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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian%20foliation
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In mathematics, a Lagrangian foliation or polarization is a foliation of a symplectic manifold, whose leaves are Lagrangian submanifolds. It is one of the steps involved in the geometric quantization of a square-integrable functions on a symplectic manifold.
References
Kenji FUKAYA, Floer homology of Lagrangian Foliation and Noncommutative Mirror Symmetry, (2000)
Symplectic geometry
Foliations
Mathematical quantization
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudenthal%20suspension%20theorem
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In mathematics, and specifically in the field of homotopy theory, the Freudenthal suspension theorem is the fundamental result leading to the concept of stabilization of homotopy groups and ultimately to stable homotopy theory. It explains the behavior of simultaneously taking suspensions and increasing the index of the homotopy groups of the space in question. It was proved in 1937 by Hans Freudenthal.
The theorem is a corollary of the homotopy excision theorem.
Statement of the theorem
Let X be an n-connected pointed space (a pointed CW-complex or pointed simplicial set). The map
induces a map
on homotopy groups, where Ω denotes the loop functor and Σ denotes the reduced suspension functor. The suspension theorem then states that the induced map on homotopy groups is an isomorphism if k ≤ 2n and an epimorphism if k = 2n + 1.
A basic result on loop spaces gives the relation
so the theorem could otherwise be stated in terms of the map
with the small caveat that in this case one must be careful with the indexing.
Proof
As mentioned above, the Freudenthal suspension theorem follows quickly from homotopy excision; this proof is in terms of the natural map . If a space is -connected, then the pair of spaces is -connected, where is the reduced cone over ; this follows from the relative homotopy long exact sequence. We can decompose as two copies of , say , whose intersection is . Then, homotopy excision says the inclusion map:
induces isomorphisms on and a surj
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous%20I/O
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In computer science, asynchronous I/O (also non-sequential I/O) is a form of input/output processing that permits other processing to continue before the transmission has finished. A name used for asynchronous I/O in the Windows API is overlapped I/O.
Input and output (I/O) operations on a computer can be extremely slow compared to the processing of data. An I/O device can incorporate mechanical devices that must physically move, such as a hard drive seeking a track to read or write; this is often orders of magnitude slower than the switching of electric current. For example, during a disk operation that takes ten milliseconds to perform, a processor that is clocked at one gigahertz could have performed ten million instruction-processing cycles.
A simple approach to I/O would be to start the access and then wait for it to complete. But such an approach, called synchronous I/O or blocking I/O, would block the progress of a program while the communication is in progress, leaving system resources idle. When a program makes many I/O operations (such as a program mainly or largely dependent on user input), this means that the processor can spend almost all of its time idle waiting for I/O operations to complete.
Alternatively, it is possible to start the communication and then perform processing that does not require that the I/O be completed. This approach is called asynchronous input/output. Any task that depends on the I/O having completed (this includes both using the input
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO3
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CO3 or Co3 may refer to:
Carbon trioxide
Carbonate
MT-CO3
A postcode district in Colchester, UK
Conway group Co3 in mathematics
Co3, Australian contemporary dance company listed in Australian contemporary dance
Company 3
Colorado's 3rd congressional district
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential%20sheaf%20sequence
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In mathematics, the exponential sheaf sequence is a fundamental short exact sequence of sheaves used in complex geometry.
Let M be a complex manifold, and write OM for the sheaf of holomorphic functions on M. Let OM* be the subsheaf consisting of the non-vanishing holomorphic functions. These are both sheaves of abelian groups. The exponential function gives a sheaf homomorphism
because for a holomorphic function f, exp(f) is a non-vanishing holomorphic function, and exp(f + g) = exp(f)exp(g). Its kernel is the sheaf 2πiZ of locally constant functions on M taking the values 2πin, with n an integer. The exponential sheaf sequence is therefore
The exponential mapping here is not always a surjective map on sections; this can be seen for example when M is a punctured disk in the complex plane. The exponential map is surjective on the stalks: Given a germ g of an holomorphic function at a point P such that g(P) ≠ 0, one can take the logarithm of g in a neighborhood of P. The long exact sequence of sheaf cohomology shows that we have an exact sequence
for any open set U of M. Here H0 means simply the sections over U, and the sheaf cohomology H1(2πiZ|U) is the singular cohomology of U.
One can think of H1(2πiZ|U) as associating an integer to each loop in U. For each section of OM*, the connecting homomorphism to H1(2πiZ|U) gives the winding number for each loop. So this homomorphism is therefore a generalized winding number and measures the failure of U to be contractible. In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20H.%20Schwartz
|
Richard H. Schwartz is a professor emeritus of mathematics at the College of Staten Island; president emeritus of the Jewish Vegetarians of North America (JVNA); and co-founder and coordinator of the Society of Ethical and Religious Vegetarians (SERV). He is best known as a Jewish vegetarian activist and advocate for animal rights in the United States and Israel.
Early life
Schwartz was born in Arverne, New York in 1934. His father, Joseph (Zundel), was 31 at the time, and his mother, Rose, was 29. They were not vegetarians, nor was he a vegetarian as a youth. He describes his upbringing as being a "meat and potatoes person" whose favorite dish was pot roast. In 1975, he began teaching a course called "Mathematics and the Environment" at the College of Staten Island.
Schwartz married Loretta Suskind on February 14, 1960, at the Utopia Jewish Center in Queens. He reports that he became vegetarian in 1977 and vegan in 2000.
Activism
As an Orthodox Jew, Schwartz began to explore what Judaism had to say about diet, ecology, and the proper treatment of animals. The result was his best-known book, Judaism and Vegetarianism. It was first published in 1982, with later, expanded editions published in 1988 and 2001. It explores vegetarianism from the standpoint of biblical, Talmudic, and rabbinical references, and concludes that vegetarianism is the highest form of kosher and the best diet for Jews in the modern world. The second edition was a B'nai Brith Book Club Selection that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20Industrial%20and%20Applied%20Mathematics
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Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) is a professional society dedicated to applied mathematics, computational science, and data science through research, publications, and community. SIAM is the world's largest scientific society devoted to applied mathematics, and roughly two-thirds of its membership resides within the United States. Founded in 1951, the organization began holding annual national meetings in 1954, and now hosts conferences, publishes books and scholarly journals, and engages in advocacy in issues of interest to its membership. Members include engineers, scientists, and mathematicians, both those employed in academia and those working in industry. The society supports educational institutions promoting applied mathematics.
SIAM is one of the four member organizations of the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics.
Membership
Membership is open to both individuals and organizations. By the end of its first full year of operation, SIAM had 130 members; by 1968, it had 3,700.
Student members can join SIAM chapters affiliated and run by students and faculty at universities. Most universities with SIAM chapters are in the United States (including Harvard and MIT), but SIAM chapters also exist in other countries, for example at Oxford, at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and at Peking University. SIAM publishes the SIAM Undergraduate Research Online, a venue for undergraduate research in applied and computational mathematics. (SIAM also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALP
|
ALP or AlP may refer to:
Science and technology
Chemicals and particles
AlP, molecular formula for aluminium phosphide
Alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme
Axion-like particle, pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson
Computer science
Algorithmic probability
Association for Logic Programming
Computing
IBM ALP, Assembly Language Processor, for 32-bit OS/2
Access Linux Platform, a mobile operating system
Appliance Link Protocol, used by Sun Ray computers
Arts and entertainment
Alien Loves Predator, a webcomic
Anna Livia Plurabelle, character in the book Finnegans Wake
Arthur Loves Plastic, American electronic music band
Political parties
Antigua Labour Party, in Antigua and Barbuda
Australian Labor Party, in Australia
Alberta Liberal Party, in Canada
American Labor Party (defunct), in the United States
Transport
ALP (automobile), manufactured in Belgium in 1920
Air Alpes, a defunct French airline
Aleppo International Airport, Syria
Alpine (Amtrak station), Texas, United States
Althorpe railway station, North Lincolnshire, England
Alphington railway station, Melbourne, Australia
Other uses
Aerial Ladder Platform, a type of firefighting apparatus
Afghan Local Police
Association of Lincoln Presenters, an American historical society
Average Labor Productivity
See also
Alp (disambiguation)
Alps (disambiguation)
ALPS (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PUGAS
|
PUGAS (Purdue University Getaway Special) was a student run experiment package that flew on NASA's STS-7 Space Shuttle Mission aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger launched 18 June 1983.
The official designation was G-009: Purdue University – Geotropism, Fluid Dynamics and Nuclear Particle Velocity. The Payload Manager was Dr. John T. Snow. The NASA Technical Manager was Richard Palace.
The device was designed to conduct three experiments, two of which failed. The first failed one was intended to test seed growth in microgravity in an unconventional way—by germinating seeds on a spinning disc. The degree of artificial gravity on the spinning wheel is highest (0.25 g or 2.5 m/s²) at its rim and lowest at its center. Using this fact, the influence of different levels of gravity on seed germination could be determined by placing seeds at different radial locations on the disk. At the end of the mission, the growth was to be arrested. After return the orientation of the roots were to be used to determine the threshold of gravity at which a plant could determine which way was down. A second failed experiment on fluid dynamics was intended to measure the bulk oscillations of a drop of mercury immersed in a clear liquid. A short circuit prevented the seed and mercury drop experiments from functioning.
The payload also included a nuclear particle detection experiment. This experiment was a success; it traced and recorded the paths of nuclear particles encountered in the near-Earth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenore%20Blum
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Lenore Carol Blum (née Epstein, born December 18, 1942) is an American computer scientist and mathematician who has made contributions to the theories of real number computation, cryptography, and pseudorandom number generation. She was a distinguished career professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University until 2019 and is currently a professor in residence at the University of California, Berkeley. She is also known for her efforts to increase diversity in mathematics and computer science.
Early life and education
Blum was born to a Jewish family in New York City, where her mother was a science teacher. They moved to Venezuela when Blum was nine.
After graduating from her Venezuelan high school at age 16, she studied architecture at Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) beginning in 1959. With the assistance of Alan Perlis, she shifted fields to mathematics in 1960. She married Manuel Blum, then a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and transferred in 1961 to Simmons College, a private women's liberal arts college in Boston. Simmons did not have a strong mathematics program but she was eventually able to take Isadore Singer's mathematics classes at MIT, graduating from Simmons with a B.S. in mathematics in 1963.
She received her Ph.D. in mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1968. Her dissertation, Generalized Algebraic Theories: A Model Theoretic Approach, was supervised by Gerald Sacks.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4
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In molecular biology, CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR). CD4 is found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It was discovered in the late 1970s and was originally known as leu-3 and T4 (after the OKT4 monoclonal antibody that reacted with it) before being named CD4 in 1984. In humans, the CD4 protein is encoded by the CD4 gene.
CD4+ T helper cells are white blood cells that are an essential part of the human immune system. They are often referred to as CD4 cells, T-helper cells or T4 cells. They are called helper cells because one of their main roles is to send signals to other types of immune cells, including CD8 killer cells, which then destroy the infectious particle. If CD4 cells become depleted, for example in untreated HIV infection, or following immune suppression prior to a transplant, the body is left vulnerable to a wide range of infections that it would otherwise have been able to fight.
Structure
Like many cell surface receptors/markers, CD4 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
It has four immunoglobulin domains (D1 to D4) that are exposed on the extracellular surface of the cell:
D1 and D3 resemble immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domains.
D2 and D4 resemble immunoglobulin constant (IgC) domains.
The immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domain of D1 adopts an immunoglobulin-like β-sandwich fold with seven β-strands in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylsilyl%20group
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A trimethylsilyl group (abbreviated TMS) is a functional group in organic chemistry. This group consists of three methyl groups bonded to a silicon atom [−Si(CH3)3], which is in turn bonded to the rest of a molecule. This structural group is characterized by chemical inertness and a large molecular volume, which makes it useful in a number of applications.
A trimethylsilyl group bonded to a methyl group forms tetramethylsilane, which is abbreviated as TMS as well.
Compounds with trimethylsilyl groups are not normally found in nature. Chemists sometimes use a trimethylsilylating reagent to derivatize rather non-volatile compounds such as certain alcohols, phenols, or carboxylic acids by substituting a trimethylsilyl group for a hydrogen in the hydroxyl groups on the compounds. This way trimethylsiloxy groups [−O-Si(CH3)3] are formed on the molecule. A couple of examples of trimethylsilylating agents include trimethylsilyl chloride and bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide. Trimethylsilyl groups on a molecule have a tendency to make it more volatile, often making the compounds more amenable to analysis by gas chromatography or mass spectrometry. An example of such trimethylsilylation is mentioned in the Brassicasterol article. Such derivatizations are often done on a small scale in special vials.
When attached to certain functional groups in a reactant molecule, trimethylsilyl groups may also be used as temporary protecting groups during chemical synthesis or some other chemical reac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Troll
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Carl Troll (24 December 1899 in Gabersee – 21 July 1975 in Bonn), was a German geographer, brother of botanist Wilhelm Troll. From 1919 until 1922 Troll studied biology, chemistry, geology, geography and physics at the Universität in München. In 1921 he obtained his doctorate in botany and in 1925 his habilitation in geography. Between 1922 and 1927 he worked as an assistant at the Geography Institute in Munich. Troll was engaged in research in the ecology and geography of mountainous lands: between 1926 and 1929 went on a research journey throughout South American Andean countries where he visited northern Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Panama. In 1933 and 1934 his research interests took him to East and South Africa; in 1937 Troll was in Ethiopia; and in 1954 he visited Mexico.
In 1930 he became professor of colonial and overseas geography in Berlin, and in 1938 professor of geography in Bonn. Troll, who utilised aerial photographs in his research, coined the term Landscape ecology in 1939. He developed this terminology and many early concepts of landscape ecology and of high mountain ecology and geography as part of his early work applying aerial photographs interpretation to studies of interactions between environment and vegetation and from his research travels in the mountainous regions of Asia, Africa and South America, as well as his native Europe. He developed seasonal climatic charts and three-dimensional climatic classification from hydrological, b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research%20Experiences%20for%20Undergraduates
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Research Experiences for Undergraduates (or REUs) are competitive summer research programs in the United States for undergraduates studying science, engineering, or mathematics. The programs are sponsored by the National Science Foundation, and are hosted in various universities. REUs tend to be specialized in a particular field of science. There are REUs in many scientific fields such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, biology, psychology, and computer science.
There are two kinds of REU experiences: REU individual experiences (funded by NSF via their REU Supplements category of grant supplements) and REU sites (funded by NSF via their REU Sites category of grant proposals).
How students apply to participate
REU sites typically consist of ten undergraduates working in the research program of the host institution either in the US or abroad, for example, CERN. As the program is funded by the NSF, undergraduates must be citizens or permanent residents of the US or its possessions to be eligible for funding. However, some REU sites accept "self-funder" international students. Applications are typically due between February and the end of April. The length of the application ranges from a single letter of reference without supporting materials all the way up to something comparable to a college admissions application. The programs generally require between one and three letters of reference, a transcript, 0-2 essays, a letter of interest, a resume, a biographical form
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20unit
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The entropy unit is a non-S.I. unit of thermodynamic entropy, usually denoted "e.u." or "eU" and equal to one calorie per kelvin per mole, or 4.184 joules per kelvin per mole. Entropy units are primarily used in chemistry to describe enthalpy changes.
Sources
Units of measurement
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon%20%28disambiguation%29
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A polygon is a geometric figure.
Polygon may also refer to:
Mathematics and computing
Simple polygon, a single contiguous closed region, the more common usage of "polygon"
Star polygon, a star-like polygon
Polygon (computer graphics), a representation of a polygon in computer graphics
Companies
Polygon (blockchain)
Polygon Bikes, an Indonesian bike company
Polygon Books, an imprint of Birlinn Limited
Polygon Pictures, Japanese 3DCG anime studio
Polygon Records, a 1950s record company
Places
Semipalatinsk Test Site, a nuclear test site near Semey, Kazakhstan
The Polygon, Southampton, a district in the city of Southampton
Polygon Wood, Zonnebeke, Belgium, site of the Battle of Passchendaele in World War I
Other uses
Polygon (film) a 1977 Soviet animation film
Polygon (website), a video game website
POLYGON experiment, an experiment in physical oceanography which established the existence of mesoscale eddies
Polygon Man, the former mascot for the Sony PlayStation in North America
Polygon, a Danish magazine (pencil and paper) version of the strategy board game Hex
Polygon, a chemical compound also known as sodium triphosphate
Polygons, a type of patterned ground created by permafrost expanding and contracting
See also
Poligon Creative Centre
Polygone, an electronic warfare tactics range between Germany and France
The Polygon (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%20of%20Information%20Technology
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A Bachelor of Information Technology (abbreviations BIT or BInfTech) is an undergraduate academic degree that generally requires three to five years of study. While the degree has a major focus on computers and technology, it differs from a Computer Science degree in that students are also expected to study management and information science, and there are reduced requirements for mathematics.
International variations
Australia
In BIT is a three-year or four-year undergraduate degree.
At the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), a BIT
is a three-year, co-op scholarship degree with two six-month job placements.
At the University of New South Wales a BIT is referred to as "Business in Information technology" and is also a co-op scholarship degree that lasts four years.
At the University of Sydney a BIT is a four-year technical program, related to degrees such as Computer Science and Software Engineering.
At Swinburne University of Technology, a BIT is a three-year co-op scholarship degree incorporating two six-month job placements.
At RMIT University a BIT is offered as a three-year program, giving the student the choice of a majors These major are: Application Programming, Business Applications, Multimedia Design, Network Programming, System Administration and Web Systems
The state of the BIT program in Australia is unstable, as many universities offer it as a technical program while others as a business, e-commerce related program. The Australian Computer Society re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Micha%C5%82%20Czartoryski
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Prince Adam Michał Czartoryski (1906–1998) was a Polish noble (szlachcic) of the Czartoryski magnate.
Adam became a Master Engineer, forester and Doctor of Biology. He entered the Polish Army and was promoted to the rank of captain in the Invasion of Poland, later becoming a member of the Armia Krajowa (pseudonym "Szpak"). He was owner of the Głuszyn, Babki and Wigry estates.
He married Countess Jadwiga Tekla Stadnicka on 24 June 1937 in Nowojowa Castle. His children were Jerzy Andrzej Bobola Czartoryski, Maria Krystyna Czartoryska, Izabella Czartoryska, and Jadwiga Anna Czartoryska.
See also
Czartoryski family
1906 births
1998 deaths
Polish Army officers
Polish resistance members of World War II
Adam Michal Czartoryski
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20Plasma%20Device
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The Large Plasma Device (often stylized as LArge Plasma Device or LAPD) is an experimental physics device located at UCLA. It is designed as a general purpose laboratory for experimental plasma physics research. The device began operation in 1991 and was upgraded in 2001 to its current version. The modern LAPD is operated as the primary device for a national collaborative research facility, the Basic Plasma Science Facility (or BaPSF), which is supported by the US Department of Energy, Fusion Energy Sciences and the National Science Foundation. Half of the operation time of the device is available to scientists at other institutions and facilities who can compete for time through a yearly solicitation.
History
The first version of the LAPD was a 10 meter long device constructed by a team led by Walter Gekelman in 1991. The construction took 3.5 years to complete and was funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR). A major upgrade to a 20 meter version was funded by ONR and an NSF Major Research Instrumentation award in 1999. Following the completion of that major upgrade, the award of a $4.8 million grant by the US Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation in 2001 enabled the creation of the Basic Plasma Science Facility and the operation of the LAPD as part of this national user facility. Gekelman was director of the facility until 2016, when Troy Carter became BaPSF director.
Machine overview
The LAPD is a linear pulsed-discharge device operated at a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Morin-Strom
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Karl Arvid Morin-Strom (born June 27, 1952) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1985 to 1990 as a member of the New Democratic Party.
Background
Strom was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. He attended Sir James Dunn Collegiate and Vocational School. Showing an aptitude for mathematics, he participated in contests provincially and nationally at both the Junior (grades 9–11) and Senior (grades 12–13) levels. He was the first ever winner of the Canadian Mathematical Olympiad in 1969. He continued his education at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, receiving a PhD from the latter institution in 1977. His dissertation was entitled "Witt Theorems for Lattices over Discrete Valuation Rings". He worked as a corporate planner and financial analyst. In 1972 he married Bernadette Morin and he changed his last name to Morin-Strom. Together they raised three daughters.
Politics
He ran for the federal New Democratic Party in the 1984 election, but lost to Progressive Conservative Jim Kelleher in the Sault Ste. Marie riding by 2,409 votes. The following year, he defeated Progressive Conservative Russ Ramsay in the riding of Sault Ste. Marie in the 1985 Ontario election by 1,069 votes.
Morin-Strom was re-elected in the 1987 election. In 1985 he was appointed as his party's critic for Industry, Trade and Technology.
In 1987 he added critic for Transportation and Financial Institutio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Oppenheimer
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Stephen Oppenheimer (born 1947) is a British paediatrician, geneticist, and writer. He is a graduate of Balliol College, Oxford and an honorary fellow of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. In addition to his work in medicine and tropical diseases, he has published popular works in the fields of genetics and human prehistory. This latter work has been the subject of a number of television and film projects.
Career
Oppenheimer trained in medicine at Oxford and London universities, qualifying in 1971. From 1972 he worked as a clinical paediatrician, mainly in Malaysia, Nepal and Papua New Guinea. He carried out and published clinical research in the areas of nutrition, infectious disease (including malaria), and genetics, focussing on the interactions between nutrition, genetics and infection, in particular iron nutrition, thalassaemia and malaria. From 1979 he moved into medical research and teaching, with positions at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Oxford University, a research centre in Kilifi, Kenya, and the Universiti Sains Malaysia in Penang.
He spent three years undertaking fieldwork in Papua New Guinea, studying the effects of iron supplementation on susceptibility to infection. His fieldwork, published in the late 1980s, identified the role of genetic mutation in malarious areas as a result of natural selection due to its protective effect against malaria, and that different genotypes for alpha-thalassaemia traced different migrations out t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8ller%E2%80%93Plesset%20perturbation%20theory
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Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP) is one of several quantum chemistry post-Hartree–Fock ab initio methods in the field of computational chemistry. It improves on the Hartree–Fock method by adding electron correlation effects by means of Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory (RS-PT), usually to second (MP2), third (MP3) or fourth (MP4) order. Its main idea was published as early as 1934 by Christian Møller and Milton S. Plesset.
Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory
The MP perturbation theory is a special case of RS perturbation theory. In RS theory one considers an unperturbed Hamiltonian operator , to which a small (often external) perturbation is added:
Here, λ is an arbitrary real parameter that controls the size of the perturbation. In MP theory the zeroth-order wave function is an exact eigenfunction of the Fock operator, which thus serves as the unperturbed operator. The perturbation is the correlation potential.
In RS-PT the perturbed wave function and perturbed energy are expressed as a power series in λ:
Substitution of these series into the time-independent Schrödinger equation gives a new equation as :
Equating the factors of in this equation gives a kth-order perturbation equation, where . See perturbation theory for more details.
Møller–Plesset perturbation
Original formulation
The MP-energy corrections are obtained from Rayleigh–Schrödinger (RS) perturbation theory with the unperturbed Hamiltonian defined as the shifted Fock operator,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20Stinde
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Julius Stinde (28 August 1841 – 5 August 1905), was a German author born at Kirchnüchel in Holstein, the son of a clergyman.
Having attended the gymnasium at Eutin, he was apprenticed in 1858 to a chemist in Lübeck. He soon tired of the shop, and went to study chemistry at Kiel, Jena and Giessen where he proceeded to the degree of PhD. In 1863 Stinde received an appointment as consulting chemist to a large industrial undertaking in Hamburg; but, becoming editor of the Hamburger Gewerbeblatt, he gradually transferred his energies to journalism.
His earliest works were little comedies, dealing with Hamburg life, though he continued to make scientific contributions to various journals. In 1876 Stinde settled in Berlin and began the series of stories of the Buchholz family, vivid and humorous studies of Berlin middle-class life by which he is most widely known. He died at Olsberg.
The first of the series Buchholzens in Italien (translated by HF Powell, 1887) appeared in 1883 and achieved an immense success. It was followed by Die Familie Buchholz in 1884 (translated by LD Schmitz, 1885); Frau Buchholz im Orient in 1888; Frau Wilhelmine (Der Familie Buchholz letzter Teil; translated by HF Powell, 1887) in 1886; Wilhelmine Buchholz Memoiren, in 1894; and Hotel Buchholz; Ausstellungserlebnisse der Frau Wilhelmine Buchholz, in 1896.
Under the pseudonyms of Alfred de Valmy, Wilhelmine Buchholz and Richard E Ward, he also published various other works of more or less merit. His Wal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage%20%28crystal%29
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Cleavage, in mineralogy and materials science, is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite crystallographic structural planes. These planes of relative weakness are a result of the regular locations of atoms and ions in the crystal, which create smooth repeating surfaces that are visible both in the microscope and to the naked eye. If bonds in certain directions are weaker than others, the crystal will tend to split along the weakly bonded planes. These flat breaks are termed "cleavage". The classic example of cleavage is mica, which cleaves in a single direction along the basal pinacoid, making the layers seem like pages in a book. In fact, mineralogists often refer to "books of mica".
Diamond and graphite provide examples of cleavage. Each is composed solely of a single element, carbon. In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four others in a tetrahedral pattern with short covalent bonds. The planes of weakness (cleavage planes) in a diamond are in four directions, following the faces of the octahedron. In graphite, carbon atoms are contained in layers in a hexagonal pattern where the covalent bonds are shorter (and thus even stronger) than those of diamond. However, each layer is connected to the other with a longer and much weaker van der Waals bond. This gives graphite a single direction of cleavage, parallel to the basal pinacoid. So weak is this bond that it is broken with little force, giving graphite a slippery feel as layers shear apart. As a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graetz%20number
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In fluid dynamics, the Graetz number (Gz) is a dimensionless number that characterizes laminar flow in a conduit. The number is defined as:
where
DH is the diameter in round tubes or hydraulic diameter in arbitrary cross-section ducts
L is the length
Re is the Reynolds number and
Pr is the Prandtl number.
This number is useful in determining the thermally developing flow entrance length in ducts. A Graetz number of approximately 1000 or less is the point at which flow would be considered thermally fully developed.
When used in connection with mass transfer the Prandtl number is replaced by the Schmidt number, Sc, which expresses the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the mass diffusivity.
The quantity is named after the physicist Leo Graetz.
References
Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%20Bowl
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Brain Bowl is an academic competition in which Florida Community College teams are pitted against one another. Teams consist of up to six players, only four of whom play at any given time. A moderator reads questions from four subject areas including humanities, mathematics, natural science and social sciences. Each area is equally represented. A buzzer system is used to identify the player who answers first. Ten points are awarded for correctly answering the tossup question. The team winning the tossup is eligible to win up to 30 points for correctly answering the follow-up bonus questions. After 24 questions, the team that has accumulated the most points wins the game. No questions about popular culture or media are used in Brain Bowl.
Florida Brain Bowl Purpose
The purpose of Brain Bowl competition is to recognize outstanding student academic achievement, to help focus community interest on academic excellence in Florida community colleges and to help foster relations among faculty and students as they work together on this joint project.
History and Scholarships
Florida Brain Bowl was created in the fall of 1981 and until 1991 was a joint project of the Florida State Department of Education and the Florida College System Activities Association (FCSAA). Since 1991, the FCSAA has been the sole sponsor of the Brain Bowl.
After initially gaining the approval and support of the Florida Community College Council of Presidents, the fall of 1981 was spent developing rul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20E.%20Walker
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Sir John Ernest Walker (born 7 January 1941) is a British chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997. Walker is Emeritus Director and Professor at the MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit in Cambridge, and a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.
Early life and education
Walker was born in Halifax, Yorkshire, the son of Thomas Ernest Walker, a stonemason, and Elsie Lawton, an amateur musician. He was brought up with his two younger sisters (Judith and Jen) in a rural environment and went to Rastrick Grammar School. At school, he was a keen sportsman and specialized in physical sciences and mathematics during his final three years there. He received a 3rd class Bachelor of Arts degree in chemistry from St Catherine's College, Oxford. Walker began his study of peptide antibiotics with Edward Abraham at Oxford in 1965 and received his Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1969. During this period, he became interested in developments in molecular biology.
Career and research
From 1969 to 1971, Walker worked at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and from 1971 to 1974 in France. He met Fred Sanger in 1974 at a workshop at the University of Cambridge. This resulted in an invitation to work at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Medical Research Council, which became a long-term appointment. Among the other staff was Francis Crick, who was well known for his discovery of the molecular structure of DNA. At first, he analyzed the sequences of proteins and then uncovered
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Standish%20Knowles
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William Standish Knowles (June 1, 1917 – June 13, 2012) was an American chemist. He was born in Taunton, Massachusetts. Knowles was one of the recipients of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He split half the prize with Ryōji Noyori for their work in asymmetric synthesis, specifically for his work in hydrogenation reactions. The other half was awarded to K. Barry Sharpless for his work in oxidation reactions.
Education
Knowles attended Berkshire School in Sheffield, Massachusetts. He led his class academically and upon graduation was admitted to Harvard University after passing the College Board exams. Feeling that he was too young to go to college, Knowles spent a year at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. At the end of the year, he captured his first award in chemistry, the school's $50 Boylston Prize.
After his year in preparatory school, Knowles attended Harvard, where he majored in chemistry, focusing on organic chemistry. He received his undergraduate degree in 1939, and attended Columbia University for graduate school.
Awards and honors
1983 Chemical Pioneer Award from the American Institute of Chemists
2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2008 Peter H. Raven Lifetime Achievement Award, from the Academy of Science, St. Louis.
Nobel Prize
He shared half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2001 with Ryōji Noyori for "their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions". The other half of the prize was awarded to K. Barry Sharpless for the development of a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Davis%20Jr.
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Raymond Davis Jr. (October 14, 1914 – May 31, 2006) was an American chemist and physicist. He is best known as the leader of the Homestake experiment in the 1960s-1980s, which was the first experiment to detect neutrinos emitted from the Sun; for this he shared the 2002
Nobel Prize in Physics.
Early life and education
Davis was born in Washington, D.C., where his father was a photographer for the National Bureau of Standards. He spent several years as a choirboy to please his mother, although he could not carry a tune. He enjoyed attending the concerts at the Watergate before air traffic was loud enough to drown out the music. His brother Warren, 14 months younger than he, was his constant companion in boyhood. He received his B.S. from the University of Maryland in 1938 in chemistry, which is part of the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences. He also received a master's degree from that school and a Ph.D. from Yale University in physical chemistry in 1942.
Career
Davis spent most of the war years at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah observing the results of chemical weapons tests and exploring the Great Salt Lake basin for evidence of its predecessor, Lake Bonneville.
After his discharge from the army in 1945, Davis went to work at Monsanto's Mound Laboratory, in Miamisburg, Ohio, doing applied radiochemistry of interest to the United States Atomic Energy Commission. In 1948, he joined Brookhaven National Laboratory, which was attemptin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Mally
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Ernst Mally (; ; 11 October 1879 – 8 March 1944) was an Austrian analytic philosopher, initially affiliated with Alexius Meinong's Graz School of object theory. Mally was one of the founders of deontic logic and is mainly known for his contributions in that field of research. In metaphysics, he is known for introducing a distinction between two kinds of predication, better known as the dual predication approach.
Life
Mally was born in the town of Kranj () in the Duchy of Carniola, Austria-Hungary (now in Slovenia). His father was of Slovene origin, but identified himself with Austrian German culture (he also Germanized the orthography of his surname, originally spelled Mali, a common Slovene surname of Upper Carniola). After his death, the family moved to the Carniolan capital of Ljubljana (). There, Ernst attended the prestigious Ljubljana German-language Gymnasium. Already at a young age, Mally became a fervent supporter of the Pan-German nationalist movement of Georg von Schönerer. In the same time, he developed an interest in philosophy.
In 1898, he enrolled in the University of Graz, where he studied philosophy under the supervision of Alexius Meinong, as well as physics and mathematics, specializing in formal logic. He graduated in 1903 with a doctoral thesis entitled Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie des Messens (Investigations in the Object Theory of Measurement). In 1906 he started teaching at a high school in Graz, at the same time collaborating with Adalbert
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20by%20Little%20%28Oasis%20song%29
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"Little by Little" is a song by English rock band Oasis, first released as the sixth track on their fifth studio album, Heathen Chemistry. In September 2002, it was released with "She Is Love" as the first (and only) double A-side single by the band, peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart and number nine on the Irish Singles Chart. "Little by Little" by itself reached number two on the Canadian Singles Chart and number five in Italy. Noel Gallagher provides lead vocals on both tracks, which he also wrote.
The promo video to the song featured a guest role by Robert Carlyle. The cover art for the single is an homage to Robert Indiana's Love artwork series.
Background
Liam Gallagher was originally meant to record lead vocals for "Little by Little", but according to Noel, he couldn't manage it. "It's a shame 'cos that would have made it extra, extra special. When it came to him (recording the vocals) you could see he was going, 'I'm not going to fucking get it.' And we were all willing him to get it. I went in and did a version and you could see he was sat at the desk going, 'Fucking bastard. He's got it.' But he doesn't want to do anything that's shit."
Music video
There are two versions of the music video, one being Noel Gallagher sitting on a doorstep singing and playing guitar as people (including Gem Archer) throw money to him. A small man (played by Robert Carlyle) mimes to Gallagher. It then shows Carlyle's character at a bus stop with Alan White and then grows t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical%20shift
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In computer science, a logical shift is a bitwise operation that shifts all the bits of its operand. The two base variants are the logical left shift and the logical right shift. This is further modulated by the number of bit positions a given value shall be shifted, such as shift left by 1 or shift right by n. Unlike an arithmetic shift, a logical shift does not preserve a number's sign bit or distinguish a number's exponent from its significand (mantissa); every bit in the operand is simply moved a given number of bit positions, and the vacant bit-positions are filled, usually with zeros, and possibly ones (contrast with a circular shift).
A logical shift is often used when its operand is being treated as a sequence of bits instead of as a number.
Logical shifts can be useful as efficient ways to perform multiplication or division of unsigned integers by powers of two. Shifting left by n bits on a signed or unsigned binary number has the effect of multiplying it by 2n. Shifting right by n bits on an unsigned binary number has the effect of dividing it by 2n (rounding towards 0).
Logical right shift differs from arithmetic right shift. Thus, many languages have different operators for them. For example, in Java and JavaScript, the logical right shift operator is , but the arithmetic right shift operator is . (Java has only one left shift operator (), because left shift via logic and arithmetic have the same effect.)
The programming languages C, C++, and Go, however, have
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Goguen
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Joseph Amadee Goguen ( ; June 28, 1941 – July 3, 2006) was an American computer scientist. He was professor of Computer Science at the University of California and University of Oxford, and held research positions at IBM and SRI International.
In the 1960s, along with Lotfi Zadeh, Goguen was one of the earliest researchers in fuzzy logic and made profound contributions to fuzzy set theory.
In the 1970s Goguen's work was one of the earliest approaches to the algebraic characterisation of abstract data types and he originated and helped develop the OBJ family of programming languages. He was author of A Categorical Manifesto and founder and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Consciousness Studies. His development of institution theory impacted the field of universal logic. Standard implication in product fuzzy logic is often called "Goguen implication". Goguen categories are named after him.
He was married to Ryoko Amadee Goguen, who is a composer, pianist, and vocalist.
Education and academic career
Goguen received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from Harvard University in 1963, and his PhD in mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1968, where he was a student of the founder of fuzzy set theory, Lotfi Zadeh.
He taught at UC Berkeley, the University of Chicago and University of California, Los Angeles, where he was a full professor of computer science. He held a Research Fellowship in the Mathematical Sciences at the IBM Watson Research Center, whe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauri%20Vaska
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Lauri Vaska (May 7, 1925 – November 15, 2015) was an Estonian-American chemist who has made noteworthy contributions to organometallic chemistry.
Vaska was born in Rakvere, Estonia. He was educated at the Baltic University in Hamburg, Germany (1946) and subsequently at the University of Göttingen (1946–1949), where he received his Vordiplom (equivalent to the American B.S. degree). He emigrated to the United States in 1952 and pursued his Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry at the University of Texas (1952–1956). He was a postdoctoral fellow at Northwestern University (1956–1957) where he conducted research on magnetochemistry. In 1957 he took a position as Fellow at the Mellon Institute in Pittsburgh, where he remained until 1964. During that time, the Mellon Institute housed a number of future chemists, including Paul Lauterbur and R. Bruce King. Vaska moved as an associate professor to Clarkson University in Potsdam, New York, where, from 1990 to his death, he was professor emeritus of chemistry. His brother is a philosopher. He died in Basking Ridge, New Jersey in 2015, aged 90.
Research
Vaska published ca. eighty journal articles on the coordination chemistry of transition metals, homogeneous catalysis, and both organometallic and bioinorganic chemistry. His years at Mellon were especially productive. With J.W. Di Luzio in 1962 he first described the iridium compound which became known as Vaska's complex, trans-IrCl(CO)[P(C6H5)3]2 Working with a series of coworkers, he demo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome%20Sanger%20Institute
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The Wellcome Sanger Institute, previously known as The Sanger Centre and Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, is a non-profit British genomics and genetics research institute, primarily funded by the Wellcome Trust.
It is located on the Wellcome Genome Campus by the village of Hinxton, outside Cambridge. It shares this location with the European Bioinformatics Institute. It was established in 1992 and named after double Nobel laureate Frederick Sanger. It was conceived as a large scale DNA sequencing centre to participate in the Human Genome Project, and went on to make the largest single contribution to the gold standard sequence of the human genome. From its inception the institute established and has maintained a policy of data sharing, and does much of its research in collaboration.
Since 2000, the institute expanded its mission to understand "the role of genetics in health and disease". The institute now employs around 900 people and engages in five main areas of research: Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation; Cellular Genetics; Human Genetics; Parasite and Microbes; and the Tree of Life.
Facilities and resources
Campus
In 1993 the then 17 Sanger Centre staff moved into temporary laboratory space at Hinxton Hall in Cambridgeshire.
This site was to become the Wellcome Genome Campus, which has a growing population of around 1300 staff, approximately 900 of whom work at the Sanger Institute. The Genome Campus also includes the Wellcome Trust Conference Centre and the Europ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoboron%20chemistry
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Organoboron chemistry or organoborane chemistry studies organoboron compounds, also called organoboranes. These chemical compounds combine boron and carbon; typically, they are organic derivatives of borane (BH3), as in the trialkyl boranes.
Organoboranes and -borates enable many chemical transformations in organic chemistry — most importantly, hydroboration and carboboration. Most reactions transfer a nucleophilic boron substituent to an electrophilic center either inter- or intramolecularly. In particular, α,β-unsaturated borates and borates with an α leaving group are highly susceptible to intramolecular 1,2-migration of a group from boron to the electrophilic α position. Oxidation or protonolysis of the resulting organoboranes generates many organic products, including alcohols, carbonyl compounds, alkenes, and halides.
Properties of the B-C bond
The C-B bond has low polarity (electronegativity 2.55 for carbon and 2.04 for boron). Alkyl boron compounds are in general stable, though easily oxidized.
Boron often forms electron-deficient compounds without a full octet, such as the triorganoboranes. These compounds are strong electrophiles, but typically too sterically hindered to dimerize. Electron donation from vinyl and aryl groups can lend the C-B bond some double bond character.
Classes of organoboron compounds
Organoboranes and hydrides
The most-studied class of organoboron compounds has the formula BRnH3−n. These compounds are catalysts, reagents, and sy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-Borabicyclo%283.3.1%29nonane
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9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane or 9-BBN is an organoborane compound. This colourless solid is used in organic chemistry as a hydroboration reagent. The compound exists as a hydride-bridged dimer, which easily cleaves in the presence of reducible substrates. 9-BBN is also known by its nickname 'banana borane'. This is because rather than drawing out the full structure, chemists often simply draw a banana shape with the bridging boron.
Preparation
9-BBN is prepared by the reaction of 1,5-cyclooctadiene and borane usually in ethereal solvents, for example:
The compound is commercially available as a solution in tetrahydrofuran and as a solid. 9-BBN is especially useful in Suzuki reactions.
Its highly regioselective addition on alkenes allows the preparation of terminal alcohols by subsequent oxidative cleavage with H2O2 in aqueous KOH. The steric demand of 9-BBN greatly suppresses the formation of the 2-substituted isomer compared to the use of borane.
See also
Organoboron chemistry
Boron
References
Organoboranes
Reagents for organic chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20series%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Riemann series theorem, also called the Riemann rearrangement theorem, named after 19th-century German mathematician Bernhard Riemann, says that if an infinite series of real numbers is conditionally convergent, then its terms can be arranged in a permutation so that the new series converges to an arbitrary real number, or diverges. This implies that a series of real numbers is absolutely convergent if and only if it is unconditionally convergent.
As an example, the series 1 − 1 + 1/2 − 1/2 + 1/3 − 1/3 + ⋯ converges to 0 (for a sufficiently large number of terms, the partial sum gets arbitrarily near to 0); but replacing all terms with their absolute values gives 1 + 1 + 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/3 + ⋯, which sums to infinity. Thus the original series is conditionally convergent, and can be rearranged (by taking the first two positive terms followed by the first negative term, followed by the next two positive terms and then the next negative term, etc.) to give a series that converges to a different sum: 1 + 1/2 − 1 + 1/3 + 1/4 − 1/2 + ⋯ = ln 2. More generally, using this procedure with p positives followed by q negatives gives the sum ln(p/q). Other rearrangements give other finite sums or do not converge to any sum.
History
It is a basic result that the sum of finitely many numbers does not depend on the order in which they are added. For example, . The observation that the sum of an infinite sequence of numbers can depend on the ordering of the summands is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Wellings
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Andy J. Wellings is a professor in the Computer Science department at the University of York in northern England. He works closely with Alan Burns on real-time systems, distributed, concurrent and real-time programming languages.
Andy Wellings is a member of the team responsible for the creation of the Real-time specification for Java. He is also an Ada programming language expert.
Books
Wellings has written a number of books on programming, especially in Ada.
References
External links
Andy Wellings's departmental home page
Personal home page
Andy Wellings, Scientific Commons
Andy Wellings, LinkedIn
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academics of the University of York
English computer scientists
Computer science writers
Programming language designers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20stochastic%20processes%20topics
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In the mathematics of probability, a stochastic process is a random function. In practical applications, the domain over which the function is defined is a time interval (time series) or a region of space (random field).
Familiar examples of time series include stock market and exchange rate fluctuations, signals such as speech, audio and video; medical data such as a patient's EKG, EEG, blood pressure or temperature; and random movement such as Brownian motion or random walks.
Examples of random fields include static images, random topographies (landscapes), or composition variations of an inhomogeneous material.
Stochastic processes topics
This list is currently incomplete. See also :Category:Stochastic processes
Basic affine jump diffusion
Bernoulli process: discrete-time processes with two possible states.
Bernoulli schemes: discrete-time processes with N possible states; every stationary process in N outcomes is a Bernoulli scheme, and vice versa.
Bessel process
Birth–death process
Branching process
Branching random walk
Brownian bridge
Brownian motion
Chinese restaurant process
CIR process
Continuous stochastic process
Cox process
Dirichlet processes
Finite-dimensional distribution
First passage time
Galton–Watson process
Gamma process
Gaussian process – a process where all linear combinations of coordinates are normally distributed random variables.
Gauss–Markov process (cf. below)
GenI process
Girsanov's theorem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic%20brain%20theory
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Holonomic brain theory is a branch of neuroscience investigating the idea that human consciousness is formed by quantum effects in or between brain cells. Holonomic refers to representations in a Hilbert phase space defined by both spectral and space-time coordinates. Holonomic brain theory is opposed by traditional neuroscience, which investigates the brain's behavior by looking at patterns of neurons and the surrounding chemistry.
This specific theory of quantum consciousness was developed by neuroscientist Karl Pribram initially in collaboration with physicist David Bohm building on the initial theories of holograms originally formulated by Dennis Gabor. It describes human cognition by modeling the brain as a holographic storage network. Pribram suggests these processes involve electric oscillations in the brain's fine-fibered dendritic webs, which are different from the more commonly known action potentials involving axons and synapses. These oscillations are waves and create wave interference patterns in which memory is encoded naturally, and the wave function may be analyzed by a Fourier transform.
Gabor, Pribram and others noted the similarities between these brain processes and the storage of information in a hologram, which can also be analyzed with a Fourier transform. In a hologram, any part of the hologram with sufficient size contains the whole of the stored information. In this theory, a piece of a long-term memory is similarly distributed over a dendritic arb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20circle%20topics
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This list of circle topics includes things related to the geometric shape, either abstractly, as in idealizations studied by geometers, or concretely in physical space. It does not include metaphors like "inner circle" or "circular reasoning" in which the word does not refer literally to the geometric shape.
Geometry and other areas of mathematics
Circle
Circle anatomy
Annulus (mathematics)
Area of a disk
Bipolar coordinates
Central angle
Circular sector
Circular segment
Circumference
Concentric
Concyclic
Degree (angle)
Diameter
Disk (mathematics)
Horn angle
Measurement of a Circle
List of topics related to
Pole and polar
Power of a point
Radical axis
Radius
Radius of convergence
Radius of curvature
Sphere
Tangent lines to circles
Versor
Specific circles
Apollonian circles
Circles of Apollonius
Archimedean circle
Archimedes' circles – the twin circles doubtfully attributed to Archimedes
Archimedes' quadruplets
Circle of antisimilitude
Bankoff circle
Brocard circle
Carlyle circle
Circumscribed circle (circumcircle)
Midpoint-stretching polygon
Coaxal circles
Director circle
Fermat–Apollonius circle
Ford circle
Fuhrmann circle
Generalised circle
GEOS circle
Great circle
Great-circle distance
Circle of a sphere
Horocycle
Incircle and excircles of a triangle
Inscribed circle
Johnson circles
Magic circle (mathematics)
Malfatti circles
Nine-point circle
Orthocentroidal circle
Osculating circle
Riemannian circle
Schin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit
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Slit or SLIT may refer to:
Science and technology
Slit (protein), in genetics, the midline repellent signaling molecule
Slitting, a shearing operation that cuts a large roll of material into narrower rolls
Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), immunotherapy that involves putting allergen extracts under the tongue
Other uses
Slit trench, a defensive fighting position in warfare
Slit Woods, a Site of Special Scientific Interest in County Durham, England
Arrowslit or loophole, a defensive slot in the wall of a building that allows archers to fire at invaders if the building is threatened
See also
Slit experiment (disambiguation)
Caso Degollados ('Slit-Throat Case'), a Chilean politically-motivated series of murders
Slat (disambiguation)
Slot (disambiguation)
Slut (disambiguation)
Silt (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel%20tractor-scraper
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In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper (also known as a land scraper , land leveler or 'tournapull') is a type of heavy equipment used for earthmoving. It has a pan/hopper for loading and carrying material. The pan has a tapered horizontal front cutting edge that cuts into the soil like a carpenter's plane or cheese slicer and fills the hopper which has a movable ejection system. The horsepower of the machine, depth of the cut, type of material, and slope of the cut area affect how quickly the pan is filled.
When full, the pan is raised, the apron is closed, and the scraper transports its load to the fill area. There the pan height is set and the lip is opened (the lip is what the bottom edge of the apron is called), so that the ejection system can be engaged for dumping the load. The forward momentum or speed of the machine affects how big an area is covered with the load. A high pan height and slow speed will dump the load over a short distance. With the pan set close to the ground, a higher speed will spread the material more thinly over a larger area.
In an "elevating scraper" a conveyor moves material from the cutting edge into the hopper.
History
R.G LeTourneau conceived the idea of the self-propelled motor scraper while recovering from a near-fatal auto accident. He was an earth moving contractor dealer in bulldozer accessories and envisaged a pulled trailer that could excavate and pick up earth as it moved. He approached bulldozer manufacturer Caterpil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Golden%20Oblad
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Alex Golden Oblad (November 26, 1909 – September 19, 2000) was a prominent chemist and chemical engineer principally recognized for his pioneering work in catalysis and catalytic chemistry.
Oblad was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and raised in Sugar House. Educated first at the University of Utah and subsequently receiving a Ph.D. from Purdue University, he spent the bulk of his career working for energy and engineering companies developing innovative chemical processes. His career began at Standard Oil of Indiana in the 1930s and included increasingly important research and management positions at Mobil Oil, Houdri Process Company, Air Products and Chemicals, and the M.W. Kellogg Company, of which Dr. Oblad became Vice President of Research.
Among his most recognized achievements was development of catalytic cracking (a process he worked on with Eugene Houdry and others) that made economically feasible the low-cost, mass production of high-octane gasoline. After a distinguished career in industry, Oblad accepted a teaching and research position at the University of Utah as Distinguished Professor of Fuels Engineering, where he also served for several years as acting college dean. Dr. Oblad received honorary doctorate degrees from both the University of Utah and Purdue University in recognition of his contributions to each institution.
A lifelong member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and dedicated husband and father of six, Oblad died in 200
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String-to-string%20correction%20problem
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In computer science, the string-to-string correction problem refers to determining the minimum cost sequence of edit operations necessary to change one string into another (i.e., computing the shortest edit distance). Each type of edit operation has its own cost value. A single edit operation may be changing a single symbol of the string into another (cost WC), deleting a symbol (cost WD), or inserting a new symbol (cost WI).
If all edit operations have the same unit costs (WC = WD = WI = 1) the problem is the same as computing the Levenshtein distance of two strings.
Several algorithms exist to provide an efficient way to determine string distance and specify the minimum number of transformation operations required. Such algorithms are particularly useful for delta creation operations where something is stored as a set of differences relative to a base version. This allows several versions of a single object to be stored much more efficiently than storing them separately. This holds true even for single versions of several objects if they do not differ greatly, or anything in between.
Notably, such difference algorithms are used in molecular biology to provide some measure of kinship between different kinds of organisms based on the similarities of their macromolecules (such as proteins or DNA).
Extension
The extended variant of the problem includes a new type of edit operation: swapping any two adjacent symbols, with a cost of WS.
This version can be solved in polyno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy%20Offord
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Eddy Offord (born 20 February 1943) is a retired English record producer and audio engineer who gained prominence in the 1970s for his work on albums by the progressive rock bands Emerson, Lake & Palmer and Yes.
Life and career
Offord studied physics at university, and landed a job as a trainee engineer at Advision Studios in London to fill in spare time. Not long into his time at the studio, he started work as an engineer. Offord would spend much of his career working at Advision Studios.
ELP wrote a tribute to Offord with the song "Are You Ready, Eddy?", featured on their 1971 album Tarkus.
In 1970, Offord began his partnership with Yes. The partnership was fruitful but tumultuous; Offord remarked that producing Yes was like "trying to produce five producers." He suggested that the band record Tales from Topographic Oceans (1973) in the countryside to try and ease tensions that had grown within the group, but the compromise was to record at Morgan Studios with trees, plants, and model cows. Following Relayer (1974), Yes and Offord parted ways, with Yes guitarist Steve Howe stating that Offord had become unreliable on tours.
In the late 1970s, Offord relocated to the United States where he worked in Woodstock, Atlanta, and Los Angeles. In 1994, after working on Grassroots by 311, Offord announced his retirement from the music business. In 2011, he changed his mind when his son introduced him to The Midnight Moan, and went on to produce their debut album.
Some albums pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20hybrid%20oscillation
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In plasma physics, an upper hybrid oscillation is a mode of oscillation of a magnetized plasma. It consists of a longitudinal motion of the electrons perpendicular to the magnetic field with the dispersion relation
,
where (in cgs units)
is the electron plasma frequency, and
is the electron cyclotron frequency.
This oscillation is closely related to the plasma oscillation found in unmagnetized plasmas or parallel to the magnetic field, where the ωpe term arises from the electrostatic Coulomb restoring force and the 3k²ve,th² term arises from the restoring force of electron pressure. In the upper hybrid oscillation there is an additional restoring force due to the Lorentz force. Consider a plane wave where all perturbed quantities vary as exp(i(kx-ωt)). If the displacement in the direction of propagation is δx, then
vx = -iωδ
fy = nevxBz/c = -iω(neBz/c)δ
vy = -fy/iωnm = (eBz/mc)δ
fx = -nevyBz/c = -(nm)(eBz/mc)²δ
ax = -ωce²δ
Thus the perpendicular magnetic field effectively provides a harmonic restoring force with a frequency ωce, explaining the third term in the dispersion relation. The particle orbits (or fluid trajectories) are ellipses in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, elongated in the direction of propagation.
The frequency of long wavelength oscillations is a "hybrid", or mix, of the electron plasma and electron cyclotron frequencies,
ωh² = ωpe² + ωce²,
and is known as the upper hybrid frequency. There are also a lower hybrid frequency and lower hybrid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla%20a.s.
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TESLA a.s. is a Czech manufacturer and supplier of special radio communication and security electrical engineering for military and commercial use. The name was originally used by a state-owned conglomerate that was the monopoly producer of electronic appliances and components in the former Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia. The conglomerate was founded in 1946 and ran until 1991, when it was privatised. The Tesla name is used by its successor company and former subsidiaries in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
In 2011, the Czech company Inter-Sat Ltd. acquired the license for the Tesla brand name from TESLA a.s. to sell household appliances and consumer electronics with different logo in Europe, mostly in Central and Southeastern countries.
Company
The company was established as Elektra on 18 January 1921 and renamed Tesla on 7 March 1946. A founding ceremony took place on 10 August 1946 at the Mikrofon Factory in Strašnice attended by government ministers from Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. It was named after the pioneer scientist Nikola Tesla, but when the association with a Serbian American became politically inconvenient it was explained as abbreviation from , which means "low-current technology".
Tesla had several production locations, including those at Liptovský Hrádok, Hradec Králové, Pardubice, Žďár nad Sázavou, Bratislava, and Nižná. Some of them became independent state-owned companies.
After the fall of communism in Czechoslovakia, Tesla struggled to comp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Tissier%20de%20Mallerais
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Bernard Tissier de Mallerais (; born 14 September 1945) is a French traditionalist Catholic prelate, serving as a bishop of the Society of Saint Pius X.
Early life and ministry
Tissier de Mallerais was born in Sallanches, Haute-Savoie, France, on 14 September 1945. After obtaining a Master's degree in biology, he entered the International Seminary of Saint Pius X at Fribourg in October 1969. On 29 June 1975, he was ordained priest by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre at Écône. He served first as a professor, then as vice-rector, and finally as rector of the seminary at Écône. In 1979, he was appointed Rector of the Seminary where he remained until 1983. For a year, he served as Chaplain at the Novitiate of the Sisters of the Society of St Pius X, until in 1984, he was elected to the post of Secretary General of the Society which he held until 1996.
Consecration and aftermath
In June 1988, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, who sensed that he was approaching the hour of his death, consecrated de Mallerais and three other priests (Bernard Fellay, Richard Williamson, and Alfonso de Galarreta) as bishops. Lefebvre did not have a pontifical mandate for these consecrations, which was promised in exhausting negotiations, but always postponed or subjected to destabilizing conditions. On 1 July 1988 Cardinal Gantin issued a declaration stating that Lefebvre, de Castro Mayer, de Mallerais, and the three other newly-ordained bishops "have incurred ipso facto the excommunication latae sententiae
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson%E2%80%93Schensted%20correspondence
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In mathematics, the Robinson–Schensted correspondence is a bijective correspondence between permutations and pairs of standard Young tableaux of the same shape. It has various descriptions, all of which are of algorithmic nature, it has many remarkable properties, and it has applications in combinatorics and other areas such as representation theory. The correspondence has been generalized in numerous ways, notably by Knuth to what is known as the Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence, and a further generalization to pictures by Zelevinsky.
The simplest description of the correspondence is using the Schensted algorithm , a procedure that constructs one tableau by successively inserting the values of the permutation according to a specific rule, while the other tableau records the evolution of the shape during construction. The correspondence had been described, in a rather different form, much earlier by Robinson , in an attempt to prove the Littlewood–Richardson rule. The correspondence is often referred to as the Robinson–Schensted algorithm, although the procedure used by Robinson is radically different from the Schensted algorithm, and almost entirely forgotten. Other methods of defining the correspondence include a nondeterministic algorithm in terms of jeu de taquin.
The bijective nature of the correspondence relates it to the enumerative identity
where denotes the set of partitions of (or of Young diagrams with squares), and denotes the number of standard You
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imi%20Tami%20Institute%20for%20Research%20and%20Development
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Imi Tami is a private company and the largest industrial chemistry R&D centre in Israel. IMI TAMI is a member of the Israel Chemicals manufacturing concern. IMI TAMI has created a campus with research, analytical and testing laboratories, GMP compliant facilities, a mini-pilot and pilot plants for process development and small-scale production.
External links
Imi Tami Institute for Research and Development Ltd
Chemical companies of Israel
Research and development organizations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20acoustic%20wave
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In plasma physics, an ion acoustic wave is one type of longitudinal oscillation of the ions and electrons in a plasma, much like acoustic waves traveling in neutral gas. However, because the waves propagate through positively charged ions, ion acoustic waves can interact with their electromagnetic fields, as well as simple collisions. In plasmas, ion acoustic waves are frequently referred to as acoustic waves or even just sound waves. They commonly govern the evolution of mass density, for instance due to pressure gradients, on time scales longer than the frequency corresponding to the relevant length scale. Ion acoustic waves can occur in an unmagnetized plasma or in a magnetized plasma parallel to the magnetic field. For a single ion species plasma and in the long wavelength limit, the waves are dispersionless () with a speed given by (see derivation below)
where is the Boltzmann constant, is the mass of the ion, is its charge, is the temperature of the electrons and is the temperature of the ions. Normally γe is taken to be unity, on the grounds that the thermal conductivity of electrons is large enough to keep them isothermal on the time scale of ion acoustic waves, and γi is taken to be 3, corresponding to one-dimensional motion. In collisionless plasmas, the electrons are often much hotter than the ions, in which case the second term in the numerator can be ignored.
Derivation
We derive the ion acoustic wave dispersion relation for a linearized fluid descrip
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic%20ion%20cyclotron%20wave
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In plasma physics, an electrostatic ion cyclotron wave is a longitudinal oscillation of the ions (and electrons) in a magnetized plasma, propagating nearly (but not exactly) perpendicular to the magnetic field. The angle (in radians) between the direction of propagation and the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field must be greater than about the square root of the mass ratio,
,
in order that the electrons can move along the field lines from crest to trough to satisfy the Boltzmann relation. The dispersion relation is
,
where Ωc is the ion cyclotron frequency and vs is the ion sound speed. This relation is the result of restoring forces due to the Lorentz force (see Upper hybrid oscillation for more details), the electrostatic force (the Te term in vs), and the ion pressure (the Ti term in vs).
See also
Waves in plasmas
Ion acoustic wave
Upper hybrid oscillation
Lower hybrid oscillation
References
Waves in plasmas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonal%20bipyramidal%20molecular%20geometry
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In chemistry, a trigonal bipyramid formation is a molecular geometry with one atom at the center and 5 more atoms at the corners of a triangular bipyramid. This is one geometry for which the bond angles surrounding the central atom are not identical (see also pentagonal bipyramid), because there is no geometrical arrangement with five terminal atoms in equivalent positions. Examples of this molecular geometry are phosphorus pentafluoride (), and phosphorus pentachloride () in the gas phase.
Axial (or apical) and equatorial positions
The five atoms bonded to the central atom are not all equivalent, and two different types of position are defined. For phosphorus pentachloride as an example, the phosphorus atom shares a plane with three chlorine atoms at 120° angles to each other in equatorial positions, and two more chlorine atoms above and below the plane (axial or apical positions).
According to the VSEPR theory of molecular geometry, an axial position is more crowded because an axial atom has three neighboring equatorial atoms (on the same central atom) at a 90° bond angle, whereas an equatorial atom has only two neighboring axial atoms at a 90° bond angle. For molecules with five identical ligands, the axial bond lengths tend to be longer because the ligand atom cannot approach the central atom as closely. As examples, in PF5 the axial P−F bond length is 158 pm and the equatorial is 152 pm, and in PCl5 the axial and equatorial are 214 and 202 pm respectively.
In the mix
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMP
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PMP may refer to:
Biology and chemistry
Plant-made pharmaceuticals or Pharming
p-Methoxyphenyl, a protecting group for amines
Polymethylpentene, a type of plastic
Medicine
Prescription monitoring program
Pseudomyxoma peritonei, a cancer
Business
Denel PMP, company division
Project Management Professional, a certification
Technology
NAT-PMP, NAT Port Mapping Protocol
Pic Micro Pascal, Pascal compiler for PICs
Point-to-multipoint communication, in telecommunications
Portable media player, for digital media
Politics
Parliamentary Monarchist Party, Burundi
People's Monarchist Party (Italy)
People's Movement Party, Romania
Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino, Philippines
Transport
Plumpton railway station, a railway station in Sussex, England
Other uses
Perlman Music Program, Shelter Island, New York, US
PMP Floating Bridge, a Soviet mobile pontoon bridge
Pompano Beach Airpark, IATA and FAA codes
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language
Pontryagin's maximum principle, in mathematics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardo%20IFV
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The Dardo is an infantry fighting vehicle designed for the Italian Army as a replacement for the M113 APC. It is designed and built by the Iveco Fiat Oto Melara Syndicated Company based in Rome. Iveco is responsible for the hull and propulsion systems, while Oto Melara is responsible for the weapons and fire control systems.
Description
Armament
The Dardo is primarily armed with the 25mm Oerlikon KBA automatic cannon firing 600 rounds per minute, with 200 rounds of ready to fire ammunition stored in the turret. Two 7.62mm NATO machine guns are also installed in the turret, one coaxially mounted with the main gun. Five rifle ports, two on each side of the hull and one in the rear are provided to allow troops inside to use their personal weapons, if needed.
Fire control is provided by the Galileo Avionica Hitfist integrated fire control system, which is capable of measuring target speed and range. The commander is provided with six episcope sights, which provide 360° field of view. The cupola can be further fitted with a panoramic stabilised sight. Additionally, a laser range finder and a thermal imager are provided for the gunner. The commander is equipped with a monitor that displays the view from the gunner night vision system.
For dealing with heavy armoured threats, two BGM-71 TOW anti tank missiles can be installed, one on each side of the turret. These missiles have a maximum range of approximately 4 km.
Self protection
The Dardo hull is built from welded aluminum a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axotomy
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In cellular neuroscience, an axotomy () is the cutting or otherwise severing of an axon. This type of denervation is often used in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival as a method to better understand nervous system diseases.
Axotomy may cause neuronal cell death, especially in embryonic or neonatal animals, as this is the period in which neurons are dependent on their targets for the supply of survival factors. In mature animals, where survival factors are derived locally or via autocrine loops, axotomy of peripheral neurons and motoneurons can lead to a robust regenerative response without any neuronal death. In both cases, autophagy is observed to markedly increase. Autophagy could either clear the way for neuronal degeneration or it could be a medium for cell destruction.
Axotomy response
Peripheral (extrinsic)
Upon injury of a peripheral axon, the entire neuron immediately reacts in order to regenerate the axon. This reaction requires an increased metabolic activity and is initiated by chromatolysis. Chromatolysis is characterized as the dissolution of protein-producing structures in the cell body of a neuron and is a term used to characterize apoptosis of neuronal cells. During chromatolysis, the soma and nucleus round and enlarge, the Nissl bodies and Golgi bodies both disintegrate, and the cytocentrum is cleared. In most cases, the axotomy response in peripheral axons ends in cell healing and regeneration, though it may occ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20hybrid%20oscillation
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In plasma physics, a lower hybrid oscillation is a longitudinal oscillation of ions and electrons in a magnetized plasma. The direction of propagation must be very nearly perpendicular to the stationary magnetic field, within about radians. Otherwise the electrons can move along the field lines fast enough to shield the oscillations in potential. The frequency of oscillation is
,
where Ωi is the ion cyclotron frequency, Ωe is the electron cyclotron frequency and ωpi is the ion plasma frequency. This is the lower hybrid frequency, so called because it is a "hybrid", or mixture, of two frequencies. There are also an upper hybrid frequency and upper hybrid oscillation.
The lower hybrid oscillation is unusual in that the ion and electron masses play an equally important role. This mode is relatively unimportant in practice because the necessary precise orientation relative to the magnetic field is seldom achieved. Exceptions are the use of lower hybrid waves to heat and drive current in fusion plasmas, and the lower hybrid drift instability, which was thought to be an important determinant of transport in the Field-Reversed Configuration (but was not found experimentally).
See also
Electrostatic ion cyclotron wave
Waves in plasmas
Ion acoustic wave
Upper hybrid oscillation
List of plasma (physics) articles
References
Waves in plasmas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosonic%20wave
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In physics, magnetosonic waves, also known as magnetoacoustic waves, are low-frequency compressive waves driven by mutual interaction between an electrically conducting fluid and a magnetic field. They are associated with compression and rarefaction of both the fluid and the magnetic field, as well as with an effective tension that acts to straighten bent magnetic field lines. The properties of magnetosonic waves are highly dependent on the angle between the wavevector and the equilibrium magnetic field and on the relative importance of fluid and magnetic processes in the medium. They only propagate with frequencies much smaller than the ion cyclotron or ion plasma frequencies of the medium, and they are nondispersive at small amplitudes.
There are two types of magnetosonic waves, fast magnetosonic waves and slow magnetosonic waves, which—together with Alfvén waves—are the normal modes of ideal magnetohydrodynamics. The fast and slow modes are distinguished by magnetic and gas pressure oscillations that are either in-phase or anti-phase, respectively. This results in the phase velocity of any given fast mode always being greater than or equal to that of any slow mode in the same medium, among other differences.
Magnetosonic waves have been observed in the Sun's corona and provide an observational foundation for coronal seismology.
Characteristics
Magnetosonic waves are a type of low-frequency wave present in electrically conducting, magnetized fluids, such as plasmas and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomer
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Telomer may refer to:
telomerization, in polymer science, which results in an extremely small polymer—one whose degree of polymerization is generally between 2 and 5
an abbreviation for fluorotelomer
telomere in genetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptand
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In chemistry, cryptands are a family of synthetic, bicyclic and polycyclic, multidentate ligands for a variety of cations. The Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1987 was given to Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, and Charles J. Pedersen for their efforts in discovering and determining uses of cryptands and crown ethers, thus launching the now flourishing field of supramolecular chemistry. The term cryptand implies that this ligand binds substrates in a crypt, interring the guest as in a burial. These molecules are three-dimensional analogues of crown ethers but are more selective and strong as complexes for the guest ions. The resulting complexes are lipophilic.
Structure
The most common and most important cryptand is ; the systematic IUPAC name for this compound is 1,10-diaza-4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane. This compound is termed [2.2.2]cryptand, where the numbers indicate the number of ether oxygen atoms (and hence binding sites) in each of the three bridges between the amine nitrogen caps. Many cryptands are commercially available under the tradename Kryptofix. All-amine cryptands exhibit particularly high affinity for alkali metal cations, which has allowed the isolation of salts of K−.
Properties
Cation binding
The three-dimensional interior cavity of a cryptand provides a binding site – or host – for "guest" ions. The complex between the cationic guest and the cryptand is called a cryptate. Cryptands form complexes with many "hard cations" including ,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Johannes%20Stein
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Walter Johannes Stein (6 February 1891, in Vienna – 7 July 1957, in London) was an Austrian philosopher, Waldorf school teacher, Grail researcher, and one of the pioneers of anthroposophy.
Biography
Of Jewish descent, Stein studied mathematics, physics, and philosophy at Vienna University, before completing a doctorate in philosophy at the end of the First World War, having continued work on it throughout his service in an artillery unit in the war. He became a personal student of Rudolf Steiner from about the age of 21, and enjoyed the unofficial supervision of Steiner while writing his dissertation. Broadly speaking, the dissertation was an attempt to write a theory of cognition for spiritual knowledge.
After the First World War, Stein assisted Steiner in promoting Social Threefolding. When it became apparent in 1919 that these efforts were not going to succeed, Steiner asked Stein to teach history and German literature at the first Waldorf School in Stuttgart. It was as part of this work that Stein began his research on the Grail, which culminated in 1928 with his book The Ninth Century and the Holy Grail. In this work, he attempted to identify historical people and events represented in the Grail epic and to interpret Parzival as an esoteric document representing the human path of inner development. Stein also wrote various articles on these themes.
Stein lectured extensively on anthroposophy and related themes from the early 1920s onward, giving up to 300 lectures a y
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottky
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Notable people named Schottky include:
Ernst Max Schottky, botanist
Walter H. Schottky, physicist
Friedrich Schottky, mathematician
Other links:
Schottky diode and Schottky barrier in electronics and physics
Schottky transistor in electronics
Schottky group in mathematics
Schottky defect in condensed matter physics
Schottky anomaly in condensed matter physics
Schottky noise in electronics, described mathematically by Walter H. Schottky, and also known as shot noise
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation%20%28function%29
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In mathematics, a transformation is a function f, usually with some geometrical underpinning, that maps a set X to itself, i.e. .
Examples include linear transformations of vector spaces and geometric transformations, which include projective transformations, affine transformations, and specific affine transformations, such as rotations, reflections and translations.
Partial transformations
While it is common to use the term transformation for any function of a set into itself (especially in terms like "transformation semigroup" and similar), there exists an alternative form of terminological convention in which the term "transformation" is reserved only for bijections. When such a narrow notion of transformation is generalized to partial functions, then a partial transformation is a function f: A → B, where both A and B are subsets of some set X.
Algebraic structures
The set of all transformations on a given base set, together with function composition, forms a regular semigroup.
Combinatorics
For a finite set of cardinality n, there are nn transformations and (n+1)n partial transformations.
See also
Coordinate transformation
Data transformation (statistics)
Geometric transformation
Infinitesimal transformation
Linear transformation
Rigid transformation
Transformation geometry
Transformation semigroup
Transformation group
Transformation matrix
References
External links
Functions and mappings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet%20electrons
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Wet electrons in chemistry and physics, which occur on the surface of metal oxides, are a transition state for electrons between the solid and liquid states of matter. Wet electrons are attracted to positively charged hydroxide ions which form on oxide surfaces in the presence of atmospheric moisture. These electrons in turn affect the interaction of other materials with the oxide.
Hydrogen atoms on water or hydroxide (OH) can be involved in hydrogen bonds or be dangling. Wet electrons are primarily stabilized by the dangling atoms on OH, which is more acidic than water, but the dangling atoms on water also contribute to the stabilization. The process is akin to following the lowest elevation path between valleys with a mountain between them. The minimum energy necessary to change an electron from the solid to the liquid state corresponds to going through the wet electron state. Wet electrons are a transition state (saddle point) between electrons in the liquid and solid states.
References
Electron states
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negri
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Negri may refer to:
Negri (surname), including a list of individuals with the name
Negri bodies, in microbiology
Negri, Bacău, a commune and a village in Bacău County, Romania
Negeri Sembilan, alternatively spelt Negri Sembilan, a state in Malaysia
Edsel Torres Gomez, a Puerto Rican drug dealer, nicknamed Negri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%20School%20of%20Electrical%20Engineering
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The Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania came into existence as a result of an endowment from Alfred Fitler Moore on June 4, 1923. It was granted to Penn's School of Electrical Engineering, located in the Towne Building. The first dean of the Moore School was Harold Pender.
The Moore School is particularly famed as the birthplace of the computer industry:
It was here that the first general-purpose Turing complete digital electronic computer, the ENIAC, was built between 1943 and 1946.
Preliminary design work on the ENIAC's successor machine the EDVAC resulted in the stored program concept used in all computers today, the logical design having been promulgated in John von Neumann's First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, a set of notes synthesized from meetings he attended at the Moore School.
The first computer course was given at the Moore School in Summer 1946, leading to an explosion in computer development all over the world.
Moore School faculty John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert founded the first computer company, which produced the UNIVAC computer.
The Moore School has been integrated into Penn's School of Engineering and Applied Science. It no longer exists as a separate entity; however, the three-story structure itself still stands and is known on campus as the Moore School Building. Originally constructed in 1921 as a two-story building by Erskin & Morris, it was renovated in 1926 by Paul Philippe Cret and a third story w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Brind
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Joel Lewis Brind is a professor of human biology and endocrinology at Baruch College, City University of New York and a leading advocate of the abortion-breast cancer hypothesis, which posits that abortion increases the risk of breast cancer. This idea is rejected by mainstream medical professional organizations and there is overwhelming evidence in the peer-reviewed medical literature debunking it. Brind is openly contemptuous of mainstream medical professional organizations and journals, accusing them of conducting a deliberate cover-up with the goal of "protecting the abortion industry."
Early life, education, and religious conversion
Brind grew up in Laurelton, Queens, where he decided he wanted to become a biochemist at the age of 10 after reading an issue of Life magazine where the cover story described the discoveries scientists had recently made about the inner workings of the cell, using electron microscopy. He has a bachelor's degree from Yale (1971) and a Ph.D. from New York University in biochemistry, immunology and physiology. Four years after receiving his PhD in 1981, Brind converted to Christianity, and decided to try to use science to pursue what he saw as a "noble task" of discouraging women from having abortions.
Advocacy of Non-Mainstream Medical Hypotheses
Abortion-Breast-Cancer Hypothesis
Following his conversion to Christianity, Brind began working as a consultant and expert witness for the anti-abortion cause. Discover magazine reported in 2003 t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilho%20V%C3%A4is%C3%A4l%C3%A4
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Vilho Väisälä (; September 28, 1889 – August 12, 1969) was a Finnish meteorologist and physicist, and founder of Vaisala Oyj.
After graduation in mathematics in 1912, Väisälä worked for the Finnish Meteorological Institute in aerological measurements, specializing in the research of the higher troposphere. At the time the measurements were conducted by attaching a thermograph to a kite.
In 1917 he published his dissertation in mathematics Ensimmäisen lajin elliptisen integralin käänteisfunktion yksikäsitteisyys (The single-valuedness of the inverse function of the elliptic integral of the first kind). His dissertation was the first and still is the only mathematical doctoral thesis written in the Finnish language.
Väisälä participated in development of radiosonde, a device attached to a balloon and launched to measure air in the higher atmosphere. In 1936 he started his own company, manufacturing radiosondes and — later — other meteorological instruments.
In 1948 Väisälä was nominated a Professor of Meteorology in the University of Helsinki.
Vilho Väisälä's two brothers, Kalle Väisälä and Yrjö Väisälä, also made successful careers in science.
Vilho Väisälä knew Esperanto, and played an active role in the Esperanto movement. During the World Congress of Esperanto of 1969, which was held in Helsinki shortly before his death, he served as the rector of the so-called Internacia Kongresa Universitato ("International Congressual University"), and coordinated the specialist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Mitchison
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Timothy John Mitchison is a cell biologist and systems biologist and Hasib Sabbagh Professor of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School in the United States. He is known for his discovery, with Marc Kirschner, of dynamic instability in microtubules, for studies of the mechanism of cell division, and for contributions to chemical biology.
Education and early life
Mitchison was educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School and completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in Biochemistry at the University of Oxford where he was an undergraduate student of Merton College, Oxford, from 1976 to 1979. He moved to the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) in 1979 for his PhD which was supervised by Marc Kirschner and investigated the dynamic instability of microtubules.
Career and research
Mitchison returned to the UK for postdoctoral research at the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) in London. In 1988 he returned to San Francisco where he was appointed assistant professor at UCSF. In 1994 he wrote an opinion piece for the journal Chemistry & Biology titled "Towards a pharmacological genetics" which helped to launch the field of chemical genetics. In 1997 he moved to Harvard University to become co-director of the Institute for Chemistry and Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School, where he pioneered phenotype-based screening, discovering the small molecule monastrol – the first small-molecule inhibitor of mitosis that does not target tubulin. Monastrol was shown
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne%20Gabritschevsky
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Eugène (or Eugen) Gabritschevsky (December 1893 – April 5, 1979) was a Russian biologist and artist. He was born into a comfortable family of scientists from Imperial Russia. His father was a renowned bacteriologist, and worked with Louis Pasteur in France and with Robert Koch in Germany.
Gabritschevsky studied biology at the University of Moscow from 1913, specialising in problems related to heredity. He finished his studies successfully and went into research. In 1925, he was invited to the Columbia University in the United States, where he continued his work for two years, and in 1927, he settled in Paris, where he continued his research at the Pasteur Institute. By the age of thirty-three, he was well known in his field, and was world-renowned for his knowledge on the laws of mutation in the lives of insects.
He was committed to Haar-Eflingen psychiatric hospital in 1931 and diagnosed with schizophrenia. He spent the remainder of his life in the hospital.
In the ensuing thirty years, Gabritschevsky created an extraordinary body of art: thousands of paintings and drawings. His first works look quite academic and are inspired by corals or human figures. As his condition worsened, however, his subjects gradually changed. He started painting ghost-looking silhouettes, large-headed monsters with huge eyes, and then later small beings that look like mutants.
His artistic output continues to have appeal, however, and his paintings have appeared on record sleeves of the Scott
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20St%C3%B8rmer
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Fredrik Carl Mülertz Størmer (3 September 1874 – 13 August 1957) was a Norwegian mathematician and astrophysicist. In mathematics, he is known for his work in number theory, including the calculation of and Størmer's theorem on consecutive smooth numbers. In physics, he is known for studying the movement of charged particles in the magnetosphere and the formation of aurorae, and for his book on these subjects, From the Depths of Space to the Heart of the Atom. He worked for many years as a professor of mathematics at the University of Oslo in Norway. A crater on the far side of the Moon is named after him.
Personal life and career
Størmer was born on 3 September 1874 in Skien, the only child of a pharmacist Georg Ludvig Størmer (1842–1930) and Elisabeth Amalie Johanne Henriette Mülertz (1844–1916). His uncle was the entrepreneur and inventor Henrik Christian Fredrik Størmer.
Størmer studied mathematics at the Royal Frederick University in Kristiania, Norway (now the University of Oslo, in Oslo) from 1892 to 1897, earning the rank of candidatus realium in 1898. He then studied with Picard, Poincaré, Painlevé, Jordan, Darboux, and Goursat at the Sorbonne in Paris from 1898 to 1900. He returned to Kristiania in 1900 as a research fellow in mathematics, visited the University of Göttingen in 1902, and returned to Kristiania in 1903, where he was appointed as a professor of mathematics, a position he held for 43 years. After he received a permanent position in Kristiania, Stør
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20H.%20Jefferys
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William Hamilton Jefferys III (born 1940) is an American astronomer. He is a Harlan J. Smith Centennial Professor of Astronomy (Emeritus) of astronomy at The University of Texas at Austin, and an adjunct professor of statistics at the University of Vermont.
Jefferys specialized in astrometry, celestial mechanics, and astrophysics, including the kinematics and dynamics of astronomical bodies. He has also worked in the field of Bayesian statistics, particularly with astronomical applications. He was the Hubble Space Telescope Astrometry Science Team leader, and participated in the project that repaired the Hubble Space Telescope after the discovery of its initial optical defect.
Jefferys served as chairman of The University of Texas Department of Astronomy from 1994 to 1998. He retired from the University of Texas in 2004 and moved to Vermont in 2005, where he accepted an appointment as adjunct professor of statistics at the University of Vermont.
External links
Bill Jefferys homepage
Jefferys' publications (a partial list from NASA Astrophysics Data System). This does not include publications on statistics, some of which can be retrieved here.
American astronomers
University of Texas at Austin faculty
1940 births
Living people
American statisticians
University of Vermont faculty
Yale University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alces%20%28disambiguation%29
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Alces is a genus of moose or elk. It is also the state animal of Alaska, as of May 1, 1998
Alces may also refer to:
Biology
Alces alces, the binomial species name for the Eurasian Elk, also known as the Moose in North America.
Alces (journal), a scientific journal devoted to the biology and management of Alces alces
Canis lupus alces, a species of gray wolf
Campylomormyrus alces, a species of electric fish
Geography
Alces River, a tributary of the Peace River in Canada
Alces Lake, a lake in Whiteswan Lake Provincial Park, Canada
Other
Alces, in Greek Myth, one of the Sons of Aegyptus
Alces Minor, a fictional star in the Dune series
See also
Alcis (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves%20Rocard
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Yves-André Rocard (22 May 1903 – 16 March 1992) was a French physicist who helped develop the atomic bomb for France.
Lifes
Rocard was born in Vannes. After obtaining a double doctorate in mathematics (1927) and physics (1928) he was awarded a professorship in electronic physics at the École normale supérieure in Paris.
As a member of a Resistance group during the Second World War he flew to the UK in a small plane as part of a dangerous mission and was able to provide British intelligence with invaluable information. There he met up with Charles de Gaulle who named him Director of Research in the Forces navales françaises libres (the Navy of Free France). He became particularly interested in the detection of solar radio emissions by British Radar, which were causing military problems by jamming detection during periods of high emission, and was able to create a new radio navigational beam station.
As research director, Rocard followed the French troops entering Germany. He succeeded in finding German specialists, e.g. in infrared and wireless Pathfinding and engaged them to serve in France. As for the group of nuclear physicists around Werner Heisenberg and Otto Hahn he did not succeed because Samuel Abraham Goudsmit arrived at Hechingen earlier. At Freiburg (then also French zone) Rocard protected the solar observatory and founded a French navy-owned ionospheric prediction service with Karl Rawer as scientific director.
Returned to France after the war Rocard took up h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral%20%28disambiguation%29
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Chaparral is derived from the Spanish word chaparro (translation: "a forest made of short trees") and applies to a biome found in California and other Mediterranean climates.
Chaparral may also refer to:
Biology
Geococcyx, a genus of birds commonly known as roadrunners, also known as chaparral birds, chaparral cocks, or chaparrals
Larrea divaricata, a South American plant also known as chaparral
Larrea tridentata, a North American plant, also known as the creosote bush, used in Native American medicine and modern herbology under the name of chaparral
Geography
Chaparral, Calgary, a neighbourhood in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Chaparral, New Mexico, a census-designated place in New Mexico, USA
Chaparral, Tolima, a Colombian municipality of the Department of Tolima
El Chaparral, border crossing from San Diego, USA to Tijuana, Mexico
Arts, entertainment, and media
Stanford Chaparral, a Stanford University humor magazine
The High Chaparral, an American 1967–71 Western-genre TV series
Schools
Chaparral High School (Arizona), in Scottsdale, Arizona
Chaparral High School (Colorado), in Parker, Colorado
Chaparral High School (Nevada), in Las Vegas, Nevada
Chaparral High School, Temecula, California, in Temecula, California
Chaparral Middle School (Diamond Bar), in Diamond Bar, California
Chaparral Middle School (Moorpark), in Moorpark, California
Sports
Dallas Chaparrals, an American Basketball Association basketball team that became the San Antonio Spurs in 1973
Lubboc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction%20%28chemistry%29
|
A fraction in chemistry is a quantity collected from a batch of a substance in a fractionating separation process. In such a process, a mixture is separated into fractions, which have compositions that vary according to a gradient. A fraction can be defined as a group of chemicals that have similar boiling points. A common fractionating process is fractional distillation. It is used to produce liquor and various hydrocarbon fuels, such as gasoline, kerosene and diesel.
A fraction is the product of a fractionating column, a vast chamber designed to separate different substances (such as crude oil) based on their boiling point.
Fraction could also refer to a description of the composition of a mixture, e.g. mass fraction or mole fraction.
For a simpler definition a fraction is a part of the fractionating column where a compound with one boiling point can be separated from other compounds with different boiling points.
Separation processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Condon
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Edward Uhler Condon (March 2, 1902 – March 26, 1974) was an American nuclear physicist, a pioneer in quantum mechanics, and a participant during World War II in the development of radar and, very briefly, of nuclear weapons as part of the Manhattan Project. The Franck–Condon principle and the Slater–Condon rules are co-named after him.
He was the director of the National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) from 1945 to 1951. In 1946, Condon was president of the American Physical Society, and in 1953 was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
During the McCarthy period, when efforts were being made to root out communist sympathizers in the United States, Edward Condon was a target of the House Un-American Activities Committee on the grounds that he was a 'follower' of a 'new revolutionary movement', quantum mechanics; Condon defended himself with a famous commitment to physics and science.
Condon became widely known in 1968 as principal author of the Condon Report, an official review funded by the United States Air Force that concluded that unidentified flying objects (UFOs) have prosaic explanations. The lunar crater Condon is named for him.
Background
Edward Uhler Condon was born on March 2, 1902, in Alamogordo, New Mexico, to William Edward Condon and Carolyn Uhler. His father was supervising the construction of a narrow-gauge railroad, many of which were built in the area by logging companies. After graduating from high school in Oakland, Cal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersive%20mass%20transfer
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Dispersive mass transfer, in fluid dynamics, is the spreading of mass from highly concentrated areas to less concentrated areas. It is one form of mass transfer.
Dispersive mass flux is analogous to diffusion, and it can also be described using Fick's first law:
where c is mass concentration of the species being dispersed, E is the dispersion coefficient, and x is the position in the direction of the concentration gradient. Dispersion can be differentiated from diffusion in that it is caused by non-ideal flow patterns (i.e. deviations from plug flow) and is a macroscopic phenomenon, whereas diffusion is caused by random molecular motions (i.e. Brownian motion) and is a microscopic phenomenon. Dispersion is often more significant than diffusion in convection-diffusion problems. The dispersion coefficient is frequently modeled as the product of the fluid velocity, U, and some characteristic length scale, α:
Transport phenomena
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal%20%28computer%20programming%29
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In computer science, a literal is a textual representation (notation) of a value as it is written in source code. Almost all programming languages have notations for atomic values such as integers, floating-point numbers, and strings, and usually for booleans and characters; some also have notations for elements of enumerated types and compound values such as arrays, records, and objects. An anonymous function is a literal for the function type.
In contrast to literals, variables or constants are symbols that can take on one of a class of fixed values, the constant being constrained not to change. Literals are often used to initialize variables; for example, in the following, 1 is an integer literal and the three letter string in "cat" is a string literal:
int a = 1;
string s = "cat";
In lexical analysis, literals of a given type are generally a token type, with a grammar rule, like "a string of digits" for an integer literal. Some literals are specific keywords, like true for the boolean literal "true".
In some object-oriented languages (like ECMAScript), objects can also be represented by literals. Methods of this object can be specified in the object literal using function literals. The brace notation below, which is also used for array literals, is typical for object literals:
{"cat", "dog"}
{name: "cat", length: 57}
Literals of objects
In ECMAScript (as well as its implementations JavaScript or ActionScript), an object with methods can be written using the object
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Guggenheim%20Fellowships%20awarded%20in%201966
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This is a list of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1966.
1966 United States and Canadian Fellows
Peter Agostini, deceased. Fine Arts: Sculpture: 1966.
Philip Aisen, Professor of Biophysics and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University: 1966
Calvin Albert, Sculptor; retired Professor of Art, Pratt Institute: 1966.
René Albrecht-Carrié, deceased. Political Science: 1966.
, Professor of Chemistry, Princeton University: 1966, 1967.
Robert B. Alter, Class of 1937 Professor of Hebrew and Comparative Literature, University of California, Berkeley: 1966, 1978.
A. R. Ammons, deceased. Poetry: 1966.
Ansel Cochran Anderson, Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: 1966.
John Kinloch Anderson, Professor Emeritus of Classics, University of California, Berkeley: 1966.
Hal Oscar Anger, researcher, Berkeley, California: 1966.
Daniel Edward Atkinson, Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles: 1966.
Kenneth Kyle Bailey, Professor of History, University of Texas at El Paso: 1966.
S. George Bankoff, Walter P. Murphy Professor of Chemical Engineering, Northwestern University: 1966.
Hubert Lloyd Barnes, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Geochemistry, Pennsylvania State University: 1966.
Donald Barthelme, deceased. Fiction: 1966.
Irving H. Bartlett, John F. Kennedy Professor Emeritus of American Civilization, University of Massachusetts Boston: 1966.
Richard Reeve Baxter, deceased. Law: 1966.
Robert E. Be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LES
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LES or Les may refer to:
People
Les (given name)
Les (surname)
L.E.S. (producer), hip hop producer
Space flight
Launch Entry Suit, worn by Space Shuttle crews
Launch escape system, for spacecraft emergencies
Lincoln Experimental Satellite series, 1960s and 1970s
Biology and medicine
Lazy eye syndrome, or amblyopia, a disorder in the human optic nerve
The Liverpool epidemic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Lower esophageal sphincter
Lupus erythematosus systemicus
Places
The Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City
Les, Catalonia, a municipality in Spain
Leş, a village in Nojorid Commune, Bihor County, Romania
Les, the Hungarian name for Leșu Commune, Bistriţa-Năsăud County, Romania
Lesotho, IOC and UNDP country code
Lès, a word featuring in many French placenames
Transport
Leigh-on-Sea railway station, National Rail station code
Leytonstone tube station, London Underground station code
Other uses
"L.E.S.", a song by Childish Gambino from Camp (album)
Lake-effect snow
Large eddy simulation in fluid dynamics
Law Enforcement Sensitive, a US security classification
Leave and Earnings Statement, of US military
Les (Vietnam), a Vietnamese term for lesbians
Les+ Magazine, a Chinese LGBT magazine
Licensing Executives Society International, a US intellectual property organization
Life Extension Society, a cryonics organization
Lifetime Entertainment Services, a US company
Lilliput Edison screw, a 5mm light bulb socket
Louisiana En
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%20composition
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In computer science, object composition and object aggregation are closely related ways to combine objects or data types into more complex ones. In conversation the distinction between composition and aggregation is often ignored. Common kinds of compositions are objects used in object-oriented programming, tagged unions, sets, sequences, and various graph structures. Object compositions relate to, but are not the same as, data structures.
Object composition refers to the logical or conceptual structure of the information, not the implementation or physical data structure used to represent it. For example, a sequence differs from a set because (among other things) the order of the composed items matters for the former but not the latter. Data structures such as arrays, linked lists, hash tables, and many others can be used to implement either of them. Perhaps confusingly, some of the same terms are used for both data structures and composites. For example, "binary tree" can refer to either: as a data structure it is a means of accessing a linear sequence of items, and the actual positions of items in the tree are irrelevant (the tree can be internally rearranged however one likes, without changing its meaning). However, as an object composition, the positions are relevant, and changing them would change the meaning (as for example in cladograms).
Programming technique
Object-oriented programming is based on objects to encapsulate data and behavior. It uses two main tech
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function%20composition%20%28computer%20science%29
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In computer science, function composition is an act or mechanism to combine simple functions to build more complicated ones. Like the usual composition of functions in mathematics, the result of each function is passed as the argument of the next, and the result of the last one is the result of the whole.
Programmers frequently apply functions to results of other functions, and almost all programming languages allow it. In some cases, the composition of functions is interesting as a function in its own right, to be used later. Such a function can always be defined but languages with first-class functions make it easier.
The ability to easily compose functions encourages factoring (breaking apart) functions for maintainability and code reuse. More generally, big systems might be built by composing whole programs.
Narrowly speaking, function composition applies to functions that operate on a finite amount of data, each step sequentially processing it before handing it to the next. Functions that operate on potentially infinite data (a stream or other codata) are known as filters, and are instead connected in a pipeline, which is analogous to function composition and can execute concurrently.
Composing function calls
For example, suppose we have two functions and , as in and . Composing them means we first compute , and then use to compute . Here is the example in the C language:
float x, y, z;
// ...
y = g(x);
z = f(y);
The steps can be combined if we don't give a name
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Kirschner
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Marc Wallace Kirschner (born February 28, 1945) is an American cell biologist and biochemist and the founding chair of the Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School. He is known for major discoveries in cell and developmental biology related to the dynamics and function of the cytoskeleton, the regulation of the cell cycle, and the process of signaling in embryos, as well as the evolution of the vertebrate body plan. He is a leader in applying mathematical approaches to biology. He is the John Franklin Enders University Professor at Harvard University. In 2021 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.
Education and early life
Kirschner was born in Chicago, Illinois, on February 28, 1945. He graduated from Northwestern University with a B.A. in chemistry in 1966. He received a Graduate Research Fellowship from the National Science Foundation in 1966 and earned a doctorate in biochemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1971.
Career and research
He held postdoctoral positions at UC Berkeley and at the University of Oxford in England. He became assistant professor at Princeton University in 1972. In 1978 he was made professor at the University of California, San Francisco. In 1993, he moved to Harvard Medical School, where he served as the chair of the new Department of Cell Biology for a decade. He became the founding chair of the HMS Department of Systems Biology in 2003. He was named the John Franklin Enders University Professor in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%20differential%20equation
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In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation is called a Bernoulli differential equation if it is of the form
where is a real number. Some authors allow any real , whereas others require that not be 0 or 1. The equation was first discussed in a work of 1695 by Jacob Bernoulli, after whom it is named. The earliest solution, however, was offered by Gottfried Leibniz, who published his result in the same year and whose method is the one still used today.
Bernoulli equations are special because they are nonlinear differential equations with known exact solutions. A notable special case of the Bernoulli equation is the logistic differential equation.
Transformation to a linear differential equation
When , the differential equation is linear. When , it is separable. In these cases, standard techniques for solving equations of those forms can be applied. For and , the substitution reduces any Bernoulli equation to a linear differential equation
For example, in the case , making the substitution in the differential equation produces the equation , which is a linear differential equation.
Solution
Let and
be a solution of the linear differential equation
Then we have that is a solution of
And for every such differential equation, for all we have as solution for .
Example
Consider the Bernoulli equation
(in this case, more specifically a Riccati equation).
The constant function is a solution.
Division by yields
Changing variables gives the equation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintilla
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Scintilla (the Italian and Latin word for spark) may refer to:
Scintilla AG, a Swiss electrical engineering company, a 100 percent subsidiary of Robert Bosch GmbH since 2005
Scintilla (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Universe
Scintilla (communist group), a clandestine 1940s Italian anti-fascist network
Scintilla Magneto Company, an American manufacturer of magnetos
Scintilla (software), a software library for code editors
Scintilla (trilobite), a genus in family Anomocaridae
The Hybrid (film), a 2014 British film also known as Scintilla
The Civetta Scintilla, a parody of the Ferrari F8 Tributo, appears in the game BeamNG.drive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz%20scalar
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In a relativistic theory of physics, a Lorentz scalar is an expression, formed from items of the theory, which evaluates to a scalar, invariant under any Lorentz transformation. A Lorentz scalar may be generated from e.g., the scalar product of vectors, or from contracting tensors of the theory. While the components of vectors and tensors are in general altered under Lorentz transformations, Lorentz scalars remain unchanged.
A Lorentz scalar is not always immediately seen to be an invariant scalar in the mathematical sense, but the resulting scalar value is invariant under any basis transformation applied to the vector space, on which the considered theory is based. A simple Lorentz scalar in Minkowski spacetime is the spacetime distance ("length" of their difference) of two fixed events in spacetime. While the "position"-4-vectors of the events change between different inertial frames, their spacetime distance remains invariant under the corresponding Lorentz transformation. Other examples of Lorentz scalars are the "length" of 4-velocities (see below), or the Ricci curvature in a point in spacetime from General relativity, which is a contraction of the Riemann curvature tensor there.
Simple scalars in special relativity
The length of a position vector
In special relativity the location of a particle in 4-dimensional spacetime is given by
where is the position in 3-dimensional space of the particle, is the velocity in 3-dimensional space and is the speed of light.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek%20B%C4%9Bhounek
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František Běhounek (; 27 October 1898 Prague – 1 January 1973 Karlovy Vary) was a Czech scientist (radiologist), explorer and writer.
The asteroid 3278 Běhounek is named after him.
Biography
Běhounek studied physics and mathematics at Charles University, later radiology in France with Marie Curie-Skłodowska. In 1920s, he was one of the founders of State Radiological Institute. In 1926, he took part in an expedition of Roald Amundsen to the North Pole with airship Norge. In 1928, as an expert on cosmic rays, he was a member of crew of airship Italia led by Umberto Nobile. He survived its crash in 1928, and later described it in his book Trosečníci na kře ledové.
As a scientist, he worked in industrial companies, medical institutions, universities and in the state academy. From the 1950s on, he participated in UNESCO projects.
Works
Běhounek published about 28 novels (most of them aimed at young people, popularizing science or science fiction) and many scientific works.
Boj o zeměkouli – sci-fi novel (Prague, 1939)
Tajemství polárního moře – adventure novel about a north pole expedition (Prague, 1942)
Kletba zlata – short stories (Prague, 1942)
Svět nejmenších rozměrů (Prague, 1945)
Případ profesora Hrona – sci-fi novel (Prague, 1947)
Swansonova výprava – sci-fi novel (Prague, 1949)
Akce L – sci-fi novel (1956)
Robinsoni vesmíru – sci-fi novel (1958)
Tábor v lese (Prague, 1960)
Projekt Scavenger – sci-fi novel (Prague, 1961)
Fregata pluje kolem světa – adventure n
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libquantum
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Libquantum is a C library quantum mechanics simulator originally focused on virtual quantum computers. It is licensed under the GNU GPL. It was a part of SPEC 2006. The latest version is stated to be v1.1.1 (Jan 2013) on the mailing list, but on the website there is only v0.9.1 from 2007.
An author of libquantum, Hendrik Weimer, has published a paper in Nature about using Rydberg atoms for universal quantum simulation with colleagues, using his own work.
References
External links
libquantum homepage
Virtualization software
Quantum information science
Quantum programming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Jaki
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Stanley L. Jaki (Jáki Szaniszló László) (17 August 1924 in Győr, Hungary – 7 April 2009 in Madrid, Spain) was a Hungarian-born priest of the Benedictine order. From 1975 to his death, he was Distinguished University Professor at Seton Hall University, in South Orange, New Jersey.
He held doctorates in theology and in physics and was a leading contributor to the philosophy of science and the history of science, particularly to their relationship to Christianity. In 2018, Jaki was named one of five Catholic scientists "that shaped our understanding of the world" by Aleteia; the other four are: Copernicus, Gregor Mendel, Giuseppe Mercalli and Georges Lemaitre.
Studies
After completing undergraduate training in philosophy, theology and mathematics, Jaki did graduate work in theology and physics and gained doctorates in theology from the Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm in Rome (1950) and in physics from Fordham University (1958), where he studied under the Nobel laureate Victor Hess, the co-discoverer of cosmic rays. He also did post-doctoral research in Philosophy of Science at Stanford University, UC Berkeley, Princeton University and Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton.
Research
Jaki authored more than two dozen books on the relation between modern science and Christianity. He was Fremantle Lecturer at Balliol College, Oxford (1977), Hoyt Fellow at Yale University (1980) and Farmington Institute Lecturer at Oxford University (1988–1989). He was the Gifford Lecturer a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Burnside's theorem in group theory states that if G is a finite group of order where p and q are prime numbers, and a and b are non-negative integers, then G is solvable. Hence each
non-Abelian finite simple group has order divisible by at least three distinct primes.
History
The theorem was proved by using the representation theory of finite groups. Several special cases of the theorem had previously been proved by Burnside, Jordan, and Frobenius. John Thompson pointed out that a proof avoiding the use of representation theory could be extracted from his work on the N-group theorem, and this was done explicitly by for groups of odd order, and by for groups of even order. simplified the proofs.
Proof
The following proof — using more background than Burnside's — is by contradiction. Let paqb be the smallest product of two prime powers, such that there is a non-solvable group G whose order is equal to this number.
G is a simple group with trivial center and a is not zero.
If G had a nontrivial proper normal subgroup H, then (because of the minimality of G), H and G/H would be solvable, so G as well, which would contradict our assumption. So G is simple.
If a were zero, G would be a finite q-group, hence nilpotent, and therefore solvable.
Similarly, G cannot be abelian, otherwise it would be solvable. As G is simple, its center must therefore be trivial.
There is an element g of G which has qd conjugates, for some d > 0.
By the first statement of Syl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrating%20factor
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In mathematics, an integrating factor is a function that is chosen to facilitate the solving of a given equation involving differentials. It is commonly used to solve ordinary differential equations, but is also used within multivariable calculus when multiplying through by an integrating factor allows an inexact differential to be made into an exact differential (which can then be integrated to give a scalar field). This is especially useful in thermodynamics where temperature becomes the integrating factor that makes entropy an exact differential.
Use
An integrating factor is any expression that a differential equation is multiplied by to facilitate integration. For example, the nonlinear second order equation
admits as an integrating factor:
To integrate, note that both sides of the equation may be expressed as derivatives by going backwards with the chain rule:
Therefore,
where is a constant.
This form may be more useful, depending on application. Performing a separation of variables will give
This is an implicit solution which involves a nonelementary integral. This same method is used to solve the period of a simple pendulum.
Solving first order linear ordinary differential equations
Integrating factors are useful for solving ordinary differential equations that can be expressed in the form
The basic idea is to find some function, say , called the "integrating factor", which we can multiply through our differential equation in order to bring
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged%20array
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In computer science, a jagged array, also known as a ragged array or irregular array is an array of arrays of which the member arrays can be of different lengths, producing rows of jagged edges when visualized as output. In contrast, two-dimensional arrays are always rectangular so jagged arrays should not be confused with multidimensional arrays, but the former is often used to emulate the latter.
Arrays of arrays in languages such as Java, PHP, Python (multidimensional lists), Ruby, C#.NET, Visual Basic.NET, Perl, JavaScript, Objective-C, Swift, and Atlas Autocode are implemented as Iliffe vectors.
Examples
In C# and Java jagged arrays can be created with the following code:
int[][]c;
c = new int[2][]; // creates 2 rows
c[0] = new int[5]; // 5 columns for row 0
c[1] = new int[3]; // create 3 columns for row 1
In C and C++, a jagged array can be created (on the stack) using the following code:
int jagged_row0[] = {0,1};
int jagged_row1[] = {1,2,3};
int *jagged[] = { jagged_row0, jagged_row1 };
In C/C++, jagged arrays can also be created (on the heap) with an array of pointers:
int *jagged[5];
jagged[0] = malloc(sizeof(int) * 10);
jagged[1] = malloc(sizeof(int) * 3);
In C++/CLI, jagged array can be created with the code:
using namespace System;
int main()
{
array<array<double> ^> ^ Arrayname = gcnew array <array<double> ^> (4); // array contains 4
//elements
return 0;
}
In Fortran, a jagged array can be created using derived types with allocatable co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex%20Pharmaceuticals
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Vertex Pharmaceuticals is an American biopharmaceutical company based in Boston, Massachusetts. It was one of the first biotech firms to use an explicit strategy of rational drug design rather than combinatorial chemistry. It maintains headquarters in South Boston, Massachusetts, and three research facilities, in San Diego, California, and Milton Park, Oxfordshire, England.
History
Vertex was founded in 1989 by Joshua Boger and Kevin J. Kinsella to "transform the way serious diseases are treated."
The company's beginnings were profiled by Barry Werth in the 1994 book, The Billion-Dollar Molecule. His 2014 book, The Antidote: Inside the World of New Pharma, chronicled the company's subsequent development over the next two decades.
By 2004, its product pipeline focused on viral infections, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and cancer.
In 2009, the company had about 1,800 employees, including 1,200 in the Boston area. By 2019 there were about 2,500 employees.
Since late 2011, Vertex has ranked among the top 15 best-performing companies on the Standard & Poor's 500. Vertex shares increased 250 percent in the same period. In January 2014, Vertex completed its move from Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Boston, Massachusetts, and took residence in a new, $800 million complex. Located on the South Boston waterfront, it marked the first time in the company's history that all of the roughly 1,200 Vertex employees in the Greater Boston area worked together.
On 23 January 2019, Ia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Rowan-Robinson
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(Geoffrey) Michael Rowan-Robinson (born 9 July 1942) is an astronomer, astrophysicist and Professor of Astrophysics at Imperial College London. He previously served as head of the astrophysics group until May 2007 and from 1981 to 1982, and as Gresham Professor of Astronomy.
Education
Rowan-Robinson was educated at Eshton Hall School and the University of Cambridge where he completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in Natural Sciences as an undergraduate student of Pembroke College, Cambridge. He went on to complete a PhD on Quasars at Royal Holloway, University of London in 1969 supervised by William McCrea.
Research and career
Rowan-Robinson's research interests include the Spitzer Space Telescope SWIRE project, the European Large Area ISO Survey, the UK SCUBA Survey (see James Clerk Maxwell Telescope), the IRAS PSC Redshift Survey, the Herschel Space Observatory SPIRE instrument and the Planck Surveyor HFI.
Rowan-Robinson co-supervised Brian May's PhD in Astrophysics initially supervised by James Ring and Ken Reay. He retired as president of the Royal Astronomical Society in 2008.
In November 2021 he published an article on the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society regarding the search for Planet Nine using IRAS data.
Publications
His publications and books include:
The Cosmological Distance Ladder
Universe
Ripples in the Cosmos
The Nine Numbers of the Cosmos
Cosmology
Awards and honours
Rowan-Robinson was awarded the 2008 Hoyle Medal by the Institute of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga%20Ladyzhenskaya
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Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya (; 7 March 1922 – 12 January 2004) was a Russian mathematician who worked on partial differential equations, fluid dynamics, and the finite difference method for the Navier–Stokes equations. She received the Lomonosov Gold Medal in 2002. She is the author of more than two hundred scientific works, among which are six monographs.
Biography
Ladyzhenskaya was born and grew up in the small town of Kologriv, the daughter of a mathematics teacher who is credited with her early inspiration and love of mathematics. The artist Gennady Ladyzhensky was her grandfather's brother, also born in this town. In 1937 her father, Aleksandr Ivanovich Ladýzhenski, was arrested by the NKVD and executed as an "enemy of the people".
Ladyzhenskaya completed high school in 1939, unlike her older sisters who weren't permitted to do the same. She was not admitted to the Leningrad State University due to her father's status and attended a pedagogical institute. After the German invasion of June 1941, she taught school in Kologriv. She was eventually admitted to Moscow State University in 1943 and graduated in 1947.
She began teaching in the Physics department of the university in 1950 and defended her PhD there, in 1951, under Sergei Sobolev and Vladimir Smirnov. She received a second doctorate from the Moscow State University in 1953. In 1954, she joined the mathematical physics laboratory of the Steklov Institute and became its head in 1961.
Ladyzhenskaya had a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelbert%20Ames%20Jr.
|
Adelbert Ames Jr. (August 19, 1880 – July 3, 1955) was an American scientist who made contributions to physics, physiology, ophthalmology, psychology, and philosophy. He pioneered the study of physiological optics at Dartmouth College, serving as a research professor, then as director of research at the Dartmouth Eye Institute. He conducted important research into aspects of binocular vision, including cyclophoria and aniseikonia. Ames is perhaps best known for constructing illusions of visual perception, most notably the Ames room and the Ames window. He was a leading light in the Transactionalist School of psychology and also made contributions to social psychology.
Formative years
Adelbert Ames Jr. was born on August 19, 1880, in Lowell, Massachusetts. His father, Adelbert Ames, was a general in the Union Army during the Civil War and Reconstruction Governor and Senator from Mississippi; his mother, Blanche Butler Ames, was the daughter of U.S. general Benjamin F. Butler, a controversial military leader, politician, and unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. presidency. Apart from his military and administrative service, General Ames obtained several U.S. patents for pencil sharpeners and other mechanical devices. Ames' sister Blanche Ames Ames was a woman's rights suffragist, and his brother Butler Ames was a politician and Army officer during the Spanish–American War. His son, Adelbert Ames III (1921–2018), was the Charles Anthony Pappas Professor of Neuroscience, Emeritu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heats%20of%20fusion%20of%20the%20elements%20%28data%20page%29
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Heat of fusion
Notes
Values refer to the enthalpy change between the liquid phase and the most stable solid phase at the melting point (normal, 101.325 kPa).
References
CRC
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Enthalpy of Fusion
LNG
As quoted from various sources in:
J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 6, Thermodynamic Properties; Table 6.4, Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
G.W.C. Kaye and T.H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
D.R. Lide, (ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
H. Ellis (Ed.) in Nuffield Advanced Science Book of Data, Longman, London, UK, 1972.
See also
Thermodynamic properties
Chemical element data pages
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