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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, an immersion is a differentiable function between differentiable manifolds whose differential pushforward is everywhere injective. Explicitly, is an immersion if
is an injective function at every point of (where denotes the tangent space of a manifold at a point in ). Equivalently, is an immersion if its derivative has constant rank equal to the dimension of :
The function itself need not be injective, only its derivative must be.
A related concept is that of an embedding. A smooth embedding is an injective immersion that is also a topological embedding, so that is diffeomorphic to its image in . An immersion is precisely a local embedding – that is, for any point there is a neighbourhood, , of such that is an embedding, and conversely a local embedding is an immersion. For infinite dimensional manifolds, this is sometimes taken to be the definition of an immersion.
If is compact, an injective immersion is an embedding, but if is not compact then injective immersions need not be embeddings; compare to continuous bijections versus homeomorphisms.
Regular homotopy
A regular homotopy between two immersions and from a manifold to a manifold is defined to be a differentiable function such that for all in the function defined by for all is an immersion, with , . A regular homotopy is thus a homotopy through immersions.
Classification
Hassler Whitney initiated the systematic study of immersions and regular homotopies in the 1940s, pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Danknick
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Dan Danknick is a physicist and roboticist who graduated from UCI and has made several appearances on robotics related television shows.
Battlebots
Danknick gained comedic notoriety in the robotics community with his appearances on the Comedy Central show Battlebots. The robot created by his Team Delta, Hazard, was consistently one of the highest ranked middleweight robots in the entire competition.
Robotica
Danknick hosted the TLC show Robotica for the second and third seasons, acting as a technical commentator.
SERVO Magazine
Danknick served as the first technical editor of SERVO Magazine, the robotics publication. He was also a driving force behind the magazine's robotics competition, Tetsujin.
References
External links
21st-century American physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American roboticists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia%20University%20massacre
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The Concordia University massacre was a school shooting on August 24, 1992 in which Valery I. Fabrikant, an associate professor of mechanical engineering, killed four colleagues and wounded a staff member at Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison.
Overview
Perpetrator
Fabrikant was a mechanical engineering associate professor who had worked at Concordia University for 13 years. He had begun as a technician, and long demonstrated disruptive behaviour against students, staff members and other academics, described as ranging from "undesirable to intolerable", with which the university had struggled to deal. One student claimed in a 1982 filed police report that he had raped her and dislocated her shoulder. In addition, he had presented academic challenges in teaching and supervision. As early as 1989, two people reported him saying, "I know how people get what they want, they shoot a lot of people."
Relations between Fabrikant and the University became increasingly strained in late 1991 and the spring of 1992. Colleagues became alarmed after he turned his aggression against them. After being denied tenure, Fabrikant charged members of the engineering department with questionable financial dealings and improper credit for research work. Because of his unacceptable behaviour in addition to the charges, he faced dismissal on grounds of intimidation and harassment of fellow staff members. He was also under a co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieces%20of%20a%20Dream%20%28Chemistry%20song%29
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"Pieces of a Dream" is the first single from the Japanese R&B (J-urban) band Chemistry.
Overview
This was the first single from the duo that had won the Asayan held in Japan. Since the band won a contest similar to the American Idol show, the single was expected to be a success. Although the single debuted at #2 on the Oricon charts, it finally reached #1 after 6 weeks. For 15 weeks, it stayed in the top 10. Once it fell from the number one spot, it charted for another twenty-two weeks. "Pieces of a Dream" was the third-highest ranking single of 2001, selling over one million copies.
In 2016, the song was featured in the Anime, ReLIFE for episode 11 ending theme.
Track list
"Pieces of a Dream"
"Two"
"Pieces of a Dream (Old School Mix)"
"Pieces of a Dream (Less Vocal)"
Charts
Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)
References
2001 singles
Oricon Weekly number-one singles
Chemistry (band) songs
2001 songs
Defstar Records singles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal%20restriction%20fragment%20length%20polymorphism
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Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP or sometimes T-RFLP) is a molecular biology technique for profiling of microbial communities based on the position of a restriction site closest to a labelled end of an amplified gene. The method is based on digesting a mixture of PCR amplified variants of a single gene using one or more restriction enzymes and detecting the size of each of the individual resulting terminal fragments using a DNA sequencer. The result is a graph image where the x-axis represents the sizes of the fragment and the y-axis represents their fluorescence intensity.
Background
TRFLP is one of several molecular methods aimed to generate a fingerprint of an unknown microbial community. Other similar methods include DGGE, TGGE, ARISA, ARDRA, PLFA, etc.
These relatively high throughput methods were developed in order to reduce the cost and effort in analyzing microbial communities using a clone library. The method was first described by Avaniss-Aghajani et al in 1994 and later by Liu in 1997 which employed the amplification of the 16S rDNA target gene from the DNA of several isolated bacteria as well as environmental samples.
Since then the method has been applied for the use of other marker genes such as the functional marker gene pmoA to analyze methanotrophic communities.
Method
Like most other community analysis methods, TRFLP is also based on PCR amplification of a target gene. In the case of TRFLP, the amplification is performed with one o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial%20Matters
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Celestial Matters is a science fantasy novel by American writer Richard Garfinkle, set in an alternate universe with different laws of physics. Published by Tor Books in 1996, it is a work of alternate history and elaborated "alternate science", as the physics of this world and its surrounding cosmos are based on the physics of Aristotle and ancient Chinese Taoist alchemy.
Celestial Matters won the 1997 Compton Crook Award for best first science fiction novel.
Setting
In the world of Celestial Matters, Ptolemaic astronomy and Aristotelian physics are valid scientific models of the surrounding world and cosmos. The Earth lies at the center of the universe, surrounded by crystal spheres which hold each of the planets, the sun and the moon, all enclosed in the sphere of the fixed stars. Earthly matter, composed of the classical four elements of earth, air, fire, and water, naturally moves in straight lines. Heavenly matter naturally rises and moves in circles. This is the universe as understood by the ancient Greeks.
The science of the ancient Chinese also applies, but as the novel is told from the perspective of the Greeks, it is less well-understood. Xi, the Chinese notion of spirit and flow, can be manipulated to move objects and energy. The Chinese five elements of earth, metal, water, wood, and fire are transmuted one into the other. Part of the central theme of the book is the two system's mutual misunderstanding and bafflement of each other.
In this world, the Delia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic%20filling
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In mathematics, a filling of a manifold X is a cobordism W between X and the empty set. More to the point, the n-dimensional topological manifold X is the boundary of an (n + 1)-dimensional manifold W. Perhaps the most active area of current research is when n = 3, where one may consider certain types of fillings.
There are many types of fillings, and a few examples of these types (within a probably limited perspective) follow.
An oriented filling of any orientable manifold X is another manifold W such that the orientation of X is given by the boundary orientation of W, which is the one where the first basis vector of the tangent space at each point of the boundary is the one pointing directly out of W, with respect to a chosen Riemannian metric. Mathematicians call this orientation the outward normal first convention.
All the following cobordisms are oriented, with the orientation on W given by a symplectic structure. Let ξ denote the kernel of the contact form α.
A weak symplectic filling of a contact manifold (X,ξ) is a symplectic manifold (W,ω) with such that .
A strong symplectic filling of a contact manifold (X,ξ) is a symplectic manifold (W,ω) with such that ω is exact near the boundary (which is X) and α is a primitive for ω. That is, ω = dα in a neighborhood of the boundary .
A Stein filling of a contact manifold (X,ξ) is a Stein manifold W which has X as its strictly pseudoconvex boundary and ξ is the set of complex tangencies to X – that is, those tangent pla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Reklaw
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Jesse Reklaw (born 1971) is an American cartoonist and painter, author of the syndicated dream-based comic strip Slow Wave.
Biography
Reklaw was born in Berkeley, California and grew up in Sacramento, studied at UC Santa Cruz, and completed a master's degree in computer science at Yale University. In 1995, while pursuing a Ph.D. in artificial intelligence, he began self-publishing comics in his dream-themed series Concave Up. At the same time, he developed the weekly strip Slow Wave; when he began to have some success in syndicating it, he dropped out of Yale to work as a cartoonist. He lives in Portland, Oregon, with his cat, Littles, who appears in many of his strips and zines.
Slow Wave
Slow Wave is "a collective dream diary authored by people from around the world." Readers email their dreams to Reklaw, who illustrates them in a classic four panel cartoon which credits the dreamer as co-author. Reklaw pares down each dream he selects to a few sentences. Reklaw has said he likes dreams because they have "their own logic and a natural dada-like humor." Examples of Slow Wave stories include one in which "a man is pursued by an all-knowing ham"; one in which "the Royal Hole in the Earth Society discusses an award for the best hole filled with water"; and "one about a man who rode a unicorn to distant mountaintops in search of the world's only bathroom".
Slow Wave has been published in alternative newspapers and on the web since 1995. An anthology of Slow Wave strips was pu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Kremer
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Johann Paul Kremer (26 December 1883 – 8 January 1965) was a German professor, physician and war criminal.
He was a professor of anatomy and human genetics at Münster University who joined the Wehrmacht on May 20, 1941. He served in the SS in the Auschwitz concentration camp as a physician from 30 August 1942 to 18 November 1942. A member of the NSDAP, he was involved in Nazi human experimentation on the prisoners of Auschwitz-Birkenau. He was sentenced to death in the Auschwitz Trial, but this sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment. He was released in 1958.
Life prior to Auschwitz
Kremer was born in Stellberg. He studied in Heidelberg, Strassburg as well as Berlin; he received his philosophy degree in 1914 and his medical degree in 1919. He also studied natural science and mathematics. He was the "assistant surgeon at the surgical clinic of the University, Charité, the ward of internal diseases of the Municipal Hospital Berlin-Neukölln, the surgical clinic of the University of Cologne and prosector in the Institutes of Anatomy in Bonn and Münster. He became Dozent of anatomy in 1929 and was promoted there in 1936 to be professor in commission. At the same time, he was commissioned to lecture on the science of human hereditariness. He also did some writing: he mentions two articles that he wrote in the diary he kept, the first being "Inherited or Acquired? A Noteworthy Contribution to the Problem of Hereditariness of Traumatic Deformations" and the second titled "
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIMS%20%28disambiguation%29
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WIMS is a ratio station in Michigan City, Indiana.
WIMS may also refer to:
Wireless Integrated MicroSystems, a collaboration of Michigan universities
WWW Interactive Multipurpose Server, an online mathematics exercise application server
Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (ERS WIMS)
Javon Wims (born 1994), American football player
See also
WIM (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Antonio%20Medrano
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Giovanni Antonio Medrano (11 December, 1703–1760) was the "Major Regius Praefectus Mathematicis Regni Neapolitani" (Major Royal Governor of Mathematics of the Kingdom of Naples), chief engineer of the kingdom, architect, brigadier, and teacher of Charles III of Spain and his brothers the infantes. Giovanni was born in Sciacca in the Kingdom of Sicily. Giovanni designed the Obelisk of Bitonto, the Palace of Capodimonte and the Teatro di San Carlo in Italy for Charles III of Spain. Medrano’s career is particularly studied, from his stay in Seville as a teacher for the royal princes, and his influence on Prince Charles’ architectural taste, to his projects in the Kingdom of Naples and the royal palace at Capodimonte.
Education of Charles III and the Infantes
The Medrano family had close ties to the Spanish Monarchs. In fact, the Regency of the Royal Council of Navarre from May 9th 1702 to 1705 under Don Pedro Antonio de Medrano for King Philip V confirms this.
During this Andalusian period, Giovanni Antonio Medrano began to deal with the military and architectural education of the Infante Don Carlos and his brothers; of these tasks, for "instruction and amusement of the Most Serene Prince our Lord and Lords Infantes", there are two plans of a Fort, erected between 1729 and 1730 in Buenavista, on the outskirts of Seville, which included a ravelin dedicated to the Infante don Carlos himself.
In December 1731 he followed Philip V's sixteen-year-old son, Charles of Bourbon, D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftover%20hash%20lemma
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The leftover hash lemma is a lemma in cryptography first stated by Russell Impagliazzo, Leonid Levin, and Michael Luby.
Imagine that you have a secret key that has uniform random bits, and you would like to use this secret key to encrypt a message. Unfortunately, you were a bit careless with the key, and know that an adversary was able to learn the values of some bits of that key, but you do not know which bits. Can you still use your key, or do you have to throw it away and choose a new key? The leftover hash lemma tells us that we can produce a key of about bits, over which the adversary has almost no knowledge. Since the adversary knows all but bits, this is almost optimal.
More precisely, the leftover hash lemma tells us that we can extract a length asymptotic to (the min-entropy of ) bits from a random variable that are almost uniformly distributed. In other words, an adversary who has some partial knowledge about , will have almost no knowledge about the extracted value. That is why this is also called privacy amplification (see privacy amplification section in the article Quantum key distribution).
Randomness extractors achieve the same result, but use (normally) less randomness.
Let be a random variable over and let . Let be a 2-universal hash function. If
then for uniform over and independent of , we have:
where is uniform over and independent of .
is the min-entropy of , which measures the amount of randomness has. The min-entropy is always
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger%20%28disambiguation%29
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Liger is a crossbreed between lion and tiger.
Liger may also refer to the following
Biology
Liger is a genus of spiders in the family Linyphiidae
Geography
Liger is the classical name of the river Loire, in modern-day France
Liger (river), a tributary of the Bresle in northern France
People
Jushin Liger (born 1964), a Japanese professional wrestler
Jushin Thunder Liger: Fist of Thunder, a movie about and starring the wrestler
Super Liger, Canadian wrestler better known as Chris Jericho (born 1970)
Liger, supervillain pro-wrestling character of Michel Mulipola (born 1981)
Fiction
Liger (film), a 2022 Indian film directed by Puri Jagannadh
Several mecha in the Zoids fictional universe are referred to as Ligers or Liger-type. These include:
Shield Liger
Blade Liger
Liger Zero
Energy Liger
Jushin Liger, an anime series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix%20order
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In mathematics, especially order theory, a prefix ordered set generalizes the intuitive concept of a tree by introducing the possibility of continuous progress and continuous branching. Natural prefix orders often occur when considering dynamical systems as a set of functions from time (a totally-ordered set) to some phase space. In this case, the elements of the set are usually referred to as executions of the system.
The name prefix order stems from the prefix order on words, which is a special kind of substring relation and, because of its discrete character, a tree.
Formal definition
A prefix order is a binary relation "≤" over a set P which is antisymmetric, transitive, reflexive, and downward total, i.e., for all a, b, and c in P, we have that:
a ≤ a (reflexivity);
if a ≤ b and b ≤ a then a = b (antisymmetry);
if a ≤ b and b ≤ c then a ≤ c (transitivity);
if a ≤ c and b ≤ c then a ≤ b or b ≤ a (downward totality).
Functions between prefix orders
While between partial orders it is usual to consider order-preserving functions, the most important type of functions between prefix orders are so-called history preserving functions. Given a prefix ordered set P, a history of a point p∈P is the (by definition totally ordered) set p− = {q | q ≤ p}. A function f: P → Q between prefix orders P and Q is then history preserving if and only if for every p∈P we find f(p−) = f(p)−. Similarly, a future of a point p∈P is the (prefix ordered) set p+ = {q | p ≤ q} and f is future
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan%20prime
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In mathematics, a Ramanujan prime is a prime number that satisfies a result proven by Srinivasa Ramanujan relating to the prime-counting function.
Origins and definition
In 1919, Ramanujan published a new proof of Bertrand's postulate which, as he notes, was first proved by Chebyshev. At the end of the two-page published paper, Ramanujan derived a generalized result, and that is:
where is the prime-counting function, equal to the number of primes less than or equal to x.
The converse of this result is the definition of Ramanujan primes:
The nth Ramanujan prime is the least integer Rn for which for all x ≥ Rn. In other words: Ramanujan primes are the least integers Rn for which there are at least n primes between x and x/2 for all x ≥ Rn.
The first five Ramanujan primes are thus 2, 11, 17, 29, and 41.
Note that the integer Rn is necessarily a prime number: and, hence, must increase by obtaining another prime at x = Rn. Since can increase by at most 1,
Bounds and an asymptotic formula
For all , the bounds
hold. If , then also
where pn is the nth prime number.
As n tends to infinity, Rn is asymptotic to the 2nth prime, i.e.,
Rn ~ p2n (n → ∞).
All these results were proved by Sondow (2009), except for the upper bound Rn < p3n which was conjectured by him and proved by Laishram (2010). The bound was improved by Sondow, Nicholson, and Noe (2011) to
which is the optimal form of Rn ≤ c·p3n since it is an equality for n = 5.
References
Srinivasa Rama
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm%20dense%20matter
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Warm dense matter, abbreviated WDM, can refer to either equilibrium or non-equilibrium states of matter in a (loosely defined) regime of temperature and density between condensed matter and hot plasma. It can be defined as the state that is too dense to be described by weakly coupled plasma physics yet too hot to be described by condensed matter physics. In this state, the potential energy of the Coulomb interaction between electrons and ions is on the same order of magnitude (or even significantly exceeds) their thermal energy, while the latter is comparable to the Fermi energy. Typically, WDM has a density somewhere between and a temperature on the order of several thousand kelvins (somewhere between , in the units favored by practitioners).
WDM is expected in the interiors of giant planets, brown dwarfs, and small stars. WDM is routinely formed in the course of intense-laser–target interactions (including the inertial confinement fusion research), particle-beam–target interactions, and in other setups where a condensed matter is quickly heated to become a strongly interacting plasma. As such, the WDM physics is also relevant to ablation of metals (atmospheric entry from space, laser-machining of materials, etc).
A WDM created using ultra-fast laser pulses may for a short time exist in a two-temperature non-equilibrium form where a small fraction of electrons are very hot, with the temperature well above that of the bulk matter.
See also
List of plasma (physics) article
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochem
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AutoChem is NASA release software that constitutes an automatic computer code generator and documenter for chemically reactive systems written by David Lary between 1993 and the present. It was designed primarily for modeling atmospheric chemistry, and in particular, for chemical data assimilation.
The user selects a set of chemical species. AutoChem then searches chemical reaction databases for these species and automatically constructs the ordinary differential equations (ODE) that describe the chemical system. AutoChem symbolically differentiates the time derivatives to give the Jacobian matrix, and symbolically differentiates the Jacobian matrix to give the Hessian matrix and the adjoint. The Jacobian matrix is required by many algorithms that solve the ordinary differential equations numerically, particular when the ODEs are stiff. The Hessian matrix and the adjoint are required for four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var). AutoChem documents the whole process in a set of LaTeX and PDF files.
The reactions involving the user specified constituents are extracted by the first AutoChem preprocessor program called Pick. This subset of reactions is then used by the second AutoChem preprocessor program RoC (rate of change) to generate the time derivatives, Jacobian, and Hessian. Once the two preprocessor programs have run to completion all the Fortran 90 code has been generated that is necessary for modeling and assimilating the kinetic processes.
A huge obs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cita
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Cita or CITA may refer to:
Cita, Texas
Cita Morei, women's liberation and anti-nuclear weapons activist and writer
MV Cita, a German merchant ship
La Cita (album), a 1994 album by Mexican pop singer Daniela Romo.
Acronyms
Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
Cash in the Attic, a UK television show about antiques
Caught in the Act (disambiguation) (various groups and media)
Citizens Advice, the trading name of the National Association of Citizens Advice Bureaux, sometimes referred to as CitA although this usage is now deprecated
Commission on International and Trans-Regional Accreditation, an educational accrediting agency
CITA-FM in Moncton, New Brunswick
Christ is the Answer, a Jesus movement
CITA International School, in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
See also
Cita's World
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kir2.1
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kir2.1}}
The Kir2.1 inward-rectifier potassium channel is a lipid-gated ion channel encoded by the gene.
Clinical significance
A defect in this gene is associated with Andersen-Tawil syndrome.
A mutation in the KCNJ2 gene has also been shown to cause short QT syndrome.
In research
In neurogenetics, Kir2.1 is used in Drosophila research to inhibit neurons, as overexpression of this channel will hyperpolarize cells.
In optogenetics, a trafficking sequence from Kir2.1 has been added to halorhodopsin to improve its membrane localization. The resulting protein eNpHR3.0 is used in optogenetic research to inhibit neurons with light.
Expression of Kir2.1 gene in human HEK293 cells induce a transient outward current, creating a steady membrane potential close to the reversal potential of potassium.
Interactions
Kir2.1 has been shown to interact with:
DLG4,
Interleukin 16, and
TRAK2
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Andersen-Tawil syndrome
OMIM entries on Anderson-Tawil syndrome
Ion channels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside%20hydrolase
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In biochemistry, glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) are a class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars. They are extremely common enzymes, with roles in nature including degradation of biomass such as cellulose (cellulase), hemicellulose, and starch (amylase), in anti-bacterial defense strategies (e.g., lysozyme), in pathogenesis mechanisms (e.g., viral neuraminidases) and in normal cellular function (e.g., trimming mannosidases involved in N-linked glycoprotein biosynthesis). Together with glycosyltransferases, glycosidases form the major catalytic machinery for the synthesis and breakage of glycosidic bonds.
Occurrence and importance
Glycoside hydrolases are found in essentially all domains of life. In prokaryotes, they are found both as intracellular and extracellular enzymes that are largely involved in nutrient acquisition. One of the important occurrences of glycoside hydrolases in bacteria is the enzyme beta-galactosidase (LacZ), which is involved in regulation of expression of the lac operon in E. coli. In higher organisms glycoside hydrolases are found within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus where they are involved in processing of N-linked glycoproteins, and in the lysosome as enzymes involved in the degradation of carbohydrate structures. Deficiency in specific lysosomal glycoside hydrolases can lead to a range of lysosomal storage disorders that result in developmental pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%27s%20inequality
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Hardy's inequality is an inequality in mathematics, named after G. H. Hardy. It states that if is a sequence of non-negative real numbers, then for every real number p > 1 one has
If the right-hand side is finite, equality holds if and only if for all n.
An integral version of Hardy's inequality states the following: if f is a measurable function with non-negative values, then
If the right-hand side is finite, equality holds if and only if f(x) = 0 almost everywhere.
Hardy's inequality was first published and proved (at least the discrete version with a worse constant) in 1920 in a note by Hardy. The original formulation was in an integral form slightly different from the above.
General one-dimensional version
The general weighted one dimensional version reads as follows:
If , then
If , then
Multidimensional version
In the multidimensional case, Hardy's inequality can be extended to -spaces, taking the form
where , and where the constant is known to be sharp.
Fractional Hardy inequality
If and , , there exists a constant such that for every satisfying , one has
Proof of the inequality
Integral version
A change of variables gives , which is less or equal than by Minkowski's integral inequality. Finally, by another change of variables, the last expression equals .
Discrete version: from the continuous version
Assuming the right-hand side to be finite, we must have as . Hence, for any positive integer j, there are only finitely many terms bigg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20line
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A phase line may refer to:
Phase line (mathematics), used to analyze autonomous ordinary differential equations
Phase line (cartography), used to identify phases of military operations or changing borders over time
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Mathematical%20Olympiad%20selection%20process
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This article describes the selection process, by country, for entrance into the International Mathematical Olympiad.
The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is an annual mathematics olympiad for students younger than 20 who have not started at university.
Each year, participating countries send at most 6 students. The selection process varies between countries, but typically involves several rounds of competition, each progressively more difficult, after which the number of candidates is repeatedly reduced until the final 6 are chosen.
Many countries also run training events for IMO potentials, with the aim of improving performance as well as assisting with team selection.
IMO Selection process by country
Argentina
In Argentina, the Olimpíada Matemática Argentina is organized each year by Fundación Olimpíada Matemática Argentina. All students that took and passed the National Finals (fifth and last round of the competition) exams, usually held in November; and were born before July 1 21 years ago, are allowed to take two new written tests to be selected for IMO, usually in May. From the results of that tests, six titular students and a number of substitutes are selected to represent Argentina at the International Mathematical Olympiad.
Australia
In Australia, selection into the IMO team is determined by the Australian Mathematics Trust and is based on the results from four exams:
The Australian Mathematics Olympiad
The Asian Pacific Mathematics Olympiad
two I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian%20inference%20in%20phylogeny
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Bayesian inference of phylogeny combines the information in the prior and in the data likelihood to create the so-called posterior probability of trees, which is the probability that the tree is correct given the data, the prior and the likelihood model. Bayesian inference was introduced into molecular phylogenetics in the 1990s by three independent groups: Bruce Rannala and Ziheng Yang in Berkeley, Bob Mau in Madison, and Shuying Li in University of Iowa, the last two being PhD students at the time. The approach has become very popular since the release of the MrBayes software in 2001, and is now one of the most popular methods in molecular phylogenetics.
Bayesian inference of phylogeny background and bases
Bayesian inference refers to a probabilistic method developed by Reverend Thomas Bayes based on Bayes' theorem. Published posthumously in 1763 it was the first expression of inverse probability and the basis of Bayesian inference. Independently, unaware of Bayes' work, Pierre-Simon Laplace developed Bayes' theorem in 1774.
Bayesian inference or the inverse probability method was the standard approach in statistical thinking until the early 1900s before RA Fisher developed what's now known as the classical/frequentist/Fisherian inference. Computational difficulties and philosophical objections had prevented the widespread adoption of the Bayesian approach until the 1990s, when Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms revolutionized Bayesian computation.
The Bayesian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casson%20handle
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In 4-dimensional topology, a branch of mathematics, a Casson handle is a 4-dimensional topological 2-handle constructed by an infinite procedure. They are named for Andrew Casson, who introduced them in about 1973. They were originally called "flexible handles" by Casson himself, and introduced the name "Casson handle" by which they are known today. In that work he showed that Casson handles are topological 2-handles, and used this to classify simply connected compact topological 4-manifolds.
Motivation
In the proof of the h-cobordism theorem, the following construction is used.
Given a circle in the boundary of a manifold, we would often like to find a disk embedded in the manifold whose boundary is the given circle. If the manifold is simply connected then we can find a map from a disc to the manifold with boundary the given circle, and if the manifold is of dimension at least 5 then by putting this disc in "general position" it becomes an embedding. The number 5 appears for the following reason: submanifolds of dimension m and n in general position do not intersect provided the dimension of the manifold containing them has dimension greater than . In particular, a disc (of dimension 2) in general position will have no self intersections inside a manifold of dimension greater than 2+2.
If the manifold is 4 dimensional, this does not work: the problem is that a disc in general position may have double points where two points of the disc have the same image. This is the m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Beekman
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Vladimir Beekman (23 August 1929 – 3 October 2009) was an Estonian writer, poet and translator.
Early life and education
After completing his primary education, he attended the Tallinn University of Technology and graduated in 1953 with a degree in chemistry. From 1953 to 1956, he was head of the fiction department at the Estonian State Publishing House, after which he decided to become a freelance writer.
Career
After 1968, he served on the board of the Estonian Writers' Union, rising from Secretary to Chairman, in 1983. He was also involved in politics, being a member of the and representing Estonia in the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. In 1975, he was named an Honored Writer of the Estonian SSR.
Personal life
He was married to Aimée Beekman (née Malla), a graduate of the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography, who was also a successful and widely translated author. They worked together on an important film, Fellow Villagers, that showed some freedom from Soviet control. The plot involved an unsuccessful espionage attempt from a Western country, but it did exhibit some Post-Stalinist freedoms. In particular, it explored the daily problems of fishermen who are portrayed as real people with alternative views which are not cast as either right or wrong.
References
External links
Vladimir Beekman at Estonian Writers' Online Dictionary
1929 births
2009 deaths
Writers from Tallinn
Members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Estonia
Members of the Supre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna%20Palepu
|
Krishna Palepu (born 1954) is an American academic, author, consultant and director of various corporations. He is the Ross Graham Walker Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School. He serves as Senior Adviser to the President of Harvard University for Global Strategy.
Education
Palepu has a master's degree in Physics from Andhra University in India, an MBA from the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, and a doctorate from the MIT Sloan School of Management. He also has an honorary doctorate from the Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration.
Academics
Palepu's research has been in the areas of strategy in emerging markets, corporate governance and corporate disclosure. His work focuses on making corporate boards more effective, and improving corporate disclosure. In the area of strategy, his focus has been on the globalization of emerging markets, particularly India and China, and the resulting opportunities and challenges for western multinationals as well as local companies with global aspirations in these countries.
In his prior work, Palepu has done research and published papers on mergers and acquisitions and corporate disclosure. He has been on the Editorial Boards of leading academic journals and is a member of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Palepu is also a prolific case writer and was placed among the top 40 case authors consistently, since the list was first published in 2016 by The Case Centre. They ranked 20t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20cloning
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Quantum cloning is a process that takes an arbitrary, unknown quantum state and makes an exact copy without altering the original state in any way. Quantum cloning is forbidden by the laws of quantum mechanics as shown by the no cloning theorem, which states that there is no operation for cloning any arbitrary state perfectly. In Dirac notation, the process of quantum cloning is described by:
where is the actual cloning operation, is the state to be cloned, and is the initial state of the copy.
Though perfect quantum cloning is not possible, it is possible to perform imperfect cloning, where the copies have a non-unit (i.e. non-perfect) fidelity. The possibility of approximate quantum computing was first addressed by Buzek and Hillery, and theoretical bounds were derived on the fidelity of cloned quantum states.
One of the applications of quantum cloning is to analyse the security of quantum key distribution protocols. Teleportation, nuclear magnetic resonance, quantum amplification, and superior phase conjugation are examples of some methods utilized to realize a quantum cloning machine. Ion trapping techniques have been applied to cloning quantum states of ions.
Types of Quantum Cloning Machines
It may be possible to clone a quantum state to arbitrary accuracy in the presence of closed timelike curves.
Universal Quantum Cloning
Universal quantum cloning (UQC) implies that the quality of the output (cloned state) is not dependent on the input, thus the process is "u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20E.%20Darnell
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James Edwin Darnell Jr. (born September 9, 1930, Columbus, Mississippi) is an American biologist who made significant contributions to RNA processing and cytokine signaling and is author of the cell biology textbook Molecular Cell Biology.
In 2004, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He became a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.
Since 2013, Darnell has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.
He is married to Norwegian former model and dress shop owner Kristin Holby, known as "Clotilde", whose daughter Phoebe, a financial analyst, is married to businessman Divya Narendra.
Awards
1999 Dickson Prize
1999 Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award
2002 National Medal of Science
2002 Albert Lasker Special Achievement Award
2010 Hope Funds Award in Basic Research
2012 Albany Medical Center Prize
References
External links
Living people
21st-century American biologists
American textbook writers
American male non-fiction writers
National Medal of Science laureates
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Place of birth missing (living people)
1930 births
Rockefeller University people
Fellows of the AACR Academy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoxy%20group
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In organic chemistry, the acetoxy group (abbr. AcO or OAc; IUPAC name: acetyloxy), is a functional group with the formula and the structure . As the -oxy suffix implies, it differs from the acetyl group () by the presence of an additional oxygen atom. The name acetoxy is the short form of acetyl-oxy.
Functionality
An acetoxy group may be used as a protection for an alcohol functionality in a synthetic route although the protecting group itself is called an acetyl group.
Alcohol protection
There are several options of introducing an acetoxy functionality in a molecule from an alcohol (in effect protecting the alcohol by acetylation):
Acetyl halide, such as acetyl chloride in the presence of a base like triethylamine
Activated ester form of acetic acid, such as a N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, although this is not advisable due to higher costs and difficulties.
Acetic anhydride in the presence of base with a catalyst such as pyridine with a bit of DMAP added.
An alcohol is not a particularly strong nucleophile and, when present, more powerful nucleophiles like amines will react with the above-mentioned reagents in preference to the alcohol.
Alcohol deprotection
For deprotection (regeneration of the alcohol)
Aqueous base (pH >9)
Aqueous acid (pH <2), may have to be heated
Anhydrous base such as sodium methoxide in methanol. Very useful when a methyl ester of a carboxylic acid is also present in the molecule, as it will not hydrolyze it like an aqueous base would. (Same a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipping%20point
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Tipping point or TippingPoint or The Tipping Point may refer to:
Science and technology
Tipping point (physics), a threshold in a sharp hysteresis loop; once reached, the system rapidly changes its state
Tipping point (sociology), an event when a previously rare phenomenon becomes rapidly and dramatically more common
Tipping point, in catastrophe theory, the value of the parameter in which the set of equilibria abruptly changes
Tipping points in the climate system, thresholds that, when exceeded, can lead to large changes in the state of the system
As a proper name
Arts, entertainment, and media
Literature
The Tipping Point, a 2000 book by Malcolm Gladwell
Music
Tipping Point (band), an experimental contemporary jazz quartet from England, founded in 2013
The Tipping Point (Authority Zero album), 2013
The Tipping Point (The Roots album), 2004
The Tipping Point (Tears for Fears album), 2022
Television
Tipping Point (game show), a British game show
"Tipping Point", an episode of CSI: Miami
"The Tipping Point" (The Outer Limits), a TV episode
Other uses as a proper name
Tipping Point Community, a US philanthropic organization
TippingPoint, a network security company
Other uses
Tipping-point state, in US presidential elections, the state that secures a candidate's victory, when all states are arranged in order of their vote margins
See also
Inflection point
Tip (disambiguation)
Tipping (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binas%20%28book%29
|
The Binas (Often written as BiNaS or BINAS) is a Dutch science reference work (a handbook) for the higher levels of secondary school, consisting largely of tables and formulas. The name stands for biologie, natuurkunde, scheikunde (biology, physics, chemistry). It is compiled by NVON (Dutch Association for Education in the Natural Sciences) and has been published by Noordhoff Uitgevers since it became the standard reference work allowed at the central examinations in 1975. An English version of the Binas is also available.
Contents
The Binas is divided into five chapters: general, physics, mathematics, chemistry, and biology. Each chapter consists of multiple tables, each with specific information. These tables can be short or can span up to a few pages. To find information, students can use the alphabetical register in the back. The Binas does not make use of page numbers, but instead the register refers you to a table number.
General. This chapter contains an extensive overview of units of measurement and quantities in the International System of units. This chapter continues in the back of the Binas with safety and environment.
Physics. The contents of this chapter include physical constants, physical properties of materials, and isotopes. Additionally, it contains information about astronomy, electricity, etc.
Mathematics. This chapter contains just one table with a number of mathematical formulas.
Chemistry. The tables in this chapter contain information about ch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Botanical%20Research%20Institute
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The National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) is a research institute of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is engaged in the field of taxonomy and modern biology.
History
Originally conceptualised and set up as the National Botanic Gardens (NBG) by Professor Kailas Nath Kaul on behalf of the State Government of Uttar Pradesh, it was taken over by the CSIR in 1953. Dr Triloki Nath Khoshoo joined in 1964 as the Assistant Director, shortly afterwards becoming the Director. Initially engaged in research work in the classical botanical disciplines, the NBG went on laying an increasing emphasis in keeping with the national needs and priorities in the field of plant sciences, on its applied and developmental research activities. Due to the untiring efforts of Dr Khoshoo, the institute rose to the stature of being the National Botanical Research Institute in 1978, reflecting the correct nature and extent of its aims and objectives, functions and R & D activities. Sikandar Bagh is a famous and historic pleasure garden, located in the grounds of the Institute.
Achievements
NBRI developed a new variety of bougainvillea, named Los Banos Variegata-Jayanthi.
In a move to fight against whiteflies National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) Lucknow has developed a pest resistant variety of cotton.
A group of innovators developed first indigenous transgenic cotton variety expressing bt protein.
South Africa
National
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef%20Dobkin
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Yosef (Joseph) Dobkin (13 August 1909 – 9 April 1977) was an Israeli chess master.
Dobkin was born in the Russian Empire. He immigrated to Palestine (British Mandate) in 1924 and studied chemistry at the Hebrew University. He did his Ph.D. thesis, and joined the Department of Physiology. He was an accomplished chess player, received the international master's degree.
In April 1935, he tied for 3rd-5th in Tel Aviv (the 2nd Maccabiah Games, Abram Blass won). He played for Palestine/Israeli team in two Chess Olympiads; at third board (+2 –7 =6) in the 6th Olympiad at Warsaw 1935, and at first reserve board (+2 –5 =2) in the 12th Olympiad at Moscow 1956.
In 1974, he took 16th in Israeli Chess Championship (Vladimir Liberzon and Moshe Czerniak won).
References
External links
Yosef Dobkin at 365chess.com
Yosef Dobkin's profile at New in Chess
1909 births
1977 deaths
Russian Jews
Soviet emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Jewish chess players
Israeli chess players
20th-century Israeli Jews
20th-century chess players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basudeb%20Barman
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Basudeb Barman (born 5 October 1935) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Mathurapur constituency of West Bengal and is a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) party.
Mr. Barman completed M.Sc. (Tech) in Applied Chemistry at the University of Calcutta. Mr. Barman was a professor at the University of Calcutta teaching Energy technology at the Department of Chemical Engineering. He has also been the Vice-Chancellor of Kalyani University.
He was nominated by the Left Front to contest the 2009 Lok Sabha election from Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency).
References
External links
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
Living people
1935 births
Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal
People from Nadia district
Burman, Basudeb
India MPs 2004–2009
University of Calcutta alumni
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
Lok Sabha members from West Bengal
People from South 24 Parganas district
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokhlin%27s%20theorem
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In 4-dimensional topology, a branch of mathematics, Rokhlin's theorem states that if a smooth, orientable, closed 4-manifold M has a spin structure (or, equivalently, the second Stiefel–Whitney class vanishes), then the signature of its intersection form, a quadratic form on the second cohomology group , is divisible by 16. The theorem is named for Vladimir Rokhlin, who proved it in 1952.
Examples
The intersection form on M
is unimodular on by Poincaré duality, and the vanishing of implies that the intersection form is even. By a theorem of Cahit Arf, any even unimodular lattice has signature divisible by 8, so Rokhlin's theorem forces one extra factor of 2 to divide the signature.
A K3 surface is compact, 4 dimensional, and vanishes, and the signature is −16, so 16 is the best possible number in Rokhlin's theorem.
A complex surface in of degree is spin if and only if is even. It has signature , which can be seen from Friedrich Hirzebruch's signature theorem. The case gives back the last example of a K3 surface.
Michael Freedman's E8 manifold is a simply connected compact topological manifold with vanishing and intersection form of signature 8. Rokhlin's theorem implies that this manifold has no smooth structure. This manifold shows that Rokhlin's theorem fails for the set of merely topological (rather than smooth) manifolds.
If the manifold M is simply connected (or more generally if the first homology group has no 2-torsion), then the vanishing of is equivalent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knudsen%20diffusion
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In physics, Knudsen diffusion, named after Martin Knudsen, is a means of diffusion that occurs when the scale length of a system is comparable to or smaller than the mean free path of the particles involved. An example of this is in a long pore with a narrow diameter (2–50 nm) because molecules frequently collide with the pore wall. As another example, consider the diffusion of gas molecules through very small capillary pores. If the pore diameter is smaller than the mean free path of the diffusing gas molecules, and the density of the gas is low, the gas molecules collide with the pore walls more frequently than with each other, leading to Knudsen diffusion.
In fluid mechanics, the Knudsen number is a good measure of the relative importance of Knudsen diffusion. A Knudsen number much greater than one indicates Knudsen diffusion is important. In practice, Knudsen diffusion applies only to gases because the mean free path for molecules in the liquid state is very small, typically near the diameter of the molecule itself.
Mathematical description
The diffusivity for Knudsen diffusion is obtained from the self-diffusion coefficient derived from the kinetic theory of gases:
For Knudsen diffusion, path length λ is replaced with pore diameter , as species A is now more likely to collide with the pore wall as opposed with another molecule. The Knudsen diffusivity for diffusing species A, is thus
where is the gas constant (8.3144 J/(mol·K) in SI units), molar mass is expresse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon%20Solomon
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Lon Solomon is American evangelical Christian pastor and the founder of Lon Solomon Ministries, a non-profit ministry.
Early life
Lon Solomon was born and raised in a Jewish home in Portsmouth, Virginia.
Solomon earned a B.S. degree in chemistry (1971) from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, a Th.M. degree in Hebrew and Old Testament (1975, summa cum laude) from Capital Bible Seminary, an M.A. degree (1978) in Near Eastern Studies from Johns Hopkins University and a Doctorate of Divinity degree (2005) from Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary.
In 1980, Solomon became the senior pastor at McLean Bible Church in the Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C. He served in that capacity until September 2017. The birth of Solomon's disabled daughter Jill led to his initiating and organizing Jill's House, a ministry to serve the needs of disabled children and their families.
Solomon has been on the board of Jews for Jesus since 1987, where he now serves as chairman of the board's executive committee.
In September 2002, Solomon was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve in his administration as a member of the President's Committee on Intellectual Disabilities, a position which he held until 2006.
Bibliography
Brokenness: How God Redeems Pain and Suffering
The 23rd Psalm for the 21st Century
Future Hope: A Jewish Christian Look at the End of the World
References
Living people
American Christian clergy
American evangelicals
Converts to Evangelicalism from J
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto%20Nazionale%20di%20Fisica%20Nucleare
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The Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN; "National Institute for Nuclear Physics") is the coordinating institution for nuclear, particle, theoretical and astroparticle physics in Italy.
History
INFN was founded on 8 August 1951, to further the nuclear physics research tradition initiated by Enrico Fermi in Rome, in the 1930s. The INFN collaborates with CERN, Fermilab and various other laboratories in the world. In recent years it has provided important contributions to grid computing.
During the latter half of the 1950s, the INFN designed and constructed the first Italian electron accelerator—the electron synchrotron developed in Frascati. In the early 1960s, it also constructed in Frascati the first ever electron-positron collider (ADA - Anello Di Accumulazione), under the scientific leadership of Bruno Touschek. In 1968, Frascati began operating ADONE (big AdA), which was the first high-energy particle collider, having a beam energy of 1.5 GeV. During the same period, the INFN began to participate in research into the construction and use of ever-more powerful accelerators being conducted at CERN.
The INFN has Sezioni (Divisions) in most major Italian universities and four national laboratories. It has personnel of its own, but it is mostly the main funding agency for high-energy physics in Italy. University personnel can be affiliated with INFN and receive from it research grants.
Laboratories
Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, situated near the Gran Sasso m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroparticle%20physics
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Astroparticle physics, also called particle astrophysics, is a branch of particle physics that studies elementary particles of astronomical origin and their relation to astrophysics and cosmology. It is a relatively new field of research emerging at the intersection of particle physics, astronomy, astrophysics, detector physics, relativity, solid state physics, and cosmology. Partly motivated by the discovery of neutrino oscillation, the field has undergone rapid development, both theoretically and experimentally, since the early 2000s.
History
The field of astroparticle physics is evolved out of optical astronomy. With the growth of detector technology came the more mature astrophysics, which involved multiple physics subtopics, such as mechanics, electrodynamics, thermodynamics, plasma physics, nuclear physics, relativity, and particle physics. Particle physicists found astrophysics necessary due to difficulty in producing particles with comparable energy to those found in space. For example, the cosmic ray spectrum contains particles with energies as high as 1020 eV, where a proton–proton collision at the Large Hadron Collider occurs at an energy of ~1012 eV.
The field can be said to have begun in 1910, when a German physicist named Theodor Wulf measured the ionization in the air, an indicator of gamma radiation, at the bottom and top of the Eiffel Tower. He found that there was far more ionization at the top than what was expected if only terrestrial sources were attri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Arvin
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Nick Arvin is an American engineer and writer.
Early life and education
Arvin was born in North Carolina and raised in Michigan. He graduated from the University of Michigan and Stanford University with degrees in mechanical engineering. He is also a graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop. He has worked in forensic engineering and accident reconstruction.
Writing career
He has published 4 books of fiction: The Reconstructionist, Articles of War, Mad Boy, and In the Electric Eden: Stories.
He has also had work published in The New Yorker.
Personal life
He currently resides in Denver, Colorado.
Awards
Articles of War was listed by Esquire magazine as one of the best books of the year and was awarded the Rosenthal Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the W. Y. Boyd Literary Award for Excellence in Military Fiction from the American Library Association, and the Colorado Book Award. He is also the recipient of a Michener Fellowship and an Isherwood Foundation Grant.
In 2008, Arvin was awarded a Literature Fellowship by the National Endowment for the Arts.
Bibliography
In the Electric Eden: Stories. New York: Penguin Books, 2003.
Articles of War. New York: Doubleday, 2005.
The Reconstructionist. New York: Harper Perennial, 2012.
Mad Boy: An Account of Henry Phipps in the War of 1812. Europa Editions, 2018.
References
External links
Official website
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American engineers
21st-cen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Lane
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Nick Lane (born 1967) is a British biochemist and writer. He is a professor in evolutionary biochemistry at University College London. He has published five books to date which have won several awards.
Career
Educated at Imperial College, London, he earned his PhD at the Royal Free Hospital Medical School in 1995 with a thesis entitled In vivo studies of ischaemia-reperfusion injury in hypothermically stored rabbit renal autograft. He then worked as Medical Writer at Oxford Clinical Communications for a year before joining Medi Cine International a medical multimedia company, also as a writer. In 1999 he became strategic director at what was, by then, Adelphi Medi Cine, a post he held until 2002.
He became an Honorary Researcher at University College London in 1997, has held the post of Honorary Reader since 2006 and was the first Provost's Venture Research Fellow there from 2009 to 2012. Since October 2013 he has been Reader in Evolutionary Biochemistry in the Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment at UCL. He is the author of popular science books and many articles and is the winner of the 2015 Biochemical Society Award and the 2016 Michael Faraday Prize.
Publications
His book, Life Ascending: The Ten Great Inventions of Evolution, won the 2010 Royal Society Prize for Science Books. He appeared on In Our Time on Radio Four on 13 September 2012, when the topic of discussion was the cell, and again on 15 May 2014, when the topic was photosynthesis.
Books
Sele
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20P.%20Dempster
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Arthur Pentland Dempster (born 1929) is a Professor Emeritus in the Harvard University Department of Statistics. He was one of four faculty when the department was founded in 1957.
Biography
Dempster received his B.A. in mathematics and physics (1952) and M.A. in mathematics (1953), both from the University of Toronto. He obtained his Ph.D. in mathematical statistics from Princeton University in 1956. His thesis, titled The two-sample multivariate problem in the degenerate case, was written under the supervision of John Tukey.
Academic works
Among his contributions to statistics are the Dempster–Shafer theory and the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm.
Selected publications
Honors and awards
Dempster was a Putnam Fellow in 1951. He was elected as an American Statistical Association Fellow in 1964, an Institute of Mathematical Statistics Fellow in 1963, and an American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow in 1997.
References
External links
Homepage on Harvard University
American statisticians
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Princeton University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Putnam Fellows
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Living people
1929 births
University of Toronto alumni
Mathematical statisticians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir%20Caldeira
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Amir Ordacgi Caldeira (born 1950 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian physicist. He received his bachelor's degree in 1973 from the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, his M.Sc. degree in 1976 from the same university, and his Ph.D. in 1980 from University of Sussex. His Ph.D. advisor was the Physics Nobel Prize winner Anthony James Leggett. He joined the faculty at Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) in 1980. In 1984 he did post-doctoral work at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP) at University of California, Santa Barbara and at the Thomas J. Watson Research Laboratory at IBM. In 1994–1995 he spent a sabbatical at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is currently a full professor at Universidade Estadual de Campinas. He was the recipient of the Wataghin Prize, from Universidade Estadual de Campinas, for his contributions to theoretical physics in 1986.
Caldeira's research interests are in theoretical condensed matter physics, in particular quantum dissipation and strongly correlated electron systems. His best known work is on the Caldeira–Leggett model, which is one of the first and most important treatments of decoherence in quantum mechanical systems.
Selected Scientific Articles
See also
Cristiane de Morais Smith
References
1950 births
20th-century Brazilian physicists
Living people
Members of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of the State University of Campinas
Theoretical physicists
Pontifical Catho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20inverse
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In mathematics, and in particular, algebra, a generalized inverse (or, g-inverse) of an element x is an element y that has some properties of an inverse element but not necessarily all of them. The purpose of constructing a generalized inverse of a matrix is to obtain a matrix that can serve as an inverse in some sense for a wider class of matrices than invertible matrices. Generalized inverses can be defined in any mathematical structure that involves associative multiplication, that is, in a semigroup. This article describes generalized inverses of a matrix .
A matrix is a generalized inverse of a matrix if A generalized inverse exists for an arbitrary matrix, and when a matrix has a regular inverse, this inverse is its unique generalized inverse.
Motivation
Consider the linear system
where is an matrix and the column space of . If is nonsingular (which implies ) then will be the solution of the system. Note that, if is nonsingular, then
Now suppose is rectangular (), or square and singular. Then we need a right candidate of order such that for all
That is, is a solution of the linear system .
Equivalently, we need a matrix of order such that
Hence we can define the generalized inverse as follows: Given an matrix , an matrix is said to be a generalized inverse of if The matrix has been termed a regular inverse of by some authors.
Types
Important types of generalized inverse include:
One-sided inverse (right inverse or left inverse)
Ri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20game%20theory
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Quantum game theory is an extension of classical game theory to the quantum domain. It differs from classical game theory in three primary ways:
Superposed initial states,
Quantum entanglement of initial states,
Superposition of strategies to be used on the initial states.
This theory is based on the physics of information much like quantum computing.
History
In 1999, a professor in the math department at the University of California at San Diego named David A. Meyer first published Quantum Strategies which details a quantum version of the classical game theory game, matching pennies. In the quantum version, players are allowed access to quantum signals through the phenomenon of quantum entanglement.
Superposed initial states
The information transfer that occurs during a game can be viewed as a physical process.
In the simplest case of a classical game between two players with two strategies each, both the players can use a bit (a '0' or a '1') to convey their choice of strategy. A popular example of such a game is the prisoners' dilemma, where each of the convicts can either cooperate or defect: withholding knowledge or revealing that the other committed the crime. In the quantum version of the game, the bit is replaced by the qubit, which is a quantum superposition of two or more base states. In the case of a two-strategy game this can be physically implemented by the use of an entity like the electron which has a superposed spin state, with the base states being +1/2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Lane%20%28oncologist%29
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Sir David Philip Lane (born 1 July 1952) is a British immunologist, molecular biologist and cancer researcher. He is currently working in the Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology at the Karolinska Institute and is Chairman of Chugai Pharmabody. He is best known for the discovery of p53, one of the most important tumour suppressor genes.
Education
Lane completed his undergraduate and postgraduate degrees at University College, London where he studied auto-immunity under the supervision of Avrion Mitchison.
Career and research
Lane carried out postdoctoral research first at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF) in London with Lionel Crawford and then at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York with Joseph Sambrook. On returning to the UK, Lane set up his own laboratory with Cancer Research Campaign (CRC) funding at Imperial College, London, then moving to the ICRF laboratories at Clare Hall before moving in 1990 to the University of Dundee to help establish the CRC laboratories there.
He has played an active part in UK science, sitting at various times on the scientific committee of the CRC, the Cell Board of the MRC, and on the council of the ICRF. He is dedicated to the successful translation of research for patient benefit and participated in the early discussions around the scientific benefits of the merger of ICRF and CRC, before serving as chief scientist to their successor, Cancer Research UK, until 2010.
Lane founded the Dundee-based Biotechn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm
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Fredholm is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Erik Ivar Fredholm (1866–1927), Swedish mathematician
Fredholm alternative, in mathematics
Fredholm determinant, in mathematics
Fredholm integral equation, in mathematics
Fredholm kernel, in mathematics
Fredholm module, In noncommutative geometry
Fredholm number, in number theory, apparently not in fact studied by Fredholm
Fredholm operator, in mathematics
Fredholm's theorem, in mathematics
Analytic Fredholm theorem, in mathematics
Fredholm theory, in mathematics
Fredholm (crater), a small lunar impact crater
21659 Fredholm (1999 PR3), main-belt asteroid discovered in 1999 by P. G. Comba
(1830–1891), Swedish industrialist
Gert Fredholm (born 1941), Danish film director and screenwriter
Patrik Fredholm (born 1978), Swedish footballer
Swedish-language surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCG
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GCG may refer to:
Biochemistry
GCG, a codon for the amino acid alanine
Gallocatechin gallate, a flavonol
Proglucagon, a protein
GCG (General Computer Group) was collection of programs for the analysis of gene and protein sequences, now defunct
Medical
Ghost cell glaucoma
Other
Gallantry Cross, Gold of the Republic of Venda
Geological Curators' Group, a UK charity promoting geology
Global Church of God, a Sabbatarian church based in England
Government College Gujranwala, in Pakistan
The Grilled Cheese Grill, an American restaurant chain
Guardian Capital Group, a Canadian financial services company
Gwaun-Cae-Gurwen, a village in Neath Port Talbot, Wales
Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, a Hanoverian order of chivalry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem%20of%20the%20cube
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In mathematics, the theorem of the cube is a condition for a line bundle over a product of three complete varieties to be trivial. It was a principle discovered, in the context of linear equivalence, by the Italian school of algebraic geometry. The final version of the theorem of the cube was first published by , who credited it to André Weil. A discussion of the history has been given by . A treatment by means of sheaf cohomology, and description in terms of the Picard functor, was given
by .
Statement
The theorem states that for any complete varieties U, V and W over an algebraically closed field, and given points u, v and w on them, any invertible sheaf L which has a trivial restriction to each of U× V × {w}, U× {v} × W, and {u} × V × W, is itself trivial. (Mumford p. 55; the result there is slightly stronger, in that one of the varieties need not be complete and can be replaced by a connected scheme.)
Special cases
On a ringed space X, an invertible sheaf L is trivial if isomorphic to OX, as an OX-module. If the base X is a complex manifold, then an invertible sheaf is (the sheaf of sections of) a holomorphic line bundle, and trivial means holomorphically equivalent to a trivial bundle, not just topologically equivalent.
Restatement using biextensions
Weil's result has been restated in terms of biextensions, a concept now generally used in the duality theory of abelian varieties.
Theorem of the square
The theorem of the square is a corollary (also due to Weil) appl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute%20irreducibility
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In mathematics, a multivariate polynomial defined over the rational numbers is absolutely irreducible if it is irreducible over the complex field. For example, is absolutely irreducible, but while is irreducible over the integers and the reals, it is reducible over the complex numbers as and thus not absolutely irreducible.
More generally, a polynomial defined over a field K is absolutely irreducible if it is irreducible over every algebraic extension of K, and an affine algebraic set defined by equations with coefficients in a field K is absolutely irreducible if it is not the union of two algebraic sets defined by equations in an algebraically closed extension of K. In other words, an absolutely irreducible algebraic set is a synonym of an algebraic variety, which emphasizes that the coefficients of the defining equations may not belong to an algebraically closed field.
Absolutely irreducible is also applied, with the same meaning, to linear representations of algebraic groups.
In all cases, being absolutely irreducible is the same as being irreducible over the algebraic closure of the ground field.
Examples
A univariate polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 2 is never absolutely irreducible, due to the fundamental theorem of algebra.
The irreducible two-dimensional representation of the symmetric group S3 of order 6, originally defined over the field of rational numbers, is absolutely irreducible.
The representation of the circle group by rotations in t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari%20Enqvist
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Kari-Pekka Enqvist (born February 16, 1954 in Lahti, Finland) is a professor of cosmology in the Department of Physical Sciences at the University of Helsinki. Enqvist was awarded his PhD in theoretical physics in 1983.
Enqvist is the chairman of the scientific advisory board of Skepsis ry (a Finnish sceptics' society) and has written many books that popularize physics.
In 1997 Enqvist was granted the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation Physics Award for his efforts in particle physics and cosmology.
In 1999, he was awarded the Tieto-Finlandia award, Finland's most significant award for non-fiction, for his book Olemisen porteilla ("At the gates of being").
Enqvist retired from the University of Helsinki in 2019.
References
External links
Kari Enqvist's homepage
20th-century Finnish physicists
Finnish science writers
Particle physicists
Finnish skeptics
Finnish atheists
Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
People from Lahti
1954 births
Living people
Tieto-Finlandia Award winners
Cosmologists
21st-century Finnish physicists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station%20biologique%20de%20Roscoff
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The Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR) is a French marine biology and oceanography research and teaching center. Founded by Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers (1821–1901) in 1872, it is at the present time affiliated to the Sorbonne University (SU) and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).
Overview
The Station biologique is situated in Roscoff on the northern coast of Brittany (France) about 60 km east of Brest. Its location offers access to exceptional variety of biotopes, most of which are accessible at low tide. These biotopes support a large variety of both plant (700) and animal (3000) marine species. Founded in 1872 by Professor Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers (then Zoology Chair at the Sorbonne University ), the SBR constitutes, since March 1985, the Internal School 937 of the Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC). In November 1985, the SBR was given the status of Oceanographic Observatory by the Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers et de l'Environnement (National Institute for the Cosmological and Environmental Sciences; INSU). The SBR is also, since January 2001, a Research Federation within the Life Sciences Department of the CNRS.
The personnel of the SBR, which includes about 200 permanent staff, consists of scientists, teaching scientists, technicians, postdoctoral fellows, PhD students and administrative staff. These personnel is organized into various research groups within research units that are recognised by the Life Sciences Department of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20abelian%20variety
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In mathematics, a dual abelian variety can be defined from an abelian variety A, defined over a field K.
Definition
To an abelian variety A over a field k, one associates a dual abelian variety Av (over the same field), which is the solution to the following moduli problem. A family of degree 0 line bundles parametrized by a k-variety T is defined to be a line bundle L on
A×T such that
for all , the restriction of L to A×{t} is a degree 0 line bundle,
the restriction of L to {0}×T is a trivial line bundle (here 0 is the identity of A).
Then there is a variety Av and a line bundle ,, called the Poincaré bundle, which is a family of degree 0 line bundles parametrized by Av in the sense of the above definition. Moreover, this family is universal, that is, to any family L parametrized by T is associated a unique morphism f: T → Av so that L is isomorphic to the pullback of P along the morphism 1A×f: A×T → A×Av. Applying this to the case when T is a point, we see that the points of Av correspond to line bundles of degree 0 on A, so there is a natural group operation on Av given by tensor product of line bundles, which makes it into an abelian variety.
In the language of representable functors one can state the above result as follows. The contravariant functor, which associates to each k-variety T the set of families of degree 0 line bundles parametrised by T and to each k-morphism f: T → T the mapping induced by the pullback with f, is representable. The universal element
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyst%20%28journal%29
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Analyst is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of analytical chemistry, bioanalysis, and detection science. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and the editor-in-chief is Norman Dovichi (University of Notre Dame). The journal was established in 1877 by the Society for Analytical Chemistry.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in MEDLINE and Analytical Abstracts. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 4.2.
Analytical Communications
In 1999, the Royal Society of Chemistry closed the journal Analytical Communications because it felt that the material submitted to that journal would be best included in a new communications section of Analyst. Predecessor journals of Analytical Communications were Proceedings of the Society for Analytical Chemistry, 1964–1974; Proceedings of the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society, 1975–1979; Analytical Proceedings, 1980–1993; Analytical Proceedings including Analytical Communications, 1994–1995.
References
External links
Chemistry journals
Analytical chemistry
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
Publications established in 1876
English-language journals
Biweekly journals
1876 establishments in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinning%20force
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Pinning force is a force acting on a pinned object from a pinning center. In solid state physics, this most often refers to the vortex pinning, the pinning of the magnetic vortices (magnetic flux quanta, Abrikosov vortices) by different kinds of the defects in a type II superconductor. Important quantities are the individual maximal pinning force, which defines the depinning of a single vortex, and an average pinning force, which defines the depinning of the correlated vortex structures and can be associated with the critical current density (the maximal density of non-dissipative current). The interaction of the correlated vortex lattice with system of pinning centers forms the magnetic phase diagram of the vortex matter in superconductors. This phase diagram is especially rich for high temperature superconductors (HTSC) where the thermo-activation processes are essential.
The pinning mechanism is based on the fact that the amount of grain boundary area is reduced when a particle is located on a grain boundary. It is also assumed that particles are spherical and the particle-matrix interface is incoherent. When a moving grain boundary meets a particle at an angle , the particle exerts a pinning force on the grain boundary that is equal to ; with the particle radius and the energy per unit of grain boundary area.
References
See also
Flux pinning
Superconductivity
Magnetism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtolab
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FemtoLab is a laser spectroscopy and communications laboratory in the physics department at Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey. The lab's director is Rainer Martini.
The main focus of the research in this laboratory is the development of new devices and application in the infrared region of the spectrum. A specific focus is thereby on security as well as communication application.
Research
In a long term study the laboratory compares since 2001 atmospheric propagation at different wavelengths in indoor and outdoor studies to find the optimal wavelength for free-space optical communication. It uses a quantum cascade laser to transmit data using the mid-infrared part of the spectrum, which propagates much more favorably under bad weather conditions like fog.
A secondary focus of research is based on the component development for the far-infrared spectral region, the so-called terahertz spectrum. Components include modulators and lenses, and are based on optical excitation which allow for active control.
External links
Physics department at Stevens Institute of Technology
www.freespaceoptics.org
Education in New Jersey
Stevens Institute of Technology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurance
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Laurance is a surname or given name. Notable people with the name include:
Surname
John Laurance (1750–1810), American lawyer and politician from New York
William F. Laurance (born 1957), American-Australian biology professor
Bill Laurance (born 1981), English composer, producer, and multi-instrumental musician
Given name
Laurance Doyle (born 1953), American scientist with the SETI Institute
Laurance Rockefeller (1910–2004), American philanthropist, businessman, financier, and conservationist
Laurance Rudic (born 1952), British theatre artist
Laurance Safford (1893–1973), U.S. Navy cryptologist
Laurance Browning VanMeter (born 1958), Kentucky Supreme Court Justice 2017 - present
See also
Laurence (disambiguation)
Lawrence (disambiguation)
Laura (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desymmetrization
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Desymmetrization in stereochemistry is the modification of a molecule that results in the loss of one or more symmetry elements. A common application of this class of reactions involves the introduction of chirality. Formally, such conversions required the loss of an improper axis of rotation (mirror plane, center of inversion, rotation-reflection axis). In other words, desymmetrisations convert prochiral precursors into chiral products.
Examples
Typical substrates are epoxides, diols, dienes, and carboxylic acid anhydrides.
One example is the conversion of cis-3,5-diacetoxycyclopentene to monoacetate. In this transformation, the plane of symmetry in the precursor is lost, and the product is asymmetric. The desymmetrisation itself is not usually considered useful. The enantioselective desymmetrisation however delivers a useful product. This particular conversion utilizes the enzyme cholinesterase.
In another example, a symmetrical cyclic imide is subjected to asymmetric deprotonation resulting in a chiral product with high enantioselectivity.
Transfer hydrogenation converts benzil (PhC(O)C(O)Ph) into one enantiomer of hydrobenzoin:
PhC(O)C(O)Ph + 2 H2 → PhCH(OH)CH(OH)Ph
The precursor benzil has C2v symmetry, and the product is C2 symmetric.
Citric acid is also a symmetric molecule that can be desymmetrized by partial methylation.
References
Stereochemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20F.%20Ferguson
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Donald Ferguson (born 1960) is a Technical Fellow and Chief SW Architect at Ansys, Inc. Before joining Ansys, Ferguson was a Professor of Professional Practice in Computer Science at Columbia University. Before joining Columbia in 2018, he was vice president and CTO for software at Dell. Previously he was CTO, Distinguished Engineer and Executive VP at CA, Inc., formerly known as Computer Associates.
Education
Ferguson graduated with a BA from Columbia University in 1982, a MS in 1984, and a PhD in computer science in 1989. His thesis studied the application of economic models to the management of system resources in distributed systems.
Career
IBM
From 1985 to 2007, Ferguson worked for IBM, being appointed IBM Fellow in 2001, and chief architect for IBM's Software Group (SWG). He provided overall technical leadership for IBM WebSphere, Tivoli Software, IBM DB2, Rational Software and Lotus Software products. He also chaired the SWG Architecture Board (SWG AB). The SWG AB focused on product integration, cross-product initiatives and emerging technology. Some of the public focus areas were web services, patterns, web 2.0 and business-driven development. Ferguson guided IBM's strategy and architecture for SOA and web services, and co-authored many of the initial web-service specifications.
Previously, he had been the chief architect for WebSphere and the WebSphere products, which provide support for dynamic web applications. Prior to transferring to IBM SWG, Ferguson was a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statisticians%27%20and%20engineers%27%20cross-reference%20of%20statistical%20terms
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The following terms are used by electrical engineers in statistical signal processing studies instead of typical statistician's terms.
In other engineering fields, particularly mechanical engineering, uncertainty analysis examines systematic and random components of variations in measurements associated with physical experiments.
Notes
References
S.M. Kay, Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing, .
H. Coleman and W. G. Steele, Experimentation and uncertainty analysis for engineers, .
Detection theory
Statistical hypothesis testing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonelli%E2%80%93Hobson%20test
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In mathematics, the Tonelli–Hobson test gives sufficient criteria for a function ƒ on R2 to be an integrable function. It is often used to establish that Fubini's theorem may be applied to ƒ. It is named for Leonida Tonelli and E. W. Hobson.
More precisely, the Tonelli–Hobson test states that if ƒ is a real-valued measurable function on R2, and either of the two iterated integrals
or
is finite, then ƒ is Lebesgue-integrable on R2.
Integral calculus
Theorems in analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defcon%20Robot%20Contest
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The Defcon Robot Contest was a robotics competition which was held at the annual Defcon computer security conference in Las Vegas.
History
Defcon 12 (2004)
The first competition was held at Defcon 11 in 2003. The objective was to transport ping pong balls from one corner of an arena to the other. Only Irvine Underground entered a team and they were able to successfully complete the task.
Defcon 13 (2005)
The task this year was to first follow a line around a maze, scooping up ping pong balls along the way, then fire them at cans on a wall at one end of the arena. Two teams entered this year, with the team from Florida winning.
Defcon 14: (2006)
Since the previous contests proved to be too expensive, the Defcon 14 rules were changed to make it easier for the smaller teams to compete. The requirement for battery power was dropped, but the requirement to be fully autonomous was enforced. The goal was to shoot down 1, 2, and 3 inch white targets from 10 feet away. 6 teams entered and all teams were able to shoot down many targets. Team Octopi, a team of four computer science and computer engineering students from The University of Utah won the contest. They shot down 28 targets in 37 seconds.
Defcon 15: (2007)
This year's task was very similar to Defcon 14, with only minor changes. The main change was that targets were no longer infrared (so no special IR camera was required). Also, to make it more exciting, the format was changed from timed match to head-to-head match (doub
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecten
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Pecten or pectin may refer to:
Pecten
Biology
Pecten (biology), any comb like structure in animals
Pecten (bivalve), a genus of scallops
Pecten (company), a subsidiary of Sinopec
Pecten oculi, a structure in the bird retina which contains most of the vasculature
Other uses
Pecten, Alberta, Canada
Venus comb murex, after its scientific name Murex pecten
Pectin
Pectin, a plant polysaccharide
Pectineus muscle, a thigh muscle
Pectinoidea, a superfamily of bivalve mollusks which includes Pectinidae
Pectinidae, a family of bivalve mollusks
Pecten albicans, Japanese baking scallop
Pecten excavatus
Pecten sulcicostatus, South African scallop
See also
Pectineal line (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguishable
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Distinguishable may refer to:
Distinguishing attack in cryptography
Distinguishable interfaces in user interfaces
Identical particles in statistical mechanics
Clear enough to be recognized or identified as different.
See also
Distinction (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive%20synchrony
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Reproductive synchrony is a term used in evolutionary biology and behavioral ecology. Reproductive synchrony—sometimes termed "ovulatory synchrony"—may manifest itself as "breeding seasonality". Where females undergo regular menstruation, "menstrual synchrony" is another possible term.
Reproduction is said to be synchronised when fertile matings across a population are temporarily clustered, resulting in multiple conceptions (and consequent births) within a restricted time window. In marine and other aquatic contexts, the phenomenon may be referred to as mass spawning. Mass spawning has been observed and recorded in a large number of phyla, including in coral communities within the Great Barrier Reef.
In primates, reproductive synchrony usually takes the form of conception and birth seasonality. The regulatory "clock", in this case, is the sun's position in relation to the tilt of the earth. In nocturnal or partly nocturnal primates—for example, owl monkeys—the periodicity of the moon may also come into play. Synchrony in general is for primates an important variable determining the extent of "paternity skew"—defined as the extent to which fertile matings can be monopolised by a fraction of the population of males. The greater the precision of female reproductive synchrony—the greater the number of ovulating females who must be guarded simultaneously—the harder it is for any dominant male to succeed in monopolising a harem all to himself. This is simply because, by attendin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional%20gas
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A two-dimensional gas is a collection of objects constrained to move in a planar or other two-dimensional space in a gaseous state. The objects can be: classical ideal gas elements such as rigid disks undergoing elastic collisions; elementary particles, or any ensemble of individual objects in physics which obeys laws of motion without binding interactions. The concept of a two-dimensional gas is used either because:
the issue being studied actually takes place in two dimensions (as certain surface molecular phenomena); or,
the two-dimensional form of the problem is more tractable than the analogous mathematically more complex three-dimensional problem.
While physicists have studied simple two body interactions on a plane for centuries, the attention given to the two-dimensional gas (having many bodies in motion) is a 20th-century pursuit. Applications have led to better understanding of superconductivity, gas thermodynamics, certain solid state problems and several questions in quantum mechanics.
Classical mechanics
Research at Princeton University in the early 1960s posed the question of whether the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics and other thermodynamic laws could be derived from Newtonian laws applied to multi-body systems rather than through the conventional methods of statistical mechanics. While this question appears intractable from a three-dimensional closed form solution, the problem behaves differently in two-dimensional space. In particular an ideal two-dimensi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Nogales
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Eva Nogales (born in Colmenar Viejo, Spain) is a Spanish-American biophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where she served as head of the Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology of the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology (2015–2020). She is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.
Nogales is a pioneer in using electron microscopy for the structural and functional characterization of macromolecular complexes. She used electron crystallography to obtain the first structure of tubulin and identify the binding site of the important anti-cancer drug taxol. She is a leader in combining cryo-EM, computational image analysis and biochemical assays to gain insights into function and regulation of biological complexes and molecular machines. Her work has uncovered aspects of cellular function that are relevant to the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
Early life and education
Eva Nogales obtained her BS degree in physics from the Autonomous University of Madrid in 1988. She later earned her PhD from the University of Keele in 1992 while working at the Synchrotron Radiation Source under the supervision of Joan Bordas.
Career
During her post-doctoral work in the laboratory of Ken Downing at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Eva Nogales was the first to determine the atomic structure of tubulin and the location of the taxol-binding site by electron crystallography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Lorentz%20transformations
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The history of Lorentz transformations comprises the development of linear transformations forming the Lorentz group or Poincaré group preserving the Lorentz interval and the Minkowski inner product .
In mathematics, transformations equivalent to what was later known as Lorentz transformations in various dimensions were discussed in the 19th century in relation to the theory of quadratic forms, hyperbolic geometry, Möbius geometry, and sphere geometry, which is connected to the fact that the group of motions in hyperbolic space, the Möbius group or projective special linear group, and the Laguerre group are isomorphic to the Lorentz group.
In physics, Lorentz transformations became known at the beginning of the 20th century, when it was discovered that they exhibit the symmetry of Maxwell's equations. Subsequently, they became fundamental to all of physics, because they formed the basis of special relativity in which they exhibit the symmetry of Minkowski spacetime, making the speed of light invariant between different inertial frames. They relate the spacetime coordinates of two arbitrary inertial frames of reference with constant relative speed v. In one frame, the position of an event is given by x,y,z and time t, while in the other frame the same event has coordinates x′,y′,z′ and t′.
Mathematical prehistory
Using the coefficients of a symmetric matrix A, the associated bilinear form, and a linear transformations in terms of transformation matrix g, the Lorentz transf
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Hore%20%28chemist%29
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Peter John Hore is a British chemist and academic. He is a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford and fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He is the author of two Oxford Chemistry Primers (OCP 32 and 92) on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and research articles primarily in the area of NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), spin chemistry and magnetoreception during bird migration.
Education
Hore was educated at the University of Oxford where he was an undergraduate and graduate student of St John's College, Oxford, from 1973 to 1980. His Doctor of Philosophy degree was supervised by .
Career and research
Hore was a Royal Society research fellow at the University of Groningen from 1980 to 1982, and a junior research fellow at St John's from 1982 to 1983 before be appointed a Fellow and tutor at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2022.
Personal life
Hore married theoretical physicist Julia Yeomans in 1990.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
British physical chemists
Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitting%20time
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In the study of stochastic processes in mathematics, a hitting time (or first hit time) is the first time at which a given process "hits" a given subset of the state space. Exit times and return times are also examples of hitting times.
Definitions
Let be an ordered index set such as the natural numbers, the non-negative real numbers, , or a subset of these; elements can be thought of as "times". Given a probability space and a measurable state space , let be a stochastic process, and let be a measurable subset of the state space . Then the first hit time is the random variable defined by
The first exit time (from ) is defined to be the first hit time for , the complement of in . Confusingly, this is also often denoted by .
The first return time is defined to be the first hit time for the singleton set which is usually a given deterministic element of the state space, such as the origin of the coordinate system.
Examples
Any stopping time is a hitting time for a properly chosen process and target set. This follows from the converse of the Début theorem (Fischer, 2013).
Let denote standard Brownian motion on the real line starting at the origin. Then the hitting time satisfies the measurability requirements to be a stopping time for every Borel measurable set
For as above, let () denote the first exit time for the interval , i.e. the first hit time for Then the expected value and variance of satisfy
For as above, the time of hitting a single point
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Muddy%20Baker
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Lee "Muddy" Baker (born 16 November 1969) is a UK-based singer-songwriter, producer, performer, vocalist and multi-instrumentalist.
Biography
Early years
Lee Baker grew up in Watford, England where he attended Watford Boys' Grammar School. Having gained A-Levels in Art, Maths & Physics he went on to read Modern Art at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, where he graduated in 1992. During his time at university, Baker formed and fronted his first band, called Cup of Sunshine.
Marbaker
Baker left Newcastle to settle in Brighton and it was here that he truly focused on forging a career in the music industry, forming a new 4 piece band, Marbaker. The new band soon proved hugely popular on the live music circuit. It was not long before Marbaker was signed to Chrysalis Music and toured the UK to promote the band's debut single "Hope You Find".
This first release received national radio airplay and the accolade of Melody Maker'''s Single of the Week as voted by the band Gomez. However, frustrated with the direction in which the band was going, Marbaker split up and the first album was never made.
Performer, writer & producer
After the breakup of Marbaker, Baker continued to perform, write and produce new material both for himself, other artists, including Mo Solid Gold and Chung King, and for TV programmes and advertising. In a move away from the more soulful and hypnotic beats of Marbaker, Baker co-wrote, performed and produced a clutch of club tunes under the guise of "
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennametal
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Kennametal is an American supplier of tooling and industrial materials founded in 1938 by Philip M. McKenna in the Latrobe, Pennsylvania, area.
Production
Kennametal products:
Blades, disks, skins, fuel control systems, and landing gear for the aerospace industry
Synthetic fertilizers for agriculture
Camshafts, crankshafts, cylinder heads, rotors, calipers and differentials for automobiles
Roofing and abrasives for home construction
Asphalt, stabilization tools, and tunneling equipment for road construction
Woodworking tools
Machining industries:
Machine tools: Machining centers, turning centers (CNC lathes), automatic lathes (screw machines)
Tooling for machine tools:
Indexable toolholders, collets
fixtures
cutting tools (via Products Group, a consolidation of various brands in this industry): inserts, tool bits, milling cutters, taps and dies, metal sawing cutters and tooling
Mining equipment
Abrasives and flow control for the oil industry
Generating equipment for electric power plants
Fluids for the paper industry
Wheels and axles for rail transport
Custom engineering
Brands
In 2009, Kennametal announced that they migrated all its current brands into two distinct portfolios: WIDIA Products Group and Kennametal Products Group.
WIDIA Products Group
On August 30, 2002, Kennametal completed acquisition of Widia Group from Miacron Inc. for 188 million Euros in cash. This group markets four brands WIDIA, Hanita, and WIDIA GTD. The GTD stands for Greenfield Tap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Strauss
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Eric G. Strauss is a President's Professor at Loyola Marymount University (LMU) in Los Angeles, California. He is a member of the Biology Department at the Frank R. Seaver College of Science and Engineering and director of the Ballona Discovery Park. Founder of the Center for Urban Resilience (CURes), Strauss aims to create synergistic research and teaching opportunities within LMU as a resource to both government and neighborhoods throughout the greater Los Angeles area. Strauss is the Founding Editor of a web-based peer-reviewed journal, Cities and the Environment, which is funded in part by the USDA Forest Service and The LMU Library.
Strauss has served as the former director of the Environmental Studies Program at Boston College for over 15 years. With research specialties in animal behavior, urban ecosystem dynamics and science education, he has extended the model for faculty activities by helping to co-found the Urban Ecology Institute in Boston, which provides educational, research and restoration programs to underserved neighborhoods and their residents. He holds a PhD from Tufts University and is best known for his work with coyotes and his interests in Lyme disease. Strauss is also an expert on the success of the piping plover population of Cape Cod, MA.
Selected publications
Barnett, M., Lord, C., Strauss, E., Rosca, C., Langford, H., Chavez, D., and Deni, L. 2006. "Using the urban environment to engage youth in urban ecology field studies". Journal of Environmen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%20residue
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In mathematics, the Poincaré residue is a generalization, to several complex variables and complex manifold theory, of the residue at a pole of complex function theory. It is just one of a number of such possible extensions.
Given a hypersurface defined by a degree polynomial and a rational -form on with a pole of order on , then we can construct a cohomology class . If we recover the classical residue construction.
Historical construction
When Poincaré first introduced residues he was studying period integrals of the form for where was a rational differential form with poles along a divisor . He was able to make the reduction of this integral to an integral of the form for where , sending to the boundary of a solid -tube around on the smooth locus of the divisor. Ifon an affine chart where is irreducible of degree and (so there is no poles on the line at infinity page 150). Then, he gave a formula for computing this residue aswhich are both cohomologous forms.
Construction
Preliminary definition
Given the setup in the introduction, let be the space of meromorphic -forms on which have poles of order up to . Notice that the standard differential sends
Define
as the rational de-Rham cohomology groups. They form a filtrationcorresponding to the Hodge filtration.
Definition of residue
Consider an -cycle . We take a tube around (which is locally isomorphic to ) that lies within the complement of . Since this is an -cycle, we can integrate a rational -fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20nanotechnology
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The history of nanotechnology traces the development of the concepts and experimental work falling under the broad category of nanotechnology. Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research, the development of its central concepts happened over a longer period of time. The emergence of nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, with the elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology beginning with the 1986 publication of the book Engines of Creation. The field was subject to growing public awareness and controversy in the early 2000s, with prominent debates about both its potential implications as well as the feasibility of the applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, and with governments moving to promote and fund research into nanotechnology. The early 2000s also saw the beginnings of commercial applications of nanotechnology, although these were limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials rather than the transformative applications envisioned by the field.
Early uses of nanomaterials
Carbon nanotubes have been found in pottery from Keeladi, India, dating to c. 600–300 BC, though it is not known how they formed or whether the substance containing them was employed deliberately. Cementite nanowires have been observed in D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Enckell
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Carl Johan Alexis Enckell (7 June 1876 – 26 March 1959) was a Finnish politician, diplomat, officer and businessman.
Enckell followed his father's footsteps in the Russian military and rose to the Imperial Russian Guard. As he was not satisfied with the salary and his stagnated military career, he studied mechanical engineering in Germany. After graduation in 1903, he worked in the Kuusankoski paper mill and the Helsinki-based engineering companies Hietalahti Shipyard and Engineering Works and Kone- ja Siltarakennus. During the 1910s Enckell was also active in a number of employers' organisations.
In 1917, shortly before the October Revolution, Enckell was appointed Finnish Minister–Secretary of State to Saint Petersburg. Following the Finnish Declaration of Independence, Enckell worked hard to get international recognition for the declaration. During the following years, Enckell served as Finnish envoy to Paris, and later to the League of Nations, in which he successfully pursued the Finnish interests in the Åland crisis. He also served as foreign minister in four short-lived cabinets during the early politically turbulent years of the young republic.
Enckell moved back to work in the financial sector in the 1920s but made a return to politics as Foreign Minister in 1944. He led Finland out from Second World War and contributed to establishing friendly relations with the Soviet Union and the new Finnish foreign policy, the Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine.
Enckell was married
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20applications%20of%20nanotechnology
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Nanotechnology is impacting the field of consumer goods, several products that incorporate nanomaterials are already in a variety of items; many of which people do not even realize contain nanoparticles, products with novel functions ranging from easy-to-clean to scratch-resistant. Examples of that car bumpers are made lighter, clothing is more stain repellant, sunscreen is more radiation resistant, synthetic bones are stronger, cell phone screens are lighter weight, glass packaging for drinks leads to a longer shelf-life, and balls for various sports are made more durable. Using nanotech, in the mid-term modern textiles will become "smart", through embedded "wearable electronics", such novel products have also a promising potential especially in the field of cosmetics, and has numerous potential applications in heavy industry. Nanotechnology is predicted to be a main driver of technology and business in this century and holds the promise of higher performance materials, intelligent systems and new production methods with significant impact for all aspects of society.
Foods
A complex set of engineering and scientific challenges in the food and bioprocessing industry for manufacturing high quality and safe food through efficient and sustainable means can be solved through nanotechnology. Bacteria identification and food quality monitoring using biosensors; intelligent, active, and smart food packaging systems; nanoencapsulation of bioactive food compounds are few examples of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDE
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FDE may refer to:
Fault detection and exclusion, a technique used in global positioning systems
Federal Directorate of Education, an agency of the Pakistani government
Fetch-decode-execute cycle, in computer science
First-degree entailment, a weakening of paraconsistent logic lacking truths
Førde Airport, Bringeland, in Norway
Førde Airport, Øyrane, in Norway, closed in 1986
Forensic document examination, a synonym of "questioned document examination"
FrameMaker Development Environment, part of Adobe FrameMaker
Full disk encryption
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Orlich
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Don Orlich is professor emeritus of the Science Mathematics Engineering Education Center at Washington State University. He has published more than 100 professional papers, co-authored more than 30 monographs and books, and is the senior co-author of “Teaching Strategies: A guide to Effective Teaching,” published by Houghton Mifflin in 2004.
He has conducted an independent study of Washington's WASL standards based assessment, concluding, “The WASL is a disaster” Orlich has concluded that the fifth grade science WASL exceeds the intellectual level of the majority of fifth graders, the seventh grade math WASL is more like a ninth grade test. Learning goals for the seventh grade is almost identical to many 10th grade goals.
He has authored a soon to be released book titled “School Reform and the Great American Brain Robbery,”. He analyzed areas of the WASL using criteria from developmental psychology and the Scales of the National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP). Orlich has found areas of the Grade Level Expectations (GLEs), hence the WASL test, to be developmentally inappropriate. He has won a national award from the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development for a critical analysis he wrote on the fourth-grade WASL, although the OSPI disagrees with the analysis.
Notes
External links
Orlich on the WASL
Education reform
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Washington State University faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice%20Hall%20International%20Series%20in%20Computer%20Science
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Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science was a series of books on computer science published by Prentice Hall.
The series' founding editor was Tony Hoare. Richard Bird subsequently took over editing the series. Many of the books in the series have been in the area of formal methods in particular.
Selected books
The following books were published in the series:
R. S. Bird, Introduction to Functional Programming using Haskell, 2nd edition, 1998. .
R. S. Bird and O. de Moor, Algebra of Programming, 1996. . (100th volume in the series.)
O.-J. Dahl, Verifiable Programming, 1992. .
D. M. Gabbay, Elementary Logics: A Procedural Perspective, 1998. .
I. J. Hayes (ed.), Specification Cases Studies, 2nd edition, 1993. .
M. G. Hinchey and J. P. Bowen (eds.), Applications of Formal Methods, 1996. .
C. A. R. Hoare, Communicating Sequential Processes, 1985. hardback or paperback.
C. A. R. Hoare and M. J. C. Gordon, Mechanized Reasoning and Hardware Design, 1998. .
C. A. R. Hoare and He Jifeng, Unifying Theories of Programming, 1998. .
INMOS Limited, Occam 2 Reference Manual, 1988. .
Cliff Jones, Systematic Software Development Using VDM, 1986. hardback or paperback.
M. Joseph (ed.), Real-Time Systems: Specification, Verification and Analysis, 1996. .
Bertrand Meyer, Object-Oriented Software Construction (first edition only).
Robin Milner, Communication and Concurrency, 1989. (for the paperback).
C. C. Morgan, Programming from Specifications, 2nd edition,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Pyle
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John Adrian Pyle is a British atmospheric scientist, Director of the Centre for Atmospheric Science in Cambridge, England. He is a Professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge, and since 2007 has held the 1920 Chair of Physical Chemistry in the Chemistry Department. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Society and of St Catharine's College, Cambridge.
Education
Pyle was educated at De La Salle College, Salford, gained his Bachelor of Science degree in Physics at Durham University and his DPhil from the University of Oxford in 1978.
Research
Pyle is known for his extensive work on atmospheric chemistry and its interactions with climate. His early research was focusing on issues related to stratospheric ozone depletion but in the following decades his work has expanded in a variety of chemistry and climate-related fields.
Pyle was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to atmospheric chemistry and environmental science.
References
Living people
Fellows of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Place of birth missing (living people)
Atmospheric chemists
1951 births
Alumni of Grey College, Durham
Members of the University of Cambridge Department of Chemistry
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British physical chemists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Professors of Physical Chemistry (Cambridge)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics%20of%20aggression
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The field of psychology has been greatly influenced by the study of genetics. Decades of research have demonstrated that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in a variety of behaviors in humans and animals (e.g. Grigorenko & Sternberg, 2003). The genetic basis of aggression, however, remains poorly understood. Aggression is a multi-dimensional concept, but it can be generally defined as behavior that inflicts pain or harm on another.
The genetic-developmental theory states that individual differences in a continuous phenotype result from the action of a large number of genes, each exerting an effect that works with environmental factors to produce the trait. This type of trait is influenced by multiple factors making it more complex and difficult to study than a simple Mendelian trait (one gene for one phenotype).
History
Past thoughts on genetic factors influencing aggression, specifically in regard to sex chromosomes, tended to seek answers from chromosomal abnormalities. Four decades ago, the XYY genotype was (erroneously) believed by many to be correlated with aggression. In 1965 and 1966, researchers at the MRC Clinical & Population Cytogenetics Research Unit led by Dr. Court Brown at Western General Hospital in Edinburgh reported finding a much higher than expected nine XYY men (2.9%) averaging almost 6 ft. tall in a survey of 314 patients at the State Hospital for Scotland; seven of the nine XYY patients were mentally retarded. In their initial reports
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20molecular%20theory
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In chemistry, the history of molecular theory traces the origins of the concept or idea of the existence of strong chemical bonds between two or more atoms.
A modern conceptualization of molecules began to develop in the 19th century along with experimental evidence for pure chemical elements and how individual atoms of different chemical elements such as hydrogen and oxygen can combine to form chemically stable molecules such as water molecules.
Ancient world
The modern concept of molecules can be traced back towards pre-scientific and Greek philosophers such as Leucippus and Democritus who argued that all the universe is composed of atoms and voids.
Circa 450 BC Empedocles imagined fundamental elements (fire (), earth (), air (), and water ()) and "forces" of attraction and repulsion allowing the elements to interact. Prior to this, Heraclitus had claimed that fire or change was fundamental to our existence, created through the combination of opposite properties.
In the Timaeus, Plato, following Pythagoras, considered mathematical entities such as number, point, line and triangle as the fundamental building blocks or elements of this ephemeral world, and considered the four elements of fire, air, water and earth as states of substances through which the true mathematical principles or elements would pass. A fifth element, the incorruptible quintessence aether, was considered to be the fundamental building block of the heavenly bodies.
The viewpoint of Leucippus an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20microbiology
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Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that inhabit, create, or contaminate food. This includes the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage; pathogens that may cause disease (especially if food is improperly cooked or stored); microbes used to produce fermented foods such as cheese, yogurt, bread, beer, and wine; and microbes with other useful roles, such as producing probiotics.
Subgroups of bacteria that affect food
In the study of bacteria in food, important groups have been subdivided based on certain characteristics. These groupings are not of taxonomic significance:
Lactic acid bacteria are bacteria that use carbohydrates to produce lactic acid. The main genera are Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus thermophilus.
Acetic acid bacteria like Acetobacter aceti produce acetic acid.
Bacteria such as Propionibacterium freudenreichii that produce propionic acid are used to ferment dairy products.
Some Clostridium spp. Clostridium butyricum produce butyric acid.
Proteolytic bacteria hydrolyze proteins by producing extracellulat proteinases. This group includes bacteria species from the Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Pseudomonas, Alteromonas, Flavobacterium and Alcaligenes genera, and more limited from Enterobacteriaceae and Brevibacterium.
Lipolytic bacteria hydrolyze triglycerides by production of extracellular lipases. This group includes bacteria species from the Micrococcus, Staphylococcus,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules%20Jamin
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Jules Célestin Jamin (31 May 1818, Termes, Ardennes – 12 February 1886) was a French physicist. He was professor of physics at École Polytechnique from 1852 to 1881 and received the Rumford Medal in 1858 for his work on light. He improved Brewster's inclined interference plates with the development of the Jamin interferometer.
Biography
Jules Jamin, son of Anthony Peter Jamin, was born in 1818 in Termes, France. He began his education at a small school in Vouziers, a small village located in northeast France. After some time there, he was sent to the college at Reims by his father, Antoine-Pierre. In his first year at the college at Reims Jules won nine awards. In 1838 he won the science competition award with honors, and in October of the same year he was accepted on first selection to enter École normale supérieure where he obtained a degree in physical sciences, mathematics and natural sciences. In 1841, he graduated first in the competition of comprehensive physical sciences. He obtained his first position at the college of Caen, where he succeeded Paul Desains. After two years, he joined the College Bourbon (today's Lycée Condorcet) as a substitute teacher, then in 1844, he joined the College Louis-le-Grand as a teacher. While in Caen, he began research in support of his thesis on the reflection of light on the surface of metals, for which in 1847 he received a doctorate in physics with his thesis on light reflection on metallic surfaces. From 1844 to 1854, Jamin stu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20%28biology%29
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A sequence in biology is the one-dimensional ordering of monomers, covalently linked within a biopolymer; it is also referred to as the primary structure of a biological macromolecule. While it can refer to many different molecules, the term sequence is most often used to refer to a DNA sequence.
See also
Protein sequence
DNA sequence
Genotype
Self-incompatibility in plants
List of geneticists
Human Genome Project
Dot plot (bioinformatics)
Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification
Sequence analysis
Molecular biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Mikhalchishin
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Adrian Bohdanovych Mikhalchishin (also Mihalcisin, Mihalčišin or Mykhalchyshyn, , born November 18, 1954) is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster now playing for Slovenia. Education: Lviv University, faculty of physics 1976. Mikhalchishin is married, with two children.
Biography
He became a Grandmaster in 1978, shared first place at the Nikolaev tournament (today in Mykolaiv) in 1983, and was second at Hastings in 1985–86. Vice President of Ukrainian Chess Federation 1998–2001. Speaks Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, English and German languages.
As a player best result 4th place in Soviet Championship 1984, Soviet Youth champion 1977. During the 1979 Soviet Spartakiad (Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR), Mikhalchishin represented the chess team of Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR). World Youth Champion in team 1977, 1980, winner of European Cup 1984, winner of international tournaments Banco do Roma 1977, Copenhagen 1980, Leipzig 1979, Brno 1990, Eeklo 1991, Dortmund 1999, Warsaw 2002.
Slovenian Champion 2002. In Ukrainian Championships best result was 2-3 places in 1977 and Rapid chess Ukrainian Champion in 1993, many times junior Champion of the country.
In 1992 he represented Ukraine at the Chess Olympiads 1992, in 2000–2006 – Slovenia.
Winner of team Championships and National Cups of USSR, Ukraine, Slovenia, Yugoslavia, Croatia, Hungary.
Coach
FIDE Senior Trainer from 2002, FIDE TRAINERS COMMISSION Chairman from 2009. Conducted 12 Seminars for FIDE trainers i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Centre%20for%20Nanotechnology
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The London Centre for Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary research centre in physical and biomedical nanotechnology in London, United Kingdom. It brings together three institutions that are world leaders in nanotechnology, University College London, Imperial College London and King's College London. It was conceived from the outset with a management structure allowing for a clear focus on exploitation and commercialisation. Although based at UCL's campus in Bloomsbury, the LCN includes research in departments of Imperial's South Kensington campus and in King's Strand campus.
The LCN's work requires it to draw on the combined skills of multiple departments, including medicine, chemistry, physics, electrical and electronic engineering, biochemical engineering, materials and earth sciences, and two leading business centres. The LCN's stated vision is to become Europe's premier research centre in nanotechnology applied to health care, information technology and the environment.
History
The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London in 2003 following the award of a £13.65m higher education grant under the Science Research Infrastructure Fund. In October 2006 the LCN installed the first monochromated electron microscope in the UK at its site on the Imperial College London campus.
In October 2008 the LCN published research about the possibility of using microscopic "nanoprobes" to discover new drugs to combat ant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidity
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In biochemistry, avidity refers to the accumulated strength of multiple affinities of individual non-covalent binding interactions, such as between a protein receptor and its ligand, and is commonly referred to as functional affinity. Avidity differs from affinity, which describes the strength of a single interaction. However, because individual binding events increase the likelihood of occurrence of other interactions (i.e., increase the local concentration of each binding partner in proximity to the binding site), avidity should not be thought of as the mere sum of its constituent affinities but as the combined effect of all affinities participating in the biomolecular interaction. A particular important aspect relates to the phenomenon of 'avidity entropy'. Biomolecules often form heterogenous complexes or homogeneous oligomers and multimers or polymers. If clustered proteins form an organized matrix, such as the clathrin-coat, the interaction is described as a matricity.
Antibody-antigen interaction
Avidity is commonly applied to antibody interactions in which multiple antigen-binding sites simultaneously interact with the target antigenic epitopes, often in multimerized structures. Individually, each binding interaction may be readily broken; however, when many binding interactions are present at the same time, transient unbinding of a single site does not allow the molecule to diffuse away, and binding of that weak interaction is likely to be restored.
Each antibody
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28manga%29
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is a manga by Masamune Shirow, first serialized in 1990 and 1991 in Seishinsha Comic Gaia magazine.
Description
The magic/technology described in the story draws upon ideas from Buddhism, Taoism, ancient Japanese myth, elements of cyberpunk, Yin/Yang mysticism, and particle physics. The story is based on a minor empire within the expansive (25-world) Galactic Empire, known as Great Yamato Empire, located on a minor backwater world. Dealing with gods, end-of-world scenarios and numbers of characters caught up in a universe-shattering event.
The Galaxy Empire spans 25 worlds and is connected by magic-powered starships. Masamune Shirow has combined many aspects of magic with technology.
Elements of cybernetic technology can be seen in use by warriors of the Great Yamato Empire. These warriors integrated with what appear oversize suits of armor which have human arms and legs, pelvis removed and connected by series of wires and tubes. Not all these armors require this, Commander Rommel remains wholly human. These Armor Knights besides wielding swords, staff like Halberds, as well magic-wielding devices. These Armor Knights have limited flight abilities.
Starships: Seen in the beginning of the story, Masamune Shirow has starships guided by human navigators which "phase" through time and space not unlike starships seen in the 1984 film Dune. The warships appear as Japanese warships of the Middle Ages which have broadside armaments not unlike 18th-century warships. These vessel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Melnick
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Don J. Melnick (June 2, 1953 – April 18, 2019) was an environmental biologist and conservationist. He held the position of Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Conservation Biology at Columbia University, where he was also professor of anthropology and biological sciences.
He served as the founding Executive Director of the Center for Environmental Research and Conservation (CERC), a consortium of organizations including Columbia, the American Museum of Natural History, the New York Botanical Garden, the Wildlife Conservation Society, and the EcoHealth Alliance. He also served as co-chair of the United Nations Millennium Task Force on Environmental Sustainability, charged with reporting on the Millennium Development Goals for global environmental sustainability to the Secretary General.
Melnick received his Ph.D. in Physical Anthropology from Yale in 1981, and became one of Columbia's youngest tenured faculty members, as well as the youngest person ever to serve as chair of Columbia's Anthropology Department. For six years (1988-1994), he lived in one of Columbia's undergraduate dormitories as faculty-in-residence. He died at the age of 65 in 2019.
References
External links
Melnick bio
Columbia University faculty
Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory people
2019 deaths
1953 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle-resolved%20photoemission%20spectroscopy
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Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is an experimental technique used in condensed matter physics to probe the allowed energies and momenta of the electrons in a material, usually a crystalline solid. It is based on the photoelectric effect, in which an incoming photon of sufficient energy ejects an electron from the surface of a material. By directly measuring the kinetic energy and emission angle distributions of the emitted photoelectrons, the technique can map the electronic band structure and Fermi surfaces. ARPES is best suited for the study of one- or two-dimensional materials. It has been used by physicists to investigate high-temperature superconductors, graphene, topological materials, quantum well states, and materials exhibiting charge density waves.
ARPES systems consist of a monochromatic light source to deliver a narrow beam of photons, a sample holder connected to a manipulator used to position the sample of a material, and an electron spectrometer. The equipment is contained within an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment, which protects the sample and prevents scattering of the emitted electrons. After being dispersed along two perpendicular directions with respect to kinetic energy and emission angle, the electrons are directed to a detector and counted to provide ARPES spectra—slices of the band structure along one momentum direction. Some ARPES instruments can extract a portion of the electrons alongside the detector to measure the polarizati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Helfand
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David J. Helfand is a U.S. astronomer who served as president of Quest University Canada from 2008 to 2015. Prior to his presidency at Quest, he was a Visiting Tutor at Quest. He has also served as chair of the Department of Astronomy at Columbia University and co-director of the Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory. He was also part of the university's Physics Department. His stated research interests include radio surveys, the origin and evolution of neutron stars and supernova remnants, and active galactic nuclei. Helfand has been instrumental in the creation of general education classes oriented around the sciences, developing a course, Frontiers of Science, that has subsequently become part of the Core Curriculum of Columbia College, the university's undergraduate liberal arts and sciences division. He holds a Bachelor of Arts from Amherst College and a Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
At Columbia University
David Helfand has been affiliated with Columbia University since 1977. Immediately after obtaining his PhD from the University of Massachusetts, he joined Columbia as a research associate for two years before obtaining a tenure track position. He has, at times, been part of both the department of Astronomy and the Department of Physics. As part of the department of Astronomy he served as chair from 1986 until 1992, and again from 2002 until the present. During his time at Columbia he has mentored 22 PhD students, although he tends to focus more on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah%20Farrell
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Jeremiah (Jerry) Farrell (December 12, 1937, in Hastings, Nebraska – July 4, 2022, in Indianapolis, Indiana) was an American professor emeritus of mathematics at Butler University in Indiana. He was well known for having constructed Will Shortz's favorite puzzle, the famous 1996 "Election Day" crossword in The New York Times. He also wrote puzzles for many other books and newspapers, such as Scott Kim's puzzle column for Discover magazine.
Biography
Farrell was born in Hastings, Nebraska, the oldest of three children to Belle Einsphar and Paul Farrell, a third-generation railroad man. Farrell himself worked for one summer on the railroad, as a "grinder", one who planes down the railroad tracks so they stay smooth. He attended Hastings High School, graduating in 1955, and then the University of Nebraska, graduating in 1963 with degrees in mathematics, chemistry, and physics. He later obtained a master's degree in mathematics, and in 1966 was hired by Butler University, where he worked for the next 40 years, teaching nearly every subject in the mathematics department. He officially retired in 1994 but continued to teach.
He was best known for constructing many crossword puzzles for The New York Times, starting in the 1970s for editor Margaret Farrar, and then continuing to design new puzzles after Shortz took over. In 1996, he designed his most famous puzzle, the "Election Day" crossword. One of the words had the clue "lead story tomorrow", with a 14-letter answer. The puzzl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosymmetric%20matrix
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In mathematics, especially in linear algebra and matrix theory, a centrosymmetric matrix is a matrix which is symmetric about its center. More precisely, an n×n matrix A = [Ai,j] is centrosymmetric when its entries satisfy
Ai,j = An−i + 1,n−j + 1 for i, j ∊{1, ..., n}.
If J denotes the n×n exchange matrix with 1 on the antidiagonal and 0 elsewhere (that is, Ji,n + 1 − i = 1; Ji,j = 0 if j ≠ n +1− i), then a matrix A is centrosymmetric if and only if AJ = JA.
Examples
All 2×2 centrosymmetric matrices have the form
All 3×3 centrosymmetric matrices have the form
Symmetric Toeplitz matrices are centrosymmetric.
Algebraic structure and properties
If A and B are centrosymmetric matrices over a field F, then so are A + B and cA for any c in F. Moreover, the matrix product AB is centrosymmetric, since JAB = AJB = ABJ. Since the identity matrix is also centrosymmetric, it follows that the set of n×n centrosymmetric matrices over F is a subalgebra of the associative algebra of all n×n matrices.
If A is a centrosymmetric matrix with an m-dimensional eigenbasis, then its m eigenvectors can each be chosen so that they satisfy either x = Jx or x = −Jx where J is the exchange matrix.
If A is a centrosymmetric matrix with distinct eigenvalues, then the matrices that commute with A must be centrosymmetric.
The maximum number of unique elements in a m × m centrosymmetric matrix is .
Related structures
An n×n matrix A is said to be skew-centrosymmetric if its entries satisfy Ai,j = −
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributions%20of%20Leonhard%20Euler%20to%20mathematics
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The Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) is among the most prolific and successful mathematicians in the history of the field. His seminal work had a profound impact in numerous areas of mathematics and he is widely credited for introducing and popularizing modern notation and terminology.
Mathematical notation
Euler introduced much of the mathematical notation in use today, such as the notation f(x) to describe a function and the modern notation for the trigonometric functions. He was the first to use the letter e for the base of the natural logarithm, now also known as Euler's number. The use of the Greek letter to denote the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter was also popularized by Euler (although it did not originate with him). He is also credited for inventing the notation i to denote .
Complex analysis
Euler made important contributions to complex analysis. He introduced scientific notation. He discovered what is now known as Euler's formula, that for any real number , the complex exponential function satisfies
This has been called "the most remarkable formula in mathematics" by Richard Feynman. Euler's identity is a special case of this:
This identity is particularly remarkable as it involves e, , i, 1, and 0, arguably the five most important constants in mathematics.
Analysis
The development of calculus was at the forefront of 18th-century mathematical research, and the Bernoullis—family friends of Euler—were responsible for much of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%20continuity%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Kolmogorov continuity theorem is a theorem that guarantees that a stochastic process that satisfies certain constraints on the moments of its increments will be continuous (or, more precisely, have a "continuous version"). It is credited to the Soviet mathematician Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov.
Statement
Let be some complete metric space, and let be a stochastic process. Suppose that for all times , there exist positive constants such that
for all . Then there exists a modification of that is a continuous process, i.e. a process such that
is sample-continuous;
for every time ,
Furthermore, the paths of are locally -Hölder-continuous for every .
Example
In the case of Brownian motion on , the choice of constants , , will work in the Kolmogorov continuity theorem. Moreover, for any positive integer , the constants , will work, for some positive value of that depends on and .
See also
Kolmogorov extension theorem
References
p. 51
Theorems regarding stochastic processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20abandoned%20education%20methods
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This is a list of education practices which have been replaced by or abandoned in favor of newer (or older) practices. To maintain a balanced point of view, each example should provide a source showing that the practice was abandoned or replaced. A practice abandoned by one school, for example reform mathematics, may still be in adoption by other schools, so opposing methods may both appear on this list at different times or schools.
One-room schools: The advent of school buses and better transportation led to consolidating schools into larger buildings in the early 20th century, while remote learning improvements in the 21st century further reduced the need for the remaining ones. Such schools are now rare in developed countries.
A-b-c-darianism: an archaic approach to teaching the alphabet in one-room schools, phased out by the 1860s.
New Math: abandoned and discredited by the late 1960s.
Open classroom: some schools still use this model, but no longer as predominant as it was in the 1960s and 1970s.
American Indian boarding schools, as well as the related Canadian Indian residential school system: Designed to assimilate Native American (First Nations) youth into North American culture and society, the practice was largely discontinued in the U.S. with the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, as the frequently heavy-handed approach was often fatal, in turn contributed to an ongoing hostility toward the process.
Look-say: The predominant fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20P.%20Y.%20Reddy
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S. Pedda Yerikal Reddy (4 June 1950 – 30 April 2019) was a three-time Lok Sabha MP and Industrialist who headed the Nandi Group of Industries. He was born on 4 June 1950 in the Ankalammagudur village from Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from NIT Warangal and joined the Mumbai-based Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India's premium nuclear facility. He quit the position of a Scientific Officer in 1977 and set up a plastic containers manufacturing plant in 1979. Thereafter, he diversified his company's operations into PVC pipes manufacturing in 1984 under the name of Nandi Pipes.
Biography
SPY Reddy began his political career with BJP and unsuccessfully contested from Nandyal Loksabha constituency in 1991 elections. In 1999 Assembly elections he contested from both Nandyal and Giddalur assembly constituencies as an independent candidate and lost both seats. In 2000, he procured the ticket for municipal chairman candidacy for congress and won with record majority. In 2004 he contested as an MP candidate from Nandyal and won with 1 lakh majority. In 2009, he once again won from the same constituency. In 2014, he won for the third time as MP from Nandyal.
He won the 2014 elections on a YSRCP ticket and later defected to TDP. In 2019, he left TDP as it denied a ticket to him and joined Janasena party and fought the election on its ticket. He died on 30 April 2019 aged 69 due to multi-organ failure.
References
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