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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trihalomethane
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In chemistry, trihalomethanes (THMs) are chemical compounds in which three of the four hydrogen atoms of methane () are replaced by halogen atoms. Many trihalomethanes find uses in industry as solvents or refrigerants. THMs are also environmental pollutants, and many are considered carcinogenic. Trihalomethanes with all the same halogen atoms are called haloforms.
Table of common trihalomethanes
Industrial uses
Only chloroform has significant applications of the haloforms. In the predominant application, chloroform is required for the production of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), precursor to teflon. Chloroform is fluorinated by reaction with hydrogen fluoride to produce chlorodifluoromethane (R-22). Pyrolysis of chlorodifluoromethane (at 550-750 °C) yields TFE, with difluorocarbene as an intermediate.
CHCl3 + 2 HF -> CHClF2 + 2 HCl
2 CHClF2 -> C2F4 + 2 HCl
Refrigerants and solvents
Trihalomethanes released to the environment break down faster than chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), thereby doing much less damage to the ozone layer. Trifluoromethane and chlorodifluoromethane are both used as refrigerants. Chlorodifluoromethane is a refrigerant HCFC, or hydrochlorofluorocarbon, while fluoroform is an HFC, or hydrofluorocarbon. Fluoroform is not ozone depleting.
Chloroform is a common solvent in organic chemistry.
Occurrence and production
The total global flux of chloroform through the environment is approximately tonnes per year, and about 90% of emissions are natural in origin.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit%20rank
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In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the circuit rank, cyclomatic number, cycle rank, or nullity of an undirected graph is the minimum number of edges that must be removed from the graph to break all its cycles, making it into a tree or forest. It is equal to the number of independent cycles in the graph (the size of a cycle basis). Unlike the corresponding feedback arc set problem for directed graphs, the circuit rank is easily computed using the formula
,
where is the number of edges in the given graph, is the number of vertices, and is the number of connected components.
It is also possible to construct a minimum-size set of edges that breaks all cycles efficiently, either using a greedy algorithm or by complementing a spanning forest.
The circuit rank can be explained in terms of algebraic graph theory as the dimension of the cycle space of a graph, in terms of matroid theory as the corank of a graphic matroid, and in terms of topology as one of the Betti numbers of a topological space derived from the graph. It counts the ears in an ear decomposition of the graph, forms the basis of parameterized complexity on almost-trees, and has been applied in software metrics as part of the definition of cyclomatic complexity of a piece of code. Under the name of cyclomatic number, the concept was introduced by Gustav Kirchhoff.
Matroid rank and construction of a minimum feedback edge set
The circuit rank of a graph may be described using matroid theory as the corank o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD%20%28disambiguation%29
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A solid-state drive is a type of data storage device which uses semiconductor memory rather than magnetic media.
SSD may also refer to:
Science and technology
Saturated-surface-dry, aggregate or porous solid condition
Biology and medicine
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Signal-sensing domain, in molecular biology
Sterol-sensing domain, a protein domain
Speech sound disorder
Sexual size dimorphism
Single-sided deafness
Somatic symptom disorder
A brand name for Silver sulfadiazine antibacterial
Computing
Server-side decoration of windows, an alternative to client-side decoration
Single-shot multibox detection, computer vision object detection
System sequence diagram in software engineering
Mathematics
Schwartz sequential dropping, an electoral system
Other uses
Sardar Sarovar Dam, Gujarat, India
Scalextric Sport Digital, toy cars
Singapore School for the Deaf
South Sudan (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code: SSD)
SSD (band), Boston, US, 1981–1985
Siroi language (ISO code: ssd), of Papua New Guinea
Special School District of St. Louis County
Stansted Airport railway station (National Rail code: SSD)
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSD or SSDI), US
State Security Department, North Korean secret police
United States–Russia Strategic Stability Dialogue, meetings to reduce the risk of US–Russia nuclear war
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race%20and%20genetics
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Researchers have investigated the relationship between race and genetics as part of efforts to understand how biology may or may not contribute to human racial categorization.
Many constructions of race are associated with phenotypical traits and geographic ancestry, and scholars like Carl Linnaeus have proposed scientific models for the organization of race since at least the 18th century. Following the discovery of Mendelian genetics and the mapping of the human genome, questions about the biology of race have often been framed in terms of genetics. A wide range of research methods have been employed to examine patterns of human variation and their relations to ancestry and racial groups, including studies of individual traits, studies of large populations and genetic clusters, and studies of genetic risk factors for disease.
Research into race and genetics has also been criticized as emerging from, or contributing to, scientific racism. Some have interpreted genetic studies of traits and populations as evidence to justify social inequalities associated with race, despite the fact that patterns of human variation have been shown to be mostly clinal, with human genetic code being approximately 99.9% identical between individuals, and with no clear boundaries between groups.
There is ongoing scientific debate regarding the definition and meaning of race in genetic and biomedical research. Some researchers argue that race can act as a "proxy" for genetic ancestry because in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20lattice
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Atomic lattice may refer to:
In mineralogy, atomic lattice refers to the arrangement of atoms into a crystal structure.
In order theory, a lattice is called an atomic lattice if the underlying partial order is atomic.
In chemistry, atomic lattice refers to the arrangement of atoms in an atomic crystalline solid.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Herman%20%28journalist%29
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George Edward Herman (January 14, 1920 – February 8, 2005) was a veteran CBS journalist. He was a correspondent for more than 40 years, 15 of them as the moderator of Face the Nation.
Biography
Herman was good friends and roommates with Walter Lippmann, graduated from Dartmouth College with a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1941, and received a master's degree in journalism in 1942 from Columbia University.
He first worked for the New York classical music station WQXR, which was gaining a reputation for news since hiring reporter and commentator Quincy Howe. He left the radio station when it was purchased by The New York Times and applied to Paul White, director of CBS News and a member of the Columbia University faculty.
Herman traveled to Asia in 1949 with a 16mm camera and audio recorder, and provided CBS with its first sound-and-film reports from overseas. He was CBS television correspondent during the Korean War before returning to the United States as CBS White House correspondent for the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations. He made several appearances as an interviewer during the 1950s on the news show, Longines Chronoscope with Larry LeSueur. Herman was also the first reporter to broadcast coverage of the burglary of the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee in 1972.
He was a long-standing moderator for the Face the Nation program and interviewed hundreds of politicians and celebrities, including Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran and Muhammad Ali. He
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical%20frustration
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In condensed matter physics, the term geometrical frustration (or in short: frustration) refers to a phenomenon where atoms tend to stick to non-trivial positions or where, on a regular crystal lattice, conflicting inter-atomic forces (each one favoring rather simple, but different structures) lead to quite complex structures. As a consequence of the frustration in the geometry or in the forces, a plenitude of distinct ground states may result at zero temperature, and usual thermal ordering may be suppressed at higher temperatures. Much studied examples are amorphous materials, glasses, or dilute magnets.
The term frustration, in the context of magnetic systems, has been introduced by Gerard Toulouse in 1977. Frustrated magnetic systems had been studied even before. Early work includes a study of the Ising model on a triangular lattice with nearest-neighbor spins coupled antiferromagnetically, by G. H. Wannier, published in 1950. Related features occur in magnets with competing interactions, where both ferromagnetic as well as antiferromagnetic couplings between pairs of spins or magnetic moments are present, with the type of interaction depending on the separation distance of the spins. In that case commensurability, such as helical spin arrangements may result, as had been discussed originally, especially, by A. Yoshimori, T. A. Kaplan, R. J. Elliott, and others, starting in 1959, to describe experimental findings on rare-earth metals. A renewed interest in such spin syste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-No%C3%ABlle%20Lienemann
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Marie-Noëlle Lienemann (born 12 July 1951, in Belfort) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for the North West of France. Until 2018, she was a member of the Socialist Party, part of the Party of European Socialists.
Early life and education
Lienemann studied chemistry at the École Normale Supérieure de Cachan (ENS Cachan).
Political career
Lienemann was part of the European Parliament's delegation to the 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Poznań, Poland.
Ahead of the Socialist Party's 2011 primaries, Lienemann endorsed Martine Aubry as the party's candidate for the 2012 presidential election.
In 2012, Lienemann co-founded the "Now The Left" grouping alongside Emmanuel Maurel. Together they urged President François Hollande to abandon the government's 2013 deficit targets and embark on a dash for growth. Following the Socialist Party's losses in the 2014 municipal elections, Lienemann and Maurel co-authored an open letter addressed to Hollande, calling on him to return to Socialist basics, end a freeze on public sector salaries, and raise the minimum salary and pensions.
Ahead of the Socialist Party's 2018 convention in Aubervilliers, Lienemann publicly endorsed Maurel as candidate for the party's leadership. In October 2018, she and Maurel left the Socialist Party and founded the left-wing Alternative for a Republican, Ecologist and Socialist Program (APRÉS). It merged with Jean-Pierre Chevènement's Citizen and Republican
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montel%27s%20theorem
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In complex analysis, an area of mathematics, Montel's theorem refers to one of two theorems about families of holomorphic functions. These are named after French mathematician Paul Montel, and give conditions under which a family of holomorphic functions is normal.
Locally uniformly bounded families are normal
The first, and simpler, version of the theorem states that a family of holomorphic functions defined on an open subset of the complex numbers is normal if and only if it is locally uniformly bounded.
This theorem has the following formally stronger corollary. Suppose that
is a family of
meromorphic functions on an open set . If is such that
is not normal at , and is a neighborhood of , then is dense
in the complex plane.
Functions omitting two values
The stronger version of Montel's Theorem (occasionally referred to as the Fundamental Normality Test) states that a family of holomorphic functions, all of which omit the same two values is normal.
Necessity
The conditions in the above theorems are sufficient, but not necessary for normality. Indeed,
the family is normal, but does not omit any complex value.
Proofs
The first version of Montel's theorem is a direct consequence of Marty's Theorem (which
states that a family is normal if and only if the spherical derivatives are locally bounded)
and Cauchy's integral formula.
This theorem has also been called the Stieltjes–Osgood theorem, after Thomas Joannes Stieltjes and William Fogg Osgood.
The Corollary st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefront
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In physics, the wavefront of a time-varying wave field is the set (locus) of all points having the same phase. The term is generally meaningful only for fields that, at each point, vary sinusoidally in time with a single temporal frequency (otherwise the phase is not well defined).
Wavefronts usually move with time. For waves propagating in a unidimensional medium, the wavefronts are usually single points; they are curves in a two dimensional medium, and surfaces in a three-dimensional one.
For a sinusoidal plane wave, the wavefronts are planes perpendicular to the direction of propagation, that move in that direction together with the wave. For a sinusoidal spherical wave, the wavefronts are spherical surfaces that expand with it. If the speed of propagation is different at different points of a wavefront, the shape and/or orientation of the wavefronts may change by refraction. In particular, lenses can change the shape of optical wavefronts from planar to spherical, or vice versa.
In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is described by the Huygens–Fresnel principle that treats each point in a propagating wavefront as a collection of individual spherical wavelets. The characteristic bending pattern is most pronounced when a wave from a coherent source (such as a laser) encounters a slit/aperture that is comparable in size to its wavelength, as shown in the inserted image. This is due to the addition, or interference, of different points on the wavefront (or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinisation
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Carcinisation (American English: carcinization) is a form of convergent evolution in which non-crab crustaceans evolve a crab-like body plan. The term was introduced into evolutionary biology by L. A. Borradaile, who described it as "the many attempts of Nature to evolve a crab".
Definition of carcinised morphology
It was stated by Lancelot Alexander Borradaile in 1916 that:
Keiler et al., 2017 defines a carcinised morphology as follows:
"The carapace is flatter than it is broad and possesses lateral margins."
"The sternites are fused into a wide sternal plastron which possesses a distinct emargination on its posterior margin."
"The pleon is flattened and strongly bent, in dorsal view completely hiding the tergites of the fourth pleonal segment, and partially or completely covers the plastron."
Examples
Carcinisation is believed to have occurred independently in at least five groups of decapod crustaceans:
Order Decapoda:
Infraorder Anomura:
King crabs, which most scientists believe evolved from hermit crab ancestors
First appearance: Late Cenozoic
Porcelain crabs, which are closely related to squat lobsters
First appearance: Late Jurassic
The hairy stone crab (Lomis hirta)
Hermit crabs:
The coconut crab (Birgus latro)
Patagurus rex
Infraorder Brachyura (true crabs) First appearance: Early Jurassic
The extinct probable crustacean order Cyclida are also noted to "strikingly resemble crabs," and probably had a similar ecology.
King crabs
The example of k
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrabutylammonium%20hydroxide
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Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is the chemical compound with the formula (C4H9)4NOH, abbreviated Bu4NOH with the acronym TBAOH or TBAH. This species is employed as a solution in water or alcohols. It is a common base in organic chemistry. Relative to more conventional inorganic bases, such as KOH and NaOH, Bu4NOH is more soluble in organic solvents.
Preparation and reactions
Solutions of Bu4NOH are usually prepared in situ from butylammonium halides, Bu4NX, for example by reacting them with silver oxide or using an ion exchange resin. Attempts to isolate Bu4NOH induces Hofmann elimination, leading to Bu3N and 1-butene. Solutions of Bu4NOH are typically contaminated with Bu3N for this reason.
Treatment of Bu4NOH with a wide range of acids gives water and the other tetrabutylammonium salts: Bu4NOH + HX -> Bu4NX + H2O
Applications
Bu4NOH is a strong base that is used often under phase-transfer conditions to effect alkylations and deprotonations. Typical reactions include benzylation of amines and generation of dichlorocarbene from chloroform.
Bu4NOH can be neutralized with a variety of mineral acids to give lipophilic salts of the conjugate base. For example, treatment of Bu4NOH with disodium pyrophosphate, Na2H2P2O7, gives (Bu4N)3[HP2O7], which is soluble in organic solvents. Similarly, neutralization of Bu4NOH with hydrofluoric acid affords an relatively water-free Bu4NF. This salt dissolves in organic solvents and is useful in desilylation.
References
Tetrabutylammonium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20ionization
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Chemical ionization (CI) is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry. This was first introduced by Burnaby Munson and Frank H. Field in 1966. This technique is a branch of gaseous ion-molecule chemistry. Reagent gas molecules (often methane or ammonia) are ionized by electron ionization to form reagent ions, which subsequently react with analyte molecules in the gas phase to create analyte ions for analysis by mass spectrometry. Negative chemical ionization (NCI), charge-exchange chemical ionization, atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) are some of the common variants of the technique. CI mass spectrometry finds general application in the identification, structure elucidation and quantitation of organic compounds as well as some utility in biochemical analysis. Samples to be analyzed must be in vapour form, or else (in the case of liquids or solids), must be vapourized before introduction into the source.
Principles of operation
The chemical ionization process generally imparts less energy to an analyte molecule than does electron impact (EI) ionization, resulting in less fragmentation and usually a simpler spectrum. The amount of fragmentation, and therefore the amount of structural information produced by the process can be controlled to some degree by selection of the reagent ion. In addition to some characteristic fragment ion peaks, a CI spectrum usually has an identifiable protonated molecular ion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Cicerone
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Ralph John Cicerone (May 2, 1943 – November 5, 2016) was an American atmospheric scientist and administrator. From 1998 to 2005, he was the chancellor of the University of California, Irvine. From 2005 to 2016, he was the president of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). He was a "renowned authority" on climate change and atmospheric chemistry, and issued an early warning about the grave potential risks of climate change.
Early life and education
Cicerone was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, on May 2, 1943, to Salvatore and Louise (Palus) Cicerone. His father, an insurance salesman, was the son of Italian immigrants.
Cicerone was the first in his family to attend college. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1965 with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering. He was captain of MIT's varsity baseball team. After college, he obtained masters and doctoral degrees from the University of Illinois.
Career
Cicerone joined the University of Michigan as a research scientist, later holding faculty positions in electrical and computer engineering from 1971 to 1978. In 1978 he moved to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego as a research chemist. He was appointed senior scientist and director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Division at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, in 1980. He held this position until 1989 when he joined the University of California, Irvine (UCI), as professor of earth syste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20Reviews
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Mathematical Reviews is a journal published by the American Mathematical Society (AMS) that contains brief synopses, and in some cases evaluations, of many articles in mathematics, statistics, and theoretical computer science. The AMS also publishes an associated online bibliographic database called MathSciNet which contains an electronic version of Mathematical Reviews and additionally contains citation information for over 3.5 million items
Reviews
Mathematical Reviews was founded by Otto E. Neugebauer in 1940 as an alternative to the German journal Zentralblatt für Mathematik, which Neugebauer had also founded a decade earlier, but which under the Nazis had begun censoring reviews by and of Jewish mathematicians. The goal of the new journal was to give reviews of every mathematical research publication. As of November 2007, the Mathematical Reviews database contained information on over 2.2 million articles. The authors of reviews are volunteers, usually chosen by the editors because of some expertise in the area of the article. It and Zentralblatt für Mathematik are the only comprehensive resources of this type. (The Mathematics section of Referativny Zhurnal is available only in Russian and is smaller in scale and difficult to access.) Often reviews give detailed summaries of the contents of the paper, sometimes with critical comments by the reviewer and references to related work. However, reviewers are not encouraged to criticize the paper, because the author does no
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGP
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WGP may refer to:
White gold plating:
White gold (when plated onto another metal)
Colloquially, rhodium plating of gold
Wales Green Party, UK political party
WGP Kickboxing, a Brazilian kickboxing promotion
Workshop on Generic Programming, computer science conference
Umbu Mehang Kunda Airport, Indonesia (IATA code: WGP)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonic%20HMI
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Polyphonic HMI is a music analysis company jointly founded in Barcelona, Spain by Mike McCready and an artificial intelligence firm called Grupo AIA. Its principal product is called "Hit Song Science" (HSS) which uses various statistical and signal processing techniques to help record companies predict whether a particular song will have commercial success.
Polyphonic HMI and HSS have caused some controversy in the music industry because of fears (denied by Polyphonic HMI) that it removes the "magic" from music production.
Several stars are suspected to have used the system to improve their chances of having a hit, including:
Norah Jones
Anastacia
Maroon 5
The software correctly predicted the success of Norah Jones' debut album Come Away with Me months before it topped the charts, contradicting skeptical studio executives.
In December 2005, amidst disagreements with Polyphonic's parent company, the senior management team, including co-founder Mike McCready and the advisory board made up of music industry veterans, left the company and formed Platinum Blue Music Intelligence, a competing company based in New York City.
References
External links
Article in Le Monde about Polyphonic HMI
Hit Song Science Is Not Yet a Science - a study that appeared in ISMIR 2008.
Music companies of Spain
Mass media companies of Spain
Mass media in Barcelona
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie%20Wood
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Melanie Matchett Wood (born 1981) is an American mathematician at Harvard University who was the first woman to qualify for the U.S. International Mathematical Olympiad Team. She completed her PhD in 2009 at Princeton University (under Manjul Bhargava) and is currently Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University, after being Chancellor's Professor of Mathematics at UC Berkeley and Vilas Distinguished Achievement Professor of Mathematics at the University of Wisconsin, and spending 2 years as Szegö Assistant Professor at Stanford University.
She is a number theorist; more specifically, her research centers on arithmetic statistics, with excursions into related questions in arithmetic geometry and probability theory.
Early life
Wood was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, to Sherry Eggers and Archie Wood, both middle school teachers. Her father, a mathematics teacher, died of cancer when Wood was six weeks old.
While a high school student at Park Tudor School in Indianapolis, Wood (then aged 16) became the first, and until 2004 the only female American to make the U.S. International Mathematical Olympiad Team, receiving silver medals in the 1998 and 1999 International Mathematical Olympiad. Wood was also a cheerleader and student newspaper editor at her school.
Awards
In 2002, she received the Alice T. Schafer Prize from the Association for Women in Mathematics.
In 2003, Wood graduated from Duke University where she won a Gates Cambridge Scholarship, Fulbright fellowship
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%20metric
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In mathematics, the Poincaré metric, named after Henri Poincaré, is the metric tensor describing a two-dimensional surface of constant negative curvature. It is the natural metric commonly used in a variety of calculations in hyperbolic geometry or Riemann surfaces.
There are three equivalent representations commonly used in two-dimensional hyperbolic geometry. One is the Poincaré half-plane model, defining a model of hyperbolic space on the upper half-plane. The Poincaré disk model defines a model for hyperbolic space on the unit disk. The disk and the upper half plane are related by a conformal map, and isometries are given by Möbius transformations. A third representation is on the punctured disk, where relations for q-analogues are sometimes expressed. These various forms are reviewed below.
Overview of metrics on Riemann surfaces
A metric on the complex plane may be generally expressed in the form
where λ is a real, positive function of and . The length of a curve γ in the complex plane is thus given by
The area of a subset of the complex plane is given by
where is the exterior product used to construct the volume form. The determinant of the metric is equal to , so the square root of the determinant is . The Euclidean volume form on the plane is and so one has
A function is said to be the potential of the metric if
The Laplace–Beltrami operator is given by
The Gaussian curvature of the metric is given by
This curvature is one-half of the Ricci scalar c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz%E2%80%93Ahlfors%E2%80%93Pick%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem is an extension of the Schwarz lemma for hyperbolic geometry, such as the Poincaré half-plane model.
The Schwarz–Pick lemma states that every holomorphic function from the unit disk U to itself, or from the upper half-plane H to itself, will not increase the Poincaré distance between points. The unit disk U with the Poincaré metric has negative Gaussian curvature −1. In 1938, Lars Ahlfors generalised the lemma to maps from the unit disk to other negatively curved surfaces:
Theorem (Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick). Let U be the unit disk with Poincaré metric ; let S be a Riemann surface endowed with a Hermitian metric whose Gaussian curvature is ≤ −1; let be a holomorphic function. Then
for all
A generalization of this theorem was proved by Shing-Tung Yau in 1973.
References
Hyperbolic geometry
Riemann surfaces
Theorems in complex analysis
Theorems in differential geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-communication%20theorem
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In physics, the no-communication theorem or no-signaling principle is a no-go theorem from quantum information theory which states that, during measurement of an entangled quantum state, it is not possible for one observer, by making a measurement of a subsystem of the total state, to communicate information to another observer. The theorem is important because, in quantum mechanics, quantum entanglement is an effect by which certain widely separated events can be correlated in ways that, at first glance, suggest the possibility of communication faster-than-light. The no-communication theorem gives conditions under which such transfer of information between two observers is impossible. These results can be applied to understand the so-called paradoxes in quantum mechanics, such as the EPR paradox, or violations of local realism obtained in tests of Bell's theorem. In these experiments, the no-communication theorem shows that failure of local realism does not lead to what could be referred to as "spooky communication at a distance" (in analogy with Einstein's labeling of quantum entanglement as requiring "spooky action at a distance" on the assumption of QM's completeness).
Informal overview
The no-communication theorem states that, within the context of quantum mechanics, it is not possible to transmit classical bits of information by means of carefully prepared mixed or pure states, whether entangled or not. The theorem is only a sufficient condition that states that if th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMS%20College%20Kottayam
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The CMS College (CMS College Kottayam) is the first Western-style college in India.
Overview
The college now has 17 Undergraduate and 18 postgraduate departments. There are six research centres in the college. Research work leading to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is conducted in the departments of Botany, Zoology, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, English, and Commerce.
History
CMS College Kottayam was founded by the Church Missionary Society of England, in 1815 when no institution existed in what was then the princely state of Travancore to teach English.
CMS College Kottayam was patronised by Col. John Munro, the East India Company Resident, and Dewan of Travancore. The Rev. Benjamin Bailey was the first principal. Apart from English, Greek and Latin were taught. The government of India welcomed the college as "a place of general education hence any demands of the state for officers to fill all the departments of public service would be met".
In the early years of the Old Seminary (Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary), the curriculum included the study of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Mathematics, History, and Geography besides English, Malayalam, Sanskrit, and Syriac. In 1838, the college moved to a wooded hillock — the present site — commanding views of the distant Western Ghats. One of the oldest buildings in the campus is Room 52, or the "Grammar School", as it was originally called. A college magazine in Malayalam was started in 1864 by Principal Richard Collins, after whom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponastic%20response
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In plant biology, the hyponastic response is a nastic movement characterized by an upward bending of leaves or other plant parts, resulting from accelerated growth of the lower side of the petiole in comparison to its upper part. This can be observed in many terrestrial plants and is linked to the plant hormone ethylene.
The plant’s root senses the water excess and produces 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid which then is converted into ethylene, regulating this process.
Submerged plants often show the hyponastic response, where the upward bending of the leaves and the elongation of the petioles might help the plant to restore normal gas exchange with the atmosphere.
Plants that are exposed to elevated ethylene levels in experimental set-ups also show the hyponastic response.
References
Plant physiology
Botany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homodyne%20detection
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In electrical engineering, homodyne detection is a method of extracting information encoded as modulation of the phase and/or frequency of an oscillating signal, by comparing that signal with a standard oscillation that would be identical to the signal if it carried null information. "Homodyne" signifies a single frequency, in contrast to the dual frequencies employed in heterodyne detection.
When applied to processing of the reflected signal in remote sensing for topography, homodyne detection lacks the ability of heterodyne detection to determine the size of a static discontinuity in elevation between two locations. (If there is a path between the two locations with smoothly changing elevation, then homodyne detection may in principle be able to track the signal phase along the path if sampling is dense enough). Homodyne detection is more readily applicable to velocity sensing.
In optics
In optical interferometry, homodyne signifies that the reference radiation (i.e. the local oscillator) is derived from the same source as the signal before the modulating process. For example, in a laser scattering measurement, the laser beam is split into two parts. One is the local oscillator and the other is sent to the system to be probed. The scattered light is then mixed with the local oscillator on the detector. This arrangement has the advantage of being insensitive to fluctuations in the frequency of the laser. Usually the scattered beam will be weak, in which case the (nearly)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor%20Rad%C3%B3
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Tibor Radó (June 2, 1895 – December 29, 1965) was a Hungarian mathematician who moved to the United States after World War I.
Biography
Radó was born in Budapest and between 1913 and 1915 attended the Polytechnic Institute, studying civil engineering. In World War I, he became a First Lieutenant in the Hungarian Army and was captured on the Russian Front. He escaped from a Siberian prisoner camp and, traveling thousands of miles across Arctic wasteland, managed to return to Hungary.
He received a doctorate from the Franz Joseph University in 1923. He taught briefly at the university and then became a research fellow in Germany for the Rockefeller Foundation. In 1929, he moved to the United States and lectured at Harvard University and the Rice Institute before obtaining a faculty position in the Department of Mathematics at Ohio State University in 1930. In 1935 he was granted American citizenship. In World War II he was a science consultant to the United States government, interrupting his academic career. He became Chairman of the Department of Mathematics at Ohio State University in 1948.
In the 1920s, he proved that surfaces have an essentially unique triangulation. In 1933, Radó published "On the Problem of Plateau" in which he gave a solution to Plateau's problem, and in 1935, "Subharmonic Functions". His work focused on computer science in the last decade of his life and in May 1962 he published one of his most famous results in the Bell System Technical Journal:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP4%20%28disambiguation%29
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MP4 is MPEG-4 Part 14, a file format.
MP4 may also refer to:
Møller–Plesset perturbation theory of the fourth order in computational chemistry
Mario Party 4, a 2002 video game for GameCube
Metroid Prime 4, an upcoming video game for Nintendo Switch
MP4 (band), a band made up of UK Members of Parliament
Mammal Paleogene zone 4, a division of the Paleogene period
McLaren MP4/1, the McLaren team's Formula One car
MP4, a 2000 album by Michael Penn
See also
MP4 player, a marketing name for certain portable media players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD%20Grygar
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Jiří Grygar (; born March 17, 1936, in Heinersdorf, Germany, now Dziewiętlice, Poland) is a Czech astronomer, popularizer of science and Kalinga Prize (1996) laureate.
Career
After studying physics at the Masaryk University in Brno and astronomy at the Charles University in Prague he joined the Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Department of Stellar Astronomy in Ondřejov. Twenty years later he moved to the Institute of Physics, Low Temperature Physics Department at Řež, where he remained for more than ten years. Shortly after the Velvet Revolution he joined the High Energy Physics Department at the same institution. From 1992 to 1998, Grygar chaired the Czech Astronomical Society. He also chaired the Czech Television Council and the Science and Philosophy section of the European Culture Club. He is member of editorial boards of the periodicals Říše hvězd, Vesmír, Universum and Omega.
Grygar holds a PhD in astrophysics. His papers focus on interplanetary matter (meteors, comets), limb darkening in stellar atmospheres, close binaries, novae, chemically peculiar stars and remote sensing.
Between 2004 and 2008, Grygar was the president of the Learned Society of the Czech Republic, an association of the leading scholars in the country.
Public appearances
Grygar is well known to the public in the Czech Republic and Slovakia due to his TV series about the Universe – Okna vesmíru dokořán ("Wide open windows of the Universe"; 1982–1990). As a member of the Český
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin%20adenine%20dinucleotide
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In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. A flavoprotein is a protein that contains a flavin group, which may be in the form of FAD or flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Many flavoproteins are known: components of the succinate dehydrogenase complex, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
FAD can exist in four redox states, which are the flavin-N(5)-oxide, quinone, semiquinone, and hydroquinone. FAD is converted between these states by accepting or donating electrons. FAD, in its fully oxidized form, or quinone form, accepts two electrons and two protons to become FADH2 (hydroquinone form). The semiquinone (FADH·) can be formed by either reduction of FAD or oxidation of FADH2 by accepting or donating one electron and one proton, respectively. Some proteins, however, generate and maintain a superoxidized form of the flavin cofactor, the flavin-N(5)-oxide.
History
Flavoproteins were first discovered in 1879 by separating components of cow's milk. They were initially called lactochrome due to their milky origin and yellow pigment. It took 50 years for the scientific community to make any substantial progress in identifying the molecules responsible for the yellow pigment. The 1930s launched the field of coenzyme research with the publication of many flavin and nicotinamide derivative structures and the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDF
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DDF may refer to:
Biology and medicine
Digestive Disorders Foundation, a British medical research charity
(N,N-dimethyl-amino)-benzenediazonium-fluoroborate, a photoaffinity probe that competes with acetylcholine for receptor binding
Sulfoxone, an anti-leprosy drug sold under “DDF” brand
Technology
Digital distribution frame, a device which terminates digital data streams, allowing arbitrary interconnections to be made
4,4'-Dinitro-3,3'-diazenofuroxan, an experimental high explosive
Disk Data Format, a structure describing how data is formatted across disks in a RAID group
Other uses
Demographic Development Fund, Georgian think tank
Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, a Rome-based Catholic institution
Drop Dead Fred, a 1991 fantasy comedy film
Dubai Duty Free, a duty-free retailer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCCC
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MCCC may refer to:
Education
Mercer County Community College, New Jersey, United States
Monroe County Community College, Michigan, United States
Montgomery County Community College, Pennsylvania, United States
Mount Carmel Catholic College, Varroville, New South Wales, Australia
Biology and medicine
Marie Curie Cancer Care, a British charity
Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, a research institute in the United States
MCCC1 and MCCC2, genes that encode methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
Sports
Midwest Christian College Conference, an athletics body in the United States
Mid-Central College Conference, former name of the Crossroads League, an athletics body of Christian colleges in the Midwestern United States
Minor Counties Cricket Championship, in England
Middlesex County Cricket Club, a cricket venue in England
Monte Carlo Country Club, a tennis venue in the south of France
Other
1300 in Roman numerals
Maneuver Captains Career Course, U.S. Army
Missile combat crew commander, U.S. Air Force
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16S
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16S or 16s may refer to:
Ribosomal RNAs, in biology:
prokaryotic 16S ribosomal RNA
mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA
Myrtle Creek Municipal Airport's FAA identifier
Fujitsu Micro 16s, a 1983 Business personal computer
Sulfur (16S), a chemical element
See also
S16 (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primosome
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In molecular biology, a primosome is a protein complex responsible for creating RNA primers on single stranded DNA during DNA replication.
The primosome consists of seven proteins: DnaG primase, DnaB helicase, DnaC helicase assistant, DnaT, PriA, Pri B, and PriC. At each replication fork, the primosome is utilized once on the leading strand of DNA and repeatedly, initiating each Okazaki fragment, on the lagging DNA strand. Initially the complex formed by PriA, PriB, and PriC binds to DNA. Then the DnaB-DnaC helicase complex attaches along with DnaT. This structure is referred to as the pre-primosome. Finally, DnaG will bind to the pre-primosome forming a complete primosome. The primosome attaches 1-10 RNA nucleotides to the single stranded DNA creating a DNA-RNA hybrid. This sequence of RNA is used as a primer to initiate DNA polymerase III. The RNA bases are ultimately replaced with DNA bases by RNase H nuclease (eukaryotes) or DNA polymerase I nuclease (prokaryotes). DNA Ligase then acts to join the two ends together.
Assembly of the Escherichia coli primosome requires six proteins, PriA, PriB, PriC, DnaB, DnaC, and DnaT, acting at a primosome assembly site (pas) on an SSBcoated single-stranded (8s) DNA. Assembly is initiated by interactions of PriA and PriB with ssDNA and the pas. PriC, DnaB, DnaC, and DnaT then act on the PriAPriB- DNA complex to yield the primosome.
Primosomes are nucleoproteins assemblies that activate DNA replication forks. Their primary role i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20permutation
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A random permutation is a random ordering of a set of objects, that is, a permutation-valued random variable. The use of random permutations is often fundamental to fields that use randomized algorithms such as coding theory, cryptography, and simulation. A good example of a random permutation is the shuffling of a deck of cards: this is ideally a random permutation of the 52 cards.
Generating random permutations
Entry-by-entry brute force method
One method of generating a random permutation of a set of size n uniformly at random (i.e., each of the n! permutations is equally likely to appear) is to generate a sequence by taking a random number between 1 and n sequentially, ensuring that there is no repetition, and interpreting this sequence (x1, ..., xn) as the permutation
shown here in two-line notation.
This brute-force method will require occasional retries whenever the random number picked is a repeat of a number already selected. This can be avoided if, on the ith step (when x1, ..., xi − 1 have already been chosen), one chooses a number j at random between 1 and n − i + 1 and sets xi equal to the jth largest of the unchosen numbers.
Fisher-Yates shuffles
A simple algorithm to generate a permutation of n items uniformly at random without retries, known as the Fisher–Yates shuffle, is to start with any permutation (for example, the identity permutation), and then go through the positions 0 through n − 2 (we use a convention where the first element has index 0,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus%27s%20hexagon%20theorem
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In mathematics, Pappus's hexagon theorem (attributed to Pappus of Alexandria) states that
given one set of collinear points and another set of collinear points then the intersection points of line pairs and and and are collinear, lying on the Pappus line. These three points are the points of intersection of the "opposite" sides of the hexagon .
It holds in a projective plane over any field, but fails for projective planes over any noncommutative division ring. Projective planes in which the "theorem" is valid are called pappian planes.
If one restricts the projective plane such that the Pappus line is the line at infinity, one gets the affine version of Pappus's theorem shown in the second diagram.
If the Pappus line and the lines have a point in common, one gets the so-called little version of Pappus's theorem.
The dual of this incidence theorem states that given one set of concurrent lines , and another set of concurrent lines , then the lines defined by pairs of points resulting from pairs of intersections and and and are concurrent. (Concurrent means that the lines pass through one point.)
Pappus's theorem is a special case of Pascal's theorem for a conic—the limiting case when the conic degenerates into 2 straight lines. Pascal's theorem is in turn a special case of the Cayley–Bacharach theorem.
The Pappus configuration is the configuration of 9 lines and 9 points that occurs in Pappus's theorem, with each line meeting 3 of the points and each poi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocomplexity%20Institute%20of%20Virginia%20Tech
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The Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech (formerly the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute) is a research organization specializing in bioinformatics, computational biology, and systems biology. The institute has more than 250 personnel, including over 50 tenured and research faculty. Research at the institute involves collaboration in diverse disciplines such as mathematics, computer science, biology, plant pathology, biochemistry, systems biology, statistics, economics, synthetic biology and medicine. The institute develops -omic and bioinformatic tools and databases that can be applied to the study of human, animal and plant diseases as well as the discovery of new vaccine, drug and diagnostic targets.
The institute's programs are supported by a variety of government and private agencies including the National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Department of Energy. Since inception, the Biocomplexity Institute has received over $179 million in extramural support. It has a research portfolio totaling $68 million in grants and contracts. The institute's executive director was Chris Barrett.
In 2019, the institute was absorbed into the Fralin Institute of Life Sciences at Virginia Tech after many faculty members, including Dr. Barrett, were hired away to form the Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative of the University of Virginia.
History
The institute opened in July 2000 in space in t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Tengstr%C3%B6m
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Erik Tengström (1913–1996), Swedish astronomer and geodesist.
Tengström was born in Motala, Sweden, and was a descendant of the first archbishop of Åbo Jacob Tengström. He enrolled in Stockholm University in 1932, where he studied astronomy, physics and geology. After teaching at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm and while working as state geodesist at the Geographical Survey Office of Sweden (Rikets allmänna kartverk; RAK) 1949-1954, he completed his Licentiate in 1952 and his PhD in geodesy at Uppsala University in 1954 with the dissertation Outlines of a method for determining the geoid in Sweden by free-air anomalies (published in Stockholm, also as Rikets allmänna kartverk. Meddelande. 22). He produced about 60 scientific reports and articles.
He taught in Uppsala from 1954, was a researcher with the Swedish Natural Science Research Council from 1962, established the Uppsala Department of Geodesy the same year, and was given a research professorship in 1968. For his 70th birthday he was given the festschrift Commemorative volume on the occasion of Erik Tengström's 70th birthday (Report / Department of Geodesy, University of Uppsala, Institute of Geophysics, ISSN 0281-4463 ; 19).
The Florian asteroid 2195 Tengström, discovered by Liisi Oterma at Turku Observatory in Finland, was named in his honour.
References
Lars E. Sjöberg, "In memoriam: Erik Tengström (1913-1996)", IAG Newsletter 6/1996
20th-century Swedish astronomers
Stockholm University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20Science%20and%20Technical%20Academy%20Isny
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The Natural Science and Technical Academy Isny (German: Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Akademie Isny, NTA or NTA Isny) is a privately run, state-approved German university focusing in applied sciences, located in Isny im Allgäu.
Since its founding in 1945, it has had a steadily expanding scope, including food chemistry (1967, expanded 1994 to include environmental analysis), physical electronics (1968), pharmaceutical chemistry (1972), and computer science (1992).
The university claims that the physical electronics and pharmaceutical chemistry programs are unique in Germany.
External links
Private universities and colleges in Germany
Universities and colleges in Baden-Württemberg
Educational institutions established in 1945
1945 establishments in Germany
Buildings and structures in Ravensburg (district)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia%20Academy
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The Olympia Academy (German: Akademie Olympia) was a group of friends in Bern, Switzerland, who met – usually at Albert Einstein's apartment – to discuss philosophy and physics.
Overview
The group was founded in 1902 by Einstein, Conrad Habicht, and Maurice Solovine, and played a significant role in Einstein's intellectual development. Before his "miracle year" (1905), when Einstein was a patent clerk in Bern, the group of friends met to debate books in the fields of physics and philosophy.
The group's origin lay in Einstein's need to offer private lessons in mathematics and physics in order to make a living (in 1901, before he took up his post at the patent office in Bern). Solovine, a Romanian philosophy student, answered Einstein's newspaper advertisement. In fact neither the tutorials nor any payment materialised; instead, the two began to meet regularly to discuss their shared interest in physics and philosophy. They were soon joined by the mathematician Habicht, who was Einstein's neighbour at Schaffhausen; in 1902 they named themselves the Akademie Olympia, and though a friend would occasionally join them in one of their meetings, the Academy remained essentially just the trio of Einstein, Habicht, and Solovine until the latter two left Bern in 1904 and 1905 respectively.
The first book that Einstein suggested for reading was Karl Pearson's The Grammar of Science. The three discussed their own work and also books such as Ernst Mach’s Analyse der Empfindungen (Analys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Keeler
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Ken Keeler is an American television producer and writer. He has written for numerous television series, most notably The Simpsons and Futurama. According to an interview with David X. Cohen, he proved a theorem that appears in the Futurama episode "The Prisoner of Benda".
Education and early career
Keeler studied applied mathematics at Harvard University, graduating summa cum laude in 1983. He then gained a master's degree from Stanford in electrical engineering before returning to Harvard.
He earned a PhD in applied mathematics from Harvard in 1990. His doctoral thesis was "Map Representations and Optimal Encoding for Image Segmentation".
After earning his doctorate, Keeler joined the Performance Analysis Department at AT&T Bell Laboratories.
Career
Keeler soon left Bell Labs to write for David Letterman and subsequently for various sitcoms, including several episodes of Wings, The Simpsons, Futurama, and The Critic, as well as the short-lived Fox claymation show The PJs. For The Simpsons, Keeler has written such episodes as "A Star Is Burns" (which series creator Matt Groening refused to be credited for, as he was opposed to the idea of The Simpsons crossing over with The Critic) and "The Principal and the Pauper" (which many fans – including Groening and voice actor Harry Shearer – disliked due to the massive changes in Principal Skinner's backstory).
Keeler was instrumental in the creation of Futurama, and served as a co-executive producer in its first three years, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeCODE%20genetics
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deCODE genetics () is a biopharmaceutical company based in Reykjavík, Iceland. The company was founded in 1996 by Kári Stefánsson with the aim of using population genetics studies to identify variations in the human genome associated with common diseases, and to apply these discoveries "to develop novel methods to identify, treat and prevent diseases."
As of 2019, more than two-thirds of the adult population of Iceland was participating in the company's research efforts, and this "population approach" serves as a model for large-scale precision medicine and national genome projects around the world. deCODE is probably best known for its discoveries in human genetics, published in major scientific journals and widely reported in the international media. But it has also made pioneering contributions to the realization of precision medicine more broadly, through public engagement in large-scale scientific research; the development of DNA-based disease risk testing for individuals and across health systems; and new models of private sector participation and partnership in basic science and public health.
Since 2012, it has been an independent subsidiary of Amgen and its capabilities and discoveries have been used directly in the discovery and development of novel drugs. This example has helped to spur investment in genomics and precision therapeutics by other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.
Iceland and the population approach
In 1996, when Stefansson left a tenure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick%20Estevam%20Kerr
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Warwick Estevam Kerr (9 September 1922 – 15 September 2018) was a Brazilian agricultural engineer, geneticist, entomologist, professor and scientific leader, notable for his discoveries in the genetics and sex determination of bees. The Africanized bee in the western hemisphere is directly descended from 26 Tanzanian queen bees (Apis mellifera scutellata) accidentally released by a replacement bee-keeper in 1957 in Rio Claro, São Paulo in the southeast of Brazil from hives operated by Kerr, who had interbred honey bees from Europe and southern Africa.
Biography
Kerr was born in 1922 in Santana do Parnaíba, São Paulo, Brazil, the son of Américo Caldas Kerr and Bárbara Chaves Kerr. The Kerr family immigrated by way of the United States. His family is originally from Scotland. The family moved to Pirapora do Bom Jesus, São Paulo, in 1925. He attended secondary school and the preparatory course at the Mackenzie in São Paulo and subsequently was admitted to the Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz of the University of São Paulo, at Piracicaba, São Paulo, where he graduated as agricultural engineer.
From March 1975 to April 1979, Kerr moved to Manaus, Amazonas, as director of the National Institute of Amazonia Research (INPA), a research institute of the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). He officially retired from the University of São Paulo in January 1981, but not from scientific life. Exactly eleven days later he accepted a positi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal%20Restivo
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Sal Restivo (born 1940) is a sociologist/anthropologist.
Work
Restivo is a leading contributor to science studies and in particular to the sociology of mathematics. His current work focuses on the sociology of mind and brain, and the sociology of god and religion. He has also done work in the sociology of social and sociable robotics. He helped launch the ethnographic study of science in the 1970s, and is a founding member (1975) and former president (1994/95) of the Society for Social Studies of Science. He was a founding member of the Association for Humanist Sociology, and was also involved with Science for the People in its formative years and active in the Radical Science Movement.
His pioneering work in the sociology of mathematics has been a key factor in bringing social constructionism into mathematics education and the philosophy of mathematics education. He also helped to develop the science and technology studies curriculum which has become a popular major at universities throughout the US and the world. He is based in the US and worked as a professor for many years at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY. He has been awarded multiple NSF and NEH grants and fellowships as well as support from other agencies. He has been a Nordisk Forskerutdanningsakademi Professor simultaneously at Roskilde University (Denmark) and the University of Gothenburg (Sweden); a Belgian National Research Foundation Professor, Free University of Brussels (Belgium); and a Special
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsauer%E2%80%93Townsend%20effect
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The Ramsauer–Townsend effect, also sometimes called the Ramsauer effect or the Townsend effect, is a physical phenomenon involving the scattering of low-energy electrons by atoms of a noble gas. This effect is a result of quantum mechanics. The effect is named for Carl Ramsauer and John Sealy Townsend, who each independently studied the collisions between atoms and low-energy electrons in 1921.
Definitions
When an electron moves through a gas, its interactions with the gas atoms cause scattering to occur. These interactions are classified as inelastic if they cause excitation or ionization of the atom to occur and elastic if they do not.
The probability of scattering in such a system is defined as the number of electrons scattered, per unit electron current, per unit path length, per unit pressure at 0 °C, per unit solid angle. The number of collisions equals the total number of electrons scattered elastically and inelastically in all angles, and the probability of collision is the total number of collisions, per unit electron current, per unit path length, per unit pressure at 0 °C.
Because noble gas atoms have a relatively high first ionization energy and the electrons do not carry enough energy to cause excited electronic states, ionization and excitation of the atom are unlikely, and the probability of elastic scattering over all angles is approximately equal to the probability of collision.
Description
If one tries to predict the probability of collision with a cla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinji%20Imanishi
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was a Japanese ecologist and anthropologist. He was the founder of Kyoto University's Primate Research Institute and, together with Junichiro Itani, is considered one of the founders of Japanese primatology.
Early life and education
Kinji Imanishi was born and raised in Kyoto, Japan.
He majored in biology and was awarded Doctor of Science in 1939 from Kyoto Imperial University. His doctoral dissertation was titled "Nihonkeiryu-San Kageroumoku" (日本渓流産蜉蝣目, Mayfly from the Japanese mountain streams).
Research
Imanishi and his students did foundational research on the behavior and social life of semi-wild horses and later of macaques, identifying individuals and making detailed observations on them over generations. This has led to important insights into animal culture. Imanishi introduced the Japanese term kaluchua which was later translated by Masao Kawai and others to refer to socially learned behaviors as "pre-culture".
In 1957, Imanishi founded the journal Primates, which is the oldest and longest-running international primatology journal in the world.
Imanishi's concept of species society is central to his views of the interconnectedness of things in nature. The world of species has been viewed as a social phenomenon, in which various individuals are continually contributing to the maintenance and perpetuation of the species society to which they belong.
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia
Asahi Prize (1968)
Person of Cultural Merit (3 November 1972)
Order of Cultur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20S.%20Toll
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John Sampson Toll (October 25, 1923 – July 15, 2011) was an American physicist and educational administrator.
Education
Toll received his bachelor's degree in physics from Yale University in 1944, after which he served in the U.S. Navy in World War II. He finished his Ph.D. in physics at Princeton in 1952.
Career
He then moved to the University of Maryland, where he became chair of the Department of Physics and Astronomy in 1953. During his tenure as chair, he was responsible for a major increase in size and quality of the department. The physics building at the University of Maryland is named for him.
In 1965 he left to become the second president of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, a position he held until 1978. While he was there, Stony Brook University, one of four SUNY centers created by then-governor Nelson Rockefeller (briefly Vice President of the United States under Gerald Ford), and, until recently, the only four allowed to call themselves "universities", grew to more than 17,000 students from a handful who started their academic careers before the campus was even finished, at the now-defunct State University of New York on Long Island (SUCOLI).
He then returned to the University of Maryland to become president of the original five campuses of the University of Maryland. Comparable to a chancellor position in other state university systems, at the time Toll oversaw the University of Maryland, College Park, University of Maryland, Baltimore Count
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20C.%20Garland
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James C. Garland is a physicist, author and professor, and formerly the 20th president of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.
Garland was educated at Princeton University (BA) and Cornell Univ. (PhD), in the field of condensed matter physics, and was an N.S.F Postdoctoral Fellow at the :University of Cambridge. He has written more than 100 research papers, and is the author of Saving Alma Mater: A Rescue Plan for America's Public Universities, in which he advances changes in public university funding. He is now a Miami University president emeritus. Garland is a lifelong amateur radio operator, with the FCC call letters W8ZR (www.w8zr.net)
Ohio State University
From 1970 to 1996 Garland taught at Ohio State University as a physics professor. He became Ohio State's graduate and research studies acting vice president, materials research laboratory director, department of physics chairperson, dean of the college of mathematical and physical sciences, and its dean of arts and sciences.
In 1991, Garland wrote a widely disseminated article on the art of presenting research at scientific conferences.
Miami University, Oxford, OH
Garland became the President of Miami University in 1996. In 2002, his stated aim was to make Miami the "First in 2009", the university's bicentennial year. To achieve this status, he developed a strategy to raise intellectual quality and apply quantitative benchmarking and best practice, and led Miami in a significant capital improvement and constructio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20V.%20Vishniac
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Wolf Vladimir Vishniac (April 22, 1922 – December 10, 1973) was an American microbiologist. He was the son of photographer Roman Vishniac and the father of astronomer Ethan Vishniac. Educated at Brooklyn College and Stanford University, he was a professor of biology at the University of Rochester. He died on a research trip to the Antarctic attempting to retrieve equipment in a crevasse. The crater Vishniac on Mars is named in his honor.
Wolf Vishniac contributed greatly to the search for life on Mars by developing a special miniature laboratory that could be transported to that planet, known as the "Wolf Trap". This research was supported by a NASA grant started in 1959, the very first ever for the "biological sciences."
Wolf Vishniac Memorial Award
A Wolf Vishniac Memorial Award for Young Researchers is awarded at the biennially held International Symposium On Environmental Biogeochemistry (ISEB). The award is presented to researchers no older than 35 years who must be a first author and give a presentation at the symposium. A notable recipient is Sergey Zimov, who received the award at the ISEB-10 in 1991. Other recipients include M. Francesca Cotrufo at the ISEB-12 (1995), Alexis S. Templeton at the ISEB-14 (1999), Kamlesh Jangid at the ISEB-14 (1999), Salwa Hamdi at the ISEB-19 (2009), and Jillian M. Petersen at the ISEB-20 (2011).
In Culture
In his 1980 TV series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Carl Sagan told the story of Wolf Vishniac in Episode 5, "Blues for a Red Pla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasthi%20Brata
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Sasthibrata Chakravarti (1939–2015), known as Sasthi Brata, was a British-Indian Indo-Anglian writer of fiction. He is best known for his best selling novel Confessions of an Indian Woman Eater.
Early life and education
Sasthibrata was educated at Calcutta Boys' School, Kolkata and then at Presidency College, Kolkata, where read Physics.
Post literary career
Sasthibrata lived a checkered life. After his literary career, he had worked as a salesman for air conditioners, a lavatory attendant, a postman, a kitchen porter, to supplement his pension. He died in 2015 at the age of 75.
Works
Novels
1971. Confessions of an Indian Woman Eater
1973. She and He
1980. The Sensuous Guru: The Making of a Mystic President
Short stories
1978. Encounter
Poetry
1960. Eleven Poems
Memoir and Autobiography
1968. My God Died Young
1975. A Search for Home
1976. Traitor to India: A Search for Home
Travel
1985 Labyrinths in the Lotus Land
1986 India: The Perpetual Paradox
References
British people of Bengali descent
Indian emigrants to England
Bengali writers
Indian male novelists
Writers from Kolkata
Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
1939 births
2015 deaths
20th-century Indian novelists
Novelists from West Bengal
20th-century Indian male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education%20in%20South%20Korea
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Education in South Korea is provided by both public schools and private schools. Both types of schools receive funding from the government, although the amount that the private schools receive is less than the amount of the state schools.
South Korea is one of the top-performing OECD countries in reading, literacy, mathematics and sciences with the average student scoring about 519, compared with the OECD average of 493, which ranks Korean education at ninth place in the world. The country has one of the world's highest-educated labor forces among OECD countries. South Korea is well known for its high standards about education, which has come to be called "education fever". The nation is consistently ranked amongst the top for global education.
Higher education is an overwhelmingly serious issue in South Korean society, where it's viewed as one of the fundamental capstones of South Korean life. As education is regarded as a high priority for South Korean families, as success in education is crucial for channeling one's social mobility to ultimately improve one's socioeconomic position in South Korean society. Academic success is often a source of pride for families and within South Korean society at large as much of the South Korean populace view success in education as the main propeller of social mobility for themselves and their family as a gateway to the South Korean middle class. Graduating from a top South Korean university is the ultimate distinctive and distinguishi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed
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Listed may refer to:
Listed, Bornholm, a fishing village on the Danish island of Bornholm
Listed (MMM program), a television show on MuchMoreMusic
Endangered species in biology
Listed building, in architecture, designation of a historically significant structure
Listed company, see listing (finance), a public company whose shares are traded e.g. on a stock exchange
UL Listed, a certification mark
A category of Group races in horse racing
See also
Listing (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal%20compact%20subgroup
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In mathematics, a maximal compact subgroup K of a topological group G is a subgroup K that is a compact space, in the subspace topology, and maximal amongst such subgroups.
Maximal compact subgroups play an important role in the classification of Lie groups and especially semi-simple Lie groups. Maximal compact subgroups of Lie groups are not in general unique, but are unique up to conjugation – they are essentially unique.
Example
An example would be the subgroup O(2), the orthogonal group, inside the general linear group GL(2, R). A related example is the circle group SO(2) inside SL(2, R). Evidently SO(2) inside GL(2, R) is compact and not maximal. The non-uniqueness of these examples can be seen as any inner product has an associated orthogonal group, and the essential uniqueness corresponds to the essential uniqueness of the inner product.
Definition
A maximal compact subgroup is a maximal subgroup amongst compact subgroups – a maximal (compact subgroup) – rather than being (alternate possible reading) a maximal subgroup that happens to be compact; which would probably be called a compact (maximal subgroup), but in any case is not the intended meaning (and in fact maximal proper subgroups are not in general compact).
Existence and uniqueness
The Cartan-Iwasawa-Malcev theorem asserts that every connected Lie group (and indeed every connected locally compact group) admits maximal compact subgroups and that they are all conjugate to one another. For a semisimple Lie gro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformable%20matrix
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In mathematics, a matrix is conformable if its dimensions are suitable for defining some operation (e.g. addition, multiplication, etc.).
Examples
If two matrices have the same dimensions (number of rows and number of columns), they are conformable for addition.
Multiplication of two matrices is defined if and only if the number of columns of the left matrix is the same as the number of rows of the right matrix. That is, if is an matrix and is an matrix, then needs to be equal to for the matrix product to be defined. In this case, we say that and are conformable for multiplication (in that sequence).
Since squaring a matrix involves multiplying it by itself () a matrix must be (that is, it must be a square matrix) to be conformable for squaring. Thus for example only a square matrix can be idempotent.
Only a square matrix is conformable for matrix inversion. However, the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse and other generalized inverses do not have this requirement.
Only a square matrix is conformable for matrix exponentiation.
See also
Linear algebra
References
Linear algebra
Matrices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestal
|
A pedestal (from French piédestal, Italian piedistallo 'foot of a stall') or plinth is a support at the bottom of a statue, vase, column, or certain altars. Smaller pedestals, especially if round in shape, may be called socles. In civil engineering, it is also called basement. The minimum height of the plinth is usually kept as 45 cm (for buildings). It transmits loads from superstructure to the substructure and acts as the retaining wall for the filling inside the plinth or raised floor.
In sculpting, the terms base, plinth, and pedestal are defined according to their subtle differences. A base is defined as a large mass that supports the sculpture from below. A plinth is defined as a flat and planar support which separates the sculpture from the environment. A pedestal, on the other hand, is defined as a shaft-like form that raises the sculpture and separates it from the base.
An elevated pedestal or plinth that bears a statue, and which is raised from the substructure supporting it (typically roofs or corniches), is sometimes called an acropodium. The term is from Greek ἄκρος ákros 'topmost' and πούς poús (root ποδ- pod-) 'foot'.
Architecture
Although in Syria, Asia Minor and Tunisia the Romans occasionally raised the columns of their temples or propylaea on square pedestals, in Rome itself they were employed only to give greater importance to isolated columns, such as those of Trajan and Antoninus, or as a podium to the columns employed decoratively in the Roman triu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlen%20syndrome
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Irlen syndrome, also referred to as scotopic sensitivity syndrome (SSS), visual stress, or Meares–Irlen syndrome, is a light-based visual processing disorder. Many mainstream professionals are skeptical of the concept; however, current neuroscience research has successfully documented differences in brain function among this population versus those without the condition. Early research on Irlen syndrome produced mixed results; however, the overwhelming majority of studies conducted over the last 40 years have documented the benefits of using precision-tinted colored lenses to address a variety of related symptomology, including: reduction in physical symptoms that include headaches, migraines, eye strain, fatigue, and light sensitivity; and improved functioning and success in both academia and the workplace.
History
In 1980, New Zealand teacher Olive Meares described the visual distortions some individuals reported when reading from white paper. In 1983, while working under a federal research grant at the California State University of Long Beach, American psychologist, Helen Irlen, discovered that filtering the visual information before reaching the brain through the use of either colored overlays or spectral filters (worn as glasses), could allow the brain to correctly process the visual information it received. In doing so, these colored overlays and spectral filters could eliminate symptoms associated with Irlen Syndrome. Similar symptoms were separately described by Mea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberatory%20furnace
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A reverberatory furnace is a metallurgical or process furnace that isolates the material being processed from contact with the fuel, but not from contact with combustion gases. The term reverberation is used here in a generic sense of rebounding or reflecting, not in the acoustic sense of echoing.
Operation
Chemistry determines the optimum relationship between the fuel and the material, among other variables. The reverberatory furnace can be contrasted on the one hand with the blast furnace, in which fuel and material are mixed in a single chamber, and, on the other hand, with crucible, muffling, or retort furnaces, in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion including gases and flying ash. There are, however, a great many furnace designs, and the terminology of metallurgy has not been very consistently defined, so it is difficult to categorically contradict other views.
The applications of these devices fall into two general categories, metallurgical melting furnaces, and lower temperature processing furnaces typically used for metallic ores and other minerals.
A reverberatory furnace is at a disadvantage from the standpoint of efficiency compared to a blast furnace due to the separation of the burning fuel and the subject material, and it is necessary to effectively utilize both reflected radiant heat and direct contact with the exhaust gases (convection) to maximize heat transfer. Historically these furnaces have use
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur%20Ekert
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Artur Konrad Ekert (born 19 September 1961) is a British-Polish professor of quantum physics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, professorial fellow in quantum physics and cryptography at Merton College, Oxford, Lee Kong Chian Centennial Professor at the National University of Singapore and the founding director of the Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT). His research interests extend over most aspects of information processing in quantum-mechanical systems, with a focus on quantum communication and quantum computation. He is best known as one of the pioneers of quantum cryptography.
Early life
Ekert was born in Wrocław, and studied physics at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow and at the University of Oxford. Between 1987 and 1991 he was a graduate student at Wolfson College, Oxford. In his doctoral thesis he showed how quantum entanglement and non-locality can be used to distribute cryptographic keys with perfect security.
Career
In 1991 he was elected a junior research fellow and subsequently (1994) a research fellow at Merton College, Oxford. At the time he established the first research group in quantum cryptography and computation, based in the Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford. Subsequently, it evolved into the Centre for Quantum Computation, now based at DAMTP in Cambridge.
Between 1993 and 2000 he held a position of the Royal Society Howe Fellow. In 1998 he was appointed a professor of physics at the University of Oxford and a fellow and tutor in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20in%20the%20last%20place
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In computer science and numerical analysis, unit in the last place or unit of least precision (ulp) is the spacing between two consecutive floating-point numbers, i.e., the value the least significant digit (rightmost digit) represents if it is 1. It is used as a measure of accuracy in numeric calculations.
Definition
One definition is: In radix with precision , if , then
Another definition, suggested by John Harrison, is slightly different: is the distance between the two closest straddling floating-point numbers and (i.e., those with and ), assuming that the exponent range is not upper-bounded. These definitions differ only at signed powers of the radix.
The IEEE 754 specification—followed by all modern floating-point hardware—requires that the result of an elementary arithmetic operation (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root since 1985, and FMA since 2008) be correctly rounded, which implies that in rounding to nearest, the rounded result is within 0.5 ulp of the mathematically exact result, using John Harrison's definition; conversely, this property implies that the distance between the rounded result and the mathematically exact result is minimized (but for the halfway cases, it is satisfied by two consecutive floating-point numbers). Reputable numeric libraries compute the basic transcendental functions to between 0.5 and about 1 ulp. Only a few libraries compute them within 0.5 ulp, this problem being complex due to the Table-maker'
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picotechnology
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The term picotechnology is a portmanteau of picometre and technology, intended to parallel the term nanotechnology. It is a hypothetical future level of technological manipulation of matter, on the scale of trillionths of a metre or picoscale (10−12). This is three orders of magnitude smaller than a nanometre (and thus most nanotechnology) and two orders of magnitude smaller than most chemistry transformations and measurements. Picotechnology would involve the manipulation of matter at the atomic level. A further hypothetical development, femtotechnology, would involve working with matter at the subatomic level.
Applications
Picoscience is a term used by some futurists to refer to structuring of matter on a true picometre scale. Picotechnology was described as involving the alteration of the structure and chemical properties of individual atoms, typically through the manipulation of energy states of electrons within an atom to produce metastable (or otherwise stabilized) states with unusual properties, producing some form of exotic atom. Analogous transformations known to exist in the real world are redox chemistry, which can manipulate the oxidation states of atoms; excitation of electrons to metastable excited states as with lasers and some forms of saturable absorption; and the manipulation of the states of excited electrons in Rydberg atoms to encode information. However, none of these processes produces the types of exotic atoms described by futurists.
Alternatively, p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtotechnology
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Femtotechnology is a hypothetical term used in reference to structuring of matter on the scale of a femtometer, which is 10−15 m. This is a smaller scale in comparison with nanotechnology and picotechnology which refer to 10−9 m and 10−12 m respectively.
Theory
Work in the femtometer range involves manipulation of excited energy states within atomic nuclei, specifically nuclear isomers, to produce metastable (or otherwise stabilized) states with unusual properties. In the extreme case, excited states of the individual nucleons that make up the atomic nucleus (protons and neutrons) are considered, ostensibly to tailor the behavioral properties of these particles.
The most advanced form of molecular nanotechnology is often imagined to involve self-replicating molecular machines, and there have been some speculations suggesting something similar might be possible with analogues of molecules composed of nucleons rather than atoms. For example, the astrophysicist Frank Drake once speculated about the possibility of self-replicating organisms composed of such nuclear molecules living on the surface of a neutron star, a suggestion taken up in the science fiction novel Dragon's Egg by the physicist Robert Forward. It is thought by physicists that nuclear molecules may be possible, but they would be very short-lived, and whether they could actually be made to perform complex tasks such as self-replication, or what type of technology could be used to manipulate them, is unknown.
App
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finitely%20generated
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In mathematics, finitely generated may refer to:
Finitely generated object
Finitely generated group
Finitely generated monoid
Finitely generated abelian group
Finitely generated module
Finitely generated ideal
Finitely generated algebra
Finitely generated space
de:Endlich erzeugt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellin%20inversion%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Mellin inversion formula (named after Hjalmar Mellin) tells us conditions under
which the inverse Mellin transform, or equivalently the inverse two-sided Laplace transform, are defined and recover the transformed function.
Method
If is analytic in the strip ,
and if it tends to zero uniformly as for any real value c between a and b, with its integral along such a line converging absolutely, then if
we have that
Conversely, suppose is piecewise continuous on the positive real numbers, taking a value halfway between the limit values at any jump discontinuities, and suppose the integral
is absolutely convergent when . Then is recoverable via the inverse Mellin transform from its Mellin transform . These results can be obtained by relating the Mellin transform to the Fourier transform by a change of variables and then applying an appropriate version of the Fourier inversion theorem.
Boundedness condition
The boundedness condition on can be strengthened if
is continuous. If is analytic in the strip , and if , where K is a positive constant, then as defined by the inversion integral exists and is continuous; moreover the Mellin transform of is for at least .
On the other hand, if we are willing to accept an original which is a
generalized function, we may relax the boundedness condition on
to
simply make it of polynomial growth in any closed strip contained in the open strip .
We may also define a Banach space version of this theorem.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Hardy's theorem is a result in complex analysis describing the behavior of holomorphic functions.
Let be a holomorphic function on the open ball centered at zero and radius in the complex plane, and assume that is not a constant function. If one defines
for then this function is strictly increasing and is a convex function of .
See also
Maximum principle
Hadamard three-circle theorem
References
John B. Conway. (1978) Functions of One Complex Variable I. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York.
Theorems in complex analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20enzymes
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Enzymes are listed here by their classification in the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology's Enzyme Commission (EC) numbering system:
:Category:Oxidoreductases (EC 1) (Oxidoreductase)
Dehydrogenase
Luciferase
DMSO reductase
:Category:EC 1.1 (act on the CH-OH group of donors)
:Category:EC 1.1.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
Alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD)
Alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP)
Homoserine dehydrogenase
Aminopropanol oxidoreductase
Diacetyl reductase
Glycerol dehydrogenase
Propanediol-phosphate dehydrogenase
glycerol-3-phoshitiendopene dehydrogenase (NAD+)
D-xylulose reductase
L-xylulose reductase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Malate dehydrogenase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
HMG-CoA reductase
:Category:EC 1.1.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor)
:Category:EC 1.1.3 (with oxygen as acceptor)
Glucose oxidase
L-gulonolactone oxidase
Thiamine oxidase
Xanthine oxidase
Category:EC 1.1.4 (with a disulfide as acceptor)
:Category:EC 1.1.5 (with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor)
:Category:EC 1.1.99 (with other acceptors)
:Category:EC 1.2 (act on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors)
:Category:EC 1.2.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
:Category:EC 1.2.4
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
:Category:EC 1.3 (act on the CH-CH group of donors)
:Category:EC 1.3.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
Biliverdin reductase
:Category:EC 1.3.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor)
:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna%20Cheatham
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Donna Cheatham is a high school basketball coach. She has the most wins of any coach in Indiana girls’ high school basketball history. She graduated from Georgetown College in 1967 where she was a three-sport athlete, participating in basketball, volleyball and softball. After graduating with a biology degree, Cheatham took to the coaching ranks, where her career has placed her among the all-time best in the state of Indiana women's basketball. Cheatham coached at Scottsburg High School for 22 years, racking up a 379–80 (82.6%) record, the second best winning percentage in the state of Indiana for girls' basketball. Cheatham has served as coach of three All-Star teams and led her team to a 1989 high school state championship title. Her 1989 squad was ranked 13th nationwide by USA Today, and her 1990 team was ranked 10th in the country by Street & Smith. She has received 29 Coach of the Year honors during her tenure, including three that boasted national Coach of the Year recognition. She served on countless camps and clinics as a guest speaker and coach while at Scottsburg High School. Cheatham also coached softball at Scottsburg for eight years, recording a 41–7 record. She was named Scott County, Indiana, Woman of the Year in 1986 for her service and was a member of the Scottsburg Women's Athletic Council for 22 years.
At Southwestern High School in Hanover, Indiana, Cheatham has a 125–67 record in 8 years. On January 31, 2005, she recorded her 500th career victory, becom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Pearl%20%28disambiguation%29
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Black Pearl or Black Pearls may refer to:
Biology
Tahitian Pearls, "Black Pearls" an organic gem formed from the black lip oyster
Films
Black Pearls (film), a 1919 German silent film
The Black Pearl, a 1928 American silent film starring Thomas A. Curran
Black Pearl (1934 film), a Polish romantic crime drama
The Black Pearl, a 1977 American film based on the 1967 Scott O'Dell novel
Black Pearls, a 1991 martial arts movie also known as Fearless Tiger
Black Pearl, a fictional ship in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series
Literature
The Black Pearl (comics), a 1996 series published by Dark Horse Comics
The Black Pearl (Scott O'Dell), a 1967 young adult novel
The Black Pearl (play), an 1862 comedy in three acts
The Black Pearl of the Borgias, a gem in the 1904 Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Six Napoleons"
The Black Pearl (Madlen Namro), a 2012 Polish book
Music
Black Pearl (American band), a San-Francisco-based band
Black Pearl (South Korean group), a South Korean girl group
"Black Pearl" (Checkmates, Ltd. song), 1969
"Black Pearl", a song on the 2013 Exo album XOXO
Variatio 25. a 2 Clav. adagio, known as "the black pearl" of Bach's Goldberg Variations
Albums
Black Pearl (Yo-Yo album), 1992
Black Pearl (Jimmy McGriff album), 1971
Black Pearl, a 1982 album by Pat Travers
Black Pearls, a 1964 album by John Coltrane
Black Pearl, a 2022 album by 50 Foot Wave
People
José Leandro Andrade (1901–1957), Uruguayan footballer
Reno Anoaʻi (a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard%20three-circle%20theorem
|
In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the
Hadamard three-circle theorem is a result about the behavior of holomorphic functions.
Let be a holomorphic function on the annulus
Let be the maximum of on the circle Then, is a convex function of the logarithm Moreover, if is not of the form for some constants and , then is strictly convex as a function of
The conclusion of the theorem can be restated as
for any three concentric circles of radii
History
A statement and proof for the theorem was given by J.E. Littlewood in 1912, but he attributes it to no one in particular, stating it as a known theorem. Harald Bohr and Edmund Landau attribute the theorem to Jacques Hadamard, writing in 1896; Hadamard published no proof.
Proof
The three circles theorem follows from the fact that for any real a, the function Re log(zaf(z)) is harmonic between two circles, and therefore takes its maximum value on one of the circles. The theorem follows by choosing the constant a so that this harmonic function has the same maximum value on both circles.
The theorem can also be deduced directly from Hadamard's three-lines theorem.
See also
Maximum principle
Logarithmically convex function
Hardy's theorem
Hadamard three-lines theorem
Borel–Carathéodory theorem
Phragmén–Lindelöf principle
Notes
References
E. C. Titchmarsh, The theory of the Riemann Zeta-Function, (1951) Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford. (See chapter 14)
External links
"proof of Hadamard three-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection-slice%20theorem
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In mathematics, the projection-slice theorem, central slice theorem or Fourier slice theorem in two dimensions states that the results of the following two calculations are equal:
Take a two-dimensional function f(r), project (e.g. using the Radon transform) it onto a (one-dimensional) line, and do a Fourier transform of that projection.
Take that same function, but do a two-dimensional Fourier transform first, and then slice it through its origin, which is parallel to the projection line.
In operator terms, if
F1 and F2 are the 1- and 2-dimensional Fourier transform operators mentioned above,
P1 is the projection operator (which projects a 2-D function onto a 1-D line),
S1 is a slice operator (which extracts a 1-D central slice from a function),
then
This idea can be extended to higher dimensions.
This theorem is used, for example, in the analysis of medical
CT scans where a "projection" is an x-ray
image of an internal organ. The Fourier transforms of these images are
seen to be slices through the Fourier transform of the 3-dimensional
density of the internal organ, and these slices can be interpolated to build
up a complete Fourier transform of that density. The inverse Fourier transform
is then used to recover the 3-dimensional density of the object. This technique was first derived by Ronald N. Bracewell in 1956 for a radio-astronomy problem.
The projection-slice theorem in N dimensions
In N dimensions, the projection-slice theorem states that the
Fourier tr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel%20transform
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In mathematics, the Abel transform, named for Niels Henrik Abel, is an integral transform often used in the analysis of spherically symmetric or axially symmetric functions. The Abel transform of a function f(r) is given by
Assuming that f(r) drops to zero more quickly than 1/r, the inverse Abel transform is given by
In image analysis, the forward Abel transform is used to project an optically thin, axially symmetric emission function onto a plane, and the inverse Abel transform is used to calculate the emission function given a projection (i.e. a scan or a photograph) of that emission function.
In absorption spectroscopy of cylindrical flames or plumes, the forward Abel transform is the integrated absorbance along a ray with closest distance y from the center of the flame, while the inverse Abel transform gives the local absorption coefficient at a distance r from the center. Abel transform is limited to applications with axially symmetric geometries. For more general asymmetrical cases, more general-oriented reconstruction algorithms such as algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM), filtered back-projection (FBP) algorithms should be employed.
In recent years, the inverse Abel transform (and its variants) has become the cornerstone of data analysis in photofragment-ion imaging and photoelectron imaging. Among recent most notable extensions of inverse Abel transform are the "onion peeling" and "basis set expansion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20momentum
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In solid-state physics crystal momentum or quasimomentum is a momentum-like vector associated with electrons in a crystal lattice. It is defined by the associated wave vectors of this lattice, according to
(where is the reduced Planck's constant).
Frequently, crystal momentum is conserved like mechanical momentum, making it useful to physicists and materials scientists as an analytical tool.
Lattice symmetry origins
A common method of modeling crystal structure and behavior is to view electrons as quantum mechanical particles traveling through a fixed infinite periodic potential such that
where is an arbitrary lattice vector. Such a model is sensible because crystal ions that form the lattice structure are typically on the order of tens of thousands of times more massive than electrons,
making it safe to replace them with a fixed potential structure, and the macroscopic dimensions of a crystal are typically far greater than a single lattice spacing, making edge effects negligible. A consequence of this potential energy function is that it is possible to shift the initial position of an electron by any lattice vector without changing any aspect of the problem, thereby defining a discrete symmetry. Technically, an infinite periodic potential implies that the lattice translation operator commutes with the Hamiltonian, assuming a simple kinetic-plus-potential form.
These conditions imply Bloch's theorem, which states
,
or that an electron in a lattice, which can be mod
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-sided%20Laplace%20transform
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In mathematics, the two-sided Laplace transform or bilateral Laplace transform is an integral transform equivalent to probability's moment generating function. Two-sided Laplace transforms are closely related to the Fourier transform, the Mellin transform, the Z-transform and the ordinary or one-sided Laplace transform. If f(t) is a real- or complex-valued function of the real variable t defined for all real numbers, then the two-sided Laplace transform is defined by the integral
The integral is most commonly understood as an improper integral, which converges if and only if both integrals
exist. There seems to be no generally accepted notation for the two-sided transform; the
used here recalls "bilateral". The two-sided transform
used by some authors is
In pure mathematics the argument t can be any variable, and Laplace transforms are used to study how differential operators transform the function.
In science and engineering applications, the argument t often represents time (in seconds), and the function f(t) often represents a signal or waveform that varies with time. In these cases, the signals are transformed by filters, that work like a mathematical operator, but with a restriction. They have to be causal, which means that the output in a given time t cannot depend on an output which is a higher value of t.
In population ecology, the argument t often represents spatial displacement in a dispersal kernel.
When working with functions of time, f(t) is called the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20boundedness
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In mathematics, a function is locally bounded if it is bounded around every point. A family of functions is locally bounded if for any point in their domain all the functions are bounded around that point and by the same number.
Locally bounded function
A real-valued or complex-valued function defined on some topological space is called a if for any there exists a neighborhood of such that is a bounded set. That is, for some number one has
In other words, for each one can find a constant, depending on which is larger than all the values of the function in the neighborhood of Compare this with a bounded function, for which the constant does not depend on Obviously, if a function is bounded then it is locally bounded. The converse is not true in general (see below).
This definition can be extended to the case when takes values in some metric space Then the inequality above needs to be replaced with
where is some point in the metric space. The choice of does not affect the definition; choosing a different will at most increase the constant for which this inequality is true.
Examples
The function defined by is bounded, because for all Therefore, it is also locally bounded.
The function defined by is bounded, as it becomes arbitrarily large. However, it locally bounded because for each in the neighborhood where
The function defined by is neither bounded locally bounded. In any neighborhood of 0 this function takes values of arbitrarily
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%20mathematics
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Greek mathematics refers to mathematics texts and ideas stemming from the Archaic through the Hellenistic and Roman periods, mostly from the late 7th century BC to the 6th century AD, around the shores of the Mediterranean. Greek mathematicians lived in cities spread over the entire region, from Anatolia to Italy and North Africa, but were united by Greek culture and the Greek language. The development of mathematics as a theoretical discipline and the use of deductive reasoning in proofs is an important difference between Greek mathematics and those of preceding civilizations.
Origins and etymology
Greek mathēmatikē ("mathematics") derives from the , , from the verb manthanein, "to learn". Strictly speaking, a máthēma could be any branch of learning, or anything learnt; however, since antiquity certain mathēmata (mainly arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and harmonics) were granted special status.
The origins of Greek mathematics are not well documented. The earliest advanced civilizations in Greece and Europe were the Minoan and later Mycenaean civilizations, both of which flourished during the 2nd millennium BC. While these civilizations possessed writing and were capable of advanced engineering, including four-story palaces with drainage and beehive tombs, they left behind no mathematical documents.
Though no direct evidence is available, it is generally thought that the neighboring Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations had an influence on the younger Greek tradition. U
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmically%20convex%20function
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In mathematics, a function f is logarithmically convex or superconvex if , the composition of the logarithm with f, is itself a convex function.
Definition
Let be a convex subset of a real vector space, and let be a function taking non-negative values. Then is:
Logarithmically convex if is convex, and
Strictly logarithmically convex if is strictly convex.
Here we interpret as .
Explicitly, is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all and all , the two following equivalent conditions hold:
Similarly, is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if, in the above two expressions, strict inequality holds for all .
The above definition permits to be zero, but if is logarithmically convex and vanishes anywhere in , then it vanishes everywhere in the interior of .
Equivalent conditions
If is a differentiable function defined on an interval , then is logarithmically convex if and only if the following condition holds for all and in :
This is equivalent to the condition that, whenever and are in and ,
Moreover, is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if these inequalities are always strict.
If is twice differentiable, then it is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all in ,
If the inequality is always strict, then is strictly logarithmically convex. However, the converse is false: It is possible that is strictly logarithmically convex and that, for some , we have . For example, if , then is strictly logarithmically convex, but
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donato%20Acciaioli
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Donato Acciaioli (15 March 142828 August 1478) was an Italian scholar and statesman. He was known for his learning, especially in Greek and mathematics, and for his services to his native state, the Republic of Florence.
Biography
He was born in Florence, Italy. He was educated under the patronage or guidance of Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati (1422–1479), who subsequently was named cardinal. He also putatively gained his knowledge of the classics from Lionardo and Carlo Marsuppini (1399–1453) and from the refugee scholar from Byzantium, Giovanni Argiropolo.
Having previously been entrusted with several important embassies, in 1473 he became Gonfalonier of Florence, one of the nine citizens selected by drawing lots every two months, who formed the government. He died at Milan in 1478, when on his way to Paris to ask the aid of Louis XI on behalf of the Florentines against Pope Sixtus IV. His body was taken back to Florence and buried in the church of the Carthusian order at the public expense, and his daughters were endowed by his fellow-citizens, since he had little in terms of wealth.
He wrote Latin translations of some of Plutarch's Lives (Florence, 1478); Commentaries on Aristotle's Ethics, Politics, Physics, and De anima; the lives of Hannibal, Scipio and Charlemagne as well as the biography of the grand seneschal of the Kingdom of Naples, Niccolò Acciaioli by Matteo Palmieri. In the work on Aristotle he had the cooperation of his master John Argyropulus.
See also
Zano
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev%20distance
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In mathematics, Chebyshev distance (or Tchebychev distance), maximum metric, or L∞ metric is a metric defined on a vector space where the distance between two vectors is the greatest of their differences along any coordinate dimension. It is named after Pafnuty Chebyshev.
It is also known as chessboard distance, since in the game of chess the minimum number of moves needed by a king to go from one square on a chessboard to another equals the Chebyshev distance between the centers of the squares, if the squares have side length one, as represented in 2-D spatial coordinates with axes aligned to the edges of the board. For example, the Chebyshev distance between f6 and e2 equals 4.
Definition
The Chebyshev distance between two vectors or points x and y, with standard coordinates and , respectively, is
This equals the limit of the Lp metrics:
hence it is also known as the L∞ metric.
Mathematically, the Chebyshev distance is a metric induced by the supremum norm or uniform norm. It is an example of an injective metric.
In two dimensions, i.e. plane geometry, if the points p and q have Cartesian coordinates
and , their Chebyshev distance is
Under this metric, a circle of radius r, which is the set of points with Chebyshev distance r from a center point, is a square whose sides have the length 2r and are parallel to the coordinate axes.
On a chessboard, where one is using a discrete Chebyshev distance, rather than a continuous one, the circle of radius r is a square of s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbo-mer
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In organic chemistry, a carbo-mer (often carbo-mer or carbomer) is an expanded molecule obtained by insertion of C2 units into a given molecule. Carbo-mers differ from their templates in size but not in symmetry when each C–C single bond is replaced by an alkyne bond C-C≡C-C, each C=C double bond is replaced by an allene bond C=C=C=C, and each C≡C triple bond is replaced by C≡C-C≡C. The size of the carbo-mer continues to increase when more C2 units are inserted, so carbo-mers are also called carbon-molecules, where "n" is the number of acetylene or allene groups in an n-expansion unit. This concept, devised by Rémi Chauvin in 1995, is aimed at introducing new chemical properties for existing chemical motifs.
Two distinct expansions of benzene can be called carbo-benzene (C18H6):
One (above right) expands each C-H bond to C-C≡C-H, making hexaethynylbenzene, a substituted benzene derivative.
One (above left) expands each C=C and C≡C bond of the benzene core, making 1,2,4,5,7,8,10,11,13,14,16,17-dodecadehydro[18]annulene. An analog of this molecule, with the hydrogen atoms replaced by phenyl groups, 3,6,9,12,15,18-hexaphenyl-1,2,4,5,7,8,10,11,13,14,16,17-dodecadehydro[18]annulene, is stable. Its proton NMR spectrum shows that the phenyl protons are shifted downfield compared to a proton position in benzene itself (chemical shift position for the ortho proton is 9.49 ppm), suggesting the presence of a diamagnetic ring current and thus aromaticity. The final step in its organic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s%20three-body%20problem
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In physics and astronomy, Euler's three-body problem is to solve for the motion of a particle that is acted upon by the gravitational field of two other point masses that are fixed in space. This problem is exactly solvable, and yields an approximate solution for particles moving in the gravitational fields of prolate and oblate spheroids. This problem is named after Leonhard Euler, who discussed it in memoirs published in 1760. Important extensions and analyses were contributed subsequently by Lagrange, Liouville, Laplace, Jacobi, Darboux, Le Verrier, Velde, Hamilton, Poincaré, Birkhoff and E. T. Whittaker, among others.
Euler's problem also covers the case when the particle is acted upon by other inverse-square central forces, such as the electrostatic interaction described by Coulomb's law. The classical solutions of the Euler problem have been used to study chemical bonding, using a semiclassical approximation of the energy levels of a single electron moving in the field of two atomic nuclei, such as the diatomic ion HeH2+. This was first done by Wolfgang Pauli in his doctoral dissertation under Arnold Sommerfeld, a study of the first ion of molecular hydrogen, namely the hydrogen molecule-ion H2+. These energy levels can be calculated with reasonable accuracy using the Einstein–Brillouin–Keller method, which is also the basis of the Bohr model of atomic hydrogen. More recently, as explained further in the quantum-mechanical version, analytical solutions to the eigen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nascent%20hydrogen
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Nascent hydrogen is an outdated concept in organic chemistry that was once invoked to explain dissolving-metal reactions, such as the Clemmensen reduction and the Bouveault–Blanc reduction. Since organic compounds do not react with H2, a special state of hydrogen was postulated. It is now understood that dissolving-metal reactions occur at the metal surface, and the concept of nascent hydrogen has been discredited in organic chemistry. However, the formation of atomic hydrogen is largely invoked in inorganic chemistry and corrosion sciences to explain hydrogen embrittlement in metals exposed to electrolysis and anaerobic corrosion (e.g., dissolution of zinc in strong acids (HCl) and aluminium in strong bases (NaOH). The mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement was first proposed by Johnson (1875). The inability of hydrogen atoms to react with organic reagents in organic solvents does not exclude the transient formation of hydrogen atoms capable to immediately diffuse into the crystal lattice of common metals (steel, titanium) different from these of the platinoid group (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ni) which are well known to dissociate molecular dihydrogen (H) into atomic hydrogen.
History
The idea of hydrogen in the nascent state having chemical properties different from those of molecular hydrogen developed the mid-19th century. Alexander Williamson repeatedly refers to nascent hydrogen in his textbook Chemistry for Students, for example writing of the substitution reaction of carbon tet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian%20Center%20for%20Astrophysics
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The Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA), previously known as the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, is an astrophysics research institute jointly operated by the Harvard College Observatory and Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Founded in 1973 and headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, the CfA leads a broad program of research in astronomy, astrophysics, Earth and space sciences, as well as science education. The CfA either leads or participates in the development and operations of more than fifteen ground- and space-based astronomical research observatories across the electromagnetic spectrum, including the forthcoming Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) and the Chandra X-ray Observatory, one of NASA's Great Observatories.
Hosting more than 850 scientists, engineers, and support staff, the CfA is among the largest astronomical research institutes in the world. Its projects have included Nobel Prize-winning advances in cosmology and high energy astrophysics, the discovery of many exoplanets, and the first image of a black hole. The CfA also serves a major role in the global astrophysics research community: the CfA's Astrophysics Data System (ADS), for example, has been universally adopted as the world's online database of astronomy and physics papers. Known for most of its history as the "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics", the CfA rebranded in 2018 to its current name in an effort to reflect its unique status as a jo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech%20Jastrz%C4%99bowski
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Wojciech Jastrzębowski (; 19 April 1799 – 30 December 1882) was a Polish scientist, naturalist and inventor, professor of botany, physics, zoology and horticulture at Instytut Rolniczo-Leśny in Marymont in Warsaw, and insurgent of the November Uprising. He was one of the fathers of ergonomics.
Biography
Jastrzębowski was born in Szczepkowo-Giewarty, Janowo parish, near Mława, on 19 April 1799. He was a member of a Polish noble family that originated from the village of Janowiec-Jastrząbki in the Janowiec Kościelny on Pobożany parish, under the coat of arms of Pobóg. His father, Maciej Jastrzębowski, married Marianna Leśnikowska, heiress of part of Szczepkowo-Giewarty. Soon after the wedding he moved to his wife’s estate.
Jastrzębowski passed his maturity examination at the Warsaw Lyceum. He participated in the November Uprising. He was the creator of the sundial at Warsaw Lyceum as well as the creator of “Jastrzębowski Compass” – a device that allows sundials to be set in any place under any circumstances.
He was a pioneer of ergonomics.
Jastrzębowski became a member of the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning, as well as a member of the Cracow Science Society, the Agricultural Society in Kielce and Lvov Agricultural Society. He was the honorary member of the Poznań Society of Friends of Learning.
He was the creator of Zakład Praktyki Leśnej, the first institution for the improvement of professional performance of woodsman and gamekeepers, in Feliksów near Brok. In 2004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20electrical%20engineering
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to electrical engineering.
Electrical engineering – field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical power supply. It now covers a range of subtopics including power, electronics, control systems, signal processing and telecommunications.
Classification
Electrical engineering can be described as all of the following:
Academic discipline – branch of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level. Disciplines are defined (in part), and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong.
Branch of engineering – discipline, skill, and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes.
Branches of electrical engineering
Power engineering
Control engineering
Electronic engineering
Microelectronics
Signal processing
Telecommunications engineering
Instrumentation engineering
Computer engineering
Electro-Optical Engineering
Distribution engineering
Related disciplines
Biomedical engineering
Engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20World
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Physics World is the membership magazine of the Institute of Physics, one of the largest physical societies in the world. It is an international monthly magazine covering all areas of physics, pure and applied, and is aimed at physicists in research, industry, physics outreach, and education worldwide.
Overview
The magazine was launched in 1988 by IOP Publishing Ltd, under the founding editorship of Philip Campbell. The magazine is sent free to members of the Institute of Physics, who can access a digital edition of the magazine; selected articles can be read by anyone for free online. It was redesigned in September 2005 and has an audited circulation of just under 35000.
The current editor is Matin Durrani. Others on the team are Michael Banks (news editor) and Tushna Commissariat and Sarah Teah (features editors). Hamish Johnston, Margaret Harris and Tami Freeman are online editors.
Alongside the print and online magazine, Physics World produces films and two podcasts. The Physics World Stories podcast is hosted by Andrew Glester and is produced monthly. The Physics World Weekly podcast is hosted by James Dacey.
Breakthrough of the Year
The magazine makes two awards each year. These are the Physics World Breakthrough of the Year and the Physics World Book of the Year, which have both been awarded annually since 2009.
Top 10 works and winners of the Breakthrough of the Year
2009: "to August Jonathan Home and colleagues at NIST for unveiled the first small-scale devic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Heliophysical%20Year
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The International Heliophysical Year is a UN-sponsored scientifically driven international program of scientific collaboration to understand external drivers of planetary environments and universal processes in solar-terrestrial-planetary-heliospheric physics. The IHY will focus on advancements in all aspects of the heliosphere and its interaction with the interstellar medium. This effort culminates in the "International Heliophysical Year" (IHY) in 2007-2008. The IHY concluded in February, 2009, but was largely continued via the International Space Weather Initiative (ISWI)
The term "Heliophysical" was coined to refer specifically to this activity of studying the interconnectedness of the entire solar-heliospheric-planetary system. It is a broadening of the concept "geophysical," extending the connections from the Earth to the Sun and interplanetary space. On the 50th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year, the 2007 IHY activities will build on the success of IGY 1957 by continuing its legacy of system-sides studies of the extended heliophysical domain.
History
The IHY 2007 has been planned to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957-1958, one of the most successful international science programs of all time. The IGY was a broad-based and all-encompassing effort to push the frontiers of geophysics and resulted in tremendous progress in space physics, Sun-Earth connections, planetary science and the heliosphe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Simon
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Anne Simon is an American biology professor, scientist, and a science advisor on the American television series The X-Files, both the original series for all nine seasons and the 2016 miniseries. The first episode of the original series that she provided science consultation on was the first-season finale "The Erlenmeyer Flask", which was telecast on May 13, 1994. She became involved with the series through her connection as a family friend of series creator Chris Carter. She wrote a 2001 book about the biological science of the show, The Real Science Behind the X-Files: Microbes, Meteorites and Mutants ().
Her father is screenwriter and playwright Mayo Simon, and her sister is Horrid Henry author Francesca Simon. She received her BA in biology (magna cum laude) from the University of California San Diego in 1978 and her PhD in genetics from Indiana University in 1982.
Simon's primary research is on virus replication and symptom expression using the model virus, Turnip crinkle virus. She is a professor at the University of Maryland, College Park in the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics. Dr. Simon also heads the Virology Program at UMd, and is a senior editor of Journal of Virology.
References
External links
Anne Simon's Turnip Crinkle Virus Laboratory
American virologists
American women biologists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
American science journalists
Living people
University of Maryland, College Park
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSMS
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MSMS may refer to:
Master of Science in Medical Sciences
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)
Michigan State Medical Society
Miami Springs Middle School
Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science
Master of Science in Management Studies
Making Science Make Sense, an outreach program from Bayer Corporation
MSMs, or men who have sex with men
See also
MS2 (disambiguation)
MSM (disambiguation)
MS (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy%20%28unit%29
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The darcy (or darcy unit) and millidarcy (md or mD) are units of permeability, named after Henry Darcy. They are not SI units, but they are widely used in petroleum engineering and geology. The unit has also been used in biophysics and biomechanics, where the flow of fluids such as blood through capillary beds and cerebrospinal fluid through the brain interstitial space is being examined. A darcy has dimensional units of length2.
Definition
Permeability measures the ability of fluids to flow through rock (or other porous media). The darcy is defined using Darcy's law, which can be written as:
where:
{|
| || is the volumetric fluid flow rate through the medium
|-
| || is the area of the medium
|-
| || is the permeability of the medium
|-
| || is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid
|-
| || is the applied pressure difference
|-
| || is the thickness of the medium
|}
The darcy is referenced to a mixture of unit systems. A medium with a permeability of 1 darcy permits a flow of 1 cm3/s of a fluid with viscosity 1 cP (1 mPa·s) under a pressure gradient of 1 atm/cm acting across an area of 1 cm2.
Typical values of permeability range as high as 100,000 darcys for gravel, to less than 0.01 microdarcy for granite. Sand has a permeability of approximately 1 darcy.
Tissue permeability, whose measurement in vivo is still in its infancy, is somewhere in the range of 0.01 to 100 darcy.
Origin
The darcy is named after Henry Darcy. Rock permeability is usually expressed in millidarcys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MULTI-S01
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In cryptography, MULTI-S01 (pronounced multi-ess-zero-one), is an encryption algorithm based on a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG). MULTI-S01 is an encryption scheme preserving both confidentiality and data integrity. The scheme defines a pair of algorithms; the encryption, the corresponding decryption with verification. Coupling with an efficient keystream generator, such as Panama, MUGI, and RC4, the algorithm efficiently encrypts a message in the manner of a single path process, i.e. online algorithm. The decryption function cannot be used in such manner for keeping whole resultant data until successful verification.
The keysize of MULTI-S01 is determined by which keystream generator to use. MULTI-S01 takes a security parameter which determines the upperbound probability of successful forgery.
Since the calculation consists of addition and multiplication over the finite field, the algorithm is more suited to hardware implementation, although software implementation is still feasible.
MULTI-S01 with the PRNG Panama was among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC in 2003, however, has been dropped to "candidate" by CRYPTREC revision in 2013. It has also been submitted to ISO/IEC 18033 Part 4 which defines stream-cipher standards.
The security of MULTI-S01 is based on that of underlying PRNG. If a secure PRNG is used, then the security of MULTI-S01 with respect to confidentiality and data integrity has been proven. As for the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUGI
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In cryptography, MUGI is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) designed for use as a stream cipher. It was among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC in 2003, however, has been dropped to "candidate" by CRYPTREC revision in 2013.
MUGI takes a 128-bit secret key and a 128-bit initial vector (IV). After a key- and IV- setup process, MUGI outputs 64-bit output strings based on the internal state, while updating the internal state after each output block. MUGI has a 1216-bit internal state; there are three 64-bit registers (the "state") and 16 64-bit registers (the "buffer").
MUGI uses the non-linear S-box that was originally defined in Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). A part of the linear transformation also reuses the MDS matrix of AES. The basic design is influenced by that of Panama.
Security
As of September 2006, there are no known attacks against MUGI that are faster than serial brute-force of the key space or of the internal state.
In the paper, "A weakness of the linear part of stream cipher MUGI", by Golic Jovan Dj, Roy Bimal and Meier Willi, the abstract claims: "The linearly updated component of the stream cipher MUGI, called the buffer, is analyzed theoretically by using the generating function method. In particular, it is proven that the intrinsic response of the buffer, without the feedback from the nonlinearly updated component, consists of binary linear recurring sequences with small linear complexity 32 and wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational
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Variational may refer to:
Calculus of variations, a field of mathematical analysis that deals with maximizing or minimizing functionals
Variational method (quantum mechanics), a way of finding approximations to the lowest energy eigenstate or ground state in quantum physics
Variational Bayesian methods, a family of techniques for approximating integrals in Bayesian inference and machine learning
Variational properties, properties of an organism relating to the production of variation among its offspring in evolutionary biology
Variationist sociolinguistics or variational sociolinguistics, the study of variation in language use among speakers or groups of speakers
See also
List of variational topics in mathematics and physics
Variation (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%20projection
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In mathematics, the scalar projection of a vector on (or onto) a vector also known as the scalar resolute of in the direction of is given by:
where the operator denotes a dot product, is the unit vector in the direction of is the length of and is the angle between and .
The term scalar component refers sometimes to scalar projection, as, in Cartesian coordinates, the components of a vector are the scalar projections in the directions of the coordinate axes.
The scalar projection is a scalar, equal to the length of the orthogonal projection of on , with a negative sign if the projection has an opposite direction with respect to .
Multiplying the scalar projection of on by converts it into the above-mentioned orthogonal projection, also called vector projection of on .
Definition based on angle θ
If the angle between and is known, the scalar projection of on can be computed using
( in the figure)
The formula above can be inverted to obtain the angle, θ.
Definition in terms of a and b
When is not known, the cosine of can be computed in terms of and by the following property of the dot product :
By this property, the definition of the scalar projection becomes:
Properties
The scalar projection has a negative sign if . It coincides with the length of the corresponding vector projection if the angle is smaller than 90°. More exactly, if the vector projection is denoted and its length :
if
if
See also
Scalar product
Cross product
V
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Nikolsky
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Boris Petrovich Nikolsky (; – 4 January 1990), , was a Soviet chemist who played a crucial role in the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons.
Besides his work on the plutonium chemistry, Nikolsky did a pioneering work in ion exchanges applications in radiochemistry and physical chemistry, and was a professor of chemistry at the Leningrad University (now Saint Petersburg State University). He academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
Boris Nikolsky was a 1925 graduate of Leningrad State University. In the 1930s he studied the ion exchange processes between aqueous solutions and solids. During that time Nikolsky developed the theory of ion exchange in glass electrodes. He derived equations that describe properties of glass electrodes as well as other types of ion-selective electrodes depending on chemical structure and multi-component composition of glass, concurrent interference of ions (see Nikolsky-Eisenman equation and Nikolsky-Shultz-Eisenman thermodynamic ion-exchange theory of GE) and so on. Boris Nikolsky also actively participated in the Soviet nuclear program. In 1952-1974 he was the senior scientist and the chairman of scientific committee at the Soviet nuclear fuel reprocessing plant Mayak, where he worked on the technology of processing and refining of plutonium. In 1961-1963 he was the chairman of the chemistry department at Leningrad State University.
General publications on the glass electrode theory
Nikolskii, B. P.. Theory of the glass electrode.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Hamel
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Georg Karl Wilhelm Hamel (12 September 1877 – 4 October 1954) was a German mathematician with interests in mechanics, the foundations of mathematics and function theory.
Biography
Hamel was born in Düren, Rhenish Prussia. He studied at Aachen, Berlin, Göttingen, and Karlsruhe. His doctoral adviser was David Hilbert. He taught at Brünn in 1905, Aachen in 1912, and at the Technical University of Berlin in 1919. In 1927, Hamel studied the size of the key space for the Kryha encryption device. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1932 at Zurich and in 1936 at Oslo. He was the author of several important treatises on mechanics. He became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1938 and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in 1953. He died in Landshut, Bavaria.
Selected publications
("On the geometries in which the straight lines are the shortest", Hamel's doctoral dissertation on Hilbert's fourth problem. A version may be found in Mathematische Annalen 57, 1903.)
See also
Hamel basis
Hamel dimension
Cauchy's functional equation
Hilbert's fourth problem
References
1877 births
1954 deaths
19th-century German mathematicians
20th-century German mathematicians
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Modern cryptographers
People from the Rhine Province
RWTH Aachen University alumni
Academic staff of RWTH Aachen University
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Göttingen alumni
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the Technical Unive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20A.%20Evans
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David A. Evans (January 11, 1941 – April 29, 2022) was an American chemist who was the Abbott and James Lawrence professor of chemistry at Harvard University. He was a prominent figure in the field of organic chemistry and his research focused on synthetic chemistry and total synthesis, particularly of large biologically active molecules. Among his best-known works is the development of aldol reaction methodology (for example, Evans' acyl oxazolidinone method).
Early life and education
Evans was born on January 11, 1941, in Washington, D.C. He received his A.B. from Oberlin College in 1963, where he worked with Norman Craig. He began his graduate work at the University of Michigan with Robert E. Ireland, but moved with the Ireland group to the California Institute of Technology and received his Ph.D. from Caltech in 1967.
Academic career
Evans began his independent research career at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he joined the faculty in 1967 and became a full professor in 1973. He then moved to the California Institute of Technology and remained there until 1983, when he moved again to Harvard University. He was appointed the Abbott and James Lawrence Professor of Chemistry in 1990, served as chair of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology from 1995 to 1998, and retired from the faculty, assuming professor emeritus status, in 2008.
Research
Evans made many scholarly contributions to the field of organic chemistry. Although he is best known f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT
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GPT may refer to:
Computing
Generative pre-trained transformer, a type of artificial intelligence language model
ChatGPT, a chatbot developed by OpenAI, based on generative pre-trained transformer technology
GUID Partition Table, a disk partitioning standard
Biology
Alanine transaminase or glutamate pyruvate transaminase
Goniopora toxin
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—undecaprenyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase
Companies
GEC Plessey Telecommunications, a defunct British telecommunications manufacturer
GPT Group, an Australian property investment company
Other uses
Gulfport–Biloxi International Airport, in Mississippi
General-purpose technology, in economics
Generalized probabilistic theory, a framework to describe the features of physical theories
Grounded practical theory, a social science theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20W.%20True
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Frederick William True (July 8, 1858 – June 25, 1914) was an American biologist, the first head curator of biology (1897–1911) at the United States National Museum, now part of the Smithsonian Institution.
Biography
He was born in Middletown, Connecticut in 1858. He received a B.S. from the University of New York in 1878, when he entered the U.S. government service. He was expert special agent on fisheries for the 10th census, 1879. In 1881, True started working for the U.S. National Museum as a clerk. That year he became librarian and acting curator of mammals, which positions he filled until 1883. True was curator of mammals at the U.S. National Museum (1883-1909), curator of comparative anatomy (1885-1890), executive curator (1894-1897), head curator of biology (1897-1911) and assistant secretary in charge of the library and international exchange service (1911-1914). He was appointed to the board of the American Philosophical Society on March 2, 1900.
He started his career studying invertebrates, but his poor eyesight obligated him to give up studies with the microscope, and he turned to studies of cetaceans and their relatives. True's beaked whale, True's vole and True's shrew mole were named by him, and have vernacular names in his honor.
Works
"Note on the occurrence of an armadillo of the genus Xenurus in Honduras"
Review of the Family of Delphinidae
Whalebone Whales of the Western North Atlantic (1904)
Observations on Living White Whales (1911)
Family
He ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witt%20algebra
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In mathematics, the complex Witt algebra, named after Ernst Witt, is the Lie algebra of meromorphic vector fields defined on the Riemann sphere that are holomorphic except at two fixed points. It is also the complexification of the Lie algebra of polynomial vector fields on a circle, and the Lie algebra of derivations of the ring C[z,z−1].
There are some related Lie algebras defined over finite fields, that are also called Witt algebras.
The complex Witt algebra was first defined by Élie Cartan (1909), and its analogues over finite fields were studied by Witt in the 1930s.
Basis
A basis for the Witt algebra is given by the vector fields , for n in .
The Lie bracket of two basis vector fields is given by
This algebra has a central extension called the Virasoro algebra that is important in two-dimensional conformal field theory and string theory.
Note that by restricting n to 1,0,-1, one gets a subalgebra. Taken over the field of complex numbers, this is just the Lie algebra of the Lorentz group . Over the reals, it is the algebra sl(2,R) = su(1,1).
Conversely, su(1,1) suffices to reconstruct the original algebra in a presentation.
Over finite fields
Over a field k of characteristic p>0, the Witt algebra is defined to be the Lie algebra of derivations of the ring
k[z]/zp
The Witt algebra is spanned by Lm for −1≤ m ≤ p−2.
Images
See also
Virasoro algebra
Heisenberg algebra
References
Élie Cartan, Les groupes de transformations continus, infinis, simples. Ann. Sc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farkhonda%20Hassan
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Farkhonda Hassan () (1930 - 30 October 2020) was a professor of Geology at the American University in Cairo and was chair of the Commission on Human Development and Local Administration of the Shura Council.
Education
Hassan had a BSc in Chemistry and Geology from Cairo University, an MSc in Solid State Science from the American University in Cairo, and a PhD in Geology from the University of Pittsburgh (United States). She also held a Diploma in Psychology and Education from Ain Shams University in Egypt.
Career
Hassan was co-chair of the Gender Advisory Board of the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development and Secretary-General (2001) and Member of the National Council for Women in Egypt since 2000. As a scientist, politician, and development specialist, she had a career centered on women's causes in policies, public services, sciences, information and technology, social work at grass roots level, education and culture, and other disciplines. Her affiliations with national and international organizations, non-governmental organizations, research and knowledge institutions were directed towards women's empowerment. Hassan served as a short-term consultant and expert to several international and regional programs organized by various United Nations organizations such as UNIFEM, UNDP, INSTRAW and UNESCO.
References
External links
The National Council for Women profile
1930 births
2020 deaths
The American University in Cairo alumni
University of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BS%208110
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BS 8110 is a withdrawn British Standard for the design and construction of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. It is based on limit state design principles. Although used for most civil engineering and building structures, bridges and water-retaining structures are covered by separate standards (BS 5400 and BS 8007).
The relevant committee of the British Standards Institute considers that there is no need to support BS 8110.
In 2004, BS 8110 was replaced by EN 1992 (Eurocode 2 or EC2). In general EC2, used in conjunction with the National Annex, is not wildly different from BS 8110 in terms of the design approach. It gives similar answers and offers scope for more economic structures. Overall EC2 is less prescriptive and its scope is more extensive than BS 8110 for example in permitting higher concrete strengths. In this sense the new code will permit designs not currently permitted in the UK, and thus give designers the opportunity to derive benefit from the considerable advances in concrete technology over recent years.
References
08110
Reinforced concrete
Structural engineering standards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotheology
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Biotheology is the synthetic application of understanding of biology to the understanding of God, synthesizing modern biology and traditional religious doctrines.
Scripturally, Biotheology is motivated by, amongst other things, Saint Paul's exposition of the Church as the Body of Christ, likening its form and functions to the form and functions of the human body (1 Cor. 12:12-17), his remarks in Romans (Ro. 1:20), and Jesus' many parables concerning nature.
A key concept is the thought that the Kingdom of God may be understood as an integral part of evolution. Areas of research include questions of the establishment and maintenance of order, of the relationship between spirit and emergence, and of the relationship between sin and natural selection.
See also
Vitalism
Biopolitics
Biopower
Body politic
Christian bioethics
Ecotheology
References
External links
Biotheology: Theology, Ethics and the New Biotechnologies. By Brian Edgar of Asbury Theological Seminary. 2009.
Christian theology
Christianity and science
Medical humanities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Sarfati
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Jonathan David Sarfati (born 1 October 1964) is a young Earth creationist who writes articles for Creation Ministries International (CMI), a non-profit Christian apologetics ministry. Sarfati has a PhD in chemistry, and was New Zealand national chess champion in 1987 and 1988.
Background
Born in Ararat, Victoria, Sarfati moved with his family to New Zealand as a child, where he became a dual Australian and New Zealand citizen. He attended Wellington College in New Zealand, later graduating from Victoria University of Wellington with a BSc (Hons.) in chemistry, and a PhD in the same subject for a thesis entitled "A Spectroscopic Study of some Chalcogenide Ring and Cage Molecules". He co-authored a paper on high-temperature superconductors that was published in Nature in 1987 ("Letters to Nature"), and from 1988 to 1995, had five papers on spectroscopy of condensed matter samples published in other peer-reviewed scientific journals. In 1996, he returned to Brisbane, Australia to work for the Creation Science Foundation, then Answers in Genesis, then its current name Creation Ministries International. In 2010, he moved to the American office of that ministry.
Creationism
Sarfati was a founder of the Wellington Christian Apologetics Society in New Zealand, and has long retained an interest in Christian apologetics and the creation–evolution controversy. His first two books, Refuting Evolution in 1999, and Refuting Evolution 2 in 2002, are intended as rebuttals to the National A
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