for a separate legislature, which was finally granted in 1702. Delaware formally broke from Pennsylvania in 1704. New Castle again became the seat of the colonial government, thriving with the various judges and lawyers that fueled the economy. Many smaller houses were torn down and replaced in this era. In February, 1777, John McKinly was elected the first President of Delaware (a title later renamed "Governor"). During the Revolution, when New Castle was besieged by William Howe, the government elected to move its functions south to Dover in May, 1777. McKinley was captured by the British and held prisoner for several months. New Castle remained the county seat until after the Civil War, when that status was transferred to Wilmington. Three signers of the Declaration of Independence were from New Castle—Thomas McKean, George Read, and George Ross.
The 16-mile (26 km) portage between the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay saved a 400-mile (640 km) trip around the Delmarva Peninsula, so this brought passengers, goods, and business to New Castle's port. In the years following the Revolution, a turnpike was built to facilitate travel between the two major waterways. Later, New Castle became the eastern terminus of the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad, the second-oldest rail line in the country, launched in 1828 with horse-drawn rail cars, then converting to steam power when an engine was purchased from Great Britain in 1832. The line traversed the Delmarva Peninsula, running to the Elk River, Maryland, from where passengers changed to packet boats for further travel to Baltimore and points south. This helped the New Castle economy to further boom; however, by 1840, rail lines were in place between Philadelphia and Baltimore, which had a stop in Wilmington, thus leaving New Castle to deal with a substantial decline in traffic and revenue.
The decline in New Castle's economy had the long-range fortunate effect of preventing most residents from making any significant structural changes to their homes. So, the many buildings of historic New Castle look much as they did in the colonial and Federal periods.
New Castle has a tradition, dating back to 1927, of tours of historical homes, churches, and gardens. These tours, called "A Day in Olde New Castle", are usually held on the third Saturday of May. Householders dress in colonial costumes and an admittance fee is collected which is used toward the maintenance of the town's many historic buildings. In June the town holds its annual Separation Day celebration.
On April 28, 1961, an F3 tornado hit the north side. Although no fatalities or injuries occurred, it was the only tornado of this magnitude ever recorded in Delaware." - info from Wikipedia.
The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.
Now on Instagram.
Become a patron to my photography on Patreon.
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Online Resources: New Castle
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Our Fifty States: In Order
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Explore the order of statehood, culture, cuisine, natural wonders, and historical significance of the fifty states. Learn about Pennsylvania's pivotal role in American history. Visit The Gettysburg Experience.
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https://www.thegettysburgexperience.com/our-fifty-states-in-order
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It takes effort to visit all fifty of our United States. Each state is unique and has amazing culture, cuisine, natural wonders, and significant historical value. (Naturally, Pennsylvania is among the most fabulous.)
In studying the order in which our states came into the Union, an unraveling of our own early history comes into focus. Here are our states, in order of their statehoods:
1. Delaware(1787) – The First State. Delaware was the first colony to ratify the U.S. Constitution, and by doing so, became the first state. Its capital city is Dover.
2. Pennsylvania(1787) – The Keystone State. Our home state became the second state to ratify the Constitution. It was also the state where the Declaration of Independence was signed, where the Constitutional Convention was held, and where the Constitution was effectually created. These national documents wove democracy (actually a Constitutional Republic) into being, the blueprint which many other countries followed. That is why Pennsylvania is called The Keystone State. Its capital city is Harrisburg.
3. New Jersey(1787) – The Garden State. The third colony to ratify the Constitution, there must have been gardens at one time in this seaside state. Its capital city is Trenton, where incidentally, a major battle of the American Revolution was fought.
4. Georgia(1788) – The Peach State. Many are surprised to know Georgia is our fourth state. Its capital city is also the state’s largest – Atlanta (the site of a terrible Civil War battle, by the way).
5. Connecticut(1788) – The Constitution State. This small New England state may not have been the first to ratify the Constitution, but one of her statesmen, Roger Sherman, was the only Founding Father to sign all four pertinent documents of historic import to help create the United States. They were the Continental Association (1774) that instituted a trade embargo with Great Britain as the American Revolution began, The Declaration of Independence (1776), The Articles of Confederation (the first attempt at creating a governing document – which failed because it was too vague), and The U.S. Constitution (which is still extant). Its capital city is Hartford.
6. Massachusetts(1788) – The Bay State. Massachusetts had two thriving colonies within its own colonial status before becoming a state. Its early inhabitants made a living out of the Massachusetts Bay, hence its moniker. Its capital city is Boston.
7. Maryland(1788) – The Old Line State. Maryland, a border state during the Civil War, earned its nickname from the Mason Dixon Line, the state boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. It came to represent the line between a slave state and free state. Named for Queen Mary (the daughter of James II and wife of William of Orange), Maryland has a varied and rich colonial history. It was also a state of much unrest during the Civil War. Its capital city is the beautiful Annapolis.
8. South Carolina(1788) – The Palmetto State. Nicknamed for the palmetto tree (shortened to palm tree these days) which grows abundantly throughout the state, South Carolina also boasts a rich colonial history. With Georgia, the delegates of South Carolina refused to outlaw slavery when the Founders were drawing up the Declaration of Independence. She was the first state to secede when Abraham Lincoln won the U.S. Presidency in 1860. Its capital city is Columbia – one of two state capitals named for Christopher Columbus.
9. New Hampshire(1788) – The Granite State. Nicknamed for its myriad stores of granite, New Hampshire, named for Hampshire, England (incidentally the native region of famed author Jane Austen), is one of the smaller U.S. States. Its capital is Concord.
10. Virginia(1788) – The Old Dominion. Home to the first successful American colony (named for Queen Elizabeth I – the “Virgin” Queen because she never married), Virginia is a state steeped in United States history, from before the American Revolution through the Civil War and beyond. Its capital city is Richmond, which served during the Civil War as the capital city of the Confederate States of America.
11. New York(1788) – The Empire State. It may seem surprising that New York, home to so many historic places and events during Colonial times, was not among the first of the colonies to seek statehood. There is no documented explanation for its nickname, but it seems to have come from the days before the American Revolution, when trade excelled throughout New York due to its easily accessible seaport in New York City – making it a true business empire. Its famous Empire State building, once the world’s tallest structure, was built in 1931. Its capital city is Albany.
12. North Carolina(1789) – The Tarheel State. The site of the Lost Colony, a settlement that strangely vanished in the early days of colonization, North Carolina was the second to last slave state to secede from the Union in 1861, due to the populace’s strong desire to stay true to the Union. At Gettysburg it was the state which lost the most men in battle. Its nickname signifies the rich brown earth that covered the heels of countless farmers. It is also symbolic of a people who dig in their heels for what they believe is right. Its capital city is Raleigh, named for Sir Walter Raleigh, an explorer and favorite (for a time) of Queen Elizabeth I.
13. Rhode Island(1790) – The Ocean State. Our smallest state is also the last of the thirteen original colonies to ratify the Constitution. While it is not an island, the sea is a significant contributor to the state economy, hence its nickname. Providence is the capital.
14. Vermont(1790) – The Green Mountain State. Nicknamed for the Green Mountains that run through much of this small state, Vermont is the first of the states to enter the Union that was not considered a colony, but an independent republic before the American Revolution. Its capital city is Montpelier.
15. Kentucky(1792) – The Bluegrass State. The sobriquet originates from the beautiful forests and grass that appears almost aquamarine in its greenery. Land grants after the American Revolution to many veterans of the Continental Army brought many settlers westward to what was then wild and unsettled property. Kentucky was the birthplace of both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis. Its capital city is Frankfort.
16. Tennessee(1796) – The Volunteer State. It is so named because as a fairly new state during the War of 1812, Tennessee sent over one thousand soldiers to help fight that war. Tennessee was the last state to secede to the South during the Civil War. Its capital city is Nashville.
17. Ohio(1803) – The Buckeye State. Considered part of the Northwest Territory after the American Revolution, the name “Ohio” means “beautiful river”, and its eponymous river was so named by the tribes who inhabited the area long before those of European descent arrived. Its first capital, Marietta, was named for the French monarach Marie Antoinette. Its current capital is Columbus, after Christopher Columbus – a similarity shared with South Carolina. Ohio is called “the Buckeye State” after the multitudinous Buckeye trees in this lovely green state.
18. Louisiana(1812) – The Pelican State. Part of the Louisiana Purchase made by President Thomas Jefferson in 1803 from a beleaguered and war-torn France, Louisiana (named for King Louis XIV by explorer LaSalle in 1682) is nicknamed The Pelican State – for the plenitude of those oceanic birds found on her shores. Its capital, Baton Rouge, means “Red Stick” in French.
19. Indiana(1816) – The Hoosier State. A new state when Abraham Lincoln and his family moved there in 1816, Indiana, which is now mostly prairie, was deeply wooded as well in the early 19th century. Its sobriquet, “hoosier”, originates from an early Native American word for corn. Its capital is Indianapolis.
20. Mississippi(1817) – The Magnolia State. Nicknamed for the luxurious flowering tree that is so plentiful in this deeply Southern state, Mississippi is, like Ohio, named for the river that traverses its western border. The name Mississippi means “great river”. Mississippi is one of four states whose capital city is named for an American President. Mississippi’s capital city is Jackson, after Andrew Jackson.
21. Illinois(1818) – The Land of Lincoln. Although Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky and lived much of his youth in Indiana, it was as an adult that he chose to make Illinois his permanent residence – until he moved to 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. Had he survived the Presidency, Lincoln planned to return to Illinois and resume his law practice on the corner opposite the State Capitol in Springfield. Lincoln was one of many who rallied the state to choose Springfield as its capital.
22. Alabama(1819) – The Heart of Dixie. Although Richmond, Virginia served as the capital of the Confederacy for most of the Civil War, the first Confederate capital was Alabama’s capital city, Montgomery. For this reason, Alabama truly was and remains the heart of Dixie.
23. Maine(1820) – The Pine Tree State. Although Maine is the 23rd state to enter the Union, it was explored and partially settled in the early 1600s by Captain John Smith, before the Pilgrims settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Named for the plentiful pine trees that grow in this beautiful but rugged state, Maine was the subject of contention when it became a state in 1820, prompting Henry Clay to suggest the admission of a southern state to balance the power between slave and free states in Congress. The result was the admission of Missouri, and its admittance was called “The Missouri Compromise.” Maine’s capital city is Augusta.
24. Missouri(1820) – The Show Me State. One of the border states during the Civil War, Missouri was an area of much unrest from the inception of its statehood. Missourians are considered an astute group who aren’t easily fooled – the reason for its moniker. Its capital, Jefferson City, is also named for a U.S. President – Thomas Jefferson – who still lived when Missouri became a state.
25. Arkansas(1836) – The Natural State. Sixteen years had passed since the admittance of Missouri when Arkansas became the 25th state to join the Union as a slave state. Its natural beauty with many forests, large rock outcroppings and natural springs give Arkansas its sobriquet. Until recently it was against the law to mispronounce its name (the final “s” is silent and should be pronounced Ark-an-saw, with the accent on the first syllable). Its capital city is Little Rock.
26. Michigan(1837) – The Great Lake State. Four of the five Great Lakes (Lake Ontario is the exception) form most of Michigan’s unusual border. As part of the Northwest Territory after the American Revolution, Michigan retained its primeval quality many years after Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana were settled. It was admitted to the nation to counterbalance the state of Arkansas. Its capital city is Lansing.
27. Florida(1845) – The Sunshine State. Discovered and settled by the Spanish in the sixteenth century, Florida was, unusually, considered part of the Louisiana Purchase. Its oldest city, St. Augustine, is considered the oldest city in the United States. Florida earned its nickname for obvious reasons. A slave state, Florida was, during the Civil War, part of the Confederacy. Its capital city is Tallahassee, located on its panhandle.
28. Texas(1845) – The Lone Star State. Considered an independent republic (hence the lone star on its otherwise blue state flag), the admission of Texas into the United States was part of the reason for the war with Mexico. Abraham Lincoln was a vocal opponent of the war and the admission of Texas as a slave state. Its capital is Austin.
29. Iowa(1846) – The Hawkeye State. Admitted to the nation to counterbalance Florida, Iowa earned its moniker for Black Hawk, the great Native American chieftain. Settled in part by French explorers, its capital Des Moines, is French for “the monks”. However, explorers named it for the Des Moines River that flows through the city, which was named by indigenous people, from whom the word “moin” means “path”, which rivers certainly were in those days.
30. Wisconsin(1848) – The Badger State. Wisconsin, also part of the Northwest Territory, was still largely unsettled due to its deep forests and rough winters by the time it became a state to offset the admittance years before of Texas. It is one of several states who derive their nicknames from woodland creatures. Its capital, Madison, is named for President James Madison, the Father of the Constitution, and last surviving Founding Father, who died a decade earlier.
31. California(1850) – The Golden State. Named for the Gold Rush that brought many to its borders, California was the state that caused an uproar among Southern Democrats when it was admitted to the Union without any Southern state to counterbalance it. A compromise was reached with the passage of The Fugitive Slave Act , forcing officials and citizens of free states to return any escaped slaves from their borders to their taskmasters. Until the admittance of California, there were thirty states, half free and half slave. Its capital city is Sacramento, which is Spanish for “sacrament”. California is our most populated state.
32. Minnesota(1858) – The North Star State. Admitted to the Union in 1858, Minnesota offered the first Union regiment – the First Minnesota Infantry – to answer Abraham Lincoln’s call for troops after the secession of eleven Southern states. The First Minnesota fought at Gettysburg, and none of the men in those ranks had been born in Minnesota, proof of its late settlement. Its capital, St. Paul, is separated from its twin city, Minneapolis, by the Mississippi River.
33. Oregon(1859) – The Beaver State. Part of the beautiful Northwest, Oregon was the place where Lewis and Clark ended their expedition, traveling the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. Its capital city is Salem.
34. Kansas(1861) – The Sunflower State. Earning its moniker from the numerous sunflowers easily grown along the prairie, the admittance of Kansas as a state sparked great unrest, as four Union states had been admitted with no slave states to balance the power in Washington. James Buchanan, the President at the time, with the agreement of Congress, decided the people of Kansas should decide on its pro- or anti-slavery status. As a result, hordes of both sides poured into the state, with deadly consequences. “Bleeding Kansas” was its nickname for the time. Kansas was the last state to be admitted before the onset of the Civil War. Its capital is Topeka.
35. West Virginia(1863) – The Mountain State. Many devoted Unionists from the western regions of Virginia decided in the middle of the Civil War to secede from Virginia and form their own state in June 1863 – just days before the Battle of Gettysburg. It is an interesting irony that the leaders of the Confederacy, which went to war over the right to secede, were furious at the secession of West Virginia, considering its act to join the Union unlawful. With the addition of many western states, with much higher and rugged mountains, after the Civil War, West Virginia is nevertheless rather mountainous, the reason for its sobriquet. Its capital city is Charleston.
36. Nevada(1864) – The Silver State. A neighbor to California, the Golden State, Nevada, which means “snowy” in Spanish, is rich in silver mines. Admitted to the Union while war still continued, its admittance showed a positive look to the future. Its capital is Carson City, named for explorer Kit Carson.
37. Nebraska(1867) – The Cornhusker State. The first state admitted to the Union after the Civil War, Nebraska is known for its plentiful corn crop. Its capital, Lincoln, is named for President Abraham Lincoln.
38. Colorado(1876) – The Centennial State. Admitted to the Union in the centennial year of our nation’s birth, Colorado (which is Spanish for “red” or "ruddy") boasts red earth nestled below the peaks of the Rocky Mountains. Its capital is Denver, the “mile high” city.
39. North Dakota(1889) – The Peace Garden State. Established after the war, in many areas by Civil War veterans, North Dakota wanted to ensure that peace was part of its moniker. Its capital city is Bismarck.
40. South Dakota(1889) – The Mount Rushmore State. Like North Dakota, South Dakota was settled by many Civil War veterans who went west after the war (much like the veterans of the Continental Army after the American Revolution). Its nickname comes from the great monument to four U.S. Presidents in its beautiful Black Hills (the monument is found near the town of Keystone – one of several connections to the Keystone State of Pennsylvania). Its capital city is Pierre. Another South Dakota town also deserves mention: one situated near the North Dakota border. It was founded by Civil War veterans, and named for an unforgettable battle in which many of them participated: Gettysburg.
41. Montana(1889) – The Treasure State. Many Civil War veterans, including Confederate scout Henry Harrison – who warned Generals Lee and Longstreet about the proximity of the Union forces near Gettysburg – headed to the territory of Montana after the war. Its capital city is Helena, winning against six other towns for that distinction five years after statehood, in 1894.
42. Washington(1889) – The Evergreen State. The fourth territory to become a state in 1889, Washington, named after the nation’s first President, is indeed an evergreen state with its plentiful trees. Its capital city is Olympia, named for the nearby peninsula of the same name.
43. Idaho(1890) – The Gem State. A diverse state, with a semi-arid region to the south and beautifully mountainous landscape to the north, Idaho was the first of two states to come into the Union in 1890. Its capital city is also its largest: Boise, which means in French, “wooded” or “the city of trees.”
44. Wyoming(1890) – The Equality State. The second state to enter the Union in 1890, Wyoming is the least populous state, with about a half-million inhabitants. It lends its title of equality to the fact that Wyoming was the first state to recognize the rights of women. Its capital is Cheyenne.
45. Utah(1896) – The Beehive State. Utah is home to many national parks. It earned its nickname from an ancient definition of bees – which were called deseret. The beehive is also a symbol of industry. Its capital city is Salt Lake City, named for the enormous Great Salt Lake within a short distance of the town. Salt Lake City is the only state capital with three words.
46. Oklahoma(1907) – The Sooner State. When President Benjamin Harrison offered land to anyone who wanted to claim it after noon on April 22, 1889, settlers waited at the border for what was then Oklahoma territory. Some people entered before the allotted time, and were called “sooners”. The connotation, meant to be an aspersion, lost its negativity when Oklahoma became a state in 1907. Its capital is Oklahoma City.
47. New Mexico(1912) – The Land of Enchantment. New Mexico is desolate to the south with rugged, beautiful mountains with a resort-like ambience to the north. Settled by Spain in the 1500s, its capital is Santa Fe, Spanish for “holy faith”.
48. Arizona(1912) – The Grand Canyon State. Rightfully nicknamed for its greatest natural wonder, Arizona is a heavily populated state in spite of its arid nature. Its capital city is also its largest: Phoenix, appropriately named as it appears to rise out of the ashes.
49. Alaska(1959) – The Last Frontier. The largest state in size, Alaska became the United States’ possession in 1867, purchased from Russia by Lincoln’s former Secretary of State (who still served in that office under Andrew Johnson). Mocked for the purchase, William H. Seward's supposed folly is one of the most beautiful states. There is a seaside city, Seward, named for him. Alaska became a state during the second term of the Eisenhower Administration. Its capital city is Juneau.
50. Hawaii(1959) – The Aloha State. The most isolated archipelago in the world, over two thousand miles from the American mainland, Hawaii became our fiftieth state under the Eisenhower Administration. Pearl Harbor, on the island of Oahu, brought the United States into World War II with the Japanese attack eighty years ago. Its capital is Honolulu on the same island.
After Hawaii became the last state, President Eisenhower was presented with the first 50-star flag. He donated it to his church in Gettysburg, the Presbyterian Church on Baltimore Street – where it remains today.
Sources: American National Biography . American Council of Learned Societies. New York: 1999. Grant, Neil. Kings & Queens: An Illustrated Guide to British Monarchs . New York: HarperCollins, 1996. Grun, Bernard. The Timetables of History . New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991. The New Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus of the English Language . New York: Lexicon Publications, 1991. Additional information from Gettysburg National Military park, and by the author’s visits to the fifty states.
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Cities in New Castle County, Delaware by Population (2024)
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There are 30 cities in New Castle County, Delaware.
Note: As defined by the US Census Bureau, a city's official boundaries often extend miles beyond the city itself and may even cross county lines. As such, several thousand US cities officially exist in two or more counties (and therefore appear on multiple counties' lists of cities.)
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https://www.visitwilmingtonde.com/things-to-do/cities-and-neighborhoods/historic-new-castle-delaware/
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Historic New Castle, Delaware
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View tips on visiting Historic New Castle, Delaware and explore historic sites, the Old Court House Museum or enjoy some iconic dishes.
|
en
| null |
Historic New Castle, Delaware What to Do
Explore the history of the First State at the New Castle Court House Museum, where Delaware voted to break away from Pennsylvania in 1776. Exhibits chronicle the trials of abolitionists Thomas Garrett…
Moonloop Photography
Historic New Castle What to Eat
Try the colonial-inspired English, Swedish and American dishes at Jessop's Tavern or sample a taste of New Orleans at Nora Lee's French Quarter Bistro.
Moonloop Photography
Historic New Castle What to Know
The Jack A. Markell (JAM) Trail connects Wilmington's Riverfront with Historic New Castle — rent a bike in Wilmington, stop for lunch in New Castle and be back by dinner time.
Moonloop Photography
Historic New Castle When to Visit
Separation Day, commemorating the day Delaware stopped being Pennsylvania, is celebrated in mid-June.
Moonloop Photography
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http://www.roadtripswithtom.com/cool-small-town-new-castle-delaware/
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en
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Cool small town — New Castle, Delaware
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2016-10-30T00:52:53+00:00
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This week, Road Trips with Tom heads for the small colonial village of New Castle, Delaware. Most people visiting Delaware see it from Interstate 95, which connects Philadelphia with Baltimore. Or they arrive via the Delaware Memorial Bridge...
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en
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Road Trips with Tom
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http://www.roadtripswithtom.com/cool-small-town-new-castle-delaware/
|
This week, Road Trips with Tom heads for the small colonial village of New Castle, Delaware.
Most people visiting Delaware see it from Interstate 95, which connects Philadelphia with Baltimore. Or they arrive via the Delaware Memorial Bridge, which marks the southern end of the New Jersey Turnpike. Either way, it takes less than 30 minutes to cross this tiny state. They pass the forgettable city of Wilmington, a mall or two, and a couple of industrial zones before leaving Delaware for Maryland, Pennsylvania or New Jersey.
Most don’t realize that just a few miles off the busy interstate is something very special — the historic riverfront village of New Castle. If Wilmington is Delaware’s economic heart and Dover its capital, New Castle is its soul. This is where the key events in Delaware’s history played out during the 17th and 18th centuries.
New Castle is best reached from Interstate 295, the highway connecting I-95 with the Delaware Memorial Bridge. Take the exit for SR 9, which is either the first or last Delaware exit, depending on which way you’re headed. Follow SR 9 south a few miles. Where Route 9 veers to the right, continue straight ahead on 6th St. – there’s a sign showing the way to the historic district. Go three blocks, then turn left onto Delaware St. Your destination is “The Green.” In a few short blocks, you’ll be transported back in time nearly 300 years.
When you arrive at the stately courthouse – you can’t miss it – find a parking place and set off on foot.
Capture the Flag
New Castle’s history is very eventful and a bit complicated. I’ll try to oversimplify it, in the hope you won’t get bored. It was essentially a big game of “Capture the Flag.”
Delaware was first settled by the Dutch (and Swedes at the same time) back in the 1630s. It was named for Thomas West, the 3rd Baron De La Warr, who was governor of Virginia from 1610 to 1618. The first permanent settlement was along the Delaware River in 1651. The Dutch named it Fort Casimir, but they didn’t have it for long. It was taken over by a Swedish colony in 1654, but the Dutch took it back a year later and named it Nieuw Amstel. That, in turn, was seized by the British in 1664, who changed the name to New Castle.
But wait: There were more flag changes. The Dutch reclaimed New Castle in 1673, only to lose it to the British a year later. The monarchy conveyed the little colony to William Penn in 1675. They were anxious to get rid of him and his annoying Quaker brethren, and figured that sending Penn to this remote outpost was an ideal way to put him out of sight and out of mind. He arrived soon afterward and founded Philadelphia several miles upstream.
This transfer, however, was contested by Lord Baltimore (a.k.a. George Calvert, head of the Maryland colony), and a survey was commissioned to establish the boundary. The surveyors were Mason and Dixon, and their boundary is still known as the Mason-Dixon Line. The spire on New Castle’s courthouse was the center of a 12-mile arc marking the boundary. You can see this arc if you look at a map of the state.
The First State
Enough history? Not hardly. It seems that the original Delaware settlers (Dutch, Swedes and English) found Penn’s Quaker colony a bit too strict. They petitioned for separation, which was finally granted in 1704, making Delaware a separate colony, with New Castle as its capital. This is where the Declaration of Independence was read in 1776 – three of its signers were from New Castle. A year later, the capital was moved to Dover. Later, Delaware became the first state to ratify the U.S. constitution, earning its nickname, “The First State,” which is on its license plates.
After losing the capital to Dover, New Castle’s economy floundered. The town was too poor to build new structures and instead kept its existing buildings and fixed them up. That’s to our benefit, because New Castle looks much the way it did more than 200 years ago.
Despite its crucial role in U.S. history, this river town of 5,000 people is a quiet place. It’s not overly touristy – no zip lines, no mini-golf courses, water parks or other tacky tourist trash. It’s the real deal, with a genuine aura of history. Plan on 2-3 hours for your visit.
Your first objective is the courthouse. This is (or will be) a key element of First State National Historic Park, a new National Park Service site that’s still under development. Eventually, there will be an NPS visitor center next door at the Sheriff’s House. For now, however, the courthouse is operated by the State of Delaware.
More logistics
I was the only visitor on Tuesday afternoon, October 18. An enthusiastic and remarkably well-prepared young woman gave me a personal tour. The courtroom is the highlight (see accompanying photo). It’s open 10-4:30 Tuesday-Saturday and 1:4:30 Sunday. There’s no admission charge, but you should leave a $5 per person donation. Delaware has no sales tax, so you’re still getting a good deal here. Be sure to grab a copy of the New Castle walking tour map. You’ll also find a nice guide map on the interpretive sign in front of the courthouse.
There are a few other historic sites nearby. Ask at the courthouse for details.
None of the web sites covering New Castle were particularly helpful, so I’m not going to waste your time by giving you a link.
Next, check out the George Read house a couple of blocks away (separate admission charged), the home of a wealthy citizen and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. It was closed the day I was there. Hours are Wednesday-Friday and Sunday, 11 to 4, Saturday 10 to 4. It’s also closed from January to March. Admission is $7 for adults, $6 for seniors and students, $4 for ages 6-12.
You’ll find some nice shops and galleries near the green, along with a couple of cafes. Accommodations are easily found in the Wilmington area, just a few miles away. I stayed at the Red Roof Inn near the University of Delaware in Newark; it was quite nice and good value.
Thanks for visiting Road Trips with Tom. Join us again on Sunday, November 6, as we look at a very different historic perspective from the Oregon Trail in western Nebraska.
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https://www.legendsofamerica.com/delaware/
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Delaware – The First State – Legends of America
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Delaware bills itself as 'not far from where you are' because it is easily reached by air, rail or road.
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https://www.legendsofamerica.com/delaware/
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Delaware – The First State
This Mid-Atlantic state bills itself as “not far from where you are” because it is easily reached by air, rail, or road. Its rolling Brandywine Valley is home to historic mansions, while southern beaches are favorite havens for city folks fleeing the summer heat. The state is smaller in area than any other but Rhode Island.
Before Europeans explored its coastline in the 16th century, Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans, including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south. The state was named after the Delaware River, which in turn derived its name from Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, the English governor of Virginia who first explored Delaware Bay in 1611. Though the Lenape called themselves “the people,” Europeans began to call them Delaware Indians, the name derived from the same source.
The first settlers in Delaware were Dutch colonists. They arrived in 1611 and established an outpost of the New Amsterdam Colony, which later became New York. The Dutch were joined a few years later by a colony of Swedes, accompanied by several Finns. They settled at the present site of Wilmington. The Dutch and the Swedes had many conflicts until 1655 when the Dutch captured the Swedish settlements. Nine years later, William Penn and other English colonists seized both the Dutch and Swedish settlements to keep the Pennsylvania colony from being landlocked.
The town of New Castle, a port on the Delaware River, became the colonial capital of the “Three Lower Counties” (Delaware) in 1704. The “Three Lower Counties” remained a part of Pennsylvania until 1776, when economic, cultural, and political differences fostered a permanent separation. The capital was moved from New Castle to Dover in 1777. In later years, many Scotch, Irish, and English Quakers settled in Delaware, and in Kent, there are today descendants of a shipload of Moors who were wrecked on the Delaware coast generations ago.
Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution. On December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify the Constitution of the United States, thereby becoming known as “The First State.” Another one of its nicknames is the “Diamond State.”
The growth and prosperity of the state are inseparably interwoven with that of the Great Bay, which provides Delaware with easy transportation, a mild climate, and quantities of good seafood. The state is a low plain, its average elevation being but 60 feet above the bay’s waters. Some of the richest farms are on land that has been recovered from the bay by the building of dikes.
Wilmington, the state’s largest city, was once a great manufacturing and shipbuilding center. Wilmington’s growth was largely due to the vision of a French family, the Dupon de Nemours, who settled here and began making explosives for the American army during the Revolutionary War. Wilmington-made explosives have helped win numerous wars in which our country has taken part. Today, the company is known as DuPont and is one of the largest chemical companies in the nation. Presently, Wilmington remains strong as a financial and service center for numerous corporations.
Delaware is one vast market garden. From one end of the state to the other, there is scarcely an acre of suitable land that is not cultivated, and the farmers have even pushed back the tidelands of the bay to reclaim thousands of acres formerly under water. The output of Delaware farms includes fruit, fresh vegetables, corn, wheat, hay, and dairy products.
Delaware Bay has been a source of wealth to the state’s people since colonial times. It is one of the world’s greatest oyster beds. Its waters yield several kinds of fish, the most important being shad and sturgeon. Delaware Bay is connected with the Chesapeake Bay by a ship canal, 13 miles long, excavated across the state.
Though most Delaware towns are small, they are busy places, particularly during the summer season when the canneries operate. Delaware is widely known for canned goods, particularly tomatoes, peas, corn, and peaches.
Today, Delaware is one of the most industrialized states, known for its chemical research. Lying along the Atlantic coastline, most of Delaware lies in a low, flat coastal plain. The rolling hills and valleys of the Piedmont region cover the northern tip of the state. Delaware’s many freshwater lakes and ponds, ocean beaches, rivers, and streams provide excellent swimming, boating, and fishing. Cultural and historical attractions also attract visitors to the state.
Delaware Facts:
Capital: Dover
Population: More than 945,000 people live in Delaware.
Geography: This small, flat state is 48 kilometers wide, 154 kilometers long, and encompasses 6,452 square kilometers on the U.S. eastern seaboard.
Higher Education: The University of Delaware and Delaware State University both award bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees. Wesley College, affiliated with the United Methodist Church, was founded in 1873 and is the state’s oldest private college.
Major Industries are chemical manufacturing (home to E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, one of the world’s largest chemical companies), the manufacture of scientific instruments, and publishing.
Famous Delawareans include Vice President Biden, surgeon Henry Heimlich, and actress Valerie Bertinelli.
International connection: Delaware’s sister state in Japan is Miyagi Prefecture.
Nicknames: The First State because it was the first state to adopt the constitution. The “Diamond State” is a nickname Thomas Jefferson gave because he described Delaware as a “jewel” among states due to its strategic location on the Eastern Seaboard. The “Blue Hen State” was given to Delaware after the fighting Blue Hen Cocks that were carried with the Delaware Revolutionary War Soldiers for entertainment during Cockfights. “Small Wonder” is given to Delaware due to its size, the contributions it has made to our country as a whole, and the beauty of Delaware.
Fun facts:
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Newcastle Municipal Code
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https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/states/article/delaware
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Delaware Pictures and Facts
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[
""
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[
"Jamie Kiffel-Alcheh"
] |
2015-04-20T19:58:00+00:00
|
Get facts and photos about the 1st state.
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en
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Geography
|
https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/states/article/delaware
|
At least 11,500 years ago people were living in the area now called Delaware. They’re thought to have come from Asia by way of a land bridge that’s now underwater. Thousands of years later Native American tribes including the Lenni Lenape and the Nanticoke lived on the land.
Historians think the first European to arrive was English explorer Henry Hudson, who reached the area’s bay and river in 1609. During the 1600s, Dutch, English, and Swedish colonists settled on the land. These Europeans fought for the land, and in 1674 the English officially regained control of the territory. But in 1776 Delaware declared its independence from England, one of the actions that would result in the Revolutionary War. After the United States had won the war, Delaware became a U.S. state in 1787.
When the Civil War began in 1861, Delaware was a state where slavery was legal. But the vast majority of its troops fought for the Union, which was the group of northern states that was fighting in support of keeping the states together. (Supporters of the Union side also generally wanted to abolish slavery, while the southern states wanted to keep the practice.) In 1865 the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution declared all slaves in the United States, including in Delaware, to be free people.
Delaware sits on an east coast peninsula called the Delmarva. It’s bordered by Pennsylvania in the north; the Delaware River, the Delaware Bay, New Jersey, and Atlantic Ocean in the east; and Maryland in the south and west.
The state generally slopes downward from the hilly Piedmont region, which covers the northern edge of the state. The rest of Delaware is covered by the low Atlantic Coastal Plain, which contains three state forests: Blackbird, Taber, and Redden. There are sandy beaches along the eastern coastline, and at the state’s southern border, the plain becomes swampland.
—President Joe Biden is one of Delaware’s famous folks, and so is Howard Pyle, the author of the novel The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood.
—The tidal salt marsh at Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge hosts migrating birds including sandpipers, plovers, American black ducks, and salt marsh sparrows.
—Fans watch NASCAR races at the Dover International Speedway, nicknamed the Monster Mile. A 46-foot statue of a monster holds a full-size car in its hand in front of the track.
—The Johnson Victrola Museum displays early music-making machines such as gramophones; phonographs with flower-shaped horns; and some of the first record players, which were called Victrolas.
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https://www.statesman.com/story/lifestyle/travel/2020/06/04/town-of-history-founders-patriots-and-stars-have-all-made-their-way-to-new-castle/1122801007/
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Town of history: Founders, patriots and stars have all made their way to New Castle
|
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[
"Lisa Elia More Content Now, Austin American-Statesman"
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2020-06-04T00:00:00
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New Castle, Delaware — this historic town along the Delaware River was once a hub of colonial activity as blacksmiths, carpenters and coopers went about the business of daily life. \n The colonists ar…
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Austin American-Statesman
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https://www.statesman.com/story/lifestyle/travel/2020/06/04/town-of-history-founders-patriots-and-stars-have-all-made-their-way-to-new-castle/1122801007/
|
New Castle, Delaware — this historic town along the Delaware River was once a hub of colonial activity as blacksmiths, carpenters and coopers went about the business of daily life.
The colonists are long gone, but the 500 remaining historic structures are a reminder of a time when gentlemen squires dressed in breeches and tricorn hats lived here.
A few buildings serve as house museums; others are restaurants, galleries and shops, but private citizens live in the majority of the brick sidewalk-hugging homes.
Mike Connolly, executive director of the New Castle Historical Society, said the museums and visitors center are closed because of COVID-19, but visitors can walk around town and learn its history. The historic district lends itself to meandering, and Connolly said he is always discovering something new — despite living here for 27 years.
Visitors can eat a picnic lunch on the town green or explore the alleyways, gardens and church cemeteries — where signers of the Declaration of Independence, former governors and Revolutionary War soldiers are buried.
New Castle was Delaware’s first capital, but its history begins when the Dutch settled here for the lucrative fur trade in 1651. Then the Swedes pushed them out in 1654. The Dutch regained control in 1655, and finally the English claimed the land for good in 1664.
William Penn took his first step on American soil in New Castle in 1682 and made it part of Pennsylvania by dividing the colony’s southern part into New Castle, Kent and Sussex counties.
The New Castle Court House Museum, at the center of town, was first built in 1689. It burned down and was rebuilt in 1732, and it’s where local lawmakers met on June 15, 1776, and declared independence from Pennsylvania and England and established Delaware as a state. The date, known as Separation Day, is a big celebration in town.
It also was at this courthouse where abolitionist Thomas Garrett — a friend of Harriet Tubman — was tried and convicted for helping slaves escape to freedom with the Underground Railroad. The trial left him bankrupt but not bitter, because he gave an impassioned speech saying he would do it all again.
The court moved to Wilmington in 1881 and the building was used as a police station, mayor’s office, and restaurant and tearoom, where child star Shirley Temple had lunch with her mother while waiting for the ferry to New Jersey.
New Castle’s cobblestone, tree-lined streets feature architectural styles from Georgian to Victorian to the hexagonal-shaped Old Library Museum. An exhibit about two New Castle women who had opposing views of the suffrage movement is planned at the museum this summer, Connolly said.
Homes of note include the one-room colonial-style Dutch House, built circa 1690, where a tradesman and his family lived; the grand Georgian-style Amstel House, built in 1738, where George Washington visited for a wedding in 1784; and the Read house, built in 1804, a Federal-style mansion overlooking the Delaware River.
For more information, visit newcastlehistory.org or newcastlecity.delaware.gov.
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The Founding Fathers: Delaware
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En Español Richard Bassett, Delaware Bassett (Basset) was born in Cecil County, MD., in April 1745. After his tavern-keeper father deserted his mother, he was reared by a relative, Peter Lawson, from whom he later inherited Bohemia Manor (MD.) estate. He read for the law at Philadelphia and in 1770 received a license to practice in Dover, DE. He prospered as a lawyer and
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https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/founding-fathers-delaware
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En Español
Richard Bassett, Delaware
Bassett (Basset) was born in Cecil County, MD., in April 1745. After his tavern-keeper father deserted his mother, he was reared by a relative, Peter Lawson, from whom he later inherited Bohemia Manor (MD.) estate. He read for the law at Philadelphia and in 1770 received a license to practice in Dover, DE. He prospered as a lawyer and planter, and eventually came to own not only Bohemia Manor, but homes in Dover and Wilmington as well.
During the Revolution, Bassett captained a troop of Dover cavalry militia and served on the Delaware council of safety. Subsequently, he participated in Delaware's constitutional convention and sat in both the upper and lower houses of the legislature. In 1786 he represented his state in the Annapolis Convention.
At the U.S. Constitutional Convention the next year, Bassett attended diligently but made no speeches, served on no committees, and cast no critical votes. Like several other delegates of estimable reputation and talent, he allowed others to make the major steps.
Bassett subsequently went on to a bright career in the state and federal governments. In the Delaware ratifying convention, he joined in the 30-0 vote for the Constitution. Subsequently, in the years 1789-93, he served in the U.S. Senate. In that capacity, he voted in favor of the power of the President to remove governmental officers and against Hamilton's plan for the federal assumption of state debts.
From 1793 until 1799 Bassett held the chief justiceship of the court of common pleas. He espoused the Federalist cause in the 1790s, and served as a Presidential elector on behalf of John Adams in 1797. Two years later, Bassett was elected Governor of Delaware and continued in that post until 1801. That year, he became one of President Adams' "midnight" appointments as a judge of the U.S. Circuit Court. Subsequently, the Jeffersonian Republicans abolished his judgeship, and he spent the rest of his life in retirement.
Twice married, to Ann Ennals and a woman named Bruff, Bassett fathered several children. He was a devout Methodist, held religious meetings at Bohemia Manor, and supported the church financially. He died in 1815 at the age of 70 and is interred at the Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery, Wilmington, DE.
Image: Courtesy of The Baltimore Museum of Art
Gunning Bedford, Jr., Delaware
Bedford was born in 1747 at Philadelphia and reared there. The fifth of seven children, he was descended from a distinguished family that originally settled in Jamestown, VA. He usually referred to himself as Gunning Bedford, Jr., to avoid confusion with his cousin and contemporary Delaware statesman and soldier, Col. Gunning Bedford.
In 1771 signer Bedford graduated with honors from the College of New Jersey (later Princeton), where he was a classmate of James Madison. Apparently while still in school, Bedford wed Jane B. Parker, who bore at least one daughter. After reading law with Joseph Read in Philadelphia, Bedford won admittance to the bar and set up a practice. Subsequently, he moved to Dover and then to Wilmington. He apparently served in the Continental Army, possibly as an aide to General Washington.
Following the war, Bedford figured prominently in the politics of his state and nation. He sat in the legislature, on the state council, and in the Continental Congress (1783-85). In the latter year, he was chosen as a delegate to the Annapolis Convention but for some reason did not attend. From 1784 to 1789 he was attorney general of Delaware.
Bedford numbered among the more active members of the Constitutional Convention, and he missed few sessions. A large and forceful man, he spoke on several occasions and was a member of the committee that drafted the Great Compromise. An ardent small-state advocate, he attacked the pretensions of the large states over the small and warned that the latter might be forced to seek foreign alliances unless their interests were accommodated. He attended the Delaware ratifying convention.
For another 2 years, Bedford continued as Delaware's attorney general. In 1789 Washington designated him as a federal district judge for his state, an office he was to occupy for the rest of his life. His only other ventures into national politics came in 1789 and 1793, as a Federalist presidential elector. In the main, however, he spent his later years in judicial pursuits, in aiding Wilmington Academy, in fostering abolitionism, and in enjoying his Lombardy Hall farm.
Bedford died at the age of 65 in 1812 and was buried in the First Presbyterian Churchyard in Wilmington. Later, when the cemetery was abandoned, his body was transferred to the Masonic Home, on the Lancaster Turnpike in Christiana Hundred, DE.
Image: Courtesy of The Architect of the Capital
Jacob Broom, Delaware
Broom was born in 1752 at Wilmington, DE., the eldest son of a blacksmith who prospered in farming. The youth was educated at home and probably at the local Old Academy. Although he followed his father into farming and also studied surveying, he was to make his career primarily in mercantile pursuits, including shipping and the import trade, and in real estate. In 1773 he married Rachel Pierce, who bore eight children.
Broom was not a distinguished patriot. His only recorded service was the preparation of maps for George Washington before the Battle of Brandywine, PA. In 1776, at 24 years of age, Broom became assistant burgess of Wilmington. Over the next several decades, he held that office six times and that of chief burgess four times, as well as those of borough assessor, president of the city "street regulators," and justice of the peace for New Castle County.
Broom sat in the state legislature in the years 1784-86 and 1788, during which time he was chosen as a delegate to the Annapolis Convention, but he did not attend. At the Constitutional Convention, he never missed a session and spoke on several occasions, but his role was only a minor one.
After the convention, Broom returned to Wilmington, where in 1795 he erected a home near the Brandywine River on the outskirts of the city. He was its first postmaster (1790-92) and continued to hold various local offices and to participate in a variety of economic endeavors. For many years, he chaired the board of directors of Wilmington's Delaware Bank. He also operated a cotton mill, as well as a machine shop that produced and repaired mill machinery. He was involved, too, in an unsuccessful scheme to mine bog iron ore. A further interest was internal improvements: toll roads, canals, and bridges.
Broom also found time for philanthropic and religious activities. He served on the board of trustees of the College of Wilmington and as a lay leader at Old Swedes Church. He died at the age of 58 in 1810 while in Philadelphia on business and was buried there at Christ Church Burial Ground.
John Dickinson, Delaware
Dickinson, "Penman of the Revolution," was born in 1732 at Crosiadore estate, near the village of Trappe in Talbot County, Maryland. He was the first son of Samuel Dickinson, the prosperous farmer, and his second wife, Mary (Cadwalader) Dickinson. In 1740, the family moved to Kent County near Dover, Delaware, where private tutors educated the youth. In 1750, he began to study law with John Moland in Philadelphia. In 1753, Dickinson went to England to continue his studies at London's Middle Temple. Four years later, he returned to Philadelphia and became a prominent lawyer there. In 1770, he married Mary Norris, daughter of a wealthy merchant. The couple had two daughters.
By that time, Dickinson's superior education and talents had propelled him into politics. In 1760, he had served in the assembly of the Three Lower Counties (Delaware), where he held the speakership. Combining his Pennsylvania and Delaware careers in 1762, he won a seat as a Philadelphia member in the Pennsylvania assembly where he remained through 1765. He became the leader of the conservative side in the colony's political battles. His defense of the Quaker charter against the faction led by Benjamin Franklin earned him respect for his integrity and Franklin lost his seat in the assembly.
In the meantime, the struggle between the colonies and the mother country had waxed strong and Dickinson had emerged in the forefront of Revolutionary thinkers. In the debates over the Stamp Act (1765), he played a key part serving as de facto leader of the Stamp Act Congress and authoring its publications. Later that year, he wrote The Late Regulations Respecting the British Colonies… Considered, an influential pamphlet that urged Americans to seek repeal of the act by pressuring British merchants.
In 1767-68, in response to the Townshend Duties, Dickinson wrote a series of newspaper articles entitled "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania." They attacked British taxation policy and urged resistance to unjust laws, but also emphasized the possibility of a peaceful resolution. So popular were the "Letters" in the colonies that Dickinson received an honorary LL.D. from the College of New Jersey (later Princeton), public thanks from a meeting in Boston, accolades from around the colonies, and international celebrity. He championed rigorous colonial resistance in the form of nonimportation and nonexportation agreements and peaceful means of resistance, including civil disobedience.
In 1771, Dickinson returned to the Pennsylvania legislature and drafted a petition to the king that was unanimously approved. He particularly resented the tactics of New England leaders in that year and refused to support aid requested by Boston in the wake of the Intolerable Acts, though he sympathized with the city's plight. In 1774 he chaired the Philadelphia committee of correspondence and briefly sat in the First Continental Congress as a representative from Pennsylvania. He authored four of the six documents published by Congress.
Throughout 1775, Dickinson supported American rights and liberties, but continued to work for peace. He drew up petitions asking the king for redress of grievances. At the same time, he chaired a Philadelphia committee of safety and defense and held a colonelcy in the first battalion recruited in Philadelphia to defend the city.
After Lexington and Concord, Dickinson continued to hope for a peaceful solution. In the Second Continental Congress (1775-76), still a representative of Pennsylvania, he drew up the Olive Branch Petition and the "Declaration of the Causes of Taking Up Arms." In the Pennsylvania assembly in November 1775, he drafted instructions to the delegates to Congress directing them to seek redress of grievances, but ordered them to oppose separation of the colonies from Britain. In June 1776, he wrote new instructions allowing them to vote for independence, but not expressly instructing them to do so.
By that time, Dickinson's moderate position had left him in the minority, but he nevertheless was asked to draft the Articles of Confederation. In Congress, he abstained from the vote on the Declaration of Independence (1776) and refused to sign it. Nevertheless, he then became one of only two contemporary congressional members (with Thomas McKean) who entered the military. During the summer, while on the New Jersey front, he was voted out of the Pennsylvania assembly. When much of his unit deserted, he resigned his colonelcy and accepted reelection to the Pennsylvania assembly in the fall of 1776. When the revolutionary government would not consider amending the new constitution to protect dissenters’ rights, he resigned his seat. He then enlisted as a private in the Delaware militia and may have taken part in the Battle of Brandywine, Pennsylvania (September 11, 1777). He was given a commission as brigadier general in the Delaware militia, but he appears not to have acted on it.
Dickinson took a seat in the Continental Congress (1779), where he signed the Articles of Confederation, although a much different version from the one he had drafted. In 1781, he became president of Delaware's Supreme Executive Council. Before his tenure was over, he was elected president of Pennsylvania (1782-85). In 1786, representing Delaware, he attended and chaired the Annapolis Convention and authored the letter to Congress calling for the Constitutional Convention.
The next year, Delaware sent Dickinson to the Constitutional Convention. He missed a number of sessions and left early because of illness, but he made worthwhile contributions, including engineering the solution for representation known as the Connecticut Compromise and arguing for the end of the slave trade. Because of his premature departure from the convention, he did not actually sign the Constitution but authorized his friend and fellow-delegate George Read to do so for him. From home he wrote the Fabius Letters (1788) arguing for ratification.
Dickinson continued to be active in public affairs. In 1792 he served as president of the Delaware Constitutional Convention, in 1795 he led citizen opposition to the Jay Treaty, and he served as informal advisor to politicians, including Senator George Logan, Attorney General Caesar A. Rodney, and President Thomas Jefferson. In addition to continuing to publish pamphlets on current events, in 1801 he published two volumes of his collected works. He died at Wilmington in 1808 at the age of 75 and was entombed in the Friends Burial Ground.
Image: Courtesy of Independence National Historical Park
George Read, Delaware
Read's mother was the daughter of a Welsh planter, and his Dublin-born father a landholder of means. Soon after George's birth in 1733 near the village of North East in Cecil County, MD, his family moved to New Castle, DE, where the youth, who was one of six sons, grew up. He attended school at Chester, PA, and Rev. Francis Alison's academy at New London, PA, and about the age of 15 he began reading with a Philadelphia lawyer.
In 1753 Read was admitted to the bar and began to practice. The next year, he journeyed back to New Castle, hung out his shingle, and before long enlisted a clientele that extended into Maryland. During this period he resided in New Castle but maintained Stonum a country retreat near the city. In 1763 he wed Gertrude Ross Till, the widowed sister of George Ross, like Read a future signer of the Declaration of Independence. She bore four sons and a daughter.
While crown attorney general (1763-74) for the Three Lower Counties (present Delaware), Read protested against the Stamp Act. In 1765 he began a career in the colonial legislature that lasted more than a decade. A moderate Whig, he supported nonimportation measures and dignified protests. His attendance at the Continental Congress (1774-77) was irregular. Like his friend John Dickinson, he was willing to protect colonial rights but was wary of extremism. He voted against independence on July 2, 1776, the only signer of the Declaration to do so, apparently either bowing to the strong Tory sentiment in Delaware, or believing reconciliation with Britain was still possible.
That same year, Read gave priority to state responsibilities. He presided over the Delaware constitutional convention, in which he chaired the drafting committee, and began a term as speaker of the legislative council, which in effect made him vice president of the state. When the British took Wilmington the next fall, they captured the president, a resident of the city. At first, because Read was away in Congress, Thomas McKean, speaker of the lower house, took over as acting president. But in November, after barely escaping from the British himself while he and his family were en route to Dover from Philadelphia, newly occupied by the redcoats, Read assumed the office and held it until the spring of 1778. Back in the legislative council, in 1779 he drafted the act directing Delaware congressional delegates to sign the Articles of Confederation.
During 1779, in poor health, Read resigned from the legislative council, refused reelection to Congress, and began a period of inactivity. During the years 1782-88, he again sat on the council and concurrently held the position of judge of the court of appeals in admiralty cases.
Meantime, in 1784, Read had served on a commission that adjusted New York-Massachusetts land claims. In 1786 he attended the Annapolis Convention. The next year, he participated in the Constitutional Convention, where he missed few if any sessions and championed the rights of the small states. Otherwise, he adopted a Hamiltonian stance, favoring a strong executive. He later led the ratification movement in Delaware, the first state to ratify.
In the U.S. Senate (1789-93), Read's attendance was again erratic, but when present he allied with the Federalists. He resigned to accept the post of chief justice of Delaware. He held it until his death at New Castle 5 years later, just 3 days after he celebrated his 65th birthday. His grave is there in the Immanuel Episcopal Churchyard.
Image: Courtesy of The National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution
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Get facts and photos about the 1st state.
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https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/states/article/delaware
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At least 11,500 years ago people were living in the area now called Delaware. They’re thought to have come from Asia by way of a land bridge that’s now underwater. Thousands of years later Native American tribes including the Lenni Lenape and the Nanticoke lived on the land.
Historians think the first European to arrive was English explorer Henry Hudson, who reached the area’s bay and river in 1609. During the 1600s, Dutch, English, and Swedish colonists settled on the land. These Europeans fought for the land, and in 1674 the English officially regained control of the territory. But in 1776 Delaware declared its independence from England, one of the actions that would result in the Revolutionary War. After the United States had won the war, Delaware became a U.S. state in 1787.
When the Civil War began in 1861, Delaware was a state where slavery was legal. But the vast majority of its troops fought for the Union, which was the group of northern states that was fighting in support of keeping the states together. (Supporters of the Union side also generally wanted to abolish slavery, while the southern states wanted to keep the practice.) In 1865 the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution declared all slaves in the United States, including in Delaware, to be free people.
Delaware sits on an east coast peninsula called the Delmarva. It’s bordered by Pennsylvania in the north; the Delaware River, the Delaware Bay, New Jersey, and Atlantic Ocean in the east; and Maryland in the south and west.
The state generally slopes downward from the hilly Piedmont region, which covers the northern edge of the state. The rest of Delaware is covered by the low Atlantic Coastal Plain, which contains three state forests: Blackbird, Taber, and Redden. There are sandy beaches along the eastern coastline, and at the state’s southern border, the plain becomes swampland.
—President Joe Biden is one of Delaware’s famous folks, and so is Howard Pyle, the author of the novel The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood.
—The tidal salt marsh at Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge hosts migrating birds including sandpipers, plovers, American black ducks, and salt marsh sparrows.
—Fans watch NASCAR races at the Dover International Speedway, nicknamed the Monster Mile. A 46-foot statue of a monster holds a full-size car in its hand in front of the track.
—The Johnson Victrola Museum displays early music-making machines such as gramophones; phonographs with flower-shaped horns; and some of the first record players, which were called Victrolas.
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History of Newcastle University
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Our origins
As the Industrial Revolution, fuelled by some of the North East’s own innovators and engineers, changed Britain and the world, our history began.
In 1834, in the Barber Surgeon’s Company Hall of Newcastle, a School of Medicine and Surgery was founded to meet the demand for surgeons and doctors.
As pressure mounted for engineers, architects, chemists and biologists needed in the growing shipbuilding, iron, steel, mining and agricultural industries, a College of Physical Science was formed in 1871.
By 1908, the two colleges had become one division of the federal University of Durham, and Newcastle had become a great city; a leading player in the creation of the modern world.
The two colleges merged in 1937, forming King’s College and pioneering regionally important applied sciences, such as geology, mining, naval architecture, engineering and agriculture.
With the dissolution of the federal University of Durham in 1963, King's College became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Today, Newcastle University operates in three locations – Newcastle, Singapore, and Malaysia. We’re home to a vibrant international community of over 27,000 students from 145 countries.
We work with strategic partners, industry collaborators and employers around the world.
We’re pushing the boundaries of knowledge through world-leading research.
We’re nurturing generations of students to build a society that’s better, stronger, and fairer.
Interactive timeline
Step back in time and explore some of the milestones that have shaped us.
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New Castle, one of the oldest towns in the Delaware Valley, still reflects the heritage of some of its earliest citizens, the Dutch. In 1651, Peter Stuyvesant, Governor of New Amsterdam, assumed control over a Finnish and Swedish settlement farther upriver. He erected Fort Casimirthe counterpart of New Amsterdam on the Hudsonon a spit of land since carried away by the South (Delaware) River. In 1656, the fort and the surrounding settlement was renamed New Amstel. When the British captured it in 1664 and gave it its present name, it consisted of about 100 buildings. William Penn acquired the settlement as part of Delaware in 1682, and it was there that he first set foot in America. New Castle was a seat of government in Penn's colony and later briefly the capital of Delaware.
Among the historic places in New Castle are the McIntire House and the Old Dutch House [see entries directly above and below]; the Amstel House, built before 1730; Immanuel Episcopal Church, constructed between 1703 and 1710; the Gov. Gunning Bedford House of about 1730; and the Presbyterian Church, erected in 1707.
The Greenbounded by Delaware, Market, Harmony, and Third Streetswas laid out at the order of Stuyvesant when he assumed control of the settlement, and it remains the center of the historic town. One of the interesting old buildings situated on it is the Old Court House, on the north side of Delaware Street. A 20-foot section of its east wing may have existed when William Penn assumed rule of the Delaware region. One of the best times to sightsee in New Castle is on New Castle Day, on the third Saturday in May, when most of the historic buildings are open to visitors.
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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Delaware
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One of the original thirteen of the United States of America
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https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04692a.htm
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Delaware
Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
Delaware, one of the original thirteen of the United States of America. It lies between 38°28' and 39°47' of N. lat. and between 74°56' and 75°46' of long. West of Greenwich, and is bounded on the N. by the State of Pennsylvania, on the E. by the Delaware River and Bay, and on the S. and W. by the State of Maryland. Its area is 2370 square miles, of which 1965 square miles are of land area, and 405 square miles of water area. Delaware is an agricultural state, its soil is fertile and a large portion of it in a high state of cultivation.
History
In 1609 Henry Hudson, in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, on his third voyage of discovery, sailed into Delaware Bay. This was the first visit of a European, so far as known, to the territory now called Delaware. The bay was so named about the year 1610 by the Virginians in honour of their first Governor, Thomas West, Lord Delawarr. The Dutch, basing their claims on rights acquired by Hudson's discovery, made the first attempt at settlement. In 1629, under the authority of the Dutch West India company, and with the countenance of the Governor and council of New Netherlands, a tract of land from Cape Henlopen to the mouth of the Delaware River was purchased from the natives, and a company formed in Holland to colonize it. In the spring of 1631 a ship carrying emigrants reached the Delaware, and a colony was planted near Cape Henlopen, on Lewes Creek, the colonists giving the country the name of Swaanendael. The life of this colony was ended after a few months. Trouble with the Indians arose, and a fort which had been erected was destroyed, and all the colonists murdered. In 1638 an expedition consisting of two ships carrying some fifty Swedish emigrants, and commanded by Peter Minuit, the deposed Governor of the New Netherlands colony, commissioned by the Swedish Queen Christina, entered Delaware Bay, and the present site of Wilmington was chosen as the place for the first settlement. The colony was known as New Sweden. A fort called Christina was built. After about two years of prosperity sickness began to prevail, and the colony was on the eve of breaking up when another Dutch expedition, though under the patronage of the Swedish Company, appeared, and the new colonists located their settlement several miles from fort Christina. The new arrivals revived the spirits of the Swedes, who decided to remain. Additional colonists from Sweden arrived in 1640, and the colony became well established and prosperous. In 1655, on the appearance of a Dutch fleet, all the forts and settlements were surrendered, and such Swedes as would not take the oath of allegiance were sent to the home country. In 1656 the West India company sold its interests on the South River (called South as distinguished from the North River, as the Hudson was then called) to the City of Amsterdam, and the colony was called "New Amstel" and the authority of New Netherlands over it was ended. In 1664, after the surrender of New Amsterdam to the English, the Delaware settlements were also taken. The name of New Amstel was changed to New Castle, and the settlements were annexed as an appendage to New York, then also under English rule.
According to the charter to William Penn in 1681, the territory of Pennsylvania was bounded on the south by a circle drawn twelve miles distant from the town of New Castle northward and westward, the territory on the Delaware as far down as what was then called Cape Henlopen remaining to the Duke of York. In the same year Penn's authority, with the consent of York, was extended to include this territory also. As early as 1685 a controversy began between Penn and Lord Baltimore as to the ascertainment of the southern and western boundaries of the country along the bay as transferred by York to Penn. Numerous agreements were entered into between the respective proprietors for determining the boundaries, but none gave promise of ever being carried out. This quarrel retarded the settlement of the country and oftentimes caused bloodshed. In 1750 the present boundaries between Delaware, Maryland and Pennsylvania, as mentioned in an agreement between the heirs of Penn and Baltimore in 1732, were decreed by the English court of Chancery, and in 1763, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two surveyors, were engaged and sent over from England to mark the lines. In 1764 the work was started. The present south and west lines of Delaware are the result of a part of this work. The east and west line (between the present States of Pennsylvania and Maryland), which they ran and marked, is the historical Mason and Dixon's Line, the boundary between the former free and slaves States. In 1691, with Penn's consent, the lower counties, now the State of Delaware, became a separate Government, only to be again united to Pennsylvania in 1693. In 1702 Pennsylvania convened its legislature apart, and the two colonies were never again united. The "Counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex upon Delaware" as they were called, began to be governed by a separate assembly, and though the authority of the Governor of Pennsylvania was still acknowledged, the legislature and tribunals were not appreciably affected by any external authority. This was the form of government until a separate constitution was adopted in 1776. The representatives of the three lower counties upon the Delaware were members of the continental Congresses of 1774 and 1775, and voted for the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Among the most noteworthy Articles of the Constitution of 1776 was the following: "There shall be no establishment of any one religious sect in this State, in preference to another, and no clergyman or preacher of the gospel of any denomination shall be capable of holding a civil office in the State, or of being a member of either of the branches of the legislature, while they continue in the exercise of the pastoral function." In 1779 the State's delegates were instructed to ratify the "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union" adopted by Congress.
During the Revolutionary War Delaware enlisted, including Continental soldiers and militia, a total of 3763 men. On 7 Dec., 1787, the Delaware legislature ratified the Federal Constitution, being the first State to give its approval. The population of the State in 1790 was 59,094, of whom 8887 were slaves. Constitutional conventions were held in 1791 and 1831, and the present Constitution was adopted at a convention in 1897. The common law procedure is followed in the courts, and the judges are appointed for terms of twelve years. In the war of 1812 Delaware was well represented in both the land and naval forces, her best known representative in the latter being commodore Thomas Macdonough, the hero of Lake Champlain. Prior to the Civil War, Delaware was classed with the Southern, or slave-holding, States. In the election of November, 1860, the State's electoral vote was given to John C. Breckinridge, who stood for the constitutional rights of the Southern States, while at the same time all the political parties within the State pledge their loyalty to the Union. In January, 1861, a commissioner from Mississippi appeared before the Delaware legislature and invited the State to join the Southern confederacy. The House unanimously and the Senate by a majority vote, expressed their disapproval of such a remedy for existing difficulties. While there was considerable respect and some sympathy for the rights of the seceding States, there was at all times constant adherence to the National government. Delaware being a border State, there was some distrust on the part of the Government, particularly as to the southern portion, and at times martial law prevailed. Out of a total white population in the State in 1860 of 90,589, the aggregate number of troops furnished to the Union army during the war by Delaware was 13,651. Admiral Samuel F. Dupont was one of the ranking officers in the Union service credited to Delaware. On 5 Feb., 1867, the State legislature in accordance with the Governor's recommendation rejected the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. At the legislative session of 1869 the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution was also rejected.
Population
The estimated population of the State in 1906 was 194,479. Wilmington, with an estimated population in 1906 of 85,140, is the largest city. In 1900, in a population of 184,735 there were 94,158 males and 90,577 females. Classified by race, there were 153,977 whites, 30,697 negroes and 61 persons of other races; 170,925 of the population were natives and 13,810 were foreign born. There were 40,029 males of military age, and 54,018 males of voting age, of whom 45,592 were whites, and 8,374 were negroes. The total number of families was 39,446 and the average number of persons to a family was 4.7.
Education
The first school in the State was opened before 1700, under the direction of the pastor of Old Swedes' Church. During the last half of the eighteenth century, the leading educational institution in the State was the Wilmington Academy, which was built in 1765. Prior to the constitution of 1791, no provision was had for free schools in the State. In that instrument provision was made "for establishing schools and promoting the arts and sciences", and in 1796 an act was passed by the legislature applying all the moneys received from marriage and tavern licenses to a school fund. This was the beginning of the public school system in the State. In 1829 a "Free School Law" was passed, which divided the counties into many self-governing school districts, each district being the judge of the tax requisite for its own needs. The present school law was passed in 1875, and provided for a fixed tax to be raised annually in each district fore the support of the schools therein. Each country has a superintendent of schools, who as such is a member of the State Board of Education. In addition to the tax raised in each school district, there is the income of a large permanent school fund, and regular legislative appropriations. The constitution ordains that not less than $100,000 annually shall be provided by the legislature, which, with the income of the permanent school fund, shall be used exclusively for payment of teachers' salaries, and for furnishing free text-books. Separate schools are provided for coloured children. In 1900 the total attendance in the free schools of the State was 28,753, nearly equally as to sex, of which number 24,868 were whites, and 3883 were negroes. The total amount expended on the free schools of the State for the school year 1905-1906, including amounts derived from school tax, legislative appropriations, and income from school fund, was $501,745.80.
In 1907 a compulsory education law was passed providing for the continuous attendance for at least five months in each year, at either public or private school in which the common English branches are taught, of all children between the ages of seven and fourteen years, unless excused for certain reasons specified. Delaware college, the chief institution of learning in the State, is located at Newark. Chartered in 1833, it was opened in 1834, and has had a very successful career. It is governed by a board of trustees, one-half of whom are named by the State. In 1869 the legislature adopted this college as the institution to be provided as an Agricultural college in accordance with the congressional Enabling Act of 1862. Technological and agricultural, as well as classical courses of instruction are provided. The number of professors and teachers is twenty- two, and the number of students in attendance is 158. Women are excluded from attendance at the college. Wilmington Conference Academy (Methodist), located at Dover, was founded in 1873. St. Mary's College, founded in Wilmington in 1841, by the Rev. Patrick Reilly, became a well-known institution, and numbered some of the best-known Catholics in the country among its graduates. In 1857 there were 120 resident students. It prospered till the opening of the Civil War, and in 1866 closed its doors. There are a number of excellent private schools and academies scattered through the State. A State College for coloured students founded in 1892, is located at Dover. Manual and agricultural, as well as classical and technical, instruction is there furnished. Reform schools for both boys and girls are supported in part by the State. There is also a State Hospital and Insane Asylum. Delaware having no institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb or the blind, the State bears the expense of having a certain number of them cared for and instructed in proper institutions in other States.
Catholic progress
Prior to 1772 no definite records are obtainable regarding any regularly established Catholic church in the present State of Delaware. The Catholics in the State prior to the latter part of the eighteenth century were very few in number. In 1730 Cornelius Hallahan, an Irish Catholic, settled in Mill Creek Hundred, in New Castle country, on an estate called by him Cuba Rock, near the present location of Mount Cuba. The first Catholic services in the State were probably held at his house. The Apoquiniminck Mission, in the lower part of New Castle Country, was established before 1750 by Jesuits from St. Xavier's Mission in Cecil County, Maryland. The latter mission, founded in 1706 by Father Thomas Mansell, S.J., near the junction of the Great and Little Bohemia Rivers, is still in existence, and known as Bohemia Manor. In a report from the Episcopal Mission at Dover (Kent Country) to the clergymen of the Pennsylvania province, made in 1748, it is stated that the "Quakers and Roman Catholics were long accustomed to bury their dead at their own plantations." Again in 1751 a like report from the Dover Mission states: "There are about five or six families of Papists, who are attended once a month from Maryland with a priest." In January, 1772, Father Matthew Sittensperger, a Jesuit known at the Bohemian Mission under the name of Manners, purchased a farm in Mill Creek Hundred, which was known as coffee Run, and here a log chapel called St. Mary's and a residence were erected. Father Sittensperger was succeeded by the Rev. Stephen Faure, who, with other Frenchmen, driven from St. Domingo by negro uprisings, settled at Wilmington. He was assisted by the Rev. John Rosseter, an officer in Rochambeau's army during the Revolutionary War, and then an Augustinian. In 1798 he was succeeded by the Rev. Mr. Cibot, who had been Vice-Prefect Apostolic in St. Domingo. In 1800 the Rev. Charles Whelan became pastor, to be succeeded in 1805 by the Rev. Patrick Kenny. From this church the Catholics of the surrounding country as far as at West Chester, Pennsylvania, and Wilmington, were attended. Father Kenny was assisted for a time by the Rev. George A. Carrell, who afterwards became Bishop of Covington, Kentucky. The arduous labours and personality of Father Kenny have made him probably the best known priest in the early Catholic history of the State. Some portions of Coffee Run Church are still standing. The site of the church is about six miles from Wilmington on the Lancaster Pike. In 1785 Delaware was one of the four states (the others being Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia) where Catholics were not virtually under civil disabilities.
From its earliest settlement, at no time did religious intolerance ever appear in the government of the Swedish colony which grew into the State of Delaware. In 1816 St. Peter's, the second church in the State, was built by Father Kenny. This church, often enlarged and beautified since, is now the cathedral of the diocese. Father Kenny was first assisted in 1834, and later succeeded by the Rev. Patrick Reilly, who, as priest and educator, was one of the most respected clergymen in the country. In 1830 the first Catholic Orphan Asylum in the state was opened in Wilmington. In 1839 the first parochial school in the State was built adjoining St. Peter's. Until 1868 the State formed a portion of the Diocese of Philadelphia, but in that year the present Diocese of Wilmington was created. It comprises the State of Delaware and the Eastern Shore counties of Maryland and Virginia. The Right Rev. Thomas A. Becker was the first bishop. Bishop Becker, on being transferred to Georgia in 1886, was succeeded by the Right Rev. Alfred A. Curtis, who, after a service of ten years, resigned, and was succeeded by the Right Rev. John J. Monaghan, 26 January, 1897. The Delaware diocese from its creation has been distinguished by the excellences in ability and temperament of its bishops. The years 1825 to 1860 marked the first important period of Catholic immigration, and the chief nationality found among the Catholic population has been the Irish. The Catholic population of the diocese (1908) is 31,000, of whom 500 are negroes. The Catholic population of the State is 25,000. There are 46 churches in the diocese, of which 20 are in Delaware. The one Catholic church for negroes is situated in Wilmington. The number of priests in the diocese is 43, and the number in the State is 34. Of the whole number in the diocese 30 are seculars and 13 belong to various orders. There are twelve parochial schools in the State, with an attendance of 3100. Orphan asylums for white boys and girls, for former near Delaware City and the latter at Wilmington, are under the care, respectively, of the sisters of St. Francis and the Sisters of charity. A coloured orphan asylum in Wilmington is conducted by the Josephite Fathers. A coloured Industrial and Agricultural School is also maintained by the Josephite Fathers at Clayton. A Home for the Aged, at Wilmington, is under the care of the Little sisters of the Poor. All these institutions are well housed, admirably managed, and speak well for Catholic benevolence in the state. A Summer Home for the teaching orders of the Sisters in the State and for poor girls has been opened at Rehobeth, a seaside town. Salesianum, a preparatory school, located at Wilmington, under the care of the Oblates of St. Francis de Sales, and the Ursuline Academy, a boarding and day school for girls, are the present chief Catholic educational institutions in the State. Within the diocese is a novitiate of the order of Oblates of St. Francis de Sales and a convent of Visitation nuns.
Other religions
The first religion in the State was that brought by the Swedish settlers, namely, the Lutheran. The first church erected was in 1638 within Fort Christina, and the second in 1643 near New Castle. Dutch and Swedes worshipped there. Old Swedes' Church, built in 1698 under the direction of the celebrated Swedish minister Bjork, is still in use and in a splendid state of preservation. After the arrival of the English, the Swedish and English churches were, for the greater part of the time, attended by the same minister. About 1791 the Swedish Lutheran Church merged into the Protestant Episcopal. The Society of Friends erected their first meeting house in Delaware about 1687, and for the greater part of the State's history, they were probably the most influential and respected class in the State, particularly in the northern portion. The first Presbyterian church in the State is known to have been established with elders and trustees as early as 1705, but the precise year of its institution is not known. The Baptist Church in the State was founded in 1703 by emigrants from South Wales, who settled upon the "Welsh Tract", a portion of the Penn grant in Pencader Hundred, New Castle county, and erected a meeting house. This was the third Baptist meeting house erected in America. Meetings of the Methodist denomination were held at Wilmington as early as 1766, and in 1780 "Barratt's Chapel" in Kent County (still in use) was erected. This was one of the cradles of the Methodist church in America, and here the first General Conference of American Methodism was appointed. The active church membership and the Sunday-school membership of the leading Protestant denominations are (1908): Methodist Episcopal, 40,000; Protestant Episcopal, 6280; Baptist, 5000; Presbyterian, 12,700. There are many churches for coloured people in the State, among which the Baptist and Methodist, particularly the latter, predominate. Among other creeds and denominations represented in the State, are the Lutheran, Unitarian, Swedenborgian, Christian Science, Methodist Protestant, various divisions of the Baptist Church, Seventh Day Adventist, and Hebrew.
Legislation
The first article of the State constitution, adopted in 1897, states, "No man shall or ought to be compelled to attend any religious worship, to contribute to the erection or support of any place of worship, or to the maintenance of any ministry, against his own free will and consent"; and also states that "No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under this State". This same language is found in the constitution adopted in 1831. Blasphemy is punishable as a misdemeanour. By statute any worldly employment, labour or business (works of necessity or charity excepted), peddling goods, droving, fishing, fowling, gaming, horseracing, cock fighting or hunting game, and playing and dancing, on the Sabbath day, are all prohibited and made punishable as misdemeanours. The usual form of oath is swearing upon the Holy Evangels of Almighty God. A person believing in any other than the Christian religion may be sworn according to the peculiar ceremonies of his religion, if there be any such. A person conscientiously scrupulous of taking an oath may be permitted to affirm to the truth of the matters to be testified. A chaplain is appointed by either branch of the legislature, and the daily sessions (by force of custom only) are opened with prayer. Christmas and Sunday are the only religious holidays recognized as legal holidays. There is neither statute nor court decision in the State, regarding the seal of confession.
Prior to 1893 the provisions of one statute covered the incorporation of congregations or societies of whatsoever denomination. At that time, a statute was passed providing exclusively for the incorporation of Catholic congregations. It gives a simple method for incorporating a church congregation. Under a statute, all real and personal property belonging to any church or religious society is not liable to assessment and taxation for public purposes, unless the property is in the form of a school where the tuition is not free. The constitution provides: "No portion of any fund now existing, or which may hereafter be appropriated or raised by taxation, for educational purposes, shall be appropriated to, or used for, or in aid of any sectarian church or denominational school, provided, that all real or personal property used for school purposes where tuition is free, shall be exempt from taxation and assessment for public purposes". The right of any charitable or educational corporation to take by devise or bequest in undoubted. While the language of the statute under which Catholic congregations are formed into church corporations is not beyond cavil in this regard, the assumption is that such a corporation may take by devise or bequest, without qualification or condition. In this respect, the rights of Catholic church corporations are clearer and more liberal than those enjoyed by church corporations of any other denomination. Ordained minsters of the Gospel are not liable to serve as jurors. Military service is voluntary. By the constitution, no divorce may be granted except by the judgment of a court. Annulment of marriage for certain causes, existing at the time of marriage, is provided for. For divorce, the reasons are adultery, bigamy, imprisonment, cruelty, desertion, habitual drunkenness, and hopeless insanity. Hearings and trials in divorce matters must in all cases be had before the court and in public. Marriage within the degrees of the established table of consanguinity, or between whites and blacks, is unlawful and void, and the parties thereto are guilty of a misdemeanour. A regularly issued license is a condition precedent to marriage, unless the banns are published at some place of stated religious worship, within the Hundred of the woman's residence on two Sabbaths, and no objection made to such marriage.
The sale of liquor is licenses by the State, but with many restrictions. The State is divided into four local option districts, in two of which prohibition laws are now in force.
Legacies for religious, charitable and educational purposes are not subject to taxation. The right to dispose of property by will may be exercised by any person of the age of twenty-one years or upwards who is of sound mind. Such will must be in writing except a nuncupative will, by which an estate not exceeding $200 may be disposed of. Cemetery corporations are now formed under the provisions of a general incorporation law. No taxes are paid on lands used for cemetery purposes.
The constitution places no limit to direct taxation, but no State tax on assessed property is levied. County and municipal assessment and taxation is employed. There is no tax on income. A collateral inheritance tax is collected, where the recipient is a stranger in blood, and the estate exceeds $500.
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BCHF goes to New Castle
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"Bucks Local News"
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We left Bristol on May 18th at 8 a.m. and arrived in New Castle about 9:30am and were given our tickets and map of the area The houses were not yet open so we visited some of the beautiful gardens. New Castle was founded as a Dutch fort in 1651, became the capital of the […]
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We left Bristol on May 18th at 8 a.m. and arrived in New Castle about 9:30
am and were given our tickets and map of the area The houses were not yet open so we visited some of the beautiful gardens.
New Castle was founded as a Dutch fort in 1651, became the capital of the colony in 1704 and the capital of Delaware State in 1776. After the Dutch settlement, Sweden, Great Britain and the United States all had a part in the history of the town.
Most of the houses on one street near the river were formerly warehouses and were built by a man who also owned a lumber yard back in the early 1800’s. When a fire destroyed these wooden buildings, they were rebuilt of brick and people created houses out of them. The houses originally had two rooms, one above the other, but the owners now have enlarged them by adding on rooms at the back upstairs and downstairs and have furnished them very attractively – some with very nice antiques.
I was interested to learn that New Castle was the first place William Penn landed in America on October 27, 1682. We met three men in colonial garb, representing William Penn, James Logan, and the town crier, in front of a sign explaining “Livery of Seisin” giving Penn possession of the land by delivering to him “one turf with a twig upon it and a porringer with river water and soil”. This is close by Packet Alley, a narrow walkway, which leads to the main public wharf. Important travelers walked through here on their way to Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington or Alexandria.
On one of the properties, there was a small one room building with a tin ceiling and all the visitors speculated slaves had lived here. Upon my questioning the owner, he said he and his son had built it as a family project and it was a replica of an old one room library similar to one he had seen in Beartown, New Jersey.
By the green, along the waterfront was a replica of the “Kalmar Nyckel” which cost $3.2 million when it was built in Wilmington several years ago. The original ship, all wood, sailed from Sweden to America in 1637 and made four round trips which was more than any other ship of the period.
It was interesting talking with the crew made up of male and female volunteers who all have full time jobs during the week. The ship contains 20th century technology, is a living history museum, serves as a sail training vessel and can be chartered for sailing trips or parties. People can support it by contributions to the Kalmar Nyckel Foundation.
We went aboard to tour the ship and it was similar to “The Eye of the Wind,” a larger ship, which I toured last summer in Philadelphia with my daughter, Ann. She spent three months on the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia with the “Operation Drake” program helping to set up a national park. One of her jobs was to climb a ladder 90 feet in the air and walk on an 18-inch platform to set up nets to catch bats. She disentangled many bats, including one that had not been seen since 1928.
Ann sailed on the “Eye” from Sulawesi to Djakarta, Indonesia in 1980 and she was amazed to see that one of the owners whom she knew, Tiger Tibbs, was still on the ship. The ship is still conducting sail training exercises to various parts of the world, as is the Kalmar Nyckel. Tiger was nice enough to let us go below deck to see where Ann and the rest of the crew had bunked so we could get an idea of the sparse accommodations. We were not able to go below deck on the Kalmar Nyckel but they hope for Coast Guard approval to carry between 70 to 145 people. One of the women on the Kalmar Nyckel said she saw Ann’s ship berthed next to hers at the “Sail Boston” operation.
Down on the green by the river, we listened to a group of men and women in costume playing a fife and drum. In talking with them, we learned that they travel around the eastern seaboard performing at various historic events. We made note of their names and said we would see if there was anyone in our area who might be able to use their services.
Everywhere we walked, people were selling various items to buy or to eat like funnel cakes or ice cream. The churches and restaurants had various kinds of food to offer and we saw women and children learning how to make nosegays of silk flowers with ribbons as they do at Winterthur. It may be handy to use these as ideas for Bristol Day.
Along the waterfront there was a sign proclaiming the site of the Newcastle and Frenchtown Railroad which was built in 1832 and was one of the first railroads in the country to Frenchtown on the Elk River and connecting the North and South. It was absorbed by the Delaware Railroad in 1856.
We stopped to listen to a woman dressed in 1860’s clothing describing her clothes and clothes other women around her were wearing. She explained that under the clothes they were wearing “whale bone” (now plastic) hoops to make the skirts stand out. This, in turn, made the women’s waists look smaller and various belts gave that impression also.
The women usually remained cool as the hoops kept the clothing away from the body. The women’s long sleeves could be detached at night to feature short sleeves. Women and men always wore solid material gloves of leather or cotton for dancing as this kept their hands from perspiring. Women usually wore their hair parted in the middle to make their faces look rounder and they usually kept out of the sun to keep their skin white. Also, in their fashions, they looked to Queen Victoria.
One of the men, Larry Keener-Farley, explained the styles of the men. He told us the women bought material in bulk and made their own clothing (or hired dress and suit makers) and also made three piece black suits for men. As the suits wore out, the men would replace the pants or vests with other material. Wearing vests of red, green or plaid and ties of black or brown in various styles, some permanently tied and others tied as the man wished, they could express their own individuality.
Men either wore frock coats in black to the knees which were long and generally worn by gentlemen while the lower cast wore sack coats to the waists. They also wore hats of straw, beaver or “stove pipe.” Most of the Maryland men wore rosettes to show their Southern sympathies although two-thirds served in the Union Army and remained loyal.
Larry is with a group of 90 men from various groups who take part in Union and Confederate reenactments. He told us
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(Continued on page 16)
he lived in Bristol years ago when he was studying at Temple. First, he had been an historian but couldn’t get a job, decided to study law and practiced for many years. After retiring as a lawyer, Mayor Reed of Harrisburg offered him a job as historian, his first love, at the city funded National Civil War Museum in Harrisburg.
He mentioned to me some of the Civil War people whom I know, specifically,
Andy Waskie, who impersonated Major General George Gordon Meade in a BCHF program several years ago. If anyone wants to look them up, he mentioned 2 web sites of interest – www.civil war dancing and www.National Civil War Museum.
The Old Court House was interesting with historic memorabilia about Judge Roger Taney who handled the Garrett Trial here and later the Dred Scott Case in St. Louis as he was a traveling judge who handled cases in many areas. It was from the balcony of this building that Delaware declared itself a state.
The former Opera House where Jenny Lind and Enrico Caruso once sang, with the stage still intact, features sales of antiques from various people in town. In the Old Library Museum, they had an interesting display of samplers and stitchery from the 18th to the 21st centuries.
I toured the Rodney House and spoke with two of Caleb Rodney’s descendants. Caleb was the brother of Caesar, signer of the Declaration of Independence from Delaware. Caesar had severe facial cancer and wore a pale green scarf over his face to hide his disfigurement. Though he was ill, he rode to Philadelphia to sign the Declaration and died soon afterwards.
My great grandfather, David Landreth II, was married twice and one of his wives was a cousin of Caleb’s. When the Landreth farm was in Philadelphia from 1784 to 1845, Caleb sent up some of his slaves to work on the farm one summer. I mentioned this to his two descendants and said I would send them the family information I had. If I had known I would be meeting the Rodney descendants, I could have taken the information with me.
John Dickinson, a wealthy farmer, was heavily influenced by the Quakers. He owned at least 59 slaves in Kent County which he freed in 1777. There was a conditional agreement which required them to serve him for a period of 21 years in exchange for food, clothing, shelter and remuneration. Then in 1785, he unconditionally freed all his slaves although their freedom was restricted by law. The law did not include privileges, such as the right to vote but in 1787 free blacks could own property.
We had a delicious lunch in the Arsenal Building where there were two rooms for dining in addition to the lawn outside and there is a Caesar Rodney Ballroom in the building. The Arsenal was erected between 1809 and 1811 as the threat of war with England became imminent. It was used to store ordnance supplies, and to house all the troops when Fort Delaware caught fire. It served as a hospital during a cholera epidemic, as a school and for other purposes and was leased as a restaurant in 1963.
Another interesting house, the Dutch House, the oldest one in town, was built in 1700 and has survived without many alterations. The women attendants all wore Dutch caps, and Volendam, Holland type of clothing.
We also enjoyed seeing the Amstel House and garden, which when built in 1738, was probably the most elegant. Governor Van Dyke lived here and in 1784 when his daughter was married, George Washington attended the wedding. There were many beautiful antiques in this house, including a gaming table, a rocking cradle and an immense fireplace reminiscent of the one in Pennsbury where a woman was cooking a chicken dinner, with vegetables, over the open fire.
The last event of the day was dancing on the lawn near the Academy Building performed by the men and women in costume whom we had seen earlier in the day. It was interesting to watch the dances as they are similar to the country and square dances that we enjoy today.
If you haven’t been to New Castle and want to refresh your memory of history, it is well worth a visit.
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https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/delaware-colony/
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Delaware Colony, History, Facts, Timeline, APUSH, 13 Colonies
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Delaware Colony history, facts, timeline, and AP US History (APUSH) review. One of the 13 Original Colonies that founded the United States.
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en
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American History Central
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https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/delaware-colony/
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Delaware Colony Summary
The history of the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware — one of the official names given to Delaware in its early days, was heavily influenced by Swedish, Dutch, and English colonists. Delaware was first settled as Dutch territory, then was part of New Sweden before returning to Dutch control. In the 1660s, the English finally took control, making it part of the Province of New York. When William Penn needed access to the Atlantic Ocean for his city of Philadelphia, he gained control of the three counties along the Delaware River and eventually granted them a separate government in 1701.
Delaware Colony Facts
Delaware was one of the Middle Colonies in Colonial America.
The territory was originally inhabited by Native American Indians.
European exploration of the Delaware River Valley started in the early 1600s.
Various European groups claimed control of the territory during the Colonial Era, including the Dutch, Swedes, and English.
Indian tribes and European colonists were involved in the Fur Trade.
The first black man in Delaware, Antoni Swart, who was called “Black Anthony,” arrived in 1630.
England first took control of Delaware in 1664, and it was part of the Province of New York.
Delaware became a proprietary colony, under the control of William Penn, in 1682.
Delaware was referred to as the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware until it declared independence from Great Britain in 1776.
Delaware’s history is closely tied to Pennsylvania, because of William Penn.
Geography
The Three Counties on the Delaware
The Province of Delaware was the second smallest of the 13 Original Colonies, covering less than 2,000 square miles across three counties — New Castle, Sussex, and Kent. The northwest corner of Delaware, mainly New Castle County, was covered with rolling foothills, while Southern Delaware ran along the coast and was covered with wetlands.
The River and the Bay
The Delaware River and Delaware Bay dominated the landscape, flowing north to south and providing access to the Atlantic Ocean. European powers vied for control of the region because of access provided by the river and bay, which also made New Castle and Wilmington important port towns during the Colonial Era.
Native American Indians
Archaeological findings indicate that nomadic hunters and gatherers started living in the region — known as the Delmarva Peninsula — around 6500 B.C. From 1000 A.D. to 1300 A.D., the indigenous populations transitioned to more settled lifestyles, relying on hunting and basic agriculture for food.
In their villages, there were clear gender roles. Men hunted alone, and women farmed together. The significant exception was fall deer hunts, which included everyone.
The Delaware Tribes
In the early 17th century, the Delmarva Peninsula was home to three main tribes, even though European colonists referred to them collectively as the Delaware Indians.
Lenope
Lenape
Nanticoke
The Lenope and Lenape were the most prominent, and spoke a dialect of the Algonquin language, although they became distinctly separate tribes around A.D. 1300 A.D. Both tribes lived near the Delaware River and Delaware Bay, relying on the seasonal migration of fish and game for food.
The Nanticoke lived in the southwest part of the peninsula, which later became Sussex County.
Trade with Europeans
By the early 17th century, the Indians, primarily the Lenape, had enjoyed more than 50 years of friendly trade with Dutch and Swedish colonists. This beneficial trade relationship continued, even when Pennsylvania’s government controlled Delaware.
The Delaware tribes were often in conflict with other Indian nations, including the Iroquois Confederacy and the Susquehannocks. Threats from these nations encouraged the Delaware tribes to trade for European goods and move further inland.
Displacement of Indians
By the mid-18th century, three main factors that contributed to the displacement of Indians from their ancestral lands:
European settlement on Native hunting grounds.
The impact of European diseases on the non-immune Native American population.
The growing European population.
In the mid-18th century, the Lenape moved to western Pennsylvania where they continued to participate in the Fur Trade. Over time, they moved further west, relocating to Ohio, Canada, and even west of the Mississippi River into present-day Oklahoma.
European Control of Delaware
Control of the Delaware Colony shifted between England, the Netherlands, and Sweden. In 1664, England finally took control of Delaware, when a fleet of English ships took over New Netherland.
Henry Hudson
In 1609, Henry Hudson, an English explorer working for the Dutch, explored the Delmarva Peninsula, in search of the fabled Northwest Passage. He sailed up the Delaware River, which he called the “South River,” and claimed the region for the Dutch.
Zwaanendael Colony
However, the Dutch did not establish a permanent settlement until 1631. That year, a group of about 30 colonists established Zwaanendael — also spelled Swanendael — at Cape Henlopen on Lewes Creek to hunt whales and produce whale oil.
Unfortunately, the settlement lasted less than a year when the colonists clashed with local Indians. According to most accounts, the Indians stole a piece of tin, intending to use it to make tobacco pipes. The incident escalated, and nearly all of the colonists were killed. The only survivors were two boys, Pierre and Hendrick Wiltsee.
It took the Dutch another 24 years before they attempted to resettle in the Delaware region.
New Sweden
In 1638, the New Sweden Company founded a settlement on Minquan Kil, which was later renamed Christiana River in honor of the Queen of Sweden.
During this period, the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) was taking place in Europe, and Sweden sought to establish itself as a colonial power. Sweden permitted Dutch merchants to create settlements and trading posts along the west bank of the Delaware River, which formed New Sweden. However, New Sweden struggled for most of the time it existed, although there was limited success under the administration of Governor Johan Printz.
In the early 1650s, officials from New Sweden and New Netherland argued over territorial claims, but neither group had the military resources needed to enforce their claims. However, during the Second Northern War (1665–1660), the conflict spilled over to North America and Dutch forces took control of New Sweden, making it part of New Netherland.
During the time of Swedish and Dutch control, Delaware had a small population of a few thousand Indians and less than 1,000 Europeans who were Swedes, Dutch, and Finns. There were also around 100 African slaves and servants.
It is also estimated that around 1,000 Europeans — Swedes, Dutch, and Finns — and Africans were living along the Delaware River Valley. These people were located in trading settlements that went as far north as present-day Burlington, New Jersey.
Delaware Under the Control of New York
In 1664, King Charles II of England issued a charter to his brother James, the Duke of York, granting him the territory between the Delaware River and the Connecticut River. This grant included Dutch territory in New Netherland, including the settlement at New Amsterdam.
James sent a fleet of ships to take control of New Amsterdam, which was surrendered by the Governor, Peter Stuyvesant, without a fight. With New Netherland under English control, it was renamed the Province of New York and New Amsterdam was renamed New York City.
A smaller fleet, led by Sir Robert Carr, attacked the Dutch stronghold at New Amstel in northern Delaware, which was renamed New Castle.
English officials paid little attention to Delaware when it was part of New York.
The Lower Three Counties
Delaware was part of New York until 1682, when William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, requested control from the Duke of York. Penn needed access to the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, and Atlantic Ocean for Philadelphia. The Duke of York responded by leasing the three counties in Delaware to Penn.
Penn decided to keep the name New Castle for the northern county, but he renamed the two southern counties, calling them Kent and Sussex.
The three counties remained part of Pennsylvania and were not independent. The colony was known as the “Government of the Counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex on Delaware” or simply the “Lower Counties.”
In December 1682, Penn and the First General Assembly of Pennsylvania convened to enact laws. On December 4, the “Act of the Union of the Province and Territories” was enacted, which joined Pennsylvania and the Lower Counties under one government. A second act, naturalized all “foreigners then residing within the province and territories.”
Penn proposed his Frame of Government, which ensured residents of the Lower Counties had equal representation in Pennsylvania’s General Assembly. As part of the shared government, meetings of the General Assembly were shared between the two colonies, alternating between Philadelphia and New Castle.
In 1701, Penn and the Assembly agreed to the 1701 Charter of Privileges, which allowed Delaware to establish its own General Assembly. As part of the agreement, Delaware agreed to remain under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Pennsylvania, who was appointed by Penn.
The Delaware General Assembly held its first independent meeting in New Castle in 1704. The two colonies shared the same Governor for the remained of the Colonial Era until the Lower Counties declared independence from Great Britain and adopted the name “Delaware.”
Population and Immigration
As New England and the Middle Colonies developed, colonists migrated to Delaware, including Quakers. As Europe continued to be plagued by wars over religion and monarchies, more people emigrated to the English Colonies.
In Northern Delaware, New Castle was the largest settlement and attracted artisans and merchants. The surrounding countryside was populated with small farms owned by Swedes, Dutch, and English. Some of those farms relied on slave labor and nearly all of them were focused on the production of grain, which could be easily shipped to Philadelphia and sold.
Along the waterways that branched off of the Christiana River and Delaware River, mills were built around the town of Wilmington to process corn and wheat into flour. By the 1740s, Wilmington was a leader in the production of flour.
In Southern Delaware, the counties of Kent and Sussex were similar to Maryland, which lay to the south and west. It was in those areas where slavery gained a foothold in Delaware.
Most white families in Southern Delaware were involved in farming, using family labor alongside indentured servants and sometimes as many as two African slaves. However, it was the large plantation owners, who had 20 or more slaves, who dominated society, politics, and the economy of the southern counties.
Slavery in Delaware
During Swedish control of Delaware from 1638 to 1655, only a small number of captured Africans were brought to Delaware as slaves, partly due to the limited resources of the New Sweden Company.
When New Sweden was taken over by the Dutch, settlers in Delaware had access to the slave trade through the Dutch West Indian Company, which contributed to an increase in the number of enslaved Africans in the colony. It is estimated that roughly 20 percent of the population of Delaware was made up of enslaved people by 1664.
While early economies of nearby colonies like Virginia and Maryland relied on Indentured Servants from England to drive the workforce, Delaware’s access to the slave trade contributed to slavery becoming the primary way to acquire workers. Over time, both Virginia and Maryland shifted to slavery, especially after Bacon’s Rebellion took place.
By the early 1700s, around 30 percent of the people in Delaware were enslaved, while that number reached anywhere from 40 to 60 percent in Virginia and Maryland.
After Pennsylvania was founded and unified with the Lower Counties, there was a significant influx of Scots-Irish into Delaware. Many of them arrived as Indentured Servants, brought their families with them, and settled in New Castle County. It is estimated that from the 1720s to the 1760s the number of Indentured Servants was about the same as the enslaved population, roughly 30 percent.
Black Anthony
In 1639, the first documented black man arrived in present-day Delaware. Known as “Black Anthony,” he arrived from the West Indies on the ship Fogel Grip. According to some accounts, he had been kidnapped by the captain of the ship. His real name was Antoni Swart and he eventually became a free man, who found employment with Governor Johan Printz.
Economy
Leading up to the 1750s, Delaware’s agricultural economy was focused on tobacco, corn, and wheat. However, in the 1750s, tobacco became an unprofitable crop, leading planters and farmers to develop trade connections with Philadelphia merchants and transition their focus from tobacco to grain production.
The production of corn and wheat was less labor-intensive than tobacco, which reduced the need for labor in Delaware over the long term. The influx of Indentured Servants supplied enough workers, which helped keep slavery from growing at the rate it did in Virginia and Maryland.
Government and Politics
The “Hundred” was a unique political unit in between Pennsylvania’s townships and Maryland’s counties, and served as the foundation for government and community in Delaware. They were essentially unincorporated subdivisions of the counties.
The first Hundreds were established in 1682. There were five Hundreds in New Castle County, five in Kent County, and two in Sussex County. As the population grew, so did the number of Hundreds
In the southern counties, political life was dominated by wealthy planters who sought the support of middle-class property holders. In northern New Castle County, where there were fewer slaves and planters, both merchants and farmers had more active, equal roles in politics.
Across Delaware, freeholders elected local officials, while the governor, following the assembly’s recommendations, appointed judges and justices of the peace. In each county, voters elected tax assessors and sheriffs. These officials worked with the justices of the peace to govern the three counties.
Society
In Northern Delaware, where there was a larger Quaker community, there was little emphasis on social hierarchy and subordination of the lower classes, including enslaved people and indentured servants. Women also held more authority within their families and in community institutions like churches.
In Southern Delaware, where there was a significant population of slaves and indentured servants, relationships were built around social hierarchy and subordination. Plantation owners were responsible for governing and caring for the people living on their lands, which could include: gentry planters, yeoman farmers, free white people who did not own property, white indentured servants, and enslaved Africans.
Timeline and Chronology
Before the arrival of Europeans, most Indians along the Delaware River identified as Lenni Lenapes, meaning “original people.” They spoke an Algonquian dialect and lived in loosely connected villages. The villages were situated between the Iroquois Confederacy and the Susquehannock, resulting in conflicts between the Delaware tribes and the larger nations.
1609 — Henry Hudson, an Englishman in command of the Dutch ship Half Moon, visited Delaware Bay while searching for the Northwest Passage. His reports increased the interest of both the Dutch and English in the Delaware River Valley.
1610 — Captain Samuel Argall, an Englishman working for the Virginia Company, named Delaware Bay after Thomas West, Baron De La Warr, the governor of Virginia Colony.
1614 — The Dutch identified the whole mid-Atlantic region, from Jamestown to Quebec, as New Netherland. Their goal was to profit from the Fur Trade and fishing in and around Delaware Bay.
1614 — Captain Cornelis Mey explored Delaware Bay, naming Fenwick’s Island and Cape Hindlopen. He also gives present-day Cape Henlopen, across from Cape Mey, the name Cape Cornelis
1615 — Captain Cornelis Hendrkksen explored the Delaware River up to Schuylkill
1621 — The Dutch States-General granted the Dutch West India Company a trade monopoly, including commerce with Africa’s west coast and the Americas. The company established the earliest European settlements in the Delaware River Valley, although they were mostly trading posts and not permanent.
1623 — Captain Mey sailed up Prince Hendricks River and built a Dutch trading post, Fort Nassau, at present-day Gloucester, New Jersey.
1629 — The States-General approved the “Freedoms and Exemptions” charter, which granted independent settlers the right to as much land as they could cultivate. It also allowed stockholders in the West India Company to become patroons by settling 50 adults in New Netherland.
This “Patroon System” also allowed the stockholders to pass the land to their heirs. Patroonships initially included 16 miles of riverfront land and extended inland as far as possible.
Land at Cape Henlopen was granted to Samuel Godyn, Samuel Blommaers, and David de Vries, making them Patroons.
1631 — Samuel Godyn commissioned a group of 28 men, led by Captain Peter Heycs, to establish the first European settlement in present-day Delaware on Noorn Kill. It was called Zwaanendael or Swanendael because of the number of swans living in the area. Today, the area is part of Lewes, Delaware.
1632 — Capt. David Pieterssen De Vries visited Zwaanendael. He found the colony destroyed and all but two boys were killed by Indians.
1637 — The New Sweden company was organized. The first expedition set sail from Gothenburg, Sweden in two ships, the Kalmar Nyckel (Key of Kalmar) and the Fogel Grip (Bird Griffin).
1638 — Fort Christina, the first permanent European settlement in present-day Delaware and the entire Delaware River Valley was established by the New Sweden Company, a joint Dutch-Swedish trading corporation, led by Peter Minuet.
The first colonists were 23 men, including Minuet, Captain Mans Kling, and Hendrick Huygen, the commissary. Minuet and his expedition disembarked at The Rocks
Fort Christina was initially funded by the Dutch but most of the colonists were Swedes. By 1641, Swedish investors bought out the Dutch stockholders.
Fort Christina was located along Minquas Kill (Christina River) at present-day Wilmington, Delaware.
1639 — The first documented African in Delaware, known as “Black Anthony,” arrived at Fort Christina.
1640 — The second and third expeditions arrived at New Sweden. Some of the new colonists included Governor Peter Hollandaer and Reverend Reorus Torkillus, the first clergyman. Torkillus was also the first Lutheran minister in America.
1641 — The fourth expedition arrived with 35 new colonists, including Herr Christoffer, a clergyman. Many of the colonists were from Finland.
1643 — The fifth expedition arrived, carrying Lieutenant Colonel Johan Printz, the new Governor of New Sweden.
Under the leadership of Printz, New Sweden had its most successful years. He oversaw the construction of Fort Elfsborg at Varckens Kill, New Jersey., Fort New Gothenburg at Tinicum, Pennsylvania. and a blockhouse at Upland (present-day Chester, Pennsylvania). He also established a tobacco plantation on the Schuylkill River.
By 1643, the population of New Sweden was 118 people.
1644 — The sixth Swedish expedition arrived. Due to deaths and some colonists returning the Europe, the population dropped to 98.
1646 — The seventh expedition arrived, carrying goods, but only a few new colonists.
1649 — A supply ship, The Kattan (The Cat), wrecked near Puerto Rico.
1651 — Peter Stuyvesant of New Amsterdam took control of the Fur Trade from New Sweden. He sailed with a fleet of 11 ships to the Delaware River, marched overland with 120 soldiers, and occupied Sandhook (present-day New Castle). He built Fort Casimir, giving the Dutch control of the river.
1653 — Printz resigned as Governor and returned to Sweden. The population of New Sweden continued to fall, while 36 families were living at the Dutch settlement at Fort Casimir.
1654 — An expedition arrived, carrying Governor Johan Rising and new colonists, boosting the population to 368. Rising captured Fort Casimir, renamed it Fort Trefaldighet and left a garrison of Swedish troops.
In taking the fort, New Sweden regained control of the river. This allowed Rising to make improvements to the colony’s infrastructure, including new roads, farms, and a village near Fort Christina called Christianahamn.
Another expedition followed but failed to land at Delaware Bay. It arrived at New Amsterdam, where it was seized by Peter Stuyvesant.
1655 — Stuyvesant led another military expedition against New Sweden. With 7 ships and 300 men under his command, he forced the garrison at Fort Trefaldighet to surrender. The fort was renamed Fort Casimir.
Stuyvesant led his forces to Fort Christina, where he laid siege to the fort and burned the town of Christinahamn. After 12 days, the Swedes surrendered.
The Dutch had control of the Delaware River and New Sweden. The New Sweden Colony came to an end and became part of New Netherland.
Although some Swedes returned to Europe, many remained and accepted Dutch rule, because they were granted religious freedom.
1656 — A supply ship, the Mercurius arrived from Sweden with 110 new settlers. Jean Paul Jacquet, Dutch Vice-Director and Chief Magistrate of the South River, refused to permit them to land, but they disembarked at Tinicum.
1657 — The territory of Delaware was divided. Fort Altena (formerly Fort Christina) was the seat of government for the northern region. Fort Casimir and its adjoining town, New Amstel, were the seat of government for the southern region.
Together, Fort Casimir and New Amstel were referred to as “City Colony.”
1657 — An expedition carrying Jacob Alrichs, the new Director, and 125 Dutch settlers, including Evert Pietersen, first schoolmaster, arrived at New Amstel. The increase in population increased the number of homes in New Amstel to around 100.
1659 — A trading post was established at Hoorn Kill, which is present-day Lewes.
1659 — The population of New Amstel was devastated by famine and disease, and roughly 30 families remained. The Calvert Family claimed ownership of the western shore of Delaware. Stuyvesant responded by sending Augustine Herrman and Resolved Waldron to discuss the situation with Lieutenant-General Josias Fendall, the 4th Proprietary Governor of Maryland. However, no resolution is reached.
1662 — A Mennonite colony was established at Cape Henlopen by Peter Plockhoy.
1663 — City Colony, was a diverse community of Dutch, Swedish, and Finnish settlers. The northern settlements, or the Upper Colony, were still largely Swedish. In 1663, the two colonies were merged under one government.
1664 — King Charles II of England granted his brother, James, Duke of York, a substantial portion of the American coast, which included the Dutch territory of New Netherland.
James sent an expedition under the command of Sir Richard Nicolls to take possession of the Dutch territories. New Netherland tried to defend itself but was surprised when four ships and 450 soldiers arrived.
Two English ships, under the command of Robert Carr, took possession of the Upper Colony without a fight. However, Fort Casimir resisted, leading the English to storm the fort and capture it. The name was changed to New Castle.
With the victory, the English controlled the Delaware River.
Carr also destroyed the Plockhoy’s Quaker colony.
1667 — Sir Francis Lovelace was named Governor of the Duke of York’s territory. Carr was named Deputy Governor over the Delaware settlements.
1669 — The Long Finn Rebellion took place, led by Marcus Jacobson who was known as the “Long Finn.” The rebellion failed and Jacobson was banished to Barbados.
1673 — Courts were established at Upland, New Castle, and Hoorn Kill.
1673 — During the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch briefly regained control of the Delaware River Valley. However, the 1674 Treaty of Westminster returned the region to English control.
1674 — Edmund Andros was appointed as Governor of New York and its territories, including Delaware.
1676 — Andros applies the Duke’s Laws to Delaware.
1680 — The southern region, Hoornkill County, was divided into St. Jones County (Kent) and Deal County (Sussex).
The first court was held in St. Jones County.
Authorization was given to build a log Courthouse at Hoornkill. The budget was set at 5,000 pounds of tobacco.
1681 — William Penn was granted the charter for Pennsylvania from King Charles II.
1682 — Penn was granted the western portion of New York, running across the Delaware River, by the Duke of York.
1682 — Penn arrived in America on the ship Welcome.
He disembarked at New Castle and officially took control on October 27.
Penn’s deputy, William Markham, was given control of the two southern counties in Delaware, which were renamed by Penn.
1682 — The first General Assembly of “Province of Pennsylvania and Three Lower Counties on the Delaware” met at Upland in December.
1682 — Delaware representatives voted to join with Pennsylvania, however, this created a dispute between Penn and Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of Maryland, over the borders of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware.
1684 — The Calvert Family continued to claim their charter included the territory of southern and western Delaware. Maryland dispatched Colonel George Talbot who built a small fort near the town of Christiana.
1688–1689 — The Glorious Revolution took place in England. King James II, formerly the Duke of York and a close friend of Penn, fled the country in the wake of a Dutch invasion. William of Orange and Mary took the throne of England. Several of James II’s friends and political allies, including Penn, faced imprisonment. Penn was eventually released, but during his absence, Delaware essentially separated from Pennsylvania for three years. In response, Penn appointed a separate governor for the Lower Counties, which had developed differently from Pennsylvania and had a higher percentage of Anglicans.
1690 — The first “Hundreds” were established.
1691 — The Lords of Trade proposed placing Pennsylvania under royal control. The government of the Delaware counties was separated from Pennsylvania and William Markham was named Deputy Governor.
1692 — King William III suspended Penn’s charter and took control of Pennsylvania. Colonel Benjamin Fletcher was appointed Governor. The charter was suspended over accusations the colony was not adequately prepared to defend itself against France, during King William’s War.
1693 — Fletcher, who was also the Governor of New York, arrived in April and appointed William Markham as his Lieutenant Governor. Fletcher was unpopular from the start. He increased the size of the Provincial Council and reduced the size of the Provincial Assembly. He created more controversy when he suggested raising money through a property tax to help the Province of New York Colony defend itself against the French.
1694 — Penn regained influence with the Crown, and requested the return of control of Pennsylvania. His request was granted in July, but Penn was required to accept the laws enacted during Fletcher’s administration. Penn also had to pledge loyalty to King William III and Queen Mary II and acknowledge that William Markham would continue to govern Pennsylvania until he could assume the role himself.
1696 — The General Assembly and Governor’s Council forced Markham to agree to a new Frame of Government, which is known as “Markham’s Frame.” Pennsylvania and Delaware operated under it until 1700.
1697 — A second courthouse was built in Kent County at Dover on the site of the present-day State House. Three Lutheran missionaries, Erick Biork, Andreas Rudman, and Jonas Aureen arrived from from Sweden.
1698 — The town of Lewes was attacked by pirates, who also captured a ship near New Castle. One of the pirates was Captain William Kidd.
1698 — Old Swedes Church was built at what would become the town of Willington.
1699 — Penn returned to Pennsylvania, however, he found the government divided and there were questions about the legality of any laws that were passed in his absence.
1700 — At Penn’s request, the Assembly convened in New Castle. During the meetings, more than 100 laws, known as the “New Castle Laws,” were enacted. Unfortunately, Penn and the Assembly were unable to reach an agreement on a new structure for the government.
1701 — The Assembly convened to address instructions from the Crown regarding the reinforcement of colonial defenses along the New York frontier. Delegates from the Delaware River Valley were upset because they did not have forts, yet they were being asked to pay for forts to protect another colony, which they opposed. Further, their economic interests and safety were at risk and they wanted protection. The Delaware delegates were also concerned that pacifist Quaker policies put them at risk.
1701 — During the Assembly meetings, some delegates questioned whether laws passed at sessions held in Delaware legally applied to Pennsylvania. Delaware argued if that was the case, then laws passed in Pennsylvania could not apply to Delaware. The Delaware delegates walked out of the meetings.
1701 — Penn resolved the issues by agreeing to the Constitution of 1701, which is also known as “The Charter of Privileges.” Penn agreed to allow Delaware to establish its own Assembly, which was allowed to propose laws and approve legislation specifically for Delaware.
1701 — Two surveyors, Isaac Taylor and Thomas Pierson, established the 12 Mile Circle Boundary, which formed most of the boundary between Delaware and Pennsylvania.
1703 — A group of Welsh Baptists settled between Newark and Glasgow.
1704 — In November, the first Delaware Assembly met at New Castle. William Rodney of Kent was the speaker. Each county sent four representatives. The Assembly reaffirmed all the previous joint assembly laws and increased each county’s delegation to six representatives. Despite the success of passing laws, there was tension between New Castle and the Southern Counties. New Castle wanted to establish itself as the main commercial center for Delaware, due to its proximity and economic ties to Philadelphia.
1707 — A new fort was built at New Castle, which required all ships to report to the commander when they passed. This was protested by a group of merchants in Philadelphia.
1709 — A group of men from the Delaware Assembly petitioned the Crown for complete separation from Pennsylvania.
1712 — Faced with financial problems, Penn attempted to sell his governing rights over Pennsylvania and Delaware to the Crown. He eventually agreed to sell the rights for £12,000 but retained ownership of the land. Unfortunately, Penn suffered a severe stroke, from which he never fully recovered.
1717 — William Keith was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Delaware, and Dover Green was laid out per an order issued by Penn in 1683.
1718 — Penn died, leaving his wife Hannah in charge of the proprietorship over the two colonies. She was in charge of executing Penn’s will and managed to retain the Penn family’s influence over Delaware for a few more years.
1720s — In the 1720s, while the Penn estate was being settled in England, Governor Keith started to act like a Royal Governor. He appointed new courts, introduced a new criminal code, and relocated to New Castle County, where he purchased an extensive tract known as Keithsborough and built an ironworks.
1724 — Governor Keith overstepped his authority by expanding the boundaries of New Castle and granting it a new city charter in the name of the King, without mentioning the Penn Family.
1726 — Governor Keith was recalled and replaced by Major Patrick Gordon. However, Keith remained in Pennsylvania and worked against Gordon and his government.
1727 — Penn’s sons, John, Thomas, and Richard, became the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania and Delaware.
1730 — During the 1730s, Delaware continued to exist as a distinct political entity despite various claims on its territory, including a claim made by Charles Calvert, the Fifth Lord Baltimore.
1731 — Thomas Willing founded Willingtown on land he was given by his father-in-law, Andrew Justinson. The first house was built in 1732.
1732 — A group of commissioners from Delaware and Maryland agreed to a boundary line.
1739 — The town of Wilmington, previously known as Willingtown, was chartered. Its layout was like that of Philadelphia, with a rectangular plan along the riverbanks. Wilmington’s population was 600 in 1739, and by the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, it grew to as many as 2,000.
1739 — During the First Great Awakening, Reverend George Whitefield traveled through Delaware, preaching to large crowds.
1742 — The flour milling industry started when Oliver Canby built a flour mill at Wilmington, on the banks of the Brandywine River.
1743 — New London Academy was founded by Reverend Francis Alison at New London, Pennsylvania. The school eventually became the University of Delaware.
1747 — During King George’s War, French and Spanish privateers carried out attacks along the Delaware River.
1748 — The Rocks was fortified to help defend Wilmington against privateers.
1748 — The Nanticoke Indians moved to the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania.
1751 — A seal was adopted that included the coat of arms of the King of England and the words, “Counties on the Delaware.”
1754 — The Delaware General Assembly agreed to raise a company of troops to join British forces for the French and Indian War, along with militia to defend the colony.
1761 — The first printing press was set up in Delaware, by James Adams, at Wilmington.
1763 — The Calverts and Penns agreed to hire Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to conduct a survey to establish the boundaries between Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
APUSH Definition and Significance
Use the following links and videos to study Delaware, the Middle Colonies, and Colonial America for the AP US History Exam. Also, be sure to look at our Guide to the AP US History Exam.
APUSH Definition
Delaware Colony for APUSH is defined as one of the original 13 American colonies established by European settlers during the 17th century. Originally settled by the Dutch in the early 17th century and later controlled by the Swedes and English, It was geographically and politically linked to Pennsylvania and shared the same governor for much of its early history. Delaware played a significant role in American independence, ratifying the U.S. Constitution in 1787 as the first state to do so, earning the nickname “The First State.” Its strategic location along the Delaware River, with access to Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, contributed to the economy and growth of Delaware during the Colonial Era.
APUSH Significance
The significance of the Delaware Colony for APUSH is that it was one of the early European settlements in North America and became one of the 13 Original Colonies that declared independence from Great Britain in 1776 and founded the United States of America.
APUSH Video
This video discusses the history of Delaware.
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History of American Women
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2007-12-07T00:00:00+00:00
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The Year: 1638 Early explorations of Delaware’s coastline were made by Samuel Argall in 1610. During a storm, Argall was blown off course and sailed into a bay that he named in honor of his governor—Lord De La Warr. In 1631, the first white settlement was made on Delaware soil, after a group of Dutchmen formed a trading company headed by Captain David Pietersen de Vries. The expedition of about 30 individuals sailed from the town of Hoorn on the ship De Walvis (The Whale). Arriving in the New World in 1632, Captain de Vries found the settlers had been killed and their buildings burned by the Indians. The Swedes In 1638, a Swedish trading post and colony was established...Read Article
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History of American Women
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https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2007/12/american-colonies-delaware.html
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The Year: 1638
Early explorations of Delaware’s coastline were made by Samuel Argall in 1610. During a storm, Argall was blown off course and sailed into a bay that he named in honor of his governor—Lord De La Warr. In 1631, the first white settlement was made on Delaware soil, after a group of Dutchmen formed a trading company headed by Captain David Pietersen de Vries. The expedition of about 30 individuals sailed from the town of Hoorn on the ship De Walvis (The Whale). Arriving in the New World in 1632, Captain de Vries found the settlers had been killed and their buildings burned by the Indians.
The Swedes
In 1638, a Swedish trading post and colony was established at Fort Christina (now Wilmington) by Dutchman Peter Minuit and a group of Swedes, Finns, and Dutch. This was the first permanent European settlement in the Delaware Valley.
The first expedition, consisting of two ships, Kalmar Nyckel and Vogel Grip, under the leadership of Peter Minuit, landed about March 29. The location of the first Swedish settlement was at The Rocks. A fort was built called Fort Christina after the young queen of Sweden, and they named their settlement New Sweden.
The Swedes purchased lands of the Indians on the western side of the Delaware as far up as a point opposite Trenton, founded a town on the site of Philadelphia, built churches here and there, and soon presented the appearance of a happy and prosperous community. The Dutch claimed the entire Delaware Valley as part of New Netherland, and Dutch Governor Kieft had protested the Swedes’ settlement, but Sweden was too powerful a nation to be defied at that time.
New Sweden grew by immigration and spread over the surrounding country. It seemed for a time that the whole Delaware Valley would be settled and held by the Scandinavians, but the Dutch came in 1651 and built Fort Casimir where New Castle now stands, and took control of the bay. In 1654, the new Swedish governor Johan Rising seized Fort Casimir.
In 1655, Peter Stuyvesant was the governor of New Amsterdam, and he was determined to put an end to New Sweden. He entered the bay with a fleet bearing over six hundred men, and the Swedes were overtaken. New Sweden, which had existed for seventeen years, ceased to exist as a separate colony, but the people were allowed to keep their farms, and the community continued to prosper under its new government.
The conquest of New Amsterdam by the English, in 1664, included Delaware, which then became the property of the Duke of York. The Duke’s Laws were soon extended to Delaware, and the people were granted some measure of self-government.
Province of Pennsylvania
In 1681, Pennsylvania was granted to William Penn by King Charles II, and Penn’s agents soon arrived on the Delaware River. They reported to Penn that the new province would be landlocked if the colonies on either side of the Delaware River or Bay were hostile. As a result, Penn petitioned the Crown for the land on the west side of the bay below his province, which the Duke of York conveyed in March 1682.
On October 27 1682, William Penn landed in America and took possession from the Duke of York’s agents as Proprietor of the lower counties. The colonists took an oath of allegiance to the new proprietor, and the first general assembly was held in the colony.
The following year, the three Lower Counties were annexed to the Province of Pennsylvania as territories with full privileges under Penn’s famous “Frame of Government.” Penn established representative government and briefly combined his two possessions under one General Assembly.
A long dispute ensued between William Penn and Lord Baltimore of the Province of Maryland as to the exact dominion controlled by Penn on the lower Delaware. The dispute continued between the heirs Penn and Baltimore until almost the end of the colonial period.
By 1704, the Province of Pennsylvania had grown so large that their representatives wanted to make decisions without the assent of the Lower Counties and the two groups of representatives began meeting on their own, one at Philadelphia, and the other at New Castle.
Independence at Last
In 1776, at the time of the Declaration of Independence, Delaware not only declared itself free from the British Empire, but also established a state government entirely separate from Pennsylvania.
During the American Revolution, nearly 4,000 men enlisted for service from the small state. The colonial wars had built up the militia system and supplied a number of capable officers who led the troops of Delaware in all the principal engagements from the battle of Long Island to the siege of Yorktown. The only Revolutionary engagement fought on Delaware soil was the battle of Cooch’s Bridge, near Newark, on September 3, 1777.
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