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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20I.%20Jordan
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Michael Irwin Jordan (born February 25, 1956) is an American scientist, professor at the University of California, Berkeley and researcher in machine learning, statistics, and artificial intelligence.
Jordan was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2010 for contributions to the foundations and applications of machine learning.
He is one of the leading figures in machine learning, and in 2016 Science reported him as the world's most influential computer scientist.
In 2022, Jordan won the inaugural World Laureates Association Prize in Computer Science or Mathematics, "for fundamental contributions to the foundations of machine learning and its application."
Education
Jordan received his BS magna cum laude in Psychology in 1978 from the Louisiana State University, his MS in Mathematics in 1980 from Arizona State University and his PhD in Cognitive Science in 1985 from the University of California, San Diego. At the University of California, San Diego, Jordan was a student of David Rumelhart and a member of the Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Group in the 1980s.
Career and research
Jordan is the Pehong Chen Distinguished Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where his appointment is split across EECS and Statistics. He was a professor at the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT from 1988 to 1998.
In the 1980s Jordan started developing recurrent neural networks as a cognitive model. In recent years, his work is less
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJA
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IJA may refer to:
Imperial Japanese Army
International Journal of Astrobiology
International Jugglers' Association
International Journal of Audiology
International Juridical Association (1931–1942)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRS
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LRS may refer to:
Science and technology
Lactated Ringer's solution, used for intravenous administration
Learning Record Store, a data store system
Linear recursive sequence, a recurrence relation used in mathematics
Linear reference system, a method of spatial referencing along a line
Limited Rate Support, a Wi-Fi mode; see IEEE 802.11g-2003
Organisations
Levi, Ray & Shoup, a business consulting firm
(Lithuanian Russian Union), a political party in Lithuania
Liverpool Reform Synagogue, a Reform Jewish synagogue in Liverpool, England
London River Services, a division of Transport for London
Long-range surveillance, a unit of the United States Army
Other uses
, a Venezuelan broadcasting law
Leros Municipal Airport (IATA code), on an island of Greece
Location Referencing System, used for state-owned roads in Pennsylvania, US
LRS (TV station)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence%20%28evolutionary%20computing%29
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Convergence within the field of computer science, is a phenomenon in evolutionary computation. It causes evolution to halt because precisely every individual in the population is identical.
Full convergence might be seen in genetic algorithms (a type of evolutionary computation) using only crossover (a way of combining individuals to make new offspring). Premature convergence is when a population has converged to a single solution, but that solution is not as high of quality as expected, i.e. the population has gotten 'stuck'. However, convergence is not necessarily a negative thing, because populations often stabilise after a time, in the sense that the best programs all have a common ancestor and their behaviour is very similar (or identical) both to each other and to that of high fitness programs from the previous generations. Often the term convergence is loosely used. Convergence can be avoided with a variety of diversity-generating techniques.
References
External links
Foundations of Genetic Programming
Evolutionary computation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20J.%20van%20Rijsbergen
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C. J. "Keith" van Rijsbergen FREng (Cornelis Joost van Rijsbergen; born 1943) is a professor of computer science at the University of Glasgow, where he founded the Glasgow Information Retrieval Group. He is one of the founders of modern Information Retrieval and the author of the seminal monograph Information Retrieval and of the textbook The Geometry of Information Retrieval.
He was born in Rotterdam, and educated in the Netherlands, Indonesia, Namibia and Australia.
His first degree is in mathematics from the University of Western Australia, and in 1972 he completed a
PhD in computer science at the University of Cambridge. He spent three years lecturing in information retrieval and artificial intelligence at Monash University before returning to Cambridge to hold a Royal Society Information Research Fellowship.
In 1980 he was appointed to the chair of computer science at University College Dublin; from there he moved in 1986 to Glasgow University. He chaired the Scientific Board of the Information Retrieval Facility from 2007 to 2012.
Awards and honors
In 2003 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2004 he was awarded the Tony Kent Strix award.
In 2004 he was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. In 2006, he was awarded the Gerard Salton Award for Quantum haystacks. In 2009, he was made an honorary professor at the University of Edinburgh.
See also
F1 score
References
External links
C. J. "Keith" van Rijsbergen - T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress-induced%20leakage%20current
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Stress-induced leakage current (SILC) is an increase in the gate leakage current of a MOSFET, used in semiconductor physics. It occurs due to defects created in the gate oxide during electrical stressing. SILC is perhaps the largest factor inhibiting device miniaturization. Increased leakage is a common failure mode of electronic devices.
Oxide defects
The most well-studied defects assisting in the leakage current are those produced by charge trapping in the oxide. This model provides a point of attack and has stimulated researchers to develop methods to decrease the rate of charge trapping by mechanisms such as nitrous oxide (N2O) nitridation of the oxide.
Semiconductor device defects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcminute%20Microkelvin%20Imager
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The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) consists of a pair of interferometric radio telescopes - the Small and Large Arrays - located at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory near Cambridge. AMI was designed, built and is operated by the Cavendish Astrophysics Group. AMI was designed, primarily, for the study of galaxy clusters by observing secondary anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) arising from the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. Both arrays are used to observe radiation with frequencies between 12 and 18 GHz, and have very similar system designs. The telescopes are used to observe both previously known galaxy clusters, in an attempt to determine, for example, their masses and temperatures, and to carry out surveys, in order to locate previously undiscovered clusters.
AMI Large Array
The AMI Large Array (AMI LA) is composed of eight 12.8-metre-diameter, equatorially mounted parabolic antennas, which were previously part of the Ryle Telescope. The antennas are separated by distances ranging between 18 and 110 m. The telescope has an angular resolution of approximately 30 arcseconds. The LA is used to image the radio sources (mainly radio galaxies) that contaminate the Small Array observations of the CMB. The LA is being used to carry out the Tenth Cambridge Survey of radio sources. The first results from the survey were used to extend the measured 15-GHz source counts to sub-millijansky levels; this is an order of magnitude deeper than achieve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training%2C%20validation%2C%20and%20test%20data%20sets
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In machine learning, a common task is the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data. Such algorithms function by making data-driven predictions or decisions, through building a mathematical model from input data. These input data used to build the model are usually divided into multiple data sets. In particular, three data sets are commonly used in different stages of the creation of the model: training, validation, and test sets.
The model is initially fit on a training data set, which is a set of examples used to fit the parameters (e.g. weights of connections between neurons in artificial neural networks) of the model. The model (e.g. a naive Bayes classifier) is trained on the training data set using a supervised learning method, for example using optimization methods such as gradient descent or stochastic gradient descent. In practice, the training data set often consists of pairs of an input vector (or scalar) and the corresponding output vector (or scalar), where the answer key is commonly denoted as the target (or label). The current model is run with the training data set and produces a result, which is then compared with the target, for each input vector in the training data set. Based on the result of the comparison and the specific learning algorithm being used, the parameters of the model are adjusted. The model fitting can include both variable selection and parameter estimation.
Successively, the fitted model is use
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column%20chromatography
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Column chromatography in chemistry is a chromatography method used to isolate a single chemical compound from a mixture. Chromatography is able to separate substances based on differential adsorption of compounds to the adsorbent; compounds move through the column at different rates, allowing them to be separated into fractions. The technique is widely applicable, as many different adsorbents (normal phase, reversed phase, or otherwise) can be used with a wide range of solvents. The technique can be used on scales from micrograms up to kilograms. The main advantage of column chromatography is the relatively low cost and disposability of the stationary phase used in the process. The latter prevents cross-contamination and stationary phase degradation due to recycling. Column chromatography can be done using gravity to move the solvent, or using compressed gas to push the solvent through the column.
A thin-layer chromatograph can show how a mixture of compounds will behave when purified by column chromatography. The separation is first optimised using thin-layer chromatography before performing column chromatography.
Column preparation
A column is prepared by packing a solid adsorbent into a cylindrical glass or plastic tube. The size will depend on the amount of compound being isolated. The base of the tube contains a filter, either a cotton or glass wool plug, or glass frit to hold the solid phase in place. A solvent reservoir may be attached at the top of the column.
Two
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilios%20T.%20Harlaftis
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Emilios T. Harlaftis (; 29 March 1965, in Kiato – 13 February 2005, in Mainalo) was an astrophysicist.
Harlaftis obtained an undergraduate degree in physics from the University of Athens in 1987, and a PhD degree from the University of Oxford in 1991, under the supervision of Phil A. Charles. His thesis title was "Disc structure and variability in dwarf novae". From 1991 to 1995 he worked as a support astronomer at the Isaac Newton Group of telescopes of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, placed at the Observatory of Roque de los Muchachos (owned by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias at the island of La Palma. He then worked as a research assistant (1995–1997) at the University of St. Andrews and as a research fellow (1997–1998) at the Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics of the National Observatory of Athens, where he was appointed to a position of a tenure track researcher in 1999. He held a series of posts as a visiting scientist at the University of Sheffield, and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (1999), and two years as a temporary Reader at the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of St. Andrews (2001–2002). He acted as a principal investigator for the Aristarchos 2.3 m Telescope located at the Chelmos mountain, which colleagues suggested to name after him, following his death in an avalanche accident.
His main research contribution is the co-discovery of spiral waves in a solar-size accretion disk, pioneering analysis determining mass rati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasilinear
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Quasilinear may refer to:
Quasilinear function, a function that is both quasiconvex and quasiconcave
Quasilinear utility, an economic utility function linear in one argument
In complexity theory and mathematics, O(n log n) or sometimes O(n (log n)k)
Quasilinear equation, a type of differential equation where the coefficient(s) of the highest order derivative(s) of the unknown function do not depend on highest order derivative(s)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary%20function
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In mathematics, a unary function is a function that takes one argument. A unary operator belongs to a subset of unary functions, in that its range coincides with its domain. In contrast, a unary function's domain may or may not coincide with its range.
Examples
The successor function, denoted , is a unary operator. Its domain and codomain are the natural numbers; its definition is as follows:
In many programming languages such as C, executing this operation is denoted by postfixing to the operand, i.e. the use of is equivalent to executing the assignment .
Many of the elementary functions are unary functions, including the trigonometric functions, logarithm with a specified base, exponentiation to a particular power or base, and hyperbolic functions.
See also
Arity
Binary function
Binary operator
List of mathematical functions
Ternary operation
Unary operation
References
Foundations of Genetic Programming
Functions and mappings
Types of functions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20engineering
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Food engineering is a scientific, academic, and professional field that interprets and applies principles of engineering, science, and mathematics to food manufacturing and operations, including the processing, production, handling, storage, conservation, control, packaging and distribution of food products. Given its reliance on food science and broader engineering disciplines such as electrical, mechanical, civil, chemical, industrial and agricultural engineering, food engineering is considered a multidisciplinary and narrow field.
Due to the complex nature of food materials, food engineering also combines the study of more specific chemical and physical concepts such as biochemistry, microbiology, food chemistry, thermodynamics, transport phenomena, rheology, and heat transfer. Food engineers apply this knowledge to the cost-effective design, production, and commercialization of sustainable, safe, nutritious, healthy, appealing, affordable and high-quality ingredients and foods, as well as to the development of food systems, machinery, and instrumentation.
History
Although food engineering is a relatively recent and evolving field of study, it is based on long-established concepts and activities. The traditional focus of food engineering was preservation, which involved stabilizing and sterilizing foods, preventing spoilage, and preserving nutrients in food for prolonged periods of time. More specific traditional activities include food dehydration and concentration, p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kummer%27s%20function
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In mathematics, there are several functions known as Kummer's function. One is known as the confluent hypergeometric function of Kummer. Another one, defined below, is related to the polylogarithm. Both are named for Ernst Kummer.
Kummer's function is defined by
The duplication formula is
.
Compare this to the duplication formula for the polylogarithm:
An explicit link to the polylogarithm is given by
References
.
Special functions
hu:Kummer-függvény
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluent%20hypergeometric%20function
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In mathematics, a confluent hypergeometric function is a solution of a confluent hypergeometric equation, which is a degenerate form of a hypergeometric differential equation where two of the three regular singularities merge into an irregular singularity. The term confluent refers to the merging of singular points of families of differential equations; confluere is Latin for "to flow together". There are several common standard forms of confluent hypergeometric functions:
Kummer's (confluent hypergeometric) function , introduced by , is a solution to Kummer's differential equation. This is also known as the confluent hypergeometric function of the first kind. There is a different and unrelated Kummer's function bearing the same name.
Tricomi's (confluent hypergeometric) function introduced by , sometimes denoted by , is another solution to Kummer's equation. This is also known as the confluent hypergeometric function of the second kind.
Whittaker functions (for Edmund Taylor Whittaker) are solutions to Whittaker's equation.
Coulomb wave functions are solutions to the Coulomb wave equation.
The Kummer functions, Whittaker functions, and Coulomb wave functions are essentially the same, and differ from each other only by elementary functions and change of variables.
Kummer's equation
Kummer's equation may be written as:
with a regular singular point at and an irregular singular point at . It has two (usually) linearly independent solutions and .
Kummer's function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture%20%28chemistry%29
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In physical chemistry and materials science, texture is the distribution of crystallographic orientations of a polycrystalline sample (it is also part of the geological fabric). A sample in which these orientations are fully random is said to have no distinct texture. If the crystallographic orientations are not random, but have some preferred orientation, then the sample has a weak, moderate or strong texture. The degree is dependent on the percentage of crystals having the preferred orientation.
Texture is seen in almost all engineered materials, and can have a great influence on materials properties. The texture forms in materials during thermo-mechanical processes, for example during production processes e.g. rolling. Consequently, the rolling process is often followed by a heat treatment to reduce the amount of unwanted texture. Controlling the production process in combination with the characterization of texture and the material's microstructure help to determine the materials properties, i.e. the processing-microstructure-texture-property relationship. Also, geologic rocks show texture due to their thermo-mechanic history of formation processes.
One extreme case is a complete lack of texture: a solid with perfectly random crystallite orientation will have isotropic properties at length scales sufficiently larger than the size of the crystallites. The opposite extreme is a perfect single crystal, which likely has anisotropic properties by geometric necessity.
Chara
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus%20Knopper
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Klaus Knopper (born 1968 in Ingelheim) is a German electrical engineer and free software developer.
Knopper is the creator of Knoppix, a well-known live CD Linux distribution. He received his degree in electrical engineering from the Kaiserslautern University of Technology (in German: Technische Universität Kaiserslautern), co-founded LinuxTag in 1996 (a major European Linux expo) and has been a self-employed information technology consultant since 1998. He also teaches at the Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences.
Knopper is married to Adriane Knopper, who has a visual impairment. She has been assisting Knopper with a version of Knoppix for blind and visually impaired people, released in the third quarter of 2007 as a Live CD. Her name has been given to the distribution: Adriane Knoppix.
Adriane is more of a desktop or "Non-graphical-userinterface" for blind computer beginners than a "distribution". It will work on any Linux distribution that has a screenreader (Preferably SBL (Screenreader for Blind Linux Users)) and some text-based tools for internet access and normal work.
References
External links
Klaus Knopper personal profile at Knoppix
Meet The 'No Hard Disk' Man, at efytimes.com
ADRIANE - Audio Desktop Reference Implementation and Networking Environment
1968 births
Living people
German computer scientists
German electrical engineers
Knoppix
People from Ingelheim am Rhein
Engineers from Rhineland-Palatinate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Related-key%20attack
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In cryptography, a related-key attack is any form of cryptanalysis where the attacker can observe the operation of a cipher under several different keys whose values are initially unknown, but where some mathematical relationship connecting the keys is known to the attacker. For example, the attacker might know that the last 80 bits of the keys are always the same, even though they don't know, at first, what the bits are. This appears, at first glance, to be an unrealistic model; it would certainly be unlikely that an attacker could persuade a human cryptographer to encrypt plaintexts under numerous secret keys related in some way.
KASUMI
KASUMI is an eight round, 64-bit block cipher with a 128-bit key. It is based upon MISTY1 and was designed to form the basis of the 3G confidentiality and integrity algorithms.
Mark Blunden and Adrian Escott described differential related key attacks on five and six rounds of KASUMI. Differential attacks were introduced by Biham and Shamir. Related key attacks were first introduced by Biham. Differential related key attacks are discussed in Kelsey et al.
WEP
An important example of a cryptographic protocol that failed because of a related-key attack is Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) used in Wi-Fi wireless networks. Each client Wi-Fi network adapter and wireless access point in a WEP-protected network shares the same WEP key. Encryption uses the RC4 algorithm, a stream cipher. It is essential that the same key never be used twice with a s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Development%20of%20Metaphysics%20in%20Persia
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The Development of Metaphysics in Persia is the book form of Muhammad Iqbal's PhD thesis in philosophy at the University of Munich submitted in 1908 and published in the same year. It traces the development of metaphysics in Persia from the time of Zoroaster to the advent of the Baháʼí Faith.
Introduction
Muhammad Iqbal had gone to Germany and enrolled into Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich where he earned a PhD Degree by submitting The Development of Metaphysics in Persia as his final thesis, in 1908. Iqbal's doctoral supervisor was Fritz Hommel. The book published by Luzac & Company, London same year. Iqbal covers in this book from Zoroaster to Bahá'u'lláh era and metaphysical anatomy. This is one of the masterpieces of Muhammad Iqbal's research work. No such research had been done before or since in the English Language on the topic.
Quotes from the Book
"Owing to my ignorance of Zend, my knowledge of Zoroaster is merely second hand. As regards the second part of my work, I have been able to look up the original Persian and Arabic manuscripts as well as many printed works connected with my investigation. I give below the names of Arabic and Persian manuscripts from which I have drawn most of the material utilized here. The method of transliteration adopted is the one recognised by the Royal Asiatic Society"
Editions
First Edition of the book published by Luzac & Company, London in 1908. After that Bazm e Iqbal published it from Lahore in 1954. The book has been trans
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish%20Astrophysics%20Group
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The Cavendish Astrophysics Group (formerly the Radio Astronomy Group) is based at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge. The group operates all of the telescopes at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory except for the 32m MERLIN telescope, which is operated by Jodrell Bank.
The group is the second largest of three astronomy departments in the University of Cambridge.
Instruments under development by the group
The Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) - several modules of this international project
The Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer (MRO Interferometer)
The SKA
Instruments in service
The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI)
A Heterodyne Array Receiver for B-band (HARP-B) at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
The Planck Surveyor
Previous instruments
The CLOVER telescope
The Very Small Array
The 5 km Ryle Telescope
The Cambridge Optical Aperture Synthesis Telescope (COAST)
The Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope
The Cambridge Low Frequency Synthesis Telescope
The Half-Mile Telescope
The One-Mile Telescope
The Interplanetary Scintillation Array which discovered the first pulsar
The 4C Array which made the 4C catalogue
The Cambridge Interferometer
The Long Michelson Interferometer
Various aperture masking instruments for optical aperture synthesis
Catalogues published by the group
Preliminary survey of the radio stars in the Northern Hemisphere (sometimes called the 1C catalogue) at 81.5-MHz (unreliable at low flux levels)
2C cata
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy%20departments%20in%20the%20University%20of%20Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge has three large astronomy departments as follows:
The Institute of Astronomy, concentrating on theoretical astrophysics and optical, infrared and X-ray observations.
The Cavendish Astrophysics Group, concentrating on radio and submillimetre observations and instrumentation, observational cosmology and all aspects of astronomical interferometry, and operating the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory.
The Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics and Isaac Newton Institute in the Faculty of Mathematics, include theoretical astrophysics and cosmology amongst other disciplines
There is frequent collaboration between departments as research interests overlap.
The Kavli Institute for Cosmology at Cambridge (KICC) is operated jointly by the first two departments, with close connections to the third. It is located on the same site as the Institute of Astronomy. In 2013 the Cavendish Astrophysics group relocated to a new building, the Battcock Centre for Experimental Astrophysics, on the same site to foster further collaboration and integration.
History
Although Astronomy has been taught at the University of Cambridge since medieval times, the departmental structure has changed frequently, and all three of departments listed above were founded within the last two centuries.
The first astronomical observatory at the University of Cambridge was built at the top of Trinity College gatehouse in 1704.
References
External links
The Inst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroxybenzenes
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In organic chemistry, dihydroxybenzenes (benzenediols) are organic compounds in which two hydroxyl groups () are substituted onto a benzene ring (). These aromatic compounds are classed as phenols. There are three structural isomers: 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (the ortho isomer) is commonly known as catechol, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene (the meta isomer) is commonly known as resorcinol, and 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (the para isomer) is commonly known as hydroquinone.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Isomer
!ortho
!meta
!para
|-
|Trivial name
|Catechol
|Resorcinol
|Hydroquinone
|-
|IUPAC name
|benzene-1,2-diol
|benzene-1,3-diol
|benzene-1,4-diol
|-
|Other names
|pyrocatechol1,2-dihydroxybenzeneo-dihydroxybenzeneo-benzenediol
|resorcin1,3-dihydroxybenzenem-dihydroxybenzenem-benzenediol
|1,4-dihydroxybenzenep-dihydroxybenzenep-benzenediol
|-
|Structure
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|}
All three of these compounds are colorless to white granular solids at room temperature and pressure, but upon exposure to oxygen they may darken. All three isomers have the chemical formula .
Similar to other phenols, the hydroxyl groups on the aromatic ring of a benzenediol are weakly acidic. Each benzenediol can lose an from one of the hydroxyls to form a type of phenolate ion.
The Dakin oxidation is an organic redox reaction in which an ortho- or para-hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde () or ketone () reacts with hydrogen peroxide in base to form a benzenediol and a carboxylate. Overall, the carb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidstone%20series
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In mathematics, a Lidstone series, named after George James Lidstone, is a kind of polynomial expansion that can express certain types of entire functions.
Let ƒ(z) be an entire function of exponential type less than (N + 1)π, as defined below. Then ƒ(z) can be expanded in terms of polynomials An as follows:
Here An(z) is a polynomial in z of degree n, Ck a constant, and ƒ(n)(a) the nth derivative of ƒ at a.
A function is said to be of exponential type of less than t if the function
is bounded above by t. Thus, the constant N used in the summation above is given by
with
References
Ralph P. Boas, Jr. and C. Creighton Buck, Polynomial Expansions of Analytic Functions, (1964) Academic Press, NY. Library of Congress Catalog 63-23263. Issued as volume 19 of Moderne Funktionentheorie ed. L.V. Ahlfors, series Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete, Springer-Verlag
Mathematical series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover%20%28telescope%29
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Clover would have been an experiment to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background. It was approved for funding in late 2004, with the aim of having the full telescope operational by 2009. The project was jointly run by Cardiff University, Oxford University, the Cavendish Astrophysics Group and the University of Manchester.
History
The Clover Project was meant to consist of two independent telescopes, one operating at 95 GHz with the other operating at both 150 and 225 GHz. Both telescopes were to be sited near the CBI site in the Atacama Desert, Chile. The two telescope receivers would have been large format focal plane arrays of either 100 or 200 bolometric detectors.
The aim of the experiment was to measure the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background between multipoles of 20 and 1000 down to a sensitivity limited by the foreground contamination due to lensing. This would have allowed the detection of primordial gravitational waves in the universe so long as the ratio of scalar perturbations (caused by density fluctuations in the early universe) to the tensor perturbations caused by gravitational waves was greater than .
It was hoped that the telescope would have spent around 2 years observing a total of around 1,000 degrees of sky, made up of several patches of sky where polarized foregrounds (synchrotron and thermal dust emission) are at a minimum.
Clover was canceled in March 2009 as STFC were unable to provide the requested additiona
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphonomics
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Graphonomics is the interdisciplinary field directed towards the scientific analysis of the handwriting process, product, and other graphic skills.,
Researchers in handwriting recognition, forensic handwriting examination, kinesiology, psychology, computer science, artificial intelligence, paleography and neuroscience cooperate in order to achieve a better understanding of the human skill of handwriting. Research in graphonomics generally involves handwriting movement analysis in one form or another.
History and conferences
The first international conference relating to graphonomics was held in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, in July 1982. The term 'graphonomics' was used there for the first time.
The second conference was held in July 1985 in Hong Kong and, at that meeting, a decision was taken to form the International Graphonomics Society. The IGS became a legal non-profit organization under Netherlands law on January 30, 1987.
Subsequently, an international conference, symposium and/or workshop has been held every two years. Past events have been held in various locations with most events having a specific theme, as follows:
Nijmegen, The Netherlands (1982), Motor Aspects of Handwriting
Hong Kong (1985), Graphonomics
Montreal, QC, Canada (1987), Third International Symposium on Handwriting and Computer Applications
Trondheim, Norway (1989), Fourth IGS Conference. The Development of Graphic Skills (DOGS)
Tempe, AZ, USA (1991), Fifth Handwriting Conference of the IGS. Mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Henri%20Latude
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Jean Henri Latude (23 March 1725 – 1 January 1805), often called Danry or Masers de Latude, was a French writer famous for his lengthy confinement in the Bastille, at Vincennes, and for his repeated escapes from those prisons.
Life
He was born at Montagnac in Gascony. He received a military education and went to Paris in 1748 to study mathematics. He led a dissipated life and endeavoured to curry favor with Madame de Pompadour by secretly sending her a box of poison and then informing her of the supposed plot against her life, hoping that he could earn a reward of cash for warning her. The ruse was discovered, and Mme de Pompadour, not appreciating the humor of the situation, had Latude put in the Bastille on 1 May 1749.
He was later transferred to Vincennes, from which he escaped in 1750. Captured and reimprisoned in the Bastille, he made a second brief escape in 1756. He was again transferred to Vincennes in 1764, and the next year made a third escape and was a third time recaptured. He was put into the Charenton asylum by Malesherbes in 1775, and discharged in 1777 on condition that he should retire to his native town.
He remained in Paris, however, and he was again imprisoned. A certain Madame Legros became interested in him through a chance reading of one of his memoirs, and, through vigorous agitation on his behalf, secured his release in 1784. His considerable ability for mimicry and intrigue were evidenced throughout his long captivity; he posed as a brave military
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter%20L%C3%BCst
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Dieter Lüst (born 21 September 1956 in Chicago) is a German physicist, full professor for mathematical physics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich since 2004 and a director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Munich. His research focusses on string theory. In 2000, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research.
Lüst was a Fellow at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva between 1988 and 1990, and was there again with a Heisenberg fellowship in 1990/93.
References
External links
Max-Planck-Institute for Physics (Werner-Heisenberg-Institute)
Dieter Lüst's homepage at the LMU
Living people
21st-century German physicists
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
1956 births
People associated with CERN
20th-century German physicists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYP
|
WYP may refer to:
The West Yorkshire Playhouse, a theatre in Leeds, UK
West Yorkshire Police, a police force in the UK
World Year of Physics 2005, a commemoration of physics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPICS
|
The Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) is a set of software tools and applications used to develop and implement distributed control systems to operate devices such as particle accelerators, telescopes and other large scientific facilities. The tools are designed to help develop systems which often feature large numbers of networked computers delivering control and feedback. They also provide SCADA capabilities.
History
EPICS was initially developed as the Ground Test Accelerator Controls System (GTACS) at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in 1988 by Bob Dalesio, Jeff Hill, et al. In 1989, Marty Kraimer from Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) came to work alongside the GTA controls team for 6 months, bringing his experience from his work on the Advanced Photon Source (APS) Control System to the project. The resulting software was renamed EPICS and was presented at the International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (ICALEPCS) in 1991.
EPICS was originally available under a commercial license, with enhanced versions sold by Tate & Kinetic Systems. Licenses for collaborators were free, but required a legal agreement with LANL and APS. An EPICS community was established and development grew as more facilities joined in with the collaboration. In February 2004, EPICS became freely distributable after its release under the EPICS Open License.
It is now used and developed by over 50 large science institutions wo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running%20angle
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In mathematics, the running angle is the angle of consecutive vectors with respect to the base line, i.e.
Usually, it is more informative to compute it using a four-quadrant version of the arctan function in a mathematical software library.
See also
Differential geometry
Polar distribution
Penmanship
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic%20stroke
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In handwriting research, the concept of stroke is used in various ways. In engineering and computer science, there is a tendency to use the term stroke for a single connected component of ink (in Off-line handwriting recognition) or a complete pen-down trace (in on-line handwriting recognition). Thus, such stroke may be a complete character or a part of a character. However, in this definition, a complete word written as connected cursive script should also be called a stroke. This is in conflict with the suggested unitary nature of stroke as a relatively simple shape.
In the research field of handwriting motor control, the term ballistic stroke is used. It is defined as the trajectory segment between two consecutive minima in the absolute velocity of the pen tip. The time delay between the cortical brain command and a muscle contraction is so large that the 100 millisecond ballistic strokes need to be planned in advance by the brain, as feedback by hand-eye coordination requires a much slower movement than is the case in the normal handwriting process.
See also
Graphonomics
Penmanship
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhas%20Patankar
|
Suhas V. Patankar (born 22 February 1941) is an Indian mechanical engineer. He is a pioneer in the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Finite volume method. He is currently a Professor Emeritus at the University of Minnesota. He is also president of Innovative Research, Inc. Patankar was born in Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Early life and education
Patankar received his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1962 from the College of Engineering, Pune, which is affiliated to the University of Pune and his Master of Technology degree in mechanical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 1964. In 1967 he received his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the Imperial College, University of London.
Career
Patankar's most important contribution to the field of CFD is the SIMPLE algorithm that he developed along with his colleagues at Imperial College. Patankar is the author of a book in computational fluid dynamics titled Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow which was first published in 1980. This book has since been considered one of the groundbreaking contributions to computational fluid dynamics due to its emphasis on physical understanding and insight into the fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena. He is also one of the most cited authors in science and engineering.
References
1941 births
Living people
American mechanical engineers
Indian mechanical engineers
Computational fluid dynamicists
Savitribai Phule Pune University alumn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping%20Wu
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Ping Wu (born May 16, 1956) is an American television and film actor.
Personal life
Wu is Chinese–American. His father was author and educator Nelson Ikon Wu, and his sister, Ting Wu, is a genetics professor at the Harvard Medical School.
Career
Wu is best known for the recurring role of "Ping," the delivery boy, on the television sitcom, Seinfeld. He has also appeared on other sitcoms, such as How I Met Your Mother, Two and a Half Men, The King of Queens, Anger Management, and Rules of Engagement. He appeared in the 1988 TV mini-series, Noble House, Rock Hudson and The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Journey of Radiance. He played a Japanese officer in the 2001 film Pearl Harbor, as well as a physician in the 1991 medical drama The Doctor.
He appeared in three episodes of the fourth season of 24.
He also appeared in an episode of Californication; and has been featured in several television commercials.
He appeared in Fresh Off The Boat and has a recurring role as Henry on Silicon Valley.
Wu has also worked as a voice actor in the video game Fallout 4.
Filmography
References
External links
1956 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male actors of Chinese descent
American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people
McKelvey School of Engineering alumni
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%E2%80%93copper%28II%29%20sulfate%20electrode
|
The copper–copper(II) sulfate electrode is a reference electrode of the first kind, based on the redox reaction with participation of the metal (copper) and its salt, copper(II) sulfate.
It is used for measuring electrode potential and is the most commonly used reference electrode for testing cathodic protection corrosion control systems. The corresponding equation can be presented as follow:
Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu0(metal)
This reaction characterized by reversible and fast electrode kinetics, meaning that a sufficiently high current can be passed through the electrode with the 100% efficiency of the redox reaction (dissolution of the metal or cathodic deposition of the copper-ions).
The Nernst equation below shows the dependence of the potential of the copper-copper(II) sulfate electrode on the activity or concentration copper-ions:
Commercial reference electrodes consist of a plastic tube holding the copper rod and saturated solution of copper sulfate. A porous plug on one end allows contact with the copper sulfate electrolyte. The copper rod protrudes out of the tube. A voltmeter negative lead is connected to the copper rod.
The potential of a copper–copper sulfate electrode is +0.314 volt with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. Copper–copper(II) sulfate electrode is also used as one of the half cells in the galvanic Daniel-Jakobi cell.
Applications
Copper coulometer
Notes
References
E. Protopopoff and P. Marcus, Potential Measurements with Reference Electrodes,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetricity%20tensor
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In mathematics, the nonmetricity tensor in differential geometry is the covariant derivative of the metric tensor. It is therefore a tensor field of order three. It vanishes for the case of Riemannian geometry and can be
used to study non-Riemannian spacetimes.
Definition
By components, it is defined as follows.
It measures the rate of change of the components of the metric tensor along the flow of a given vector field, since
where is the coordinate basis of vector fields of the tangent bundle, in the case of having a 4-dimensional manifold.
Relation to connection
We say that a connection is compatible with the metric when its associated covariant derivative of the metric tensor (call it , for example) is zero, i.e.
If the connection is also torsion-free (i.e. totally symmetric) then it is known as the Levi-Civita connection, which is the only one without torsion and compatible with the metric tensor. If we see it from a geometrical point of view, a non-vanishing nonmetricity tensor for a metric tensor implies that the modulus of a vector defined on the tangent bundle to a certain point of the manifold, changes when it is evaluated along the direction (flow) of another arbitrary vector.
References
External links
Differential geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroth%20law
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Zeroth law may refer to:
Zeroth law of black hole thermodynamics, about event horizons of black holes
Zeroth law of robotics, an addition to Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics
Zeroth law of thermodynamics, in relation to thermal equilibriums
See also
Zeroth (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue%20point
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In mathematics, given a locally Lebesgue integrable function on , a point in the domain of is a Lebesgue point if
Here, is a ball centered at with radius , and is its Lebesgue measure. The Lebesgue points of are thus points where does not oscillate too much, in an average sense.
The Lebesgue differentiation theorem states that, given any , almost every is a Lebesgue point of .
References
Mathematical analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Artin
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Michael Artin (; born 28 June 1934) is a German-American mathematician and a professor emeritus in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mathematics Department, known for his contributions to algebraic geometry.
Life and career
Michael Artin or Artinian of Armenian origin was born in Hamburg, Germany, and brought up in Indiana. His parents were Natalia Naumovna Jasny (Natascha) and Emil Artin, preeminent algebraist of the 20th century of Armenian descent. Artin's parents left Germany in 1937, because his mother's father was Jewish. His elder sister is , who was married to mathematician John Tate until the late 1980s.
Artin did his undergraduate studies at Princeton University, receiving an A.B. in 1955; he then moved to Harvard University, where he received a Ph.D. in 1960 under the supervision of Oscar Zariski, defending a thesis about Enriques surfaces.
In the early 1960s, Artin spent time at the IHÉS in France, contributing to the SGA4 volumes of the Séminaire de géométrie algébrique, on topos theory and étale cohomology, jointly with Alexander Grothendieck.
He also collaborated with Barry Mazur to define étale homotopy theory which has become an important tool in algebraic geometry, and applied ideas from algebraic geometry (such as the Nash approximation) to the study of diffeomorphisms of compact manifolds. His work on the problem of characterising the representable functors in the category of schemes has led to the Artin approximation theorem in local algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonelementary%20integral
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In mathematics, a nonelementary antiderivative of a given elementary function is an antiderivative (or indefinite integral) that is, itself, not an elementary function (i.e. a function constructed from a finite number of quotients of constant, algebraic, exponential, trigonometric, and logarithmic functions using field operations). A theorem by Liouville in 1835 provided the first proof that nonelementary antiderivatives exist. This theorem also provides a basis for the Risch algorithm for determining (with difficulty) which elementary functions have elementary antiderivatives.
Examples
Examples of functions with nonelementary antiderivatives include:
(elliptic integral)
(logarithmic integral)
(error function, Gaussian integral)
and (Fresnel integral)
(sine integral, Dirichlet integral)
(exponential integral)
(in terms of the exponential integral)
(in terms of the logarithmic integral)
(incomplete gamma function); for the antiderivative can be written in terms of the exponential integral; for in terms of the error function; for any positive integer, the antiderivative elementary.
Some common non-elementary antiderivative functions are given names, defining so-called special functions, and formulas involving these new functions can express a larger class of non-elementary antiderivatives. The examples above name the corresponding special functions in parentheses.
Properties
Nonelementary antiderivatives can often be evaluated using Taylor series. Even if a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper%20orthogonal%20decomposition
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The proper orthogonal decomposition is a numerical method that enables a reduction in the complexity of computer intensive simulations such as computational fluid dynamics and structural analysis (like crash simulations). Typically in fluid dynamics and turbulences analysis, it is used to replace the Navier–Stokes equations by simpler models to solve.
It belongs to a class of algorithms called model order reduction (or in short model reduction). What it essentially does is to train a model based on simulation data. To this extent, it can be associated with the field of machine learning.
POD and PCA
The main use of POD is to decompose a physical field (like pressure, temperature in fluid dynamics or stress and deformation in structural analysis), depending on the different variables that influence its physical behaviors. As its name hints, it's operating an Orthogonal Decomposition along with the Principal Components of the field. As such it is assimilated with the principal component analysis from Pearson in the field of statistics, or the singular value decomposition in linear algebra because it refers to eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a physical field. In those domains, it is associated with the research of Karhunen and Loève, and their Karhunen–Loève theorem.
Mathematical expression
The first idea behind the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), as it was originally formulated in the domain of fluid dynamics to analyze turbulences, is to decompose a random vector f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMULET%20%28processor%29
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AMULET is a series of microprocessors implementing the ARM processor architecture. Developed by the Advanced Processor Technologies group at the Department of Computer Science at the University of Manchester (formerly the AMULET and PAL groups based at the same institution), AMULET is unique amongst ARM implementations in being an asynchronous microprocessor, not making use of a square wave clock signal for data synchronization and movement.
List of AMULET microprocessors
AMULET1 — Designed in 1990 and first fabricated in 1993. Its estimated performance is approximately 70% of that of a comparably-sized synchronous ARM6 running at 20 MHz.
AMULET2 — A re-implementation of AMULET1 first fabricated in 1996. Features on-chip memory that can be used either as processor cache or mapped RAM. The APT group estimates AMULET2 to have a similar power dissipation/performance ratio as ARM8. One very notable feature due to the asynchronous design is the drop of power dissipation to 3 μW when not in use (assuming the on-board timer, which handles DRAM refresh, is also inactive).
AMULET3 — This was a redesigned architecture aiming at higher performance than the previous AMULET processors whilst retaining low power dissipation. Fabricated in 2000, it supported the ARM level 4 instruction set compatibility, alongside support for Thumb mode (i.e. ARM9TM). Performance and power dissipation were approximately the same as an ARM9 fabricated on the same technology. AMULET3 was employed in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicksonia%20antarctica
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Dicksonia antarctica, the soft tree fern or man fern, is a species of evergreen tree fern native to eastern Australia, ranging from south-east Queensland, coastal New South Wales and Victoria to Tasmania.
Anatomy and biology
These ferns can grow to in height, but more typically grow to about , and consist of an erect rhizome forming a trunk. They are very hairy at the base of the stipe (adjoining the trunk) and on the crown. The large, dark green, roughly-textured fronds spread in a canopy of in diameter. The shapes of the stems vary as some grow curved and there are multi-headed ones. The fronds are borne in flushes, with fertile and sterile fronds often in alternating layers.
The "trunk" of this fern is merely the decaying remains of earlier growth of the plant and forms a medium through which the roots grow. The trunk is usually solitary, without runners, but may produce offsets. They can be cut down and, if they are kept moist, the top portions can be replanted and will form new roots. The stump, however, will not regenerate since it is dead organic matter. In nature, the fibrous trunks are hosts for a range of epiphytic plants including other ferns and mosses.
The fern grows at 3.5 to 5 cm per year and produces spores at the age of about 20 years.
Reproduction
Reproduction by this species is primarily from spores, but it can also be grown from plantlets occurring around the base of the rhizome.
In cultivation, it can also be grown as a "cutting", a method not to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor
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Successor may refer to:
An entity that comes after another (see Succession (disambiguation))
Film and TV
The Successor (film), a 1996 film including Laura Girling
The Successor (TV program), a 2007 Israeli television program
Music
Successor (EP), an EP by Sonata Arctica
Successor (album), an album by Dedekind Cut
Mathematics
A successor cardinal
A successor ordinal
The successor function, the primitive defined as
A successor (graph theory), a node following the current one in a path
Other
The Successor (novel), a 2003 novel by Ismail Kadare
The Diadochi, or Successors to Alexander the Great
Successor (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
Successor, the working name for the class of British ballistic missile submarines, since renamed the Dreadnought-class
Khalifa, a Muslim who is considered a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad
Spiritual successor, a successor to a work of fiction which does not build upon the storyline established by a previous work
"The Successor" (short story), 1951 short story by Paul Bowles
See also
Success (disambiguation)
Legal successor (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood%20circle%20method
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In mathematics, the Hardy–Ramanujan–Littlewood circle method is a technique of analytic number theory. It is named for G. H. Hardy, S. Ramanujan, and J. E. Littlewood, who developed it in a series of papers on Waring's problem.
History
The initial idea is usually attributed to the work of Hardy with Srinivasa Ramanujan a few years earlier, in 1916 and 1917, on the asymptotics of the partition function. It was taken up by many other researchers, including Harold Davenport and I. M. Vinogradov, who modified the formulation slightly (moving from complex analysis to exponential sums), without changing the broad lines. Hundreds of papers followed, and the method still yields results. The method is the subject of a monograph by R. C. Vaughan.
Outline
The goal is to prove asymptotic behavior of a series: to show that for some function. This is done by taking the generating function of the series, then computing the residues about zero (essentially the Fourier coefficients). Technically, the generating function is scaled to have radius of convergence 1, so it has singularities on the unit circle – thus one cannot take the contour integral over the unit circle.
The circle method is specifically how to compute these residues, by partitioning the circle into minor arcs (the bulk of the circle) and major arcs (small arcs containing the most significant singularities), and then bounding the behavior on the minor arcs. The key insight is that, in many cases of interest (such as theta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superquadrics
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In mathematics, the superquadrics or super-quadrics (also superquadratics) are a family of geometric shapes defined by formulas that resemble those of ellipsoids and other quadrics, except that the squaring operations are replaced by arbitrary powers. They can be seen as the three-dimensional relatives of the superellipses. The term may refer to the solid object or to its surface, depending on the context. The equations below specify the surface; the solid is specified by replacing the equality signs by less-than-or-equal signs.
The superquadrics include many shapes that resemble cubes, octahedra, cylinders, lozenges and spindles, with rounded or sharp corners. Because of their flexibility and relative simplicity, they are popular geometric modeling tools, especially in computer graphics. It becomes an important geometric primitive widely used in computer vision, robotics, and physical simulation.
Some authors, such as Alan Barr, define "superquadrics" as including both the superellipsoids and the supertoroids. In modern computer vision literatures, superquadrics and superellipsoids are used interchangeably, since superellipsoids are the most representative and widely utilized shape among all the superquadrics. Comprehensive coverage of geometrical properties of superquadrics and methods of their recovery from range images and point clouds are covered in several computer vision literatures. Useful tools and algorithms for superquadrics visualization, sampling, and recovery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, the jet is an operation that takes a differentiable function f and produces a polynomial, the truncated Taylor polynomial of f, at each point of its domain. Although this is the definition of a jet, the theory of jets regards these polynomials as being abstract polynomials rather than polynomial functions.
This article first explores the notion of a jet of a real valued function in one real variable, followed by a discussion of generalizations to several real variables. It then gives a rigorous construction of jets and jet spaces between Euclidean spaces. It concludes with a description of jets between manifolds, and how these jets can be constructed intrinsically. In this more general context, it summarizes some of the applications of jets to differential geometry and the theory of differential equations.
Jets of functions between Euclidean spaces
Before giving a rigorous definition of a jet, it is useful to examine some special cases.
One-dimensional case
Suppose that is a real-valued function having at least k + 1 derivatives in a neighborhood U of the point . Then by Taylor's theorem,
where
Then the k-jet of f at the point is defined to be the polynomial
Jets are normally regarded as abstract polynomials in the variable z, not as actual polynomial functions in that variable. In other words, z is an indeterminate variable allowing one to perform various algebraic operations among the jets. It is in fact the base-point from which jets derive their
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molonglo%20Observatory%20Synthesis%20Telescope
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The Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) is a radio telescope operating at 843 MHz. It is operated by the School of Physics of the University of Sydney. The telescope is located in Hoskinstown, near the Molonglo River and Canberra, and was constructed by modification of the east–west arm of the former Molonglo Cross Telescope, a larger version of the Mills Cross Telescope. Construction of the original "Super Cross" telescope with 1.6-kilometre arms began in 1960 by Professor Bernard Y. Mills. It became operational in 1967.
Design
The MOST consists of two cylindrical paraboloids, 778m x 12m, separated by 15m and aligned east–west. A line feed system of 7744 circular dipoles collects the signal and feeds 176 preamplifiers and 88 IF amplifiers.
The telescope is steered by mechanical rotation of the cylindrical paraboloids about their long axis, and by phasing the feed elements along the arms. The feed elements were decommissioned in 2018 so that the telescope began to operate in transit mode only. Prior to this, the `alt-alt' system could follow a field for ± 6 hours (necessary for a complete aperture synthesis with an east–west array) for fields south of declination -30 degrees. For fields near this limit the signal-to-noise ratio is lower for the first and last hour or so due to the lower gain of the system at large 'meridian arc distance' angles.
The Molonglo Cross Telescope was a 408 MHz radio telescope built by Bernard Y. Mills and collaborators and operated
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur%27s%20theorem
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In discrete mathematics, Schur's theorem is any of several theorems of the mathematician Issai Schur. In differential geometry, Schur's theorem is a theorem of Axel Schur. In functional analysis, Schur's theorem is often called Schur's property, also due to Issai Schur.
Ramsey theory
In Ramsey theory, Schur's theorem states that for any partition of the positive integers into a finite number of parts, one of the parts contains three integers x, y, z with
For every positive integer c, S(c) denotes the smallest number S such that for every partition of the integers into c parts, one of the parts contains integers x, y, and z with . Schur's theorem ensures that S(c) is well-defined for every positive integer c. The numbers of the form S(c) are called Schur's number.
Folkman's theorem generalizes Schur's theorem by stating that there exist arbitrarily large sets of integers, all of whose nonempty sums belong to the same part.
Using this definition, the only known Schur numbers are S(n) 2, 5, 14, 45, and 161 () The proof that was announced in 2017 and took up 2 petabytes of space.
Combinatorics
In combinatorics, Schur's theorem tells the number of ways for expressing a given number as a (non-negative, integer) linear combination of a fixed set of relatively prime numbers. In particular, if is a set of integers such that , the number of different tuples of non-negative integer numbers such that when goes to infinity is:
As a result, for every set of relatively prim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll%27s%20paradox
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In physics, Carroll's paradox arises when considering the motion of a falling rigid rod that is specially constrained. Considered one way, the angular momentum stays constant; considered in a different way, it changes. It is named after Michael M. Carroll who first published it in 1984.
Explanation
Consider two concentric circles of radius and as might be drawn on the face of a wall clock. Suppose a uniform rigid heavy rod of length is somehow constrained between these two circles so that one end of the rod remains on the inner circle and the other remains on the outer circle. Motion of the rod along these circles, acting as guides, is frictionless. The rod is held in the three o'clock position so that it is horizontal, then released.
Now consider the angular momentum about the centre of the rod:
After release, the rod falls. Being constrained, it must rotate as it moves. When it gets to a vertical six o'clock position, it has lost potential energy and, because the motion is frictionless, will have gained kinetic energy. It therefore possesses angular momentum.
The reaction force on the rod from either circular guide is frictionless, so it must be directed along the rod; there can be no component of the reaction force perpendicular to the rod. Taking moments about the center of the rod, there can be no moment acting on the rod, so its angular momentum remains constant. Because the rod starts with zero angular momentum, it must continue to have zero angular momentu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonochorism
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In biology, gonochorism is a sexual system where there are only two sexes and each individual organism is either male or female. The term gonochorism is usually applied in animal species, the vast majority of which are gonochoric.
Gonochorism contrasts with simultaneous hermaphroditism but it may be hard to tell if a species is gonochoric or sequentially hermaphroditic. (e.g. Parrotfish, Patella ferruginea). However, in gonochoric species individuals remain either male or female throughout their lives. Species that reproduce by thelytokous parthenogenesis and do not have males can still be classified as gonochoric.
Terminology
The term is derived from Greek (gone, generation) + (chorizein, to separate). The term gonochorism originally came from German gonochorismus.
Gonochorism is also referred to as unisexualism or gonochory.
Evolution
Gonochorism has evolved independently multiple times and is very evolutionarily stable in animals. Its stability and advantages have received little attention. Its origin owes to the evolution of anisogamy, but it is unclear if the evolution of anisogamy first led to hermaphroditism or gonochorism.
Gonochorism is thought to be ancestral in polychaetes, hexacorallia, nematodes, and hermaphroditic fishes. Gonochorism is thought to be ancestral in hermaphroditic fishes because it is widespread in basal clades of fish and other vertebrate lineages.
Two papers from 2008 have suggested that transitions between hermaphroditism and gonocho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Birch%20%28organic%20chemist%29
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Arthur John Birch, AC CMG FRS FAA (3 August 1915 – 8 December 1995) was an Australian organic chemist.
Birch developed the Birch reduction of aromatic rings (by treatment with lithium metal and ammonia) which is widely used in synthetic organic chemistry. The Birch Reduction enables the modification of steroids. In 1948 Birch published the first total synthesis of a male sex hormone (19-nortestosterone), as the first member of a new structural series. This series later comprised the first oral contraceptive pill, which was made by others. The Birch reduction also allows for the development of other steroid drugs and antibiotics – he also made the first simple synthesis of the ring A-B structure of cholesterol. Birch published over 440 scientific papers and reports.
Early life and education
Birch won a scholarship to attend the University of Sydney graduating with a BSc in 1937 and a MSc in 1938. He travelled to the University of Oxford to undertake his D.Phil., graduating in 1940.
Career
The hormone research he became involved with in 1940 was initiated by the RAF who then believed German fighter pilots were given cortical hormones He remained a research Fellow at Oxford until 1948 working under Sir Robert Robinson, when he became the Smithson Fellow at the University of Cambridge where he remained until 1952. At Cambridge he worked with Lord Todd.
He returned to Australia in 1952 to take up a Professorship in organic chemistry at the University of Sydney, he was made a f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Millis
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Nancy Fannie Millis (10 April 192229 September 2012) was an Australian microbiologist and Emeritus Professor who introduced fermentation technologies to Australia, and created the first applied microbiology course taught in an Australian university.
Biography
Millis was born in Melbourne in 1922, the fifth child of six. She attended high school at Merton Hall, Melbourne Girls Grammar, but had to leave before completing her studies when her father had a heart attack. She attended business college, then worked for a customs agent and then as a technician at the CSIRO. Millis Matriculated part-time, taking two years to complete her high school studies. The University of Melbourne refused her entry into the Bachelor of Science; however, she could gain entry to the degree of agricultural science. In 1945 she graduated with a BAgSc, and went on to complete a master's degree in 1946 studying the soil organism Pseudomonas.
Millis travelled to Papua New Guinea with the Department of External Affairs to teach women agricultural methods. However, her posting was cut short due to serious illness that almost claimed her life and she was airlifted to hospital in Brisbane. After recovering from her illness she applied for a Boots Research Scholarship at the University of Bristol. She spent three years at Bristol working on the fermentation of cider, and microorganisms that can affect the process. This led Nancy in her lifelong passion in anything that ferments.
When she completed her P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20nationale%20sup%C3%A9rieure%20d%27informatique%20pour%20l%27industrie%20et%20l%27entreprise
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The École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise (ENSIIE) (National School of Computer Science for Industry and Business), formerly known as Institut d'informatique d'entreprise, is a French public specialising in computer science and applied mathematics.
Students can be admitted to ENSIIE through the selective Concours Mines-Télécom examination, after a strong competition during two years of undergraduate studies in classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles. The selection was done on the Concours Centrale-Supélec examination before 2015. Students can also be admitted through parallel admissions, coming from various IUT as well as multiplie faculties all around France, along with a number of international students through partnerships.
The school belongs to prestigious groups of institutions such as Institut Mines-Télécom, or University of Paris-Saclay (associate member).
The ENSIIE Engineering School was created by the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers in 1968.
Initially located in Paris, it is now in Évry (France).
In 2020, the ENSIIE benefits from a network of over 4000 Alumni, engineer who have graduated from the school under any major or type of training.
Academic studies
The admission to Institut d'Informatique d'Entreprise is made through a selective entrance examination, and requires at least two years of preparation (in Classes Préparatoires), or for non-CPGE admissions, highly selective processes including an interview.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIE
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IIE may stand for:
The Independent Institute of Education, South Africa
Innovative Interstellar Explorer, a proposed mission to send a probe to the heliopause
Institut d'Informatique d'Entreprise, French public Grandes écoles specializing in computer science
Institute for International Economics, economics think tank based in Washington, D.C.
Institute of Industrial Engineers, world's largest professional society for industrial engineering professionals
Institute of International Education, a world leader in the international exchange of people and ideas
Institution of Incorporated Engineers, once the UK's largest multidisciplinary engineering association, now part of IET
Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, art history research institute at Mexico's National Autonomous University (UNAM)
The Apple IIe, the third model in Apple's line of Apple II computers
See also
2E (disambiguation), including a list of topics named II-E, etc.
IEE (disambiguation)
IE (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20Th%C3%A9odore%20de%20Saussure
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Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure (14 October 1767 – 18 April 1845) was a Swiss chemist and student of plant physiology who made seminal advances in phytochemistry. He is one of the major pioneers in the study of photosynthesis.
Biography
Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure was born into a wealthy, aristocratic, Genevan family, many of whose members were accomplished in the natural sciences, including botany. He was the second child of Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799), who was an eminent geologist, meteorologist, physicist and Alpine explorer, and Albertine-Amélie Boissier (1745–1817). His great uncle, Charles Bonnet, was a famous naturalist whose research included experiments on plant leaves. His grandfather Nicolas de Saussure was a noted agriculturist, for whom Nicolas-Théodore was named. Nicolas-Théodore was called "Théodore" to distinguish him from his grandfather, and he published his professional papers under the name Théodore de Saussure after his father died. (While his father was alive, Théodore's papers were published under the name "de Saussure fils", as was the custom of the day for the sons of scientists having the same surname. Nicolas-Théodore, his sister, Albertine, and brother, Alphonse, were educated at home because their father thought the educational system of the day was inferior. From 1782 to 1786, he attended the University of Geneva, where he studied math, science, and history. During the early years of the French Revolution he traveled abroad, meeti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20mathematics
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Mathematics in China emerged independently by the 11th century BCE. The Chinese independently developed a real number system that includes significantly large and negative numbers, more than one numeral system (base 2 and base 10), algebra, geometry, number theory and trigonometry.
Since the Han dynasty, as diophantine approximation being a prominent numerical method, the Chinese made substantial progress on polynomial evaluation. Algorithms like regula falsi and expressions like continued fractions are widely used and have been well-documented ever since. They deliberately find the principal nth root of positive numbers and the roots of equations. The major texts from the period, The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art and the Book on Numbers and Computation gave detailed processes for solving various mathematical problems in daily life. All procedures were computed using a counting board in both texts, and they included inverse elements as well as Euclidean divisions. The texts provide procedures similar to that of Gaussian elimination and Horner's method for linear algebra. The achievement of Chinese algebra reached a zenith in the 13th century during the Yuan dynasty with the development of tiān yuán shù.
As a result of obvious linguistic and geographic barriers, as well as content, Chinese mathematics and the mathematics of the ancient Mediterranean world are presumed to have developed more or less independently up to the time when The Nine Chapters on the Mathematic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth%20Cambridge%20survey%20at%2015GHz
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The 9C survey at 15 GHz (9C) is an astronomical catalogue generated from the radio observations of the Ninth Cambridge survey at 15 GHz. It was published in 2003 by the Cavendish Astrophysics Group of the University of Cambridge. The catalogue was originally made in order to locate radio sources which were interfering with observations using the Very Small Array, but the catalogue has also proved useful for other astronomical programs.
Sources are labelled 9CJHHMM+DDMM where HHMM+DDMM are the coordinates in the J2000 system, e.g. 9CJ1510+4138.
References
External links
Article describing the 9C survey at 15GHz.
Online data access to the 9C survey at 15GHz.
9
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives%20to%20the%20Standard%20Higgs%20Model
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The Alternative models to the Standard Higgs Model are models which are considered by many particle physicists to solve some of the Higgs boson's existing problems. Two of the most currently researched models are quantum triviality, and Higgs hierarchy problem.
Overview
In particle physics, elementary particles and forces give rise to the world around us. Physicists explain the behaviors of these particles and how they interact using the Standard Model—a widely accepted framework believed to explain most of the world we see around us. Initially, when these models were being developed and tested, it seemed that the mathematics behind those models, which were satisfactory in areas already tested, would also forbid elementary particles from having any mass, which showed clearly that these initial models were incomplete. In 1964 three groups of physicists almost simultaneously released papers describing how masses could be given to these particles, using approaches known as symmetry breaking. This approach allowed the particles to obtain a mass, without breaking other parts of particle physics theory that were already believed reasonably correct. This idea became known as the Higgs mechanism, and later experiments confirmed that such a mechanism does exist—but they could not show exactly how it happens.
The simplest theory for how this effect takes place in nature, and the theory that became incorporated into the Standard Model, was that if one or more of a particular kind of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Applied%20Science%20Vadakkencherry
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The College of Applied Science or CASVDY, is located in Vadakkencherry, Palakkad district in the Indian state of Kerala.
The college is affiliated with the University of Calicut. It is managed by the IHRD, a government of Kerala undertaking. It conducts courses in B.Sc Computer Science, B.Sc Electronics, B.Com with Computer Application, M.Sc Computer Science, M.Sc Electronics and MCA.
CASVDY is the first college in Kerala to offer a postgraduate diploma course in Audio engineering at the government level for aspirants in the audio media industry and fourth in India. The course started in June 2010.
NSS unit of IHRD was the overall champions of 2018 NSS kalotsavam.
Overview
The college was established in 1993 offering undergraduate education programs such as B.Sc. Electronics and Computer Science for the first time in Kerala. The course is being run under the semester system. The University of Calicut awards the degree. The location of the permanent building of the college is by the side of NH 47 at a distance of 33 km from both Palakkad and Thrissur. There are about 29 teaching staff, 14 in Computer Science, 10 in Electronics and 5 others.
Courses
PGDAE
IHRD is introducing a new course "Post Graduate Diploma in Audio Engineering" spanning two semesters, the first of its kind in Kerala under the government sector at the College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherry, for aspirants in the audio media industry from July 2010. The course has been formulated mainly to cater the n
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation%20%28biology%29
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' is the process of absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other chemicals from food as part of the nutrition of an organism. In humans, this is always done with a chemical breakdown (enzymes and acids) and physical breakdown (oral mastication and stomach churning).chemical alteration of substances in the bloodstream by the liver or cellular secretions. Although a few similar compounds can be absorbed in digestion bio assimilation, the bioavailability of many compounds is dictated by this second process since both the liver and cellular secretions can be very specific in their metabolic action (see chirality). This second process is where the absorbed food reaches the cells via the liver.
Most foods are composed of largely indigestible components depending on the enzymes and effectiveness of an animal's digestive tract. The most well-known of these indigestible compounds is cellulose; the basic chemical polymer in the makeup of plant cell walls. Most animals, however, do not produce cellulase; the enzyme needed to digest cellulose. However some animal and species have developed symbiotic relationships with cellulase-producing bacteria (see termites and metamonads.) This allows termites to use the energy-dense cellulose carbohydrate. Other such enzymes are known to significantly improve bio-assimilation of nutrients. Because of the use of bacterial derivatives, enzymatic dietary supplements now contain such enzymes as amylase, glucoamylase, protease, invertase, peptidase
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step%20test
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Step test can refer to:
STEP Eiken: Japan's national English exam, the Eiken Test in Practical English Proficiency, produced by the Society for Testing English Proficiency (STEP), Inc.
Sixth Term Examination Paper, an examination set by the University of Cambridge to assess potential undergraduate mathematics applicants.
The step test was a cardiac fitness test formerly administered by the U.S. Forest Service as a physical fitness test for wildland firefighters. It has been replaced by the Work Capacity Test (WCT), also known as the pack test.
Harvard step test, a type of cardiac stress test for detecting and/or diagnosing cardiovascular disease and measure fitness.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster%20%28physics%29
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In physics, the term clusters denotes small, polyatomic particles. As a rule of thumb, any particle made of between 3×100 and 3×107 atoms is considered a cluster.
The term can also refer to the organization of protons and neutrons within an atomic nucleus, e.g. the alpha particle (also known as "α-cluster"), consisting of two protons and two neutrons (as in a helium nucleus).
Overview
Although first reports of cluster species date back to the 1940s, cluster science emerged as a separate direction of research in the 1980s, One purpose of the research was to study the gradual development of collective phenomena which characterize a bulk solid. For example, these are the color of a body, its electrical conductivity, its ability to absorb or reflect light, and magnetic phenomena such as ferro-, ferri-, or antiferromagnetism. These are typical collective phenomena which only develop in an aggregate of a large number of atoms.
It was found that collective phenomena break down for very small cluster sizes. It turned out, for example, that small clusters of a ferromagnetic material are super-paramagnetic rather than ferromagnetic. Paramagnetism is not a collective phenomenon, which means that the ferromagnetism of the macrostate was not conserved by going into the nanostate. The question then was asked for example, “How many atoms do we need in order to obtain the collective metallic or magnetic properties of a solid?” Soon after the first cluster sources had been developed in 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Benedict%20Listing
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Johann Benedict Listing (25 July 1808 – 24 December 1882) was a German mathematician.
J. B. Listing was born in Frankfurt and died in Göttingen. He finished his studies at the University of Göttingen in 1834, and in 1839 he succeeded Wilhelm Weber as professor of physics.
Listing first introduced the term "topology" to replace the older term "geometria situs" (also called sometimes "Analysis situs"), in a famous article published in 1847, although he had used the term in correspondence some years earlier. He (independently) discovered the properties of the Möbius strip, or half-twisted strip, at the same time (1858) as August Ferdinand Möbius, and went further in exploring the properties of strips with higher-order twists (paradromic rings). He discovered topological invariants which came to be called Listing numbers.
In ophthalmology, Listing's law describes an essential element of extraocular eye muscle coordination.
In geodesy, he coined in 1872 the term geoid for the idealized geometric surface of the figure of the Earth.
References
External links
A reprint of (part of) his famous 1847 article introducing Topology, published in Vorstudien zur Topologie, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen, pp. 67, 1848.
1808 births
1882 deaths
19th-century German mathematicians
Scientists from Frankfurt
Topologists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20stereochemistry
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In chemistry, dynamic stereochemistry studies the effect of stereochemistry on the reaction rate of a chemical reaction. Stereochemistry is involved in:
stereospecific reactions
stereoselective or asymmetric reactions
racemisation processes
References
Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J.; (1984). Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A Structure and Mechanisms (2nd ed.). New York N.Y.: Plenum Press .
Stereochemistry
Chemical kinetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereospecificity
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In chemistry, stereospecificity is the property of a reaction mechanism that leads to different stereoisomeric reaction products from different stereoisomeric reactants, or which operates on only one (or a subset) of the stereoisomers.
In contrast, stereoselectivity is the property of a reactant mixture where a non-stereospecific mechanism allows for the formation of multiple products, but where one (or a subset) of the products is favored by factors, such as steric access, that are independent of the mechanism.
A stereospecific mechanism specifies the stereochemical outcome of a given reactant, whereas a stereoselective reaction selects products from those made available by the same, non-specific mechanism acting on a given reactant. Given a single, stereoisomerically pure starting material, a stereospecific mechanism will give 100% of a particular stereoisomer (or no reaction), although loss of stereochemical integrity can easily occur through competing mechanisms with different stereochemical outcomes. A stereoselective process will normally give multiple products even if only one mechanism is operating on an isomerically pure starting material.
The term stereospecific reaction is ambiguous, since the term reaction itself can mean a single-mechanism transformation (such as the Diels–Alder reaction), which could be stereospecific, or the outcome of a reactant mixture that may proceed through multiple competing mechanisms, specific and non-specific. In the latter sense, t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHC
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SHC may refer to:
Science
Src homology 2 domain-containing, in structural biology, a structural domain in signal transduction proteins
SHC1, a human gene
Sirohydrochlorin, a chemical precursor to various enzymes.
Specific heat capacity, in physics, a substance's heat capacity per unit mass, usually denoted by the symbol c or s
Spontaneous human combustion, a theory that, under certain conditions, a human being may burn without any apparent external source of ignition
Schools
Spring Hill College, a predominantly undergraduate Jesuit university in Mobile, Alabama
Schreyer Honors College, an honors program at the Pennsylvania State University
Stanford Humanities Center, a humanities organization located at Stanford University
Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory, a co-ed Catholic school in San Francisco, California, United States
Sacred Heart College, Auckland, a Catholic, Marist secondary school in Auckland, New Zealand
Religion
Sacred Heart Cathedral (disambiguation), a name for multiple Catholic cathedrals
Society of the Holy Cross (Korea), an order of nuns in the Anglican Church of Korea
Other uses
Canadian Historical Association (Société historique du Canada)
Serving His Children, a Christian nonprofit organization based in Uganda
Shc (shell script compiler) for Unix-like operating systems
South Health Campus, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
A song on the Sacred Hearts Club album by Foster the People
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoselectivity
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In chemistry, stereoselectivity is the property of a chemical reaction in which a single reactant forms an unequal mixture of stereoisomers during a non-stereospecific creation of a new stereocenter or during a non-stereospecific transformation of a pre-existing one. The selectivity arises from differences in steric and electronic effects in the mechanistic pathways leading to the different products. Stereoselectivity can vary in degree but it can never be total since the activation energy difference between the two pathways is finite: both products are at least possible and merely differ in amount. However, in favorable cases, the minor stereoisomer may not be detectable by the analytic methods used.
An enantioselective reaction is one in which one enantiomer is formed in preference to the other, in a reaction that creates an optically active product from an achiral starting material, using either a chiral catalyst, an enzyme or a chiral reagent. The degree of selectivity is measured by the enantiomeric excess. An important variant is kinetic resolution, in which a pre-existing chiral center undergoes reaction with a chiral catalyst, an enzyme or a chiral reagent such that one enantiomer reacts faster than the other and leaves behind the less reactive enantiomer, or in which a pre-existing chiral center influences the reactivity of a reaction center elsewhere in the same molecule.
A diastereoselective reaction is one in which one diastereomer is formed in preference to ano
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational%20isomerism
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In chemistry, conformational isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism in which the isomers can be interconverted just by rotations about formally single bonds (refer to figure on single bond rotation). While any two arrangements of atoms in a molecule that differ by rotation about single bonds can be referred to as different conformations, conformations that correspond to local minima on the potential energy surface are specifically called conformational isomers or conformers. Conformations that correspond to local maxima on the energy surface are the transition states between the local-minimum conformational isomers. Rotations about single bonds involve overcoming a rotational energy barrier to interconvert one conformer to another. If the energy barrier is low, there is free rotation and a sample of the compound exists as a rapidly equilibrating mixture of multiple conformers; if the energy barrier is high enough then there is restricted rotation, a molecule may exist for a relatively long time period as a stable rotational isomer or rotamer (an isomer arising from hindered single-bond rotation). When the time scale for interconversion is long enough for isolation of individual rotamers (usually arbitrarily defined as a half-life of interconversion of 1000 seconds or longer), the isomers are termed atropisomers (see: atropisomerism). The ring-flip of substituted cyclohexanes constitutes another common form of conformational isomerism.
Conformational isomers are thus distinc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma%20School%20of%20Science%20and%20Mathematics
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The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics (OSSM) is a two-year, public residential high school located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Established by the Oklahoma state legislature in 1983, the school was designed to educate academically gifted high school juniors and seniors in advanced mathematics and science. OSSM opened doors to its inaugural class in 1990. It is a member of the National Consortium of Secondary STEM Schools (NCSSS).
History
Dr. Earl Mitchell is credited as the originator of the idea of starting OSSM. He was reportedly inspired by a letter about the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics (NCSSM), written by North Carolina governor Jim Hunt. In 1982, Dr. Mitchell travelled to NCSSM to study their practices, and enlisted Speaker Dan Draper, Representative Penny Williams, and Senator Bernice Shedrick to help bring the idea to fruition.
OSSM was established by HB 1286 in 1983, during the 39th Oklahoma Legislature. The bill's principal authors included Representative Penny Williams, Senator Bernice Shedrick, and Senator Rodger Randle. The bill was signed into law by Governor George Nigh on June 23, 1983.
In 1988, Dr. Edna Manning was appointed the first president of OSSM. Manning aided in the building and development of the institution, supervising the selection of faculty and the development of the curriculum.
When OSSM's inaugural class was accepted in 1990, the school did not have its own campus yet. Students were temporarily housed in OU's Cr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Ackers
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Gary Keith Ackers (1939 - 2011) was Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.
His research focused on thermodynamic linkage analysis of biological macromolecules, addressing the molecular mechanism of cooperative O2 binding to human hemoglobin since the early 1970s. He was a Fellow of the Biophysical Society and one of the founders of the annual Gibbs Conference.
Professor Ackers invented agarose gel chromatography when he was a teenager. He went on the develop analytical gel chromatography methods for determinations of many important characteristics of water-soluble proteins; diffusion coefficient, molecular size,
thermodynamics of protein-protein interactions including important changes due to single amino acid substitutions.
References
1939 births
2011 deaths
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
American biochemists
Scientists from Missouri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit%20surface
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In mathematics, an implicit surface is a surface in Euclidean space defined by an equation
An implicit surface is the set of zeros of a function of three variables. Implicit means that the equation is not solved for or or .
The graph of a function is usually described by an equation and is called an explicit representation. The third essential description of a surface is the parametric one:
, where the -, - and -coordinates of surface points are represented by three functions depending on common parameters . Generally the change of representations is simple only when the explicit representation is given: (implicit), (parametric).
Examples:
The plane
The sphere
The torus
A surface of genus 2: (see diagram).
The surface of revolution (see diagram wineglass).
For a plane, a sphere, and a torus there exist simple parametric representations. This is not true for the fourth example.
The implicit function theorem describes conditions under which an equation can be solved (at least implicitly) for , or . But in general the solution may not be made explicit. This theorem is the key to the computation of essential geometric features of a surface: tangent planes, surface normals, curvatures (see below). But they have an essential drawback: their visualization is difficult.
If is polynomial in , and , the surface is called algebraic. Example 5 is non-algebraic.
Despite difficulty of visualization, implicit surfaces provide relatively simple techniques to generat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction%20factor
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Friction factor may refer to:
Atkinson friction factor, a measure of the resistance to airflow of a duct
Darcy friction factor, in fluid dynamics
Fanning friction factor, a dimensionless number used as a local parameter in continuum mechanics
See also
coefficient of friction
Dimensionless numbers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20Thomson%20Leighton
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Frank Thomson "Tom" Leighton (born 1956) is the CEO of Akamai Technologies, the company he co-founded with the late Daniel Lewin in 1998. As one of the world's preeminent authorities on algorithms for network applications and cybersecurity, Dr. Leighton discovered a solution to free up web congestion using applied mathematics and distributed computing.
He is on leave as a professor of applied mathematics and a member of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He received his B.S.E. in Electrical Engineering from Princeton University in 1978, and his Ph.D. in Mathematics from MIT in 1981. His brother David T. Leighton is a full professor at the University of Notre Dame, specializing in transport phenomena. Their father was a U.S. Navy colleague and friend of Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of naval nuclear propulsion and a founder of the Research Science Institute (RSI).
Dr. Leighton has served on numerous government, industry, and academic advisory panels, including the Presidential Informational Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC) and chaired its subcommittee on cybersecurity. He serves on the board of trustees of the Society for Science & the Public (SSP) and of the Center for Excellence in Education (CEE), and he has participated in the Distinguished Lecture Series at CEE's flagship program for high school students, the Research Science Institute (RSI).
Awards and honors
The Instit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel%20Prize%20controversies
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Since the first award in 1901, conferment of the Nobel Prize has engendered criticism and controversy. After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established that an annual prize be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes.
Nobel sought to reward "those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind". One prize, he stated, should be given "to the person who shall have made the most important 'discovery' or 'invention' within the field of physics". Awards committees have historically rewarded discoveries over inventions: up to 2004, 77 per cent of Nobel Prizes in physics have been given to discoveries, compared with only 23 per cent to inventions. In addition, the scientific prizes typically reward contributions over an entire career rather than a single year.
No Nobel Prize was established for mathematics and many other scientific and cultural fields. An early theory that envy or rivalry led Nobel to omit a prize to mathematician Gösta Mittag-Leffler was refuted because of timing inaccuracies. Another myth that states that Nobel's spouse had an affair with a mathematician (sometimes attributed as Mittag-Leffler) has been equally debunked; Nobel was never married. A more likely explanation is that Nobel did not c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Edwards
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James Keith O'Neill Edwards, DFC (23 March 19207 July 1988) was an English comedy writer and actor on radio and television, best known as Pa Glum in Take It from Here and as headmaster "Professor" James Edwards in Whack-O!.
Early life
Edwards was born in Barnes, Surrey, the son of a professor of mathematics. He had four brothers and four sisters. He was educated at St Paul's Cathedral School, at King's College School in Wimbledon and as a choral scholar at St John's College, Cambridge, where he sang in the college choir.
Second World War
Edwards served in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War, was commissioned in April 1942, was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, and ended the war as a flight lieutenant. He served with No. 271 Squadron RAF, based in Doncaster, which took part in the D-Day landings. His Dakota was shot down at Arnhem in 1944, resulting in facial injuries requiring plastic surgery, that he disguised with a large handlebar moustache that became his trademark. His injuries and their restitution made him a member of the Guinea Pig Club.
Acting career
Radio and television
Edwards was a feature of London theatre in post-war years, debuting at London's Windmill Theatre in 1946 and on BBC radio the same year. His early variety act, where he first used the name Professor Jimmy Edwards, was described by Roy Hudd as being "a mixture of university lecture, RAF slang, the playing of various loud wind instruments and old-fashioned attack". Edwards was in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totally%20bounded%20space
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In topology and related branches of mathematics, total-boundedness is a generalization of compactness for circumstances in which a set is not necessarily closed. A totally bounded set can be covered by finitely many subsets of every fixed “size” (where the meaning of “size” depends on the structure of the ambient space).
The term precompact (or pre-compact) is sometimes used with the same meaning, but precompact is also used to mean relatively compact. These definitions coincide for subsets of a complete metric space, but not in general.
In metric spaces
A metric space is totally bounded if and only if for every real number , there exists a finite collection of open balls of radius whose centers lie in M and whose union contains . Equivalently, the metric space M is totally bounded if and only if for every , there exists a finite cover such that the radius of each element of the cover is at most . This is equivalent to the existence of a finite ε-net. A metric space is said to be totally bounded if every sequence admits a Cauchy subsequence; in complete metric spaces, a set is compact if and only if it is closed and totally bounded.
Each totally bounded space is bounded (as the union of finitely many bounded sets is bounded). The reverse is true for subsets of Euclidean space (with the subspace topology), but not in general. For example, an infinite set equipped with the discrete metric is bounded but not totally bounded: every discrete ball of radius or less is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliquot
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Aliquot () may refer to:
Mathematics
Aliquot part, a proper divisor of an integer
Aliquot sum, the sum of the aliquot parts of an integer
Aliquot sequence, a sequence of integers in which each number is the aliquot sum of the previous number
Music
Aliquot stringing, in stringed instruments, the use of strings which are not struck to make a note, but which resonate sympathetically with struck notes
Aliquot stop, an organ stop that adds harmonics or overtones instead of the primary pitch
Sciences
Aliquot of a sample, in chemistry and other sciences, a precise portion of a sample or total amount of a liquid (e.g. precisely 25 mL of water taken from 250 mL)
Aliquot in pharmaceutics, a method of measuring ingredients below the sensitivity of a scale by proportional dilution with inactive known ingredients
Genome aliquoting, the problem of reconstructing an ancestral genome from the genomes of polyploid descendants
Other uses
Aliquot part, in the US Public Land Survey System, a subdivision of a section based upon an even division by distances along the edges and not by equal area
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation%20operator
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Translation operator can refer to these things:
Translation operator (quantum mechanics)
Shift operator, which effects a geometric translation
Translation (geometry)
Displacement operator in quantum optics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactor
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An interactor is a person who interacts with the members of the audience.
or
An interactor is an entity that natural selection acts upon.
Definition
Interactor is a concept commonly used in the field of evolutionary biology. A widely accepted theory of evolution is the theory from Charles Darwin. He states, in short, that in a population there is often variation in heritable traits among individuals, in which a form of the trait might be more beneficial than the other form(s). Due to this difference the change of getting more adjusted offspring to the environment is higher. The process describing the selection of the environment on the traits of organisms is called natural selection. Based on this idea natural selection seems to act on traits of individuals, which evolutionary biologist like to call the interactor. So stated in a different way; an interactor is defined as a part of an organism that natural selection acts upon.
Replicators and vehicles
Replicators
Other terms that are often mentioned in the same context as interactors, are replicators and vehicles. When replicators are mentioned, they mean things that pass on their entire structure through successive replications, like genes. This is not the same as an interactor, as interactors are things that interact with their environment and natural selection can act upon. Due to this interaction with the environment, interactors cause differential replication. However, some things (for example genes) can be both
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Satellite%20for%20Cosmology%20and%20Astrophysics
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The Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA, formerly named ASTRO-D) was the fourth cosmic X-ray astronomy mission by JAXA, and the second for which the United States provided part of the scientific payload. The satellite was successfully launched on 20 February 1993. The first eight months of the ASCA mission were devoted to performance verification. Having established the quality of performance of all ASCA's instruments, the spacecraft provided science observations for the remainder of the mission. In this phase the observing program was open to astronomers based at Japanese and U.S. institutions, as well as those located in member states of the European Space Agency.
X-ray astronomy mission
ASCA was the first X-ray astronomy mission to combine imaging capability with a broad passband, good spectral resolution, and a large effective area. The mission also was the first satellite to use CCDs for X-ray astronomy. With these properties, the primary scientific purpose of ASCA was the X-ray spectroscopy of astrophysical plasmas, especially the analysis of discrete features such as emission lines and absorption edges.
ASCA carried four large-area X-ray telescopes. At the focus of two of the telescopes is a gas imaging spectrometer (GIS), while a solid-state imaging spectrometer (SIS) is at the focus of the other two. The GIS is a gas-imaging scintillation proportional counter and is based on the GSPC that flew on the second Japanese X-ray astronomy mission, Tenm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CfA%201.2%20m%20Millimeter-Wave%20Telescope
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The 1.2 meter Millimeter-Wave Telescope at the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian and its twin instrument at CTIO in Chile have been studying the distribution and properties of molecular clouds in our galaxy and its nearest neighbours since the 1970s. The telescope is nicknamed "The Mini" because of its unusually small size. At the time it was built, it was the smallest radio telescope in the world. Together, "The Mini" and its twin in Chile have obtained what is by far the most extensive, uniform, and widely used galactic survey of interstellar carbon monoxide. "The Mini" is currently in operation from October to May each year.
In the early 1970s, an astronomer at the Goddard Institute of Space Studies in New York named Patrick Thaddeus shattered centuries of precedent in the field of astronomy and bucked a trend dating all the way back to Galileo when he decided that, in order to proceed on a modest project to map the entire Milky Way, he simply did not need and in fact refused to use a larger telescope made available for his research. He wanted a small one. In an era made conspicuous by bigger, more sophisticated, and more expensive telescopes, Thaddeus insisted on a small and relatively inexpensive instrument, which he and his colleagues proceeded to build from scratch.
Purpose
Interstellar carbon monoxide is the best general tracer of the largely invisible molecular hydrogen that constitutes most of the mass in molecular clouds. Hydrogen is the simplest an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20Air%20Shower%20Array
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The Chicago Air Shower Array (CASA) was a significant ultra high high-energy astrophysics experiment operating in the 1990s. It consisted of a very large array of scintillation detectors located at Dugway Proving Grounds in Utah, USA, approximately 80 kilometers southwest of Salt Lake City. The full CASA detector, consisting of 1089 detectors began operating in 1992 in conjunction with a second instrument, the Michigan Muon Array (MIA), under the name CASA-MIA. MIA was made of 2500 square meters of buried muon detectors. At the time of its operation, CASA-MIA was the most sensitive experiment built to date in the study of gamma ray and cosmic ray interactions at energies above 100 TeV (1014 electronvolts). Research topics on data from this experiment covered a wide variety of physics issues, including the search for gamma rays from Galactic sources (especially the Crab Nebula and the X-ray binaries Cygnus X-3 and Hercules X-1) and extragalactic sources (active Galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts), the study of diffuse gamma-ray emission (an isotropic component or from the Galactic plane), and measurements of the cosmic ray composition in the region from 100 to 100,000 TeV. For the topic of composition, CASA-MIA worked in conjunction with several other experiments at the same site: the Broad Laterial Non-imaging Cherenkov Array (BLANCA), the Dual Imaging Cherenkov Experiment (DICE) and the Fly's Eye HiRes prototype experiment. CASA-MIA operated continuously between 1992 and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Space%20Astronomy%20Centre
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The European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) near Madrid in Spain is the ESA's centre for space science (astronomy, solar system exploration and fundamental physics). It hosts the science operation centres for all ESA astronomy and planetary missions together with their scientific archives. Past and present missions represented at ESAC include (in alphabetical order) Akari, BepiColombo, Cassini–Huygens, Cluster, Exomars, Gaia, Herschel, Hubble, ISO, INTEGRAL, IUE, LISA Pathfinder, Mars Express, Planck, Rosetta, SOHO, Solar Orbiter, Venus Express, and XMM-Newton.
Future missions to be represented from ESAC include Athena, Euclid, James Webb Space Telescope, JUICE, and Plato.
In addition to deep space and solar system exploration, ESAC hosts the data processing of SMOS, a satellite observing the earth, and the CESAR educational programme.
ESA's deep-space antenna in Europe is located in Cebreros, Avila, about 90 km from Madrid and 65 km from ESAC. This installation provides essential support to the activities of ESAC. Inaugurated in September 2005, Cebreros features a highly accurate pointing control system and a 35-metre antenna that allow ESA to gather data from distant missions to Mercury, Venus, Mars and beyond.
ESAC is also involved in ESA missions conducted in collaboration with other space agencies. One example is Akari, a Japanese-led mission to carry out an infrared sky survey, launched on 21 February 2006. Future collaborative programmes include the NASA-led James W
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTEGRAL
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The INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) is a space telescope for observing gamma rays of energies up to 8 MeV. It was launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) into Earth orbit in 2002, and is designed to provide imaging and spectroscopy of cosmic sources. In the MeV energy range, it is the most sensitive gamma ray observatory in space. It is sensitive to higher energy photons than X-ray instruments such as NuSTAR, the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, XMM-Newton, and lower than other gamma-ray instruments such Fermi and HESS.
Photons in INTEGRAL's energy range are emitted by relativistic and supra-thermal particles in violent sources, radioactivity from unstable isotopes produced during nucleosynthesis, X-ray binaries, and astronomical transients of all types, including gamma-ray bursts. The spacecraft's instruments have very wide fields of view, which is particularly useful for detecting gamma-ray emission from transient sources as they can continuously monitor large parts of the sky.
INTEGRAL is an ESA mission with additional contributions from European member states including Italy, France, Germany, and Spain. Cooperation partners are the Russian Space Agency with IKI (military CP Comand Punkt KW) and NASA.
As of June 2023, INTEGRAL continues to operate despite the loss of its thrusters through the use of its reaction wheels and solar radiation pressure.
Mission
Radiation more energetic than optical light, such as ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood%20%28mathematics%29
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In topology and related areas of mathematics, a neighbourhood (or neighborhood) is one of the basic concepts in a topological space. It is closely related to the concepts of open set and interior. Intuitively speaking, a neighbourhood of a point is a set of points containing that point where one can move some amount in any direction away from that point without leaving the set.
Definitions
Neighbourhood of a point
If is a topological space and is a point in then a of is a subset of that includes an open set containing ,
This is also equivalent to the point belonging to the topological interior of in
The neighbourhood need be an open subset of but when is open in then it is called an . Some authors have been known to require neighbourhoods to be open, so it is important to note conventions.
A set that is a neighbourhood of each of its points is open since it can be expressed as the union of open sets containing each of its points. A closed rectangle, as illustrated in the figure, is not a neighbourhood of all its points; points on the edges or corners of the rectangle are not contained in any open set that is contained within the rectangle.
The collection of all neighbourhoods of a point is called the neighbourhood system at the point.
Neighbourhood of a set
If is a subset of a topological space , then a neighbourhood of is a set that includes an open set containing ,It follows that a set is a neighbourhood of if and only if it is a neighbourhoo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98istein%20Str%C3%B8mn%C3%A6s
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Øistein Strømnæs (28 June 1914 – 21 July 1980) was the head of XU, the main Norwegian intelligence organization from 1943 to 1945.
Strømnæs was born in Sarpsborg in Østfold county, Norway. He studied biology at the University of Oslo and was working on a master's degree in botany when Norway was attacked in 1940. To support his studies he also had a part-time job as a police constable, this proved very valuable when he got involved in intelligence.
Recruited by one of the founders of XU, Captain Eivind Hjelle, Strømnæs joined XU in August 1940. Strømnæs was said to be a "natural agent", and he had a very relaxed tone with his agents. Strømnæs assumed the leadship of XU when Arvid Storsveen was killed in April 1943. He worked undercover in Oslo until the end of World War II. Strømnæs focused on security to the point Defense Command in London, did not know the real identity of the chairman of the intelligence service.
After the liberation of Norway Strømnæs received a scholarship and earned his doctor's degree at the University of California, Berkeley. Anne-Sofie Østvedt (1920–2009), former vice chairman of the XU also attended college at Berkeley. The couple was married in 1946. Anne-Sofie Strømnæs received her master's degree in food chemistry at Berkeley. They moved home to Norway after completing studies in 1951. For many years, Strømnæs was assistant professor and later associate professor of genetics at the University of Oslo.
References
Other sources
Sæter, Einar;
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraldur%20Sigur%C3%B0sson
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Haraldur Sigurðsson or Haraldur Sigurdsson (born May 31, 1939) is an Icelandic volcanologist and geochemist.
Education
Sigurdsson was born in Stykkishólmur in western Iceland. He studied geology and geochemistry in the United Kingdom, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree from Queen's University, Belfast, followed by a PhD under the supervision of George Malcolm Brown from Durham University in 1970.
Career and research
Sigurdsson worked on monitoring and research of the volcanoes of the Caribbean until 1974, when he was appointed professor at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island. He is best known for his work on the reconstruction of major volcanic eruptions of the past, including the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD in Italy and the consequent destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
In 1991, Sigurdsson discovered tektite glass spherules at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary) in Haiti, providing proof for a meteorite impact at the time of the extinction of the dinosaurs. In 2004 he discovered the lost town of Tambora in Indonesia, which was buried by the colossal 1815 explosive eruption of Tambora volcano. In 1999, Sigurdsson published a scholarly account of the history of volcanology. He was also editor in chief of the Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, also published in 1999. He was awarded the Coke Medal of the Geological Society of London in 2004.
Sigurdsson was a key scientist to uncover the sources of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Ross%20%28trampolinist%29
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David Ross (born April 30, 1950) is a Canadian trampolining coach and manufacturer of trampolines and trampoline equipment. Ross is arguably the person most responsible for Canadian trampolinists becoming competitive on the international scene.
As a physics student at Queen's University, Canada, David Ross became interested in competitive trampolining. He finished 2nd in his first Canadian National Trampoline Championship in 1972. He also became interested in manufacturing high performance trampolines and spent years in researching the design and construction of woven trampoline beds and has his own business Rebound Products Inc. Ross hand-woven trampoline beds are now used in many competitions around the world. He has also produced custom trampolines and other rebound equipment for Cirque du Soleil and similar shows.
He opened Skyriders Trampoline Place, the first custom built Canadian trampolining facility, in 1990. It is located in Richmond Hill, north of Toronto, Ontario. Many Canadian National Team athletes train there.
Ross has been the Canadian National Team coach for a number of years. He has coached four of the five Canadian Olympic trampolinists at Skyriders, Karen Cockburn, Mathieu Turgeon and Rosannagh MacLennan and Jason Burnett. His coaching style focuses on increasing the technical difficulty of the optional routine. Athletes (Burnett, Cockburn and MacLennan) coached by Ross hold the FIG world records for highest difficulty in the Men's Individual and Women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation%20rate
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In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene or organism over time. Mutation rates are not constant and are not limited to a single type of mutation; there are many different types of mutations. Mutation rates are given for specific classes of mutations. Point mutations are a class of mutations which are changes to a single base. Missense and Nonsense mutations are two subtypes of point mutations. The rate of these types of substitutions can be further subdivided into a mutation spectrum which describes the influence of the genetic context on the mutation rate.
There are several natural units of time for each of these rates, with rates being characterized either as mutations per base pair per cell division, per gene per generation, or per genome per generation. The mutation rate of an organism is an evolved characteristic and is strongly influenced by the genetics of each organism, in addition to strong influence from the environment. The upper and lower limits to which mutation rates can evolve is the subject of ongoing investigation. However, the mutation rate does vary over the genome. Over DNA, RNA or a single gene, mutation rates are changing.
When the mutation rate in humans increases certain health risks can occur, for example, cancer and other hereditary diseases. Having knowledge of mutation rates is vital to understanding the future of cancers and many hereditary diseases.
Background
Different genetic variants within a specie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity%20%28physics%29
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In physics, complementarity is a conceptual aspect of quantum mechanics that Niels Bohr regarded as an essential feature of the theory. The complementarity principle holds that objects have certain pairs of complementary properties which cannot all be observed or measured simultaneously, for examples, position and momentum or wave and particle properties. In modern terms, complementarity encompasses both the uncertainty principle and wave-particle duality.
Bohr considered one of the foundational truths of quantum mechanics to be the fact that setting up an experiment to measure one quantity of a pair, for instance the position of an electron, excludes the possibility of measuring the other, yet understanding both experiments is necessary to characterize the object under study. In Bohr's view, the behavior of atomic and subatomic objects cannot be separated from the measuring instruments that create the context in which the measured objects behave. Consequently, there is no "single picture" that unifies the results obtained in these different experimental contexts, and only the "totality of the phenomena" together can provide a completely informative description.
History
Background
Complementarity as a physical model derives from Niels Bohr's 1927 presentation in Como, Italy, at a scientific celebration of the work of Alessandro Volta 100 years previous. Bohr's subject was complementarity, the idea that measurements of quantum events provide complementary information throu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders%20Sandberg
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Anders Sandberg (born 11 July 1972) is a Swedish researcher, futurist and transhumanist. He holds a PhD in computational neuroscience from Stockholm University, and is currently a senior research fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford, and a Fellow at Reuben College.
Work
Sandberg's research centres on societal and ethical issues surrounding human enhancement and new technology, as well as on assessing the capabilities and underlying science of future technologies. His research includes work on cognitive enhancement (methods, impacts, and policy analysis) and technical roadmaps on whole brain emulation, neuroethics, and global catastrophic risks. He analysed how to take into account the subjective uncertainty in risk estimates of low-likelihood, high-consequence risk.
Sandberg is known as a researcher, participant and commentator in the public debate on human enhancement, neuroscience, ethics, and future studies.
He is co-founder of and writer for the think tank Eudoxa, and is a co-founder of the Orion's Arm collaborative worldbuilding project. Between 1996 and 2000 he was Chairman of the Swedish Transhumanist Association. He was also the scientific producer for the neuroscience exhibition "Se Hjärnan!" ("Behold the Brain!"), organized by Swedish Travelling Exhibitions, the Swedish Research Council and the Knowledge Foundation, that toured Sweden in 2005–2006. In 2007 he was a postdoctoral research fellow at the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Pra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Kernen
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Joseph Richard Kernen (born January 6, 1956) is an American news anchor who is the co-host of Squawk Box on CNBC.
Early life and education
Kernen grew up in Western Hills, Cincinnati and graduated from St. Xavier High School in 1974. He holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Colorado Boulder and a master’s degree in molecular biology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he worked on cancer research.
Career
Kernen came to CNBC in the 1991 merger with Financial News Network, having joined FNN after a 10-year career as a stockbroker.
In 1995, he became the co-host of Squawk Box.
Controversies
Imitation of Indian accent
On September 20 of 2013, Kernen imitated an Indian accent on CNBC's "Squawk Box" program while discussing banknotes from India, and asked if the Indian rupee is accepted as currency at 7-Eleven stores. He later stated, "Last Friday, I made an inappropriate and insensitive remark on Squawk Box. I apologize for any offense it caused."
Irish geography
In November 2014, during an on-air interview, Kernen asked IDA Ireland chief executive Martin Shanahan why Ireland did not use the pound sterling and asked if Ireland and Scotland were not on the same island. Critics say Kernen appeared to believe that Republic of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom while ignoring the fact that Northern Ireland is indeed part of the UK.
Personal life
Kernen is married to Penelope Scott Kernen, a former commodities trader from Short Hills, New Jersey
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20problem
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In physics, the phase problem is the problem of loss of information concerning the phase that can occur when making a physical measurement. The name comes from the field of X-ray crystallography, where the phase problem has to be solved for the determination of a structure from diffraction data. The phase problem is also met in the fields of imaging and signal processing. Various approaches of phase retrieval have been developed over the years.
Overview
Light detectors, such as photographic plates or CCDs, measure only the intensity of the light that hits them. This measurement is incomplete (even when neglecting other degrees of freedom such as polarization and angle of incidence) because a light wave has not only an amplitude (related to the intensity), but also a phase (related to the direction), and polarization which are systematically lost in a measurement. In diffraction or microscopy experiments, the phase part of the wave often contains valuable information on the studied specimen. The phase problem constitutes a fundamental limitation ultimately related to the nature of measurement in quantum mechanics.
In X-ray crystallography, the diffraction data when properly assembled gives the amplitude of the 3D Fourier transform of the molecule's electron density in the unit cell. If the phases are known, the electron density can be simply obtained by Fourier synthesis. This Fourier transform relation also holds for two-dimensional far-field diffraction patterns (also cal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split%20exact%20sequence
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In mathematics, a split exact sequence is a short exact sequence in which the middle term is built out of the two outer terms in the simplest possible way.
Equivalent characterizations
A short exact sequence of abelian groups or of modules over a fixed ring, or more generally of objects in an abelian category
is called split exact if it is isomorphic to the exact sequence where the middle term is the direct sum of the outer ones:
The requirement that the sequence is isomorphic means that there is an isomorphism such that the composite is the natural inclusion and such that the composite equals b. This can be summarized by a commutative diagram as:
The splitting lemma provides further equivalent characterizations of split exact sequences.
Examples
A trivial example of a split short exact sequence is
where are R-modules, is the canonical injection and is the canonical projection.
Any short exact sequence of vector spaces is split exact. This is a rephrasing of the fact that any set of linearly independent vectors in a vector space can be extended to a basis.
The exact sequence (where the first map is multiplication by 2) is not split exact.
Related notions
Pure exact sequences can be characterized as the filtered colimits of split exact sequences.
References
Sources
Abstract algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism%20group
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In mathematics, particularly topology, the homeomorphism group of a topological space is the group consisting of all homeomorphisms from the space to itself with function composition as the group operation. Homeomorphism groups are very important in the theory of topological spaces and in general are examples of automorphism groups. Homeomorphism groups are topological invariants in the sense that the homeomorphism groups of homeomorphic topological spaces are isomorphic as groups.
Properties and examples
There is a natural group action of the homeomorphism group of a space on that space. Let be a topological space and denote the homeomorphism group of by . The action is defined as follows:
This is a group action since for all ,
where denotes the group action, and the identity element of (which is the identity function on ) sends points to themselves. If this action is transitive, then the space is said to be homogeneous.
Topology
As with other sets of maps between topological spaces, the homeomorphism group can be given a topology, such as the compact-open topology.
In the case of regular, locally compact spaces the group multiplication is then continuous.
If the space is compact and Hausdorff, the inversion is continuous as well and becomes a topological group.
If is Hausdorff, locally compact and locally connected this holds as well.
However there are locally compact separable metric spaces for which the inversion map is not continuous and therefore not a to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiber%27s%20law
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Kleiber's law, named after Max Kleiber for his biology work in the early 1930s, is the observation that, for the vast majority of animals, an animal's metabolic rate scales to the power of the animal's mass. More recently, Kleiber's law has also been shown to apply in plants, suggesting that Kleiber's observation is much more general. Symbolically: if is the animal's metabolic rate, and is the animal's mass, then Kleiber's law states that . Thus, over the same time span, a cat having a mass 100 times that of a mouse will consume only about 32 times the energy the mouse uses.
The exact value of the exponent in Kleiber's law is unclear, in part because the law currently lacks a single theoretical explanation that is entirely satisfactory.
Proposed explanations for the law
Kleiber's law, like many other biological allometric laws, is a consequence of the physics and/or geometry of circulatory systems in biology. Max Kleiber first discovered the law when analyzing a large number of independent studies on respiration within individual species. Kleiber expected to find an exponent of (for reasons explained below), and was confounded by the discovery of a exponent.
Historical context and the scaling surface law
Before Kleiber's observation of the 3/4 power scaling, a 2/3 power scaling was largely anticipated based on the "surface law", which states that the basal metabolism of animals differing in size is nearly proportional to their respective body surfaces. This surf
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarita%E2%80%93Schwinger%20equation
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In theoretical physics, the Rarita–Schwinger equation is the
relativistic field equation of spin-3/2 fermions in a four-dimensional flat spacetime. It is similar to the Dirac equation for spin-1/2 fermions. This equation was first introduced by William Rarita and Julian Schwinger in 1941.
In modern notation it can be written as:
where is the Levi-Civita symbol,
and are Dirac matrices,
is the mass,
,
and is a vector-valued spinor with additional components compared to the four component spinor in the Dirac equation. It corresponds to the representation of the Lorentz group, or rather, its part.
This field equation can be derived as the Euler–Lagrange equation corresponding to the Rarita–Schwinger Lagrangian:
where the bar above denotes the Dirac adjoint.
This equation controls the propagation of the wave function of composite objects such as the delta baryons () or for the conjectural gravitino. So far, no elementary particle with spin 3/2 has been found experimentally.
The massless Rarita–Schwinger equation has a fermionic gauge symmetry: is invariant under the gauge transformation , where is an arbitrary spinor field. This is simply the local supersymmetry of supergravity, and the field must be a gravitino.
"Weyl" and "Majorana" versions of the Rarita–Schwinger equation also exist.
Equations of motion in the massless case
Consider a massless Rarita–Schwinger field described by the Lagrangian density
where the sum over spin indices is implicit, are Majora
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Oldroyd
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Harold Oldroyd (24 December 1913 – 3 September 1978) was a British entomologist. He specialised in the biology of flies, and wrote many books, especially popular science that helped entomology to reach a broader public. His The Natural History of Flies is considered to be the "fly Bible". Although his speciality was the Diptera, he acknowledged that they are not a popular topic: "Breeding in dung, carrion, sewage and even living flesh, flies are a subject of disgust...not to be discussed in polite society". It was Oldroyd who proposed the idea of hyphenating the names of true flies (Diptera) to distinguish them from other insects with "fly" in their names. Thus, the "house-fly", "crane-fly" and "blow-fly" would be true flies, while the "dragonfly", "scorpion fly" and so on belong to other orders. He also debunked the calculation that a single pair of house-flies, if allowed to reproduce without inhibitions could, within nine months, number 5.6×1012 individuals, enough to cover the Earth to a thickness of 14.3 m (47 ft). Oldroyd calculated that such a layer would only cover Germany, but remarked "that is still a lot of flies".
All the following lists are potentially incomplete. Please add to them if you know of more.
Papers by Oldroyd
Cookson H. A., and Oldroyd H. 1937: Intestinal infestation by larvae of a drone fly. Lancet 2: 804.
Oldroyd, H. 1940: The genus Hoplistomerus Macquart (Diptera: Asilidae). 5 figs., 12 pp. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond.
Oldroyd, H. 1947a: Results of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniGrail
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MiniGRAIL was a type of Resonant Mass Antenna, which is a massive sphere that used to detect gravitational waves. The MiniGRAIL was the first such detector to use a spherical design. It is located at Leiden University in the Netherlands. The project was managed by the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory. A team from the Department of Theoretical Physics of the University of Geneva, Switzerland, was also heavily involved. The project was terminated in 2005.
Gravitational waves are a type of radiation that is emitted by objects that have mass and are undergoing acceleration. The strongest sources of gravitational waves are suspected to be compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes. This detector may be able to detect certain types of instabilities in rotating single and binary neutron stars, and the merger of small black holes or neutron stars.
Design
A spherical design has the benefit of being able to detect gravitational waves arriving from any direction, and it is sensitive to polarization. When gravitation waves with frequencies around 3,000 Hz pass through the MiniGRAIL ball, it will vibrate with displacements on the order of 10−20 m. For comparison, the cross-section of a single proton (the nucleus of a hydrogen atom), is 10−15 m (1 fm).
To improve sensitivity, the detector was intended to operate at a temperature of 20 mK. The original antenna for the MiniGRAIL detector was a 68 cm diameter sphere made of an alloy of copper with 6% aluminium. This sphere had a mas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grothendieck%E2%80%93Riemann%E2%80%93Roch%20theorem
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In mathematics, specifically in algebraic geometry, the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem is a far-reaching result on coherent cohomology. It is a generalisation of the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem, about complex manifolds, which is itself a generalisation of the classical Riemann–Roch theorem for line bundles on compact Riemann surfaces.
Riemann–Roch type theorems relate Euler characteristics of the cohomology of a vector bundle with their topological degrees, or more generally their characteristic classes in (co)homology or algebraic analogues thereof. The classical Riemann–Roch theorem does this for curves and line bundles, whereas the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem generalises this to vector bundles over manifolds. The Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem sets both theorems in a relative situation of a morphism between two manifolds (or more general schemes) and changes the theorem from a statement about a single bundle, to one applying to chain complexes of sheaves.
The theorem has been very influential, not least for the development of the Atiyah–Singer index theorem. Conversely, complex analytic analogues of the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem can be proved using the index theorem for families. Alexander Grothendieck gave a first proof in a 1957 manuscript, later published. Armand Borel and Jean-Pierre Serre wrote up and published Grothendieck's proof in 1958. Later, Grothendieck and his collaborators simplified and generalized the proof.
Formulation
Let X be a s
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