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https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/nobel-prize-discovery-invar/docview/1285129775/se-2
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A Nobel prize for the discovery of Invar
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Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.
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IN 1920, Charles Edouard Guillaume (Figi) received a Nobel prize in physics for work he had done in the late nineteenth century - the discovery of an iron - nickel alloy that does not expand upon heating. He named it Invar, short for 'invariable'. The discovery was immediately put to use for many kinds of precision instruments. To this day, this is the only Nobel prize awarded for a metallurgical contribution. The discovery was made at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) in Sèvres near Paris.
Guillaume was born at Fleurier in the SwissJura. After graduating from the Technical University in Zurich he served briefly in the military before joining the Bureau in 1883. His tasks included finding better ways to increase the precision of standard measurements. He searched for inexpensive materials to make standards of length and mass. In use at that time was a platinum-iridium alloy which was very expensive but useful because it did not corrode and had a low coefficient of thermal expansion.
In his search he made a remarkable discovery in 1898, that nickel-iron containing about 30% nickel had a very low expansion coefficient (Fig 2), in...
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https://wiki.grail-watch.com/index.php/Charles-Edouard_Guillaume
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Edouard Guillaume
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Charles-Edouard Guillaume (1861-1938) was a genius physicist born in Fleurier, Switzerland, who completed his studies in Neuchâtel before obtaining an engineering degree from the Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich. Guillaume joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris in 1883, where he worked for 53 years and became its director for 17 years until 1936. Guillaume's work on the alloys of iron, chromium, and nickel led to the discovery of Invar, a substance with almost zero expansion coefficient over a wide temperature range, and Elinvar, a substance with a constant Young's modulus between - 50° and + 100°, which is suitable for the construction of watch springs, tuning forks, springs for seismographs, and more. Guillaume received numerous awards and honors, including the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920. He retired in 1936 and passed away in 1938 after a long illness.
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https://dbpedia.org/page/Charles_%25C3%2589douard_Guillaume
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About: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Charles
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Charles Édouard Guillaume fou un físic suís guardonat l'any 1920 amb el Premi Nobel de Física.
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume
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dbo:abstract
Charles Édouard Guillaume fou un físic suís guardonat l'any 1920 amb el Premi Nobel de Física. (ca)
شارل ادوار غيوم (Charles Édouard Guillaume) (مواليد 15 فبراير، 1861 - 13 مايو، 1938) كان عالم فيزياء سويسري فرنسي. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1920 عن أعماله في مجال القياسات الفيزيائية الدقيقة واكتشاف سبيلكة النيكل-فولاذ التي تدعى invar و elinvar، حيث أن لمعدن إنفار معامل تمدد حراري قريب جداً من الصفر مما يعطي نتائج قياس دقيقة بغض النظر عن تغيرات درجة الحرارة. (ar)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (15. února 1861 – 13. května 1938 Sèvres) byl francouzsko-švýcarský fyzik, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziku (1920), kterou obdržel za objev anomálií v niklové oceli (invar), což přispělo k rozvoji přesných měření. Vynalezl slitiny invar a . Ve 22 letech nastoupil do BIPM. (cs)
Ο Σαρλ Εντουάρ Γκιγιόμ (Charles Édouard Guillaume, 15 Φεβρουαρίου 1861 - 13 Ιουνίου 1938) ήταν Ελβετός φυσικός στον οποίο απονεμήθηκε το βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσικής το 1920 για τη συμβολή του σε πειράματα ακριβείας, μέσω της ανακάλυψης ανωμαλιών στα κράματα νικελίου - ατσαλιού. Ο Γκιγιόμ είναι γνωστός για την ανακάλυψη των κραμάτων του νικελίου - σιδήρου και χάλυβα τα οποία ονόμασε Ινβάρ και . (el)
Charles Édouard GUILLAUME (15-an de februaro 1861, Fleurier, Svislando – 13-an de junio 1938, Sèvres, Francio) estis franca fizikisto, kiu ricevis la Nobel-premion pri fiziko en 1920 pro la malkovro de invaro (specifa fer-nikela alojo). Guillaume en 1883 iĝis kunlaboranto de la Internacia Mezurafera Ofico en Sèvres, poste en 1915 ties direktoro. Li ekzamenis dum esploroj la hidrargan termometron kaj la litron kiel volumenan unuon. Li konstatis pri tiu lasta, ke ĝi egalas ne al 1.000.000 cm3 sed al 1.000.028 cm3. Li fokisis ekde 1890 je la alojoj kaj malkovris, ellaboris la invarton kaj elinvarton. La termodilatiĝa valoro de la invarto (volumena ŝanĝiĝo je ŝanĝiĝo de la temperaturo), la malgranda elasteca valoro de la elinvarto estis uzata en diversaj sciencaj mezuriloj. (eo)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (* 15. Februar 1861 in Fleurier, NE; † 13. Juni 1938 in Sèvres) war ein französisch-schweizerischer Physiker und Nobelpreisträger. (de)
Charles Édouard Guillaume suitzar fisikaria izan zen. 1920ko Fisikako Nobel Saria jaso zuen nikel eta altzairu aleazioetan izandako anomalien aurkikuntzagatik. ETH Zürich-en doktoratu zen. Pisuen eta Neurrien Nazioarteko Bulegoa zuzendu zuen eta esperimentuak egin zituen neurri termostatikoekin. Nikel eta altzairuzko aleazioak aurkitu zituen, "invar" eta "" deituak. Izarren erradiazioa aztertzen ere aitzindaria izan zen eta itsas kronometroez interesatu zen. (eu)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, cantón de Neuchâtel, Suiza, 15 de febrero de 1861-Sèvres, Francia, 13 de mayo de 1938) fue un físico suizo galardonado en 1920 con el Premio Nobel de Física. Descubrió la aleación de acero y níquel denominada invar, muy utilizada en instrumentos de precisión por su bajo coeficiente de dilatación térmica. (es)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 février 1861 à Fleurier, Suisse - 13 juin 1938 à Sèvres, France) est un physicien suisse. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1920 « en reconnaissance du service qu'il a rendu en métrologie en découvrant des anomalies dans les aciers de nickel ». Le plus célèbre des alliages qu'il invente est l'invar, au très faible coefficient de dilatation thermique, qui révolutionne la métrologie et la cryogénie, et qui contribue à l'invention de la télévision. (fr)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 Februari 1861 – 13 Juni 1938) adalah seorang fisikawan berkebangsaan Prancis. Dia meraih Penghargaan Nobel Fisika pada tahun 1920. Ia dikenal akan "" dan ""-nya. (in)
シャルル・エドゥアール・ギヨーム （Charles Edouard Guillaume、1861年2月15日 - 1938年6月13日）はフランス系スイス人の物理学者である。 (ja)
샤를 에두아르 기욤(독일어: Charles Édouard Guillaume, 1861년 ~ 1938년)은 스위스의 실험물리학자이다. 취리히 연방 공과대학을 졸업하였다. 1897년에는 열팽창 계수가 실내 온도에 가까워지면 거의 0인 인바(invar) 합금(36% 니켈 철합금)을 발견했다. 은 값싼 미터 표준기 외에 각종의 물리 정밀 측정 기기나 시계의 추 등에 널리 쓰여, 길이 측정의 정밀도를 두드러지게 향상시켰다. 그 중에서도 인바선(線)에 의한 기선 측정에 의해 종래의 측정법이 새롭게 바뀌었다. 또한 시간 측정의 정밀도를 높이기 위해서 합금의 탄성률을 연구하여, 1919년에 탄성률의 온도 계수가 실내 온도 가까이에서 거의 0인 엘린바(elinvar) 합금(36% 니켈, 12% 크롬, 철합금)을 발견했다. 이 합금은 시계의 태엽 등에 이용되어, 시간 측정의 정밀도는 비약적으로 향상되었다. 이러한 업적으로 1920년 노벨 물리학상을 받았고, 프랑스 정부로부터는 레종도뇌르 훈장을 받았다. (ko)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 febbraio 1861 – Sèvres, 13 giugno 1938) è stato un fisico svizzero, nato in Svizzera nel canton Neuchâtel, Premio Nobel per la fisica nel 1920. (it)
Charles-Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 februari 1861 – Sèvres, 13 juni 1938) was een Zwitserse natuurkundige. Hij werd bekend als de ontdekker van diverse bijzondere ijzer-nikkel legeringen, waaronder Invar, waarvoor hij in 1920 de Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde ontving. (nl)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (ur. 15 lutego 1861 w Fleurier, Szwajcaria, zm. 13 maja 1938 w Sèvres, Francja) – szwajcarski fizyk, laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki w roku 1920 za wkład jaki wniósł w precyzyjne pomiary w fizyce dzięki odkryciu anomalii w wysokoniklowych stalach stopowych, Wielki Oficer Legii Honorowej. Odkrył m.in. dwa stopy nazwane przez niego inwar i elinwar, które używane były przy budowaniu precyzyjnych instrumentów pomiarowych. Pracował w Observatoire de Paris w Paryżu. Jako pierwszy prawidłowo przewidział temperaturę przestrzeni kosmicznej. (pl)
Шарль Эдуа́р Гийо́м (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 февраля 1861, , Швейцария — 13 июня 1938, Севр, Франция) — швейцарско-французский физик. Лауреат Нобелевской премии 1920 года за открытие сплавов с аномальным поведением коэффициента теплового расширения: инвара и элинвара. (ru)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 de fevereiro de 1861 — Sèvres, 13 de maio de 1938) foi um físico suíço. Recebeu em 1920 o Nobel de Física, pela melhora na precisão de medições na física e pela descoberta de anomalias em ligas de aço-níquel. (pt)
Charles Édouard Guillaume, född i Fleurier 15 februari 1861, död i Sèvres 13 maj 1938, var en schweizisk-fransk fysiker som mottog Nobelpriset i fysik 1920 för sin forskning på nickellegeringar. Guillaume blev 1915 föreståndare för Bureau international des poids et mesures. Han har utfört flera undersökningar över precisionsmätning av temperatur och tid. För sina undersökningar över anomalierna vid legeringar mellan nickel och järn, särskilt upptäckten av det märkliga nickelstålet invar, vars värmeutvidgning är ytterst liten, erhöll Guillaume 1920 års nobelpris i fysik. Guillaume invaldes 1919 som utländsk ledamot av Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien med ledamotsnummer 671. (sv)
Шарль Едуар Гійом (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 лютого 1861, , Швейцарія — 13 червня 1938, Севр, Франція) — швейцарсько-французький фізик.Лауреат Нобелівської премії 1920 року за відкриття сплавів з аномальною поведінкою коефіцієнта теплового розширення: Інвару і елінвару. (uk)
夏尔·纪尧姆（法语：Charles Guillaume ，1861年2月15日－1938年6月13日），瑞士物理學家。1920年，於瑞士辦事處任職的他，因發現鎳鋼合金於精密物理中的重要性，而獲得了該年度的諾貝爾物理學獎殊榮。 (zh)
Charles Édouard Guillaume fou un físic suís guardonat l'any 1920 amb el Premi Nobel de Física. (ca)
شارل ادوار غيوم (Charles Édouard Guillaume) (مواليد 15 فبراير، 1861 - 13 مايو، 1938) كان عالم فيزياء سويسري فرنسي. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1920 عن أعماله في مجال القياسات الفيزيائية الدقيقة واكتشاف سبيلكة النيكل-فولاذ التي تدعى invar و elinvar، حيث أن لمعدن إنفار معامل تمدد حراري قريب جداً من الصفر مما يعطي نتائج قياس دقيقة بغض النظر عن تغيرات درجة الحرارة. (ar)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (15. února 1861 – 13. května 1938 Sèvres) byl francouzsko-švýcarský fyzik, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziku (1920), kterou obdržel za objev anomálií v niklové oceli (invar), což přispělo k rozvoji přesných měření. Vynalezl slitiny invar a . Ve 22 letech nastoupil do BIPM. (cs)
Ο Σαρλ Εντουάρ Γκιγιόμ (Charles Édouard Guillaume, 15 Φεβρουαρίου 1861 - 13 Ιουνίου 1938) ήταν Ελβετός φυσικός στον οποίο απονεμήθηκε το βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσικής το 1920 για τη συμβολή του σε πειράματα ακριβείας, μέσω της ανακάλυψης ανωμαλιών στα κράματα νικελίου - ατσαλιού. Ο Γκιγιόμ είναι γνωστός για την ανακάλυψη των κραμάτων του νικελίου - σιδήρου και χάλυβα τα οποία ονόμασε Ινβάρ και . (el)
Charles Édouard GUILLAUME (15-an de februaro 1861, Fleurier, Svislando – 13-an de junio 1938, Sèvres, Francio) estis franca fizikisto, kiu ricevis la Nobel-premion pri fiziko en 1920 pro la malkovro de invaro (specifa fer-nikela alojo). Guillaume en 1883 iĝis kunlaboranto de la Internacia Mezurafera Ofico en Sèvres, poste en 1915 ties direktoro. Li ekzamenis dum esploroj la hidrargan termometron kaj la litron kiel volumenan unuon. Li konstatis pri tiu lasta, ke ĝi egalas ne al 1.000.000 cm3 sed al 1.000.028 cm3. Li fokisis ekde 1890 je la alojoj kaj malkovris, ellaboris la invarton kaj elinvarton. La termodilatiĝa valoro de la invarto (volumena ŝanĝiĝo je ŝanĝiĝo de la temperaturo), la malgranda elasteca valoro de la elinvarto estis uzata en diversaj sciencaj mezuriloj. (eo)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (* 15. Februar 1861 in Fleurier, NE; † 13. Juni 1938 in Sèvres) war ein französisch-schweizerischer Physiker und Nobelpreisträger. (de)
Charles Édouard Guillaume suitzar fisikaria izan zen. 1920ko Fisikako Nobel Saria jaso zuen nikel eta altzairu aleazioetan izandako anomalien aurkikuntzagatik. ETH Zürich-en doktoratu zen. Pisuen eta Neurrien Nazioarteko Bulegoa zuzendu zuen eta esperimentuak egin zituen neurri termostatikoekin. Nikel eta altzairuzko aleazioak aurkitu zituen, "invar" eta "" deituak. Izarren erradiazioa aztertzen ere aitzindaria izan zen eta itsas kronometroez interesatu zen. (eu)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, cantón de Neuchâtel, Suiza, 15 de febrero de 1861-Sèvres, Francia, 13 de mayo de 1938) fue un físico suizo galardonado en 1920 con el Premio Nobel de Física. Descubrió la aleación de acero y níquel denominada invar, muy utilizada en instrumentos de precisión por su bajo coeficiente de dilatación térmica. (es)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 février 1861 à Fleurier, Suisse - 13 juin 1938 à Sèvres, France) est un physicien suisse. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1920 « en reconnaissance du service qu'il a rendu en métrologie en découvrant des anomalies dans les aciers de nickel ». Le plus célèbre des alliages qu'il invente est l'invar, au très faible coefficient de dilatation thermique, qui révolutionne la métrologie et la cryogénie, et qui contribue à l'invention de la télévision. (fr)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 Februari 1861 – 13 Juni 1938) adalah seorang fisikawan berkebangsaan Prancis. Dia meraih Penghargaan Nobel Fisika pada tahun 1920. Ia dikenal akan "" dan ""-nya. (in)
シャルル・エドゥアール・ギヨーム （Charles Edouard Guillaume、1861年2月15日 - 1938年6月13日）はフランス系スイス人の物理学者である。 (ja)
샤를 에두아르 기욤(독일어: Charles Édouard Guillaume, 1861년 ~ 1938년)은 스위스의 실험물리학자이다. 취리히 연방 공과대학을 졸업하였다. 1897년에는 열팽창 계수가 실내 온도에 가까워지면 거의 0인 인바(invar) 합금(36% 니켈 철합금)을 발견했다. 은 값싼 미터 표준기 외에 각종의 물리 정밀 측정 기기나 시계의 추 등에 널리 쓰여, 길이 측정의 정밀도를 두드러지게 향상시켰다. 그 중에서도 인바선(線)에 의한 기선 측정에 의해 종래의 측정법이 새롭게 바뀌었다. 또한 시간 측정의 정밀도를 높이기 위해서 합금의 탄성률을 연구하여, 1919년에 탄성률의 온도 계수가 실내 온도 가까이에서 거의 0인 엘린바(elinvar) 합금(36% 니켈, 12% 크롬, 철합금)을 발견했다. 이 합금은 시계의 태엽 등에 이용되어, 시간 측정의 정밀도는 비약적으로 향상되었다. 이러한 업적으로 1920년 노벨 물리학상을 받았고, 프랑스 정부로부터는 레종도뇌르 훈장을 받았다. (ko)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 febbraio 1861 – Sèvres, 13 giugno 1938) è stato un fisico svizzero, nato in Svizzera nel canton Neuchâtel, Premio Nobel per la fisica nel 1920. (it)
Charles-Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 februari 1861 – Sèvres, 13 juni 1938) was een Zwitserse natuurkundige. Hij werd bekend als de ontdekker van diverse bijzondere ijzer-nikkel legeringen, waaronder Invar, waarvoor hij in 1920 de Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde ontving. (nl)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (ur. 15 lutego 1861 w Fleurier, Szwajcaria, zm. 13 maja 1938 w Sèvres, Francja) – szwajcarski fizyk, laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki w roku 1920 za wkład jaki wniósł w precyzyjne pomiary w fizyce dzięki odkryciu anomalii w wysokoniklowych stalach stopowych, Wielki Oficer Legii Honorowej. Odkrył m.in. dwa stopy nazwane przez niego inwar i elinwar, które używane były przy budowaniu precyzyjnych instrumentów pomiarowych. Pracował w Observatoire de Paris w Paryżu. Jako pierwszy prawidłowo przewidział temperaturę przestrzeni kosmicznej. (pl)
Шарль Эдуа́р Гийо́м (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 февраля 1861, , Швейцария — 13 июня 1938, Севр, Франция) — швейцарско-французский физик. Лауреат Нобелевской премии 1920 года за открытие сплавов с аномальным поведением коэффициента теплового расширения: инвара и элинвара. (ru)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 de fevereiro de 1861 — Sèvres, 13 de maio de 1938) foi um físico suíço. Recebeu em 1920 o Nobel de Física, pela melhora na precisão de medições na física e pela descoberta de anomalias em ligas de aço-níquel. (pt)
Charles Édouard Guillaume, född i Fleurier 15 februari 1861, död i Sèvres 13 maj 1938, var en schweizisk-fransk fysiker som mottog Nobelpriset i fysik 1920 för sin forskning på nickellegeringar. Guillaume blev 1915 föreståndare för Bureau international des poids et mesures. Han har utfört flera undersökningar över precisionsmätning av temperatur och tid. För sina undersökningar över anomalierna vid legeringar mellan nickel och järn, särskilt upptäckten av det märkliga nickelstålet invar, vars värmeutvidgning är ytterst liten, erhöll Guillaume 1920 års nobelpris i fysik. Guillaume invaldes 1919 som utländsk ledamot av Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien med ledamotsnummer 671. (sv)
Шарль Едуар Гійом (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 лютого 1861, , Швейцарія — 13 червня 1938, Севр, Франція) — швейцарсько-французький фізик.Лауреат Нобелівської премії 1920 року за відкриття сплавів з аномальною поведінкою коефіцієнта теплового розширення: Інвару і елінвару. (uk)
夏尔·纪尧姆（法语：Charles Guillaume ，1861年2月15日－1938年6月13日），瑞士物理學家。1920年，於瑞士辦事處任職的他，因發現鎳鋼合金於精密物理中的重要性，而獲得了該年度的諾貝爾物理學獎殊榮。 (zh)
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Charles Édouard Guillaume fou un físic suís guardonat l'any 1920 amb el Premi Nobel de Física. (ca)
شارل ادوار غيوم (Charles Édouard Guillaume) (مواليد 15 فبراير، 1861 - 13 مايو، 1938) كان عالم فيزياء سويسري فرنسي. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1920 عن أعماله في مجال القياسات الفيزيائية الدقيقة واكتشاف سبيلكة النيكل-فولاذ التي تدعى invar و elinvar، حيث أن لمعدن إنفار معامل تمدد حراري قريب جداً من الصفر مما يعطي نتائج قياس دقيقة بغض النظر عن تغيرات درجة الحرارة. (ar)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (15. února 1861 – 13. května 1938 Sèvres) byl francouzsko-švýcarský fyzik, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziku (1920), kterou obdržel za objev anomálií v niklové oceli (invar), což přispělo k rozvoji přesných měření. Vynalezl slitiny invar a . Ve 22 letech nastoupil do BIPM. (cs)
Ο Σαρλ Εντουάρ Γκιγιόμ (Charles Édouard Guillaume, 15 Φεβρουαρίου 1861 - 13 Ιουνίου 1938) ήταν Ελβετός φυσικός στον οποίο απονεμήθηκε το βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσικής το 1920 για τη συμβολή του σε πειράματα ακριβείας, μέσω της ανακάλυψης ανωμαλιών στα κράματα νικελίου - ατσαλιού. Ο Γκιγιόμ είναι γνωστός για την ανακάλυψη των κραμάτων του νικελίου - σιδήρου και χάλυβα τα οποία ονόμασε Ινβάρ και . (el)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (* 15. Februar 1861 in Fleurier, NE; † 13. Juni 1938 in Sèvres) war ein französisch-schweizerischer Physiker und Nobelpreisträger. (de)
Charles Édouard Guillaume suitzar fisikaria izan zen. 1920ko Fisikako Nobel Saria jaso zuen nikel eta altzairu aleazioetan izandako anomalien aurkikuntzagatik. ETH Zürich-en doktoratu zen. Pisuen eta Neurrien Nazioarteko Bulegoa zuzendu zuen eta esperimentuak egin zituen neurri termostatikoekin. Nikel eta altzairuzko aleazioak aurkitu zituen, "invar" eta "" deituak. Izarren erradiazioa aztertzen ere aitzindaria izan zen eta itsas kronometroez interesatu zen. (eu)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, cantón de Neuchâtel, Suiza, 15 de febrero de 1861-Sèvres, Francia, 13 de mayo de 1938) fue un físico suizo galardonado en 1920 con el Premio Nobel de Física. Descubrió la aleación de acero y níquel denominada invar, muy utilizada en instrumentos de precisión por su bajo coeficiente de dilatación térmica. (es)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 février 1861 à Fleurier, Suisse - 13 juin 1938 à Sèvres, France) est un physicien suisse. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1920 « en reconnaissance du service qu'il a rendu en métrologie en découvrant des anomalies dans les aciers de nickel ». Le plus célèbre des alliages qu'il invente est l'invar, au très faible coefficient de dilatation thermique, qui révolutionne la métrologie et la cryogénie, et qui contribue à l'invention de la télévision. (fr)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 Februari 1861 – 13 Juni 1938) adalah seorang fisikawan berkebangsaan Prancis. Dia meraih Penghargaan Nobel Fisika pada tahun 1920. Ia dikenal akan "" dan ""-nya. (in)
シャルル・エドゥアール・ギヨーム （Charles Edouard Guillaume、1861年2月15日 - 1938年6月13日）はフランス系スイス人の物理学者である。 (ja)
샤를 에두아르 기욤(독일어: Charles Édouard Guillaume, 1861년 ~ 1938년)은 스위스의 실험물리학자이다. 취리히 연방 공과대학을 졸업하였다. 1897년에는 열팽창 계수가 실내 온도에 가까워지면 거의 0인 인바(invar) 합금(36% 니켈 철합금)을 발견했다. 은 값싼 미터 표준기 외에 각종의 물리 정밀 측정 기기나 시계의 추 등에 널리 쓰여, 길이 측정의 정밀도를 두드러지게 향상시켰다. 그 중에서도 인바선(線)에 의한 기선 측정에 의해 종래의 측정법이 새롭게 바뀌었다. 또한 시간 측정의 정밀도를 높이기 위해서 합금의 탄성률을 연구하여, 1919년에 탄성률의 온도 계수가 실내 온도 가까이에서 거의 0인 엘린바(elinvar) 합금(36% 니켈, 12% 크롬, 철합금)을 발견했다. 이 합금은 시계의 태엽 등에 이용되어, 시간 측정의 정밀도는 비약적으로 향상되었다. 이러한 업적으로 1920년 노벨 물리학상을 받았고, 프랑스 정부로부터는 레종도뇌르 훈장을 받았다. (ko)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 febbraio 1861 – Sèvres, 13 giugno 1938) è stato un fisico svizzero, nato in Svizzera nel canton Neuchâtel, Premio Nobel per la fisica nel 1920. (it)
Charles-Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 februari 1861 – Sèvres, 13 juni 1938) was een Zwitserse natuurkundige. Hij werd bekend als de ontdekker van diverse bijzondere ijzer-nikkel legeringen, waaronder Invar, waarvoor hij in 1920 de Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde ontving. (nl)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (ur. 15 lutego 1861 w Fleurier, Szwajcaria, zm. 13 maja 1938 w Sèvres, Francja) – szwajcarski fizyk, laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki w roku 1920 za wkład jaki wniósł w precyzyjne pomiary w fizyce dzięki odkryciu anomalii w wysokoniklowych stalach stopowych, Wielki Oficer Legii Honorowej. Odkrył m.in. dwa stopy nazwane przez niego inwar i elinwar, które używane były przy budowaniu precyzyjnych instrumentów pomiarowych. Pracował w Observatoire de Paris w Paryżu. Jako pierwszy prawidłowo przewidział temperaturę przestrzeni kosmicznej. (pl)
Шарль Эдуа́р Гийо́м (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 февраля 1861, , Швейцария — 13 июня 1938, Севр, Франция) — швейцарско-французский физик. Лауреат Нобелевской премии 1920 года за открытие сплавов с аномальным поведением коэффициента теплового расширения: инвара и элинвара. (ru)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 de fevereiro de 1861 — Sèvres, 13 de maio de 1938) foi um físico suíço. Recebeu em 1920 o Nobel de Física, pela melhora na precisão de medições na física e pela descoberta de anomalias em ligas de aço-níquel. (pt)
Шарль Едуар Гійом (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 лютого 1861, , Швейцарія — 13 червня 1938, Севр, Франція) — швейцарсько-французький фізик.Лауреат Нобелівської премії 1920 року за відкриття сплавів з аномальною поведінкою коефіцієнта теплового розширення: Інвару і елінвару. (uk)
夏尔·纪尧姆（法语：Charles Guillaume ，1861年2月15日－1938年6月13日），瑞士物理學家。1920年，於瑞士辦事處任職的他，因發現鎳鋼合金於精密物理中的重要性，而獲得了該年度的諾貝爾物理學獎殊榮。 (zh)
Charles Édouard GUILLAUME (15-an de februaro 1861, Fleurier, Svislando – 13-an de junio 1938, Sèvres, Francio) estis franca fizikisto, kiu ricevis la Nobel-premion pri fiziko en 1920 pro la malkovro de invaro (specifa fer-nikela alojo). Guillaume en 1883 iĝis kunlaboranto de la Internacia Mezurafera Ofico en Sèvres, poste en 1915 ties direktoro. Li ekzamenis dum esploroj la hidrargan termometron kaj la litron kiel volumenan unuon. Li konstatis pri tiu lasta, ke ĝi egalas ne al 1.000.000 cm3 sed al 1.000.028 cm3. (eo)
Charles Édouard Guillaume, född i Fleurier 15 februari 1861, död i Sèvres 13 maj 1938, var en schweizisk-fransk fysiker som mottog Nobelpriset i fysik 1920 för sin forskning på nickellegeringar. Guillaume blev 1915 föreståndare för Bureau international des poids et mesures. Han har utfört flera undersökningar över precisionsmätning av temperatur och tid. För sina undersökningar över anomalierna vid legeringar mellan nickel och järn, särskilt upptäckten av det märkliga nickelstålet invar, vars värmeutvidgning är ytterst liten, erhöll Guillaume 1920 års nobelpris i fysik. (sv)
Charles Édouard Guillaume fou un físic suís guardonat l'any 1920 amb el Premi Nobel de Física. (ca)
شارل ادوار غيوم (Charles Édouard Guillaume) (مواليد 15 فبراير، 1861 - 13 مايو، 1938) كان عالم فيزياء سويسري فرنسي. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1920 عن أعماله في مجال القياسات الفيزيائية الدقيقة واكتشاف سبيلكة النيكل-فولاذ التي تدعى invar و elinvar، حيث أن لمعدن إنفار معامل تمدد حراري قريب جداً من الصفر مما يعطي نتائج قياس دقيقة بغض النظر عن تغيرات درجة الحرارة. (ar)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (15. února 1861 – 13. května 1938 Sèvres) byl francouzsko-švýcarský fyzik, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziku (1920), kterou obdržel za objev anomálií v niklové oceli (invar), což přispělo k rozvoji přesných měření. Vynalezl slitiny invar a . Ve 22 letech nastoupil do BIPM. (cs)
Ο Σαρλ Εντουάρ Γκιγιόμ (Charles Édouard Guillaume, 15 Φεβρουαρίου 1861 - 13 Ιουνίου 1938) ήταν Ελβετός φυσικός στον οποίο απονεμήθηκε το βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσικής το 1920 για τη συμβολή του σε πειράματα ακριβείας, μέσω της ανακάλυψης ανωμαλιών στα κράματα νικελίου - ατσαλιού. Ο Γκιγιόμ είναι γνωστός για την ανακάλυψη των κραμάτων του νικελίου - σιδήρου και χάλυβα τα οποία ονόμασε Ινβάρ και . (el)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (* 15. Februar 1861 in Fleurier, NE; † 13. Juni 1938 in Sèvres) war ein französisch-schweizerischer Physiker und Nobelpreisträger. (de)
Charles Édouard Guillaume suitzar fisikaria izan zen. 1920ko Fisikako Nobel Saria jaso zuen nikel eta altzairu aleazioetan izandako anomalien aurkikuntzagatik. ETH Zürich-en doktoratu zen. Pisuen eta Neurrien Nazioarteko Bulegoa zuzendu zuen eta esperimentuak egin zituen neurri termostatikoekin. Nikel eta altzairuzko aleazioak aurkitu zituen, "invar" eta "" deituak. Izarren erradiazioa aztertzen ere aitzindaria izan zen eta itsas kronometroez interesatu zen. (eu)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, cantón de Neuchâtel, Suiza, 15 de febrero de 1861-Sèvres, Francia, 13 de mayo de 1938) fue un físico suizo galardonado en 1920 con el Premio Nobel de Física. Descubrió la aleación de acero y níquel denominada invar, muy utilizada en instrumentos de precisión por su bajo coeficiente de dilatación térmica. (es)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 février 1861 à Fleurier, Suisse - 13 juin 1938 à Sèvres, France) est un physicien suisse. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1920 « en reconnaissance du service qu'il a rendu en métrologie en découvrant des anomalies dans les aciers de nickel ». Le plus célèbre des alliages qu'il invente est l'invar, au très faible coefficient de dilatation thermique, qui révolutionne la métrologie et la cryogénie, et qui contribue à l'invention de la télévision. (fr)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 Februari 1861 – 13 Juni 1938) adalah seorang fisikawan berkebangsaan Prancis. Dia meraih Penghargaan Nobel Fisika pada tahun 1920. Ia dikenal akan "" dan ""-nya. (in)
シャルル・エドゥアール・ギヨーム （Charles Edouard Guillaume、1861年2月15日 - 1938年6月13日）はフランス系スイス人の物理学者である。 (ja)
샤를 에두아르 기욤(독일어: Charles Édouard Guillaume, 1861년 ~ 1938년)은 스위스의 실험물리학자이다. 취리히 연방 공과대학을 졸업하였다. 1897년에는 열팽창 계수가 실내 온도에 가까워지면 거의 0인 인바(invar) 합금(36% 니켈 철합금)을 발견했다. 은 값싼 미터 표준기 외에 각종의 물리 정밀 측정 기기나 시계의 추 등에 널리 쓰여, 길이 측정의 정밀도를 두드러지게 향상시켰다. 그 중에서도 인바선(線)에 의한 기선 측정에 의해 종래의 측정법이 새롭게 바뀌었다. 또한 시간 측정의 정밀도를 높이기 위해서 합금의 탄성률을 연구하여, 1919년에 탄성률의 온도 계수가 실내 온도 가까이에서 거의 0인 엘린바(elinvar) 합금(36% 니켈, 12% 크롬, 철합금)을 발견했다. 이 합금은 시계의 태엽 등에 이용되어, 시간 측정의 정밀도는 비약적으로 향상되었다. 이러한 업적으로 1920년 노벨 물리학상을 받았고, 프랑스 정부로부터는 레종도뇌르 훈장을 받았다. (ko)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 febbraio 1861 – Sèvres, 13 giugno 1938) è stato un fisico svizzero, nato in Svizzera nel canton Neuchâtel, Premio Nobel per la fisica nel 1920. (it)
Charles-Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 februari 1861 – Sèvres, 13 juni 1938) was een Zwitserse natuurkundige. Hij werd bekend als de ontdekker van diverse bijzondere ijzer-nikkel legeringen, waaronder Invar, waarvoor hij in 1920 de Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde ontving. (nl)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (ur. 15 lutego 1861 w Fleurier, Szwajcaria, zm. 13 maja 1938 w Sèvres, Francja) – szwajcarski fizyk, laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki w roku 1920 za wkład jaki wniósł w precyzyjne pomiary w fizyce dzięki odkryciu anomalii w wysokoniklowych stalach stopowych, Wielki Oficer Legii Honorowej. Odkrył m.in. dwa stopy nazwane przez niego inwar i elinwar, które używane były przy budowaniu precyzyjnych instrumentów pomiarowych. Pracował w Observatoire de Paris w Paryżu. Jako pierwszy prawidłowo przewidział temperaturę przestrzeni kosmicznej. (pl)
Шарль Эдуа́р Гийо́м (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 февраля 1861, , Швейцария — 13 июня 1938, Севр, Франция) — швейцарско-французский физик. Лауреат Нобелевской премии 1920 года за открытие сплавов с аномальным поведением коэффициента теплового расширения: инвара и элинвара. (ru)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 de fevereiro de 1861 — Sèvres, 13 de maio de 1938) foi um físico suíço. Recebeu em 1920 o Nobel de Física, pela melhora na precisão de medições na física e pela descoberta de anomalias em ligas de aço-níquel. (pt)
Шарль Едуар Гійом (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 лютого 1861, , Швейцарія — 13 червня 1938, Севр, Франція) — швейцарсько-французький фізик.Лауреат Нобелівської премії 1920 року за відкриття сплавів з аномальною поведінкою коефіцієнта теплового розширення: Інвару і елінвару. (uk)
夏尔·纪尧姆（法语：Charles Guillaume ，1861年2月15日－1938年6月13日），瑞士物理學家。1920年，於瑞士辦事處任職的他，因發現鎳鋼合金於精密物理中的重要性，而獲得了該年度的諾貝爾物理學獎殊榮。 (zh)
Charles Édouard GUILLAUME (15-an de februaro 1861, Fleurier, Svislando – 13-an de junio 1938, Sèvres, Francio) estis franca fizikisto, kiu ricevis la Nobel-premion pri fiziko en 1920 pro la malkovro de invaro (specifa fer-nikela alojo). Guillaume en 1883 iĝis kunlaboranto de la Internacia Mezurafera Ofico en Sèvres, poste en 1915 ties direktoro. Li ekzamenis dum esploroj la hidrargan termometron kaj la litron kiel volumenan unuon. Li konstatis pri tiu lasta, ke ĝi egalas ne al 1.000.000 cm3 sed al 1.000.028 cm3. (eo)
Charles Édouard Guillaume, född i Fleurier 15 februari 1861, död i Sèvres 13 maj 1938, var en schweizisk-fransk fysiker som mottog Nobelpriset i fysik 1920 för sin forskning på nickellegeringar. Guillaume blev 1915 föreståndare för Bureau international des poids et mesures. Han har utfört flera undersökningar över precisionsmätning av temperatur och tid. För sina undersökningar över anomalierna vid legeringar mellan nickel och järn, särskilt upptäckten av det märkliga nickelstålet invar, vars värmeutvidgning är ytterst liten, erhöll Guillaume 1920 års nobelpris i fysik. (sv)
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https://www.facebook.com/NITheCS/posts/15-february-1564-was-the-birthdate-of-italian-astronomer-galileo-galilei-at-leas/712766580840309/
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French physicist Charles Édouard Guillaume (born 1861; Nobel prize laureate 1920), and German chemist Hans von Euler
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15 February 1564 was the birthdate of Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei. At least two Nobel Prize winners - French physicist Charles Édouard Guillaume...
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https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico
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https://www.facebook.com/NITheCS/posts/15-february-1564-was-the-birthdate-of-italian-astronomer-galileo-galilei-at-leas/712766580840309/
| ||||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
1
| 35 |
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize
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en
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Nobel Prize | Definition, History, Winners, & Facts
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1999-11-05T00:00:00+00:00
|
Nobel Prize, any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed by Alfred Nobel.
|
en
|
/favicon.png
|
Encyclopedia Britannica
|
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize
|
Nobel Prize
award
Recent News
July 18, 2024, 11:36 PM ET (Straits Times)
UN experts urge Belarus to free Nobel winner Bialiatski from prison
July 17, 2024, 1:16 AM ET (ABC News (U.S.))
Nobel laureates call on Belarus' leader to release all political prisoners
July 15, 2024, 9:40 AM ET (New York Times)
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Nobel Prize, any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards given for intellectual achievement in the world. To browse Nobel Prize winners alphabetically, chronologically, and by prize, see below.
In the will he drafted in 1895, Nobel instructed that most of his fortune be set aside as a fund for the awarding of five annual prizes “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” These prizes as established by his will are the Nobel Prize for Physics, the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the Nobel Prize for Peace. The first distribution of the prizes took place on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel’s death. An additional award, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969. Although not technically a Nobel Prize, it is identified with the award; its winners are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.
After Nobel’s death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.
The selection process
The prestige of the Nobel Prize stems in part from the considerable research that goes into the selection of the prizewinners. Although the winners are announced in October and November, the selection process begins in the early autumn of the preceding year, when the prize-awarding institutions invite more than 6,000 individuals to propose, or nominate, candidates for the prizes. Some 1,000 people submit nominations for each prize, and the number of nominees usually ranges from 100 to about 250. Among those nominating are Nobel laureates, members of the prize-awarding institutions themselves; scholars active in the fields of physics, chemistry, economics, and physiology or medicine; and officials and members of diverse universities and learned academies. The respondents must supply a written proposal that details their candidates’ worthiness. Self-nomination automatically disqualifies the nominee. Prize proposals must be submitted to the Nobel Committees on or before January 31 of the award year.
Britannica Quiz
History Buff Quiz
On February 1 the six Nobel Committees—one for each prize category—start their work on the nominations received. Outside experts are frequently consulted during the process in order to help the committees determine the originality and significance of each nominee’s contribution. During September and early October the Nobel Committees have accomplished their work and submit their recommendations to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the other prize-awarding institutions. A committee’s recommendation is usually but not invariably followed. The deliberations and the voting within these institutions are secret at all stages. The final decision by the awarders must be made by November 15. Prizes may be given only to individuals, except the Peace Prize, which may also be conferred upon an institution. An individual may not be nominated posthumously, but a winner who dies before receiving the prize may be awarded it posthumously, as with Dag Hammarskjöld (for peace; 1961), Erik Axel Karlfeldt (for literature; 1931), and Ralph M. Steinman (for physiology or medicine; 2011). (Steinman was named a winner several days after his death, which was unbeknownst to the Nobel Assembly. It was decided that he would remain a Nobel laureate, since the purpose of the posthumous rule was to prevent prizes being deliberately awarded to deceased individuals.) The awards may not be appealed. Official support, whether diplomatic or political, for a certain candidate has no bearing on the award process because the prize awarders, as such, are independent of the state.
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correct_award_00023
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FactBench
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0
| 79 |
http://www2.iap.fr/users/uzan/Science3.htm
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en
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I73TBA,
Symposium ÒGravity – the next generationÓ, Yukawa Insitute, 7-11 juin 2021, Kyoto, Japon.
I72Guillaume and the Nobel Prize - application-oriented research vs the new relativity and quantum physics,
Symposium to celebrate the centenary of the award of the Nobel Prize to Charles-douard Guillaume, 17 octobre 2020, BIPM, Pavillon de Breteuil.
I71 Statut du modle cosmologique
Colloque de la SFP, 25 janvier 2020.
I70 Peut-on affirmer que lÕunivers a 13,8 milliards dÕannes?
Confrence TimeWorld 2019, Cit des Sciences, 21-23 novembre 2019.
I69 The role of the (Planck) constants in physics
XXVIe CGPM, Versailles, 16 novembre 2018.
I68 Astrophysical stochastic gravitational wave background
JGRG meeting, Tokyo, 5-9 novembre 2018.
I67QuÕest-ce quÕune constante ?
Colloque Ç Tous mesureurs, tous mesurs È, CNRS, Paris, 17-18 octobre 2018.
I66 Fundamental constants – the new SI and general relativity
Keynote speaker, inaugural talk, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements, Paris, 8-13 juillet 2018
I65Fundamental constants, gravitation and cosmology
Heraeus Workshop "Fundamental constants: Basic physics and unitsÓ, Bad-Honef, Allemagne, 14-18 mai 2018
I64 Fundamental constants, gravitation and cosmology
Solvay Colloquia, Bruxelles, 2018.
I63 Fundamental constants, gravitation and cosmology
BIPM, svres, 7 septembre 2017.
I62 Tuning of the nuclear processes in astrophysical and cosmological context
International conference on the physics of fine-tuning, Rithymna, Crete, 19-22 juin 2017
I61 Constraining non-universal couplings with MICROSCOPE
ONERA, Palaiseau, 12 juin 2017
I60 Gravitational and statistical physics to model the propagation of light in a (more) realistic universe
Recent developments in General Relativity, conference in memory of the late Joseph Katz, Jrusalem, 21-23 mai 2017.
I59 Gravitation: constants, a wall and some waves
Astroparticle physics looking forward – Olivefest, Minneapolis, 17-19 mai 2917
I58 Weak lensing B-modes as a test of isotropy
Workshop on general relativistic effects in galaxy surveys, 13-15 fvrier 2017, Nordhoek, Afrique du Sud
I57 Fundamental constants, gravitation and cosmology
Szecczin, September (2016)
I56 The view ahead after 100 years of General Relativity
GRG 21, New York City, 10-15 July (2016)
I55 Audiovisual hybrids rooted in science
2nd Symposium of the South-African Young Academy of Science on Science and Society in Africa ÒFact, Fiction and Media Re-imagining science engagement and its impactÓ, Cape Town 28-29 Sept. 2015.
I54 The big, the small, and conformal invariance
75th birthday of George Ellis, Cape Town, 24 November 2014.
I53 Dark energy - anything beyond General relativity and L?
Dark Side of the Universe, Cape Town, 17-21 November 2014.
I52 From configuration to dynamics -emergence of time in classical field theory
Dark energy meeting, Stockholm, 1-3 October 2014.
I51 Fundamental structures of effective field theories
Philosophy of cosmology, Tnrife, Spain, 12-16 September 2014.
I50 Fundamental constants, physics and cosmology
Athena Brussels workshop on astrophysics, Brussels, 27-28 janvier 2014.
I49 (1) Fundamental constants, physics and cosmology; (2) Variation of fundamental constants and the Equivalence principle.
`Multiverse and fine tuning' short courses, Department of physics,Universit dÕOxford, 2-5 December 2013.
I48 Gravitational lensing as a probe of the physics and geometry of the universe
Tokyo, Japon, 27 September-3 October 2013.
I47 Tests of the equivalence principle and the Copernican principle
Fifth challenges of new physics in space workshop, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 27 April-3 May 2013.
I46 Testing the Copernican principle with weak lensing
Workshop ÒGravity and Cosmology 2012Ó, Yukawa Institute, Kyoto, December 2012.
I45 Fundamental constants, gravitation and cosmology
Multiverse and fundamental cosmology, Szczecin, Poland, 10-14 September 2012.
I44 Models of the Cosmos: hypothesis, constraints and open possibilities
Krakow, Poland, 17-18 May 2012.
I43 10 questions for cosmology
Workshop ÒCosmology 2012 and beyondÓ, 26-19 March 2012.
I42 Introduction to cosmology
Invited lecture at Cosmology winter school, Passo del Tonale, Italie, 5-9 December 2011.
I41 Modification of general relativity and the dark sector
Invited talk, Firenze, October 2011.
I40 The dark sector and the equivalence principle
Invited talk, The dark universe, Heidelberg, 4-7 October 2011.
I39 Modifications of General relativity and the equivalence principle
Invited review Talk, COSMO-2011, Porto, 22-26 August 2011.
I38 Testing the equivalence principle: the link between constants, gravitation and cosmology
Invited Talk, Astrophysics, Clocks and fundamental constants, Bad-Honnef 18-21 July 2011.
I37 Fundamental constants and the equivalence principle: recent astrophysical developments
MEARIM II (2ndcMiddle-East and Africa Regional IAU meeting) Cape Town, 10-15 April 2011.
I36 Testing general relativity – from local to cosmological scales
Invited Talk, Royal Society Theo Murphy international scientific meeting Cosmological tests of general relativity,
Kavli Royal Society International Centre in Buckinghamshire, 28 February - 1 March 2011
[Podcast of the talk].
I35 Constraints on the deviations from general relativity – from local to cosmological scales
Invited Talk, GW2010, University of Minneapolis, October 2010
I34 Fundamental constants as a test of the equivalence principle
Invited Talk, Gphys workshop ``Theoretical Connections in Fundamental Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology",
IAP, Paris, 21 June 2010.
I33 Perturbation theory in an anisotropic universe
Invited talk at the workshop ÒGravity and Cosmology 2010Ó
Kyoto, 25 mai 2010.
I32 Fundamental constants, gravitation and cosmology
Plenary talk, German Physical Society
Hannover, 8 mars 2010
I31 Cosmology as a science
Panel 7 with B. Stoeger, J. Butterfield, and J. Ismael,
Philosophy of cosmology 2009, 22 septembre 2009, Oxford.
I30 The case for the multiverse – critical commentaries
Panel 2 with B. Greene and A. Linde,
Philosophy of cosmology, 21 septembre 209, Oxford.
I29 Dark energy: theoretical aspects
J.-P. Uzan
Invited plenary talk, Method and probes for revealing dark energy properties
24-26 novembre 2008, IAS, Orsay.
I28 Variations of fundamental constants – cosmological bounds
J.-P. Uzan
Invited plenary talk, The nature of gravity, confronting theory and experiment in space,
6-10 octobre 2008, Berne (Suisse).
I27 Theory of modified general relativity
J.-P. Uzan
Invited talk 4th ICG workshop ÒModified gravity on cosmological scalesÓ,
23 juin 2008, Portsmouth (UK).
I26 Clocks, astrophysics and cosmology
J.-P. Uzan
Invited plenary talk, Theoretical aspects of the ACES mission,
29-30 Avril 2008, Firenze (Italie).
I25 Theoretical review
J.-P. Uzan
Invited plenary talk, CosmoTools workshop,
23-25 Avril 2008, Marseille.
I24 Lensing and cosmological tests of general relativity
J.-P. Uzan
Sino-french meeting,
15 octobre 2007, Meudon.
I23 Lensing and cosmological tests of general relativity
J.-P. Uzan
Invited plenary review XXIIIrd IAP Colloque ÒFrom giant arcs to CMB lensing: 20 years of gravitational distortionÓ,
2-6 juillet 2007, Paris.
I22 LÕacclration de lÕunivers et la nature de lÕnergie sombre
J.-P. Uzan
Journes de la SF2A, 23 juin 2006, Paris (France).
I21 Le temps en cosmologie
J.-P. Uzan
``Le temps en biologie'', Ecole interdisciplinaire dÕchanges et de formation en biologie, 26 mars-1 avril 2006, Berder (France).
I20 Gravit, principe cosmologique et acclration de l'univers
J.-P. Uzan
AMT workshop ``Open questions in cosmology'', 2-3 dcembre, Narbonne (France).
I19 Tests on time variation of the constants - local physics and cosmology
J.-P. Uzan
Cape Town Cosmology Meeting, 6-10 juillet, Cape Town (South Africa).
I18 Tests of gravity on large scales and acceleration of the universe
J.-P. Uzan
Cape Town Cosmology Meeting, 6-10 juillet, Cape Town (South Africa).
I17 Topology of the universe: Where are we after WMAP?
J.-P. Uzan
Cape Town Cosmology Meeting, 6-10 juillet, Cape Town (South Africa).
I16 Gravity under the spotlight of cosmology
J.-P. Uzan
Sino-French meeting on galaxy formation, 18-23 avril, Beijing (Chine).
I15 Variation of the constants in the early and late universe
J.-P. Uzan
Phi in the sky: The Quest for Cosmological Scalar Fields, 8-10 juillet, Porto (Portugal).
I14 Emergence en cosmologie
J.-P. Uzan
Rencontres de Berder, 22-27 mars 2004.
I13 L'nergie sombre: un problme de physique fondamentale
J.-P. Uzan
JDEM, CNES Paris, 15 mars 2004.
I12 La cosmologie tardive
J.-P. Uzan
CAPPS, IPN Orsay, 15 janvier 2004.
I11 Variation of the constants and test of gravity on large scales
J.-P. Uzan
XXXVIIIth Rencontres de Moriond, Gravitational Waves and Experimental Gravity, Les Arcs, France, 22-29 mars 2003.
I10 Probing the topology of the universe with the CMB
J.-P. Uzan
Royal Astronomical Society, London, UK, 14 mars 2003.
I9 Variation of the constants and test of gravity on large scales
J.-P. Uzan
NASSP lecture, Cape Town, South Africa, 21 fvrier 2003.
I8 Variation of the constants and test of gravity on large scales
J.-P. Uzan
GREX-2002, Gravitation an Experiment, Pisa, Italy, 6-10 octobre 2002.
I7 Variation of the constants and test of gravity on large scales
J.-P. Uzan
TH-2002, UNESCO, Paris, 22-27 juin 2002.
I6 What can we learn from the constants of physics?
J.-P. Uzan
Peyresq 7, 22-28 juin 2002.
I5 What is a topological defect?
J.-P. Uzan
Meeting of the American Mathematical Society, Williamston 13-14 octobre, 2001.
I4 Simulating gravity in the brane-world
J.-P. Uzan
Journes relativistes, Dublin, 5-7 septembre, 2001.
I3 Simulated gravity without true gravity in asymmetric brane world scemarios
J.-P. Uzan
Peyresq VI, 23-30 juin, 2001.
I2 Gravity without gravity
J.-P. Uzan
Workshop "Facts and fiction in cosmology", Sils Maria 2-9 avril, 2001.
I1 Cosmology in a finite universe
J.-P. Uzan
A conference for Joseph Katz, Jerusalem, novembre 2, 1999.
O22 Light fields in the early universe
J.-P. Uzan
XXth IAP colloquium "CMB physics and observation", Paris, 28 juin-2 juillet, 2004.
O21 Cosmography vs Cosmology
J.-P. Uzan
Workshop "Facts and fiction in cosmology", Sils Maria 2-9 avril, 2001.
O20 Proprits statistiques d'un rseau de cordes cosmiques
J.-P. Uzan
Journes de Physique Statistique, ESPCI, Paris 24-25 janvier, 2001.
O19 Phenomenology of gravitational lensing by cosmic strings
J.-P. Uzan
PNC meeting, Paris 19-20 octobre, 2000.
O18 Phenomenology of gravitational lensing by cosmic strings
J.-P. Uzan
IXth Marcel Grossman Meeting, Roma, 2-7 juillet 2000.
O17 Skewness: dynamics versus initial conditions
J.-P. Uzan
IXth Marcel Grossman Meeting, Roma, 2-7 juillet 2000.
O16 3D statistical methods for searching space topology: what are the limitations?
J.-P. Uzan
IXth Marcel Grossman Meeting, Roma, 2-7 juillet 2000.
O15 Dveloppements rcents en cosmologie
J.-P. Uzan
Colloque Allain Bouyssy, Universit Paris XI., 17 fvrier 2000.
O14 Calculer dans des espaces multi-connexes
J.-P. Uzan
PNC meeting Simulation numrique et cosmologie , Observatoire de Meudon, octobre 18, 1999.
O13 New developments in the search for the topology of the universe
J.-P. Uzan
Paris-UK Cosmology meeting, IAP Paris, mars 27, 1999.
O12 Cosmic crystallography : the non-Euclidean case,
J.-P. Uzan
Cosmo-topology workshop, Paris, dcembre 14, 1998.
O11 Anisotropies du fond diffus cosmologique,
N. Deruelle, A. Riazuelo and J.-P. Uzan
Colloque du PNC, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, septembre 16-17, 1998.
O10 Topologie et cosmologie,
J.-P. Uzan,
IV Ecole de Cosmologie de Luminy, septembre 7-12, 1998.
O9 Anisotropies du fond diffus cosmologique et dfauts topologiques
J.-P. Uzan,
Journes Dfauts Topologiques, Universit Paris VII, avril 7th 1998.
O8 Topology of the universe and topological defects
J.-P. Uzan,
XXXIIIth de Moriond, Fundamental Parameters in Cosmology, janvier 17-24, 1998, Les Arcs, France.
O7 The no-defect conjecture
J.-P. Uzan,
Workshop on Topology and Cosmology, Cleveland, 16-18 octobre 1997.
O6 Topology of the universe and topological defects
J.-P. Uzan,
VIIIth Marcel Grossman Meeting, Jrusalem, 22-27 juin 1997.
O5 Conservation laws in cosmology
J.-P. Uzan
VIIIth Marcel Grossman Meeting, Jrusalem, 22-27 juin 1997.
O4 Topologie de l'univers et formation des dfauts topologiques
J.-P. Uzan
Peyresq, juillet 1996.
O3 Particle precipitation in auroral breakups and westward travelling surges
A. Olsson, M.A.L. Persson, H. Opgenoorth and J.-P. Uzan
Poster, E.G.S. 95, Hambourgavril 1995.
O2 Effects of the terrestrial ring currents
E.F. Donovan and J.-P. Uzan
Winter workshop of the division of aeoronomy and space physics of the canadian association of physicists, Banff, Canada, fvrier 1995.
O1 Four applications of a new global magnetospheric magnetic field model
E.F. Donovan, S. Skone, J.-P. Uzan, H. Opgenoorth and G. Rostoker
|
|||||||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
3
| 94 |
https://independent.academia.edu/wwwcharlesedouardlevillainfr
|
en
|
Edouard LEVILLAIN FRHistS, MAE
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Academia.edu is a place to share and follow research.
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en
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//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico
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Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser.
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|||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
2
| 21 |
https://m.facebook.com/980680772704078/
|
en
|
Du wurdest vorübergehend blockiert
|
[
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[] |
[] |
[
""
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de
| null | ||||||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
0
| 38 |
https://observervoice.com/15-february-remembering-charles-edouard-guillaume-on-birth-anniversary-14285/
|
en
|
Charles Edouard Guillaume: The Nobel Laureate Who Revolutionized Precision Measurement
|
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2024-02-15T01:30:45+00:00
|
Charles Edouard Guillaume was a Swiss physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. He won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics
|
en
|
Observer Voice
|
https://observervoice.com/15-february-remembering-charles-edouard-guillaume-on-birth-anniversary-14285/
|
Charles Edouard Guillaume (15 February 1861 – 13 May 1938) was a Swiss physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. He won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics. He continued to make important contributions to the field of physics throughout his career and was widely recognized as one of the leading scientists of his time.
Life and Career
He was born on 15 February 1861, in Fleurier, Switzerland. He got his Ph.D. in 1882 for his thesis on electrolytic capacitors. Guillaume joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Sevres, in 1883 and became director in 1915. He did a lot of research on the mercury thermometer and discovered that the liter contained 1,000.028 cubic centimeters, not 1,000.000 cubic centimeters as had been assumed.
In 1890, he started studying alloys after he observed that nickel-iron alloys expanded. His research led to the discovery of a nickel-iron alloy called ‘Invar’ in 1896. The discovery of ‘Invar’ led to the successful duplication of the meter bar.
A few years later, in the late 1890s, he worked in collaboration with Chenevard and the Imphy steel laboratory to develop a variation of Invar; a nickel-steel alloy called ‘Elinvar’; it had a low thermoelastic coefficient even after being heated up. Elinvar contains 59% iron, 36% nickel, and 5% chromium.
He wrote several books throughout his life, including: “Studies on Thermometry” (1986), “Treatise on Thermometry,” “Units and Standards” (1894), “X–Rays” (1896), “Investigations on Nickel and its Alloys” (1898), “The Life of Matter” (1999), “Metrical Convention and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures” (1902), “Applications of Nickel-Steels” (1904), “States of Matter” (1907, 1913), “Recent Progress in Metric System” (1907, 1913) and so on. Charles Edouard Guillaume died on 13 May 1938, in Sevres, France.
Major Work
One of Guillaume’s most notable achievements was the discovery of the phenomenon known as “anomalous dispersion,” which refers to the variation of the refractive index of a material with the wavelength of light. This discovery had significant implications for the development of high-precision spectroscopy and the study of materials science.
Award and Legacy
|
|||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
0
| 80 |
https://kids.kiddle.co/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics
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en
|
List of Nobel laureates in Physics facts for kids
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Learn List of Nobel laureates in Physics facts for kids
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https://kids.kiddle.co/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics
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Year Image Laureate Country Rationale Ref 1901 Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) German Empire "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him" 1902 Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1928) Netherlands "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena" Pieter Zeeman (1865–1943) 1903 Henri Becquerel (1852–1908) France "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" Pierre Curie (1859–1906) "for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" Marie Curie (1867–1934) Poland
( Russian Empire)
France 1904 Lord Rayleigh (1842–1919) United Kingdom "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies" 1905 Philipp Lenard (1862–1947) German Empire "for his work on cathode rays" 1906 J. J. Thomson (1856–1940) United Kingdom "for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases" 1907 Albert A. Michelson (1852–1931) United States "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid" 1908 Gabriel Lippmann (1845–1921) France "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference" 1909 Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) Kingdom of Italy "for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850–1918) German Empire 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923) Netherlands "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids" 1911 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) German Empire "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat" 1912 Gustaf Dalén (1869–1937) Sweden "for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys" 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853–1926) Netherlands "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" 1914 Max von Laue (1879–1960) German Empire "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals", an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy. 1915 William Henry Bragg (1862–1942) United Kingdom "'For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays', an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography" Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971) United Kingdom 1916 zzzNot awarded due to World War I 1917 Charles Glover Barkla (1877–1944) United Kingdom "'For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements', another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy" 1918 Max Planck (1858–1947) German Empire "for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta" 1919 Johannes Stark (1874–1957) Germany "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" 1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume (1861–1938) Switzerland "for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys" 1921 Albert Einstein (1879–1955) Germany
Switzerland "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" 1922 Niels Bohr (1885–1962) Denmark "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan (1868–1953) United States "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect" 1924 Manne Siegbahn (1886–1978) Sweden "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy" 1925 James Franck (1882–1964) Germany "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" Gustav Hertz (1887–1975) 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870–1942) France "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" 1927 Arthur Compton (1892–1962) United States "for his discovery of the effect named after him" Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959) United Kingdom "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour" 1928 Owen Willans Richardson (1879–1959) United Kingdom "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him" 1929 Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (1892–1987) France "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons" 1930 C. V. Raman (1888–1970) India "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" 1931 zzzNot awarded 1932 Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976) Germany "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" 1933 Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961) Austria "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" Paul Dirac (1902–1984) United Kingdom 1934 zzzNot awarded 1935 James Chadwick (1891–1974) United Kingdom "for the discovery of the neutron" 1936 Victor Francis Hess (1883–1964) Austria "for his discovery of cosmic radiation" Carl David Anderson (1905–1991) United States "for his discovery of the positron" 1937 Clinton Davisson (1881–1958) United States "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" George Paget Thomson (1892–1975) United Kingdom 1938 Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) Kingdom of Italy "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" 1939 Ernest Lawrence (1901–1958) United States "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" 1940 zzzNot awarded due to World War II 1941 zzzNot awarded due to World War II 1942 zzzNot awarded due to World War II 1943 Otto Stern (1888–1969) United States "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898–1988) United States "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" 1945 Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958) Austria "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle" 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961) United States "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics" 1947 Edward Victor Appleton (1892–1965) United Kingdom "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer" 1948 Patrick Blackett (1897–1974) United Kingdom "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation" 1949 Hideki Yukawa (1907–1981) Japan "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces" 1950 C. F. Powell (1903–1969) United Kingdom "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" 1951 John Cockcroft (1897–1967) United Kingdom "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" Ernest Walton (1903–1995) Ireland 1952 Felix Bloch (1905–1983) United States "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" Edward Mills Purcell (1912–1997) 1953 Frits Zernike (1888–1966) Netherlands "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" 1954 Max Born (1882–1970) West Germany "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" Walther Bothe (1891–1957) "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" 1955 Willis Lamb (1913–2008) United States "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" Polykarp Kusch (1911–1993) United States "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" 1956 John Bardeen (1908–1991) United States "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" Walter Houser Brattain (1902–1987) William Shockley (1910–1989) 1957 Lee Tsung-Dao (b. 1926) Republic of China "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" Yang Chen-Ning (b. 1922) 1958 Pavel Cherenkov (1904–1990) Soviet Union "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" Ilya Frank (1908–1990) Igor Tamm (1895–1971) 1959 Emilio Segrè (1905–1989) United States "for their discovery of the antiproton" Owen Chamberlain (1920–2006) 1960 Donald A. Glaser (1926–2013) United States "for the invention of the bubble chamber" 1961 Robert Hofstadter (1915–1990) United States "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" Rudolf Mössbauer (1929–2011) West Germany "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name" 1962 Lev Landau (1908–1968) Soviet Union "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" 1963 Eugene Wigner (1902–1995) United States "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906–1972) United States "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" J. Hans D. Jensen (1907–1973) West Germany 1964 Nikolay Basov (1922–2001) Soviet Union "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle" Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002) Charles H. Townes (1915–2015) United States 1965 Richard Feynman (1918–1988) United States "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" Julian Schwinger (1918–1994) Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (1906–1979) Japan 1966 Alfred Kastler (1902–1984) France "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" 1967 Hans Bethe (1906–2005) United States "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars" 1968 Luis Alvarez (1911–1988) United States "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" 1969 Murray Gell-Mann (1929–2019) United States "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" 1970 Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) Sweden "for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics" Louis Néel (1904–2000) France "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics" 1971 Dennis Gabor (1900–1979) United Kingdom "for his invention and development of the holographic method" 1972 John Bardeen (1908–1991) United States "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" Leon Cooper (b. 1930) John Robert Schrieffer (1931–2019) 1973 Leo Esaki (b. 1925) Japan "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" Ivar Giaever (b. 1929) United States Brian Josephson (b. 1940) United Kingdom "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect" 1974 Martin Ryle (1918–1984) United Kingdom "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" Antony Hewish (1924–2021) 1975 Aage Bohr (1922–2009) Denmark "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" Ben Roy Mottelson (1926–2022) James Rainwater (1917–1986) United States 1976 Samuel C. C. Ting (b. 1936) United States "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" Burton Richter (1931–2018) 1977 Philip Warren Anderson (1923–2020) United States "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" Nevill Francis Mott (1905–1996) United Kingdom John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (1899–1980) United States 1978 Pyotr Kapitsa (1894–1984) Soviet Union "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" Arno Allan Penzias (1933–2024) United States "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" Robert Woodrow Wilson (b. 1936) 1979 Sheldon Glashow (b. 1932) United States "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" Abdus Salam (1926–1996) Pakistan Steven Weinberg (1933–2021) United States 1980 James Cronin (1931–2016) United States "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" Val Logsdon Fitch (1923–2015) 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen (1920–2017) United States "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" Arthur Leonard Schawlow (1921–1999) Kai Siegbahn (1918–2007) Sweden "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson (1936–2013) United States "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995) United States "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars" William Alfred Fowler (1911–1995) "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" 1984 Carlo Rubbia (b. 1934) Italy "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" Simon van der Meer (1925–2011) Netherlands 1985 Klaus von Klitzing (b. 1943) West Germany "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" 1986 Ernst Ruska (1906–1988) West Germany "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" Gerd Binnig (b. 1947) "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" Heinrich Rohrer (1933–2013) Switzerland 1987 Georg Bednorz (b. 1950) West Germany "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" K. Alex Müller (1927–2023) Switzerland 1988 Leon M. Lederman (1922–2018) United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" Melvin Schwartz (1932–2006) Jack Steinberger (1921–2020) 1989 Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (1915–2011) United States "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" Hans Georg Dehmelt (1922–2017) "for the development of the ion trap technique" Wolfgang Paul (1913–1993) West Germany 1990 Jerome I. Friedman (b. 1930) United States "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" Henry Way Kendall (1926–1999) Richard E. Taylor (1929–2018) Canada 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932–2007) France "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" 1992 Georges Charpak (1924–2010) France "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" 1993 Russell Alan Hulse (b. 1950) United States "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (b. 1941) 1994 Bertram Brockhouse (1918–2003) Canada "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" Clifford Shull (1915–2001) United States "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" 1995 Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014) United States "for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" Frederick Reines (1918–1998) "for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" 1996 David Lee (b. 1931) United States "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" Douglas D. Osheroff (b. 1945) Robert Coleman Richardson (1937–2013) 1997 Steven Chu (b. 1948) United States "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light." Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (b. 1933) France William Daniel Phillips (b. 1948) United States 1998 Robert B. Laughlin (b. 1950) United States "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" Horst Ludwig Störmer (b. 1949) Germany Daniel C. Tsui (b. 1939) United States 1999 Gerard 't Hooft (b. 1946) Netherlands "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" Martinus J. G. Veltman (1931–2021) 2000 Zhores Alferov (1930–2019) Russia "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics" Herbert Kroemer (1928–2024) Germany Jack Kilby (1923–2005) United States "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit" 2001 Eric Allin Cornell (b. 1961) United States "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" Carl Wieman (b. 1951) Wolfgang Ketterle (b. 1957) Germany 2002 Raymond Davis Jr. (1914–2006) United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" Masatoshi Koshiba (1926–2020) Japan Vitaly Ginzburg (1916–2009) Russia Anthony James Leggett (b. 1938) United Kingdom
United States Hugh David Politzer (b. 1949) Frank Wilczek (b. 1951) John L. Hall (b. 1934) "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique" Theodor W. Hänsch (b. 1941) Germany 2006 John C. Mather (b. 1946) United States "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" George Smoot (b. 1945) 2007 Albert Fert (b. 1938) France "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance" Peter Grünberg (1939–2018) Germany 2008 Makoto Kobayashi (b. 1944) Japan "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" Toshihide Maskawa (1940–2021) Yoichiro Nambu (1921–2015) United States "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" 2009 Charles K. Kao (1933–2018) Hong Kong
United Kingdom
"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication" Willard S. Boyle (1924–2011) United States "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor" George E. Smith (b. 1930) 2010 Andre Geim (b. 1958) United Kingdom "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene" Konstantin Novoselov (b. 1974) 2011 Saul Perlmutter (b. 1959) United States "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae" Brian P. Schmidt (b. 1967) Australia Adam G. Riess (b. 1969) United States 2012 Serge Haroche (b. 1944) France "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems." David J. Wineland (b. 1944) United States 2013 François Englert (b. 1932) Belgium "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider" Peter Higgs (1929–2024) United Kingdom 2014 Isamu Akasaki (1929–2021) Japan "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources" Hiroshi Amano (b. 1960) Shuji Nakamura (b. 1954) United States 2015 Takaaki Kajita (b. 1959) Japan "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass" Arthur B. McDonald (b. 1943) Canada 2016 David J. Thouless (1934–2019) United Kingdom "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter" Duncan Haldane (b. 1951) John M. Kosterlitz (b. 1943) United States
United Kingdom
2017 Rainer Weiss (b. 1932) United States "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves" Kip Thorne (b. 1940) Barry Barish (b. 1936) 2018 Arthur Ashkin (1922–2020) United States "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems" Gérard Mourou (b. 1944) France "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses" Donna Strickland (b. 1959) Canada 2019 James Peebles (b. 1935) United States "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology" Michel Mayor (b. 1942) Switzerland "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" Didier Queloz (b. 1966)
Switzerland
United Kingdom
2020 Roger Penrose (b. 1931) United Kingdom "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" Reinhard Genzel (b. 1952) Germany "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" Andrea M. Ghez (b. 1965) United States 2021 Syukuro Manabe (b. 1931) United States "for the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming" Klaus Hasselmann (b. 1931) Germany Giorgio Parisi (b. 1948) Italy "for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales" 2022 Alain Aspect (b. 1947) France "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science" John Clauser (b. 1942) United States Anton Zeilinger (b. 1945) Austria 2023 Anne L'Huillier (b. 1958)
France
Sweden
"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter" Ferenc Krausz (b. 1962)
Austria
Hungary
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The Nobel Prize for Physics (1901-1996)
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[Physics FAQ] - [Copyright]
updated 9-OCT-1996 by PEG
updated 12-OCT-1994 by SIC
original by Scott I. Chase
The Nobel Prize for Physics (1901-1996)
The following is a complete listing of Nobel Prize awards, from the first award in 1901. Prizes were not awarded in every year. The date in brackets is the approximate date of the work. The description following the names is an abbreviation of the official citation.
1901 [1895] Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen X-rays 1902 [1896] Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Magnetism in radiation phenomena Pieter Zeeman 1903 [1896] Antoine Henri Bequerel Spontaneous radioactivity [1898] Pierre Curie Marie Sklodowska-Curie 1904 [1894] Lord Rayleigh Density of gases and (a.k.a. John William Strutt) discovery of argon 1905 [1899] Pilipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Cathode rays 1906 [1897] Joseph John Thomson Conduction of electricity by gases 1907 Albert Abraham Michelson Precision meteorological investigations 1908 Gabriel Lippman Reproducing colors photographically based on the phenomenon of interference 1909 [1901] Guglielmo Marconi Wireless telegraphy Carl Ferdinand Braun 1910 [1873] Johannes Diderik van der Waals Equation of state of fluids 1911 [1896] Wilhelm Wien Laws of radiation of heat 1912 [1909] Nils Gustaf Dalen Automatic gas flow regulators 1913 [1911] Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Matter at low temperature 1914 [1912] Max von Laue Crystal diffraction of X-rays 1915 [1913] William Henry Bragg X-ray analysis of crystal structure William Lawrence Bragg 1916 no award 1917 [1911] Charles Glover Barkla Characteristic X-ray spectra of elements 1918 [1900] Max Planck Energy quanta 1919 [1913] Johannes Stark Splitting of spectral lines in E fields 1920 Charles-Edouard Guillaume Anomalies in nickel steel alloys 1921 [1905] Albert Einstein Photoelectric Effect 1922 [1913] Niels Bohr Structure of atoms 1923 [1909] Robert Andrew Millikan Elementary charge of electricity 1924 Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn X-ray spectroscopy 1925 [1914] James Franck Impact of an electron upon an atom Gustav Hertz 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin Sedimentation equilibrium 1927 [1924] Arthur Holly Compton Compton effect [1912] Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Invention of the Cloud chamber 1928 [1903] Owen Willans Richardson Thermionic phenomena, Richardson's Law 1929 [1923] Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie Wave nature of electrons 1930 [1928] Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman Scattering of light, Raman effect 1931 no award 1932 [1925] Werner Heisenberg Quantum Mechanics 1933 [1926] Erwin Schrodinger Atomic theory [1928] Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac 1934 no award 1935 [1932] James Chadwick The neutron 1936 [1911] Victor Franz Hess Cosmic rays [1932] Carl D. Anderson The positron 1937 [1925] Clinton Joseph Davisson Crystal diffraction of electrons George Paget Thomson 1938 [1935] Enrico Fermi New radioactive elements 1939 [1929] Ernest Orlando Lawrence Invention of the Cyclotron 1940 no award 1941 no award 1942 no award 1943 [1933] Otto Stern Proton magnetic moment 1944 [1935] Isador Isaac Rabi Magnetic resonance in atomic nuclei 1945 [1924] Wolfgang Pauli The Exclusion principle 1946 [1925] Percy Williams Bridgman Production of extremely high pressures 1947 [1924] Sir Edward Victor Appleton Physics of the upper atmosphere 1948 [1932] Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett Cosmic ray showers in cloud chambers 1949 [1935] Hideki Yukawa Prediction of Mesons 1950 [1947] Cecil Frank Powell Photographic emulsion for meson studies 1951 [1932] Sir John Douglas Cockroft Artificial acceleration of atomic Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton particles and transmutation of nuclei 1952 [1946] Felix Bloch Nuclear magnetic precision methods Edward Mills Purcell 1953 [1935] Frits Zernike Phase-contrast microscope 1954 [1926] Max Born Fundamental research in QM [1925] Walther Bothe Coincidence counters 1955 [1947] Willis Eugene Lamb Hydrogen fine structure [1947] Polykarp Kusch Electron magnetic moment 1956 [1948] William Shockley Transistors John Bardeen Walter Houser Brattain 1957 [1956] Chen Ning Yang Parity violation Tsung Dao Lee 1958 [1934] Pavel Aleksejevic Cerenkov Interpretation of the Cerenkov effect [1937] Il'ja Mickajlovic Frank Igor' Evgen'evic Tamm 1959 [1955] Emilio Gino Segre The Antiproton Owen Chamberlain 1960 [1952] Donald Arthur Glaser The Bubble Chamber 1961 [1953] Robert Hofstadter Electron scattering on nucleons Rudolf Ludwig Mossbauer Resonant absorption of photons 1962 [1941] Lev Davidovic Landau Theory of liquid helium 1963 [1931] Eugene P. Wigner Fundamental symmetry principles [1949] Maria Goeppert Mayer Nuclear shell structure J. Hans D. Jensen 1964 [1958] Charles H. Townes Maser-Laser principle Nikolai G. Basov Alexander M. Prochorov 1965 [1948] Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Quantum electrodynamics Julian Schwinger Richard P. Feynman 1966 [1950] Alfred Kastler Study of Hertzian resonance in atoms 1967 [1938] Hans Albrecht Bethe Energy production in stars 1968 [1955] Luis W. Alvarez Discovery of many particle resonances 1969 [1964] Murray Gell-Mann Quark model for particle classification 1970 [1942] Hannes Alfven Magneto-hydrodynamics in plasma physics [1932] Louis Neel Antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism 1971 [1947] Dennis Gabor Principles of holography 1972 [1957] John Bardeen Theory of superconductivity Leon N. Cooper J. Robert Schrieffer 1973 [1960] Leo Esaki Tunneling in superconductors Ivar Giaever [1962] Brian D. Josephson Super-current through tunnel barriers 1974 [1974] Antony Hewish Discovery of pulsars [1958] Sir Martin Ryle Pioneering radioastronomy work 1975 [1950] Aage Bohr Structure of the atomic nucleus Ben Mottelson James Rainwater 1976 [1974] Burton Richter Discovery of the J/Psi particle Samual Chao Chung Ting 1977 [1958] Philip Warren Anderson Electronic structure of magnetic and [1967] Nevill Francis Mott disordered solids John Hasbrouck Van Vleck 1978 [1932] Pyotr Kapitsa Liquefaction of helium [1965] Arno A. Penzias Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Robert W. Wilson 1979 [1961] Sheldon Glashow Electroweak Theory, especially [1967] Steven Weinberg weak neutral currents [1968] Abdus Salam 1980 [1964] James Cronin Discovery of CP violation in the Val Fitch asymmetric decay of neutral K-mesons 1981 Kai M. Seigbahn High resolution electron spectroscopy [1962] Nicolaas Bloembergen Laser spectroscopy Arthur L. Schawlow 1982 [1972] Kenneth G. Wilson Critical phenomena in phase transitions 1983 [1935] Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Evolution of stars [1957] William A. Fowler 1984 [1983] Carlo Rubbia Discovery of W,Z [1970] Simon van der Meer Stochastic cooling for colliders 1985 [1977] Klaus von Klitzing Discovery of quantum Hall effect 1986 [1981] Gerd Binnig Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Heinrich Rohrer [1932] Ernst August Friedrich Ruska Electron microscopy 1987 [1986] Georg Bednorz High-temperature superconductivity Alex K. Muller 1988 [1962] Leon Max Lederman Discovery of the muon neutrino leading Melvin Schwartz to classification of particles in Jack Steinberger families 1989 Hans Georg Dehmelt Penning Trap for charged particles Wolfgang Paul Paul Trap for charged particles Norman F. Ramsey Control of atomic transitions by the separated oscillatory fields method 1990 [1972] Jerome Isaac Friedman Deep inelastic scattering experiments Henry Way Kendall leading to the discovery of quarks Richard Edward Taylor 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Order-disorder transitions in liquid crystals and polymers 1992 Georges Charpak Multiwire Proportional Chamber 1993 [1974] Russell A. Hulse Discovery of the first binary pulsar Joseph H. Taylor and subsequent tests of GR 1994 [1960] Bertram N. Brockhouse Neutron scattering experiments [1946] Clifford G. Shull 1995 [1975] Martin L. Perl Discovery of the tau lepton [1953] Frederick Reines Detection of the neutrino 1996 David M. Lee Superfluidity in Helium-3 Douglas D. Osheroff Robert C. Richardson
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/metallurgy-and-mining-biographies/charles-edouard-guillaume
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Charles Edouard Guillaume
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Charles Edouard Guillaume [1] >Swiss scientist Charles–Edouard Guillaume (1861–1936) worked at the >International Bureau of Weights and Measures for almost 50 years. His >discovery of a steel–nickel alloy called invar that was impervious to >temperature changes advanced science and technology.
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/metallurgy-and-mining-biographies/charles-edouard-guillaume
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Swiss scientist Charles–Edouard Guillaume (1861–1936) worked at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures for almost 50 years. His discovery of a steel–nickel alloy called invar that was impervious to temperature changes advanced science and technology. After discovering invar, he discovered a variation in the alloy called elinvar. When Guillaume received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920, the honor was not just in recognition of his discovery of iron–nickel steel alloys, however. He was also honored for his contributions to the field of metrology and his long career with the Bureau of Weights and Measures, where he helped establish international standards. His work in both alloys and metrology would have a profound impact on the world.
Early Life
Guillaume was born in Fleurier, Switzerland, on February 15, 1861. Guillame's family had originally been from France, but his grandfather, Charles Frederic Alexandre Guillaume, had left France for political reasons during the French Revolution that erupted in the last part of eighteenth century in France. He settled in England and established a successful watch–making business in London. The business was passed down to his three sons, including Edouard, Charles–Edouard Guillaume's father. Edouard Guillaume eventually relocated the business to Switzerland, when he settled in Fleurier. He later married and had Guillame in Switzerland.
Growing up in Switzerland, Charles–Edouard Guillaume received his early education at the Neuchâtel gymnasium. When he was 17 years old, he enrolled in the Zurich Polytechnic (which was later renamed the Federal Institute of Technology). At the Polytechnic, he quickly developed an interest in physics. He later indicated that François Arago's text book, Éloges académiques, was the major influencing factor that guided his decision about pursuing a career in science. He was awarded a Ph.D. in 1882 for his thesis on electrolytic capacitors. After graduation, he performed compulsory service for a year as an officer in the Swiss artillery. During this very short military career, Guillaume studied mechanics and ballistics.
International Bureau of Weights and Measures
In 1883, he accepted a position as an assistant at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, which had just been established in Sevres, France, located just outside Paris. Guillaume joined the Bureau at an important time. Six years later, in 1889, the Bureau embarked on the approval and distribution, among all of the governments of the world, of metric standards.
Guillaume would remain with the Bureau for his entire career. In 1902, he became its associate director. From 1915 until his retirement in 1936, he was director of the Bureau. From 1936 until his death in that same year, Guillaume was honorary director.
Guillaume's earliest research at the Bureau involved thermometry. He conducted important investigations on corrections to mercury–in–glass thermometers. Also, he was responsible for the detailed calibration of thermometers used at the Bureau in the establishment of the thermal expansions of the standards of metrical length. He was engaged in establishing, duplicating, and distributing the international metric standards, and he worked on determining the volume of one kilogram of water by the contact method.
Accidentally Discovered Invar
It was the work involving calibration that led Guillaume to the accidental discovery that would make him famous and lead to his Nobel Prize. A chance observation by Guillaume on the coefficient of expansion of nickel–iron alloys led to investigations of alloys and culminated in the discovery of "invar," an alloy with a very low coefficient of expansion, and later would lead to the discovery of elinvar, which has an extremely low thermoelastic coefficient over a large temperature range.
Among his duties at the Bureau, Guillaume was charged with making precise copies of the standard meter for distribution to countries around the world. The standard meter bar kept at the Bureau had been made of a platinum–iridium alloy, developed by Henri Sainte–Claire–Deville, to prevent corrosion and changes due to temperature. The hardness, permanence, and resistance to chemical agents would be perfect for standards that would have to last for years and years.
However, duplicating the standard meter bar would simply cost too much money, as the metals used to make it were too expensive. Seeking a solution, Guillaume began investigating other potential materials that could be used to make duplicates of the meter bar.
In 1896, Guillaume was studying the properties of iron–nickel alloys (or ferronickel alloys). He melted various ferronickel alloys, experimenting with different nickel contents (from thirty percent to sixty percent nickel). He found that the coefficient of expansion at room temperature was lowest at a nickel level of 36–percent (to the 64–percent iron level). In fact, an alloy with that percentage of nickel exhibited the least amount of thermal expansion of any alloy known. Guillaume considered the expansion of this new alloy "invariable," so he eventually named it invar.
Practical Applications of Invar
The value of invar to metrology was immediately apparent. It was economically feasible to duplicate the standard meter bar. Moreover, measuring devices such as the bar that were made of the alloy containing a 36–percent nickel content would not change in size due to changes in temperature. However, it did not take long for people to perceive its value to other fields. Soon the alloy was being applied to clock–making. It was necessary that pendulum rods maintain the same length regardless of temperature, and invar would ensure that the lengths were maintained. Previously, clockmakers needed to equip the very best clocks—the ones with the highest levels of precision—with some form of expansion–compensation device. The warming of the steel rods used in pendulums resulted in a loss of 0.5 second–per–degree Celsius a day, or 0.28 second–per–degree Fahrenheit a day.
Ferronickel alloys quickly became widely used in other instruments of precision, as well as in surveying tapes and wires. Later, it would be used in light bulbs and in the electronic vacuum tubes that once were used in radios. In addition, the alloy became a substitute for platinum for glass sealing wire, which resulted in huge cost savings for manufacturers.
With each new decade, it seemed that more uses for the alloy were being found. In the 1930s, ferronickel alloys proved useful in thermostats for temperature control, and they were used to make measuring devices for testing gauges and machine parts. During World War II, there was a great demand for the alloys in the United States Armed Forces.
Awarded the Nobel Prize
However, invar's potential impact on the world was recognized almost as soon at Guillaume announced its discovery. By 1920, its importance to the advancement of science and technology was so obvious that it earned Guillaume that year's Nobel Prize in Physics. Moreover, Guillaume became the first and only scientist in history to be recognized by the Swedish Academy of Sciences for a metallurgical achievement.
In presenting the award to Guillaume, the Academy lauded both his efforts in helping establish an international metric standard and in developing the ferronickel alloy. "Charles–Edouard Guillaume is undeniably the foremost metrologist of today," the Academy said. "By devoting his entire life to the service of science, [he] has made a powerful contribution to the progress of the metric system; during his long and painstaking studies he discovered a metal with the most excellent metrological properties. . . . the discovery is of great significance for the precision of scientific measurements and thereby even for the development of science in general."
However, Guillaume was not finished making discoveries in alloys. In the early 1920s, working in collaboration with Chenevard and the Imphy steel laboratory, he developed a variation of invar called elinvar (a contraction of elasticité invariable). Elinvar was an improvement over invar in that its thermoelastic coefficient is essentially zero. Also, it is less susceptible to the effects of magnetism and oxidation.
Later Applications
The use of invar has continued for more than a century, and its importance has grown as the years have gone by, as it led to new or improved technologies. Ferronickel alloys are valuable in a wide range of applications. With its low coefficient of expansion, as well as its wide and easy availability, the 36–percent nickel alloy has become one of the most commonly used materials for applications that require low expansivity. It became the most commonly used ferronickel alloy in applications such as electronic devices, where size changes due to temperature must be minimized, and it makes up some parts in precision optical measuring devices.
As the United States experienced a period of historically unprecedented prosperity in the 1950s and the 1960s, the use of 36–percent alloy and other ferronickel alloys became even more widespread in new technological devices such as circuit breakers, motor controls, TV temperature compensating springs, appliance and heater thermostats, automotive controls, heating, and air conditioning.
Later, invar resulted in a whole new breed of low expansion, nickel–iron alloys, as the use of the 36–percent did not prove useful in all applications. Invar has the lowest thermal expansivity, but it also has the lowest Curie Temperature (the temperature at which a material loses it magnetic properties), which limits its usefulness in certain potential applications. However, other alloys in the so–called "invar family" alleviate that problem. Other ferronickel alloys became used in a variety of commercial and technological applications such as semiconductors, high–definition television, information technology devices, aeronautical devices, and cryogenic transport. The most recent applications of ferronickel alloys include use as structural components in precision laser and optical measuring systems and wave guide tubes, in microscopes, and in support systems for giant mirrors in telescopes. The aerospace industry has used 36–percent alloys to make composite molds in new generations of aircraft. The alloys are also used in orbiting satellites and laser gyroscopes. It is expected that ferronickel alloys will have a growing impact on science and technology throughout the twenty–first century.
Distinguished Career
Records of Guillaume's research can be found in the many papers published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. In addition, Guillaume himself wrote Études thermométriques (Studies on Thermometry, 1886), Traité de thermométrie (Treatise on Thermometry, 1889), Unités et Étalons (Units and Standards, 1894), Les rayons X (X–Rays, 1896), Recherches sur le nickel et ses alliages (Investigations on Nickel and its Alloys, 1898), La vie de la matière (The Life of Matter, 1899), La Convention du Mètre et le Bureau international des Poids et Mesures (Metrical Convention and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 1902), Les applications des aciers au nickel (Applications of Nickel–Steels, 1904), Des états de la matière (States of Matter, 1907), Les récent progrès du système métrique (Recent progress in the Metric System, 1907, 1913), and many more essays. His book, Initiation à la Mécanique (Introduction to Mechanics), was translated into several languages.
Beside the Nobel Prize, Guillaume received distinctions and honors throughout his career. He was appointed Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour and received honorary Doctor of Science degrees from the Universities of Geneva, Neuchatel, and Paris. He was a President of the Sociétá Française de Physique. In addition, he was a member, honorary member or corresponding member of more than a dozen of the leading scientific academies of Europe. In 1888, Guillaume married A. M. Taufflieb. They had three children. He died on May 13, 1938, in Sevres, France.
Books
Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present, Gale Group, 2001. World of Scientific Discovery, Second Edition, Gale Group, 1999.
Online
"Charles–Edouard Guillaume–Biography," Nobel Prize Website,http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1920/guillaume-bio.html (January 12, 2005).
Harner, Leslie, "After 100 Years, the Uses for Invar Continue to Multiply," Center for Materials Science and Engineering,http://www.cmse.ed.ac.uk/MSE3/Topics/TA00008.htm (January 12, 2005).
Nicolet, J.C., "Questions in Time," Europa Star, http://www.europastar.com/europastar/watch–tech/nicolet6.jsp (January 12, 2005).
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Charles Edouard Guillaume Physics Nobel Prize Winner Chinese Playing Card
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Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Charles Edouard Guillaume Physics Nobel Prize Winner Chinese Playing Card at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products!
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eBay
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Greatest Swiss Physicists
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1. Charles Édouard Guillaume ( 1861 - 1938 )
With an HPI of 72.08 , Charles Édouard Guillaume is the most famous Swiss Physicist . His biography has been translated into 80 different languages on wikipedia.
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 February 1861, in Fleurier, Switzerland – 13 May 1938, in Sèvres, France) was a Swiss physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys. In 1919, he gave the fifth Guthrie Lecture at the Institute of Physics in London with the title "The Anomaly of the Nickel-Steels".
2 . Heinrich Rohrer ( 1933 - 2013 )
With an HPI of 68.24 , Heinrich Rohrer is the 2nd most famous Swiss Physicist . His biography has been translated into 67 different languages.
Heinrich Rohrer (6 June 1933 – 16 May 2013) was a Swiss physicist who shared half of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics with Gerd Binnig for the design of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The other half of the Prize was awarded to Ernst Ruska. The Heinrich Rohrer Medal is presented triennially by the Surface Science Society of Japan with IBM Research – Zurich, Swiss Embassy in Japan, and Ms. Rohrer in his memory. The medal is not to be confused with the Heinrich Rohrer Award presented at the Nano Seoul 2020 conference.
4 . Felix Bloch ( 1905 - 1983 )
With an HPI of 67.21 , Felix Bloch is the 4th most famous Swiss Physicist . His biography has been translated into 76 different languages.
Felix Bloch (23 October 1905 – 10 September 1983) was a Swiss-American physicist and Nobel physics laureate who worked mainly in the U.S. He and Edward Mills Purcell were awarded the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for "their development of new ways and methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements." In 1954–1955, he served for one year as the first director-general of CERN. Felix Bloch made fundamental theoretical contributions to the understanding of ferromagnetism and electron behavior in crystal lattices. He is also considered one of the developers of nuclear magnetic resonance.
5 . Auguste Piccard ( 1884 - 1962 )
With an HPI of 66.77 , Auguste Piccard is the 5th most famous Swiss Physicist . His biography has been translated into 43 different languages.
Auguste Antoine Piccard (28 January 1884 – 24 March 1962) was a Swiss physicist, inventor and explorer known for his record-breaking hydrogen balloon flights, with which he studied the Earth's upper atmosphere and became the first person to enter the Stratosphere. Piccard was also known for his invention of the first bathyscaphe, FNRS-2, with which he made a number of unmanned dives in 1948 to explore the ocean's depths. Piccard's twin brother Jean Felix Piccard is also a notable figure in the annals of science and exploration, as are a number of their relatives, including Jacques Piccard, Bertrand Piccard, Jeannette Piccard and Don Piccard.
8 . Walter H. Schottky ( 1886 - 1976 )
With an HPI of 57.75 , Walter H. Schottky is the 8th most famous Swiss Physicist . His biography has been translated into 31 different languages.
Walter Hans Schottky (23 July 1886 – 4 March 1976) was a German physicist who played a major early role in developing the theory of electron and ion emission phenomena, invented the screen-grid vacuum tube in 1915 while working at Siemens, co-invented the ribbon microphone and ribbon loudspeaker along with Dr. Erwin Gerlach in 1924 and later made many significant contributions in the areas of semiconductor devices, technical physics and technology. The Schottky effect (a thermionic emission, important for vacuum tube technology), the Schottky diode (where the depletion layer occurring in it is called the Schottky barrier), the Schottky vacancies (or Schottky defects), the Schottky anomaly (a peak value of the heat capacity) and the Mott-Schottky equation (also Langmuir-Schottky space charge law) were named after him. He conducted research on electrical noise mechanisms (shot noise), space charge, especially in electron tubes, and the barrier layer in semiconductors, which were important for the development of copper oxide rectifiers and transistors.
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/guillaume/facts/
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Charles Edouard Guillaume – Facts
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 was awarded to Charles Edouard Guillaume "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
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Charles Edouard Guillaume
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920
Affiliation at the time of the award: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), Sèvres, France
Prize motivation: “in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys”
Prize share: 1/1
Work
Precise measurement plays an important role in science. To provide a basis for precise measurements, the metric system and a German legal meter were instituted to define lengths. However, different materials expand differently when temperatures change, which limits the ability to make very precise measurements. In 1896 Charles-Edouard Guillaume succeeded in finding an alloy of nickel and steel that registered almost no change in length and volume as a result of temperature changes. The invar nickel-steel alloy had a significant effect on scientific instruments and incandescent light bulbs.
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FeNi36: Nickel Iron Alloy
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Invar FeNi36 has the lowest thermal expansion of any known metal or alloy from room temperature up to 230C. Special low expansion and sealing alloy grades are available. Applications include thermostats, bimetallic strips, cathode ray tubes, telecommunications, aerospace and gas tankers.
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FeNi36 Invar - Nickel Iron Alloy
Chemical Formula
Ni-Fe Alloy
Topics Covered
Background
Discovery and Nobel Prize
Physical Properties
Current Uses
Cathode Ray Tubes
Other Applications
Low Expansion Alloys
Sealing Alloys
Future Uses
Composite Manufacturing
Background
Few people realise that the nickel-iron alloy, FeNi36 Invar, plays a crucial part in so many of their household controls and office appliances. This role was established soon after its discovery 100 years ago in 1896. FeNi36 is the forerunner of a family of controlled expansion nickel-iron alloys which form the essential part of bimetals and thermostats. FeNi36 Invaritself is still used today in vast numbers of household appliances, from electric irons and toasters to gas cookers and fire safety cutoffs. In the office, computer terminals and TV screens make extensive use of FeNi36 and other Ni-Fe alloys for shadow masks, frames, and cathode ray tube gun parts.
Other applications for these special alloys are continuing to be found in industry for advanced electronic components, filters in mobile phone networks and even as tank membranes for massive liquefied natural gas transport ships.
Discovery and Nobel Prize
When Invar FeNi36 was discovered in 1896, its unique property of low and linear expansion over a wide temperature range allowed the production of effective bimetals which could be used in safety cut-off devices for gas cookers and heaters. For his work on the nickel-iron system and the discovery of FeNi36 Invar, Charles Edouard Guillaume of Imphy was awarded a Nobel prize for Physics early in the 20th century.
One of the traditional uses for Invar FeNi36 has been for the thermostat of electric immersion heaters, used for a variety of domestic and commercial water heating systems. Operation of the thermostat is based upon differential expansion between a brass tube and an inner Invar FeNi36 rod, the resulting movement being used to actuate a microswitch. The set temperature is commonly adjustable in the range between 48-83°C.
Physical Properties
Invar FeNi36 is a 36% nickel iron alloy which has the lowest thermal expansion among all metals and alloys in the range from room temperature up to approximately 230°C. The Invar FeNi36 alloy is ductile and easily weldable, and machinability is similar to austenitic stainless steel. It does not suffer from stress corrosion cracking.
The mean coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of FeNi36 from 20-100°C is less than 1.3 x 10-6°C-1. The Curie point is 230°C, and density is 8.1 kg.m-3.
Current Uses of Nickel Iron Alloy FeNi36 Invar
Cathode Ray Tubes
Between the range -100 to +200°C Invar FeNi36's CTE is very low. This feature is very useful for many specific applications in high tech industry. Cathode ray tubes for television and display screens are increasingly required to provide greater user comfort, with higher contrast, improved brightness and sharper definition. This progress has been made possible by the use of shadow masks made from Invar FeNi36 strip, with its low coefficient of thermal expansion allowing precise dimensioning of components even with changing temperature.
Other Applications
Other application areas, such as telecommunications, aeronautical and aerospace engineering, cryogenic engineering (liquefied natural gas tankers) etc, require either high dimensional stability with variation in temperature, or expansion characteristics matched with those of other materials, such as glass, ceramics, or composites.
The diversity of these requirements has led to the development of a wide range of Fe-Ni, Fe-Ni-Co and Fe-Ni-Cr alloys, in two major groups:
Low Expansion Alloys
These include Invar FeNi36 and N42. As electronic components become ever more miniature, the demands on the material used in their manufacture become ever more critical. The production of lead frames for example requires very close dimensional tolerances and high cleanliness combined with exceptional stamping or chemical etching performance. Grades of N42 have been specifically developed to match these requirements.
Sealing Alloys
These include other Fe-Ni grades, Fe-Ni-Co and Fe-Ni-Cr alloys. A full range of alloys have been produced to associate with the principal glasses supplied by major manufacturers including Schott, Corning, NEG and Ashai. These glasses used in electronics are chosen for specific physical, chemical or optical properties and the choice of the associated sealing metal depends on the glass and the type of seal (matched or compressive).
Future Uses
Appropriate solutions are needed to match the requirements created by technologies which are in rapid and perpetual evolution, and these could come from Invar FeNi36 and its nickel iron alloy derivatives.
Composite Manufacturing
Invar FeNi36 also has an important role to play in the future of composite manufacturing. The aerospace industry will make increasing use of composites for weight/strength improvements. The manufacturing process of composite multilayer structures involves moulding on tools which are then autoclaved. Tooling materials must provide temperature resistance, very low CTE to match the composite, vacuum integrity, thermal conductivity and machinability.
A single tooling material to meet all the requirements does not exist, but of all metallic and non-metallic (e.g. carbon fibre/epoxy) options, Invar FeNi36 provides one of the lowest CTEs of all, the major criterion. The compatibility of the CTE of the Invar mould and the composite parts avoids distortion, induced stress and warpage. Studies carried out by Boeing show that Invar FeNi36 is the material which will provide the best compromise between the most important requirements (like CTE and durability) and overall fabrication costs.
Property Table of Invar FeNi36
Material Invar FeNi36 - Nickel Iron Alloy
Property Minimum Value (S.I.) Maximum Value (S.I.) Units (S.I.) Minimum Value (Imp.) Maximum Value (Imp.) Units (Imp.) Atomic Volume (average) 0.0068 0.0071 m3/kmol 414.961 433.268 in3/kmol Density 8.1 8.2 Mg/m3 505.667 511.91 lb/ft3 Energy Content 50 200 MJ/kg 5416.93 21667.7 kcal/lb Bulk Modulus 106 112 GPa 15.374 16.2442 106 psi Compressive Strength 240 725 MPa 34.8091 105.152 ksi Ductility 0.06 0.45 0.06 0.45 Elastic Limit 240 725 MPa 34.8091 105.152 ksi Endurance Limit 185 405 MPa 26.832 58.7402 ksi Fracture Toughness 120 150 MPa.m1/2 109.206 136.507 ksi.in1/2 Hardness 1200 2400 MPa 174.045 348.091 ksi Loss Coefficient 0.0003 0.0011 0.0003 0.0011 Modulus of Rupture 240 725 MPa 34.8091 105.152 ksi Poisson's Ratio 0.28 0.3 0.28 0.3 Shear Modulus 54 58 GPa 7.83204 8.41219 106 psi Tensile Strength 445 810 MPa 64.5418 117.481 ksi Young's Modulus 137 145 GPa 19.8702 21.0305 106 psi Glass Temperature K °F Latent Heat of Fusion 270 290 kJ/kg 116.079 124.677 BTU/lb Maximum Service Temperature 600 700 K 620.33 800.33 °F Melting Point 1690 1710 K 2582.33 2618.33 °F Minimum Service Temperature 0 0 K -459.67 -459.67 °F Specific Heat 505 525 J/kg.K 0.390798 0.406276 BTU/lb.F Thermal Conductivity 12 15 W/m.K 22.4644 28.0805 BTU.ft/h.ft2.F Thermal Expansion 0.5 2 10-6/K 0.9 3.6 10-6/°F Breakdown Potential MV/m V/mil Dielectric Constant Resistivity 75 85 10-8 ohm.m 75 85 10-8 ohm.m
Primary author: Colin Woolger | Source: Materials World, Vol. No. pp. 332-33, June 1996.
For more information on Materials World please visit The Institute of Materials. Invar FeNi36 has the lowest thermal expansion of any known metal or alloy from room temperature up to 230C. Special low expansion and sealing alloy grades are available. Applications include thermostats, bimetallic strips, cathode ray tubes, telecommunications, aerospace and gas tankers.
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http://waywiser.rc.fas.harvard.edu/people/5969/charlesedouard-guillaume%3Bjsessionid%3DF9A1D96FD2661E5A533E32B382446425
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The Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments
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Since its inception in 1948, various Harvard departments and private benefactors have added material to the original nucleus of the Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments (CHSI), which now contains over 20,000 objects dating from about 1400 to the …
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Exhibition Hours
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Winners-of-the-Nobel-Prize-for-Physics-1856942
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Winners of the Nobel Prize for Physics | Nobel Laureates, Physics Fields, Discoveries
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The Nobel Prize for Physics is awarded, according to the will of Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel, “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind” in the field of physics. It is conferred by the Royal Swedish Academy of
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany discovery of X-rays 1902 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation Pieter Zeeman Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation 1903 Henri Becquerel France discovery of spontaneous radioactivity Marie Curie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel Pierre Curie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel 1904 Lord Rayleigh U.K. discovery of argon 1905 Philipp Lenard Germany research on cathode rays 1906 Sir J.J. Thomson U.K. researches into electrical conductivity of gases 1907 A.A. Michelson U.S. spectroscopic and metrological investigations 1908 Gabriel Lippmann France photographic reproduction of colours 1909 Ferdinand Braun Germany development of wireless telegraphy Guglielmo Marconi Italy development of wireless telegraphy 1910 Johannes Diederik van der Waals Netherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids 1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation 1912 Nils Dalén Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Netherlands investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid helium 1914 Max von Laue Germany discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals 1915 Sir Lawrence Bragg U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays Sir William Bragg U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays 1917 Charles Glover Barkla U.K. discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements 1918 Max Planck Germany discovery of the elemental quanta 1919 Johannes Stark Germany discovery of the Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in an electric field 1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland discovery of anomalies in alloys 1921 Albert Einstein Switzerland work in theoretical physics 1922 Niels Bohr Denmark investigation of atomic structure and radiation 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan U.S. work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect 1924 Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn Sweden work in X-ray spectroscopy 1925 James Franck Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom Gustav Hertz Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom 1926 Jean Perrin France work on the discontinuous structure of matter 1927 Arthur Holly Compton U.S. discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays C.T.R. Wilson U.K. method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particles 1928 Sir Owen Willans Richardson U.K. work on electron emission by hot metals 1929 Louis de Broglie France discovery of the wave nature of electrons 1930 Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India work on light diffusion; discovery of the Raman effect 1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany creation of quantum mechanics 1933 P.A.M. Dirac U.K. introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics Erwin Schrödinger Austria introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics 1935 Sir James Chadwick U.K. discovery of the neutron 1936 Carl David Anderson U.S. discovery of the positron Victor Francis Hess Austria discovery of cosmic radiation 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons Sir George Paget Thomson U.K. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons 1938 Enrico Fermi Italy disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation 1939 Ernest Orlando Lawrence U.S. invention of the cyclotron 1943 Otto Stern U.S. discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi U.S. resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei 1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman U.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics 1947 Sir Edward Victor Appleton U.K. discovery of the Appleton layer in the upper atmosphere 1948 Patrick M.S. Blackett U.K. discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation 1949 Yukawa Hideki Japan prediction of the existence of mesons 1950 Cecil Frank Powell U.K. photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons 1951 Sir John Douglas Cockcroft U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles 1952 Felix Bloch U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids E.M. Purcell U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids 1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands method of phase-contrast microscopy 1954 Max Born U.K. statistical studies of atomic wave functions Walther Bothe West Germany invention of the coincidence method 1955 Polykarp Kusch U.S. measurement of the magnetic moment of the electron Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr. U.S. discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum 1956 John Bardeen U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor Walter H. Brattain U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor William B. Shockley U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor 1957 Tsung-Dao Lee China discovery of violations of the principle of parity Chen Ning Yang China discovery of violations of the principle of parity 1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Ilya Mikhaylovich Frank U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect 1959 Owen Chamberlain U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton Emilio Segrè U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton 1960 Donald A. Glaser U.S. development of the bubble chamber 1961 Robert Hofstadter U.S. determination of the shape and size of atomic nucleons Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany discovery of the Mössbauer effect 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau U.S.S.R. contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter 1963 J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany development of the shell model theory of the structure of atomic nuclei Maria Goeppert Mayer U.S. development of the shell model theory of the structure of atomic nuclei Eugene Paul Wigner U.S. principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 1964 Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Prokhorov U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles Charles Hard Townes U.S. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles 1965 Richard P. Feynman U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics Julian Seymour Schwinger U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics Tomonaga Shin'ichiro Japan basic principles of quantum electrodynamics 1966 Alfred Kastler France discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms 1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of stars 1968 Luis W. Alvarez U.S. work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states 1969 Murray Gell-Mann U.S. classification of elementary particles and their interactions 1970 Hannes Alfvén Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism Louis-Eugène-Félix Néel France work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism 1971 Dennis Gabor U.K. invention of holography 1972 John Bardeen U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity Leon N. Cooper U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity John Robert Schrieffer U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity 1973 Leo Esaki Japan tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors Ivar Giaever U.S. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors Brian D. Josephson U.K. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors 1974 Antony Hewish U.K. work in radio astronomy Sir Martin Ryle U.K. work in radio astronomy 1975 Aage N. Bohr Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion Ben R. Mottelson Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion James Rainwater U.S. work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion 1976 Burton Richter U.S. discovery of a new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) Samuel C.C. Ting U.S. discovery of a new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) 1977 Philip W. Anderson U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids Sir Nevill F. Mott U.K. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids John H. Van Vleck U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa U.S.S.R. invention and application of a helium liquefier Arno Penzias U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory Robert Woodrow Wilson U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles Abdus Salam Pakistan unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles Steven Weinberg U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles 1980 James Watson Cronin U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries Val Logsdon Fitch U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy Arthur Leonard Schawlow U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis 1982 Kenneth Geddes Wilson U.S. analysis of continuous phase transitions 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars William A. Fowler U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars 1984 Simon van der Meer Netherlands discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory Carlo Rubbia Italy discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory 1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance 1986 Gerd Binnig West Germany development of electron microscopes Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland development of electron microscopes Ernst Ruska West Germany development of electron microscopes 1987 J. Georg Bednorz West Germany discovery of new superconducting materials Karl Alex Müller Switzerland discovery of new superconducting materials 1988 Leon Max Lederman U.S. research in subatomic particles Melvin Schwartz U.S. research in subatomic particles Jack Steinberger U.S. research in subatomic particles 1989 Hans Georg Dehmelt U.S. development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study Wolfgang Paul West Germany development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study Norman Foster Ramsey U.S. development of the atomic clock 1990 Jerome Isaac Friedman U.S. discovery of quarks Henry Way Kendall U.S. discovery of quarks Richard E. Taylor Canada discovery of quarks 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules 1992 Georges Charpak France invention of a detector that traces subatomic particles 1993 Russell Alan Hulse U.S. identifying binary pulsars Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. U.S. identifying binary pulsars 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse Canada development of neutron-scattering techniques Clifford G. Shull U.S. development of neutron-scattering techniques 1995 Martin Lewis Perl U.S. discovery of the tau subatomic particle Frederick Reines U.S. discovery of the neutrino 1996 David M. Lee U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3 Douglas D. Osheroff U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3 Robert C. Richardson U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3 1997 Steven Chu U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling Claude Cohen-Tannoudji France process of trapping atoms with laser cooling William D. Phillips U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling 1998 Robert B. Laughlin U.S. discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect Horst L. Störmer U.S. discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect Daniel C. Tsui U.S. discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect 1999 Gerardus 't Hooft Netherlands study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactions Martinus J.G. Veltman Netherlands study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactions 2000 Zhores I. Alferov Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics Jack S. Kilby U.S. development of the integrated circuit (microchip) Herbert Kroemer Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics 2001 Eric A. Cornell U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Wolfgang Ketterle Germany achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Carl E. Wieman U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates 2002 Raymond Davis, Jr. U.S. detection of neutrinos Riccardo Giacconi U.S. seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays Koshiba Masatoshi Japan detection of neutrinos 2003 Alexei A. Abrikosov U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures Vitaly L. Ginzburg Russia discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures Anthony J. Leggett U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures 2004 David J. Gross U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction H. David Politzer U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction Frank Wilczek U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction 2005 Roy J. Glauber U.S. contributions to the field of optics John L. Hall U.S. contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy Theodor W. Hänsch Germany contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy 2006 John C. Mather U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation George F. Smoot U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation 2007 Albert Fert France discovery of giant magnetoresistance Peter Grünberg Germany discovery of giant magnetoresistance 2008 Kobayashi Makoto Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature Maskawa Toshihide Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature Yoichiro Nambu U.S. discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics 2009 Willard Boyle Canada/U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit Charles Kao U.K./U.S. achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication George E. Smith U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit 2010 Andre Geim Netherlands experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene Konstantin Novoselov Russia/U.K. experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene 2011 Saul Perlmutter U.S. discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae Brian P. Schmidt U.S./Australia discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae Adam G. Riess U.S. discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae 2012 Serge Haroche France development of methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems David J. Wineland U.S. development of methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems 2013 François Englert Belgium theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles 2015 Kajita Takaaki Japan discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass Arthur B. McDonald Canada discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass 2016 David Thouless U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter Duncan Haldane U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter Michael Kosterlitz U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter 2017 Barry C. Barish U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves Kip S. Thorne U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves Rainer Weiss U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves 2018 Arthur Ashkin U.S. invention of optical tweezers and their application to biological systems Gérard Mourou France invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultra-short optical pulses Donna Strickland Canada invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultra-short optical pulses 2019 James Peebles Canada/U.S. theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology Michel Mayor Switzerland discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star Didier Queloz Switzerland discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star 2020 Reinhard Genzel Germany discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy Andrea Ghez U.S. discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy Roger Penrose U.K. discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity 2021 Klaus Hasselmann Germany development of the foundation for human knowledge of the Earth's climate and how humanity influences it Manabe Syukuro Japan/U.S. development of the foundation for human knowledge of the Earth's climate and how humanity influences it Giorgio Parisi Italy discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales 2022 Alain Aspect France experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology John F. Clauser U.S. experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology Anton Zeilinger Austria experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology 2023 Pierre Agostini France development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter Ferenc Krausz Hungary development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter
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https://observervoice.com/15-february-remembering-charles-edouard-guillaume-on-birth-anniversary-14285/
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Charles Edouard Guillaume: The Nobel Laureate Who Revolutionized Precision Measurement
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2024-02-15T01:30:45+00:00
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Charles Edouard Guillaume was a Swiss physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. He won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics
|
en
|
Observer Voice
|
https://observervoice.com/15-february-remembering-charles-edouard-guillaume-on-birth-anniversary-14285/
|
Charles Edouard Guillaume (15 February 1861 – 13 May 1938) was a Swiss physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. He won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics. He continued to make important contributions to the field of physics throughout his career and was widely recognized as one of the leading scientists of his time.
Life and Career
He was born on 15 February 1861, in Fleurier, Switzerland. He got his Ph.D. in 1882 for his thesis on electrolytic capacitors. Guillaume joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Sevres, in 1883 and became director in 1915. He did a lot of research on the mercury thermometer and discovered that the liter contained 1,000.028 cubic centimeters, not 1,000.000 cubic centimeters as had been assumed.
In 1890, he started studying alloys after he observed that nickel-iron alloys expanded. His research led to the discovery of a nickel-iron alloy called ‘Invar’ in 1896. The discovery of ‘Invar’ led to the successful duplication of the meter bar.
A few years later, in the late 1890s, he worked in collaboration with Chenevard and the Imphy steel laboratory to develop a variation of Invar; a nickel-steel alloy called ‘Elinvar’; it had a low thermoelastic coefficient even after being heated up. Elinvar contains 59% iron, 36% nickel, and 5% chromium.
He wrote several books throughout his life, including: “Studies on Thermometry” (1986), “Treatise on Thermometry,” “Units and Standards” (1894), “X–Rays” (1896), “Investigations on Nickel and its Alloys” (1898), “The Life of Matter” (1999), “Metrical Convention and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures” (1902), “Applications of Nickel-Steels” (1904), “States of Matter” (1907, 1913), “Recent Progress in Metric System” (1907, 1913) and so on. Charles Edouard Guillaume died on 13 May 1938, in Sevres, France.
Major Work
One of Guillaume’s most notable achievements was the discovery of the phenomenon known as “anomalous dispersion,” which refers to the variation of the refractive index of a material with the wavelength of light. This discovery had significant implications for the development of high-precision spectroscopy and the study of materials science.
Award and Legacy
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0
| 9 |
https://abakcus.com/directory/charles-edouard-guillaume/
|
en
|
Charles Edouard Guillaume
|
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[] |
[
""
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[
"Ali Kaya"
] |
2021-06-13T10:43:29-04:00
|
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 was awarded to Charles Edouard Guillaume "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys."
|
en
|
Abakcus
|
https://abakcus.com/directory/charles-edouard-guillaume/
|
Newton’s College Notebook
Newton's College Notebook was filled with Newton's personal annotations, mathematical formulas, and discoveries that paved the way for modern science. The notebook gave way to his groundbreaking discoveries in calculus,…
Paul Dirac’s PhD Thesis: the First Ever Written on Quantum Mechanics
Paul Dirac's PhD thesis is an unparalleled masterpiece in the field of science. At the incredibly young age of 24, Dirac submitted a revolutionary dissertation laying the foundational ideas of…
Andrea Ghez
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 was divided, one half awarded to Roger Penrose “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of…
Reinhard Genzel
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 was divided, one half awarded to Roger Penrose “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of…
Roger Penrose
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 was divided, one half awarded to Roger Penrose “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of…
Didier Queloz
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 was awarded “for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth’s place in the cosmos” with one half to James…
Michel Mayor
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 was awarded “for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth’s place in the cosmos” with one half to James…
|
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correct_award_00023
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FactBench
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https://search.proquest.com/openview/66b08aae663471b1d5dc8b8d47951a6d/1.pdf%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D1056347
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A Nobel prize for the discovery of Invar
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This is a short preview of the document. Your library or institution may give you access to the complete full text for this document in ProQuest.
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3
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https://cityspecialmetals.com/invar-legend-in-metals/
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en
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City Special Metals
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2019-07-08T15:51:47+00:00
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The low expansion alloy known as Invar has been around for some time. In fact, 1996 marked the centennial of its discovery.
|
en
|
https://cityspecialmetals.com/wp-content/themes/csm-2021/assets/img/icons/favicon.ico
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City Special Metals
|
https://cityspecialmetals.com/invar-legend-in-metals/
|
The History & Uses of Invar
The low expansion alloy known as Invar has been around for some time. In fact, 1996 marked the centennial of its discovery.
This alloy has been so important to scientific advancement that it earned the Nobel Prize in 1920 for its inventor, Charles-Edouard Guillaume, the first and only scientist in history to be so honoured for a metallurgical achievement.
Invar has developed into a family of low expansion, nickel-iron alloys including Free-Cut Invar “36” alloy, a variation of the original material with improved machinability. Both grades contain 36% nickel, key to achieving a low coefficient of expansion, and both continue as the most commonly used alloys in the group.
On Paper the downsides for Free-Cut Invar “36” alloy is negligible. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is slightly higher than that of the basic alloy, which is not enough to make a difference in part performance. Minimal loss in both transverse toughness and corrosion resistance. It may be necessary to clean and passivate the free-cut alloy to remove selenides from the surface. However, a good case can be made for the free-cut alloy because it machines without a hassle and often boosts production.
However due to the improvements in the quality of Invar production, advancements made in machining technology and capabilities Free Machining Invar is becoming less readily available in the common market place. Whilst Free Machining invar can still offer a slight production improvement, this is highly offset by the rising cost and availability of this grade.
These two alloys, along with the other Invar grades, have been used in a wide variety of both common-place and high technology applications. Commercial uses have proliferated over the years in fields as diverse as semiconductors, television, information technology, aerospace, and cryogenic transport. Invar has been used in a host of applications. Early uses include light bulbs and electronic vacuum tubes for radios; bimetals in ther-mostats for temperature control; lead-in seals of fluorescent lights; measuring devices for testing gages and machine parts; military and electronics applications where expansion control is critical; bimetals for circuit breakers, motor controls, TV temperature compensating springs, appliances and heaters, aerospace and automotive controls, heating and air conditioning, as well as many others.
With ever-increasing vigor, this 102 year old alloy continues to expand in usage, with newer applications like more sophisticated thermostatic controls, containers used to transport cryogenic liquid natural gas in tankers, shadow masks in high-definition television tubes, structural components in precision laser and optical measuring systems, wave guide tubes, microscopes, supports for giant mirrors in telescopes and scientific instruments requiring mounted lenses, composite molds used in building new generation aircraft, and in a range of scientific applications such as orbiting satellites, lasers, and ring-laser gyroscopes.
The information provided above is freely available in the public domain, and while we endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind.
In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever.
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0
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https://www.livescience.com/16362-nobel-prize-physics-list.html
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en
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Nobel Prize in Physics: 1901-Present
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2022-10-04T14:39:22+00:00
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The history of the winners of the Nobel Prize in physics, including Steven Chu, Aage Niels Bohr and Enrico Fermi.
|
en
|
livescience.com
|
https://www.livescience.com/16362-nobel-prize-physics-list.html
|
According to Alfred Nobel's will, the Nobel Prize in Physics was to go to "the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics." The prize has been awarded every year except for 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941 and 1942.
Here is the full list of winners:
2023: Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L’Huillier won the 2023 prize for devising a way to generate pulses of light measured in attoseconds — one quintillionth of a second. An attosecond is to a second what a second is to the age of the universe, a miniscule slice of time so short that it can be used to peer at the movements of electrons and molecules.
2022: American physicist John Clauser, French physicist Alain Aspect and Austrian physicist Anton Zeilinger each shared the 2022 prize "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science,” according to the Nobel Prize organization. Their work demonstrated that what Einstein so famously dubbed "spooky action at a distance" is real and laid the groundwork for early quantum computers.
2021: The 2021 Nobel prize went to three scientists whose work alerted the world to the dangers of climate change. The prize was awarded for "for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems." Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann shared one-half of the prize "for the physical modeling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming" while Giorgio Parisi won the other half "for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales."
2020: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 was divided amongst a trio of black hole researchers. One half of the award went to Roger Penrose, "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity", while Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez jointly shared the other half "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"
2019: Canadian-American James Peebles of Princeton University received one-half of the Nobel "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology," the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said. The other half of the prize was awarded jointly to Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz, "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star," the Academy said. Mayor is a professor at the University of Geneva in Switzerland, and Queloz is at both the University of Geneva and the University of Cambridge in the U.K.
Together, the trio won the Nobel "for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth’s place in the cosmos," the Academy said.
2018: Arthur Ashkin was awarded one half of the prize, and the other half was awarded jointly to Donna Strickland and Gérard Mourou, "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics." This was the first time in 55 years that a woman was part of the Nobel Prize in physics. [Read more about the 2018 prize and Nobel Laureates]
2017: Half of the 9 million Swedish krona ($1.1 million) award went to Rainer Weiss of MIT. The other half was shared jointly to Barry Barish and Kip Thorne of Caltech. The prize honored the trio's "decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves," according to Nobelprize.org. The three scientists were integral in the first detection of the ripples in space-time called gravitational waves. The waves in this case came from the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion years ago.
2016: One half was awarded to David J. Thouless, of the University of Washington, Seattle, and the other half to F. Duncan M. Haldane, Princeton University, and J. Michael Kosterlitz, Brown University, Providence. Their theoretical discoveries opened the door to a weird world where matter can take on strange states. According to the Nobel Foundation: "Thanks to their pioneering work, the hunt is now on for new and exotic phases of matter. Many people are hopeful of future applications in both materials science and electronics."
2015: Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald for showing the metamorphosis of neutrinos, which revealed that the subatomic particles have mass and opened up a new realm in particle physics.
2014: Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura for their invention of an energy-efficient light source: blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
2013: Peter Higgs of the United Kingdom and François Englert of Belgium, two of the scientists who predicted the existence of the Higgs boson nearly 50 years ago. [Related: Higgs Boson Physicists Snag Nobel Prize]
2012: French physicist Serge Haroche and American physicist David Wineland, for their pioneering research in quantum optics.
2011: One half awarded to Saul Perlmutter, the other half jointly to Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess, "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae."
2010: Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene."
2009: Charles K. Kao, "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication," and Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith, "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor."
2008: Yoichiro Nambu, "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics," and Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa, "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."
2007: Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg, "for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance"
2006: John C. Mather and George F. Smoot, "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation."
2005: Roy J. Glauber, "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence," and John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch, "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique."
2004: David J. Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek, "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction."
2003: Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett, "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids."
2002: Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba, "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos," and Riccardo Giacconi, "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources."
2001: Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman, "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates."
2000: Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer, "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics," and Jack S. Kilby "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit."
1999: Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman, "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics."
1998: Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui, "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations."
1997: Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips, "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."
1996: David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson, "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3."
1995: Martin L. Perl, "for the discovery of the tau lepton," and Frederick Reines, "for the detection of the neutrino."
1994: Bertram N. Brockhouse, "for the development of neutron spectroscopy," and Clifford G. Shull, "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique."
1993: Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr., "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation."
1992: Georges Charpak, "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber."
1991: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers."
1990: Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor, "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."
1989: Norman F. Ramsey, "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks," and Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul, "for the development of the ion trap technique."
1988: Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino."
1987: J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller, "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials."
1986: Ernst Ruska, "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope," and Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope."
1985: Klaus von Klitzing, "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect".
1984: Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer, "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction."
1983: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars," and William Alfred Fowler, "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe."
1982: Kenneth G. Wilson, "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions."
1981: Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow, "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy," and Kai M. Siegbahn, "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy."
1980: James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch, "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons."
1979: Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg, "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current."
1978: Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics," and Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation."
1977: Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott and John Hasbrouck van Vleck, "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems."
1976: Burton Richter and Samuel Chao Chung Ting, "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind."
1975: Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson and Leo James Rainwater, "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection."
1974: Sir Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish, "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars."
1973: Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever, for "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively," and Brian David Josephson, "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects."
1972: John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer, "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory."
1971: Dennis Gabor, "for his invention and development of the holographic method."
1970: Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, "for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro- dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics," and Louis Eugène Félix Néel, "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics."
1969: Murray Gell-Mann, "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions."
1968: Luis Walter Alvarez, "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis."
1967: Hans Albrecht Bethe, "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars."
1966: Alfred Kastler, "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms."
1965: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman, "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles."
1964: Charles Hard Townes, "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle," and Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle."
1963: Eugene Paul Wigner, "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles," and Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen, "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure."
1962: Lev Davidovich Landau, "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium."
1961: Robert Hofstadter, "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons," and Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer, "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name."
1960: Donald Arthur Glaser, "for the invention of the bubble chamber."
1959: Emilio Gino Segrè and Owen Chamberlain, "for their discovery of the antiproton."
1958: Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank and Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm, "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect."
1957: Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee, "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles."
1956: William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect."
1955: Willis Eugene Lamb, "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum," and Polykarp Kusch, "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron."
1954: Max Born, "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction," and Walther Bothe, "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith."
1953: Frits (Frederik) Zernike, "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope."
1952: Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell, "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith."
1951: Sir John Douglas Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton, "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles."
1950: Cecil Frank Powell, "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method."
1949: Hideki Yukawa, "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces."
1948: Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation."
1947: Sir Edward Victor Appleton, "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer."
1946: Percy Williams Bridgman, "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics."
1945: Wolfgang Pauli, "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle."
1944: Isidor Isaac Rabi, "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei."
1943: Otto Stern, "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton."
1940-1942: No Prizes awarded.
1939: Ernest Orlando Lawrence, "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements."
1938: Enrico Fermi, "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons."
1937: Clinton Joseph Davisson and George Paget Thomson, "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals."
1936: Victor Franz Hess, "for his discovery of cosmic radiation," and Carl David Anderson, "for his discovery of the positron."
1935: James Chadwick, "for the discovery of the neutron."
1934: No Prize awarded
1933: Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory."
1932: Werner Karl Heisenberg, "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen."
1931: No Prize awarded
1930: Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"
1929: Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie, "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons."
1928: Owen Willans Richardson, "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him."
1927: Arthur Holly Compton, "for his discovery of the effect named after him," and Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapor."
1926: Jean Baptiste Perrin, "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium."
1925: James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz, "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom."
1924: Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn, "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy."
1923: Robert Andrews Millikan, "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect."
1922: Niels Henrik David Bohr, "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them."
1921: Albert Einstein, "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."
1920: Charles Edouard Guillaume, "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys."
1919: Johannes Stark, "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields."
1918: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta."
1917: Charles Glover Barkla, "for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements."
1916: No Prize awarded.
1915: Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg, "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays."
1914: Max von Laue, "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals."
1913: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium."
1912: Nils Gustaf Dalén, "for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys."
1911: Wilhelm Wien, "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat."
1910: Johannes Diderik van der Waals, "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids."
1909: Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun, "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy."
1908: Gabriel Lippmann, "for his method of reproducing colors photographically based on the phenomenon of interference."
1907: Albert Abraham Michelson, "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid."
1906: Joseph John Thomson, "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases."
1905: Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard, "for his work on cathode rays."
1904: Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt), "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies."
1903: Antoine Henri Becquerel, " "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity," and Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, née Sklodowska, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."
1902: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman, "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena."
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All Nobel Prizes
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All Nobel Prizes
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes
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Between 1901 and 2023, the Nobel Prizes and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel were awarded 621 times to 1000 people and organisations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 965 individuals and 27 organisations. Below, you can view the full list of Nobel Prizes and Nobel Prize laureates.
Find all prizes in | physics | chemistry | physiology or medicine | literature | peace | economic sciences | all categories
2024
The 2024 Nobel Prizes will be announced 7–14 October.
1929
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929
“for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929
“for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929
“for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin”
“for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins”
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1929
“principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature”
The Nobel Peace Prize 1929
“for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact”
1928
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928
“for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him”
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928
“for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928
“for his work on typhus”
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1928
“principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages”
The Nobel Peace Prize 1928
“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section”
1927
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927
“for his discovery of the effect named after him”
“for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour”
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927
“for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927
“for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica”
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1927
“in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented”
The Nobel Peace Prize 1927
“for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation”
1926
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926
“for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium”
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926
“for his work on disperse systems”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926
“for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma”
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926
“for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general”
The Nobel Peace Prize 1926
“for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty”
1925
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925
“for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom”
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925
“for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1925
“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section”
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925
“for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty”
The Nobel Peace Prize 1925
“for his crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty”
“for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan”
1924
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924
“for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy”
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1924
“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924
“for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram”
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1924
“for his great national epic, The Peasants”
The Nobel Peace Prize 1924
“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section”
1923
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923
“for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923
“for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923
“for the discovery of insulin”
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1923
“for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation”
The Nobel Peace Prize 1923
“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section”
1922
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922
“for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them”
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922
“for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922
“for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle”
“for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle”
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1922
“for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama”
The Nobel Peace Prize 1922
“for his leading role in the repatriation of prisoners of war, in international relief work and as the League of Nations' High Commissioner for refugees”
1921
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921
“for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921
“for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1921
“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section”
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1921
“in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament”
The Nobel Peace Prize 1921
“for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism”
1920
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920
“in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys”
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920
“in recognition of his work in thermochemistry”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920
“for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism”
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1920
“for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil”
The Nobel Peace Prize 1920
“for his longstanding contribution to the cause of peace and justice and his prominent role in the establishment of the League of Nations”
To cite this section
MLA style: All Nobel Prizes. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Thu. 25 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes>
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Nobel Prize in Physics: 1901-Present
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2022-10-04T14:39:22+00:00
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The history of the winners of the Nobel Prize in physics, including Steven Chu, Aage Niels Bohr and Enrico Fermi.
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livescience.com
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https://www.livescience.com/16362-nobel-prize-physics-list.html
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According to Alfred Nobel's will, the Nobel Prize in Physics was to go to "the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics." The prize has been awarded every year except for 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941 and 1942.
Here is the full list of winners:
2023: Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L’Huillier won the 2023 prize for devising a way to generate pulses of light measured in attoseconds — one quintillionth of a second. An attosecond is to a second what a second is to the age of the universe, a miniscule slice of time so short that it can be used to peer at the movements of electrons and molecules.
2022: American physicist John Clauser, French physicist Alain Aspect and Austrian physicist Anton Zeilinger each shared the 2022 prize "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science,” according to the Nobel Prize organization. Their work demonstrated that what Einstein so famously dubbed "spooky action at a distance" is real and laid the groundwork for early quantum computers.
2021: The 2021 Nobel prize went to three scientists whose work alerted the world to the dangers of climate change. The prize was awarded for "for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems." Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann shared one-half of the prize "for the physical modeling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming" while Giorgio Parisi won the other half "for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales."
2020: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 was divided amongst a trio of black hole researchers. One half of the award went to Roger Penrose, "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity", while Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez jointly shared the other half "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"
2019: Canadian-American James Peebles of Princeton University received one-half of the Nobel "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology," the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said. The other half of the prize was awarded jointly to Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz, "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star," the Academy said. Mayor is a professor at the University of Geneva in Switzerland, and Queloz is at both the University of Geneva and the University of Cambridge in the U.K.
Together, the trio won the Nobel "for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth’s place in the cosmos," the Academy said.
2018: Arthur Ashkin was awarded one half of the prize, and the other half was awarded jointly to Donna Strickland and Gérard Mourou, "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics." This was the first time in 55 years that a woman was part of the Nobel Prize in physics. [Read more about the 2018 prize and Nobel Laureates]
2017: Half of the 9 million Swedish krona ($1.1 million) award went to Rainer Weiss of MIT. The other half was shared jointly to Barry Barish and Kip Thorne of Caltech. The prize honored the trio's "decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves," according to Nobelprize.org. The three scientists were integral in the first detection of the ripples in space-time called gravitational waves. The waves in this case came from the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion years ago.
2016: One half was awarded to David J. Thouless, of the University of Washington, Seattle, and the other half to F. Duncan M. Haldane, Princeton University, and J. Michael Kosterlitz, Brown University, Providence. Their theoretical discoveries opened the door to a weird world where matter can take on strange states. According to the Nobel Foundation: "Thanks to their pioneering work, the hunt is now on for new and exotic phases of matter. Many people are hopeful of future applications in both materials science and electronics."
2015: Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald for showing the metamorphosis of neutrinos, which revealed that the subatomic particles have mass and opened up a new realm in particle physics.
2014: Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura for their invention of an energy-efficient light source: blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
2013: Peter Higgs of the United Kingdom and François Englert of Belgium, two of the scientists who predicted the existence of the Higgs boson nearly 50 years ago. [Related: Higgs Boson Physicists Snag Nobel Prize]
2012: French physicist Serge Haroche and American physicist David Wineland, for their pioneering research in quantum optics.
2011: One half awarded to Saul Perlmutter, the other half jointly to Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess, "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae."
2010: Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene."
2009: Charles K. Kao, "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication," and Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith, "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor."
2008: Yoichiro Nambu, "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics," and Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa, "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."
2007: Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg, "for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance"
2006: John C. Mather and George F. Smoot, "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation."
2005: Roy J. Glauber, "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence," and John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch, "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique."
2004: David J. Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek, "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction."
2003: Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett, "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids."
2002: Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba, "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos," and Riccardo Giacconi, "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources."
2001: Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman, "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates."
2000: Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer, "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics," and Jack S. Kilby "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit."
1999: Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman, "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics."
1998: Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui, "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations."
1997: Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips, "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."
1996: David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson, "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3."
1995: Martin L. Perl, "for the discovery of the tau lepton," and Frederick Reines, "for the detection of the neutrino."
1994: Bertram N. Brockhouse, "for the development of neutron spectroscopy," and Clifford G. Shull, "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique."
1993: Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr., "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation."
1992: Georges Charpak, "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber."
1991: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers."
1990: Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor, "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."
1989: Norman F. Ramsey, "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks," and Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul, "for the development of the ion trap technique."
1988: Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino."
1987: J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller, "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials."
1986: Ernst Ruska, "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope," and Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope."
1985: Klaus von Klitzing, "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect".
1984: Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer, "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction."
1983: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars," and William Alfred Fowler, "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe."
1982: Kenneth G. Wilson, "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions."
1981: Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow, "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy," and Kai M. Siegbahn, "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy."
1980: James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch, "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons."
1979: Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg, "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current."
1978: Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics," and Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation."
1977: Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott and John Hasbrouck van Vleck, "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems."
1976: Burton Richter and Samuel Chao Chung Ting, "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind."
1975: Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson and Leo James Rainwater, "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection."
1974: Sir Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish, "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars."
1973: Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever, for "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively," and Brian David Josephson, "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects."
1972: John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer, "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory."
1971: Dennis Gabor, "for his invention and development of the holographic method."
1970: Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, "for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro- dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics," and Louis Eugène Félix Néel, "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics."
1969: Murray Gell-Mann, "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions."
1968: Luis Walter Alvarez, "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis."
1967: Hans Albrecht Bethe, "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars."
1966: Alfred Kastler, "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms."
1965: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman, "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles."
1964: Charles Hard Townes, "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle," and Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle."
1963: Eugene Paul Wigner, "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles," and Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen, "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure."
1962: Lev Davidovich Landau, "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium."
1961: Robert Hofstadter, "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons," and Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer, "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name."
1960: Donald Arthur Glaser, "for the invention of the bubble chamber."
1959: Emilio Gino Segrè and Owen Chamberlain, "for their discovery of the antiproton."
1958: Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank and Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm, "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect."
1957: Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee, "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles."
1956: William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect."
1955: Willis Eugene Lamb, "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum," and Polykarp Kusch, "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron."
1954: Max Born, "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction," and Walther Bothe, "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith."
1953: Frits (Frederik) Zernike, "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope."
1952: Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell, "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith."
1951: Sir John Douglas Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton, "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles."
1950: Cecil Frank Powell, "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method."
1949: Hideki Yukawa, "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces."
1948: Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation."
1947: Sir Edward Victor Appleton, "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer."
1946: Percy Williams Bridgman, "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics."
1945: Wolfgang Pauli, "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle."
1944: Isidor Isaac Rabi, "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei."
1943: Otto Stern, "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton."
1940-1942: No Prizes awarded.
1939: Ernest Orlando Lawrence, "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements."
1938: Enrico Fermi, "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons."
1937: Clinton Joseph Davisson and George Paget Thomson, "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals."
1936: Victor Franz Hess, "for his discovery of cosmic radiation," and Carl David Anderson, "for his discovery of the positron."
1935: James Chadwick, "for the discovery of the neutron."
1934: No Prize awarded
1933: Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory."
1932: Werner Karl Heisenberg, "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen."
1931: No Prize awarded
1930: Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"
1929: Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie, "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons."
1928: Owen Willans Richardson, "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him."
1927: Arthur Holly Compton, "for his discovery of the effect named after him," and Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapor."
1926: Jean Baptiste Perrin, "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium."
1925: James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz, "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom."
1924: Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn, "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy."
1923: Robert Andrews Millikan, "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect."
1922: Niels Henrik David Bohr, "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them."
1921: Albert Einstein, "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."
1920: Charles Edouard Guillaume, "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys."
1919: Johannes Stark, "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields."
1918: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta."
1917: Charles Glover Barkla, "for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements."
1916: No Prize awarded.
1915: Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg, "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays."
1914: Max von Laue, "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals."
1913: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium."
1912: Nils Gustaf Dalén, "for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys."
1911: Wilhelm Wien, "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat."
1910: Johannes Diderik van der Waals, "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids."
1909: Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun, "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy."
1908: Gabriel Lippmann, "for his method of reproducing colors photographically based on the phenomenon of interference."
1907: Albert Abraham Michelson, "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid."
1906: Joseph John Thomson, "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases."
1905: Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard, "for his work on cathode rays."
1904: Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt), "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies."
1903: Antoine Henri Becquerel, " "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity," and Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, née Sklodowska, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."
1902: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman, "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena."
|
|||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
3
| 36 |
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Guillaume-167
|
en
|
Charles-Édouard Guillaume (1861-1938)
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1861-02-15T00:00:00
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Is this your ancestor? Explore genealogy for Charles-Édouard Guillaume born 1861 Fleurier, Neuchâtel, Switzerland died 1938 Sèvres, Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France including parents + 1 photos + more in the free family tree community.
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https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Guillaume-167
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[sibling(s) unknown]
[children unknown]
Profile last modified 13 Jan 2024 | Created 11 Nov 2019
This page has been accessed 579 times.
Biography
Charles-Édouard Guillaume is Notable.
Guillaume was a swiss physicist who won a Nobel prize for his discovery of important metal alloys, particularly Invar[1][2]. He was the son of watch and clock maker Édouard Guillaume, and his alloys had applications in that area and elsewhere.
He married A. M. Taufflieb in 1888, and they had 3 children.[1] In a photo of members of the Guillaume and Curie families, the lone child is Maurice Guillaume.[3]
He was the recipient of numerous awards and honorary degrees, and a member if important academies. This in spite of a protracted (and ultimately doomed) battle against Einstein and his theory of relativity.[4]
Research Note
Both wikipedia and the Nobel prize site show his name with and without a hyphen on the same page. This profile is badly in need of primary sources, but I wanted to get it started.
His death was in May according to Wikipedia[2] and his Nobel prize biography[1]. Britannica.com[5], NNDB[6], and WikiData[7] have June. The most contemporary mention I have found is in a French scientific journal: "M.le Président annonce à l'Académie le décès de M. Ch.-Ed. Guillaume, Correspondant pour la Section de Physique, survenu le i3 juin".[8] This was reported at a meeting held 20 Jun 1938. Based on this I will use June.
Sources
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Charles Edouard Guillaume – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2019. Mon. 11 Nov 2019. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/guillaume/biographical/>
↑ 2.0 2.1 Wikipedia contributors, "Charles Édouard Guillaume," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume&oldid=918876894 (accessed November 11, 2019).
↑ Amazing Science: The Curie Family
↑ Guillaume, Guillaume, and Einstein at mathpages.com
↑ Charles Edouard Guillaume, The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Feb 11, 2020
↑ NNDB biography
↑ Wikidat
↑ Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, volume 206, January-June 1938 p. 1769 (further biographical material pp. 1841-1844) Accessed 15 May 2020 at archive.org
|
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correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
3
| 37 |
https://letsquiz.com/quiz/charles-edouard-guillaume/what-was-charles-edouard-guillaumes-profession
|
en
|
What was Charles Édouard Guillaume's profession?
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[
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Physicist Charles Édouard Guillaume was renowned for his work in metrology, the science of measurement. His groundbreaking research on nickel-steel alloys led to the development of invar, an alloy wit
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en
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https://letsquiz.com/quiz/charles-edouard-guillaume/what-was-charles-edouard-guillaumes-profession
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Unraveling the Genius: The Life and Legacy of Charles Édouard Guillaume
Created using data under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike Licence & the media files are available under their respective licenses; additional terms may apply.
For more information, please review our About us page. // By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use & Privacy Policy.
|
|||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
0
| 62 |
http://www.almaz.com/nobel/alpha/G.html
|
en
|
Alphabetical Listing
|
[] |
[] |
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[
""
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correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
1
| 96 |
https://surnames.behindthename.com/namesakes/list/nobel/chrono
|
en
|
Nobel Prize Winners
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A list of namesakes in which the category is Nobel Prize Winners ordered chronologically.
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Fictional
yes no either
|
|||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
0
| 35 |
https://knowledgezone.co.in/resources/gk/history/5c64f125e47ec0000f44e0f2
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en
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Your Gateway to Knowledge
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Knowledge Zone - Social Knowledge Sharing Platform
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en
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/assets/images/icons/kzone_icon.png
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Knowledge Zone
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https://knowledgezon.co.in/
| |||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
3
| 76 |
https://einstein.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/138/albert-einstein/typed-letter-signed
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en
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Typed Letter Signed
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“It is impossible to assign, in any meaningful way, a universal time to the totality of inertial systems.” AT THE HEIGHT OF AN ANTI-RELATIVITY CAMPAIGN, EINSTEIN ADDRESSES PERHAPS HIS MOST PUBLIC CRITIC, REMINDING HIM OF ONE OF THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE THEORY: THAT THERE CAN BE NO MEANINGFUL NOTION OF “UNIVERSAL TIME” FOR “THE TOTALITY OF INERTIAL SYSTEMS”. Even though “Einstein achieved
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en
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Einstein Archives - Manhattan Rare Book Company
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https://einstein.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/138/albert-einstein/typed-letter-signed
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“It is impossible to assign, in any meaningful way, a universal time to the totality of inertial systems.”
AT THE HEIGHT OF AN ANTI-RELATIVITY CAMPAIGN, EINSTEIN ADDRESSES PERHAPS HIS MOST PUBLIC CRITIC, REMINDING HIM OF ONE OF THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE THEORY: THAT THERE CAN BE NO MEANINGFUL NOTION OF “UNIVERSAL TIME” FOR “THE TOTALITY OF INERTIAL SYSTEMS”.
Even though “Einstein achieved worldwide fame in late 1919, when the scientific breakthrough of his general theory of relativity, as tested by British astronomers in South America and Africa during a total eclipse of the sun, was trumpeted to all corners of the globe” there still were influential and strident critics of his theory and “in 1920, a series of events took place that were directed against Einstein and relativity theory. They were thinly veiled anti-Semitic attacks instigated by physicist Philipp Lenard and right-wing publicist Paul Weyland, who accused Einstein of having a ‘particular press, a particular congregation’ that took it upon itself to promote Einstein as something more than he was... On August 24, the first of a lecture series intended to expose Einstein as a propagandist and fraud took place at the Berlin Philharmonic Hall... Einstein, who was in the audience, responded on August 27, with an article in the newspaper Berliner Tageblatt. In it, he denounced their campaign, refuted the assertions of the speakers point by point, and documented the acceptance of his theories by the most respected physicists. Still, he was rattled enough to consider leaving Germany, and received offers to work in other countries.”
In the midst of this anti-relativity fervor of 1920, Edouard Guillaume, a fierce critic of relativity for much of the decade, saw an opportunity to renew his attacks on Einstein’s theory. Guillaume was “an old colleague from Einstein’s days in the patent office in Bern. (He should not be confused with his relative Charles-Edouard Guillaume, a Swiss inventor who was awarded the Nobel Prize the year before Einstein.) The Guillaume with whom Einstein was friendly became determined to oppose relativity theory, especially in the period after the publication of general relativity (though his objections were related more to the special theory). Einstein devoted a long correspondence to patiently trying to explain to Guillaume that his arguments against the theory were invalid. Guillaume’s objections were based on his failure to properly comprehend the theory, as was the case with so many other anti-relativists”; a reminder of just how radical and counter-intuitive much of Einstein’s theory must have seemed to community of scientists in the early days of the theory. (Calaprice, et al., An Einstein Encyclopedia, pp.216-218).
In the present letter - one of the last Einstein wrote to Guillaume - Einstein hopes to finally dismiss Guillaume’s objections by making one of his clearest statements of the core of relativity thoery, namely that “[I]t is impossible to assign, in any meaningful way, a universal time to the totality of inertial systems.”
The full letter from December 16, 1920 - translated from the original German - reads in full:
Dear Guillaume,
I have so much obligatory work to do at present that I cannot think of writing a longer paper. Thus I am unfortunately not in a position to accept the friendly challenge. You might write Mr. Xavier Léon that he could address himself to Langevin, who is an outstanding expert in the theory. Grossmann recently asked me for an assessment of your papers in the area of relativity theory because it was supposedly necessary to take an official position on it, finally. I asserted that despite diligent attempts I was unable to make any progress toward comprehension and that I personally was convinced that there is no clear theoretical idea behind it. Don’t be cross with me; it was no longer appropriate to keep silent about my opinion on this point. It is impossible to assign, in any meaningful way, a universal time to the totality of inertial systems.
Amicable greetings to you and your wife,
yours,
[signed] A. Einstein
[Translation from The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 10, #233.]
One page (8.5x11 inches), signed “A. Einstein” in ink. Usual folds. Very slight wear at extreme edges, otherwise fine. With the original typed and post-marked mailing envelope.
A REVEALING LETTER AFFIRMING THE CENTRAL TENET OF RELATIVITY DURING A PERIOD OF STRONG PUBLIC CRITICISM OF THE THEORY.
|
||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
1
| 80 |
https://www.ilnuovosaggiatore.sif.it/article/257
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en
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On a hot summer afternoon in 1923 in the Conference Hall at the Gothenburg Jubilee Exhibition, Albert Einstein gave a talk on “Fundamental ideas and problems of the theory of relativity” as can be seen in fig. 1. In the large audience, besides the conference participants at the 17th Scandinavian Natural Sciences Meeting, were in the front row the Swedish King, Gustav V, and Svante Arrhenius (1859–1927) the man responsible for inviting Einstein. This lecture became Einstein’s Nobel Lecture for his 1921 Nobel Prize in physics that was awarded in 1922.
What was the background to this? Why on Earth did such a large crowd attend a physics lecture in the middle of a heat wave and why was Einstein not awarded the Nobel Prize for his theories of relativity as most people would expect? This paper will search for an explanation by looking into the evaluation work of Einstein for the Nobel Prize.
1 How the Nobel Prize works
The statutes of the Nobel Foundation govern how the Nobel system works. It is based on Alfred Nobel’s will, but the Nobel Foundation is nowhere mentioned in the will. The Nobel Foundation was instead created by the Prize awarding institutions to manage their common interests and facilitate the general collaboration between the Prize awarders. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, mentioned in the will, awards the Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry. Each Prize awarder also has their separate statutes that govern the evaluation work. Only invited nominators in certain categories are entitled to nominate. A successful candidate must have at least one nomination, but it is not automatically so that the most nominations get you the Prize. A five-person Nobel committee then evaluates all nominees, and the committee decides who are the most interesting candidates who are subjected to special reports. Then the Nobel Committee writes up a general report briefly discussing all nominees before presenting more extensive coverage of the main contenders, and most reasoning goes into that year’s committee proposal in the end. Then the proposal is discussed by the physics class of the Academy and finally there is the formal vote in pleno where all members of the Academy have the right to vote.
During the period from the first nomination of Einstein in 1910 until he was awarded the 1921 Prize in 1922 there was an increasing number of nominations as can be seen from fig. 2, but it was not until 1919, when the Nobel Committee made its first special evaluation of Einstein, and then it was the case of the Brownian motion.
2 Nominations of Einstein
Aant Elzinga, who has closely studied Einstein and the Nobel Prize, has grouped the nominations for Einstein in three periods. In the first period of nominations (1910–1914) it was mostly the special relativity that was proposed.
For these early nominations the Nobel Committee did not make any special report thus indicating that Einstein was not yet considered a main candidate. From the general reports it was claimed that an award would be premature, and the often-used argument that it would be better to await further results and possible confirmations was raised. Also, counterarguments like that the special relativity theory had no practical importance and thus of no benefit to mankind to quote from Nobel’s will were raised. Another argument was that it was a question of theory of knowledge rather than physics.
The second period (1915–1919) saw an increase in nominations where other work by Einstein was proposed as his work on the Brownian motion. But most of the other nominations kept suggesting Einstein for the special relativity theory and now also the general theory of relativity. Some nominators apparently sensed the committee’s unease with theoretical work and pointed out that Einstein had done experimental work. Now the committee argued that others had precedence, when it came to the Brownian motion and as for the general relativity theory only Mercury’s perihelion precession supported the theory whereas gravitational redshift and light bending were not yet confirmed. Also, arguments that the general theory of relativity was just a belief rather than a proper physical theory was raised.
The third period (1920–1922) is of course marked by the attention the famous 1919 solar eclipse expeditions got, as seen in fig. 3. Nominations were soaring and almost all were arguing for the theories of relativity. But one nominator suggested the photoelectric effect. Now the Nobel Committee, not ready to award Einstein, questioned the validity of the solar eclipse data and also questioned the 1921 nomination for Einstein for the photoelectric effect, where Arrhenius in his special report would argue that it was a lucky guess by Einstein and that it was experimentalists that had made the work worthy of recognition.
3 Special reports on Einstein
Let us now look at the special reports on Einstein as can be seen in table 1. In 1919 there were nominations for The Svedberg and Jean Perrin for their work on the motions of molecules, but since their work was based on Einstein’s work on the Brownian motion Arrhenius had been asked by his colleagues in the committee to also nominate Einstein for the sake of thoroughness. Arrhenius also got the task to write the special report on the three, where he concluded the section on Einstein:
As far as the prize-awarding of these works is concerned, it must be confessed that they have had as great a value for experimental research as Einstein’s other works. Nevertheless, Einstein’s theoretical work, the theory of relativity and the quantum theory, are by far most proposed of the majority of nominators compared to his molecular kinetic works, when it comes to awarding him with the Nobel Prize. This is undoubtedly due to the fact that these first-mentioned works seem far more apt to change our conception of nature and therefore have a greater significance than the molecular kinetic studies, which are in the very best agreement with, and are a consequence of, the classical conception of the motion of molecules. It would therefore, no doubt, seem strange to the learned world if Einstein received a prize precisely for the works referred to here, notwithstanding their obviously great merit and usefulness for the development of science, and not for his other great works, which is what have attracted the attention of nominators.
So, the argument was that Einstein could not be awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on the Brownian motion since his peers expected it to be for the theories of relativity or quantum theory. This meant that Perrin and Svedberg also were put on hold until 1926 when Perrin got the physics prize and Svedberg the chemistry prize. Instead, Max Planck was awarded the reserved 1918 Nobel Prize for physics “in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta” and Johannes Stark was awarded the 1919 Nobel Prize in physics for “for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields”.
The next year, in 1920, Svante Arrhenius followed up his own argument and made a special report on Einstein’s theories of relativity in light of the results from the solar eclipse the previous year. Now Einstein was the candidate that had the most nominations and also by important nominators. Arguments were again made for Einstein’s theories of the Brownian motion, the specific heat, but most of all for the theories of relativity. And as for the general theory of relativity there were discussions of the three specific cases where the theory could be put to the test.
1. The shift of Mercury’s perihelion (where Einstein’s theory was in agreement with observations).
2. The bending of light by the Sun (where there were arguments for and against the accuracy of the observations).
3. The redshift of lines in the solar spectra (which could not yet be detected).
Arrhenius in his report described the great interest and astonishment that had followed the presentation of the solar eclipse results at the joint meeting in November 1919 with the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society. But he also reported on the subsequent critique. Although there was much in favour of the Mercury perihelion shift, Arrhenius also brought up critique and other explanations. For the red shift he, quite lengthy, presented the tests that had been made and none delivered any clear support: “In any case, this effect on wavelength seems unsuitable for supporting Einstein’s theory”. Arrhenius even observed at the end of his report that there had appeared both uncritical admiration and unjust critique of Einstein.
The Nobel Prize in physics for 1920 instead went to the director of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Charles Edouard Guillaume, “in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys”.
Next year in 1921, there were even more nominations for Einstein. So, this year there were two special reports made on Einstein. One was written by Allvar Gullstrand (1862–1930) on the theories of relativity and the other one, due to a new nomination for the photoelectric effect, on which Arrhenius wrote the report.
Almost half of the general report in 1921 deals with Einstein. It first summed up arguments from Gullstrand’s special report and regarding the experimental tests of the theories of relativity that they had neither contradicted nor confirmed, and it was stated that “it demands a great deal of conviction in respect to phenomena, which lie entirely outside experience, it does not seem to meet the requirements which should apply to the awarding of the Nobel Prize”. Then followed brief summaries of the three different test options of Einstein’s theory arguing that they did not give any clear support. Gullstrand’s report also called into question the shift of Mercury’s perihelion, that many considered a solid argument for Einstein. Gullstrand, however, claimed that for now it was not clear if Einstein’s theory could be considered in agreement with Leverrier’s measurements. And since the general theory of relativity “so far in no way has been satisfactorily confirmed by experience, the committee does not currently consider themselves able to propose him for a Nobel Prize”. The end verdict this year was to wait for further observations and tests to determine the fortune of Einstein. This is a fate that Einstein has shared with many over the years, a cautious policy has perhaps helped the Nobel institution over the years. It must not be wrong. Noteworthy is that the general report in 1921 used terms as “Einstein’s followers” in connection with the discussion of the relativity theories. Normally, the general reports are very matter of fact, without references to anything outside the physics at hand. So, this phrase is special and cannot be understood in any positive sense.
But the general report continued with Einstein’s photoelectric effect. This was more summarily dismissed this year, based on the special report by Arrhenius, claiming that others than Einstein had been crucial in making the experimental work. Arrhenius also dismissed the argument from the nomination that the photoelectric law is fundamental for the quantum theory and its successful dealing with atomic phenomena. And since the 1918 Prize had gone to Planck, it was argued that this had already been awarded. So, prospects for Einstein seemed gloomy and the committee recommended that, since no prizeworthy candidate at all was at hand, the 1921 Nobel Prize should be reserved until next year, and such became the decision of the Academy.
4 Solving the gridlock
Something needed to change if this deadlock should go away. This dominance of experimentalists and experimental ethos in the committee has been observed by historians. And it was quite remarkable that the two members that got the task to evaluate Einstein were Allvar Gullstrand, a professor of ophtalmology and Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1911, and Svante Arrhenius, director of the Nobel Institute for Physical Chemistry and Nobel Laureate in chemistry in 1903. The five-person physics committee did not have any professional theoretical physicist among them at this time.
There were two professors of mathematical physics in Sweden. At Lund University the professor was an expert on sea currents and at this time not a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The other professor of mathematical physics was also an expert on hydrodynamics, Carl Wilhelm Oseen (1879–1944). He became professor already in 1909 at Uppsala University, but had for many years during the 1910s struggled with tuberculosis. He had early on taken an interest in Niels Bohr and together with Rutherford he helped the Dane to get his professorship. He had also debated some aspects of quantum theory with Planck in 1914. Niels and Margarethe Bohr had visited Oseen in 1913 while the Swede stayed at a sanatorium the months before Bohr published his famous papers on the atomic structure. In 1919 Oseen held a summer lecture series for teachers about the quantum theory and the theories of relativity. From these lectures we can conclude that he was positive although not uncritical to these theories. The lectures, together with the attention that the solar eclipse observations added, helped initiate the founding of the Swedish Physical Society in 1920, where Oseen became the first president. His training from Lund University was in mathematics, so in 1921 he got elected to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, at first to a mathematical class. Later in 1922 he was transferred to the physics class. And more importantly already in the autumn of 1921 Oseen had been adjoined to the Nobel Committee for physics. And at the first meeting he attended, where the above-mentioned decision to reserve the 1921 Prize was recommended by the class, he managed to invoke a possible future opening for the photoelectric law and he:
emphasized that this discovery could gain further significance in the future, which is why he hoped that the committee’s statement should not be understood that the matter was decided once and for all.
In view of this and after further deliberation, the class decided to state that Einstein’s law for the photoelectric effect must be ascribed great importance, but that any awarding of the prize should wait until a more reliable understanding was attained of its significance for science.
For a long time, the Nobel Committee had relied on Gullstrand’s investigations of Einstein’s theory of relativity for the candidacy, and he found the whole thing to be a matter of “belief.” His correspondence with Oseen from this time shows that Gullstrand constantly tried to find errors in Einstein’s theory, whereupon Oseen rejected his objections. At one point, Oseen wrote that it “took a few minutes” for him to dismiss the problem that Gullstrand had posed. But Gullstrand returned with “the fable of the clock that slows down” which was something for “the relativist believer”.
5 Oseen’s tandem solution
1922 became a busy year for Oseen. In May 1922 the astronomer and astrophysicist Bernhard Hasselberg died after years of dwindling health. His last major impact on the committee’s work had been the prize for Guillaume. In September 1922 Gullstrand proposed that Oseen should replace Hasselberg in the committee and brought up Oseen’s grasp of theoretical physics as beneficial for the committee’s work. The nomination was signed by two other members as well as by The Svedberg, member of the chemistry committee. It should also be noted that Oseen was still only member of the applied mathematics and astronomy class and had to be adjoined, not only to the Nobel committee, but also to the physics class to take part in the class’ discussions of the Nobel committee’s proposals. But already before this decision the Nobel committee had submitted its recommendation to the Academy of the two available Nobel Prizes in physics (1921 & 1922), and before that, during the summer, the special reports, by the adjoint member Oseen, had been submitted.
But other important events had also taken place in this context during the summer of 1922. In June Niels Bohr was invited to deliver the Wolfskehl lectures in Göttingen. He travelled there accompanied by his Swedish assistant at this time, Oskar Klein, and they stayed at an inn in the outskirts of the city. At the same inn Oseen also boarded. He was making a rare trip and was anxious to listen to his old friend Niels Bohr and meet other colleagues, as can be seen from fig. 4 and fig. 5. At this conference Bohr presented Hendrik Kramers’ dispersion theory, to which a young Werner Heisenberg raised objections.
Oseen already had a very positive opinion of Bohr’s work, and despite the criticism made by Heisenberg in Göttingen (that actually impressed Bohr), Oseen returned to Uppsala where he sat down and wrote two special Nobel reports, one on Bohr and one on Einstein, see fig. 6. He finished his 34 pages report on Bohr, “Bohr’s atomic theory,” on August 9, and a few days later, on August 13, he finished his 12 pages report on “Einstein’s law for the photoelectric effect”. After submitting these reports he had ten days before the second Nordic Physicist Meeting started in Uppsala, where he was one of the organizers. Bohr attended giving the main lecture “On the Explanation of the Periodic System.” The meeting provided another opportunity for Bohr and Oseen to meet. This conference can be seen as an important step in establishing theoretical atomic physics as a central area for physics among Nordic physicists. It was also considered as something of a “summit meeting” between Oseen and Bohr.
If we look closer at the evaluations by Oseen in 1922, it becomes clear that to him Bohr and Einstein were a tandem. Bohr’s work was based on Einstein’s theory and Einstein’s theory became more palatable when connected to Bohr’s work. Such a solution would manage a Nobel Prize to Einstein, but avoiding the contested issue of the relativity theories, and at the same time solving the pressure of all the nominations for Einstein. No one but Oseen ever nominated Einstein only for the photoelectric effect. He was well aware of the opposition to Einstein’s relativity theories and the political and cultural aspects pertaining to them. However, he was a supporter and one of few in Sweden that actually understood the general theory of relativity at this time. And since there were two available prizes in 1922 it was an opportunity that could not be missed. The postponing in 1921 might thus actually have helped to accommodate the solution in 1922.
6 Finally, a Nobel Prize for Einstein
Looking closer at Oseen’s reports we can note the different sections, after the first theoretical examination he addressed the experimental confirmations of Einstein’s law. And the usage of “law” of course underscores the irrefutable nature of the theory. Especially Millikan’s work was referred to. Then came a section “The Einstein law and Bohr’s atomic theory” which concluded: “The Einstein proposition and Bohr’s objectively identical frequency conditions are currently one of the most trustworthy propositions in physics”. Then followed a section “A look at Einstein’s activities,” where other Einstein’s important contributions were listed. The first group was his works based on classical physics like the Brownian motion, the second group was his writings on the quantum theory, like his papers on the specific heat. The third group was his contributions to electromagnetic theory to which his special theory of relativity was counted. The fourth group was the general theory of relativity. All very important contributions depending on one’s particular interest. “In any case, no other discovery made by Einstein than his proposition on the quantum emission and absorption of light has generated as much interest in measuring physics” Oseen stated. This argument was set to thwart any objections from the overly cautious experimentalists in the committee and in the physics class.
Most important is of course the concluding part:
At a time when physicists, with few exceptions, were opposed to Planck’s quantum theory, Einstein has shown through an original and astute analysis that the energy exchange between matter and ether must take place in such a way that an atom emits or absorbs an energy quantum hν, where ν is the oscillation number. As an application of this proposition, Einstein has established the law that if an electron is photoelectrically triggered from a substance, its energy after release must have the value $h\nu – P$, where $P$ is the work needed to release the electron from the substance. This law has been most beautifully confirmed by measurements by Millikan and others. Einstein’s proposition has received its greatest significance and also the most convincing confirmation in that it is one of the assumptions on which Bohr built his atomic theory. Almost all confirmations of Bohr’s atomic theory are also confirmations of Einstein’s proposition.
The discovery of Einstein’s law is without a doubt one of the most significant events in the history of physics. Its discoverer seems to me to fully deserve a Nobel Prize in physics.
A stronger endorsement cannot be phrased but let us also briefly examine Oseen’s report on Bohr. The different sections gave a hint of the way his argument went: “The historical assumptions for Bohr’s atomic theory”, “The basis for Bohr’s theory of 1913”, “The results of Bohr’s theory from 1913”, “Theory for the Stark effect and the Zeeman effect”, “Bohr’s correspondence principle”, “Bohr’s rule for determining the stationary states”, “The atomic theory’s development 1913–1921”, “Bohr’s atomic theory of 1921”, “Confirmations of Bohr’s theory”, and “Difficulties in Bohr’s atomic theory” concluded the report and the final words should be noted:
The cornerstone of Bohr’s thought structure, the Einstein-Bohr condition $\epsilon_{1} - \epsilon_{2} = h\nu$, has, through studies by Franck et al. received an extremely comprehensive and overwhelming confirmation. [...] Finally, if one asks whether the Bohr atomic theory is worthy of a Nobel Prize in physics, it seems to me that the answer can be no other than this. Both with regard to its already confirmed findings and with regard to the powerful stimulus that this theory has given to both experimental and theoretical physics, Bohr’s atomic theory seems to me fully worthy of a Nobel Prize.
Also, an extremely strong endorsement. There was also another seven pages special report in 1922 by Allvar Gullstrand supplementing his special report from the previous year on Einstein’s theories of relativity. Here Gullstrand reiterated that these theories were a “matter of faith”, and he went through the three tests for the general theory. For the red shift Gullstrand quoted von Laue that there was room for further tests. And he continued to quote von Laue that there was no absolute certainty and that there was room for more and further investigations. For the perihelion test Gullstrand referred to some papers that did not fully support Einstein’s theory, and that any certain judgment therefore would have to wait. He also referred several times to “followers of the relativity theory”, and concluded:
It should be clear from the above that my opinion from last year that Einstein cannot at present be advocated for the award of the Nobel Prize in Physics, either for the special or the general theory of relativity or for the combined value of these theories, is not only still valid, but has been further confirmed by subsequent publications.
Despite Gullstrand’s stubborn objections to relativity, Oseen convinced his colleagues in the Nobel Committee for his tandem solution, and Gullstrand could still be content that the relativity theories were not awarded a Nobel Prize. The general report also stated that there was an overwhelming number of nominations for Einstein, which might have made the Committee and the Academy members extra prone to accept Oseen’s solution. Most nominations for Einstein were for the relativity theories, and only Oseen had nominated Einstein exclusively for the photoelectric effect. The committee referred to Gullstrand’s present and prior reports and to Arrhenius previous report and the committee “maintained its verdict from last year and considered itself unable to propose Einstein for the Nobel Prize for his theories of relativity and gravitation”. Then the report continued discussing Einstein and Bohr simultaneously according to Oseen’s arguments and concluded:
Due to what the committee here had the honour to state, may the committee suggest that of the two available Nobel Prizes for Physics, the one reserved from the previous year should be awarded to Professor Albert Einstein in Berlin for his merits in theoretical physics, especially his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect; and that this year’s Nobel Prize in Physics should be awarded to Professor Niels Bohr in Copenhagen for his merits in exploring the structure of atoms and the radiation emanating from them.
The class did approve of this suggestion by the Nobel Committee, which basically was Oseen’s tandem solution.
All this was well-received, also in the Academy in pleno and on November 9, 1922 the decision was made at the Nobel meeting of the Academy to award Einstein the reserved 1921 Physics Prize and Niels Bohr the 1922 Physics Prize. Noteworthy is that the Academy was anxious to keep any trace of the theories of relativity out of the motivation and they changed the phrase: “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect” adding “regardless of the value that, after any confirmation, could be attributed to the theories of relativity and gravity, [...] award the 1921 prize [...] to Albert Einstein for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.” This text also made it onto Einstein’s Nobel diploma making it stand out as the only Nobel diploma with text stating what the Laureate was not awarded for. The most common interpretation of this is that it is a symptom of the anxious and perhaps not so brilliant Swedish Committee. That could well be the case, but another interpretation might be possible as we shall see.
7 The end of nominations
Oseen had managed an incredible feat to have two of his own candidates each being awarded the Nobel Prize and thus defusing the difficult situation with the many nominations for Einstein. And as we have seen, the Nobel Prize to Einstein was intrinsically coupled to the Nobel Prize to Bohr and vice versa. Also clear is that it was all Oseen’s doing. No one beside members of the Nobel Committee could fully understand what had played out, but some people did. Oseen’s former colleague from Uppsala, Eva von Bahr-Bergius, was pleased with the end result and wrote to Oseen:
More than one month ago – when the names of the Nobel laureates were announced – I was determined to write to you. I felt a need to thank you for being there and taking care of the Nobel Prizes, so that physicists will not make a fool of themselves in the same way as the Swedish [Literary] Academy. Because your influence on these matters is very great, I understand very well. I would very much wish that someday you alone could be in charge of the Nobel Prizes, but I am afraid that you write such learned things that – at least here in Sweden – there is no one who can judge them.
I assume that there was a controversy about Einstein’s name. His opponents, who succeeded in excluding the theory of relativity from the prize statement, have thereby simply ensured that in the future he will receive the prize one more time.
So, this is another possible interpretation. That the non-awarding of the theories of relativity would only mean that Einstein would be awarded the Nobel Prize again. And there were no formal objections to such a chain of events, Marie Curie had a decade earlier received her second Nobel Prize. And Einstein if any could have been nominated again for the theories of relativity and other works. But the fact is that that did not happen. The following year there were two nominations for him, but they were actually late arrivals from the previous year. And thereafter there are no nominations at all for Einstein. So, apparently his peers considered that he was now put up on the Nobel shelf, which is also telling of how awards in science may function, especially the Nobel Prize.
But let us return to where we started. Einstein did not come to Stockholm to pick up his Nobel Prize, he was on a boat on his way from the USA to Japan, when the news broke, and there was no possibility for him to make it to the Prize awarding events in Stockholm. Since it is mandatory to deliver a Nobel Prize Lecture to receive the prize amount, he eventually came to Sweden the year after, and invited by Svante Arrhenius he delivered a lecture in Gothenburg on July 11, 1923 on “Fundamental ideas and problems of the theory of relativity.” But that was not the work he had been awarded for. But since most people were more interested in a lecture on relativity theory than the photoelectric effect as can be seen in the large crowd in fig. 1, this is what Arrhenius asked Einstein to talk about. And immediately after Arrhenius delivered the manuscript of the lecture for the Nobel Foundation yearbook, Les Prix Nobel, as Einstein’s Nobel Lecture. This was questioned in the Academy, but Arrhenius then said that the manuscript had already been set, and proofs already sent out. So, it was agreed that it should be allowed. Among Einstein’s critics in Sweden this caused an outrage and a lot of complaints to the Academy that had let this pass, complaints arrived also from abroad. The lecture should take place within six months, but this was after seven months; the lecture should take place in Stockholm, and most of all it should be about the Prize awarded work. There had been instances of delay earlier, the Curies held their lecture one and a half year late, but they held it in Stockholm and on the topic they had been awarded for at least. The reason for Arrhenius’ actions might be found in his argument in the 1919 special report not to award Einstein for the Brownian motion, since it would be strange if Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for anything else than the theories of relativity. This is why Einstein’s Nobel lecture is about the theories of relativity, for which he was not awarded the Nobel Prize.
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Winners of the Nobel Prize for Physics | Nobel Laureates, Physics Fields, Discoveries
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The Nobel Prize for Physics is awarded, according to the will of Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel, “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind” in the field of physics. It is conferred by the Royal Swedish Academy of
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Winners-of-the-Nobel-Prize-for-Physics-1856942
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1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany discovery of X-rays 1902 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation Pieter Zeeman Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation 1903 Henri Becquerel France discovery of spontaneous radioactivity Marie Curie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel Pierre Curie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel 1904 Lord Rayleigh U.K. discovery of argon 1905 Philipp Lenard Germany research on cathode rays 1906 Sir J.J. Thomson U.K. researches into electrical conductivity of gases 1907 A.A. Michelson U.S. spectroscopic and metrological investigations 1908 Gabriel Lippmann France photographic reproduction of colours 1909 Ferdinand Braun Germany development of wireless telegraphy Guglielmo Marconi Italy development of wireless telegraphy 1910 Johannes Diederik van der Waals Netherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids 1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation 1912 Nils Dalén Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Netherlands investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid helium 1914 Max von Laue Germany discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals 1915 Sir Lawrence Bragg U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays Sir William Bragg U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays 1917 Charles Glover Barkla U.K. discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements 1918 Max Planck Germany discovery of the elemental quanta 1919 Johannes Stark Germany discovery of the Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in an electric field 1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland discovery of anomalies in alloys 1921 Albert Einstein Switzerland work in theoretical physics 1922 Niels Bohr Denmark investigation of atomic structure and radiation 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan U.S. work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect 1924 Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn Sweden work in X-ray spectroscopy 1925 James Franck Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom Gustav Hertz Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom 1926 Jean Perrin France work on the discontinuous structure of matter 1927 Arthur Holly Compton U.S. discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays C.T.R. Wilson U.K. method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particles 1928 Sir Owen Willans Richardson U.K. work on electron emission by hot metals 1929 Louis de Broglie France discovery of the wave nature of electrons 1930 Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India work on light diffusion; discovery of the Raman effect 1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany creation of quantum mechanics 1933 P.A.M. Dirac U.K. introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics Erwin Schrödinger Austria introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics 1935 Sir James Chadwick U.K. discovery of the neutron 1936 Carl David Anderson U.S. discovery of the positron Victor Francis Hess Austria discovery of cosmic radiation 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons Sir George Paget Thomson U.K. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons 1938 Enrico Fermi Italy disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation 1939 Ernest Orlando Lawrence U.S. invention of the cyclotron 1943 Otto Stern U.S. discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi U.S. resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei 1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman U.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics 1947 Sir Edward Victor Appleton U.K. discovery of the Appleton layer in the upper atmosphere 1948 Patrick M.S. Blackett U.K. discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation 1949 Yukawa Hideki Japan prediction of the existence of mesons 1950 Cecil Frank Powell U.K. photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons 1951 Sir John Douglas Cockcroft U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles 1952 Felix Bloch U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids E.M. Purcell U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids 1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands method of phase-contrast microscopy 1954 Max Born U.K. statistical studies of atomic wave functions Walther Bothe West Germany invention of the coincidence method 1955 Polykarp Kusch U.S. measurement of the magnetic moment of the electron Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr. U.S. discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum 1956 John Bardeen U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor Walter H. Brattain U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor William B. Shockley U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor 1957 Tsung-Dao Lee China discovery of violations of the principle of parity Chen Ning Yang China discovery of violations of the principle of parity 1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Ilya Mikhaylovich Frank U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect 1959 Owen Chamberlain U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton Emilio Segrè U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton 1960 Donald A. Glaser U.S. development of the bubble chamber 1961 Robert Hofstadter U.S. determination of the shape and size of atomic nucleons Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany discovery of the Mössbauer effect 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau U.S.S.R. contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter 1963 J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany development of the shell model theory of the structure of atomic nuclei Maria Goeppert Mayer U.S. development of the shell model theory of the structure of atomic nuclei Eugene Paul Wigner U.S. principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 1964 Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Prokhorov U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles Charles Hard Townes U.S. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles 1965 Richard P. Feynman U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics Julian Seymour Schwinger U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics Tomonaga Shin'ichiro Japan basic principles of quantum electrodynamics 1966 Alfred Kastler France discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms 1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of stars 1968 Luis W. Alvarez U.S. work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states 1969 Murray Gell-Mann U.S. classification of elementary particles and their interactions 1970 Hannes Alfvén Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism Louis-Eugène-Félix Néel France work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism 1971 Dennis Gabor U.K. invention of holography 1972 John Bardeen U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity Leon N. Cooper U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity John Robert Schrieffer U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity 1973 Leo Esaki Japan tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors Ivar Giaever U.S. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors Brian D. Josephson U.K. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors 1974 Antony Hewish U.K. work in radio astronomy Sir Martin Ryle U.K. work in radio astronomy 1975 Aage N. Bohr Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion Ben R. Mottelson Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion James Rainwater U.S. work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion 1976 Burton Richter U.S. discovery of a new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) Samuel C.C. Ting U.S. discovery of a new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) 1977 Philip W. Anderson U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids Sir Nevill F. Mott U.K. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids John H. Van Vleck U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa U.S.S.R. invention and application of a helium liquefier Arno Penzias U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory Robert Woodrow Wilson U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles Abdus Salam Pakistan unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles Steven Weinberg U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles 1980 James Watson Cronin U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries Val Logsdon Fitch U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy Arthur Leonard Schawlow U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis 1982 Kenneth Geddes Wilson U.S. analysis of continuous phase transitions 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars William A. Fowler U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars 1984 Simon van der Meer Netherlands discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory Carlo Rubbia Italy discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory 1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance 1986 Gerd Binnig West Germany development of electron microscopes Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland development of electron microscopes Ernst Ruska West Germany development of electron microscopes 1987 J. Georg Bednorz West Germany discovery of new superconducting materials Karl Alex Müller Switzerland discovery of new superconducting materials 1988 Leon Max Lederman U.S. research in subatomic particles Melvin Schwartz U.S. research in subatomic particles Jack Steinberger U.S. research in subatomic particles 1989 Hans Georg Dehmelt U.S. development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study Wolfgang Paul West Germany development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study Norman Foster Ramsey U.S. development of the atomic clock 1990 Jerome Isaac Friedman U.S. discovery of quarks Henry Way Kendall U.S. discovery of quarks Richard E. Taylor Canada discovery of quarks 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules 1992 Georges Charpak France invention of a detector that traces subatomic particles 1993 Russell Alan Hulse U.S. identifying binary pulsars Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. U.S. identifying binary pulsars 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse Canada development of neutron-scattering techniques Clifford G. Shull U.S. development of neutron-scattering techniques 1995 Martin Lewis Perl U.S. discovery of the tau subatomic particle Frederick Reines U.S. discovery of the neutrino 1996 David M. Lee U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3 Douglas D. Osheroff U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3 Robert C. Richardson U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3 1997 Steven Chu U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling Claude Cohen-Tannoudji France process of trapping atoms with laser cooling William D. Phillips U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling 1998 Robert B. Laughlin U.S. discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect Horst L. Störmer U.S. discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect Daniel C. Tsui U.S. discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect 1999 Gerardus 't Hooft Netherlands study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactions Martinus J.G. Veltman Netherlands study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactions 2000 Zhores I. Alferov Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics Jack S. Kilby U.S. development of the integrated circuit (microchip) Herbert Kroemer Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics 2001 Eric A. Cornell U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Wolfgang Ketterle Germany achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Carl E. Wieman U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates 2002 Raymond Davis, Jr. U.S. detection of neutrinos Riccardo Giacconi U.S. seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays Koshiba Masatoshi Japan detection of neutrinos 2003 Alexei A. Abrikosov U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures Vitaly L. Ginzburg Russia discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures Anthony J. Leggett U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures 2004 David J. Gross U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction H. David Politzer U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction Frank Wilczek U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction 2005 Roy J. Glauber U.S. contributions to the field of optics John L. Hall U.S. contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy Theodor W. Hänsch Germany contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy 2006 John C. Mather U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation George F. Smoot U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation 2007 Albert Fert France discovery of giant magnetoresistance Peter Grünberg Germany discovery of giant magnetoresistance 2008 Kobayashi Makoto Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature Maskawa Toshihide Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature Yoichiro Nambu U.S. discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics 2009 Willard Boyle Canada/U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit Charles Kao U.K./U.S. achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication George E. Smith U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit 2010 Andre Geim Netherlands experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene Konstantin Novoselov Russia/U.K. experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene 2011 Saul Perlmutter U.S. discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae Brian P. Schmidt U.S./Australia discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae Adam G. Riess U.S. discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae 2012 Serge Haroche France development of methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems David J. Wineland U.S. development of methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems 2013 François Englert Belgium theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles 2015 Kajita Takaaki Japan discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass Arthur B. McDonald Canada discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass 2016 David Thouless U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter Duncan Haldane U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter Michael Kosterlitz U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter 2017 Barry C. Barish U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves Kip S. Thorne U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves Rainer Weiss U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves 2018 Arthur Ashkin U.S. invention of optical tweezers and their application to biological systems Gérard Mourou France invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultra-short optical pulses Donna Strickland Canada invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultra-short optical pulses 2019 James Peebles Canada/U.S. theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology Michel Mayor Switzerland discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star Didier Queloz Switzerland discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star 2020 Reinhard Genzel Germany discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy Andrea Ghez U.S. discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy Roger Penrose U.K. discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity 2021 Klaus Hasselmann Germany development of the foundation for human knowledge of the Earth's climate and how humanity influences it Manabe Syukuro Japan/U.S. development of the foundation for human knowledge of the Earth's climate and how humanity influences it Giorgio Parisi Italy discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales 2022 Alain Aspect France experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology John F. Clauser U.S. experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology Anton Zeilinger Austria experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology 2023 Pierre Agostini France development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter Ferenc Krausz Hungary development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter
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FactBench
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| 21 |
https://knowledgezone.co.in/resources/gk/history/5c64f125e47ec0000f44e0f2
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en
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Your Gateway to Knowledge
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Knowledge Zone - Social Knowledge Sharing Platform
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en
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Knowledge Zone
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https://knowledgezon.co.in/
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correct_award_00023
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FactBench
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0
| 8 |
https://history.aip.org/phn/11710005.html
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Guillaume, Ch.
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https://history.aip.org/phn/favicon.ico
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https://history.aip.org/phn/favicon.ico
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favicon.ico
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https://history.aip.org/phn/11710005.html
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correct_award_00023
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FactBench
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2
| 82 |
https://vxx.pages.dev/0xLy9DaGFybGVzXyVDMyU4OWRvdWFyZF9HdWlsbGF1bWU
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| 43 |
https://www.foldvaribooks.com/pages/books/1598/charles-edouard-guillaume/les-radiations-nouvelles-les-rayons-x-et-la-photographie-a-travers-les-corps-opaques-par-ch-ed
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Ed. Guillaume. Docteur és Sciences Adjoint au Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. Deuxième
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Paris: Gauthier-Villars et Fils, Imprimeurs-Libraires, du Bureau des Longitudes, de L’école Polytechnique, 1896. In publisher’s printed wrappers. First two leaves remained unopened. With eight plates of photographic reproductions of X-ray images, and twenty-three text illustrations. Plates seperated by tracing paper. . VIII, 144 p., and 8 plates. Binding artistically restored. Small tear to the back cover. Otherwise in fine condition.
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https://www.foldvaribooks.com/favicon.ico
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Földvári Books
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https://www.foldvaribooks.com/pages/books/1598/charles-edouard-guillaume/les-radiations-nouvelles-les-rayons-x-et-la-photographie-a-travers-les-corps-opaques-par-ch-ed
|
Scarce, early work about Röntgen’s recent discovery, the X-rays.
The volume is an early review of Röntgen’s discovery of the X-rays, written by Guillaume Charles Édouard. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845–1923) was a German physicist who produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelenght range in 1895, known as X-rays. This achievement earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
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FactBench
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https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Administrivia/nobel.html
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The Nobel Prize for Physics
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[Physics FAQ] - [Copyright]
Originally compiled by Scott Chase, Phil Gibbs, and Johan Wevers.
Nobel Prizes for Physics, 1901–2021
The following is a complete listing of Nobel Prize awards, from the first award in 1901. Prizes were not awarded in every year. The date in brackets is the approximate date of the work. The description following the names is an abbreviation of the official citation.
The Physics prize is announced near the beginning of October each year. One of the quickest ways to get the announcement is to watch the Nobel Foundation web site at http://nobelprize.org.
1901 [1895] Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen Discovery of X rays. 1902 [1896] Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Magnetism in radiation phenomena. Pieter Zeeman 1903 [1896] Antoine Henri Bequerel Spontaneous radioactivity. [1898] Pierre Curie Marie Sklodowska-Curie 1904 [1894] Lord Rayleigh Density of gases and discovery of argon. (a.k.a. John William Strutt) 1905 [1899] Pilipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Cathode rays. 1906 [1897] Joseph John Thomson Conduction of electricity by gases. 1907 Albert Abraham Michelson Precision meteorological investigations. 1908 Gabriel Lippman Reproducing colors photographically, based on the phenomenon of interference. 1909 [1901] Carl Ferdinand Braun Wireless telegraphy. Guglielmo Marconi 1910 [1873] Johannes Diderik van der Waals Equation of state of fluids. 1911 [1896] Wilhelm Wien Laws of radiation of heat. 1912 [1909] Nils Gustaf Dalén Automatic gas flow regulators. 1913 [1911] Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Matter at low temperature. 1914 [1912] Max von Laue Crystal diffraction of X rays. 1915 [1913] William Henry Bragg X-ray analysis of crystal structure. William Lawrence Bragg 1916 No award. 1917 [1911] Charles Glover Barkla Characteristic X-ray spectra of elements. 1918 [1900] Max Planck Energy quanta. 1919 [1913] Johannes Stark Splitting of spectral lines in electric fields. 1920 Charles-Edouard Guillaume Anomalies in nickel–steel alloys. 1921 [1905] Albert Einstein Photoelectric effect. 1922 [1913] Niels Bohr Structure of atoms. 1923 [1909] Robert Andrew Millikan Elementary charge of electricity. 1924 Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn X-ray spectroscopy. 1925 [1914] James Franck Impact of an electron on an atom. Gustav Hertz 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin Sedimentation equilibrium. 1927 [1924] Arthur Holly Compton Compton effect. [1912] Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Invention of the cloud chamber. 1928 [1903] Owen Willans Richardson Thermionic phenomena, Richardson's Law. 1929 [1923] Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie Wave nature of electrons. 1930 [1928] Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman Scattering of light, Raman effect. 1931 No award. 1932 [1925] Werner Heisenberg Quantum Mechanics. 1933 [1926] Erwin Schrödinger Atomic theory. [1928] Paul Dirac 1934 No award. 1935 [1932] James Chadwick The neutron. 1936 [1932] Carl Anderson The positron. [1911] Victor Franz Hess Cosmic rays. 1937 [1925] Clinton Joseph Davisson Crystal diffraction of electrons. George Paget Thomson 1938 [1935] Enrico Fermi New radioactive elements. 1939 [1929] Ernest Orlando Lawrence Invention of the cyclotron. 1940–1942 No award. 1943 [1933] Otto Stern Proton magnetic moment. 1944 [1935] Isador Isaac Rabi Magnetic resonance in atomic nuclei. 1945 [1924] Wolfgang Pauli The exclusion principle. 1946 [1925] Percy Williams Bridgman Production of extremely high pressures. 1947 [1924] Sir Edward Victor Appleton Physics of the upper atmosphere. 1948 [1932] Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett Cosmic ray showers in cloud chambers. 1949 [1935] Hideki Yukawa Prediction of mesons. 1950 [1947] Cecil Frank Powell Photographic emulsion for meson studies. 1951 [1932] Sir John Douglas Cockroft Artificial acceleration of atomic particles and transmutation of nuclei. Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton 1952 [1946] Felix Bloch Nuclear magnetic precision methods. Edward Mills Purcell 1953 [1935] Frits Zernike Phase-contrast microscope. 1954 [1926] Max Born Fundamental research in quantum mechanics. [1925] Walther Bothe Coincidence counters. 1955 [1947] Polykarp Kusch Electron magnetic moment. [1947] Willis Eugene Lamb Hydrogen fine structure. 1956 [1948] William Shockley Transistors. John Bardeen Walter Houser Brattain 1957 Tsung Dao Lee Parity violation. [1956] Chen Ning Yang 1958 [1934] Pavel Aleksejevic Cerenkov Interpretation of the Cerenkov effect. [1937] Il'ja Mickajlovic Frank Igor' Evgen'evic Tamm 1959 Owen Chamberlain The antiproton. [1955] Emilio Gino Segre 1960 [1952] Donald Arthur Glaser The bubble chamber. 1961 [1953] Robert Hofstadter Electron scattering on nucleons. Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer Resonant absorption of photons. 1962 [1941] Lev Davidovic Landau Theory of liquid helium. 1963 [1931] Eugene Wigner Fundamental symmetry principles. [1949] Hans Jensen Nuclear shell structure. Maria Goeppert Mayer 1964 Nikolai Basov Maser-Laser principle. Alexander Prochorov [1958] Charles Townes 1965 [1948] Richard Feynman Quantum electrodynamics. Julian Schwinger Sin-Itiro Tomonaga 1966 [1950] Alfred Kastler Study of hertzian resonance in atoms. 1967 [1938] Hans Albrecht Bethe Energy production in stars. 1968 [1955] Luis W. Alvarez Discovery of many-particle resonances. 1969 [1964] Murray Gell-Mann Quark model for particle classification. 1970 [1942] Hannes Alfvén Magneto-hydrodynamics in plasma physics. [1932] Louis Néel Ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism. 1971 [1947] Dennis Gabor Principles of holography. 1972 [1957] John Bardeen Theory of superconductivity. Leon Cooper Robert Schrieffer 1973 [1960] Leo Esaki Tunneling in superconductors. Ivar Giaever [1962] Brian Josephson Super-current through tunnel barriers. 1974 [1974] Antony Hewish Discovery of pulsars. [1958] Sir Martin Ryle Pioneering radioastronomy work. 1975 [1950] Aage Bohr Structure of the atomic nucleus. Ben Mottelson James Rainwater 1976 [1974] Burton Richter Discovery of the J/Psi particle. Samual Chao Chung Ting 1977 [1958] Philip Warren Anderson Electronic structure of magnetic and disordered solids. [1967] Nevill Francis Mott John Hasbrouck Van Vleck 1978 [1932] Pyotr Kapitsa Liquefaction of helium. [1965] Arno Penzias Cosmic microwave background radiation. Robert Wilson 1979 [1961] Sheldon Glashow Electroweak theory, especially weak neutral currents. [1967] Steven Weinberg [1968] Abdus Salam 1980 [1964] James Cronin Discovery of CP violation in the asymmetric decay of neutral K mesons. Val Fitch 1981 Kai Seigbahn High-resolution electron spectroscopy. [1962] Nicolaas Bloembergen Laser spectroscopy. Arthur Schawlow 1982 [1972] Kenneth Wilson Critical phenomena in phase transitions. 1983 [1935] Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Evolution of stars. [1957] William Fowler 1984 [1970] Simon van der Meer Stochastic cooling for colliders. [1983] Carlo Rubbia Discovery of W and Z particles. 1985 [1977] Klaus von Klitzing Discovery of (integer) quantum Hall effect. 1986 [1981] Gerd Binnig Scanning tunneling microscopy. Heinrich Rohrer [1932] Ernst August Friedrich Ruska Electron microscopy. 1987 [1986] Georg Bednorz High-temperature superconductivity. Alex Müller 1988 [1962] Leon Max Lederman Discovery of the muon neutrino, leading to classification of particles into families. Melvin Schwartz Jack Steinberger 1989 Hans Georg Dehmelt Penning trap for charged particles. Wolfgang Paul Paul trap for charged particles. Norman Ramsey Control of atomic transitions by the separated oscillatory fields method. 1990 [1972] Jerome Isaac Friedman Deep inelastic scattering experiments leading to the discovery of quarks. Henry Way Kendall Richard Edward Taylor 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Order-disorder transitions in liquid crystals and polymers. 1992 Georges Charpak Multiwire proportional chamber. 1993 [1974] Russell Hulse Discovery of the first binary pulsar and subsequent tests of general relativity. Joseph Taylor 1994 [1960] Bertram Brockhouse Neutron scattering experiments. [1946] Clifford Shull 1995 [1975] Martin Perl Discovery of the tau lepton. [1953] Frederick Reines Detection of the neutrino. 1996 David Lee Superfluidity in helium-3. Douglas Osheroff Robert Richardson 1997 [1985] Steven Chu Development of methods to trap and cool atoms with laser light. Claude Cohen-Tannoudji William Phillips 1998 [1982] Robert Laughlin Discovery and theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect. Horst Störmer Daniel Tsui 1999 [1972] Gerard 't Hooft Development of a renormalisation scheme for non-abelian gauge theories. Martin Veltman 2000 [1957] Herbert Kroemer Growing of heterostructures. [1963] Zhores Alferov Semiconductor laser based on heterostructures. [1958] Jack Kilby Invention of the integrated circuit. 2001 Eric Cornell Bose–Einstein condensation of alkali metals. Carl Wieman Wolfgang Ketterle 2002 Raymond Davis Jr Detection of cosmic neutrinos. Masatosh Koshiba Riccardo Giacconi Detection of cosmic X rays. 2003 Alexei Abrikosov Pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids. [1950] Vitaly Ginzburg [1970] Anthony Leggett 2004 [1973] David Gross Discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction. David Politzer Frank Wilczek 2005 Roy Glauber Quantum theory of optical coherence. John Hall Development of ultra-high precision measurements of light. Theodor H�nsch 2006 John Mather Study of the early universe, and developing the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) experiment. George Smoot 2007 Albert Fert Discovery of giant magnetoresistance. Peter Gr�nberg 2008 Yoichiro Nambu Discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking. Makoto Kobayashi Discovery of the origin of symmetry breaking. Toshihide Maskawa 2009 Charles Kao Achievements concerning transmission of light in optical fibres. Willard Boyle Invention of the charge-coupled device (CCD). George Smith 2010 Andre Geim Experiments in graphene. Konstantin Novoselov 2011 Saul Perlmutter Discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe. Brian Schmidt Adam Riess 2012 Serge Haroche New experimental methods for studying individual quantum systems. David Wineland 2013 Fran�ois Englert Theory of the Higgs mechanism. Peter Higgs 2014 Isamu Akasaki Invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes. Hiroshi Amano Shuji Nakamura 2015 Takaaki Kajita Discovery of neutrino oscillations. Arthur McDonald 2016 David Thouless Discoveries involving topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter. F. Haldane J. Kosterlitz 2017 Rainer Weiss Contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves. Barry Barish Kip Thorne 2018 Arthur Ashkin Inventions in the field of laser physics. G�rard Mourou Donna Strickland 2019 James Peebles Contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth's place in the cosmos. Michel Mayor Didier Queloz 2020 Roger Penrose The discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of general relativity. Reinhard Genzel The discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy. Andrea Ghez 2021 Syukuro Manabe The physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. Klaus Hasselmann Giorgio Parisi The discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems, from atomic to planetary scales.
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https://abakcus.com/directory/charles-edouard-guillaume/
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Charles Edouard Guillaume
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2021-06-13T10:43:29-04:00
|
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 was awarded to Charles Edouard Guillaume "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys."
|
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Abakcus
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https://abakcus.com/directory/charles-edouard-guillaume/
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Newton’s College Notebook
Newton's College Notebook was filled with Newton's personal annotations, mathematical formulas, and discoveries that paved the way for modern science. The notebook gave way to his groundbreaking discoveries in calculus,…
Paul Dirac’s PhD Thesis: the First Ever Written on Quantum Mechanics
Paul Dirac's PhD thesis is an unparalleled masterpiece in the field of science. At the incredibly young age of 24, Dirac submitted a revolutionary dissertation laying the foundational ideas of…
Andrea Ghez
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 was divided, one half awarded to Roger Penrose “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of…
Reinhard Genzel
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 was divided, one half awarded to Roger Penrose “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of…
Roger Penrose
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 was divided, one half awarded to Roger Penrose “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of…
Didier Queloz
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 was awarded “for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth’s place in the cosmos” with one half to James…
Michel Mayor
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 was awarded “for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth’s place in the cosmos” with one half to James…
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FactBench
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| 1 |
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/summary/
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en
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 was awarded to Charles Edouard Guillaume "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/summary/
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 was awarded to Charles Edouard Guillaume "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
To cite this section
MLA style: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Mon. 22 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/summary/>
Back to top Back To Top Takes users back to the top of the page
Nobel Prizes and laureates
Eleven laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2023, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from effective mRNA vaccines and attosecond physics to fighting against the oppression of women.
See them all presented here.
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FactBench
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| 55 |
https://www.commoncrowbooks.com/pages/books/H18659/ch-ed-guillaume-charles-edouard/traite-pratique-de-la-thermometrie-de-precision
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Traité Pratique de la Thermométrie de Précision
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Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1889. First printing. Hardcover. Tall 8vo, Cloth over marbled boards, red leather spine label, very good, minor rubbing, pages tanning. 336 pp, illustrated with four folding or double-page plates at rear. Guillaume was a Swiss physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in
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Common Crow Books
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https://www.commoncrowbooks.com/pages/books/H18659/ch-ed-guillaume-charles-edouard/traite-pratique-de-la-thermometrie-de-precision
|
Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1889. First printing. Hardcover. Tall 8vo, Cloth over marbled boards, red leather spine label, very good, minor rubbing, pages tanning. 336 pp, illustrated with four folding or double-page plates at rear. Guillaume was a Swiss physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys. In this earlier work, he draws on his experience as the head of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and the thermostatic measurements and experiments he made at the Observatoire de Paris. Very Good. Item #H18659
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https://uci.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay%3Fdocid%3Dalma991020700799704701%26context%3DL%26vid%3D01CDL_IRV_INST:UCI%26lang%3Den%26search_scope%3DMyInst_and_CI
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https://wiki.grail-watch.com/index.php/Charles-Edouard_Guillaume
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Edouard Guillaume
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https://wiki.grail-watch.com/favicon.ico
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Charles-Edouard Guillaume (1861-1938) was a genius physicist born in Fleurier, Switzerland, who completed his studies in Neuchâtel before obtaining an engineering degree from the Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich. Guillaume joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris in 1883, where he worked for 53 years and became its director for 17 years until 1936. Guillaume's work on the alloys of iron, chromium, and nickel led to the discovery of Invar, a substance with almost zero expansion coefficient over a wide temperature range, and Elinvar, a substance with a constant Young's modulus between - 50° and + 100°, which is suitable for the construction of watch springs, tuning forks, springs for seismographs, and more. Guillaume received numerous awards and honors, including the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920. He retired in 1936 and passed away in 1938 after a long illness.
Find a Grave
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics/1929-1920/
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All Nobel Prizes in Physics
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All Nobel Prizes in Physics
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics
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The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 117 times to 225 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2023. John Bardeen is the only laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, in 1956 and 1972. This means that a total of 224 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Physics. Click on the links to get more information.
Find all prizes in | physics | chemistry | physiology or medicine | literature | peace | economic sciences | all categories
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 will be announced on Tuesday 8 October, 11:45 CEST at the earliest.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929
“for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928
“for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927
“for his discovery of the effect named after him”
“for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926
“for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925
“for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924
“for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923
“for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922
“for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921
“for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920
“in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys”
To cite this section
MLA style: All Nobel Prizes in Physics. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Mon. 22 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics>
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https://observervoice.com/15-february-remembering-charles-edouard-guillaume-on-birth-anniversary-14285/
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Charles Edouard Guillaume: The Nobel Laureate Who Revolutionized Precision Measurement
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2024-02-15T01:30:45+00:00
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Charles Edouard Guillaume was a Swiss physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. He won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics
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en
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Observer Voice
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https://observervoice.com/15-february-remembering-charles-edouard-guillaume-on-birth-anniversary-14285/
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Charles Edouard Guillaume (15 February 1861 – 13 May 1938) was a Swiss physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. He won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics. He continued to make important contributions to the field of physics throughout his career and was widely recognized as one of the leading scientists of his time.
Life and Career
He was born on 15 February 1861, in Fleurier, Switzerland. He got his Ph.D. in 1882 for his thesis on electrolytic capacitors. Guillaume joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Sevres, in 1883 and became director in 1915. He did a lot of research on the mercury thermometer and discovered that the liter contained 1,000.028 cubic centimeters, not 1,000.000 cubic centimeters as had been assumed.
In 1890, he started studying alloys after he observed that nickel-iron alloys expanded. His research led to the discovery of a nickel-iron alloy called ‘Invar’ in 1896. The discovery of ‘Invar’ led to the successful duplication of the meter bar.
A few years later, in the late 1890s, he worked in collaboration with Chenevard and the Imphy steel laboratory to develop a variation of Invar; a nickel-steel alloy called ‘Elinvar’; it had a low thermoelastic coefficient even after being heated up. Elinvar contains 59% iron, 36% nickel, and 5% chromium.
He wrote several books throughout his life, including: “Studies on Thermometry” (1986), “Treatise on Thermometry,” “Units and Standards” (1894), “X–Rays” (1896), “Investigations on Nickel and its Alloys” (1898), “The Life of Matter” (1999), “Metrical Convention and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures” (1902), “Applications of Nickel-Steels” (1904), “States of Matter” (1907, 1913), “Recent Progress in Metric System” (1907, 1913) and so on. Charles Edouard Guillaume died on 13 May 1938, in Sevres, France.
Major Work
One of Guillaume’s most notable achievements was the discovery of the phenomenon known as “anomalous dispersion,” which refers to the variation of the refractive index of a material with the wavelength of light. This discovery had significant implications for the development of high-precision spectroscopy and the study of materials science.
Award and Legacy
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http://www.alloynickel.com/Article/indusrynewste.html
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en
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What is Invar alloy?
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Invar alloy, also known generically as FeNi36 (64FeNi in the US), is a nickel–iron alloy notable for its uniquely low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE or α). The name Invar comes from the word invariable, referring to its relative lack of expansion or contraction with temperature changes.
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Invar alloy, also known generically as FeNi36 (64FeNi in the US), is a nickel–iron alloy notable for its uniquely low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE or α). The name Invar comes from the word invariable, referring to its relative lack of expansion or contraction with temperature changes.
It was invented in 1896 by Swiss physicist Charles édouard Guillaume. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 for this discovery, which enabled improvements in scientific instruments.
Like other nickel/iron compositions, Invar alloy is a solid solution; that is, it is a single-phase alloy, consisting of around 36% nickel and 64% iron.
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correct_award_00023
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FactBench
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0
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/ceremony-speech/
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en
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Nobel Prize in Physics 1920
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 was awarded to Charles Edouard Guillaume "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
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en
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/ceremony-speech/
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Award ceremony speech
Presentation Speech by Dr. A.G. Ekstrand, President of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, on December 10, 1920
Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen.
The Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize for Physics 1920 to Ch.E. Guillaume, Director of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, for the services he has rendered to the physical precision technique by his discovery of the properties of nickel steel.
One of Greece’s greatest thinkers said that “things are numbers” and attempted to explain the origin of everything by numbers. The scientists of today do not take the cult of numbers to quite that extent; yet they recognize nevertheless that every exact knowledge of Nature begins only when we succeed in expressing the phenomena in measures and weights. The development of science has always been in step with the progress in measuring precision. This applies to astronomy, geodesy, chemistry and above all to physics, the special growth of which dates from the time when modern precision began to be applied in observations.
This was the point which had been grasped by the French National Assembly when, in 1790, it instructed the Academy of Sciences of Paris to lay down an invariable base for weights and measures. A committee was set up for that purpose, consisting of Borda, Lagrange, Laplace, Monge and Condorcet, and on their suggestion the National Assembly adopted a decimal system based on a certain part of a quadrant of the Earth’s meridian. Thus the principle of the metric system was introduced into France which was then established by a law passed by the Convention held on August 1, 1793.
In the other countries progress was slower. It was not until after a few decades that people in Europe began to realize the advantages of the metric system and that mainly because of the large international exhibitions. During the 1867 international exhibition in Paris a committee was formed by most of the countries represented at the exhibition with a view to preparing the adoption of a single international system for weights and measures. The proposal to that effect, approved by the emperor on September 1, 1869, was submitted to all the states and thus was subsequently founded the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Breteuil, near Paris.
It was the French nation which not only conceived the idea of this great reform, but which, by its diplomatic skill, was also able to bring about its adoption in the whole civilized world; on this account, therefore, mankind owes France a great debt of gratitude.
All the copies of the standard metre and the standard kilogramme intended for the various countries are meticulously examined and compared in this International Bureau, the head of which, Charles-Edouard Guillaume, is undeniably the foremost metrologist of today. By devoting his entire life to the service of science, this scientist has made a powerful contribution to the progress of the metric system; during his long and painstaking studies he discovered a metal with the most excellent metrological properties. That is the discovery which the Swedish Academy of Sciences has sought to reward by conferring this year’s Nobel Prize for Physics, since the discovery is of great significance for the precision of scientific measurements and thereby even for the development of science in general.
Actually the mere fact of possessing an international system for weights and measures and an International Bureau for the application of that system had not done away with the difficulties entailed in each measuring or weighing operation unless it is possible to achieve here the maximum precision. With measurements of length in particular the chief source of errors was dependent on temperature as a result of the well-known property of materials to change their volume with variations in temperature.
It was thus basic to examine with the greatest precision the expansibility of all metals and alloys under the action of heat. During these delicate examinations, and particularly while studying the properties of certain types of steel, Guillaume hit on the apparently paradoxical idea that it should be possible to produce an alloy free from this universal property of materials to change their volume at various temperatures. The long and difficult experiments performed by Guillaume year after year on numerous alloys and above all on nickel steel to determine their expansibility, elasticity, hardness, changeability with age, and stability ultimately led him to the important discovery of the nickel steel alloy known as invar, the temperature coefficient of which is practically zero.
These studies and discoveries by Guillaume have continued to give rise to new and significant practical applications. Instances are the use of invar in the design of physical instruments, and especially in geodesy where Guillaume’s discovery has completely transformed the methods of measuring base lines; nickel steel has also supplanted platinum in the manufacture of incandescent lamps and on the basis of the current price of platinum this represents an annual saving of twenty million francs; lastly chronometry is indebted to Guillaume’s discoveries and investigations for a new refinement – the use of the new alloys enables watches to be adjusted more accurately and at less cost than formerly.
From the theoretical standpoint, too, Guillaume’s penetrating and systematic studies on the properties of nickel steel have had the greatest significance because they have confirmed Le Chatelier’s allotropic theory for binary and ternary alloys. He has thus made an important contribution to our knowledge of the composition of solid matter.
In consideration of the great importance of Mr. Guillaume’s work for precision metrology and thus for the development of all modern science and engineering, the Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded this year’s Nobel Prize for Physics to Charles-Edouard Guillaume in recognition of the services which he has rendered to the physical precision technique by his discovery of the properties of nickel steel.
Monsieur Guillaume. By your persevering studies in thermometry you have deserved well of physics and chemistry; but you have gained your scientific laurels mainly in a different sector. By your studies of metal alloys and their sensitivity to temperature influences, you established that a few of those alloys possess remarkable properties; some scarcely expand on heating which suggested to you the idea of making them into measuring standards. One of the nickel steel alloys in particular, the one containing thirty-six per cent nickel, you considered to fulfil the necessary conditions. Since it is almost invariable under the action of heat and under other influences, you have called it invar. Its potential benefit to science for the construction of standards and of various instruments can readily be appreciated. In geodesy, invar wires give much more accurate base-line values than those formerly obtained.
On behalf of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, I congratulate you on your studies and on your discoveries which have been of the greatest utility and for that very reason deemed worthy of the Nobel Prize. I would now ask you to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King who has been pleased to make the presentation to you.
From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1920
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https://twitter.com/sqaservicesinc/status/1248677054029029376
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https://www.nickel-alloys.net/article/invar-nickel-iron-alloy.html
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FeNi36: Nickel Iron Alloy
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Invar FeNi36 has the lowest thermal expansion of any known metal or alloy from room temperature up to 230C. Special low expansion and sealing alloy grades are available. Applications include thermostats, bimetallic strips, cathode ray tubes, telecommunications, aerospace and gas tankers.
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favicon.ico
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https://www.nickel-alloys.net/
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FeNi36 Invar - Nickel Iron Alloy
Chemical Formula
Ni-Fe Alloy
Topics Covered
Background
Discovery and Nobel Prize
Physical Properties
Current Uses
Cathode Ray Tubes
Other Applications
Low Expansion Alloys
Sealing Alloys
Future Uses
Composite Manufacturing
Background
Few people realise that the nickel-iron alloy, FeNi36 Invar, plays a crucial part in so many of their household controls and office appliances. This role was established soon after its discovery 100 years ago in 1896. FeNi36 is the forerunner of a family of controlled expansion nickel-iron alloys which form the essential part of bimetals and thermostats. FeNi36 Invaritself is still used today in vast numbers of household appliances, from electric irons and toasters to gas cookers and fire safety cutoffs. In the office, computer terminals and TV screens make extensive use of FeNi36 and other Ni-Fe alloys for shadow masks, frames, and cathode ray tube gun parts.
Other applications for these special alloys are continuing to be found in industry for advanced electronic components, filters in mobile phone networks and even as tank membranes for massive liquefied natural gas transport ships.
Discovery and Nobel Prize
When Invar FeNi36 was discovered in 1896, its unique property of low and linear expansion over a wide temperature range allowed the production of effective bimetals which could be used in safety cut-off devices for gas cookers and heaters. For his work on the nickel-iron system and the discovery of FeNi36 Invar, Charles Edouard Guillaume of Imphy was awarded a Nobel prize for Physics early in the 20th century.
One of the traditional uses for Invar FeNi36 has been for the thermostat of electric immersion heaters, used for a variety of domestic and commercial water heating systems. Operation of the thermostat is based upon differential expansion between a brass tube and an inner Invar FeNi36 rod, the resulting movement being used to actuate a microswitch. The set temperature is commonly adjustable in the range between 48-83°C.
Physical Properties
Invar FeNi36 is a 36% nickel iron alloy which has the lowest thermal expansion among all metals and alloys in the range from room temperature up to approximately 230°C. The Invar FeNi36 alloy is ductile and easily weldable, and machinability is similar to austenitic stainless steel. It does not suffer from stress corrosion cracking.
The mean coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of FeNi36 from 20-100°C is less than 1.3 x 10-6°C-1. The Curie point is 230°C, and density is 8.1 kg.m-3.
Current Uses of Nickel Iron Alloy FeNi36 Invar
Cathode Ray Tubes
Between the range -100 to +200°C Invar FeNi36's CTE is very low. This feature is very useful for many specific applications in high tech industry. Cathode ray tubes for television and display screens are increasingly required to provide greater user comfort, with higher contrast, improved brightness and sharper definition. This progress has been made possible by the use of shadow masks made from Invar FeNi36 strip, with its low coefficient of thermal expansion allowing precise dimensioning of components even with changing temperature.
Other Applications
Other application areas, such as telecommunications, aeronautical and aerospace engineering, cryogenic engineering (liquefied natural gas tankers) etc, require either high dimensional stability with variation in temperature, or expansion characteristics matched with those of other materials, such as glass, ceramics, or composites.
The diversity of these requirements has led to the development of a wide range of Fe-Ni, Fe-Ni-Co and Fe-Ni-Cr alloys, in two major groups:
Low Expansion Alloys
These include Invar FeNi36 and N42. As electronic components become ever more miniature, the demands on the material used in their manufacture become ever more critical. The production of lead frames for example requires very close dimensional tolerances and high cleanliness combined with exceptional stamping or chemical etching performance. Grades of N42 have been specifically developed to match these requirements.
Sealing Alloys
These include other Fe-Ni grades, Fe-Ni-Co and Fe-Ni-Cr alloys. A full range of alloys have been produced to associate with the principal glasses supplied by major manufacturers including Schott, Corning, NEG and Ashai. These glasses used in electronics are chosen for specific physical, chemical or optical properties and the choice of the associated sealing metal depends on the glass and the type of seal (matched or compressive).
Future Uses
Appropriate solutions are needed to match the requirements created by technologies which are in rapid and perpetual evolution, and these could come from Invar FeNi36 and its nickel iron alloy derivatives.
Composite Manufacturing
Invar FeNi36 also has an important role to play in the future of composite manufacturing. The aerospace industry will make increasing use of composites for weight/strength improvements. The manufacturing process of composite multilayer structures involves moulding on tools which are then autoclaved. Tooling materials must provide temperature resistance, very low CTE to match the composite, vacuum integrity, thermal conductivity and machinability.
A single tooling material to meet all the requirements does not exist, but of all metallic and non-metallic (e.g. carbon fibre/epoxy) options, Invar FeNi36 provides one of the lowest CTEs of all, the major criterion. The compatibility of the CTE of the Invar mould and the composite parts avoids distortion, induced stress and warpage. Studies carried out by Boeing show that Invar FeNi36 is the material which will provide the best compromise between the most important requirements (like CTE and durability) and overall fabrication costs.
Property Table of Invar FeNi36
Material Invar FeNi36 - Nickel Iron Alloy
Property Minimum Value (S.I.) Maximum Value (S.I.) Units (S.I.) Minimum Value (Imp.) Maximum Value (Imp.) Units (Imp.) Atomic Volume (average) 0.0068 0.0071 m3/kmol 414.961 433.268 in3/kmol Density 8.1 8.2 Mg/m3 505.667 511.91 lb/ft3 Energy Content 50 200 MJ/kg 5416.93 21667.7 kcal/lb Bulk Modulus 106 112 GPa 15.374 16.2442 106 psi Compressive Strength 240 725 MPa 34.8091 105.152 ksi Ductility 0.06 0.45 0.06 0.45 Elastic Limit 240 725 MPa 34.8091 105.152 ksi Endurance Limit 185 405 MPa 26.832 58.7402 ksi Fracture Toughness 120 150 MPa.m1/2 109.206 136.507 ksi.in1/2 Hardness 1200 2400 MPa 174.045 348.091 ksi Loss Coefficient 0.0003 0.0011 0.0003 0.0011 Modulus of Rupture 240 725 MPa 34.8091 105.152 ksi Poisson's Ratio 0.28 0.3 0.28 0.3 Shear Modulus 54 58 GPa 7.83204 8.41219 106 psi Tensile Strength 445 810 MPa 64.5418 117.481 ksi Young's Modulus 137 145 GPa 19.8702 21.0305 106 psi Glass Temperature K °F Latent Heat of Fusion 270 290 kJ/kg 116.079 124.677 BTU/lb Maximum Service Temperature 600 700 K 620.33 800.33 °F Melting Point 1690 1710 K 2582.33 2618.33 °F Minimum Service Temperature 0 0 K -459.67 -459.67 °F Specific Heat 505 525 J/kg.K 0.390798 0.406276 BTU/lb.F Thermal Conductivity 12 15 W/m.K 22.4644 28.0805 BTU.ft/h.ft2.F Thermal Expansion 0.5 2 10-6/K 0.9 3.6 10-6/°F Breakdown Potential MV/m V/mil Dielectric Constant Resistivity 75 85 10-8 ohm.m 75 85 10-8 ohm.m
Primary author: Colin Woolger | Source: Materials World, Vol. No. pp. 332-33, June 1996.
For more information on Materials World please visit The Institute of Materials. Invar FeNi36 has the lowest thermal expansion of any known metal or alloy from room temperature up to 230C. Special low expansion and sealing alloy grades are available. Applications include thermostats, bimetallic strips, cathode ray tubes, telecommunications, aerospace and gas tankers.
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https://www.geni.com/people/Charles-%25C3%2589douard-Guillaume-Nobel-Prize-in-Physics-1920/6000000017206617834
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en
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Charles Édouard Guillaume, Nobel Prize in Physics, 1920
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Genealogy for Charles Édouard Guillaume, Nobel Prize in Physics, 1920 (1861 - 1938) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives.
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https://www.geni.com/people/Charles-%C3%89douard-Guillaume-Nobel-Prize-in-Physics-1920/6000000017206617834
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Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 February 1861, Fleurier, Switzerland – 13 May 1938, Sèvres, France) was a Swiss physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920, "in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys".
Guillaume is known for his discovery of nickel-steel alloys he named invar and elinvar. Invar has a near-zero coefficient of thermal expansion, making it useful in constructing precision instruments whose dimensions need to remain constant in spite of varying temperature. Elinvar has a near-zero thermal coefficient of the modulus of elasticity, making it useful in constructing instruments with springs that need to be unaffected by varying temperature, such as the marine chronometer. Elinvar is also non-magnetic, which is a secondary useful property for antimagnetic watches.
As the son of Édouard Guillaume, a Swiss horologist Guillaume took an interest in marine chronometers. For use as the compensation balance he developed a slight variation of the invar alloy which had a negative quadratic coefficient of expansion. The purpose of doing this was to eliminate the "middle temperature" error of the balance wheel.
Guillaume was head of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. He worked with Kristian Birkeland, serving at the Observatoire de Paris—Section de Meudon. He conducted several experiments with thermostatic measurements at the observatory. He was the first to determine accurately the temperature of space.
Guillaume was married in 1888 to A.M. Taufflieb, with whom he had three children.
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https://cdac.carnegiescience.edu/article/pressure-induces-invar-behavior-unexpected-compositions
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Pressure Induces Invar Behavior in Unexpected Compositions
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https://cdac.carnegiescience.edu/article/pressure-induces-invar-behavior-unexpected-compositions
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Over 100 years ago Charles Edouard Guillaume, working at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France, discovered that certain alloys did not expand when heated, a behavior that came to be known as the Invar effect. Guillaume's discovery found immediate and lasting technological applications, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920. Guillaume's original work was carried out on an Ni-Fe alloy, but thermal Invar behavior has been found in a number of other alloy systems, all of which require precise control of composition.
Researchers from the California Institute of Technology, the National Synchrotron Light Source, the Geophysical Laboratory, and the Advanced Photon Source have discovered Invar behavior at high pressures in Pd-25 at.% Fe, a composition far from the Invar composition of Pd-75 at.% Fe. The group, led by CDAC graduate student Mike Winterrose, used density functional theory calculations, energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction, and synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy to investigate the mechanical and magnetic properties of Pd-25 at.% Fe through the Invar transition in the resistively heated diamond anvil cell. The synchrotron Mössbauer measurements revealed a collapse of the 57Fe magnetic moment between 8.9 and 12.3 GPa at 300 K, coinciding with a transition in bulk modulus found by x-ray diffraction measurements. Heating the sample under a pressure of 7 GPa showed negligible thermal expansion from 300 to 523 K (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Invar behavior can be induced by pressure in an alloy composition very different from those exhibiting Invar behavior at ambient pressure. The first-principles calculations show that pressure causes the electronic structure near the Fermi level in Pd-25 at.% Fe to become similar to that of classic thermal Invar alloys. By tuning the electronic structure, pressure should cause materials of many chemical compositions to exhibit Invar behavior. This work has been published in Physical Review Letters [M. L. Winterrose, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 102, 237202 (2009)].
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https://dbpedia.org/page/Charles_%25C3%2589douard_Guillaume
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About: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Charles
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Charles Édouard Guillaume fou un físic suís guardonat l'any 1920 amb el Premi Nobel de Física.
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Charles Édouard Guillaume fou un físic suís guardonat l'any 1920 amb el Premi Nobel de Física. (ca)
شارل ادوار غيوم (Charles Édouard Guillaume) (مواليد 15 فبراير، 1861 - 13 مايو، 1938) كان عالم فيزياء سويسري فرنسي. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1920 عن أعماله في مجال القياسات الفيزيائية الدقيقة واكتشاف سبيلكة النيكل-فولاذ التي تدعى invar و elinvar، حيث أن لمعدن إنفار معامل تمدد حراري قريب جداً من الصفر مما يعطي نتائج قياس دقيقة بغض النظر عن تغيرات درجة الحرارة. (ar)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (15. února 1861 – 13. května 1938 Sèvres) byl francouzsko-švýcarský fyzik, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziku (1920), kterou obdržel za objev anomálií v niklové oceli (invar), což přispělo k rozvoji přesných měření. Vynalezl slitiny invar a . Ve 22 letech nastoupil do BIPM. (cs)
Ο Σαρλ Εντουάρ Γκιγιόμ (Charles Édouard Guillaume, 15 Φεβρουαρίου 1861 - 13 Ιουνίου 1938) ήταν Ελβετός φυσικός στον οποίο απονεμήθηκε το βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσικής το 1920 για τη συμβολή του σε πειράματα ακριβείας, μέσω της ανακάλυψης ανωμαλιών στα κράματα νικελίου - ατσαλιού. Ο Γκιγιόμ είναι γνωστός για την ανακάλυψη των κραμάτων του νικελίου - σιδήρου και χάλυβα τα οποία ονόμασε Ινβάρ και . (el)
Charles Édouard GUILLAUME (15-an de februaro 1861, Fleurier, Svislando – 13-an de junio 1938, Sèvres, Francio) estis franca fizikisto, kiu ricevis la Nobel-premion pri fiziko en 1920 pro la malkovro de invaro (specifa fer-nikela alojo). Guillaume en 1883 iĝis kunlaboranto de la Internacia Mezurafera Ofico en Sèvres, poste en 1915 ties direktoro. Li ekzamenis dum esploroj la hidrargan termometron kaj la litron kiel volumenan unuon. Li konstatis pri tiu lasta, ke ĝi egalas ne al 1.000.000 cm3 sed al 1.000.028 cm3. Li fokisis ekde 1890 je la alojoj kaj malkovris, ellaboris la invarton kaj elinvarton. La termodilatiĝa valoro de la invarto (volumena ŝanĝiĝo je ŝanĝiĝo de la temperaturo), la malgranda elasteca valoro de la elinvarto estis uzata en diversaj sciencaj mezuriloj. (eo)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (* 15. Februar 1861 in Fleurier, NE; † 13. Juni 1938 in Sèvres) war ein französisch-schweizerischer Physiker und Nobelpreisträger. (de)
Charles Édouard Guillaume suitzar fisikaria izan zen. 1920ko Fisikako Nobel Saria jaso zuen nikel eta altzairu aleazioetan izandako anomalien aurkikuntzagatik. ETH Zürich-en doktoratu zen. Pisuen eta Neurrien Nazioarteko Bulegoa zuzendu zuen eta esperimentuak egin zituen neurri termostatikoekin. Nikel eta altzairuzko aleazioak aurkitu zituen, "invar" eta "" deituak. Izarren erradiazioa aztertzen ere aitzindaria izan zen eta itsas kronometroez interesatu zen. (eu)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, cantón de Neuchâtel, Suiza, 15 de febrero de 1861-Sèvres, Francia, 13 de mayo de 1938) fue un físico suizo galardonado en 1920 con el Premio Nobel de Física. Descubrió la aleación de acero y níquel denominada invar, muy utilizada en instrumentos de precisión por su bajo coeficiente de dilatación térmica. (es)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 février 1861 à Fleurier, Suisse - 13 juin 1938 à Sèvres, France) est un physicien suisse. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1920 « en reconnaissance du service qu'il a rendu en métrologie en découvrant des anomalies dans les aciers de nickel ». Le plus célèbre des alliages qu'il invente est l'invar, au très faible coefficient de dilatation thermique, qui révolutionne la métrologie et la cryogénie, et qui contribue à l'invention de la télévision. (fr)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 Februari 1861 – 13 Juni 1938) adalah seorang fisikawan berkebangsaan Prancis. Dia meraih Penghargaan Nobel Fisika pada tahun 1920. Ia dikenal akan "" dan ""-nya. (in)
シャルル・エドゥアール・ギヨーム （Charles Edouard Guillaume、1861年2月15日 - 1938年6月13日）はフランス系スイス人の物理学者である。 (ja)
샤를 에두아르 기욤(독일어: Charles Édouard Guillaume, 1861년 ~ 1938년)은 스위스의 실험물리학자이다. 취리히 연방 공과대학을 졸업하였다. 1897년에는 열팽창 계수가 실내 온도에 가까워지면 거의 0인 인바(invar) 합금(36% 니켈 철합금)을 발견했다. 은 값싼 미터 표준기 외에 각종의 물리 정밀 측정 기기나 시계의 추 등에 널리 쓰여, 길이 측정의 정밀도를 두드러지게 향상시켰다. 그 중에서도 인바선(線)에 의한 기선 측정에 의해 종래의 측정법이 새롭게 바뀌었다. 또한 시간 측정의 정밀도를 높이기 위해서 합금의 탄성률을 연구하여, 1919년에 탄성률의 온도 계수가 실내 온도 가까이에서 거의 0인 엘린바(elinvar) 합금(36% 니켈, 12% 크롬, 철합금)을 발견했다. 이 합금은 시계의 태엽 등에 이용되어, 시간 측정의 정밀도는 비약적으로 향상되었다. 이러한 업적으로 1920년 노벨 물리학상을 받았고, 프랑스 정부로부터는 레종도뇌르 훈장을 받았다. (ko)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 febbraio 1861 – Sèvres, 13 giugno 1938) è stato un fisico svizzero, nato in Svizzera nel canton Neuchâtel, Premio Nobel per la fisica nel 1920. (it)
Charles-Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 februari 1861 – Sèvres, 13 juni 1938) was een Zwitserse natuurkundige. Hij werd bekend als de ontdekker van diverse bijzondere ijzer-nikkel legeringen, waaronder Invar, waarvoor hij in 1920 de Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde ontving. (nl)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (ur. 15 lutego 1861 w Fleurier, Szwajcaria, zm. 13 maja 1938 w Sèvres, Francja) – szwajcarski fizyk, laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki w roku 1920 za wkład jaki wniósł w precyzyjne pomiary w fizyce dzięki odkryciu anomalii w wysokoniklowych stalach stopowych, Wielki Oficer Legii Honorowej. Odkrył m.in. dwa stopy nazwane przez niego inwar i elinwar, które używane były przy budowaniu precyzyjnych instrumentów pomiarowych. Pracował w Observatoire de Paris w Paryżu. Jako pierwszy prawidłowo przewidział temperaturę przestrzeni kosmicznej. (pl)
Шарль Эдуа́р Гийо́м (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 февраля 1861, , Швейцария — 13 июня 1938, Севр, Франция) — швейцарско-французский физик. Лауреат Нобелевской премии 1920 года за открытие сплавов с аномальным поведением коэффициента теплового расширения: инвара и элинвара. (ru)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 de fevereiro de 1861 — Sèvres, 13 de maio de 1938) foi um físico suíço. Recebeu em 1920 o Nobel de Física, pela melhora na precisão de medições na física e pela descoberta de anomalias em ligas de aço-níquel. (pt)
Charles Édouard Guillaume, född i Fleurier 15 februari 1861, död i Sèvres 13 maj 1938, var en schweizisk-fransk fysiker som mottog Nobelpriset i fysik 1920 för sin forskning på nickellegeringar. Guillaume blev 1915 föreståndare för Bureau international des poids et mesures. Han har utfört flera undersökningar över precisionsmätning av temperatur och tid. För sina undersökningar över anomalierna vid legeringar mellan nickel och järn, särskilt upptäckten av det märkliga nickelstålet invar, vars värmeutvidgning är ytterst liten, erhöll Guillaume 1920 års nobelpris i fysik. Guillaume invaldes 1919 som utländsk ledamot av Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien med ledamotsnummer 671. (sv)
Шарль Едуар Гійом (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 лютого 1861, , Швейцарія — 13 червня 1938, Севр, Франція) — швейцарсько-французький фізик.Лауреат Нобелівської премії 1920 року за відкриття сплавів з аномальною поведінкою коефіцієнта теплового розширення: Інвару і елінвару. (uk)
夏尔·纪尧姆（法语：Charles Guillaume ，1861年2月15日－1938年6月13日），瑞士物理學家。1920年，於瑞士辦事處任職的他，因發現鎳鋼合金於精密物理中的重要性，而獲得了該年度的諾貝爾物理學獎殊榮。 (zh)
Charles Édouard Guillaume fou un físic suís guardonat l'any 1920 amb el Premi Nobel de Física. (ca)
شارل ادوار غيوم (Charles Édouard Guillaume) (مواليد 15 فبراير، 1861 - 13 مايو، 1938) كان عالم فيزياء سويسري فرنسي. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1920 عن أعماله في مجال القياسات الفيزيائية الدقيقة واكتشاف سبيلكة النيكل-فولاذ التي تدعى invar و elinvar، حيث أن لمعدن إنفار معامل تمدد حراري قريب جداً من الصفر مما يعطي نتائج قياس دقيقة بغض النظر عن تغيرات درجة الحرارة. (ar)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (15. února 1861 – 13. května 1938 Sèvres) byl francouzsko-švýcarský fyzik, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziku (1920), kterou obdržel za objev anomálií v niklové oceli (invar), což přispělo k rozvoji přesných měření. Vynalezl slitiny invar a . Ve 22 letech nastoupil do BIPM. (cs)
Ο Σαρλ Εντουάρ Γκιγιόμ (Charles Édouard Guillaume, 15 Φεβρουαρίου 1861 - 13 Ιουνίου 1938) ήταν Ελβετός φυσικός στον οποίο απονεμήθηκε το βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσικής το 1920 για τη συμβολή του σε πειράματα ακριβείας, μέσω της ανακάλυψης ανωμαλιών στα κράματα νικελίου - ατσαλιού. Ο Γκιγιόμ είναι γνωστός για την ανακάλυψη των κραμάτων του νικελίου - σιδήρου και χάλυβα τα οποία ονόμασε Ινβάρ και . (el)
Charles Édouard GUILLAUME (15-an de februaro 1861, Fleurier, Svislando – 13-an de junio 1938, Sèvres, Francio) estis franca fizikisto, kiu ricevis la Nobel-premion pri fiziko en 1920 pro la malkovro de invaro (specifa fer-nikela alojo). Guillaume en 1883 iĝis kunlaboranto de la Internacia Mezurafera Ofico en Sèvres, poste en 1915 ties direktoro. Li ekzamenis dum esploroj la hidrargan termometron kaj la litron kiel volumenan unuon. Li konstatis pri tiu lasta, ke ĝi egalas ne al 1.000.000 cm3 sed al 1.000.028 cm3. Li fokisis ekde 1890 je la alojoj kaj malkovris, ellaboris la invarton kaj elinvarton. La termodilatiĝa valoro de la invarto (volumena ŝanĝiĝo je ŝanĝiĝo de la temperaturo), la malgranda elasteca valoro de la elinvarto estis uzata en diversaj sciencaj mezuriloj. (eo)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (* 15. Februar 1861 in Fleurier, NE; † 13. Juni 1938 in Sèvres) war ein französisch-schweizerischer Physiker und Nobelpreisträger. (de)
Charles Édouard Guillaume suitzar fisikaria izan zen. 1920ko Fisikako Nobel Saria jaso zuen nikel eta altzairu aleazioetan izandako anomalien aurkikuntzagatik. ETH Zürich-en doktoratu zen. Pisuen eta Neurrien Nazioarteko Bulegoa zuzendu zuen eta esperimentuak egin zituen neurri termostatikoekin. Nikel eta altzairuzko aleazioak aurkitu zituen, "invar" eta "" deituak. Izarren erradiazioa aztertzen ere aitzindaria izan zen eta itsas kronometroez interesatu zen. (eu)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, cantón de Neuchâtel, Suiza, 15 de febrero de 1861-Sèvres, Francia, 13 de mayo de 1938) fue un físico suizo galardonado en 1920 con el Premio Nobel de Física. Descubrió la aleación de acero y níquel denominada invar, muy utilizada en instrumentos de precisión por su bajo coeficiente de dilatación térmica. (es)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 février 1861 à Fleurier, Suisse - 13 juin 1938 à Sèvres, France) est un physicien suisse. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1920 « en reconnaissance du service qu'il a rendu en métrologie en découvrant des anomalies dans les aciers de nickel ». Le plus célèbre des alliages qu'il invente est l'invar, au très faible coefficient de dilatation thermique, qui révolutionne la métrologie et la cryogénie, et qui contribue à l'invention de la télévision. (fr)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 Februari 1861 – 13 Juni 1938) adalah seorang fisikawan berkebangsaan Prancis. Dia meraih Penghargaan Nobel Fisika pada tahun 1920. Ia dikenal akan "" dan ""-nya. (in)
シャルル・エドゥアール・ギヨーム （Charles Edouard Guillaume、1861年2月15日 - 1938年6月13日）はフランス系スイス人の物理学者である。 (ja)
샤를 에두아르 기욤(독일어: Charles Édouard Guillaume, 1861년 ~ 1938년)은 스위스의 실험물리학자이다. 취리히 연방 공과대학을 졸업하였다. 1897년에는 열팽창 계수가 실내 온도에 가까워지면 거의 0인 인바(invar) 합금(36% 니켈 철합금)을 발견했다. 은 값싼 미터 표준기 외에 각종의 물리 정밀 측정 기기나 시계의 추 등에 널리 쓰여, 길이 측정의 정밀도를 두드러지게 향상시켰다. 그 중에서도 인바선(線)에 의한 기선 측정에 의해 종래의 측정법이 새롭게 바뀌었다. 또한 시간 측정의 정밀도를 높이기 위해서 합금의 탄성률을 연구하여, 1919년에 탄성률의 온도 계수가 실내 온도 가까이에서 거의 0인 엘린바(elinvar) 합금(36% 니켈, 12% 크롬, 철합금)을 발견했다. 이 합금은 시계의 태엽 등에 이용되어, 시간 측정의 정밀도는 비약적으로 향상되었다. 이러한 업적으로 1920년 노벨 물리학상을 받았고, 프랑스 정부로부터는 레종도뇌르 훈장을 받았다. (ko)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 febbraio 1861 – Sèvres, 13 giugno 1938) è stato un fisico svizzero, nato in Svizzera nel canton Neuchâtel, Premio Nobel per la fisica nel 1920. (it)
Charles-Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 februari 1861 – Sèvres, 13 juni 1938) was een Zwitserse natuurkundige. Hij werd bekend als de ontdekker van diverse bijzondere ijzer-nikkel legeringen, waaronder Invar, waarvoor hij in 1920 de Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde ontving. (nl)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (ur. 15 lutego 1861 w Fleurier, Szwajcaria, zm. 13 maja 1938 w Sèvres, Francja) – szwajcarski fizyk, laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki w roku 1920 za wkład jaki wniósł w precyzyjne pomiary w fizyce dzięki odkryciu anomalii w wysokoniklowych stalach stopowych, Wielki Oficer Legii Honorowej. Odkrył m.in. dwa stopy nazwane przez niego inwar i elinwar, które używane były przy budowaniu precyzyjnych instrumentów pomiarowych. Pracował w Observatoire de Paris w Paryżu. Jako pierwszy prawidłowo przewidział temperaturę przestrzeni kosmicznej. (pl)
Шарль Эдуа́р Гийо́м (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 февраля 1861, , Швейцария — 13 июня 1938, Севр, Франция) — швейцарско-французский физик. Лауреат Нобелевской премии 1920 года за открытие сплавов с аномальным поведением коэффициента теплового расширения: инвара и элинвара. (ru)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 de fevereiro de 1861 — Sèvres, 13 de maio de 1938) foi um físico suíço. Recebeu em 1920 o Nobel de Física, pela melhora na precisão de medições na física e pela descoberta de anomalias em ligas de aço-níquel. (pt)
Charles Édouard Guillaume, född i Fleurier 15 februari 1861, död i Sèvres 13 maj 1938, var en schweizisk-fransk fysiker som mottog Nobelpriset i fysik 1920 för sin forskning på nickellegeringar. Guillaume blev 1915 föreståndare för Bureau international des poids et mesures. Han har utfört flera undersökningar över precisionsmätning av temperatur och tid. För sina undersökningar över anomalierna vid legeringar mellan nickel och järn, särskilt upptäckten av det märkliga nickelstålet invar, vars värmeutvidgning är ytterst liten, erhöll Guillaume 1920 års nobelpris i fysik. Guillaume invaldes 1919 som utländsk ledamot av Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien med ledamotsnummer 671. (sv)
Шарль Едуар Гійом (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 лютого 1861, , Швейцарія — 13 червня 1938, Севр, Франція) — швейцарсько-французький фізик.Лауреат Нобелівської премії 1920 року за відкриття сплавів з аномальною поведінкою коефіцієнта теплового розширення: Інвару і елінвару. (uk)
夏尔·纪尧姆（法语：Charles Guillaume ，1861年2月15日－1938年6月13日），瑞士物理學家。1920年，於瑞士辦事處任職的他，因發現鎳鋼合金於精密物理中的重要性，而獲得了該年度的諾貝爾物理學獎殊榮。 (zh)
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Charles Édouard Guillaume fou un físic suís guardonat l'any 1920 amb el Premi Nobel de Física. (ca)
شارل ادوار غيوم (Charles Édouard Guillaume) (مواليد 15 فبراير، 1861 - 13 مايو، 1938) كان عالم فيزياء سويسري فرنسي. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1920 عن أعماله في مجال القياسات الفيزيائية الدقيقة واكتشاف سبيلكة النيكل-فولاذ التي تدعى invar و elinvar، حيث أن لمعدن إنفار معامل تمدد حراري قريب جداً من الصفر مما يعطي نتائج قياس دقيقة بغض النظر عن تغيرات درجة الحرارة. (ar)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (15. února 1861 – 13. května 1938 Sèvres) byl francouzsko-švýcarský fyzik, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziku (1920), kterou obdržel za objev anomálií v niklové oceli (invar), což přispělo k rozvoji přesných měření. Vynalezl slitiny invar a . Ve 22 letech nastoupil do BIPM. (cs)
Ο Σαρλ Εντουάρ Γκιγιόμ (Charles Édouard Guillaume, 15 Φεβρουαρίου 1861 - 13 Ιουνίου 1938) ήταν Ελβετός φυσικός στον οποίο απονεμήθηκε το βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσικής το 1920 για τη συμβολή του σε πειράματα ακριβείας, μέσω της ανακάλυψης ανωμαλιών στα κράματα νικελίου - ατσαλιού. Ο Γκιγιόμ είναι γνωστός για την ανακάλυψη των κραμάτων του νικελίου - σιδήρου και χάλυβα τα οποία ονόμασε Ινβάρ και . (el)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (* 15. Februar 1861 in Fleurier, NE; † 13. Juni 1938 in Sèvres) war ein französisch-schweizerischer Physiker und Nobelpreisträger. (de)
Charles Édouard Guillaume suitzar fisikaria izan zen. 1920ko Fisikako Nobel Saria jaso zuen nikel eta altzairu aleazioetan izandako anomalien aurkikuntzagatik. ETH Zürich-en doktoratu zen. Pisuen eta Neurrien Nazioarteko Bulegoa zuzendu zuen eta esperimentuak egin zituen neurri termostatikoekin. Nikel eta altzairuzko aleazioak aurkitu zituen, "invar" eta "" deituak. Izarren erradiazioa aztertzen ere aitzindaria izan zen eta itsas kronometroez interesatu zen. (eu)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, cantón de Neuchâtel, Suiza, 15 de febrero de 1861-Sèvres, Francia, 13 de mayo de 1938) fue un físico suizo galardonado en 1920 con el Premio Nobel de Física. Descubrió la aleación de acero y níquel denominada invar, muy utilizada en instrumentos de precisión por su bajo coeficiente de dilatación térmica. (es)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 février 1861 à Fleurier, Suisse - 13 juin 1938 à Sèvres, France) est un physicien suisse. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1920 « en reconnaissance du service qu'il a rendu en métrologie en découvrant des anomalies dans les aciers de nickel ». Le plus célèbre des alliages qu'il invente est l'invar, au très faible coefficient de dilatation thermique, qui révolutionne la métrologie et la cryogénie, et qui contribue à l'invention de la télévision. (fr)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 Februari 1861 – 13 Juni 1938) adalah seorang fisikawan berkebangsaan Prancis. Dia meraih Penghargaan Nobel Fisika pada tahun 1920. Ia dikenal akan "" dan ""-nya. (in)
シャルル・エドゥアール・ギヨーム （Charles Edouard Guillaume、1861年2月15日 - 1938年6月13日）はフランス系スイス人の物理学者である。 (ja)
샤를 에두아르 기욤(독일어: Charles Édouard Guillaume, 1861년 ~ 1938년)은 스위스의 실험물리학자이다. 취리히 연방 공과대학을 졸업하였다. 1897년에는 열팽창 계수가 실내 온도에 가까워지면 거의 0인 인바(invar) 합금(36% 니켈 철합금)을 발견했다. 은 값싼 미터 표준기 외에 각종의 물리 정밀 측정 기기나 시계의 추 등에 널리 쓰여, 길이 측정의 정밀도를 두드러지게 향상시켰다. 그 중에서도 인바선(線)에 의한 기선 측정에 의해 종래의 측정법이 새롭게 바뀌었다. 또한 시간 측정의 정밀도를 높이기 위해서 합금의 탄성률을 연구하여, 1919년에 탄성률의 온도 계수가 실내 온도 가까이에서 거의 0인 엘린바(elinvar) 합금(36% 니켈, 12% 크롬, 철합금)을 발견했다. 이 합금은 시계의 태엽 등에 이용되어, 시간 측정의 정밀도는 비약적으로 향상되었다. 이러한 업적으로 1920년 노벨 물리학상을 받았고, 프랑스 정부로부터는 레종도뇌르 훈장을 받았다. (ko)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 febbraio 1861 – Sèvres, 13 giugno 1938) è stato un fisico svizzero, nato in Svizzera nel canton Neuchâtel, Premio Nobel per la fisica nel 1920. (it)
Charles-Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 februari 1861 – Sèvres, 13 juni 1938) was een Zwitserse natuurkundige. Hij werd bekend als de ontdekker van diverse bijzondere ijzer-nikkel legeringen, waaronder Invar, waarvoor hij in 1920 de Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde ontving. (nl)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (ur. 15 lutego 1861 w Fleurier, Szwajcaria, zm. 13 maja 1938 w Sèvres, Francja) – szwajcarski fizyk, laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki w roku 1920 za wkład jaki wniósł w precyzyjne pomiary w fizyce dzięki odkryciu anomalii w wysokoniklowych stalach stopowych, Wielki Oficer Legii Honorowej. Odkrył m.in. dwa stopy nazwane przez niego inwar i elinwar, które używane były przy budowaniu precyzyjnych instrumentów pomiarowych. Pracował w Observatoire de Paris w Paryżu. Jako pierwszy prawidłowo przewidział temperaturę przestrzeni kosmicznej. (pl)
Шарль Эдуа́р Гийо́м (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 февраля 1861, , Швейцария — 13 июня 1938, Севр, Франция) — швейцарско-французский физик. Лауреат Нобелевской премии 1920 года за открытие сплавов с аномальным поведением коэффициента теплового расширения: инвара и элинвара. (ru)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 de fevereiro de 1861 — Sèvres, 13 de maio de 1938) foi um físico suíço. Recebeu em 1920 o Nobel de Física, pela melhora na precisão de medições na física e pela descoberta de anomalias em ligas de aço-níquel. (pt)
Шарль Едуар Гійом (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 лютого 1861, , Швейцарія — 13 червня 1938, Севр, Франція) — швейцарсько-французький фізик.Лауреат Нобелівської премії 1920 року за відкриття сплавів з аномальною поведінкою коефіцієнта теплового розширення: Інвару і елінвару. (uk)
夏尔·纪尧姆（法语：Charles Guillaume ，1861年2月15日－1938年6月13日），瑞士物理學家。1920年，於瑞士辦事處任職的他，因發現鎳鋼合金於精密物理中的重要性，而獲得了該年度的諾貝爾物理學獎殊榮。 (zh)
Charles Édouard GUILLAUME (15-an de februaro 1861, Fleurier, Svislando – 13-an de junio 1938, Sèvres, Francio) estis franca fizikisto, kiu ricevis la Nobel-premion pri fiziko en 1920 pro la malkovro de invaro (specifa fer-nikela alojo). Guillaume en 1883 iĝis kunlaboranto de la Internacia Mezurafera Ofico en Sèvres, poste en 1915 ties direktoro. Li ekzamenis dum esploroj la hidrargan termometron kaj la litron kiel volumenan unuon. Li konstatis pri tiu lasta, ke ĝi egalas ne al 1.000.000 cm3 sed al 1.000.028 cm3. (eo)
Charles Édouard Guillaume, född i Fleurier 15 februari 1861, död i Sèvres 13 maj 1938, var en schweizisk-fransk fysiker som mottog Nobelpriset i fysik 1920 för sin forskning på nickellegeringar. Guillaume blev 1915 föreståndare för Bureau international des poids et mesures. Han har utfört flera undersökningar över precisionsmätning av temperatur och tid. För sina undersökningar över anomalierna vid legeringar mellan nickel och järn, särskilt upptäckten av det märkliga nickelstålet invar, vars värmeutvidgning är ytterst liten, erhöll Guillaume 1920 års nobelpris i fysik. (sv)
Charles Édouard Guillaume fou un físic suís guardonat l'any 1920 amb el Premi Nobel de Física. (ca)
شارل ادوار غيوم (Charles Édouard Guillaume) (مواليد 15 فبراير، 1861 - 13 مايو، 1938) كان عالم فيزياء سويسري فرنسي. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1920 عن أعماله في مجال القياسات الفيزيائية الدقيقة واكتشاف سبيلكة النيكل-فولاذ التي تدعى invar و elinvar، حيث أن لمعدن إنفار معامل تمدد حراري قريب جداً من الصفر مما يعطي نتائج قياس دقيقة بغض النظر عن تغيرات درجة الحرارة. (ar)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (15. února 1861 – 13. května 1938 Sèvres) byl francouzsko-švýcarský fyzik, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziku (1920), kterou obdržel za objev anomálií v niklové oceli (invar), což přispělo k rozvoji přesných měření. Vynalezl slitiny invar a . Ve 22 letech nastoupil do BIPM. (cs)
Ο Σαρλ Εντουάρ Γκιγιόμ (Charles Édouard Guillaume, 15 Φεβρουαρίου 1861 - 13 Ιουνίου 1938) ήταν Ελβετός φυσικός στον οποίο απονεμήθηκε το βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσικής το 1920 για τη συμβολή του σε πειράματα ακριβείας, μέσω της ανακάλυψης ανωμαλιών στα κράματα νικελίου - ατσαλιού. Ο Γκιγιόμ είναι γνωστός για την ανακάλυψη των κραμάτων του νικελίου - σιδήρου και χάλυβα τα οποία ονόμασε Ινβάρ και . (el)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (* 15. Februar 1861 in Fleurier, NE; † 13. Juni 1938 in Sèvres) war ein französisch-schweizerischer Physiker und Nobelpreisträger. (de)
Charles Édouard Guillaume suitzar fisikaria izan zen. 1920ko Fisikako Nobel Saria jaso zuen nikel eta altzairu aleazioetan izandako anomalien aurkikuntzagatik. ETH Zürich-en doktoratu zen. Pisuen eta Neurrien Nazioarteko Bulegoa zuzendu zuen eta esperimentuak egin zituen neurri termostatikoekin. Nikel eta altzairuzko aleazioak aurkitu zituen, "invar" eta "" deituak. Izarren erradiazioa aztertzen ere aitzindaria izan zen eta itsas kronometroez interesatu zen. (eu)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, cantón de Neuchâtel, Suiza, 15 de febrero de 1861-Sèvres, Francia, 13 de mayo de 1938) fue un físico suizo galardonado en 1920 con el Premio Nobel de Física. Descubrió la aleación de acero y níquel denominada invar, muy utilizada en instrumentos de precisión por su bajo coeficiente de dilatación térmica. (es)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 février 1861 à Fleurier, Suisse - 13 juin 1938 à Sèvres, France) est un physicien suisse. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1920 « en reconnaissance du service qu'il a rendu en métrologie en découvrant des anomalies dans les aciers de nickel ». Le plus célèbre des alliages qu'il invente est l'invar, au très faible coefficient de dilatation thermique, qui révolutionne la métrologie et la cryogénie, et qui contribue à l'invention de la télévision. (fr)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 Februari 1861 – 13 Juni 1938) adalah seorang fisikawan berkebangsaan Prancis. Dia meraih Penghargaan Nobel Fisika pada tahun 1920. Ia dikenal akan "" dan ""-nya. (in)
シャルル・エドゥアール・ギヨーム （Charles Edouard Guillaume、1861年2月15日 - 1938年6月13日）はフランス系スイス人の物理学者である。 (ja)
샤를 에두아르 기욤(독일어: Charles Édouard Guillaume, 1861년 ~ 1938년)은 스위스의 실험물리학자이다. 취리히 연방 공과대학을 졸업하였다. 1897년에는 열팽창 계수가 실내 온도에 가까워지면 거의 0인 인바(invar) 합금(36% 니켈 철합금)을 발견했다. 은 값싼 미터 표준기 외에 각종의 물리 정밀 측정 기기나 시계의 추 등에 널리 쓰여, 길이 측정의 정밀도를 두드러지게 향상시켰다. 그 중에서도 인바선(線)에 의한 기선 측정에 의해 종래의 측정법이 새롭게 바뀌었다. 또한 시간 측정의 정밀도를 높이기 위해서 합금의 탄성률을 연구하여, 1919년에 탄성률의 온도 계수가 실내 온도 가까이에서 거의 0인 엘린바(elinvar) 합금(36% 니켈, 12% 크롬, 철합금)을 발견했다. 이 합금은 시계의 태엽 등에 이용되어, 시간 측정의 정밀도는 비약적으로 향상되었다. 이러한 업적으로 1920년 노벨 물리학상을 받았고, 프랑스 정부로부터는 레종도뇌르 훈장을 받았다. (ko)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 febbraio 1861 – Sèvres, 13 giugno 1938) è stato un fisico svizzero, nato in Svizzera nel canton Neuchâtel, Premio Nobel per la fisica nel 1920. (it)
Charles-Édouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 februari 1861 – Sèvres, 13 juni 1938) was een Zwitserse natuurkundige. Hij werd bekend als de ontdekker van diverse bijzondere ijzer-nikkel legeringen, waaronder Invar, waarvoor hij in 1920 de Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde ontving. (nl)
Charles Édouard Guillaume (ur. 15 lutego 1861 w Fleurier, Szwajcaria, zm. 13 maja 1938 w Sèvres, Francja) – szwajcarski fizyk, laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki w roku 1920 za wkład jaki wniósł w precyzyjne pomiary w fizyce dzięki odkryciu anomalii w wysokoniklowych stalach stopowych, Wielki Oficer Legii Honorowej. Odkrył m.in. dwa stopy nazwane przez niego inwar i elinwar, które używane były przy budowaniu precyzyjnych instrumentów pomiarowych. Pracował w Observatoire de Paris w Paryżu. Jako pierwszy prawidłowo przewidział temperaturę przestrzeni kosmicznej. (pl)
Шарль Эдуа́р Гийо́м (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 февраля 1861, , Швейцария — 13 июня 1938, Севр, Франция) — швейцарско-французский физик. Лауреат Нобелевской премии 1920 года за открытие сплавов с аномальным поведением коэффициента теплового расширения: инвара и элинвара. (ru)
Charles Edouard Guillaume (Fleurier, 15 de fevereiro de 1861 — Sèvres, 13 de maio de 1938) foi um físico suíço. Recebeu em 1920 o Nobel de Física, pela melhora na precisão de medições na física e pela descoberta de anomalias em ligas de aço-níquel. (pt)
Шарль Едуар Гійом (фр. Charles Édouard Guillaume; 15 лютого 1861, , Швейцарія — 13 червня 1938, Севр, Франція) — швейцарсько-французький фізик.Лауреат Нобелівської премії 1920 року за відкриття сплавів з аномальною поведінкою коефіцієнта теплового розширення: Інвару і елінвару. (uk)
夏尔·纪尧姆（法语：Charles Guillaume ，1861年2月15日－1938年6月13日），瑞士物理學家。1920年，於瑞士辦事處任職的他，因發現鎳鋼合金於精密物理中的重要性，而獲得了該年度的諾貝爾物理學獎殊榮。 (zh)
Charles Édouard GUILLAUME (15-an de februaro 1861, Fleurier, Svislando – 13-an de junio 1938, Sèvres, Francio) estis franca fizikisto, kiu ricevis la Nobel-premion pri fiziko en 1920 pro la malkovro de invaro (specifa fer-nikela alojo). Guillaume en 1883 iĝis kunlaboranto de la Internacia Mezurafera Ofico en Sèvres, poste en 1915 ties direktoro. Li ekzamenis dum esploroj la hidrargan termometron kaj la litron kiel volumenan unuon. Li konstatis pri tiu lasta, ke ĝi egalas ne al 1.000.000 cm3 sed al 1.000.028 cm3. (eo)
Charles Édouard Guillaume, född i Fleurier 15 februari 1861, död i Sèvres 13 maj 1938, var en schweizisk-fransk fysiker som mottog Nobelpriset i fysik 1920 för sin forskning på nickellegeringar. Guillaume blev 1915 föreståndare för Bureau international des poids et mesures. Han har utfört flera undersökningar över precisionsmätning av temperatur och tid. För sina undersökningar över anomalierna vid legeringar mellan nickel och järn, särskilt upptäckten av det märkliga nickelstålet invar, vars värmeutvidgning är ytterst liten, erhöll Guillaume 1920 års nobelpris i fysik. (sv)
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https://horopedia.org/charles-edouard-guillaume-en/
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en
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CHARLES EDOUARD GUILLAUME
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Charles Edouard Guillaume, born in 1861 and died in 1938, was a Swiss physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920.
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en
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Horopedia
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https://horopedia.org/charles-edouard-guillaume-en/
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Charles Edouard Guillaume was a physicist born in 1861 in Fleurier, Switzerland and died in 1835 in Sèvres, France. In 1920 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics. He advanced the science in particular in the field of alloys with very low dilatation. One of these alloys, invar, is used for the most sophisticated balance with thermal compensation called “Guillaume balance” in honor of the physicist.
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https://observervoice.com/15-february-remembering-charles-edouard-guillaume-on-birth-anniversary-14285/
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en
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Charles Edouard Guillaume: The Nobel Laureate Who Revolutionized Precision Measurement
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2024-02-15T01:30:45+00:00
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Charles Edouard Guillaume was a Swiss physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. He won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics
|
en
|
Observer Voice
|
https://observervoice.com/15-february-remembering-charles-edouard-guillaume-on-birth-anniversary-14285/
|
Charles Edouard Guillaume (15 February 1861 – 13 May 1938) was a Swiss physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. He won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics. He continued to make important contributions to the field of physics throughout his career and was widely recognized as one of the leading scientists of his time.
Life and Career
He was born on 15 February 1861, in Fleurier, Switzerland. He got his Ph.D. in 1882 for his thesis on electrolytic capacitors. Guillaume joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Sevres, in 1883 and became director in 1915. He did a lot of research on the mercury thermometer and discovered that the liter contained 1,000.028 cubic centimeters, not 1,000.000 cubic centimeters as had been assumed.
In 1890, he started studying alloys after he observed that nickel-iron alloys expanded. His research led to the discovery of a nickel-iron alloy called ‘Invar’ in 1896. The discovery of ‘Invar’ led to the successful duplication of the meter bar.
A few years later, in the late 1890s, he worked in collaboration with Chenevard and the Imphy steel laboratory to develop a variation of Invar; a nickel-steel alloy called ‘Elinvar’; it had a low thermoelastic coefficient even after being heated up. Elinvar contains 59% iron, 36% nickel, and 5% chromium.
He wrote several books throughout his life, including: “Studies on Thermometry” (1986), “Treatise on Thermometry,” “Units and Standards” (1894), “X–Rays” (1896), “Investigations on Nickel and its Alloys” (1898), “The Life of Matter” (1999), “Metrical Convention and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures” (1902), “Applications of Nickel-Steels” (1904), “States of Matter” (1907, 1913), “Recent Progress in Metric System” (1907, 1913) and so on. Charles Edouard Guillaume died on 13 May 1938, in Sevres, France.
Major Work
One of Guillaume’s most notable achievements was the discovery of the phenomenon known as “anomalous dispersion,” which refers to the variation of the refractive index of a material with the wavelength of light. This discovery had significant implications for the development of high-precision spectroscopy and the study of materials science.
Award and Legacy
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/nobel-prize-physics-and-chemistry.html
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en
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Nobel prize physics and chemistry hi
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Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 25/07/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
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FactBench
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https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Guillaume-167
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en
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Charles-Édouard Guillaume (1861-1938)
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1861-02-15T00:00:00
|
Is this your ancestor? Explore genealogy for Charles-Édouard Guillaume born 1861 Fleurier, Neuchâtel, Switzerland died 1938 Sèvres, Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France including parents + 1 photos + more in the free family tree community.
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https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Guillaume-167
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[sibling(s) unknown]
[children unknown]
Profile last modified 13 Jan 2024 | Created 11 Nov 2019
This page has been accessed 574 times.
Biography
Charles-Édouard Guillaume is Notable.
Guillaume was a swiss physicist who won a Nobel prize for his discovery of important metal alloys, particularly Invar[1][2]. He was the son of watch and clock maker Édouard Guillaume, and his alloys had applications in that area and elsewhere.
He married A. M. Taufflieb in 1888, and they had 3 children.[1] In a photo of members of the Guillaume and Curie families, the lone child is Maurice Guillaume.[3]
He was the recipient of numerous awards and honorary degrees, and a member if important academies. This in spite of a protracted (and ultimately doomed) battle against Einstein and his theory of relativity.[4]
Research Note
Both wikipedia and the Nobel prize site show his name with and without a hyphen on the same page. This profile is badly in need of primary sources, but I wanted to get it started.
His death was in May according to Wikipedia[2] and his Nobel prize biography[1]. Britannica.com[5], NNDB[6], and WikiData[7] have June. The most contemporary mention I have found is in a French scientific journal: "M.le Président annonce à l'Académie le décès de M. Ch.-Ed. Guillaume, Correspondant pour la Section de Physique, survenu le i3 juin".[8] This was reported at a meeting held 20 Jun 1938. Based on this I will use June.
Sources
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Charles Edouard Guillaume – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2019. Mon. 11 Nov 2019. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/guillaume/biographical/>
↑ 2.0 2.1 Wikipedia contributors, "Charles Édouard Guillaume," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume&oldid=918876894 (accessed November 11, 2019).
↑ Amazing Science: The Curie Family
↑ Guillaume, Guillaume, and Einstein at mathpages.com
↑ Charles Edouard Guillaume, The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Feb 11, 2020
↑ NNDB biography
↑ Wikidat
↑ Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, volume 206, January-June 1938 p. 1769 (further biographical material pp. 1841-1844) Accessed 15 May 2020 at archive.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics/1929-1920/
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All Nobel Prizes in Physics
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All Nobel Prizes in Physics
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics
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The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 117 times to 225 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2023. John Bardeen is the only laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, in 1956 and 1972. This means that a total of 224 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Physics. Click on the links to get more information.
Find all prizes in | physics | chemistry | physiology or medicine | literature | peace | economic sciences | all categories
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 will be announced on Tuesday 8 October, 11:45 CEST at the earliest.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929
“for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928
“for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927
“for his discovery of the effect named after him”
“for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926
“for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925
“for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924
“for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923
“for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922
“for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921
“for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920
“in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys”
To cite this section
MLA style: All Nobel Prizes in Physics. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Mon. 22 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics>
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2
| 85 |
https://cityspecialmetals.com/invar-legend-in-metals/
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en
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City Special Metals
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2019-07-08T15:51:47+00:00
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The low expansion alloy known as Invar has been around for some time. In fact, 1996 marked the centennial of its discovery.
|
en
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https://cityspecialmetals.com/wp-content/themes/csm-2021/assets/img/icons/favicon.ico
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City Special Metals
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https://cityspecialmetals.com/invar-legend-in-metals/
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The History & Uses of Invar
The low expansion alloy known as Invar has been around for some time. In fact, 1996 marked the centennial of its discovery.
This alloy has been so important to scientific advancement that it earned the Nobel Prize in 1920 for its inventor, Charles-Edouard Guillaume, the first and only scientist in history to be so honoured for a metallurgical achievement.
Invar has developed into a family of low expansion, nickel-iron alloys including Free-Cut Invar “36” alloy, a variation of the original material with improved machinability. Both grades contain 36% nickel, key to achieving a low coefficient of expansion, and both continue as the most commonly used alloys in the group.
On Paper the downsides for Free-Cut Invar “36” alloy is negligible. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is slightly higher than that of the basic alloy, which is not enough to make a difference in part performance. Minimal loss in both transverse toughness and corrosion resistance. It may be necessary to clean and passivate the free-cut alloy to remove selenides from the surface. However, a good case can be made for the free-cut alloy because it machines without a hassle and often boosts production.
However due to the improvements in the quality of Invar production, advancements made in machining technology and capabilities Free Machining Invar is becoming less readily available in the common market place. Whilst Free Machining invar can still offer a slight production improvement, this is highly offset by the rising cost and availability of this grade.
These two alloys, along with the other Invar grades, have been used in a wide variety of both common-place and high technology applications. Commercial uses have proliferated over the years in fields as diverse as semiconductors, television, information technology, aerospace, and cryogenic transport. Invar has been used in a host of applications. Early uses include light bulbs and electronic vacuum tubes for radios; bimetals in ther-mostats for temperature control; lead-in seals of fluorescent lights; measuring devices for testing gages and machine parts; military and electronics applications where expansion control is critical; bimetals for circuit breakers, motor controls, TV temperature compensating springs, appliances and heaters, aerospace and automotive controls, heating and air conditioning, as well as many others.
With ever-increasing vigor, this 102 year old alloy continues to expand in usage, with newer applications like more sophisticated thermostatic controls, containers used to transport cryogenic liquid natural gas in tankers, shadow masks in high-definition television tubes, structural components in precision laser and optical measuring systems, wave guide tubes, microscopes, supports for giant mirrors in telescopes and scientific instruments requiring mounted lenses, composite molds used in building new generation aircraft, and in a range of scientific applications such as orbiting satellites, lasers, and ring-laser gyroscopes.
The information provided above is freely available in the public domain, and while we endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind.
In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever.
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| 26 |
https://neuchateleconomie.ch/en/neuchatel-nobel-prize-winner-watchmaking/
|
en
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The unassuming Neuchâtel Nobel Prize winner who revolutionised watchmaking
|
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2019-09-19T08:46:48+00:00
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Charles-Edouard Guillaume received the ultimate recognition for all his discoveries in 1920, the famous Nobel Prize in Physics.
|
en
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Service de l'Économie du canton de Neuchâtel
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https://neuchateleconomie.ch/en/neuchatel-nobel-prize-winner-watchmaking/
|
If you walk through the streets of Chaux-de-Fonds, there is every chance you will encounter the name of Charles-Edouard Guillaume. It may mean nothing to you, yet in the 19th century this lesser-known Neuchâtel researcher played a crucial role in the development of precision watchmaking. As the inventor of two families of alloy still used today, this Fleurier native received the ultimate recognition for all his discoveries in 1920, winning the famous Nobel Prize in Physics.
An unexpected but flawless career path
In the heart of the Neuchâtel valley region, Charles-Edouard Guillaume (CEG) spent his childhood in his watchmaker father’s workshop. Predestined for the family watchmaking business, the young man turned instead to physics upon leaving high school. After a doctorate at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, he then developed a passion for metrology, the science of measurement.
Directly employed at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, near Paris, it was his work on thermometry, how temperature is measured, and his attention to detail which would establish his reputation.
While, back then, units of time, sizes and temperatures varied from country to country or from region to region, CEG proposed simple comparators, available to everyone, such as water.
notes François Goetz, Professor at the HE-Arc School of Engineering in Neuchâtel
Faced with real shortcomings in the field of measurement units, Charles-Edouard Guillaume and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures provided solutions, including the introduction of master standards. This world-renowned organisation, where CEG worked for over fifty years, subsequently appointed him as its director from 1915 to 1936.
This desire to produce highly precise measurements led CEG to carry out the research on alloys which would make him famous,
explains François Goetz.
Revolutionary discoveries
Indeed, it was essentially to resolve problems of metrology that Charles-Edouard Guillaume would undertake his tireless quest for materials resistant to temperature change. Before his discoveries, if you took a metal bar in Switzerland, for example, and you observed that it measured one metre, the same object in Africa would expand due to the heat, changing its size.
In order to measure these units uniformly, CEG therefore tested more than 600 alloys and finally, in 1896, developed the Invar (short for invariable). An alloy of iron and nickel, this material was finally able to resist any expansion, or at least proved to be ten times less expandable than the metals of the era. Obsessed by perfect measurement, CEG then created a second nickel-chrome alloy endowed with invariable elasticity, known as Elinvar (short for elastically invariable).
These findings ultimately brought him closer to the world of horology. The rhythm of pendulum clocks, which depends on the length of the pendulum, notably benefited from these advances. Since these metal rods were sensitive to heat, they would become longer on very hot days and therefore run more slowly than usual. The advent of Invar was a revolution for the clockmaking sector, which could now offer rods no longer requiring frequent adjustment.
And wristwatches were also able to benefit from Elinvar. Since the rhythm of these timepieces was provided by a coil balance (a sort of wheel connected to the dial by a steel coil moving back and forth), when variations in temperature occurred, the coil would weaken. Thanks to the use of Elinvar, the elasticity of the coil no longer changed and the watch’s time-keeping mechanism could retain its constant rhythm. The invention of Elinvar thus enabled timepieces to become 10 to 50 times more precise. Today, most mechanical watches are still equipped with alloy coils similar to those used by CEG.
Alloys still present in our daily lives
In addition to watches, Charles-Edouard Guillaume’s work can be found in a wide range of applications. Formerly useful for lighting, non-expanding metal found its function in incandescent lamps, counteracting temperature rises caused by the electric current, as well as in cathode-ray tubes inside old-generation television sets.
Invar was also notably used to resolve an engineering problem in the Eiffel Tower, wire was suspended from the ground to the second floor of the monument to analyse its deformation due to temperature and see how it behaved in the wind.
explains François Goetz. In the field of geodesy, Invar in turn proved invaluable for determining the shape of the Earth with even greater precision.
Today, one of the major applications of CEG’s research, apart from mechanical watches, is in methane tankers. These ships carry liquid methane at minus 162 degrees, a bit like a giant thermos flask, and must therefore resist any form of expansion. Ultimately, all these concrete examples reflect the genius shown by the unassuming scientist known as Charles-Edouard Guillaume.
His work achieved a level of perfection almost unrivalled today,
observes François Goetz. Despite his anonymity, CEG’s work continues to be honoured by the Foundation of the same name, a name you may encounter along the narrow streets of Chaux-de-Fonds.
Key dates :
1861 : Birth of CEG in the canton of Neuchâtel
1878 : Enters the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich
1883 : Joins the International Bureau of Weights and Measures
1895 : Development of Invar
1919 : Development of Elinvar
1920 : CEG wins the Nobel Prize in Physics
1938 : Death of CEG in Sèvres, France
Article written by Julie Müller
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FactBench
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| 24 |
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Guillaume-167
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en
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Charles-Édouard Guillaume (1861-1938)
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1861-02-15T00:00:00
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Is this your ancestor? Explore genealogy for Charles-Édouard Guillaume born 1861 Fleurier, Neuchâtel, Switzerland died 1938 Sèvres, Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France including parents + 1 photos + more in the free family tree community.
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https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Guillaume-167
|
[sibling(s) unknown]
[children unknown]
Profile last modified 13 Jan 2024 | Created 11 Nov 2019
This page has been accessed 572 times.
Biography
Charles-Édouard Guillaume is Notable.
Guillaume was a swiss physicist who won a Nobel prize for his discovery of important metal alloys, particularly Invar[1][2]. He was the son of watch and clock maker Édouard Guillaume, and his alloys had applications in that area and elsewhere.
He married A. M. Taufflieb in 1888, and they had 3 children.[1] In a photo of members of the Guillaume and Curie families, the lone child is Maurice Guillaume.[3]
He was the recipient of numerous awards and honorary degrees, and a member if important academies. This in spite of a protracted (and ultimately doomed) battle against Einstein and his theory of relativity.[4]
Research Note
Both wikipedia and the Nobel prize site show his name with and without a hyphen on the same page. This profile is badly in need of primary sources, but I wanted to get it started.
His death was in May according to Wikipedia[2] and his Nobel prize biography[1]. Britannica.com[5], NNDB[6], and WikiData[7] have June. The most contemporary mention I have found is in a French scientific journal: "M.le Président annonce à l'Académie le décès de M. Ch.-Ed. Guillaume, Correspondant pour la Section de Physique, survenu le i3 juin".[8] This was reported at a meeting held 20 Jun 1938. Based on this I will use June.
Sources
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Charles Edouard Guillaume – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2019. Mon. 11 Nov 2019. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/guillaume/biographical/>
↑ 2.0 2.1 Wikipedia contributors, "Charles Édouard Guillaume," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume&oldid=918876894 (accessed November 11, 2019).
↑ Amazing Science: The Curie Family
↑ Guillaume, Guillaume, and Einstein at mathpages.com
↑ Charles Edouard Guillaume, The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Feb 11, 2020
↑ NNDB biography
↑ Wikidat
↑ Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, volume 206, January-June 1938 p. 1769 (further biographical material pp. 1841-1844) Accessed 15 May 2020 at archive.org
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correct_award_00023
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FactBench
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3
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https://www.livescience.com/16362-nobel-prize-physics-list.html
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en
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Nobel Prize in Physics: 1901-Present
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"Live Science Staff"
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2022-10-04T14:39:22+00:00
|
The history of the winners of the Nobel Prize in physics, including Steven Chu, Aage Niels Bohr and Enrico Fermi.
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en
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livescience.com
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https://www.livescience.com/16362-nobel-prize-physics-list.html
|
According to Alfred Nobel's will, the Nobel Prize in Physics was to go to "the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics." The prize has been awarded every year except for 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941 and 1942.
Here is the full list of winners:
2023: Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L’Huillier won the 2023 prize for devising a way to generate pulses of light measured in attoseconds — one quintillionth of a second. An attosecond is to a second what a second is to the age of the universe, a miniscule slice of time so short that it can be used to peer at the movements of electrons and molecules.
2022: American physicist John Clauser, French physicist Alain Aspect and Austrian physicist Anton Zeilinger each shared the 2022 prize "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science,” according to the Nobel Prize organization. Their work demonstrated that what Einstein so famously dubbed "spooky action at a distance" is real and laid the groundwork for early quantum computers.
2021: The 2021 Nobel prize went to three scientists whose work alerted the world to the dangers of climate change. The prize was awarded for "for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems." Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann shared one-half of the prize "for the physical modeling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming" while Giorgio Parisi won the other half "for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales."
2020: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 was divided amongst a trio of black hole researchers. One half of the award went to Roger Penrose, "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity", while Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez jointly shared the other half "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"
2019: Canadian-American James Peebles of Princeton University received one-half of the Nobel "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology," the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said. The other half of the prize was awarded jointly to Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz, "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star," the Academy said. Mayor is a professor at the University of Geneva in Switzerland, and Queloz is at both the University of Geneva and the University of Cambridge in the U.K.
Together, the trio won the Nobel "for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth’s place in the cosmos," the Academy said.
2018: Arthur Ashkin was awarded one half of the prize, and the other half was awarded jointly to Donna Strickland and Gérard Mourou, "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics." This was the first time in 55 years that a woman was part of the Nobel Prize in physics. [Read more about the 2018 prize and Nobel Laureates]
2017: Half of the 9 million Swedish krona ($1.1 million) award went to Rainer Weiss of MIT. The other half was shared jointly to Barry Barish and Kip Thorne of Caltech. The prize honored the trio's "decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves," according to Nobelprize.org. The three scientists were integral in the first detection of the ripples in space-time called gravitational waves. The waves in this case came from the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion years ago.
2016: One half was awarded to David J. Thouless, of the University of Washington, Seattle, and the other half to F. Duncan M. Haldane, Princeton University, and J. Michael Kosterlitz, Brown University, Providence. Their theoretical discoveries opened the door to a weird world where matter can take on strange states. According to the Nobel Foundation: "Thanks to their pioneering work, the hunt is now on for new and exotic phases of matter. Many people are hopeful of future applications in both materials science and electronics."
2015: Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald for showing the metamorphosis of neutrinos, which revealed that the subatomic particles have mass and opened up a new realm in particle physics.
2014: Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura for their invention of an energy-efficient light source: blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
2013: Peter Higgs of the United Kingdom and François Englert of Belgium, two of the scientists who predicted the existence of the Higgs boson nearly 50 years ago. [Related: Higgs Boson Physicists Snag Nobel Prize]
2012: French physicist Serge Haroche and American physicist David Wineland, for their pioneering research in quantum optics.
2011: One half awarded to Saul Perlmutter, the other half jointly to Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess, "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae."
2010: Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene."
2009: Charles K. Kao, "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication," and Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith, "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor."
2008: Yoichiro Nambu, "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics," and Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa, "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."
2007: Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg, "for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance"
2006: John C. Mather and George F. Smoot, "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation."
2005: Roy J. Glauber, "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence," and John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch, "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique."
2004: David J. Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek, "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction."
2003: Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett, "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids."
2002: Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba, "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos," and Riccardo Giacconi, "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources."
2001: Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman, "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates."
2000: Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer, "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics," and Jack S. Kilby "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit."
1999: Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman, "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics."
1998: Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui, "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations."
1997: Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips, "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."
1996: David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson, "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3."
1995: Martin L. Perl, "for the discovery of the tau lepton," and Frederick Reines, "for the detection of the neutrino."
1994: Bertram N. Brockhouse, "for the development of neutron spectroscopy," and Clifford G. Shull, "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique."
1993: Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr., "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation."
1992: Georges Charpak, "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber."
1991: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers."
1990: Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor, "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."
1989: Norman F. Ramsey, "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks," and Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul, "for the development of the ion trap technique."
1988: Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino."
1987: J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller, "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials."
1986: Ernst Ruska, "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope," and Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope."
1985: Klaus von Klitzing, "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect".
1984: Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer, "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction."
1983: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars," and William Alfred Fowler, "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe."
1982: Kenneth G. Wilson, "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions."
1981: Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow, "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy," and Kai M. Siegbahn, "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy."
1980: James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch, "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons."
1979: Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg, "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current."
1978: Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics," and Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation."
1977: Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott and John Hasbrouck van Vleck, "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems."
1976: Burton Richter and Samuel Chao Chung Ting, "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind."
1975: Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson and Leo James Rainwater, "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection."
1974: Sir Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish, "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars."
1973: Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever, for "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively," and Brian David Josephson, "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects."
1972: John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer, "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory."
1971: Dennis Gabor, "for his invention and development of the holographic method."
1970: Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, "for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro- dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics," and Louis Eugène Félix Néel, "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics."
1969: Murray Gell-Mann, "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions."
1968: Luis Walter Alvarez, "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis."
1967: Hans Albrecht Bethe, "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars."
1966: Alfred Kastler, "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms."
1965: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman, "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles."
1964: Charles Hard Townes, "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle," and Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle."
1963: Eugene Paul Wigner, "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles," and Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen, "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure."
1962: Lev Davidovich Landau, "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium."
1961: Robert Hofstadter, "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons," and Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer, "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name."
1960: Donald Arthur Glaser, "for the invention of the bubble chamber."
1959: Emilio Gino Segrè and Owen Chamberlain, "for their discovery of the antiproton."
1958: Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank and Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm, "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect."
1957: Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee, "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles."
1956: William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect."
1955: Willis Eugene Lamb, "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum," and Polykarp Kusch, "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron."
1954: Max Born, "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction," and Walther Bothe, "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith."
1953: Frits (Frederik) Zernike, "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope."
1952: Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell, "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith."
1951: Sir John Douglas Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton, "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles."
1950: Cecil Frank Powell, "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method."
1949: Hideki Yukawa, "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces."
1948: Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation."
1947: Sir Edward Victor Appleton, "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer."
1946: Percy Williams Bridgman, "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics."
1945: Wolfgang Pauli, "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle."
1944: Isidor Isaac Rabi, "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei."
1943: Otto Stern, "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton."
1940-1942: No Prizes awarded.
1939: Ernest Orlando Lawrence, "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements."
1938: Enrico Fermi, "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons."
1937: Clinton Joseph Davisson and George Paget Thomson, "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals."
1936: Victor Franz Hess, "for his discovery of cosmic radiation," and Carl David Anderson, "for his discovery of the positron."
1935: James Chadwick, "for the discovery of the neutron."
1934: No Prize awarded
1933: Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory."
1932: Werner Karl Heisenberg, "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen."
1931: No Prize awarded
1930: Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"
1929: Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie, "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons."
1928: Owen Willans Richardson, "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him."
1927: Arthur Holly Compton, "for his discovery of the effect named after him," and Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapor."
1926: Jean Baptiste Perrin, "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium."
1925: James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz, "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom."
1924: Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn, "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy."
1923: Robert Andrews Millikan, "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect."
1922: Niels Henrik David Bohr, "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them."
1921: Albert Einstein, "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."
1920: Charles Edouard Guillaume, "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys."
1919: Johannes Stark, "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields."
1918: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta."
1917: Charles Glover Barkla, "for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements."
1916: No Prize awarded.
1915: Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg, "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays."
1914: Max von Laue, "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals."
1913: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium."
1912: Nils Gustaf Dalén, "for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys."
1911: Wilhelm Wien, "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat."
1910: Johannes Diderik van der Waals, "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids."
1909: Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun, "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy."
1908: Gabriel Lippmann, "for his method of reproducing colors photographically based on the phenomenon of interference."
1907: Albert Abraham Michelson, "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid."
1906: Joseph John Thomson, "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases."
1905: Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard, "for his work on cathode rays."
1904: Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt), "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies."
1903: Antoine Henri Becquerel, " "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity," and Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, née Sklodowska, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."
1902: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman, "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena."
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correct_award_00023
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FactBench
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0
| 32 |
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/charles-edouard-guillaume-facts--819584832207857560/
|
en
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[] |
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2023-02-12T09:21:15+00:00
|
Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize
|
en
|
Pinterest
|
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/charles-edouard-guillaume-facts--819584832207857560/
| |||||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
1
| 91 |
https://swiss-watch-passport.ch/en/jsh-archives-nobel-prize-winner-guillaume-1st-ssc-honorary-member/
|
en
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JSH Archives: Nobel Prize winner Guillaume, 1st SSC honorary member
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[] |
[] |
[
""
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[
"✍ Joel A. Grandjean",
"www.facebook.com",
"joel.grandjean"
] |
2024-01-13T16:32:10+00:00
|
en
|
Watch Passports by JSH®
|
https://swiss-watch-passport.ch/en/jsh-archives-nobel-prize-winner-guillaume-1st-ssc-honorary-member/
| |||||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
0
| 65 |
https://www.spanishdict.com/examples/galardonar%25C3%25ADa%3Flang%3Des
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en
|
Examples of GalardonarGalardonar%C3%ADa?lang=es3%ADa?lang=es
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Making educational experiences better for everyone.
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FactBench
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize
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en
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Nobel Prize | Definition, History, Winners, & Facts
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Nobel Prize, any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed by Alfred Nobel.
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize
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Nobel Prize
award
Recent News
July 22, 2024, 6:21 AM ET (ABC News (U.S.))
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Nobel Prize, any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards given for intellectual achievement in the world. To browse Nobel Prize winners alphabetically, chronologically, and by prize, see below.
In the will he drafted in 1895, Nobel instructed that most of his fortune be set aside as a fund for the awarding of five annual prizes “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” These prizes as established by his will are the Nobel Prize for Physics, the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the Nobel Prize for Peace. The first distribution of the prizes took place on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel’s death. An additional award, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969. Although not technically a Nobel Prize, it is identified with the award; its winners are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.
After Nobel’s death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.
The selection process
The prestige of the Nobel Prize stems in part from the considerable research that goes into the selection of the prizewinners. Although the winners are announced in October and November, the selection process begins in the early autumn of the preceding year, when the prize-awarding institutions invite more than 6,000 individuals to propose, or nominate, candidates for the prizes. Some 1,000 people submit nominations for each prize, and the number of nominees usually ranges from 100 to about 250. Among those nominating are Nobel laureates, members of the prize-awarding institutions themselves; scholars active in the fields of physics, chemistry, economics, and physiology or medicine; and officials and members of diverse universities and learned academies. The respondents must supply a written proposal that details their candidates’ worthiness. Self-nomination automatically disqualifies the nominee. Prize proposals must be submitted to the Nobel Committees on or before January 31 of the award year.
Britannica Quiz
History Buff Quiz
On February 1 the six Nobel Committees—one for each prize category—start their work on the nominations received. Outside experts are frequently consulted during the process in order to help the committees determine the originality and significance of each nominee’s contribution. During September and early October the Nobel Committees have accomplished their work and submit their recommendations to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the other prize-awarding institutions. A committee’s recommendation is usually but not invariably followed. The deliberations and the voting within these institutions are secret at all stages. The final decision by the awarders must be made by November 15. Prizes may be given only to individuals, except the Peace Prize, which may also be conferred upon an institution. An individual may not be nominated posthumously, but a winner who dies before receiving the prize may be awarded it posthumously, as with Dag Hammarskjöld (for peace; 1961), Erik Axel Karlfeldt (for literature; 1931), and Ralph M. Steinman (for physiology or medicine; 2011). (Steinman was named a winner several days after his death, which was unbeknownst to the Nobel Assembly. It was decided that he would remain a Nobel laureate, since the purpose of the posthumous rule was to prevent prizes being deliberately awarded to deceased individuals.) The awards may not be appealed. Official support, whether diplomatic or political, for a certain candidate has no bearing on the award process because the prize awarders, as such, are independent of the state.
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Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/summary/
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 was awarded to Charles Edouard Guillaume "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/summary/
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 was awarded to Charles Edouard Guillaume "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
To cite this section
MLA style: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Mon. 22 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/summary/>
Back to top Back To Top Takes users back to the top of the page
Nobel Prizes and laureates
Eleven laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2023, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from effective mRNA vaccines and attosecond physics to fighting against the oppression of women.
See them all presented here.
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/charles-edouard-guillaume
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en
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Charles Edouard Guillaume
|
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Charles Edouard Guillaume1861-1938 Swiss physicist who developed a nickel-steel alloy (Invar), whose properties make it ideal for precision instruments and standard measures. Guillaume served as the director of the Bureau of International Weights and Measures, where he contributed toward the standardization of accurate scientific and commercial measurements. He was awarded the 1920 Nobel Prize in physics. Source for information on Charles Edouard Guillaume: Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery dictionary.
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|
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/charles-edouard-guillaume
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Citation styles
Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).
Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.
Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites:
Notes:
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https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/charles-douard-guillaume-7048.php
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Charles Édouard Guillaume Biography
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A behind-the-scene look at the life of Charles Édouard Guillaume.
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https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/charles-douard-guillaume-7048.php
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See the events in life of Charles Édouard Guillaume in Chronological Order
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https://www.fhs.swiss/eng/guillaume_charles_edouard.html
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Watchmakers' and Inventors' Hall of Fame
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Physicists, astronomers, architects, geometricians, mathematicians, chronometer-makers, watchmakers: these are just some of the interested people who, through the years, have displayed a passion for the measurement of time. Their research led to major discoveries and inventions that are still relevant today. Whether physical or geometrical theories, natural laws or mechanical applications, their fundamental contributions have all made it possible to measure time with greater accuracy, to create timepieces to ever higher specifications while allowing aesthetic qualities to become more refined, and even to design increasingly efficient and modern production methods.
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/charles-edouard-guillaume
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Charles Edouard Guillaume
|
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Charles Edouard Guillaume1861-1938 Swiss physicist who developed a nickel-steel alloy (Invar), whose properties make it ideal for precision instruments and standard measures. Guillaume served as the director of the Bureau of International Weights and Measures, where he contributed toward the standardization of accurate scientific and commercial measurements. He was awarded the 1920 Nobel Prize in physics. Source for information on Charles Edouard Guillaume: Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery dictionary.
|
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/sites/default/files/favicon.ico
|
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/charles-edouard-guillaume
|
Citation styles
Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).
Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.
Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites:
Notes:
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https://cdac.carnegiescience.edu/article/pressure-induces-invar-behavior-unexpected-compositions
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Pressure Induces Invar Behavior in Unexpected Compositions
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Over 100 years ago Charles Edouard Guillaume, working at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France, discovered that certain alloys did not expand when heated, a behavior that came to be known as the Invar effect. Guillaume's discovery found immediate and lasting technological applications, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920. Guillaume's original work was carried out on an Ni-Fe alloy, but thermal Invar behavior has been found in a number of other alloy systems, all of which require precise control of composition.
Researchers from the California Institute of Technology, the National Synchrotron Light Source, the Geophysical Laboratory, and the Advanced Photon Source have discovered Invar behavior at high pressures in Pd-25 at.% Fe, a composition far from the Invar composition of Pd-75 at.% Fe. The group, led by CDAC graduate student Mike Winterrose, used density functional theory calculations, energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction, and synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy to investigate the mechanical and magnetic properties of Pd-25 at.% Fe through the Invar transition in the resistively heated diamond anvil cell. The synchrotron Mössbauer measurements revealed a collapse of the 57Fe magnetic moment between 8.9 and 12.3 GPa at 300 K, coinciding with a transition in bulk modulus found by x-ray diffraction measurements. Heating the sample under a pressure of 7 GPa showed negligible thermal expansion from 300 to 523 K (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Invar behavior can be induced by pressure in an alloy composition very different from those exhibiting Invar behavior at ambient pressure. The first-principles calculations show that pressure causes the electronic structure near the Fermi level in Pd-25 at.% Fe to become similar to that of classic thermal Invar alloys. By tuning the electronic structure, pressure should cause materials of many chemical compositions to exhibit Invar behavior. This work has been published in Physical Review Letters [M. L. Winterrose, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 102, 237202 (2009)].
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123026
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Charles Édouard Guillaume
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Swiss physicist (1861-1938)
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123026
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in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys (English)
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I73TBA,
Symposium ÒGravity – the next generationÓ, Yukawa Insitute, 7-11 juin 2021, Kyoto, Japon.
I72Guillaume and the Nobel Prize - application-oriented research vs the new relativity and quantum physics,
Symposium to celebrate the centenary of the award of the Nobel Prize to Charles-douard Guillaume, 17 octobre 2020, BIPM, Pavillon de Breteuil.
I71 Statut du modle cosmologique
Colloque de la SFP, 25 janvier 2020.
I70 Peut-on affirmer que lÕunivers a 13,8 milliards dÕannes?
Confrence TimeWorld 2019, Cit des Sciences, 21-23 novembre 2019.
I69 The role of the (Planck) constants in physics
XXVIe CGPM, Versailles, 16 novembre 2018.
I68 Astrophysical stochastic gravitational wave background
JGRG meeting, Tokyo, 5-9 novembre 2018.
I67QuÕest-ce quÕune constante ?
Colloque Ç Tous mesureurs, tous mesurs È, CNRS, Paris, 17-18 octobre 2018.
I66 Fundamental constants – the new SI and general relativity
Keynote speaker, inaugural talk, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements, Paris, 8-13 juillet 2018
I65Fundamental constants, gravitation and cosmology
Heraeus Workshop "Fundamental constants: Basic physics and unitsÓ, Bad-Honef, Allemagne, 14-18 mai 2018
I64 Fundamental constants, gravitation and cosmology
Solvay Colloquia, Bruxelles, 2018.
I63 Fundamental constants, gravitation and cosmology
BIPM, svres, 7 septembre 2017.
I62 Tuning of the nuclear processes in astrophysical and cosmological context
International conference on the physics of fine-tuning, Rithymna, Crete, 19-22 juin 2017
I61 Constraining non-universal couplings with MICROSCOPE
ONERA, Palaiseau, 12 juin 2017
I60 Gravitational and statistical physics to model the propagation of light in a (more) realistic universe
Recent developments in General Relativity, conference in memory of the late Joseph Katz, Jrusalem, 21-23 mai 2017.
I59 Gravitation: constants, a wall and some waves
Astroparticle physics looking forward – Olivefest, Minneapolis, 17-19 mai 2917
I58 Weak lensing B-modes as a test of isotropy
Workshop on general relativistic effects in galaxy surveys, 13-15 fvrier 2017, Nordhoek, Afrique du Sud
I57 Fundamental constants, gravitation and cosmology
Szecczin, September (2016)
I56 The view ahead after 100 years of General Relativity
GRG 21, New York City, 10-15 July (2016)
I55 Audiovisual hybrids rooted in science
2nd Symposium of the South-African Young Academy of Science on Science and Society in Africa ÒFact, Fiction and Media Re-imagining science engagement and its impactÓ, Cape Town 28-29 Sept. 2015.
I54 The big, the small, and conformal invariance
75th birthday of George Ellis, Cape Town, 24 November 2014.
I53 Dark energy - anything beyond General relativity and L?
Dark Side of the Universe, Cape Town, 17-21 November 2014.
I52 From configuration to dynamics -emergence of time in classical field theory
Dark energy meeting, Stockholm, 1-3 October 2014.
I51 Fundamental structures of effective field theories
Philosophy of cosmology, Tnrife, Spain, 12-16 September 2014.
I50 Fundamental constants, physics and cosmology
Athena Brussels workshop on astrophysics, Brussels, 27-28 janvier 2014.
I49 (1) Fundamental constants, physics and cosmology; (2) Variation of fundamental constants and the Equivalence principle.
`Multiverse and fine tuning' short courses, Department of physics,Universit dÕOxford, 2-5 December 2013.
I48 Gravitational lensing as a probe of the physics and geometry of the universe
Tokyo, Japon, 27 September-3 October 2013.
I47 Tests of the equivalence principle and the Copernican principle
Fifth challenges of new physics in space workshop, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 27 April-3 May 2013.
I46 Testing the Copernican principle with weak lensing
Workshop ÒGravity and Cosmology 2012Ó, Yukawa Institute, Kyoto, December 2012.
I45 Fundamental constants, gravitation and cosmology
Multiverse and fundamental cosmology, Szczecin, Poland, 10-14 September 2012.
I44 Models of the Cosmos: hypothesis, constraints and open possibilities
Krakow, Poland, 17-18 May 2012.
I43 10 questions for cosmology
Workshop ÒCosmology 2012 and beyondÓ, 26-19 March 2012.
I42 Introduction to cosmology
Invited lecture at Cosmology winter school, Passo del Tonale, Italie, 5-9 December 2011.
I41 Modification of general relativity and the dark sector
Invited talk, Firenze, October 2011.
I40 The dark sector and the equivalence principle
Invited talk, The dark universe, Heidelberg, 4-7 October 2011.
I39 Modifications of General relativity and the equivalence principle
Invited review Talk, COSMO-2011, Porto, 22-26 August 2011.
I38 Testing the equivalence principle: the link between constants, gravitation and cosmology
Invited Talk, Astrophysics, Clocks and fundamental constants, Bad-Honnef 18-21 July 2011.
I37 Fundamental constants and the equivalence principle: recent astrophysical developments
MEARIM II (2ndcMiddle-East and Africa Regional IAU meeting) Cape Town, 10-15 April 2011.
I36 Testing general relativity – from local to cosmological scales
Invited Talk, Royal Society Theo Murphy international scientific meeting Cosmological tests of general relativity,
Kavli Royal Society International Centre in Buckinghamshire, 28 February - 1 March 2011
[Podcast of the talk].
I35 Constraints on the deviations from general relativity – from local to cosmological scales
Invited Talk, GW2010, University of Minneapolis, October 2010
I34 Fundamental constants as a test of the equivalence principle
Invited Talk, Gphys workshop ``Theoretical Connections in Fundamental Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology",
IAP, Paris, 21 June 2010.
I33 Perturbation theory in an anisotropic universe
Invited talk at the workshop ÒGravity and Cosmology 2010Ó
Kyoto, 25 mai 2010.
I32 Fundamental constants, gravitation and cosmology
Plenary talk, German Physical Society
Hannover, 8 mars 2010
I31 Cosmology as a science
Panel 7 with B. Stoeger, J. Butterfield, and J. Ismael,
Philosophy of cosmology 2009, 22 septembre 2009, Oxford.
I30 The case for the multiverse – critical commentaries
Panel 2 with B. Greene and A. Linde,
Philosophy of cosmology, 21 septembre 209, Oxford.
I29 Dark energy: theoretical aspects
J.-P. Uzan
Invited plenary talk, Method and probes for revealing dark energy properties
24-26 novembre 2008, IAS, Orsay.
I28 Variations of fundamental constants – cosmological bounds
J.-P. Uzan
Invited plenary talk, The nature of gravity, confronting theory and experiment in space,
6-10 octobre 2008, Berne (Suisse).
I27 Theory of modified general relativity
J.-P. Uzan
Invited talk 4th ICG workshop ÒModified gravity on cosmological scalesÓ,
23 juin 2008, Portsmouth (UK).
I26 Clocks, astrophysics and cosmology
J.-P. Uzan
Invited plenary talk, Theoretical aspects of the ACES mission,
29-30 Avril 2008, Firenze (Italie).
I25 Theoretical review
J.-P. Uzan
Invited plenary talk, CosmoTools workshop,
23-25 Avril 2008, Marseille.
I24 Lensing and cosmological tests of general relativity
J.-P. Uzan
Sino-french meeting,
15 octobre 2007, Meudon.
I23 Lensing and cosmological tests of general relativity
J.-P. Uzan
Invited plenary review XXIIIrd IAP Colloque ÒFrom giant arcs to CMB lensing: 20 years of gravitational distortionÓ,
2-6 juillet 2007, Paris.
I22 LÕacclration de lÕunivers et la nature de lÕnergie sombre
J.-P. Uzan
Journes de la SF2A, 23 juin 2006, Paris (France).
I21 Le temps en cosmologie
J.-P. Uzan
``Le temps en biologie'', Ecole interdisciplinaire dÕchanges et de formation en biologie, 26 mars-1 avril 2006, Berder (France).
I20 Gravit, principe cosmologique et acclration de l'univers
J.-P. Uzan
AMT workshop ``Open questions in cosmology'', 2-3 dcembre, Narbonne (France).
I19 Tests on time variation of the constants - local physics and cosmology
J.-P. Uzan
Cape Town Cosmology Meeting, 6-10 juillet, Cape Town (South Africa).
I18 Tests of gravity on large scales and acceleration of the universe
J.-P. Uzan
Cape Town Cosmology Meeting, 6-10 juillet, Cape Town (South Africa).
I17 Topology of the universe: Where are we after WMAP?
J.-P. Uzan
Cape Town Cosmology Meeting, 6-10 juillet, Cape Town (South Africa).
I16 Gravity under the spotlight of cosmology
J.-P. Uzan
Sino-French meeting on galaxy formation, 18-23 avril, Beijing (Chine).
I15 Variation of the constants in the early and late universe
J.-P. Uzan
Phi in the sky: The Quest for Cosmological Scalar Fields, 8-10 juillet, Porto (Portugal).
I14 Emergence en cosmologie
J.-P. Uzan
Rencontres de Berder, 22-27 mars 2004.
I13 L'nergie sombre: un problme de physique fondamentale
J.-P. Uzan
JDEM, CNES Paris, 15 mars 2004.
I12 La cosmologie tardive
J.-P. Uzan
CAPPS, IPN Orsay, 15 janvier 2004.
I11 Variation of the constants and test of gravity on large scales
J.-P. Uzan
XXXVIIIth Rencontres de Moriond, Gravitational Waves and Experimental Gravity, Les Arcs, France, 22-29 mars 2003.
I10 Probing the topology of the universe with the CMB
J.-P. Uzan
Royal Astronomical Society, London, UK, 14 mars 2003.
I9 Variation of the constants and test of gravity on large scales
J.-P. Uzan
NASSP lecture, Cape Town, South Africa, 21 fvrier 2003.
I8 Variation of the constants and test of gravity on large scales
J.-P. Uzan
GREX-2002, Gravitation an Experiment, Pisa, Italy, 6-10 octobre 2002.
I7 Variation of the constants and test of gravity on large scales
J.-P. Uzan
TH-2002, UNESCO, Paris, 22-27 juin 2002.
I6 What can we learn from the constants of physics?
J.-P. Uzan
Peyresq 7, 22-28 juin 2002.
I5 What is a topological defect?
J.-P. Uzan
Meeting of the American Mathematical Society, Williamston 13-14 octobre, 2001.
I4 Simulating gravity in the brane-world
J.-P. Uzan
Journes relativistes, Dublin, 5-7 septembre, 2001.
I3 Simulated gravity without true gravity in asymmetric brane world scemarios
J.-P. Uzan
Peyresq VI, 23-30 juin, 2001.
I2 Gravity without gravity
J.-P. Uzan
Workshop "Facts and fiction in cosmology", Sils Maria 2-9 avril, 2001.
I1 Cosmology in a finite universe
J.-P. Uzan
A conference for Joseph Katz, Jerusalem, novembre 2, 1999.
O22 Light fields in the early universe
J.-P. Uzan
XXth IAP colloquium "CMB physics and observation", Paris, 28 juin-2 juillet, 2004.
O21 Cosmography vs Cosmology
J.-P. Uzan
Workshop "Facts and fiction in cosmology", Sils Maria 2-9 avril, 2001.
O20 Proprits statistiques d'un rseau de cordes cosmiques
J.-P. Uzan
Journes de Physique Statistique, ESPCI, Paris 24-25 janvier, 2001.
O19 Phenomenology of gravitational lensing by cosmic strings
J.-P. Uzan
PNC meeting, Paris 19-20 octobre, 2000.
O18 Phenomenology of gravitational lensing by cosmic strings
J.-P. Uzan
IXth Marcel Grossman Meeting, Roma, 2-7 juillet 2000.
O17 Skewness: dynamics versus initial conditions
J.-P. Uzan
IXth Marcel Grossman Meeting, Roma, 2-7 juillet 2000.
O16 3D statistical methods for searching space topology: what are the limitations?
J.-P. Uzan
IXth Marcel Grossman Meeting, Roma, 2-7 juillet 2000.
O15 Dveloppements rcents en cosmologie
J.-P. Uzan
Colloque Allain Bouyssy, Universit Paris XI., 17 fvrier 2000.
O14 Calculer dans des espaces multi-connexes
J.-P. Uzan
PNC meeting Simulation numrique et cosmologie , Observatoire de Meudon, octobre 18, 1999.
O13 New developments in the search for the topology of the universe
J.-P. Uzan
Paris-UK Cosmology meeting, IAP Paris, mars 27, 1999.
O12 Cosmic crystallography : the non-Euclidean case,
J.-P. Uzan
Cosmo-topology workshop, Paris, dcembre 14, 1998.
O11 Anisotropies du fond diffus cosmologique,
N. Deruelle, A. Riazuelo and J.-P. Uzan
Colloque du PNC, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, septembre 16-17, 1998.
O10 Topologie et cosmologie,
J.-P. Uzan,
IV Ecole de Cosmologie de Luminy, septembre 7-12, 1998.
O9 Anisotropies du fond diffus cosmologique et dfauts topologiques
J.-P. Uzan,
Journes Dfauts Topologiques, Universit Paris VII, avril 7th 1998.
O8 Topology of the universe and topological defects
J.-P. Uzan,
XXXIIIth de Moriond, Fundamental Parameters in Cosmology, janvier 17-24, 1998, Les Arcs, France.
O7 The no-defect conjecture
J.-P. Uzan,
Workshop on Topology and Cosmology, Cleveland, 16-18 octobre 1997.
O6 Topology of the universe and topological defects
J.-P. Uzan,
VIIIth Marcel Grossman Meeting, Jrusalem, 22-27 juin 1997.
O5 Conservation laws in cosmology
J.-P. Uzan
VIIIth Marcel Grossman Meeting, Jrusalem, 22-27 juin 1997.
O4 Topologie de l'univers et formation des dfauts topologiques
J.-P. Uzan
Peyresq, juillet 1996.
O3 Particle precipitation in auroral breakups and westward travelling surges
A. Olsson, M.A.L. Persson, H. Opgenoorth and J.-P. Uzan
Poster, E.G.S. 95, Hambourgavril 1995.
O2 Effects of the terrestrial ring currents
E.F. Donovan and J.-P. Uzan
Winter workshop of the division of aeoronomy and space physics of the canadian association of physicists, Banff, Canada, fvrier 1995.
O1 Four applications of a new global magnetospheric magnetic field model
E.F. Donovan, S. Skone, J.-P. Uzan, H. Opgenoorth and G. Rostoker
|
|||||||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
0
| 68 |
https://letsquiz.com/quiz/michel-mayor/for-what-specific-reason-did-mayor-win-the-nobel-prize
|
en
|
For what specific reason did Mayor win the Nobel Prize?
|
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[
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Mayor was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2019, together with Didier Queloz and Michel Mayor, for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star. The exoplanet, 51 Pegasi b, was the f
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en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
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https://letsquiz.com/quiz/michel-mayor/for-what-specific-reason-did-mayor-win-the-nobel-prize
|
Created using data under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike Licence & the media files are available under their respective licenses; additional terms may apply.
For more information, please review our About us page. // By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use & Privacy Policy.
|
|||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
2
| 26 |
https://letsquiz.com/quiz/charles-edouard-guillaume/where-did-charles-edouard-guillaume-give-the-guthrie-lecture
|
en
|
Where did Charles Édouard Guillaume give the Guthrie Lecture?
|
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London was the location where Charles Édouard Guillaume delivered the Guthrie Lecture. This prestigious lecture is given annually by a distinguished scientist at the Institute of Physics in London. Gu
|
en
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/apple-touch-icon.png
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https://letsquiz.com/quiz/charles-edouard-guillaume/where-did-charles-edouard-guillaume-give-the-guthrie-lecture
|
Unraveling the Genius: The Life and Legacy of Charles Édouard Guillaume
Created using data under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike Licence & the media files are available under their respective licenses; additional terms may apply.
For more information, please review our About us page. // By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use & Privacy Policy.
|
|||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
2
| 30 |
https://knowledgezone.co.in/resources/gk/history/5c64f125e47ec0000f44e0f2
|
en
|
Your Gateway to Knowledge
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Knowledge",
"Career",
"Job",
"Scholarsip",
"Admission",
"Course",
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Knowledge Zone - Social Knowledge Sharing Platform
|
en
|
/assets/images/icons/kzone_icon.png
|
Knowledge Zone
|
https://knowledgezon.co.in/
| |||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
3
| 9 |
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/ceremony-speech/
|
en
|
Nobel Prize in Physics 1920
|
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 was awarded to Charles Edouard Guillaume "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
|
en
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NobelPrize.org
|
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/ceremony-speech/
|
Award ceremony speech
Presentation Speech by Dr. A.G. Ekstrand, President of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, on December 10, 1920
Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen.
The Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize for Physics 1920 to Ch.E. Guillaume, Director of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, for the services he has rendered to the physical precision technique by his discovery of the properties of nickel steel.
One of Greece’s greatest thinkers said that “things are numbers” and attempted to explain the origin of everything by numbers. The scientists of today do not take the cult of numbers to quite that extent; yet they recognize nevertheless that every exact knowledge of Nature begins only when we succeed in expressing the phenomena in measures and weights. The development of science has always been in step with the progress in measuring precision. This applies to astronomy, geodesy, chemistry and above all to physics, the special growth of which dates from the time when modern precision began to be applied in observations.
This was the point which had been grasped by the French National Assembly when, in 1790, it instructed the Academy of Sciences of Paris to lay down an invariable base for weights and measures. A committee was set up for that purpose, consisting of Borda, Lagrange, Laplace, Monge and Condorcet, and on their suggestion the National Assembly adopted a decimal system based on a certain part of a quadrant of the Earth’s meridian. Thus the principle of the metric system was introduced into France which was then established by a law passed by the Convention held on August 1, 1793.
In the other countries progress was slower. It was not until after a few decades that people in Europe began to realize the advantages of the metric system and that mainly because of the large international exhibitions. During the 1867 international exhibition in Paris a committee was formed by most of the countries represented at the exhibition with a view to preparing the adoption of a single international system for weights and measures. The proposal to that effect, approved by the emperor on September 1, 1869, was submitted to all the states and thus was subsequently founded the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Breteuil, near Paris.
It was the French nation which not only conceived the idea of this great reform, but which, by its diplomatic skill, was also able to bring about its adoption in the whole civilized world; on this account, therefore, mankind owes France a great debt of gratitude.
All the copies of the standard metre and the standard kilogramme intended for the various countries are meticulously examined and compared in this International Bureau, the head of which, Charles-Edouard Guillaume, is undeniably the foremost metrologist of today. By devoting his entire life to the service of science, this scientist has made a powerful contribution to the progress of the metric system; during his long and painstaking studies he discovered a metal with the most excellent metrological properties. That is the discovery which the Swedish Academy of Sciences has sought to reward by conferring this year’s Nobel Prize for Physics, since the discovery is of great significance for the precision of scientific measurements and thereby even for the development of science in general.
Actually the mere fact of possessing an international system for weights and measures and an International Bureau for the application of that system had not done away with the difficulties entailed in each measuring or weighing operation unless it is possible to achieve here the maximum precision. With measurements of length in particular the chief source of errors was dependent on temperature as a result of the well-known property of materials to change their volume with variations in temperature.
It was thus basic to examine with the greatest precision the expansibility of all metals and alloys under the action of heat. During these delicate examinations, and particularly while studying the properties of certain types of steel, Guillaume hit on the apparently paradoxical idea that it should be possible to produce an alloy free from this universal property of materials to change their volume at various temperatures. The long and difficult experiments performed by Guillaume year after year on numerous alloys and above all on nickel steel to determine their expansibility, elasticity, hardness, changeability with age, and stability ultimately led him to the important discovery of the nickel steel alloy known as invar, the temperature coefficient of which is practically zero.
These studies and discoveries by Guillaume have continued to give rise to new and significant practical applications. Instances are the use of invar in the design of physical instruments, and especially in geodesy where Guillaume’s discovery has completely transformed the methods of measuring base lines; nickel steel has also supplanted platinum in the manufacture of incandescent lamps and on the basis of the current price of platinum this represents an annual saving of twenty million francs; lastly chronometry is indebted to Guillaume’s discoveries and investigations for a new refinement – the use of the new alloys enables watches to be adjusted more accurately and at less cost than formerly.
From the theoretical standpoint, too, Guillaume’s penetrating and systematic studies on the properties of nickel steel have had the greatest significance because they have confirmed Le Chatelier’s allotropic theory for binary and ternary alloys. He has thus made an important contribution to our knowledge of the composition of solid matter.
In consideration of the great importance of Mr. Guillaume’s work for precision metrology and thus for the development of all modern science and engineering, the Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded this year’s Nobel Prize for Physics to Charles-Edouard Guillaume in recognition of the services which he has rendered to the physical precision technique by his discovery of the properties of nickel steel.
Monsieur Guillaume. By your persevering studies in thermometry you have deserved well of physics and chemistry; but you have gained your scientific laurels mainly in a different sector. By your studies of metal alloys and their sensitivity to temperature influences, you established that a few of those alloys possess remarkable properties; some scarcely expand on heating which suggested to you the idea of making them into measuring standards. One of the nickel steel alloys in particular, the one containing thirty-six per cent nickel, you considered to fulfil the necessary conditions. Since it is almost invariable under the action of heat and under other influences, you have called it invar. Its potential benefit to science for the construction of standards and of various instruments can readily be appreciated. In geodesy, invar wires give much more accurate base-line values than those formerly obtained.
On behalf of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, I congratulate you on your studies and on your discoveries which have been of the greatest utility and for that very reason deemed worthy of the Nobel Prize. I would now ask you to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King who has been pleased to make the presentation to you.
From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1920
|
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correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
3
| 93 |
https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Invar.html
|
en
|
Invar
|
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Invar Invar, also called FeNi, is a special class of metal alloy known as an intermetallic compound and is 64% iron (by weight) and 36% nickel. Invar is
|
en
| null |
Invar, also called FeNi, is a special class of metal alloy known as an intermetallic compound and is 64% iron (by weight) and 36% nickel. Invar is notable for its uniquely low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE or α). It was invented in 1896 by Swiss scientist Charles Edouard Guillaume. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 for this discovery, which shows the importance of this alloy in scientific instruments.
Common grades of Invar have an α (20–100 °C) of about 1.2 × 10–6 K–1 (1.2 ppm/°C). However, extra-pure grades (<0.1% Co) can readily produce values as low as 0.65 ppm/°C. Some formulations have negative thermal expansion, NTE) it is used in precision instruments (clocks, physics laboratory devices, seismic creep gauges, shadow-mask frames,[1] valves in motors, antimagnetic watches, etc.) However, it has a propensity to creep.
Although Invar is today a widely used material in many industries and applications, this is a particular trademark of a French company named Imphy Alloys: this company originates from Aciéries d’Imphy (a small city near Nevers, France) where the alloy was initially industrialised after its invention. The generic reference for Invar® is FeNi36.
There are variations of the original Invar material that have slightly different coefficient of thermal expansion such as:
Inovco™, which Fe-33Ni-4.5Co and has an α (20–100 °C) of 0.55 ppm/°C.
FeNi42 (for example NILO® alloy 42), has a nickel content of 42% and α ≈ 5.3 ppm/°C which matches that of silicon and therefore is widely used as lead frame material for electronic components, integrated circuits, etc.
FeNiCo alloys — named Kovar or Dilver P — that have the same expansion behaviour as glass, and because of that are used for optical parts in a wide range of temperatures and applications, such as satellites.
Source of thermal properties
Physicists consider true ideal Invar to be an intermetallic compound with molar ratio of Fe65Ni35 that has the face centered cubic crystal structure, since this laboratory alloy has all the essential properties of the commercial varieties. The Invar problem of physics has been to discover the microscopic mechanism that gives Invar its exceptional thermal properties. It was established early on that Invar behaviour is directly related to and dependent upon the alloy's ferromagnetism however the exact mechanism has been the subject of much research and debate, including several international conferences on the subject. The dominant theories of Invar were recently critically reviewed.[1]
All the iron-rich face centered cubic Fe-Ni alloys show Invar anomalies in their measured thermal and magnetic properties, that evolve continuously in intensity with varying alloy composition. Recently it was advanced that Invar behaviour was a direct consequence of a high-magnetic-moment to low-magnetic-moment transition occurring in the face centered cubic Fe-Ni series (and that gives rise to the mineral antitaenite), however this has now been shown to be incorrect.[2] Instead, it appears that the low-moment/high-moment transition is preceded by a high-magnetic-moment frustrated ferromagnetic state in which the Fe-Fe magnetic exchange bonds have a large magneto-volume effect of the right sign and magnitude to create the observed thermal expansion anomaly.[3]
References
^ D.G. Rancourt. Invar behaviour in Fe-Ni alloys is predominantly a local moment effect arising from the magnetic exchange interactions between high moments. Phase Transitions 75 (2001) 201-209.
^ K. Lagarec, D.G. Rancourt, S.K. Bose, B. Sanyal, and R.A. Dunlap. Observation of a composition-controlled high-moment/low-moment transition in the face centered cubic Fe-Ni system: Invar effect is an expansion, not a contraction. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 236 (2001) 107-130.
^ D.G. Rancourt and M.-Z. Dang. Relation between anomalous magneto-volume behaviour and magnetic frustration in Invar alloys. Physical Review B 54 (1996) 12225-12231.
|
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correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
1
| 65 |
https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/charles-douard-guillaume-7048.php
|
en
|
Charles Édouard Guillaume Biography
|
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A behind-the-scene look at the life of Charles Édouard Guillaume.
|
en
|
//www.thefamouspeople.com/images/favicon_tfp.ico
|
https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/charles-douard-guillaume-7048.php
|
See the events in life of Charles Édouard Guillaume in Chronological Order
|
|||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
0
| 2 |
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Edouard-Guillaume
|
en
|
Charles Édouard Guillaume | Nobel Prize, Invar Discovery & Scientific Contributions
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[
"The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica"
] |
1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00
|
Charles Édouard Guillaume was a French physicist whose exhaustive studies of ferronickel alloys culminated in the discovery of invar (a nickel–steel alloy) and gained him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1920. In 1883 Guillaume joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Sèvres, and from
|
en
|
/favicon.png
|
Encyclopedia Britannica
|
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Edouard-Guillaume
|
Charles Édouard Guillaume (born Feb. 15, 1861, Fleurier, Switz.—died June 13, 1938, Sèvres, France) was a French physicist whose exhaustive studies of ferronickel alloys culminated in the discovery of invar (a nickel–steel alloy) and gained him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1920.
In 1883 Guillaume joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Sèvres, and from 1915 served as its director. His early studies there included exhaustive investigations of the mercury thermometer and of the volume of the litre, which he found to be 1,000.028 cubic centimetres, not 1,000.000 cubic centimetres as had been accepted. From 1890 he focused his attention on alloys and developed invar and elinvar. Invar’s low coefficient of expansion (change in volume caused by change in temperature) and elinvar’s low coefficient of elasticity (change in elasticity caused by change in temperature), combined with their low cost, resulted in their widespread use in scientific instruments.
|
||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
2
| 88 |
https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/world/what-countries-have-the-most-physics-nobel-laureates/
|
en
|
What countries have the most Physics Nobel Laureates?
|
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"adminanswers"
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2018-07-18T12:30:54+00:00
|
From 1901 to 2017, the Nobel prize has been awarded 111 times. A few years saw more than 1 recipient which makes a total 206 individuals till date. Here is a world map indicating all the winners and the countries they belong to.
|
en
|
Answers
|
https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/world/what-countries-have-the-most-physics-nobel-laureates/
|
Nobel Prize in Physics for year 2018 was declared on 2nd of October. Arthur Ashkin of the US has won the prize for finding the usage of optical tweezers in biological system. Gerard Mourou of France and Donna Strickland of Canada, have also been awarded jointly for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses. Donna Strickland now also stands as the third woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Alfred Nobel, the man behind the Nobel Prize stated in his will that the Nobel Prize in Physics goes to “the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics.” The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. Since then, the award is a mark of honor for its recipients. A few years saw more than 1 recipient which makes a total 206 individuals who have been honored by this prestigious award.
Nobel Prize in physics is given because physics plays an important role in the society by educating the people to access the technological advancements. It also creates a room for developments and innovations, thus contributing to economic growth.
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences gives the prize and the prize has been awarded every year except for 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941 and 1942. The death anniversary of Alfred Nobel on December 10 is observed as the award giving ceremony.
Here is a list of all the Nobel Prize winners in Physics that the world has been blessed with.
Year Laureates Country 2018 Donna Strickland Canada 2018 Gerard Mourou France 2018 Arthur Ashkin United States 2017 Rainer Weiss United States 2017 Kip Thorne United States 2017 Barry Barish United States 2016 David J. Thouless United States 2016 F. Duncan M. Haldane United Kingdom 2016 John M. Kosterlitz United Kingdom 2015 Takaaki Kajita Japan 2015 Arthur B. McDonald Canada 2014 Shuji Nakamura United States 2014 Isamu Akasaki Japan 2014 Hiroshi Amano Japan 2013 Peter Higgs United Kingdom 2013 François Englert Belgium 2012 David J. Wineland United States 2012 Serge Haroche France 2011 Saul Perlmutter United States 2011 Adam G. Riess United States 2011 Brian P. Schmidt Australia 2010 Konstantin Novoselov United Kingdom 2010 Andre Geim United Kingdom 2009 Willard S. Boyle United States 2009 George E. Smith United States 2009 Charles K. Kao Hong Kong 2008 Yoichiro Nambu United States 2008 Makoto Kobayashi Japan 2008 Toshihide Maskawa Japan 2007 Peter Grünberg Germany 2007 Albert Fert France 2006 John C. Mather United States 2006 George F. Smoot United States 2005 Roy J. Glauber United States 2005 John L. Hall United States 2005 Theodor W. Hänsch Germany 2004 David J. Gross United States 2004 Hugh David Politzer United States 2004 Frank Wilczek United States 2003 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov United States 2003 Anthony James Leggett United States 2003 Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Russia 2002 Riccardo Giacconi United States 2002 Raymond Davis Jr. United States 2002 Masatoshi Koshiba Japan 2001 Eric Allin Cornell United States 2001 Carl Edwin Wieman United States 2001 Wolfgang Ketterle Germany 2000 Jack St. Clair Kilby United States 2000 Herbert Kroemer Germany 2000 Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Russia 1999 Gerard ‘t Hooft Netherlands 1999 Martinus J. G. Veltman Netherlands 1998 Daniel Chee Tsui United States 1998 Robert B. Laughlin United States 1998 Horst Ludwig Störmer Germany 1997 Steven Chu United States 1997 William Daniel Phillips United States 1997 Claude Cohen-Tannoudji France 1996 David Morris Lee United States 1996 Douglas D. Osheroff United States 1996 Robert Coleman Richardson United States 1995 Martin Lewis Perl United States 1995 Frederick Reines United States 1994 Clifford Glenwood Shull United States 1994 Bertram Brockhouse Canada 1993 Russell Alan Hulse United States 1993 Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. United States 1992 Georges Charpak Switzerland 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France 1990 Jerome I. Friedman United States 1990 Henry Way Kendall United States 1990 Richard E. Taylor Canada 1989 Norman Foster Ramsey United States 1989 Hans Georg Dehmelt United States 1989 Wolfgang Paul West Germany 1988 Leon Max Lederman United States 1988 Melvin Schwartz United States 1988 Jack Steinberger United States 1987 Johannes Georg Bednorz West Germany 1987 Karl Alexander Müller Switzerland 1986 Ernst Ruska West Germany 1986 Gerd Binnig West Germany 1986 Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland 1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany 1984 Simon van der Meer Netherlands 1984 Carlo Rubbia Italy 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar United States 1983 William Alfred Fowler United States 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson United States 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen United States 1981 Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States 1981 Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden 1980 James Watson Cronin United States 1980 Val Logsdon Fitch United States 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow United States 1979 Steven Weinberg United States 1979 Abdus Salam Pakistan 1978 Arno Allan Penzias United States 1978 Robert Woodrow Wilson United States 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Soviet Union 1977 Philip Warren Anderson United States 1977 John Hasbrouck Van Vleck United States 1977 Nevill Francis Mott United Kingdom 1976 Burton Richter United States 1976 Samuel Chao Chung Ting United States 1975 Leo James Rainwater United States 1975 Aage Bohr Denmark 1975 Ben Roy Mottelson Denmark 1974 Martin Ryle United Kingdom 1974 Antony Hewish United Kingdom 1973 Ivar Giaever United States 1973 Brian David Josephson United Kingdom 1973 Leo Esaki Japan 1972 John Bardeen United States 1972 Leon Neil Cooper United States 1972 John Robert Schrieffer United States 1971 Dennis Gabor United Kingdom 1970 Louis Néel France 1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Sweden 1969 Murray Gell-Mann United States 1968 Luis Walter Alvarez United States 1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States 1966 Alfred Kastler France 1965 Richard Phillips Feynman United States 1965 Julian Schwinger United States 1965 Shin’ichirō Tomonaga Japan 1964 Charles Hard Townes United States 1964 Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Soviet Union 1964 Alexander Prokhorov Soviet Union 1963 Eugene Paul Wigner United States 1963 Maria Goeppert-Mayer United States 1963 J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union 1961 Robert Hofstadter United States 1961 Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany 1960 Donald Arthur Glaser United States 1959 Emilio Gino Segrè United States 1959 Owen Chamberlain United States 1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov Soviet Union 1958 Ilya Frank Soviet Union 1958 Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union 1957 Tsung-Dao Lee Republic of China 1957 Chen-Ning Yang Republic of China 1956 John Bardeen United States 1956 Walter Houser Brattain United States 1956 William Bradford Shockley United States 1955 Willis Eugene Lamb United States 1955 Polykarp Kusch United States 1954 Max Born West Germany 1954 Walther Bothe West Germany 1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands 1952 Felix Bloch United States 1952 Edward Mills Purcell United States 1951 John Douglas Cockcroft United Kingdom 1951 Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland 1950 Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom 1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan 1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom 1947 Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman United States 1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi United States 1943 Otto Stern United States 1939 Ernest Lawrence United States 1938 Enrico Fermi Italy 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson United States 1937 George Paget Thomson United Kingdom 1936 Carl David Anderson United States 1936 Victor Francis Hess Austria 1935 James Chadwick United Kingdom 1933 Paul Dirac United Kingdom 1933 Erwin Schrödinger Austria 1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany 1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India 1929 Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie France 1928 Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom 1927 Arthur Holly Compton United States 1927 Charles Thomson Rees Wilson United Kingdom 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France 1925 James Franck Germany 1925 Gustav Hertz Germany 1924 Manne Siegbahn Sweden 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan United States 1922 Niels Bohr Denmark 1921 Albert Einstein Germany 1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland 1919 Johannes Stark Germany 1918 Max Planck Germany 1917 Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom 1915 William Lawrence Bragg United Kingdom 1915 William Henry Bragg United Kingdom 1914 Max von Laue Germany 1913 Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes Netherlands 1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden 1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals Netherlands 1909 Karl Ferdinand Braun Germany 1909 Guglielmo Marconi Italy 1908 Gabriel Lippmann France 1907 Albert Abraham Michelson United States 1906 Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom 1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Germany 1904 Lord Rayleigh United Kingdom 1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel France 1903 Pierre Curie France 1903 Maria Skłodowska-Curie France 1902 Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands 1902 Pieter Zeeman Netherlands 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany
|
|||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
1
| 32 |
https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/Guillaume.html
|
en
|
Guillaume, Charles Edouard (1861
|
http://www.daviddarling.info/images/Guillaume.jpg
|
http://www.daviddarling.info/images/Guillaume.jpg
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[
"David Darling"
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Charles Guillaume was a Swiss-born French physicist best known for discovering invar, an iron-nickel alloy.
|
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/Guillaume.html
|
Charles Guillaume was a Swiss-born French physicist best known for discovering invar, an iron-nickel alloy which expands and contracts only very slightly with temperature change. For his work on ferronickels he was awarded the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics.
|
|||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
0
| 52 |
https://cityspecialmetals.com/alloys/invar-36/
|
en
|
Invar Plate, Bar & Sheet - City Special Metals
|
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2019-02-28T09:31:40+00:00
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Invar® (Alloy 36 / FeNi36) is a low expansion alloy available at CSM in forms including Invar Bar, Sheet, Plate & more. Call 01268 774261.
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en
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https://cityspecialmetals.com/wp-content/themes/csm-2021/assets/img/icons/favicon.ico
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City Special Metals
|
https://cityspecialmetals.com/alloys/invar-36/
|
Global Supplier of Invar 36
City Special Metals are the UK’s leading stockist and supplier of high performance, specialist alloys including all varieties of Invar 36 (FeNi36).
Available in many forms we can offer a bespoke solution that meets your exact requirements and specification for your Invar 36 application, be it from Plate, Bar, Sheet, Coil or Wire. With over 20 years’ experience, our team has a combined wealth of knowledge about Invar 36 and its different characteristics, so we can guarantee you will find the product that fits your requirements.
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correct_award_00023
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FactBench
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/metallurgy-and-mining-biographies/charles-edouard-guillaume
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en
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Charles Edouard Guillaume
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Charles Edouard Guillaume [1] >Swiss scientist Charles–Edouard Guillaume (1861–1936) worked at the >International Bureau of Weights and Measures for almost 50 years. His >discovery of a steel–nickel alloy called invar that was impervious to >temperature changes advanced science and technology.
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/metallurgy-and-mining-biographies/charles-edouard-guillaume
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Swiss scientist Charles–Edouard Guillaume (1861–1936) worked at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures for almost 50 years. His discovery of a steel–nickel alloy called invar that was impervious to temperature changes advanced science and technology. After discovering invar, he discovered a variation in the alloy called elinvar. When Guillaume received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920, the honor was not just in recognition of his discovery of iron–nickel steel alloys, however. He was also honored for his contributions to the field of metrology and his long career with the Bureau of Weights and Measures, where he helped establish international standards. His work in both alloys and metrology would have a profound impact on the world.
Early Life
Guillaume was born in Fleurier, Switzerland, on February 15, 1861. Guillame's family had originally been from France, but his grandfather, Charles Frederic Alexandre Guillaume, had left France for political reasons during the French Revolution that erupted in the last part of eighteenth century in France. He settled in England and established a successful watch–making business in London. The business was passed down to his three sons, including Edouard, Charles–Edouard Guillaume's father. Edouard Guillaume eventually relocated the business to Switzerland, when he settled in Fleurier. He later married and had Guillame in Switzerland.
Growing up in Switzerland, Charles–Edouard Guillaume received his early education at the Neuchâtel gymnasium. When he was 17 years old, he enrolled in the Zurich Polytechnic (which was later renamed the Federal Institute of Technology). At the Polytechnic, he quickly developed an interest in physics. He later indicated that François Arago's text book, Éloges académiques, was the major influencing factor that guided his decision about pursuing a career in science. He was awarded a Ph.D. in 1882 for his thesis on electrolytic capacitors. After graduation, he performed compulsory service for a year as an officer in the Swiss artillery. During this very short military career, Guillaume studied mechanics and ballistics.
International Bureau of Weights and Measures
In 1883, he accepted a position as an assistant at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, which had just been established in Sevres, France, located just outside Paris. Guillaume joined the Bureau at an important time. Six years later, in 1889, the Bureau embarked on the approval and distribution, among all of the governments of the world, of metric standards.
Guillaume would remain with the Bureau for his entire career. In 1902, he became its associate director. From 1915 until his retirement in 1936, he was director of the Bureau. From 1936 until his death in that same year, Guillaume was honorary director.
Guillaume's earliest research at the Bureau involved thermometry. He conducted important investigations on corrections to mercury–in–glass thermometers. Also, he was responsible for the detailed calibration of thermometers used at the Bureau in the establishment of the thermal expansions of the standards of metrical length. He was engaged in establishing, duplicating, and distributing the international metric standards, and he worked on determining the volume of one kilogram of water by the contact method.
Accidentally Discovered Invar
It was the work involving calibration that led Guillaume to the accidental discovery that would make him famous and lead to his Nobel Prize. A chance observation by Guillaume on the coefficient of expansion of nickel–iron alloys led to investigations of alloys and culminated in the discovery of "invar," an alloy with a very low coefficient of expansion, and later would lead to the discovery of elinvar, which has an extremely low thermoelastic coefficient over a large temperature range.
Among his duties at the Bureau, Guillaume was charged with making precise copies of the standard meter for distribution to countries around the world. The standard meter bar kept at the Bureau had been made of a platinum–iridium alloy, developed by Henri Sainte–Claire–Deville, to prevent corrosion and changes due to temperature. The hardness, permanence, and resistance to chemical agents would be perfect for standards that would have to last for years and years.
However, duplicating the standard meter bar would simply cost too much money, as the metals used to make it were too expensive. Seeking a solution, Guillaume began investigating other potential materials that could be used to make duplicates of the meter bar.
In 1896, Guillaume was studying the properties of iron–nickel alloys (or ferronickel alloys). He melted various ferronickel alloys, experimenting with different nickel contents (from thirty percent to sixty percent nickel). He found that the coefficient of expansion at room temperature was lowest at a nickel level of 36–percent (to the 64–percent iron level). In fact, an alloy with that percentage of nickel exhibited the least amount of thermal expansion of any alloy known. Guillaume considered the expansion of this new alloy "invariable," so he eventually named it invar.
Practical Applications of Invar
The value of invar to metrology was immediately apparent. It was economically feasible to duplicate the standard meter bar. Moreover, measuring devices such as the bar that were made of the alloy containing a 36–percent nickel content would not change in size due to changes in temperature. However, it did not take long for people to perceive its value to other fields. Soon the alloy was being applied to clock–making. It was necessary that pendulum rods maintain the same length regardless of temperature, and invar would ensure that the lengths were maintained. Previously, clockmakers needed to equip the very best clocks—the ones with the highest levels of precision—with some form of expansion–compensation device. The warming of the steel rods used in pendulums resulted in a loss of 0.5 second–per–degree Celsius a day, or 0.28 second–per–degree Fahrenheit a day.
Ferronickel alloys quickly became widely used in other instruments of precision, as well as in surveying tapes and wires. Later, it would be used in light bulbs and in the electronic vacuum tubes that once were used in radios. In addition, the alloy became a substitute for platinum for glass sealing wire, which resulted in huge cost savings for manufacturers.
With each new decade, it seemed that more uses for the alloy were being found. In the 1930s, ferronickel alloys proved useful in thermostats for temperature control, and they were used to make measuring devices for testing gauges and machine parts. During World War II, there was a great demand for the alloys in the United States Armed Forces.
Awarded the Nobel Prize
However, invar's potential impact on the world was recognized almost as soon at Guillaume announced its discovery. By 1920, its importance to the advancement of science and technology was so obvious that it earned Guillaume that year's Nobel Prize in Physics. Moreover, Guillaume became the first and only scientist in history to be recognized by the Swedish Academy of Sciences for a metallurgical achievement.
In presenting the award to Guillaume, the Academy lauded both his efforts in helping establish an international metric standard and in developing the ferronickel alloy. "Charles–Edouard Guillaume is undeniably the foremost metrologist of today," the Academy said. "By devoting his entire life to the service of science, [he] has made a powerful contribution to the progress of the metric system; during his long and painstaking studies he discovered a metal with the most excellent metrological properties. . . . the discovery is of great significance for the precision of scientific measurements and thereby even for the development of science in general."
However, Guillaume was not finished making discoveries in alloys. In the early 1920s, working in collaboration with Chenevard and the Imphy steel laboratory, he developed a variation of invar called elinvar (a contraction of elasticité invariable). Elinvar was an improvement over invar in that its thermoelastic coefficient is essentially zero. Also, it is less susceptible to the effects of magnetism and oxidation.
Later Applications
The use of invar has continued for more than a century, and its importance has grown as the years have gone by, as it led to new or improved technologies. Ferronickel alloys are valuable in a wide range of applications. With its low coefficient of expansion, as well as its wide and easy availability, the 36–percent nickel alloy has become one of the most commonly used materials for applications that require low expansivity. It became the most commonly used ferronickel alloy in applications such as electronic devices, where size changes due to temperature must be minimized, and it makes up some parts in precision optical measuring devices.
As the United States experienced a period of historically unprecedented prosperity in the 1950s and the 1960s, the use of 36–percent alloy and other ferronickel alloys became even more widespread in new technological devices such as circuit breakers, motor controls, TV temperature compensating springs, appliance and heater thermostats, automotive controls, heating, and air conditioning.
Later, invar resulted in a whole new breed of low expansion, nickel–iron alloys, as the use of the 36–percent did not prove useful in all applications. Invar has the lowest thermal expansivity, but it also has the lowest Curie Temperature (the temperature at which a material loses it magnetic properties), which limits its usefulness in certain potential applications. However, other alloys in the so–called "invar family" alleviate that problem. Other ferronickel alloys became used in a variety of commercial and technological applications such as semiconductors, high–definition television, information technology devices, aeronautical devices, and cryogenic transport. The most recent applications of ferronickel alloys include use as structural components in precision laser and optical measuring systems and wave guide tubes, in microscopes, and in support systems for giant mirrors in telescopes. The aerospace industry has used 36–percent alloys to make composite molds in new generations of aircraft. The alloys are also used in orbiting satellites and laser gyroscopes. It is expected that ferronickel alloys will have a growing impact on science and technology throughout the twenty–first century.
Distinguished Career
Records of Guillaume's research can be found in the many papers published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. In addition, Guillaume himself wrote Études thermométriques (Studies on Thermometry, 1886), Traité de thermométrie (Treatise on Thermometry, 1889), Unités et Étalons (Units and Standards, 1894), Les rayons X (X–Rays, 1896), Recherches sur le nickel et ses alliages (Investigations on Nickel and its Alloys, 1898), La vie de la matière (The Life of Matter, 1899), La Convention du Mètre et le Bureau international des Poids et Mesures (Metrical Convention and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 1902), Les applications des aciers au nickel (Applications of Nickel–Steels, 1904), Des états de la matière (States of Matter, 1907), Les récent progrès du système métrique (Recent progress in the Metric System, 1907, 1913), and many more essays. His book, Initiation à la Mécanique (Introduction to Mechanics), was translated into several languages.
Beside the Nobel Prize, Guillaume received distinctions and honors throughout his career. He was appointed Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour and received honorary Doctor of Science degrees from the Universities of Geneva, Neuchatel, and Paris. He was a President of the Sociétá Française de Physique. In addition, he was a member, honorary member or corresponding member of more than a dozen of the leading scientific academies of Europe. In 1888, Guillaume married A. M. Taufflieb. They had three children. He died on May 13, 1938, in Sevres, France.
Books
Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present, Gale Group, 2001. World of Scientific Discovery, Second Edition, Gale Group, 1999.
Online
"Charles–Edouard Guillaume–Biography," Nobel Prize Website,http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1920/guillaume-bio.html (January 12, 2005).
Harner, Leslie, "After 100 Years, the Uses for Invar Continue to Multiply," Center for Materials Science and Engineering,http://www.cmse.ed.ac.uk/MSE3/Topics/TA00008.htm (January 12, 2005).
Nicolet, J.C., "Questions in Time," Europa Star, http://www.europastar.com/europastar/watch–tech/nicolet6.jsp (January 12, 2005).
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FactBench
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/guillaume/facts/
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en
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Charles Edouard Guillaume – Facts
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 was awarded to Charles Edouard Guillaume "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/guillaume/facts/
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Charles Edouard Guillaume
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920
Affiliation at the time of the award: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), Sèvres, France
Prize motivation: “in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys”
Prize share: 1/1
Work
Precise measurement plays an important role in science. To provide a basis for precise measurements, the metric system and a German legal meter were instituted to define lengths. However, different materials expand differently when temperatures change, which limits the ability to make very precise measurements. In 1896 Charles-Edouard Guillaume succeeded in finding an alloy of nickel and steel that registered almost no change in length and volume as a result of temperature changes. The invar nickel-steel alloy had a significant effect on scientific instruments and incandescent light bulbs.
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FactBench
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3
| 46 |
https://cdac.carnegiescience.edu/article/pressure-induces-invar-behavior-unexpected-compositions
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en
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Pressure Induces Invar Behavior in Unexpected Compositions
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https://cdac.carnegiescience.edu/misc/favicon.ico
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https://cdac.carnegiescience.edu/article/pressure-induces-invar-behavior-unexpected-compositions
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Over 100 years ago Charles Edouard Guillaume, working at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France, discovered that certain alloys did not expand when heated, a behavior that came to be known as the Invar effect. Guillaume's discovery found immediate and lasting technological applications, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920. Guillaume's original work was carried out on an Ni-Fe alloy, but thermal Invar behavior has been found in a number of other alloy systems, all of which require precise control of composition.
Researchers from the California Institute of Technology, the National Synchrotron Light Source, the Geophysical Laboratory, and the Advanced Photon Source have discovered Invar behavior at high pressures in Pd-25 at.% Fe, a composition far from the Invar composition of Pd-75 at.% Fe. The group, led by CDAC graduate student Mike Winterrose, used density functional theory calculations, energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction, and synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy to investigate the mechanical and magnetic properties of Pd-25 at.% Fe through the Invar transition in the resistively heated diamond anvil cell. The synchrotron Mössbauer measurements revealed a collapse of the 57Fe magnetic moment between 8.9 and 12.3 GPa at 300 K, coinciding with a transition in bulk modulus found by x-ray diffraction measurements. Heating the sample under a pressure of 7 GPa showed negligible thermal expansion from 300 to 523 K (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Invar behavior can be induced by pressure in an alloy composition very different from those exhibiting Invar behavior at ambient pressure. The first-principles calculations show that pressure causes the electronic structure near the Fermi level in Pd-25 at.% Fe to become similar to that of classic thermal Invar alloys. By tuning the electronic structure, pressure should cause materials of many chemical compositions to exhibit Invar behavior. This work has been published in Physical Review Letters [M. L. Winterrose, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 102, 237202 (2009)].
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics
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Nobel Prize in Physics
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] |
2016-10-04T21:09:05+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/commons.png
|
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics
| |||||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
1
| 90 |
https://www.myscience.ch/research/famous_swiss_scientists
|
en
|
famous swiss scientists
|
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[
""
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[] | null |
A list of famous or significant Swiss researchers, scientists or important contributors in various disciplines:.
|
en
|
/image/favicons/favicon.ico
|
myScience
|
https://www.myscience.ch/en/research/famous_swiss_scientists
|
A list of famous or significant Swiss researchers, scientists or important contributors in various disciplines:
Architecture
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier) (1887-1965)
Mario Botta (b. 1943)
Herzog & de Meuron Architekten
Peter Zumthor (b. 1943), winner of the 2009 Pritzker Prize.
Bernard Tschumi (b. 1944)
Astronomy
Didier Queloz (b. 1966), Michel Mayor. First detection of an extra solar planet orbiting an ordinary star (51 Pegasi). (Nobel Prize in physics 2019)
Chemistry
Paul Karrer (1889–1971); Russian born. Authority on vitamins. Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1937.
Alfred Werner (1866–1919); Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1913.
Leopold Ruzicka (1887–1976); Yugoslav-born, Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1939.
Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998); Yugoslav-born, Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1975.
Albert Hofmann (1906–2008)
Richard R. Ernst (b. 1933), Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1991.
Kurt Wütrich (b. 1938); Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2002.
Jacques Dubochet, Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2017
Geology
Jean-André Deluc (1727-1817), geologist
Louis Agassiz (Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, 1807–73)
History / Archeology
Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier (1840-1914) archaeologist
Jacob Burckhard (1818-1897), historien, spécialiste de la renaissance
Jean-François Bergier (1931-2009), historien, auteur du célèbre "Rapport Bergier"
Life Sciences
Albrecht von Haller ( 1708 – 1777 ), anatomist, physiologist , naturalist and poet.
Charles Bonnet (1720-1793), botanist
Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740-1799), botanist
Johann Büttikofer (1850-1929), zoologist
Kitty Ponse (1879-1982), endocrinology
Literature / Philosophy
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 Genève - 1778 Ermenonville)
Johann Georg Baiter (1801-1877), philologist
Gottfried Keller (1819-1890)
Johanna Spyri (1827-1901), author of Heidi
Carl Spitteler (1845-1924), 1919 Nobel Prize in Literature
Charles Ferdinand Ramuz (1878-1947)
Annemarie Schwarzenbach (1908-1942) - writer and journalist
Max Frisch (1911-1991)
Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921-1990)
Jacques Chessex (1934-2009)
Joël Dicker (1985 Genève)
Mathematics
Leonhard Euler (1707–83);
Johann Bernoulli (1667–1748)
Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782). Found the dynamical equation of fluids. (known as Bernouilli’s equation).
Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789-1857) Mathematician famous for his work in mathematical analysis. Known for the "Cauchy Criterion".
Sophie Piccard (1904-1990)
Medicine
Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus (Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, 1493?–1541), physician and alchemist.
Emil Theodor Kocher (1841–1917) physiologist, pathologist, and surgeon. Nobel Prize for medicine in 1909.
Marie Heim-Vögtlin (1845-1916), first Swiss doctor and co-founder of the Swiss Women’s Hospital.
Paul Hermann Müller (1899–1965). Nobel Prize for medicine in 1948.
Walter Rudolf Hess (1881–1973). Nobel Prize for medicine in 1949.
Tadeus Reichstein (1897-1996), Polish-born. Nobel Prize for medicine in 1950.
Werner Arber (1929), Nobel Prize for medicine in 1978.
Rolf Zinkernagel (1944) Nobel Prize winner in 1996 for his work on the immune system. Known for his research on cellular immunology.
Physics
Charles Édouard Guillaume (1861–1938). Nobel Prize for physics in 1920.
Auguste Piccard (1884-1962), physicist and balloonist
Albert Einstein (1879–1955), German-born and naturalized Swiss citizen. Nobel Prize for physics in 1921.
Paul Scherrer (1890-1969) Physicist active in the development of X-ray and neutron diffraction methods. Known for the "Scherrer-Peak" in diffraction.
Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958), Austrian-born. Nobel Prize for physics in 1945.
Felix Bloch (1905-1983) Nobel Prize for physics in 1952.
Heinrich Rohrer (b.1933), Nobel Prize for physics in 1986.
K. Alex Müller (b.1927), Nobel Prize for physics in 1987.
Psychology
|
||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
0
| 33 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics
|
en
|
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics
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Year Image Laureate[a] Country[b] Rationale[c] Ref 1901 Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) German Empire "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him" [19] 1902 Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1928) Netherlands "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena" [20] Pieter Zeeman (1865–1943) 1903 Henri Becquerel (1852–1908) France "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" [21] Pierre Curie (1859–1906) "for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" Marie Curie (1867–1934) Poland
( Russian Empire)
France 1904 Lord Rayleigh (1842–1919) United Kingdom "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies" [22] 1905 Philipp Lenard (1862–1947) German Empire "for his work on cathode rays" [23] 1906 J. J. Thomson (1856–1940) United Kingdom "for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases" [24] 1907 Albert A. Michelson (1852–1931) United States "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid" [25] 1908 Gabriel Lippmann (1845–1921) France "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference" [26] 1909 Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) Kingdom of Italy "for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" [27] Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850–1918) German Empire 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923) Netherlands "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids" [28] 1911 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) German Empire "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat" [29] 1912 Gustaf Dalén (1869–1937) Sweden "for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys" [30] 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853–1926) Netherlands "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" [31] 1914 Max von Laue (1879–1960) German Empire "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals", an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy. [9] 1915 William Henry Bragg (1862–1942) United Kingdom "'For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays', an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography" [32] Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971) United Kingdom 1916 Not awarded due to World War I 1917 Charles Glover Barkla (1877–1944) United Kingdom "'For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements', another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy" [10] 1918 Max Planck (1858–1947) German Empire "for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta" [11] 1919 Johannes Stark (1874–1957) Germany "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" [33] 1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume (1861–1938) Switzerland "for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys" [34] 1921 Albert Einstein (1879–1955) Germany
Switzerland "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" [12] 1922 Niels Bohr (1885–1962) Denmark "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" [35] 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan (1868–1953) United States "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect" [36] 1924 Manne Siegbahn (1886–1978) Sweden "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy" [13] 1925 James Franck (1882–1964) Germany "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" [14] Gustav Hertz (1887–1975) 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870–1942) France "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" [37] 1927 Arthur Compton (1892–1962) United States "for his discovery of the effect named after him" [38] Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959) United Kingdom "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour" 1928 Owen Willans Richardson (1879–1959) United Kingdom "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him" [15] 1929 Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (1892–1987) France "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons" [39] 1930 C. V. Raman (1888–1970) India "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" [40] 1931 Not awarded 1932 Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976) Germany "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" [16] 1933 Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961) Austria "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" [41] Paul Dirac (1902–1984) United Kingdom 1934 Not awarded 1935 James Chadwick (1891–1974) United Kingdom "for the discovery of the neutron" [42] 1936 Victor Francis Hess (1883–1964) Austria "for his discovery of cosmic radiation" [43] Carl David Anderson (1905–1991) United States "for his discovery of the positron" 1937 Clinton Davisson (1881–1958) United States "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" [44] George Paget Thomson (1892–1975) United Kingdom 1938 Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) Kingdom of Italy "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" [45] 1939 Ernest Lawrence (1901–1958) United States "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" [46] 1940 Not awarded due to World War II 1941 Not awarded due to World War II 1942 Not awarded due to World War II 1943 Otto Stern (1888–1969) United States "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" [17] 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898–1988) United States "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" [47] 1945 Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958) Austria "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle" [48] 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961) United States "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics" [49] 1947 Edward Victor Appleton (1892–1965) United Kingdom "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer" [50] 1948 Patrick Blackett (1897–1974) United Kingdom "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation" [51] 1949 Hideki Yukawa (1907–1981) Japan "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces" [52] 1950 C. F. Powell (1903–1969) United Kingdom "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" [53] 1951 John Cockcroft (1897–1967) United Kingdom "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" [54] Ernest Walton (1903–1995) Ireland 1952 Felix Bloch (1905–1983) United States "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" [55] Edward Mills Purcell (1912–1997) 1953 Frits Zernike (1888–1966) Netherlands "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" [56] 1954 Max Born (1882–1970) West Germany "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" [57] Walther Bothe (1891–1957) "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" 1955 Willis Lamb (1913–2008) United States "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" [58] Polykarp Kusch (1911–1993) United States "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" 1956 John Bardeen (1908–1991) United States "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" [59] Walter Houser Brattain (1902–1987) William Shockley (1910–1989) 1957 Lee Tsung-Dao (b. 1926) Republic of China "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" [60] Yang Chen-Ning (b. 1922) 1958 Pavel Cherenkov (1904–1990) Soviet Union "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" [61] Ilya Frank (1908–1990) Igor Tamm (1895–1971) 1959 Emilio Segrè (1905–1989) United States "for their discovery of the antiproton" [62] Owen Chamberlain (1920–2006) 1960 Donald A. Glaser (1926–2013) United States "for the invention of the bubble chamber" [63] 1961 Robert Hofstadter (1915–1990) United States "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" [64] Rudolf Mössbauer (1929–2011) West Germany "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name" 1962 Lev Landau (1908–1968) Soviet Union "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" [65] 1963 Eugene Wigner (1902–1995) United States "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" [66] Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906–1972) United States "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" [66] J. Hans D. Jensen (1907–1973) West Germany 1964 Nikolay Basov (1922–2001) Soviet Union "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle" [67] Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002) Charles H. Townes (1915–2015) United States 1965 Richard Feynman (1918–1988) United States "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" [68] Julian Schwinger (1918–1994) Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (1906–1979) Japan 1966 Alfred Kastler (1902–1984) France "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" [69] 1967 Hans Bethe (1906–2005) United States "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars" [70] 1968 Luis Alvarez (1911–1988) United States "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" [71] 1969 Murray Gell-Mann (1929–2019) United States "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" [72] 1970 Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) Sweden "for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics" [73] Louis Néel (1904–2000) France "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics" 1971 Dennis Gabor (1900–1979) United Kingdom "for his invention and development of the holographic method" [74] 1972 John Bardeen (1908–1991) United States "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" [75] Leon Cooper (b. 1930) John Robert Schrieffer (1931–2019) 1973 Leo Esaki (b. 1925) Japan "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" [76] Ivar Giaever (b. 1929) United States Brian Josephson (b. 1940) United Kingdom "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect" 1974 Martin Ryle (1918–1984) United Kingdom "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" [77] Antony Hewish (1924–2021) 1975 Aage Bohr (1922–2009) Denmark "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" [78] Ben Roy Mottelson (1926–2022) James Rainwater (1917–1986) United States 1976 Samuel C. C. Ting (b. 1936) United States "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" [79] Burton Richter (1931–2018) 1977 Philip Warren Anderson (1923–2020) United States "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" [80] Nevill Francis Mott (1905–1996) United Kingdom John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (1899–1980) United States 1978 Pyotr Kapitsa (1894–1984) Soviet Union "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" [81] Arno Allan Penzias (1933–2024) United States "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" Robert Woodrow Wilson (b. 1936) 1979 Sheldon Glashow (b. 1932) United States "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" [82] Abdus Salam (1926–1996) Pakistan Steven Weinberg (1933–2021) United States 1980 James Cronin (1931–2016) United States "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" [83] Val Logsdon Fitch (1923–2015) 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen (1920–2017) United States "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" [84] Arthur Leonard Schawlow (1921–1999) Kai Siegbahn (1918–2007) Sweden "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" [84] 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson (1936–2013) United States "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" [85] 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995) United States "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars" [86] William Alfred Fowler (1911–1995) "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" 1984 Carlo Rubbia (b. 1934) Italy "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" [87] Simon van der Meer (1925–2011) Netherlands 1985 Klaus von Klitzing (b. 1943) West Germany "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" [88] 1986 Ernst Ruska (1906–1988) West Germany "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" [89] Gerd Binnig (b. 1947) "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" [89] Heinrich Rohrer (1933–2013) Switzerland 1987 Georg Bednorz (b. 1950) West Germany "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" [90] K. Alex Müller (1927–2023) Switzerland 1988 Leon M. Lederman (1922–2018) United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" [91] Melvin Schwartz (1932–2006) Jack Steinberger (1921–2020) 1989 Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (1915–2011) United States "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" [92] Hans Georg Dehmelt (1922–2017) "for the development of the ion trap technique" Wolfgang Paul (1913–1993) West Germany 1990 Jerome I. Friedman (b. 1930) United States "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" [93] Henry Way Kendall (1926–1999) Richard E. Taylor (1929–2018) Canada 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932–2007) France "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" [94] 1992 Georges Charpak (1924–2010) France "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" [95] 1993 Russell Alan Hulse (b. 1950) United States "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" [96] Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (b. 1941) 1994 Bertram Brockhouse (1918–2003) Canada "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" [97] Clifford Shull (1915–2001) United States "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" 1995 Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014) United States "for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" [98] Frederick Reines (1918–1998) "for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" 1996 David Lee (b. 1931) United States "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" [99] Douglas D. Osheroff (b. 1945) Robert Coleman Richardson (1937–2013) 1997 Steven Chu (b. 1948) United States "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light." [100] Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (b. 1933) France William Daniel Phillips (b. 1948) United States 1998 Robert B. Laughlin (b. 1950) United States "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" [101] Horst Ludwig Störmer (b. 1949) Germany Daniel C. Tsui (b. 1939) United States 1999 Gerard 't Hooft (b. 1946) Netherlands "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" [102] Martinus J. G. Veltman (1931–2021) 2000 Zhores Alferov (1930–2019) Russia "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics" [103] Herbert Kroemer (1928–2024) Germany Jack Kilby (1923–2005) United States "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit" 2001 Eric Allin Cornell (b. 1961) United States "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" [104] Carl Wieman (b. 1951) Wolfgang Ketterle (b. 1957) Germany Masatoshi Koshiba (1926–2020) Japan Vitaly Ginzburg (1916–2009) Russia Anthony James Leggett (b. 1938) United Kingdom
United States Hugh David Politzer (b. 1949) Frank Wilczek (b. 1951) 2005 Roy J. Glauber (1925–2018) United States "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence" [108] John L. Hall (b. 1934) "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique" Theodor W. Hänsch (b. 1941) Germany 2006 John C. Mather (b. 1946) United States "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" [109] George Smoot (b. 1945) 2007 Albert Fert (b. 1938) France "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance" [110] Peter Grünberg (1939–2018) Germany 2008 Makoto Kobayashi (b. 1944) Japan "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" [111] Toshihide Maskawa (1940–2021) Yoichiro Nambu (1921–2015) United States "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" 2009 Charles K. Kao (1933–2018) Hong Kong
United Kingdom
"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication" [112] Willard S. Boyle (1924–2011) United States "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor" George E. Smith (b. 1930) 2010 Andre Geim (b. 1958) United Kingdom "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene" [113] Konstantin Novoselov (b. 1974) 2011 Saul Perlmutter (b. 1959) United States "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae" [114] Brian P. Schmidt (b. 1967) Australia Adam G. Riess (b. 1969) United States 2012 Serge Haroche (b. 1944) France "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems." [115] David J. Wineland (b. 1944) United States 2013 François Englert (b. 1932) Belgium "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider" [116] Peter Higgs (1929–2024) United Kingdom 2014 Isamu Akasaki (1929–2021) Japan "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources" [117] Hiroshi Amano (b. 1960) Shuji Nakamura (b. 1954) United States 2015 Takaaki Kajita (b. 1959) Japan "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass" [118] Arthur B. McDonald (b. 1943) Canada 2016 David J. Thouless (1934–2019) United Kingdom "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter" [119] Duncan Haldane (b. 1951) John M. Kosterlitz (b. 1943) United States
United Kingdom
2017 Rainer Weiss (b. 1932) United States "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves" [120] Kip Thorne (b. 1940) Barry Barish (b. 1936) 2018 Arthur Ashkin (1922–2020) United States "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems" [121] Gérard Mourou (b. 1944) France "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses" Donna Strickland (b. 1959) Canada 2019 James Peebles (b. 1935) United States "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology" [122] Michel Mayor (b. 1942) Switzerland "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" Didier Queloz (b. 1966)
Switzerland
United Kingdom
2020 Roger Penrose (b. 1931) United Kingdom "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" [123] Reinhard Genzel (b. 1952) Germany "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" Andrea M. Ghez (b. 1965) United States 2021 Syukuro Manabe (b. 1931) United States[124] "for the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming" [125] Klaus Hasselmann (b. 1931) Germany Giorgio Parisi (b. 1948) Italy "for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales" 2022 Alain Aspect (b. 1947) France "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science" [126] John Clauser (b. 1942) United States Anton Zeilinger (b. 1945) Austria 2023 Anne L'Huillier (b. 1958)
France
Sweden
"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter" [127] Ferenc Krausz (b. 1962)
Austria
Hungary
|
||||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
3
| 5 |
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/guillaume/nominations/
|
en
|
Charles Edouard Guillaume – Nominations
|
[
"https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/guillaume-nomination.jpg",
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"https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 was awarded to Charles Edouard Guillaume "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
|
en
|
NobelPrize.org
|
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/guillaume/nominations/
|
Nobel Prizes and laureates
Eleven laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2023, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from effective mRNA vaccines and attosecond physics to fighting against the oppression of women.
See them all presented here.
|
|||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
0
| 25 |
https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/Guillaume.html
|
en
|
Guillaume, Charles Edouard (1861
|
http://www.daviddarling.info/images/Guillaume.jpg
|
http://www.daviddarling.info/images/Guillaume.jpg
|
[
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"https://www.daviddarling.info/images22/Science_Fiction_Experience_When_Worlds_Collide.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"David Darling"
] | null |
Charles Guillaume was a Swiss-born French physicist best known for discovering invar, an iron-nickel alloy.
|
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/Guillaume.html
|
Charles Guillaume was a Swiss-born French physicist best known for discovering invar, an iron-nickel alloy which expands and contracts only very slightly with temperature change. For his work on ferronickels he was awarded the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics.
|
|||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
2
| 84 |
http://almaz.com/nobel/physics/physics.html
|
en
|
Winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics
|
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[] | null |
A comprehensive list of Nobel Prize Laureates in Physics, at the Nobel Prize Internet Archive.
| null |
2022
The prize was awarded to:
ALAIN ASPECT, JOHN F. CLAUSER and ANTON ZEILINGER for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science
2021
The prize was divided, with one half awarded jointly to:
SYUKURO MANABE and KLAUS HASSELMANN
for the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming
and the other half awarded to:
GIORGIO PARISI
for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales.
2020
The prize was divided, with one half awarded to:
ROGER PENROSE
for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity
and the other half jointly to:
REINHARD GENZEL and ANDREA GHEZ
for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy.
2019
The prize was awarded for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth's place in the cosmos, with one half awarded to:
JAMES PEEBLES
for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology
and the other half jointly to:
MICHEL MAYOR and DIDIER QUELOZ
for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star
2018
The prize was divided, one half awarded to:
ARTHUR ASHKIN
for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems
and the other half jointly to:
GÉRARD MOUROU and DONNA STRICKLAND
for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses.
2017
The prize was divided, one half awarded to:
RAINER WEISS
and the other half jointly to:
BARRY C. BARISH and KIP S. THORNE
for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves
2016
The prize was divided, one half awarded to:
DAVID J. THOULESS
and the other half jointly to:
F. DUNCAN M. HALDANE and J. MICHAEL KOSTERLITZ
for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter.
2015
The prize was awarded jointly to:
TAKAAKI KAJITA and ARTHUR B. MCDONALD for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass.
2014
The prize was awarded jointly to:
ISAMU AKASAKI, HIROSHI AMANO, and SHUJI NAKAMURA for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources.
2013
The prize was awarded jointly to:
FRANÇOIS ENGLERT and PETER W. HIGGS for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider.
2012
The prize was awarded jointly to:
SERGE HAROCHE and DAVID J. WINELAND for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems.
2011
The prize was awarded with one half to:
SAUL PERLMUTTER and the other half jointly to BRIAN P. SCHMIDT and ADAM G. RIESS for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae.
2010
The prize was awarded jointly to:
ANDRE GEIM and KONSTANTIN NOVOSELOV for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene.
2009
The prize is being awarded with one half to:
CHARLES K. KAO for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication
and the other half jointly to:
WILLARD S. BOYLE and GEORGE E. SMITH for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor.
2008
The prize is being awarded with one half to:
YOICHIRO NAMBU for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics
and the other half jointly to:
MAKOTO KOBAYASHI and TOSHIHIDE MASKAWA for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature.
2007
The prize is being awarded jointly to:
ALBERT FERT and PETER GRÜNBERG for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance.
2006
The prize is being awarded jointly to:
JOHN C. MATHER and GEORGE C. SMOOT for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation
2005
The prize is being awarded with one half to:
ROY J. GLAUBER for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence
and one half jointly to
JOHN L. HALL and THEODOR W. HÄNSCH for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique
2004
The prize is being awarded jointly to:
DAVID J. GROSS, H. DAVID POLITZER and FRANK WILCZEK for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction
2003
The prize is being awarded jointly to:
ALEXEI A. ABRIKOSOV, VITALY L. GINZBURG and ANTHONY J. LEGGETT for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids
2002
The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to:
RAYMOND DAVIS JR., and MASATOSHI KOSHIBA for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos
and the other half to:
RICCARDO GIACCONI for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources
2001
The prize is being awarded jointly to:
ERIC A. CORNELL, WOLFGANG KETTERLE and CARL E. WIEMAN for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates.
2000
The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to:
ZHORES I. ALFEROV, and HERBERT KROEMER for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics
and
and one half to:
JACK ST. CLAIR KILBY for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit.
1999
The prize was awarded jointly to:
GERARDUS 'T HOOFT, and MARTINUS J.G. VELTMAN for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics.
1998
The prize was awarded jointly to:
ROBERT B. LAUGHLIN, HORST L. STORMER and DANIEL C. TSUI for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.
1997
The prize was awarded jointly to:
STEVEN CHU, CLAUDE COHEN-TANNOUDJI and WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.
1996
The prize was awarded jointly to:
DAVID M. LEE, DOUGLAS D. OSHEROFF and ROBERT C. RICHARDSON for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3.
1995
The prize was awarded for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics, with one half to:
MARTIN L. PERL for the discovery of the tau lepton.
and the other half to:
FREDERICK REINES for the detection of the neutrino.
1994
The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter to:
BERTRAM N. BROCKHOUSE for the development of neutron spectroscopy
CLIFFORD G. SHULL for the development of the neutron diffraction technique.
1993
The prize was awarded jointly to:
RUSSELL A. HULSE and JOSEPH H. TAYLOR JR. for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation.
1992
GEORGES CHARPAK for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber.
1991
PIERRE-GILLES DE GENNES for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers.
1990
The prize was awarded jointly to:
JEROME I. FRIEDMAN, HENRY W. KENDALL and RICHARD E. TAYLOR for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.
1989
One half of the award was given to:
NORMAN F. RAMSEY for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks.
and the other half jointly to:
HANS G. DEHMELT and WOLFGANG PAUL for the development of the ion trap technique.
1988
The prize was awarded jointly to:
LEON M. LEDERMAN, MELVIN SCHWARTZ and JACK STEINBERGER for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.
1987
The prize was awarded jointly to:
J. GEORG BEDNORZ and K. ALEXANDER MÜLLER for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials.
1986
The prize was awarded by one half to:
ERNST RUSKA for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope.
GERD BINNIG and HEINRICH ROHRER for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope.
1985
KLAUS VON KLITZING for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect.
1984
The prize was awarded jointly to:
CARLO RUBBIA and SIMON VAN DER MEER for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction.
1983
The prize was divided equally between:
SUBRAMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars.
WILLIAM A. FOWLER for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe.
1982
KENNETH G. WILSON for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions.
1981
The prize was awarded by one half jointly to:
NICOLAAS BLOEMBERGEN and ARTHUR L. SCHAWLOW for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy
and the other half to:
KAI M. SIEGBAHN for his contribution to the development of high- resolution electron spectroscopy.
1980
The prize was divided equally between:
JAMES W. CRONIN and VAL L. FITCH for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons.
1979
The prize was divided equally between:
SHELDON L. GLASHOW, ABDUS SALAM and STEVEN WEINBERG for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current.
1978
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:
PYOTR LEONIDOVICH KAPITSA for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics
and the other half divided equally between:
ARNO A. PENZIAS and ROBERT W. WILSON for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation.
1977
The prize was divided equally between:
PHILIP W. ANDERSON, SIR NEVILL F. MOTT and JOHN H. VAN VLECK for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems.
1976
The prize was divided equally between:
BURTON RICHTER and SAMUEL C. C. TING for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind.
1975
The prize was awarded jointly to:
AAGE BOHR, BEN MOTTELSON and JAMES RAINWATER for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection.
1974
The prize was awarded jointly to:
SIR MARTIN RYLE and ANTONY HEWISH for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars.
1973
The prize was divided, one half being equally shared between:
LEO ESAKI and IVAR GIAEVER , for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively,
and the other half to
BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects.
1972
The prize was awarded jointly to:
JOHN BARDEEN, LEON N. COOPER and J. ROBERT SCHRIEFFER for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory.
1971
DENNIS GABOR for his invention and development of the holographic method.
1970
The prize was divided equally between:
HANNES ALFVÉN for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics
LOUIS NÉEL for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics.
1969
MURRAY GELL-MANN for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions.
1968
LUIS W. ALVAREZ for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis.
1967
HANS ALBRECHT BETHE for his contributions to the theory ofnuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars.
1966
ALFRED KASTLER for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying hertzian resonances in atoms.
1965
The prize was awarded jointly to:
SIN-ITIRO TOMONAGA, JULIAN SCHWINGER and RICHARD P. FEYNMAN for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles.
1964
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:
CHARLES H. TOWNES
the other half jointly to:
NICOLAY GENNADIYEVICH BASOV and ALEKSANDR MIKHAILOVICH PROKHOROV for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle.
1963
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:
EUGENE P. WIGNER for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles
and the other half jointly to:
MARIA GOEPPERT-MAYER and J. HANS D. JENSEN for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure.
1962
LEV DAVIDOVICH LANDAU for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium.
1961
The prize was divided equally between:
ROBERT HOFSTADTER for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the nucleons
RUDOLF LUDWIG MÖSSBAUER for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name.
1960
DONALD A. GLASER for the invention of the bubble chamber.
1959
The prize was awarded jointly to:
EMILIO GINO SEGRÈ and OWEN CHAMBERLAIN for their discovery of the antiproton.
1958
The prize was awarded jointly to:
PAVEL ALEKSEYEVICH CHERENKOV , IL'JA MIKHAILOVICH FRANK and IGOR YEVGENYEVICH TAMM for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect.
1957
The prize was awarded jointly to:
CHEN NING YANG and TSUNG-DAO LEE for their penetratinginvestigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary partic les.
1956
The prize was awarded jointly, one third each, to:
WILLIAM SHOCKLEY, JOHN BARDEEN and WALTER HOUSER BRATTAIN for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.
1955
The prize was divided equally between:
WILLIS EUGENE LAMB for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum
POLYKARP KUSCH for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron.
1954
The prize was divided equally between:
MAX BORN for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction
WALTHER BOTHE for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith.
1953
FRITS (FREDERIK) ZERNIKE for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope.
1952
The prize was awarded jointly to:
FELIX BLOCH and EDWARD MILLS PURCELL for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith.
1951
The prize was awarded jointly to:
SIR JOHN DOUGLAS COCKCROFT and ERNEST THOMAS SINTON WALTON for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially acce lerated atomic particles.
1950
CECIL FRANK POWELL for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method.
1949
HIDEKI YUKAWA for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces.
1948
LORD PATRICK MAYNARD STUART BLACKETT for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation.
1947
SIR EDWARD VICTOR APPLETON for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer.
1946
PERCY WILLIAMS BRIDGMAN for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics.
1945
WOLFGANG PAULI for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle.
1944
ISIDOR ISAAC RABI for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.
1943
OTTO STERN for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton.
1942-1940
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.
1939
ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artifi cial radioactive elements.
1938
ENRICO FERMI for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons.
1937
The prize was awarded jointly to:
CLINTON JOSEPH DAVISSON and SIR GEORGE PAGET THOMSON for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals.
1936
The prize was divided equally between:
VICTOR FRANZ HESS for his discovery of cosmic radiation
CARL DAVID ANDERSON for his discovery of the positron.
1935
SIR JAMES CHADWICK for the discovery of the neutron.
1934
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.
1933
The prize was awarded jointly to
ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER and PAUL ADRIEN MAURICE DIRAC for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.
1932
WERNER HEISENBERG for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.
1931
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.
1930
SIR CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA RAMAN for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him.
1929
PRINCE LOUIS-VICTOR DE BROGLIE for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons.
1928
SIR OWEN WILLANS RICHARDSON for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him.
1927
The prize was divided equally between:
ARTHUR HOLLY COMPTON for his discovery of the effect named after him
CHARLES THOMSON REES WILSON for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour.
1926
JEAN BAPTISTE PERRIN for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium.
1925
The prize was awarded jointly to:
JAMES FRANCK and GUSTAV HERTZ for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom.
1924
KARL MANNE GEORG SIEGBAHN for his discoveries and researchin the field of X-ray spectroscopy.
1923
ROBERT ANDREWS MILLIKAN for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect.
1922
NIELS BOHR for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them.
1921
ALBERT EINSTEIN for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.
1920
CHARLES EDOUARD GUILLAUME in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys.
1919
JOHANNES STARK for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields.
1918
MAX KARL ERNST LUDWIG PLANCK in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta.
1917
CHARLES GLOVER BARKLA for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements.
1916
The prize money for 1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1915
The prize was awarded jointly to:
SIR WILLIAM HENRY BRAGG and SIR WILLIAM LAWRENCE BRAGG for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.
1914
MAX VON LAUE for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.
1913
HEIKE KAMERLINGH-ONNES for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia to the production of liquid helium.
1912
NILS GUSTAF DALÉN for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys.
1911
WILHELM WIEN for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat.
1910
JOHANNES DIDERIK VAN DER WAALS for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids.
1909
The prize was awarded jointly to:
GUGLIELMO MARCONI and CARL FERDINAND BRAUN in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy.
1908
GABRIEL LIPPMANN for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference.
1907
ALBERT ABRAHAM MICHELSON for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid.
1906
SIR JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.
1905
PHILIPP EDUARD ANTON LENARD for his work on cathode rays.
1904
LORD JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT RAYLEIGH for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies.
1903
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:
ANTOINE HENRI BECQUEREL in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity
the other half jointly to:
PIERRE CURIE and MARIE CURIE, née SKLODOWSKA in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.
1902
The prize was awarded jointly to:
HENDRIK ANTOON LORENTZ and PIETER ZEEMAN in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena.
1901
|
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correct_award_00023
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FactBench
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0
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https://github.com/lhcb/opendata-project/blob/master/Data/nobel.csv
|
en
|
opendata-project/Data/nobel.csv at master · lhcb/opendata-project
|
https://opengraph.githubassets.com/927fe6f4cc1eff06d65a24cfef944ce8181b5f054567321f33a765747a520606/lhcb/opendata-project
|
https://opengraph.githubassets.com/927fe6f4cc1eff06d65a24cfef944ce8181b5f054567321f33a765747a520606/lhcb/opendata-project
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Contribute to lhcb/opendata-project development by creating an account on GitHub.
|
en
|
GitHub
|
https://github.com/lhcb/opendata-project/blob/master/Data/nobel.csv
|
Skip to content
Navigation Menu
|
|||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
1
| 45 |
https://dashamlav.com/kb/world/nobel-prize-winners/charles-edouard-guillaume-1920-physics-nobel-prize/
|
en
|
Charles Edouard Guillaume: Nobel Prize Winners
|
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All the details about the Nobel Prize in Physics won by Charles Edouard Guillaume in the year 1920. Nobel Prize Awardees are considered to be the winners of world's highest award.
|
en
|
Dashamlav
|
https://dashamlav.com/kb/world/nobel-prize-winners/charles-edouard-guillaume-1920-physics-nobel-prize/
|
Motivation
for the Awardin recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys
|
|||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
1
| 12 |
http://almaz.com/nobel/physics/1920a.html
|
en
|
Charles Edouard Guillaume Winner of the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics
|
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"Charles Edouard Guillaume"
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Charles Edouard Guillaume, a Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics, at the Nobel Prize Internet Archive.
| null | ||||||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
1
| 7 |
https://www.kva.se/en/prize-laureate/charles-edouard-guillaume-2/
|
en
|
Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2022-06-08T21:19:21+00:00
|
Charles Edouard Guillaume
|
en
|
Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien
|
https://www.kva.se/en/prize-laureate/charles-edouard-guillaume-2/
|
Charles Edouard Guillaume
Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), Sèvres
|
|||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
0
| 67 |
https://axz.pages.dev/0xLy9DaGFybGVzXyVDMyU4OWRvdWFyZF9HdWlsbGF1bWU
|
en
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
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[] | null | null | ||||||||||
correct_award_00023
|
FactBench
|
0
| 88 |
https://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/nobel-prize-physics.htm
|
en
|
Nobel Prize in Physics
|
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[
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The Nobel Prize in Physics is one of the Nobel Prizes established by Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor and scientist. The Nobel Prize
|
en
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../../favicon.ico
| null |
Nobel Laureates
(Click on laureate names for biographies) Year Winner Achievement 2010 Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene" 2009 Charles K. Kao "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication" 2009 Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit â the CCD sensor" 2008 Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" 2008 Yoichiro Nambu "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" 2007 Albert Fert and
Peter Grünberg
"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance" 2006 John C. Mather and George F. Smoot "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" 2005 Roy J. Glauber "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence" 2005 John L. Hall and
Theodor W. Hänsch
"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique" 2004 David J. Gross,
H. David Politzer, and Frank Wilczek
"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction" 2003 Alexei A. Abrikosov,
Vitaly L. Ginzburg, and
Anthony J. Leggett
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids" 2002 Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" 2002 Riccardo Giacconi "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" 2001 Eric A. Cornell,
Wolfgang Ketterle and
Carl E. Wieman
"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" 2000 Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer "for basic work on information and communication technology" "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics" 2000 Jack S. Kilby "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit" 1999 Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" 1998 Robert B. Laughlin,
Horst L. Störmer, and Daniel C. Tsui
"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" 1997 Steven Chu,
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William D. Phillips
"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light" 1996 David M. Lee,
Douglas D. Osheroff, and Robert C. Richardson
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" 1995 Martin L. Perl and Frederick Reines "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" "for the discovery of the tau lepton" "for the detection of the neutrino" 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse and Clifford G. Shull "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" 1993 Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr. "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" 1992 Georges Charpak "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" 1990 Jerome I. Friedman,
Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor
"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" 1989 Norman F. Ramsey,
Hans G. Dehmelt, and Wolfgang Paul
"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" "for the development of the ion trap technique" 1988 Leon M. Lederman,
Melvin Schwartz, and
Jack Steinberger
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" 1987 J. Georg Bednorz and
K. Alex Müller
"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" 1986 Ernst Ruska "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" 1986 Gerd Binnig and
Heinrich Rohrer
"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" 1985 Klaus von Klitzing "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" 1984 Carlo Rubbia and
Simon van der Meer
"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" 1983 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars" 1983 William A. Fowler "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur L. Schawlow "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" 1981 Kai M. Siegbahn "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" 1980 James Cronin and
Val Fitch
"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" 1979 Sheldon Glashow,
Abdus Salam, and
Steven Weinberg
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" 1978 Pyotr Kapitsa "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" 1978 Arno Penzias and
Robert Woodrow Wilson
"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" 1977 Philip W. Anderson,
Sir Nevill F. Mott, and
John H. van Vleck
"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" 1976 Burton Richter and Samuel C.C. Ting "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" 1975 Aage N. Bohr,
Ben R. Mottelson, and James Rainwater
"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" 1974 Martin Ryle and
Antony Hewish
"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" 1973 Leo Esaki and
Ivar Giaever
"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" 1973 Brian D. Josephson "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects" 1972 John Bardeen,
Leon N. Cooper and Robert Schrieffer
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" 1971 Dennis Gabor "for his invention and development of the holographic method" 1970 Hannes Alfvén and
Louis Néel
"for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics" "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics" 1969 Murray Gell-Mann "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" 1968 Luis Alvarez "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" 1967 Hans Bethe "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars" 1966 Alfred Kastler "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" 1965 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga,
Julian Schwinger, and Richard P. Feynman
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" 1964 Charles H. Townes, Nicolay G. Basov, and Aleksandr M. Prokhorov "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle" 1963 Eugene Wigner "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" 1963 Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" 1962 Lev Landau "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" 1961 Robert Hofstadter "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" 1961 Rudolf Mössbauer "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name" 1960 Donald A. Glaser "for the invention of the bubble chamber" 1959 Emilio Segrè and
Owen Chamberlain
"for their discovery of the antiproton" 1958 Pavel A. Cherenkov,
Il´ja M. Frank, and
Igor Y. Tamm
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" 1957 Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" 1956 William B. Shockley,
John Bardeen, and
Walter H. Brattain
"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" 1955 Willis E. Lamb "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" 1955 Polykarp Kusch "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" 1954 Max Born "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" 1954 Walther Bothe "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" 1953 Frits Zernike "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" 1952 Felix Bloch and
E. M. Purcell
"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" 1951 John Cockcroft and
Ernest T.S. Walton
"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" 1950 Cecil Powell "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" 1949 Hideki Yukawa "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces" 1948 Patrick M.S. Blackett "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation" 1947 Edward V. Appleton "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer" 1946 Percy W. Bridgman "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics" 1945 Wolfgang Pauli "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle" 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" 1943 Otto Stern "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" 1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section 1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section 1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section 1939 Ernest Lawrence "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" 1938 Enrico Fermi "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" 1937 Clinton Davisson and George Paget Thomson "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" 1936 Victor F. Hess "for his discovery of cosmic radiation" 1936 Carl D. Anderson "for his discovery of the positron" 1935 James Chadwick "for the discovery of the neutron" 1934 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section 1933 Erwin Schrödinger and Paul A.M. Dirac "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" 1932 Werner Heisenberg "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" 1931 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section 1930 Venkata Raman "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" 1929 Louis de Broglie "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons" 1928 Owen Willans Richardson "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him" 1927 Arthur H. Compton "for his discovery of the effect named after him" 1927 C.T.R. Wilson "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour" 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" 1925 James Franck and
Gustav Hertz
"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" 1924 Manne Siegbahn "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy" 1923 Robert A. Millikan "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect" 1922 Niels Bohr "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" 1917 Charles Glover Barkla "for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements" 1916 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section 1915 William Bragg and Lawrence Bragg "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays" 1914 Max von Laue "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals" 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" 1912 Gustaf Dalén "for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys" 1911 Wilhelm Wien "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat" 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids" 1909 Guglielmo Marconi and Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" 1908 Gabriel Lippmann "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference" 1907 Albert A. Michelson "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid" 1906 J.J. Thomson "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases" 1905 Philipp Lenard "for his work on cathode rays" 1904 Lord Rayleigh "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies" 1903 Henri Becquerel "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" 1903 Pierre Curie and
Marie Curie,
née Sklodowska
"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" 1902 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"
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