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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heats%20of%20vaporization%20of%20the%20elements%20%28data%20page%29
|
Heat of vaporization
Notes
Values refer to the enthalpy change in the conversion of liquid to gas at the boiling point (normal, 101.325 kPa).
References
Zhang et al.
CRC
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Enthalpy of Vaporization
GME
Kugler HK & Keller C (eds) 1985, Gmelin handbook of inorganic and organometallic chemistry, 8th ed., 'At, Astatine', system no. 8a, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, , pp. 116–117
LNG
As quoted from various sources in:
J.A. Dean (ed.), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 6, Thermodynamic Properties; Table 6.4, Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
G.W.C. Kaye and T. H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
D.R. Lide, (ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
H. Ellis (ed.) in Nuffield Advanced Science Book of Data, Longman, London, UK, 1972.
See also
Thermodynamic properties
Chemical element data pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop%20Crying%20Your%20Heart%20Out
|
"Stop Crying Your Heart Out" is a song by the English rock band Oasis. The song was written by Noel Gallagher and produced by Oasis. It was released in the United Kingdom on 17 June 2002 as the second single from the band's fifth studio album, Heathen Chemistry (2002). In the United States, it was serviced to radio several weeks before its UK release, in May 2002. Liam Gallagher is the lead vocalist on the track, with Noel on backing vocals.
"Stop Crying Your Heart Out" debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and reached a peak of number six on the UK Indie Chart. It peaked at number one in Italy and reached the top 20 in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Norway. The song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on 12 July 2002, denoting shipments of over 200,000 copies. It has since been certified platinum, and was initially their only single of the 2000s to reach this milestone until "Little by Little" was certified three years later.
British singer-songwriter Leona Lewis recorded a cover version for her second studio album Echo (2009). She performed her version on the sixth series finale of The X Factor, and it peaked at number 29 on the UK Singles Chart and number 11 on the UK R&B Chart.
Composition and lyrics
"Stop Crying Your Heart Out" was written solely by Noel Gallagher, and was produced by Oasis. The song was recorded at Wheeler End Studios and Olympic Studios in England, and was mixed by Mark Stent. It was engineered by David
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Farnsworth%20Wright
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John Farnsworth Wright (15 October 1929 – 19 November 2001) was a British economist. He published the book Britain in the Age of Economic Management. He was a skeptic on government interventions in the economy.
He was born in Sheffield in 1929 and educated at King Edward VII School, specializing in math and physics for which he won a Hastings Scholarship to The Queen's College, Oxford, in 1947. Wright then spent two years in the National Service in the Royal Army Education Corps, and it was during this time that he studied philosophy, politics, and economics. He then began at Nuffield College, Oxford in 1952 as an early student.
He was appointed Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, in 1953; he was Tutor in Economics 1953–1990, Official Fellow 1955–1957, Estates Bursar 1955–1997, and became an Emeritus Fellow in 1998.
Sources
Author and Bookinfo.com
References
External links
Obituary
1929 births
2001 deaths
British economists
People with Parkinson's disease
People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield
Fellows of Trinity College, Oxford
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Mirowski
|
Philip Mirowski (born 21 August 1951 in Jackson, Michigan) is a historian and philosopher of economic thought at the University of Notre Dame. He received a PhD in Economics from the University of Michigan in 1979.
Career
In his 1989 book More Heat than Light, Mirowski reveals a history of how physics has drawn inspiration from economics and how economics has sought to emulate physics, especially with regard to the theory of value. He traces the development of the energy concept in Western physics and its subsequent effect on the invention and promulgation of neoclassical economics, the modern orthodox theory. Mirowski's thesis has been challenged by Hal Varian and defended, with some reservations, by D. Wade Hands.
Machine Dreams explores the historical influences of the military and the cyborg sciences on neoclassical economics. The neglected influence of John von Neumann and his theory of automata are key themes throughout the book. Mirowski claims that many of the developments in neoclassical economics in the 20th century, from game theory to computational economics, are the unacknowledged result of von Neumann's plans for economics. The work expands Mirowski's vision for a computational economics, one in which various market types are constructed in a similar fashion to Noam Chomsky's generative grammar. The role of economics is to explore how various market types perform in measures of complexity and efficiency, with more complicated markets being able to incorporate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Drude
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Paul Karl Ludwig Drude (; 12 July 1863 – 5 July 1906) was a German physicist specializing in optics. He wrote a fundamental textbook integrating optics with Maxwell's theories of electromagnetism.
Education
Born into an ethnic German family, the son of a physician in Braunschweig, Drude began his studies in mathematics at the University of Göttingen, but later changed his major to physics. His dissertation covering the reflection and diffraction of light in crystals was completed in 1887, under Woldemar Voigt.
Career
In 1894 Drude became an extraordinarius professor at the University of Leipzig; in the same year he married Emilie Regelsberger, daughter of a Göttingen lawyer. They had four children. In 1900, he became the editor for the scientific journal Annalen der Physik, the most respected physics journal at that time. From 1901 to 1905, he was ordinarius professor of physics at Giessen University. In 1905 he became the director of the physics institute of the University of Berlin. In 1906, at the height of his career, he became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. A few days after his inauguration lecture, for inexplicable reasons, he committed suicide. Drude was survived by his wife and four children.
Work
Drude graduated the year Heinrich Hertz began publishing his findings from his experiments on the electromagnetic theories of James Clerk Maxwell. Thus Drude began his professional career at the time Maxwell's theories were being introduced into Ger
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular%20shift
|
In combinatorial mathematics, a circular shift is the operation of rearranging the entries in a tuple, either by moving the final entry to the first position, while shifting all other entries to the next position, or by performing the inverse operation. A circular shift is a special kind of cyclic permutation, which in turn is a special kind of permutation. Formally, a circular shift is a permutation σ of the n entries in the tuple such that either
modulo n, for all entries i = 1, ..., n
or
modulo n, for all entries i = 1, ..., n.
The result of repeatedly applying circular shifts to a given tuple are also called the circular shifts of the tuple.
For example, repeatedly applying circular shifts to the four-tuple (a, b, c, d) successively gives
(d, a, b, c),
(c, d, a, b),
(b, c, d, a),
(a, b, c, d) (the original four-tuple),
and then the sequence repeats; this four-tuple therefore has four distinct circular shifts. However, not all n-tuples have n distinct circular shifts. For instance, the 4-tuple (a, b, a, b) only has 2 distinct circular shifts. The number of distinct circular shifts of an n-tuple is , where is a divisor of , indicating the maximal number of repeats over all subpatterns.
In computer programming, a bitwise rotation, also known as a circular shift, is a bitwise operation that shifts all bits of its operand. Unlike an arithmetic shift, a circular shift does not preserve a number's sign bit or distinguish a floating-point number's exponent from its sig
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelcoat
|
Gelcoat or gel coat is a material used to provide a high-quality finish on the visible surface of a fibre-reinforced composite. The most common gelcoats are thermosetting polymers based on epoxy or unsaturated polyester resin chemistry. Gelcoats are modified resins which are applied to moulds in the liquid state. They are cured to form crosslinked polymers and are subsequently backed with thermoset polymer matrix composites which are often mixtures of polyester resin and fiberglass, or epoxy resin which is most commonly used with carbon fibre for higher specific strength.
The manufactured component, when sufficiently cured and removed from the mould, presents the gelcoated surface. This is usually pigmented to provide a coloured, glossy surface which improves the aesthetic appearance of the article, such as the surface of a boat hull.
Many marine craft and some aircraft are manufactured using composite materials with an outer layer of gelcoat, typically 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm (0.02 in to 0.03 in) thick. Gelcoats are designed to be durable, providing resistance to ultraviolet degradation and hydrolysis.
Specialized gelcoats can be used to manufacture the moulds which in turn are used to manufacture components. These require very high levels of durability to overcome the mechanical and thermal stresses encountered during the curing and demoulding processes.
Suitable resin chemistries for the manufacture of gelcoats vary, but the most commonly encountered are unsaturated poly
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaclav%20Zizler
|
Vaclav Zizler, Ph.D., Dr.Sc. (born 8 March 1943), is a Czech mathematics professor specializing in Banach space theory and non-linear spaces. As of 2006, Dr. Zizler holds the position of Professor Emeritus at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Formerly he was at the Mathematical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences where he was Head of Research. In 2001 the Czech Minister of Education named his Functional Analysis and Infinite Dimensional Geometry the university textbook of the year. In 2008 he was, for his excellent lifelong work in mathematical analysis and selfless activities in favour of the Czech mathematics, awarded a laureate medal by the Czech Mathematical Society.
Selected publications
Books
.
.
Research articles
.
.
References
External links
Zizler's homepage at the University of Alberta.
Canadian mathematicians
Czech expatriates in Canada
Czech mathematicians
Academic staff of the University of Alberta
1943 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGL
|
AGL may refer to:
Businesses
AGL Energy, Australian energy company, successor to Australian Gas Light Company
AGL Resources, an American utility company
Atlanta Gas Light, a subsidiary of AGL Resources
Australian Gas Light Company, a former Australian energy company
Science and technology
Biology
AGL gene, which codes for human glycogen debranching enzyme
amylo- α- 1,6- glucosidase, 4- α- glucanotransferase (AGL), another name for the glycogen debranching enzyme
Computing
A Graphics Language, BASIC language extension for control of Hewlett-Packard plotters
Adobe Glyph List, a list of glyph names for Unicode characters
Apple Graphics Library, the Apple API for OpenGL
Automotive Grade Linux, an open operating system and framework for automotive applications
Other uses in science and technology
Above ground level, in aviation
Affine general linear group, a group of affine transformations in mathematics
Artificial grammar learning, an investigative technique in cognitive psychology and linguistics
Automatic Grenade Launcher, weapon for shooting grenades rapidly
Other uses
AGL, the United States Navy hull classification symbol for a lighthouse tender
Abergele & Pensarn railway station, UK (National Rail code AGL)
Angola, ITU letter code
Fembe language (ISO 639-3 code agl)
"Animism: the Gods' Lake", a fictional location in Animism (TV series)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20materials%20analysis%20methods
|
This is a list of analysis methods used in materials science. Analysis methods are listed by their acronym, if one exists.
Symbols
μSR – see muon spin spectroscopy
χ – see magnetic susceptibility
A
AAS – Atomic absorption spectroscopy
AED – Auger electron diffraction
AES – Auger electron spectroscopy
AFM – Atomic force microscopy
AFS – Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
Analytical ultracentrifugation
APFIM – Atom probe field ion microscopy
APS – Appearance potential spectroscopy
ARPES – Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy
ARUPS – Angle resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
ATR – Attenuated total reflectance
B
BET – BET surface area measurement (BET from Brunauer, Emmett, Teller)
BiFC – Bimolecular fluorescence complementation
BKD – Backscatter Kikuchi diffraction, see EBSD
BRET – Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer
BSED – Back scattered electron diffraction, see EBSD
C
CAICISS – Coaxial impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy
CARS – Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
CBED – Convergent beam electron diffraction
CCM – Charge collection microscopy
CDI – Coherent diffraction imaging
CE – Capillary electrophoresis
CET – Cryo-electron tomography
CL – Cathodoluminescence
CLSM – Confocal laser scanning microscopy
COSY – Correlation spectroscopy
Cryo-EM – Cryo-electron microscopy
Cryo-SEM – Cryo-scanning electron microscopy
CV – Cyclic voltammetry
D
DE(T)A – Dielectric thermal analysis
dHvA – De Haas–van Alphen effec
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil%20temperature
|
In condensed matter physics, the recoil temperature is a fundamental lower limit of temperature attainable by some laser cooling schemes, and corresponds to the kinetic energy imparted in an atom initially at rest by the spontaneous emission of a photon. The recoil temperature is
where
is the magnitude of the wavevector of the light,
is the mass of the atom,
is the Boltzmann constant,
is the Planck constant,
is the photon's momentum.
In general, the recoil temperature is below the Doppler cooling limit for atoms and molecules, so sub-Doppler cooling techniques such as Sisyphus cooling are necessary to reach it. For example, the recoil temperature for the D2 lines of alkali atoms is typically on the order of 1 μK, in contrast with a Doppler cooling limit on the order of 100 μK.
Cooling beyond the recoil limit is possible using specific schemes such as Raman cooling. Sub-recoil temperatures can also occur in the Lamb Dicke regime, where an atom is so strongly confined that its motion (and thus temperature) is effectively unchanged by recoil photons.
References
Atomic physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum%20limit
|
In mathematical physics and mathematics, the continuum limit or scaling limit of a lattice model refers to its behaviour in the limit as the lattice spacing goes to zero. It is often useful to use lattice models to approximate real-world processes, such as Brownian motion. Indeed, according to Donsker's theorem, the discrete random walk would, in the scaling limit, approach the true Brownian motion.
Terminology
The term continuum limit mostly finds use in the physical sciences, often in reference to models of aspects of quantum physics, while the term scaling limit is more common in mathematical use.
Application in quantum field theory
A lattice model that approximates a continuum quantum field theory in the limit as the lattice spacing goes to zero may correspond to finding a second order phase transition of the model. This is the scaling limit of the model.
See also
Universality classes
References
H. E. Stanley, Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena
H. Kleinert, Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter, Vol. I, " SUPERFLOW AND VORTEX LINES", pp. 1–742, Vol. II, "STRESSES AND DEFECTS", pp. 743–1456, World Scientific (Singapore, 1989); Paperback (also available online: Vol. I and Vol. II)
H. Kleinert and V. Schulte-Frohlinde, Critical Properties of φ4-Theories, World Scientific (Singapore, 2001); Paperback (also available online)
Lattice models
Lattice field theory
Renormalization group
Critical phenomena
Articles containing video clips
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation
|
Formation may refer to:
Linguistics
Back-formation, the process of creating a new lexeme by removing or affixes
Word formation, the creation of a new word by adding affixes
Mathematics and science
Cave formation or speleothem, a secondary mineral deposit formed in a cave
Class formation, a topological group acting on a module satisfying certain conditions
Formation (group theory), a class of groups that is closed under some operations
Formation constant, an equilibrium constant for the formation of a complex in solution
Formation enthalpy, standard heat of formation of a compound
Formation (group theory), a class of groups
Formation (geology), a formally named rock stratum or geological unit
Formation of rocks, how rocks are formed
Formation and evolution of the Solar System, history of the Solar System
Rock formation, an isolated, scenic, or spectacular surface rock outcrop
Vegetation formation, a concept used to classify vegetation communities
Military
Formation flying, the disciplined flight of two or more aircraft under the command of a flight leader
Formation (military), a high-level military organization
Tactical formation, the arrangement or deployment of moving military forces
Formation, an element in order of battle as a formal assembly of military personnel usually to receive the course of actions (operation order) or get deployed to operations
Formation may be tactical or ceremonial
Music
Formation Records, a record label headed by DJ SS
"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude%20versus%20offset
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In geophysics and reflection seismology, amplitude versus offset (AVO) or amplitude variation with offset is the general term for referring to the dependency of the seismic attribute, amplitude, with the distance between the source and receiver (the offset). AVO analysis is a technique that geophysicists can execute on seismic data to determine a rock's fluid content, porosity, density or seismic velocity, shear wave information, fluid indicators (hydrocarbon indications).
The phenomenon is based on the relationship between the reflection coefficient and the angle of incidence and has been understood since the early 20th century when Karl Zoeppritz wrote down the Zoeppritz equations. Due to its physical origin, AVO can also be known as amplitude versus angle (AVA), but AVO is the more commonly used term because the offset is what a geophysicist can vary in order to change the angle of incidence. (See diagram)
Background and theory
For a seismic wave reflecting off an interface between two media at normal incidence, the expression for the reflection coefficient is relatively simple:
,
where and are the acoustic impedances of the first and second medium, respectively.
The situation becomes much more complicated in the case of non-normal incidence, due to mode conversion between P-waves and S-waves, and is described by the Zoeppritz equations.
Zoeppritz equations
In 1919, Karl Bernhard Zoeppritz derived four equations that determine the amplitudes of reflected and ref
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical%20seismic%20profile
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In geophysics, vertical seismic profile (VSP) is a technique of seismic measurements used for correlation with surface seismic data. The defining characteristic of a VSP (of which there are many types) is that either the energy source, or the detectors (or sometimes both) are in a borehole. In the most common type of VSP, hydrophones, or more often geophones or accelerometers, in the borehole record reflected seismic energy originating from a seismic source at the surface.
There are numerous methods for acquiring a vertical seismic profile (VSP). Zero-offset VSPs (A) have sources close to the wellbore directly above receivers. Offset VSPs (B) have sources some distance from the receivers in the wellbore. Walkaway VSPs (C) feature a source that is moved to progressively farther offset and receivers held in a fixed location. Walk-above VSPs (D) accommodate the recording geometry of a deviated well, having each receiver in a different lateral position and the source directly above the receiver. Salt-proximity VSPs (E) are reflection surveys to help define a salt-sediment interface near a wellbore by using a source on top of a salt dome away from the drilling rig. Drill-noise VSPs (F), also known as seismic-while-drilling (SWD) VSPs, use the noise of the drill bit as the source and receivers laid out along the ground. Multi-offset VSPs (G) involve a source some distance from numerous receivers in the wellbore.
A vertical seismic profile is constructed to identify a value known
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdominance
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In genetics, underdominance, also known as homozygote advantage, heterozygote disadvantage, or negative overdominance," is the opposite of overdominance. It is the selection against the heterozygote, causing disruptive selection and divergent genotypes. Underdominance exists in situations where the heterozygotic genotype is inferior in fitness to either the dominant or recessive homozygotic genotype. Compared to examples of overdominance in actual populations, underdominance is considered more unstable and may lead to the fixation of either allele.
An example of stable underdominance may occur in individuals who are heterozygotic for polymorphisms that would make them better suited for one of two niches. Consider a situation in which a population is completely homozygotic for an "A" allele, allowing exploitation of a particular resource. Eventually, a polymorphic "a" allele may be introduced into the population, resulting in an individual who is capable of exploiting a different resource. This would result in an "aa" homozygotic invasion of the population due to nonexistent competition of the unexploited resource. The frequency of "aa" individuals would increase until the abundance of the "a" resource begins to decline. Eventually, the "AA" and "aa" genotypes would reach equilibrium with each other, with "Aa" heterozygotic individuals potentially experiencing a reduced fitness compared to those individuals who are homozygotic for utilization of either resource. This example
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus%20triiodide
|
Phosphorus triiodide (PI3) is an inorganic compound with the formula PI3. A red solid, it is too unstable to be stored; it is, nevertheless, commercially available. It is widely used in organic chemistry for converting alcohols to alkyl iodides. It is also a powerful reducing agent. Note that phosphorus also forms a lower iodide, P2I4, but the existence of PI5 is doubtful at room temperature.
Properties
PI3 has a low dipole moment in carbon disulfide solution, because the P-I bond has almost no dipole. The P-I bond is also weak; PI3 is much less stable than PBr3 and PCl3, with a standard enthalpy of formation for PI3 of only −46 kJ/ mol (solid). The phosphorus atom has an NMR chemical shift of 178 ppm (downfield of H3PO4).
Reactions
Phosphorus triiodide reacts vigorously with water, producing phosphorous acid (H3PO3) and hydroiodic acid (HI), along with smaller amounts of phosphine and various P-P-containing compounds. Alcohols likewise form alkyl iodides, this providing the main use for PI3.
PI3 is also a powerful reducing agent and deoxygenating agent. It reduces sulfoxides to sulfides, even at −78 °C. Meanwhile, heating a 1-iodobutane solution of PI3 with red phosphorus causes reduction to P2I4.
Preparation
The usual method or preparation is by the union of the elements, often by addition of iodine to a solution of white phosphorus in carbon disulfide:
P4 +6 I2 → 4PI3
Alternatively, PCl3 may be converted to PI3 by the action of hydrogen iodide or certain met
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUKA
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KUKA is a German manufacturer of industrial robots and factory automation systems owned by Chinese appliance manufacturer Midea Group.
The KUKA Robotics Corporation has 25 subsidiaries in the United States, Australia, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, India, Russia and in various European countries. The company name, KUKA, is an acronym for .
KUKA Systems GmbH, a division of KUKA, is a supplier of engineering services and automated manufacturing systems with around 3,900 employees in twelve countries globally. KUKA Systems’ plants/equipments are being used by automotive manufacturers such as BMW, GM, Chrysler, Ford, Volvo, Volkswagen, Daimler AG and Valmet Automotive and by manufacturers from other industrial sectors such as Airbus, Astrium and Siemens. The range includes products and services for task automation in the industrial processing of metallic and non-metallic materials for various industries including automotive, energy, aerospace, rail vehicles, and agricultural machinery.
History
The acetylene factory Augsburg was founded in 1898 in Augsburg, Germany, by Johann Josef Keller and Jakob Knappich for the production of low-cost domestic and municipal lighting, household appliances and automobile headlights. In 1905, the production was extended to the innovative autonomous welding equipment. After the First World War, Keller and Knappich resumed production of safety-, manual- and power-winches and began the manufacturing of large containe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume%20element
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In mathematics, a volume element provides a means for integrating a function with respect to volume in various coordinate systems such as spherical coordinates and cylindrical coordinates. Thus a volume element is an expression of the form
where the are the coordinates, so that the volume of any set can be computed by
For example, in spherical coordinates , and so .
The notion of a volume element is not limited to three dimensions: in two dimensions it is often known as the area element, and in this setting it is useful for doing surface integrals. Under changes of coordinates, the volume element changes by the absolute value of the Jacobian determinant of the coordinate transformation (by the change of variables formula). This fact allows volume elements to be defined as a kind of measure on a manifold. On an orientable differentiable manifold, a volume element typically arises from a volume form: a top degree differential form. On a non-orientable manifold, the volume element is typically the absolute value of a (locally defined) volume form: it defines a 1-density.
Volume element in Euclidean space
In Euclidean space, the volume element is given by the product of the differentials of the Cartesian coordinates
In different coordinate systems of the form , , , the volume element changes by the Jacobian (determinant) of the coordinate change:
For example, in spherical coordinates (mathematical convention)
the Jacobian determinant is
so that
This can be seen a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Falkow
|
Stanley "Stan" Falkow (January 24, 1934 – May 5, 2018) was an American microbiologist and a professor of microbiology at Georgetown University, University of Washington, and Stanford University School of Medicine. Falkow is known as the father of the field of molecular microbial pathogenesis.
He formulated molecular Koch's postulates, which have guided the study of the microbial determinants of infectious diseases since the late 1980s. Falkow spent over 50 years uncovering molecular mechanisms of how bacteria cause disease and how to disarm them. Falkow also was one of the first scientists to investigate antimicrobial resistance, and presented his research extensively to scientific, government, and lay audiences explaining the spread of resistance from one organism to another, now known as horizontal gene transfer, and the implications of this phenomenon on our ability to combat infections in the future.
Early life and education
Falkow was born into a Yiddish-speaking household in Albany, New York. His father was a shoe salesman and had immigrated from Soviet Kyiv, Ukraine.
His mother came from a family of Jewish immigrants from Poland. She "rented several of their bedrooms and later opened a corset shop". Falkow's family was working-class to poor as he described in his memoir. He was therefore a first-generation Jewish American. Falkow worked at a toy shop in order to collect enough money to buy a model microscope, as well as admitted to stealing textbooks, one a nurse's
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer%20Ludwig%20Claisen
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Rainer Ludwig Claisen (; 14 January 1851 – 5 January 1930) was a German chemist best known for his work with condensations of carbonyls and sigmatropic rearrangements. He was born in Cologne as the son of a jurist and studied chemistry at the university of Bonn (1869), where he became a member of K.St.V. Arminia. He served in the army as a nurse in 1870–1871 and continued his studies at Göttingen University. He returned to the University of Bonn in 1872 and started his academic career at the same university in 1874. He died in 1930 in Godesberg am Rhein (near Bonn).
Career
Scientific contributions
Described the condensation of aromatic aldehydes with aliphatic aldehydes or ketones in 1881. This variation of the now well-known aldol condensation reaction is called the Claisen–Schmidt condensation.
Discovered (1887) the condensation reaction of an ester with an activated methylene group, now known as the Claisen condensation.
Synthesis of cinnamates by reacting aromatic aldehydes with esters. The reaction is known as the Claisen reaction and was described by Claisen for the first time in 1890.
Discovered the thermally induced rearrangement of allyl phenyl ether in 1912. He details its reaction mechanism in his last scientific publication (1925). In his honor, the reaction has been named the Claisen rearrangement.
Synthesis of isatin via a process known as the Claisen isatin synthesis, described for the first time in 1879.
Designer of a special distillation flask, now
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20Mlodinow
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Leonard Mlodinow (; November 26, 1954) is an American theoretical physicist and mathematician, screenwriter and author. In physics, he is known for his work on the large N expansion, a method of approximating the spectrum of atoms based on the consideration of an infinite-dimensional version of the problem, and for his work on the quantum theory of light inside dielectrics.
He has also written books for the general public, five of which have been New York Times best-sellers, including The Drunkard's Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives, which was chosen as a New York Times notable book, and short-listed for the Royal Society Science Book Prize; The Grand Design, co-authored with Stephen Hawking, which argues that invoking God is not necessary to explain the origins of the universe; War of the Worldviews, co-authored with Deepak Chopra; and Subliminal: How Your Unconscious Mind Rules Your Behavior, which won the 2013 PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award. He also makes public lectures and media appearances on programs including Morning Joe and Through the Wormhole, and debated Deepak Chopra on ABC's Nightline.
Biography
Mlodinow was born in Chicago, Illinois, of parents who were both Holocaust survivors. His father, who spent more than a year in the Buchenwald concentration camp, had been a leader in the Jewish resistance in his hometown of Częstochowa, in Nazi Germany-occupied Poland. As a child, Mlodinow was interested in both mathematics and chemistry, and while
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toomas%20Kivisild
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Toomas Kivisild (born 11 August 1969, in Tapa, Estonia) is an Estonian population geneticist. He graduated as a biologist and received his PhD in Genetics, from University of Tartu, Estonia, in 2000. Since then he has worked as a postdoctoral research fellow in the School of Medicine, at Stanford University (2002-3), Estonian Biocentre (since 2003), as the Professor of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu (2005-6), and as a Lecturer and Reader in Human Evolutionary Genetics in the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of Cambridge (2006-2018). From 2018 he is a professor in the Department of Human Genetics at KU Leuven and a senior researcher at the Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu.
Kivisild has focused in his research on questions relating global genetic population structure with evolutionary processes such as selection, drift, migrations and admixture. He coauthored the second edition of the textbook Human Evolutionary Genetics (2013).
Selected publications
1999a. "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages"
1999b. "The Place of the Indian mtDNA Variants in the Global Network of Maternal Lineages and the Peopling of the Old World"
2000a. "An Indian Ancestry: a Key for Understanding Human Diversity in Europe and Beyond"
2000b. "The origins of southern and western Eurasian populations: an mtDNA study"
2003a. "The Genetics of Language and Farming Spread in India"
2003b. "The Genetic Heritage of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Brassey
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Thomas Brassey (7 November 18058 December 1870) was an English civil engineering contractor and manufacturer of building materials who was responsible for building much of the world's railways in the 19th century. By 1847, he had built about one-third of the railways in Britain, and by time of his death in 1870 he had built one in every twenty miles of railway in the world. This included three-quarters of the lines in France, major lines in many other European countries and in Canada, Australia, South America and India. He also built the structures associated with those railways, including docks, bridges, viaducts, stations, tunnels and drainage works.
As well as railway engineering, Brassey was active in the development of steamships, mines, locomotive factories, marine telegraphy, and water supply and sewage systems. He built part of the London sewerage system, still in operation today, and was a major shareholder in Brunel's The Great Eastern, the only ship large enough at the time to lay the first transatlantic telegraph cable across the North Atlantic, in 1864. He left a fortune of over £5 million, equivalent to about £600 million in 2020.
Background
Thomas Brassey was the eldest son of John Brassey, a prosperous farmer, and his wife Elizabeth, and member of a Brassey family that had been living at Manor Farm in Buerton, a small settlement in the parish of Aldford, south of Chester, from at least 1663.
Early years
Thomas Brassey was educated at home until the ag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20A.%20R.%20Kennedy
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Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy (June 26, 1930 – April 23, 2014) was an anthropologist who studied at the University of California, Berkeley. He was Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology and Asian Studies in the Division of Biological Sciences at Cornell University. Among his areas of interest have been forensic anthropology and human skeletal biology. He died in Ithaca, New York on April 23, 2014.
Publications
2003, Palaeoanthropology-South Asia. In: Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. D. Levinson and K. Christensen, eds. pp. 448–452. New York: Charles Schribner's Sons.
2000, God-Apes and Fossil Men: Palaeoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
2002 Kennedy, K. A. R., V. N. Misra, J. R. Lukacs, S. C. Tiwari, and V. S. Wakankar. Skeletal Biology of the Human Remains from the Mesolithic and Palaeolithic Levels of Bhimbetka Rockshelters of Madhya Pradesh, India. Pune: Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies.
2002 Kennedy, K. A. R. Trials in Court: The Forensic Anthropologist Takes the Stand. In: Hard Evidence: Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology. D. W. Steadman, ed. pp. 77–86. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
1998, Kennedy, K. A. R. and A. A. Elgart. South Asia: India and Sri Lanka. Hominid Remains: An Update. 8:95. R. Orban and P. Semal, eds. Brussels: Anthropologie et Prehistoire, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique.
1984. “A Reassessment of the Theories of Racial Origins of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum%20%282003%20film%29
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Momentum is an American-German television film that premiered on Sci Fi Channel on July 26, 2003. The film was directed by James Seale.
Plot
Physics professor Zach Shefford (Grayson McCouch) has regarded his telekinetic gifts as a curse rather than a blessing. This sentiment is obviously not shared by ruthless Pentagon agent Raymond Addison (Louis Gossett Jr.), who recruits Shefford for a dangerous mission in which his "second sight" talents will be taxed to the utmost. It seems that, back in 1977, Addison had overseen Project Momentum, wherein dozens of telekinetics were brought together ostensibly for the purpose of benefiting mankind. But the project got out of hand when the participants' powers became too powerful and deadly, forcing Addison to kill them all.
However, one of the participants, Adrian Geiger (Michael Massee), managed to escape, and is now at large, with a vast telekinetic army at his beck and call. It is Shefford's job to infiltrate Geiger's camp and finish the job that Addison had started. Upon falling in love with fellow telekinetic Tristen Geiger (Nicki Aycox), Shefford finds that his loyalties are wavering—and begins to suspect that the villains in this particular melodrama may in fact be the heroes, and vice versa.
FBI agents Jordan Ripps (Teri Hatcher) and Frank McIntyre (Carmen Argenziano), who have been investigating an armored-car hijacking, follow Zach to Geiger. A telekinetic tug-of-war leads to a psychic showdown at the complex where Project
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-throughput
|
High-throughput may refer to:
High-throughput computing, a computer science concept
High-throughput screening, a bioinformatics concept
High-throughput biology, a cell biology concept
High-throughput sequencing, DNA sequencing
Measuring data throughput, a communications concept
See also
Throughput
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Buchberger
|
Bruno Buchberger (born 22 October 1942) is Professor of Computer Mathematics at Johannes Kepler University in Linz, Austria. In his 1965 Ph.D. thesis, he created the theory of Gröbner bases, and has developed this theory throughout his career. He named these objects after his advisor Wolfgang Gröbner. Since 1995, he has been active in the Theorema project at the University of Linz.
Career
In 1987 Buchberger founded and chaired the Research Institute for Symbolic Computation (RISC) at Johannes Kepler University. In 1985 he started the Journal of Symbolic Computation, which has now become the premier publication in the field of computer algebra.
Buchberger also conceived Softwarepark Hagenberg in 1989 and since then has been directing the expansion of this Austrian technology park for software.
In 2014 he became a member of the Global Digital Mathematical Library Working Group of the IMU.
Awards
Wilhelm Exner Medal (1995).
Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award (2007). For theory of Gröbner bases.
Golden Medal of Honor by the Upper Austrian Government
Honorary doctorates from the Universities of Nijmegen (1993), Timișoara (2000), Bath (2005), Waterloo (2011), and Innsbruck (2012).
Herbrand Award for Distinguished Contributions to Automated Reasoning (2018)
See also
Buchberger's algorithm
Gröbner bases
References
Sources
External links
Buchberger's university website
RISC website
1942 births
20th-century Austrian mathematicians
21st-century Austrian mathematicians
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentat%20%28computing%29
|
Mentat is a macro-dataflow extension of the C++ programming language. It was developed at the University of Virginia computer science Department by a research group led by Andrew Grimshaw. The combination of the ideas needed to implement the Mentat run-time with the ideas in Carnegie Mellon University's Hydra distributed operating system led to the Legion distributed OS.
External links
Mentat home page
C++
University of Virginia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelastocoridae
|
The Gelastocoridae (toad bugs) is a family of about 100 species of insects in the suborder Heteroptera. These fall into two genera, about 15 species of Gelastocoris from the New World and 85 of Nerthra from the Old World. They are reminiscent of toads both in the warty appearance and hopping movements of some species.
Biology
Gelastocoridae are riparian insects, generally found at the margins of streams and ponds, where they are predators of small insects. Gelastocoridae catch their prey by leaping on top of them and grasping them with their modified front legs. Members of the family are found throughout the world, but their highest diversity is in the tropics.
Adults lay their eggs in sand. Nymphs of many species cover themselves with a layer of sand grains. Apart from the no doubt considerable physical protection that the armour affords them, the layer of sand renders them effectively invisible on the ground unless they move at the wrong moment.
Diagnostic Characteristics
Gelastocoridae are short ( long) and stout, with large protuberant eyes and cryptic coloration. Many Gelastocoridae species can change their coloration to match their habitat. Like other Heteroptera, they have hemelytra for their forewings and piercing-sucking mouthparts. Their antennae are hidden.
Evolutionary history
The oldest record of the family is the genus Cratonerthra from the Aptian aged Crato Formation of Brazil. Fossils assignable to both extant genera are known from the Cenomanian aged Bur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostabilization
|
Thermostabilization may refer to:
In the food industry - preservation by heat, usually under pressure. The heat destroys all microorganisms and alters the catalytic activity of the enzymes.
In molecular biology - the resistance to heat of a molecule (enzyme).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20Martin-L%C3%B6f
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Per Erik Rutger Martin-Löf (; ; born 8 May 1942) is a Swedish logician, philosopher, and mathematical statistician. He is internationally renowned for his work on the foundations of probability, statistics, mathematical logic, and computer science. Since the late 1970s, Martin-Löf's publications have been mainly in logic. In philosophical logic, Martin-Löf has wrestled with the philosophy of logical consequence and judgment, partly inspired by the work of Brentano, Frege, and Husserl. In mathematical logic, Martin-Löf has been active in developing intuitionistic type theory as a constructive foundation of mathematics; Martin-Löf's work on type theory has influenced computer science.
Until his retirement in 2009, Per Martin-Löf held a joint chair for Mathematics and Philosophy at Stockholm University.
His brother Anders Martin-Löf is now emeritus professor of mathematical statistics at Stockholm University; the two brothers have collaborated in research in probability and statistics. The research of Anders and Per Martin-Löf has influenced statistical theory, especially concerning exponential families, the expectation-maximization method for missing data, and model selection.
Per Martin-Löf received his PhD in 1970 from Stockholm University, under Andrey Kolmogorov.
Martin-Löf is an enthusiastic bird-watcher; his first scientific publication was on the mortality rates of ringed birds.
Randomness and Kolmogorov complexity
In 1964 and 1965, Martin-Löf studied in Moscow un
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gofman
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John William Gofman (21 September 1918 – 15 August 2007) was an American scientist and advocate. He was Professor Emeritus of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California at Berkeley.
Gofman pioneered the field of clinical lipidology, and in 2007 was honored by the Journal of Clinical Lipidology with the title of "Father of Clinical Lipidology". With Frank T. Lindgren and other research associates, Gofman discovered and described three major classes of plasma lipoproteins, fat molecules that carry cholesterol in the blood. The team he led at the Donner Laboratory went on to demonstrate the role of lipoproteins in the causation of heart disease.
Gofman was instrumental in inducing the health-physics scientific community both to acknowledge the cancer risks of ionizing radiation and to adopt the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) model as a means of estimating actual cancer risks from low-level radiation and as the foundation of the international guidelines for radiation protection. However, his conclusions were that the dose-response relationship was not linear, but supra-linear.
Gofman's earliest research was in nuclear physics and chemistry, in close connection with the Manhattan Project. He codiscovered several radioisotopes, notably uranium-233 and its fissionability; he was the third person ever to work with plutonium and, having devised an early process for separating plutonium from fission products at J. Robert Oppenheimer's request, he was the first chemist eve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical%20anion
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In organic chemistry, a radical anion is a free radical species that carries a negative charge. Radical anions are encountered in organic chemistry as reduced derivatives of polycyclic aromatic compounds, e.g. sodium naphthenide. An example of a non-carbon radical anion is the superoxide anion, formed by transfer of one electron to an oxygen molecule. Radical anions are typically indicated by .
Polycyclic radical anions
Many aromatic compounds can undergo one-electron reduction by alkali metals. The electron is transferred from the alkali metal ion to an unoccupied antibonding p-p п* orbital of the aromatic molecule. This transfer is usually only energetically favorable if the aprotic solvent efficiently solvates the alkali metal ion. Effective solvents are those that bind to the alkali metal cation: diethyl ether < THF < 1,2-dimethoxyethane < HMPA. In principle any unsaturated molecule can form a radical anion, but the antibonding orbitals are only energetically accessible in more extensive conjugated systems. Ease of formation is in the order benzene < naphthalene < anthracene < pyrene, etc. Salts of the radical anions are often not isolated as solids but used in situ. They are usually deeply colored.
Naphthalene in the form of
Lithium naphthalene is obtained from the reaction of naphthalene with lithium.
Sodium naphthalene is obtained from the reaction of naphthalene with sodium.
Sodium 1-methylnaphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene are more soluble than sodium napht
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertine%20%28biology%29
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Vespertine is a term used in the life sciences to indicate something of, relating to, or occurring in the evening. In botany, a vespertine flower is one that opens or blooms in the evening. In zoology, the term is used for a creature that becomes active at dusk, such as bats and owls. Strictly speaking, however, the term means that activity ceases during the hours of full darkness and does not resume until the next evening. Activity that continues throughout the night should be described as nocturnal.
Vespertine behaviour is a special case of crepuscular behaviour; like crepuscular activity, vespertine activity is limited to dusk rather than full darkness. Unlike vespertine activity, crepuscular activity may resume in dim twilight before dawn. A related term is matutinal, referring to activity limited to the dawn twilight.
The word vespertine is derived from the Latin word , an adjective meaning "evening".
See also
Crypsis
Matutinal
References
Ethology
Botany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Green%20%28mathematician%29
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Ben Joseph Green FRS (born 27 February 1977) is a British mathematician, specialising in combinatorics and number theory. He is the Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Oxford.
Early life and education
Ben Green was born on 27 February 1977 in Bristol, England. He studied at local schools in Bristol, Bishop Road Primary School and Fairfield Grammar School, competing in the International Mathematical Olympiad in 1994 and 1995. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge in 1995 and completed his BA in mathematics in 1998, winning the Senior Wrangler title. He stayed on for Part III and earned his doctorate under the supervision of Timothy Gowers, with a thesis entitled Topics in arithmetic combinatorics (2003). During his PhD he spent a year as a visiting student at Princeton University. He was a research Fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge between 2001 and 2005, before becoming a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Bristol from January 2005 to September 2006 and then the first Herchel Smith Professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Cambridge from September 2006 to August 2013. He became the Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Oxford on 1 August 2013. He was also a Research Fellow of the Clay Mathematics Institute and held various positions at institutes such as Princeton University, University of British Columbia, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Mathematics
The majority of Green's research is in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20inversion
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In computer science, loop inversion is a compiler optimization and loop transformation in which a while loop is replaced by an if block containing a do..while loop. When used correctly, it may improve performance due to instruction pipelining.
Example in C
int i, a[100];
i = 0;
while (i < 100) {
a[i] = 0;
i++;
}
is equivalent to:
int i, a[100];
i = 0;
if (i < 100) {
do {
a[i] = 0;
i++;
} while (i < 100);
}
Despite the seemingly greater complexity of the second example, it may actually run faster on modern CPUs because they use an instruction pipeline. By nature, any jump in the code causes a pipeline stall, which is a detriment to performance.
Additionally, loop inversion allows safe loop-invariant code motion.
Example in three-address code
i := 0
L1: if i >= 100 goto L2
a[i] := 0
i := i + 1
goto L1
L2:
If i had been initialized at 100, the instructions executed at runtime would have been:
if i >= 100
goto L2
Let us assume that i had been initialized to some value less than 100. Now let us look at the instructions executed at the moment after i has been incremented to 99 in the loop:
goto L1
if i < 100
a[i] := 0
i := i + 1
goto L1
if i >= 100
goto L2
<<at L2>>
Now, let's look at the optimized version:
i := 0
if i >= 100 goto L2
L1: a[i] := 0
i := i + 1
if i < 100 goto L1
L2:
Again, let's look at the instructions executed if i is initia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfection
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Perfection is a state, variously, of completeness, flawlessness, or supreme excellence.
The term is used to designate a range of diverse, if often kindred, concepts. These have historically been addressed in a number of discrete disciplines, notably mathematics, physics, chemistry, ethics, aesthetics, ontology, and theology.
Term and concept
The form of the word long fluctuated in various languages. The English language had the alternates, "perfection" and the Biblical "perfectness." The word "perfection" derives from the Latin "perfectio", and "perfect" — from "perfectus". These expressions in turn come from "perficio" — "to finish", "to bring to an end". "Perfectio(n)" thus literally means "a finishing", and "perfect(us)" — "finished", much as in grammatical parlance ("perfect").
Many modern languages have adopted their terms for the concept of "perfection" from the Latin: the French "parfait" and "perfection"; the Italian "perfetto" and "perfezione"; the Spanish "perfecto" and "perfección"; the English "perfect" and "perfection"; the Russian "совершенный" (sovyershenniy) and "совершенcтво" (sovyershenstvo); the Croatian and Serbian "savršen" and "savršenstvo"; the Czech "dokonalost"; the Slovak "dokonaly" and "dokonalost"; the Polish "doskonały" and "doskonałość".
The genealogy of the concept of "perfection" reaches back beyond Latin, to Greek. The Greek equivalent of the Latin "perfectus" was "teleos". The latter Greek expression generally had concrete referents, suc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconfinement
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In physics, deconfinement (in contrast to confinement) is a phase of matter in which certain particles are allowed to exist as free excitations, rather than only within bound states.
Examples
Various examples exist in particle physics where certain gauge theories exhibit transitions between confining and deconfining phases.
A prominent example, and the first case considered as such in theoretical physics, occurs at high energy in quantum chromodynamics when quarks and gluons are free to move over distances larger than a femtometer (the size of a hadron). This phase is also called the quark–gluon plasma.
These ideas have been adopted in many-body theory of matter with a distinguished example developed in the context fractional quantum Hall effect.
See also
Onset of deconfinement
Colour confinement
Quark–gluon plasma
Quark-nova
Fractionalization
Quark matter
Gluons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Seeliger
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Rudolf Seeliger (12 November 1886 – 20 January 1965) was a German physicist who specialized in electric discharges in gases and plasma physics.
From 1906 to 1909, Seeliger studied at the University of Tübingen and the University of Heidelberg. He then became a student of Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich, where he got his doctorate in 1910. The topic of his thesis, the physics of electrical currents in gas, set the theme for his life’s field of research. He then went to conduct postgraduate research, on the same topic, at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR) in Berlin. In 1915, he was also a Privatdozent at the University of Berlin. In 1918, he was called by Johannes Stark, Director of the Institute of Physics at the University of Greifswald, to be extraordinarius professor there. In 1921, Seeliger took the position of ordinarius professor for theoretical physics at the University. He became Director of the Institute of Physics in 1940, and was succeeded in 1955, by Walter Schallreuter, who had been a co-author with Seeliger on a physics textbook series.
In collaboration with Ernst Gehrcke at the PTR, Seeliger continued his research on electrical discharges in gases. In the spring of 1912, Gehrcke and Seeliger determined that light from cathode rays (electron beams) passing through gases, such as nitrogen and mercury vapor, became longer in wavelength, as the velocity of the cathode rays were slowed, i.e., becoming lower in energy. These re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour%20%28particle%20physics%29
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In particle physics, flavour or flavor refers to the species of an elementary particle. The Standard Model counts six flavours of quarks and six flavours of leptons. They are conventionally parameterized with flavour quantum numbers that are assigned to all subatomic particles. They can also be described by some of the family symmetries proposed for the quark-lepton generations.
Quantum numbers
In classical mechanics, a force acting on a point-like particle can only alter the particle's dynamical state, i.e., its momentum, angular momentum, etc. Quantum field theory, however, allows interactions that can alter other facets of a particle's nature described by non dynamical, discrete quantum numbers. In particular, the action of the weak force is such that it allows the conversion of quantum numbers describing mass and electric charge of both quarks and leptons from one discrete type to another. This is known as a flavour change, or flavour transmutation. Due to their quantum description, flavour states may also undergo quantum superposition.
In atomic physics the principal quantum number of an electron specifies the electron shell in which it resides, which determines the energy level of the whole atom. Analogously, the five flavour quantum numbers (isospin, strangeness, charm, bottomness or topness) can characterize the quantum state of quarks, by the degree to which it exhibits six distinct flavours (u, d, s, c, b, t).
Composite particles can be created from multiple qua
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT%20University%20of%20Copenhagen
|
The IT University of Copenhagen (Danish: IT-Universitetet i København, abbreviated ITU) is a public university and research institution in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is specialized in the multidisciplinary study of information technology within computer science, business IT and digital design.
There are approximately 200 faculty members, 70 PhD students, and more than 2,500 students. Among all admitted Bachelor and Master students at the IT University of Copenhagen in 2020, 38 per cent were female.
History
The IT University of Copenhagen was established in 1999, which makes it Denmark's youngest university. At that time, it was—in Danish—called "IT-højskolen". In 2003, when a new Danish university law was passed, the IT University was officially appointed a university, and changed its name accordingly.
In 2004, the university moved to its own new building in Ørestad, a newly developed area in Copenhagen on the island of Amager. The new building was designed by Danish architect Henning Larsen. The university is located right between the University of Copenhagen's new South Campus and the headquarters of the Danish Broadcasting Corporation (DR), and close to the DR Byen metro station. In 2020, the university extended its campus, taking over facilities in the neighboring DR complex.
Administration and Organisation
The IT University is governed by a board consisting of 9 members: 5 members recruited from outside of the university form the majority of the board, 1 member is ap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivatization
|
Derivatization is a technique used in chemistry which converts a chemical compound into a product (the reaction's derivate) of similar chemical structure, called a derivative.
Generally, a specific functional group of the compound participates in the derivatization reaction and transforms the educt to a derivate of deviating reactivity, solubility, boiling point, melting point, aggregate state, or chemical composition. Resulting new chemical properties can be used for quantification or separation of the educt.
Derivatization techniques are frequently employed in chemical analysis of mixtures and in surface analysis, e.g. in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy where newly incorporated atoms label characteristic groups.
Derivatization reactions
Several characteristics are desirable for a derivatization reaction:
The reaction is reliable and proceeds to completion. Less unreacted starting material will simplify analysis. Also, this allows a small amount of analyte to be used.
The reaction is general, allowing a wide range of substrates, yet specific to a single functional group, reducing complicating interference.
The products are relatively stable, and form no degradation products within a reasonable period, facilitating analysis.
Some examples of good derivatization reactions are the formation of esters and amides via acyl chlorides.
Classical qualitative organic analysis
Classical qualitative organic analysis usually involves reacting an unknown sample with various reage
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO%2810%29
|
In particle physics, SO(10) refers to a grand unified theory (GUT) based on the spin group Spin(10). The shortened name SO(10) is conventional among physicists, and derives from the Lie algebra or less precisely the Lie group of SO(10), which is a special orthogonal group that is double covered by Spin(10).
SO(10) subsumes the Georgi–Glashow and Pati–Salam models, and unifies all fermions in a generation into a single field. This requires 12 new gauge bosons, in addition to the 12 of SU(5) and 9 of SU(4)×SU(2)×SU(2).
History
Before the SU(5) theory behind the Georgi–Glashow model, Harald Fritzsch and Peter Minkowski, and independently Howard Georgi, found that all the matter contents are incorporated into a single representation, spinorial 16 of SO(10). However, it is worth noting that Georgi found the SO(10) theory just a few hours before finding SU(5) at the end of 1973.
Important subgroups
It has the branching rules to [SU(5)×U(1)χ]/Z5.
If the hypercharge is contained within SU(5), this is the conventional Georgi–Glashow model, with the 16 as the matter fields, the 10 as the electroweak Higgs field and the 24 within the 45 as the GUT Higgs field. The superpotential may then include renormalizable terms of the form Tr(45 ⋅ 45); Tr(45 ⋅ 45 ⋅ 45); 10 ⋅ 45 ⋅ 10, 10 ⋅ 16* ⋅ 16 and 16* ⋅ 16. The first three are responsible to the gauge symmetry breaking at low energies and give the Higgs mass, and the latter two give the matter particles masses and their Yukawa couplings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Mangoldt%20function
|
In mathematics, the von Mangoldt function is an arithmetic function named after German mathematician Hans von Mangoldt. It is an example of an important arithmetic function that is neither multiplicative nor additive.
Definition
The von Mangoldt function, denoted by , is defined as
The values of for the first nine positive integers (i.e. natural numbers) are
which is related to .
Properties
The von Mangoldt function satisfies the identity
The sum is taken over all integers that divide . This is proved by the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, since the terms that are not powers of primes are equal to . For example, consider the case . Then
By Möbius inversion, we have
and using the product rule for the logarithm we get
For all , we have
Also, there exist positive constants and such that
for all , and
for all sufficiently large .
Dirichlet series
The von Mangoldt function plays an important role in the theory of Dirichlet series, and in particular, the Riemann zeta function. For example, one has
The logarithmic derivative is then
These are special cases of a more general relation on Dirichlet series. If one has
for a completely multiplicative function , and the series converges for , then
converges for .
Chebyshev function
The second Chebyshev function ψ(x) is the summatory function of the von Mangoldt function:
It was introduced by Pafnuty Chebyshev who used it to show that the true order of the prime counting function is . Von Mangoldt provided a ri
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP%20site
|
In biochemistry and molecular genetics, an AP site (apurinic/apyrimidinic site), also known as an abasic site, is a location in DNA (also in RNA but much less likely) that has neither a purine nor a pyrimidine base, either spontaneously or due to DNA damage. It has been estimated that under physiological conditions 10,000 apurinic sites and 500 apyrimidinic may be generated in a cell daily.
AP sites can be formed by spontaneous depurination, but also occur as intermediates in base excision repair. In this process, a DNA glycosylase recognizes a damaged base and cleaves the N-glycosidic bond to release the base, leaving an AP site. A variety of glycosylases that recognize different types of damage exist, including oxidized or methylated bases, or uracil in DNA. The AP site can then be cleaved by an AP endonuclease, leaving 3'-hydroxyl and deoxyribose-5-phosphate termini (see DNA structure). In alternative fashion, bifunctional glycosylase-lyases can cleave the AP site, leaving a 5' phosphate adjacent to a 3' α,β-unsaturated aldehyde. Both mechanisms form a single-strand break, which is then repaired by either short-patch or long-patch base excision repair.
If left unrepaired, AP sites can lead to mutation during semiconservative replication. They can cause replication fork stalling and are bypassed by translesion synthesis. In E. coli, adenine is preferentially inserted across from AP sites, known as the "A rule". The situation is more complex in higher eukaryotes, with dif
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploinsufficiency
|
Haploinsufficiency in genetics describes a model of dominant gene action in diploid organisms, in which a single copy of the wild-type allele at a locus in heterozygous combination with a variant allele is insufficient to produce the wild-type phenotype. Haploinsufficiency may arise from a de novo or inherited loss-of-function mutation in the variant allele, such that it yields little or no gene product (often a protein). Although the other, standard allele still produces the standard amount of product, the total product is insufficient to produce the standard phenotype. This heterozygous genotype may result in a non- or sub-standard, deleterious, and (or) disease phenotype. Haploinsufficiency is the standard explanation for dominant deleterious alleles.
In the alternative case of haplosufficiency, the loss-of-function allele behaves as above, but the single standard allele in the heterozygous genotype produces sufficient gene product to produce the same, standard phenotype as seen in the homozygote. Haplosufficiency accounts for the typical dominance of the "standard" allele over variant alleles, where the phenotypic identity of genotypes heterozygous and homozygous for the allele defines it as dominant, versus a variant phenotype produced only by the genotype homozygous for the alternative allele, which defines it as recessive.
Mechanism
The alteration in the gene dosage, which is caused by the loss of a functional allele, is also called allelic insufficiency.
Haploins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative%20%28chemistry%29
|
In chemistry, a derivative is a compound that is derived from a similar compound by a chemical reaction.
In the past, derivative also meant a compound that can be imagined to arise from another compound, if one atom or group of atoms is replaced with another atom or group of atoms, but modern chemical language now uses the term structural analog for this meaning, thus eliminating ambiguity. The term "structural analogue" is common in organic chemistry.
In biochemistry, the word is used for compounds that at least theoretically can be formed from the precursor compound.
Chemical derivatives may be used to facilitate analysis. For example, melting point (MP) analysis can assist in identification of many organic compounds. A crystalline derivative may be prepared, such as a semicarbazone or 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (derived from aldehydes or ketones), as a simple way of verifying the identity of the original compound, assuming that a table of derivative MP values is available. Prior to the advent of spectroscopic analysis, such methods were widely used.
In analytical chemistry, derivatization can be used to convert analytes into other species for improving detection. For example, polar groups such as N-H or O-H can be converted into less polar groups. This reaction reduces the boiling point of the molecule, allowing non-volatile compounds to be analyzed by gas chromatography.
See also
Derivatization
Precursor (chemistry)
Product (chemistry)
Structural analog
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucino-Genetics
|
Hallucino-Genetics: Live 2004 is the first concert DVD from Primus, released in October 2004. The show was filmed on June 26, 2004 at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago, Illinois, the band's last show of their 2004 tour. The performance features the original recording lineup of the band performing two sets, the second of which features the band playing their first studio album Frizzle Fry in its entirety.
Track listing
Personnel
Primus
Les Claypool – bass, upright bass, vocals
Larry LaLonde – guitar
Tim Alexander – drums
Production
Zoltron – producer
David Lefkowitz – management
Jesse Rice – project coordinator
Media
Zoltron – interface and packaging design
Adam Gates – interface design & live projections
Derek Featherstone – 2 track live mix (assisted by Scott Harvey), 5.1 surround mix (with Bob Edwards)
Dan Hayes – video editing
Brian Myers – video shoot producer, director
Kurt Branstetter – director of photography, camera operator
Carla Freestep – photographs
Rich Winter – encoding, authoring
Critical reception
In his review for Allmusic, Greg Prato notes that "despite a lengthy absence from the concert trail, Primus is as wild 'n' wacky as ever, and not afraid to veer off into an extended jam on a moment's notice." He contends that "the Frizzle Fry portion certainly doesn't disappoint", elaborating that "while sonically the set is top-notch, the camera work could have been better... few front shots of drummer Alexander are included, so there is no clear view of what he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Leber
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Wilhelm Leber (born 20 July 1947) is a German mathematician and formerly chief apostle in the New Apostolic Church.
Life
Wilhelm Leber was born in Herford in Westphalia. In 1975 he earned his doctorate in mathematics at the Goethe University Frankfurt with a dissertation entitled Konvergenzbegriffe für lineare Operatoren und Stabilitätsaussagen. After earning his degree, he began working at the University of Hamburg.
Church life
In 1990 Wilhelm Leber was ordained to the ministry of Apostle in the New Apostolic Church. When in 1992 his predecessor retired, he was ordained as a District Apostle and given charge of the regional churches in Bremen and Hamburg, and in 1994 also the church of Mecklenburg.
On 15 May 2005, he received the ministry of Chief Apostle of the New Apostolic Church, succeeding Richard Fehr.
On 19 May 2013, he was succeeded as Chief Apostle by Jean-Luc Schneider.
References
1947 births
Living people
German Christian religious leaders
People from Herford
20th-century German mathematicians
Goethe University Frankfurt alumni
Academic staff of the University of Hamburg
Members of the New Apostolic Church
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual%20entropy
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Residual entropy is the difference in entropy between a non-equilibrium state and crystal state of a substance close to absolute zero. This term is used in condensed matter physics to describe the entropy at zero kelvin of a glass or plastic crystal referred to the crystal state, whose entropy is zero according to the third law of thermodynamics. It occurs if a material can exist in many different states when cooled. The most common non-equilibrium state is vitreous state, glass.
A common example is the case of carbon monoxide, which has a very small dipole moment. As the carbon monoxide crystal is cooled to absolute zero, few of the carbon monoxide molecules have enough time to align themselves into a perfect crystal (with all of the carbon monoxide molecules oriented in the same direction). Because of this, the crystal is locked into a state with different corresponding microstates, giving a residual entropy of , rather than zero.
Another example is any amorphous solid (glass). These have residual entropy, because the atom-by-atom microscopic structure can be arranged in a huge number of different ways across a macroscopic system.
History
One of the first examples of residual entropy was pointed out by Pauling to describe water ice. In water, each oxygen atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms. However, when water freezes it forms a tetragonal structure where each oxygen atom has four hydrogen neighbors (due to neighboring water molecules). The hydrogen atoms sitting be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impredicativity
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In mathematics, logic and philosophy of mathematics, something that is impredicative is a self-referencing definition. Roughly speaking, a definition is impredicative if it invokes (mentions or quantifies over) the set being defined, or (more commonly) another set that contains the thing being defined. There is no generally accepted precise definition of what it means to be predicative or impredicative. Authors have given different but related definitions.
The opposite of impredicativity is predicativity, which essentially entails building stratified (or ramified) theories where quantification over lower levels results in variables of some new type, distinguished from the lower types that the variable ranges over. A prototypical example is intuitionistic type theory, which retains ramification so as to discard impredicativity.
Russell's paradox is a famous example of an impredicative construction—namely the set of all sets that do not contain themselves. The paradox is that such a set cannot exist: If it would exist, the question could be asked whether it contains itself or not — if it does then by definition it should not, and if it does not then by definition it should.
The greatest lower bound of a set , , also has an impredicative definition: if and only if for all elements of , is less than or equal to , and any less than or equal to all elements of is less than or equal to . This definition quantifies over the set (potentially infinite, depending on the order i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hindu%20Times
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"The Hindu Times" is a song by English rock band Oasis. It was written by the band's lead guitarist Noel Gallagher, and was released as the lead single from their fifth studio album, Heathen Chemistry, on 15 April 2002. On the album, it segues directly into the next track, "Force of Nature."
The song peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart becoming the band's sixth number-one single in their native country, remaining on top for one week before being dislodged by the Sugababes' "Freak Like Me". The song also topped the charts in Canada, Italy and Scotland, and reached the top 10 in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, and Spain. This is their first single to feature former Heavy Stereo frontman Gem Archer (rhythm guitarist) and then-former Ride frontman Andy Bell (bassist).
Background and composition
The song, which combines powerful rock with a psychedelic feel, was unveiled during Oasis' Autumn 2001 Noise and Confusion Tour. The song was due to be released commercially at the same time but Noel decided the track needed more work done on it to be suitable for release. Many have commented on the main guitar riff being lifted from the Stereophonics song, "Same Size Feet", which uses exactly the same, or at least very similar, guitar riff. The B-side, "Just Getting Older", was written at the time of the release of Standing on the Shoulder of Giants (2000). The second B-side, "Idler's Dream", is the only Oasis song to not feature any guitars and is one of the three, the oth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panofsky%20Prize
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The Panofsky Prize in Experimental Particle Physics is an annual prize of the American Physical Society. It is given to recognize and encourage outstanding achievements in experimental particle physics, and is open to scientists of any nation. It was established in 1985 by friends of Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky and by the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society. Panofsky was a physics professor at Stanford University and the first director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Several of the prize winners have subsequently won the Nobel Prize in Physics. As of 2021, the prize included a $10,000 award.
Recipients
The names, citations, and short biographies for Panofsky Prize winners are posted by the American Physical Society.
2023: B. Lee Roberts, William M. Morse
2022: Byron G. Lundberg, Kimio Niwa, Regina Abby Rameika, Vittorio Paolone
2021: Edward Kearns,
2020: Wesley Smith
2019: Sheldon Leslie Stone
2018: Lawrence Sulak
2017: Tejinder Virdee, Michel Della Negra, Peter Jenni
2016: David Hitlin, , Jonathan Dorfan,
2015: Stanley Wojcicki
2014: Kam-Biu Luk, Wang Yifang
2013: Blas Cabrera Navarro, Bernard Sadoulet
2012:
2011: , ,
2010: Eugene Beier
2009: ,
2008: , Pierre Sokolsky
2007: Bruce Winstein, ,
2006: , Nigel Lockyer,
2005: Piermaria J. Oddone
2004: Arie Bodek
2003: William J. Willis
2002: Masatoshi Koshiba, Takaaki Kajita, Yoji Totsuka
2001: Paul Grannis
2000: Martin Breidenbach
1999:
1998: David Robert Nygren
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphide
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In chemistry, a phosphide is a compound containing the ion or its equivalent. Many different phosphides are known, with widely differing structures. Most commonly encountered on the binary phosphides, i.e. those materials consisting only of phosphorus and a less electronegative element. Numerous are polyphosphides, which are solids consisting of anionic chains or clusters of phosphorus. Phosphides are known with the majority of less electronegative elements with the exception of Hg, Pb, Sb, Bi, Te, and Po. Finally, some phosphides are molecular.
Binary phosphides
Binary phosphides include phosphorus and one other element. An example of a group 1 phosphide is sodium phosphide (). Other notable examples include aluminium phosphide () and calcium phosphide (), which are used as pesticides, exploiting their tendency to release toxic phosphine upon hydrolysis. Magnesium phosphide () also is moisture sensitive. Indium phosphide () and gallium phosphide () are used as a semi-conductors, often in combination of related arsenides. Copper phosphide () illustrates a rare stoichiometry for a phosphide. These species are insoluble in all solvents - they are 3-dimensional solid state polymers. For those with electropositive metals, the materials hydrolyze:
Polyphosphides
Polyphosphides contain bonds. The simplest polyphosphides contain ions;. Others contain the cluster ions and polymeric chain anions (e.g. the helical ion) and complex sheet or 3-D anions. The range of stru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenide
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In chemistry, an arsenide is a compound of arsenic with a less electronegative element or elements. Many metals form binary compounds containing arsenic, and these are called arsenides. They exist with many stoichiometries, and in this respect arsenides are similar to phosphides.
Alkali metal and alkaline earth arsenides
The group 1 alkali metals and the group 2, alkaline earth metals, form arsenides with isolated arsenic atoms. They form upon heating arsenic powder with excess sodium gives sodium arsenide (Na3As). The structure of Na3As is complex with unusually short Na–Na distances of 328–330 pm which are shorter than in sodium metal. This short distance indicates the complex bonding in these simple phases, i.e. they are not simply salts of As3− anion, for example. The compound LiAs, has a metallic lustre and electrical conductivity indicating some metallic bonding. These compounds are mainly of academic interest. For example, "sodium arsenide" is a structural motif adopted by many compounds with the A3B stoichiometry.
Indicative of their salt-like properties, hydrolysis of alkali metal arsenides gives arsine:
Na3As + 3 H2O → AsH3 + 3 NaOH
III–V compounds
Many arsenides of the group 13 elements (group III) are valuable semiconductors. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) features isolated arsenic centers with a zincblende structure (wurtzite structure can eventually also form in nanostructures), and with predominantly covalent bonding – it is a III–V semiconductor.
I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20dimension
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In the renormalization group analysis of phase transitions in physics, a critical dimension is the dimensionality of space at which the character of the phase transition changes. Below the lower critical dimension there is no phase transition. Above the upper critical dimension the critical exponents of the theory become the same as that in mean field theory. An elegant criterion to obtain the critical dimension within mean field theory is due to V. Ginzburg.
Since the renormalization group sets up a relation between a phase transition and a quantum field theory, this has implications for the latter and for our larger understanding of renormalization in general. Above the upper critical dimension, the quantum field theory which belongs to the model of the phase transition is a free field theory. Below the lower critical dimension, there is no field theory corresponding to the model.
In the context of string theory the meaning is more restricted: the critical dimension is the dimension at which string theory is consistent assuming a constant dilaton background without additional confounding permutations from background radiation effects. The precise number may be determined by the required cancellation of conformal anomaly on the worldsheet; it is 26 for the bosonic string theory and 10 for superstring theory.
Upper critical dimension in field theory
Determining the upper critical dimension of a field theory is a matter of linear algebra. It is worthwhile to formalize the p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo%20nucleus
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In nuclear physics, an atomic nucleus is called a halo nucleus or is said to have a nuclear halo when it has a core nucleus surrounded by a "halo" of orbiting protons or neutrons, which makes the radius of the nucleus appreciably larger than that predicted by the liquid drop model. Halo nuclei form at the extreme edges of the table of nuclides — the neutron drip line and proton drip line — and have short half-lives, measured in milliseconds. These nuclei are studied shortly after their formation in an ion beam.
Typically, an atomic nucleus is a tightly bound group of protons and neutrons. However, in some nuclides, there is an overabundance of one species of nucleon. In some of these cases, a nuclear core and a halo will form.
Often, this property may be detected in scattering experiments, which show the nucleus to be much larger than the otherwise expected value. Normally, the cross-section (corresponding to the classical radius) of the nucleus is proportional to the cube root of its mass, as would be the case for a sphere of constant density. Specifically, for a nucleus of mass number A, the radius r is (approximately)
where is 1.2 fm.
One example of a halo nucleus is 11Li, which has a half-life of 8.6 ms. It contains a core of 3 protons and 6 neutrons, and a halo of two independent and loosely bound neutrons. It decays into 11Be by the emission of an antineutrino and an electron. Its mass radius of 3.16 fm is close to that of 32S or, even more impressively, of 208Pb,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null%20dust%20solution
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In mathematical physics, a null dust solution (sometimes called a null fluid) is a Lorentzian manifold in which the Einstein tensor is null. Such a spacetime can be interpreted as an exact solution of Einstein's field equation, in which the only mass–energy present in the spacetime is due to some kind of massless radiation.
Mathematical definition
By definition, the Einstein tensor of a null dust solution has the form
where is a null vector field. This definition makes sense purely geometrically, but if we place a stress–energy tensor on our spacetime of the form
,
then Einstein's field equation is satisfied, and such a stress–energy tensor has a clear physical interpretation in terms of massless radiation. The vector field specifies the direction in which the radiation is moving; the scalar multiplier specifies its intensity.
Physical interpretation
Physically speaking, a null dust describes either gravitational radiation, or some kind of nongravitational radiation which is described by a relativistic classical field theory (such as electromagnetic radiation), or a combination of these two. Null dusts include vacuum solutions as a special case.
Phenomena which can be modeled by null dust solutions include:
a beam of neutrinos assumed for simplicity to be massless (treated according to classical physics),
a very high-frequency electromagnetic wave,
a beam of incoherent electromagnetic radiation.
In particular, a plane wave of incoherent electromagnetic radiation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletes
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Aletes may refer to:
Greek mythology
Aletes (son of Aegisthus), who was killed by Orestes
Aletes (Aeneid character), a Trojan counselor depicted in the Aeneid
Aletes, son of Hippotes, one of the Heracleidae
Aletes, son of Icarius
Aletes, another name for Bakis of Arcadia
Biology
Aletes (plant), a plant genus
Aletes (gastropod), a marine gastropod genus in the fossil record
Aletes, a genus of moth and synonym of Pyralis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton%20A.%20Wolf
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Milton Albert Wolf (May 29, 1924 – May 19, 2005) was an American diplomat, investment banker and real estate developer from Cleveland, Ohio.
Early life and education
Wolf earned a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from the Case Institute of Technology, and a Masters and PhD in economics from Case Western Reserve University. He also held a bachelor's degree in chemistry and biology from Ohio State University.
Career
Wolf was a Jewish community leader and Democratic Party contributor. In 1977 he was appointed to serve as U.S. Ambassador to Austria by President Jimmy Carter, and held the position until 1980. During his tenure as ambassador to Austria, Wolf represented the United States in the U.N. Conference on Science and Technology, served as chairman of the Fulbright Committee of Austria, and was instrumental in arranging a meeting between President Carter and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev to sign the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II) in Vienna on June 19, 1979. Upon the conclusion of his diplomatic posting in 1980, Wolf founded a private investment firm Milton A. Wolf Investors. He was also president for 28 years of a construction company that developed several shopping centers and high-rise buildings in Cleveland, Ohio.
Personal life
His wife of 53 years, Rosyln, died in 2001. They had four children: a son, Leslie Wolf, and three daughters, Caryn Wolf Wechsler, Dr. Nancy Wolf, and Sherri Wolf. He died of lymphoma on May 19, 2005. The funeral was he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVCC
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AVCC may refer to:
Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy, a scientific journal
Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20symmetry%20breaking
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In theoretical physics, explicit symmetry breaking is the breaking of a symmetry of a theory by terms in its defining equations of motion (most typically, to the Lagrangian or the Hamiltonian) that do not respect the symmetry. Usually this term is used in situations where these symmetry-breaking terms are small, so that the symmetry is approximately respected by the theory. An example is the spectral line splitting in the Zeeman effect, due to a magnetic interaction perturbation in the Hamiltonian of the atoms involved.
Explicit symmetry breaking differs from spontaneous symmetry breaking. In the latter, the defining equations respect the symmetry but the ground state (vacuum) of the theory breaks it.
Explicit symmetry breaking is also associated with electromagnetic radiation. A system of accelerated charges results in electromagnetic radiation when the geometric symmetry of the electric field in free space is explicitly broken by the associated electrodynamic structure under time varying excitation of the given system. This is quite evident in an antenna where the electric lines of field curl around or have rotational geometry around the radiating terminals in contrast to linear geometric orientation within a pair of transmission lines which does not radiate even under time varying excitation.
Perturbation theory in quantum mechanics
A common setting for explicit symmetry breaking is perturbation theory in quantum mechanics. The symmetry is evident in a base Hamiltonia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf%20Johan%20Billberg
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Gustaf Johan Billberg (14 June 1772, Karlskrona – 26 November 1844, Stockholm) was a Swedish botanist, zoologist and anatomist, although professionally and by training he was a lawyer and used science and biology as an avocation. The plant genus Billbergia was named for him by Carl Peter Thunberg.
Biography
In 1790 he earned his legal degree at the University of Lund, later working as an auditor at the audit chamber in Stockholm from 1793. In 1798 he became a member of the county administrative board (landskamrerare) in Visby. In 1808 he returned to Stockholm, where from 1812 to 1837, he served as a member of the administrative court (kammarrättsråd). He was promoted in 1824 to head the ministry of the Board of Customs (generaltullstyrelsen).<ref>B. Boethius. [http://runeberg.org/sbh/billbegj.html Gustaf Johan Billberg] (Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon)</ref>
In 1812, he purchased the right of publishing to the precious work of Svensk Botanik from the estate of Johan Wilhelm Palmstruch. He subsequently prepared two parts for publication during 1812–1819. He was elected member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1817.
Selected works
Billberg was the author of the following works:
Monographia mylabridum (1813)
Ekonomisk botanik (1815)
Enumeratio insectorum in museo (1820)
Synopsis Faunae Scandinaviae (1827)
References
External links
Kluge Untypified taxa in Billberg G. J., 1820.Enumeratio insectorum in museo Gust. Joh. Billberg. Typus Gadelianus''
IPNI Plant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Higgs
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In particle physics, little Higgs models are based on the idea that the Higgs boson is a pseudo-Goldstone boson arising from some global symmetry breaking at a TeV energy scale. The goal of little Higgs models is to use the spontaneous breaking of such approximate global symmetries to stabilize the mass of the Higgs boson(s) responsible for electroweak symmetry breaking.
The little Higgs models predict a naturally-light Higgs particle.
Loop cancellation
The main idea behind the little Higgs models is that the one-loop contribution to the tachyonic Higgs boson mass coming from the top quark cancels. The simplified reason for that cancellation is that a loop's contribution is proportional to the coupling constant of one of the SU(2) groups. Because of the symmetries in the theory, the contributions cancel until there is a two-loop contribution involving both groups. This restricts the Higgs boson mass for about one order of magnitude, which is good enough to evade many of the precision electroweak constraints.
History
Little Higgs theories were an outgrowth of dimensional deconstruction: In these theories, the gauge group has the form of a direct product of several copies of the same factor, for example SU(2) × SU(2). Each SU(2) factor may be visualized as the SU(2) group living at a particular point along an additional dimension of space. Consequently, many virtues of extra-dimensional theories are reproduced even though the little Higgs theory is 3+1 dimensional.
Althoug
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional%20deconstruction
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In theoretical physics, dimensional deconstruction is a method to construct 4-dimensional theories that behave as higher-dimensional theories in a certain range of higher energies. The resulting theory is a gauge theory whose gauge group is a direct product of many copies of the same group; each copy may be interpreted as the gauge group located at a particular point along a new, discrete, "deconstructed" (d+1)st dimension. The spectrum of matter fields is a set of bifundamental representations expressed by a quiver diagram that is analogous to lattices in lattice gauge theory.
"Deconstruction" in physics was introduced by Nima Arkani-Hamed, Andy Cohen and Howard Georgi, and independently by Christopher T. Hill, Stefan Pokorski and Jing Wang. Deconstruction is a lattice approximation to the real space of extra dimensions, while maintaining the full gauge symmetries and yields the low energy effective description of the physics. This leads to a rationale for extensions of the Standard Model based upon product gauge groups, , such as anticipated in
"topcolor" models of electroweak symmetry breaking. The little Higgs theories are also examples of phenomenologically interesting models inspired by deconstruction. Deconstruction is used in a supersymmetric context to address the hierarchy problem and model extra dimensions.
"Clock models," which have become popular in recent years in particle physics, are completely equivalent to deconstruction.
References
Theoretic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing%20%28physics%29
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In quantum field theory, a branch of theoretical physics, crossing is the property of scattering amplitudes that allows antiparticles to be interpreted as particles going backwards in time.
Crossing states that the same formula that determines the S-matrix elements and scattering amplitudes for particle to scatter with and produce particle and will also give the scattering amplitude for to go into , or for to scatter with to produce . The only difference is that the value of the energy is negative for the antiparticle.
The formal way to state this property is that the antiparticle scattering amplitudes are the analytic continuation of particle scattering amplitudes to negative energies. The interpretation of this statement is that the antiparticle is in every way a particle going backwards in time.
History
Murray Gell-Mann and Marvin Leonard Goldberger introduced crossing symmetry in 1954. Crossing had already been implicit in the work of Richard Feynman, but came to its own in the 1950s and 1960s as part of the analytic S-matrix program.
Overview
Consider an amplitude . We concentrate our attention on one of the incoming particles with momentum p. The quantum field , corresponding to the particle is allowed to be either bosonic or fermionic. Crossing symmetry states that we can relate the amplitude of this process to the amplitude of a similar process with an outgoing antiparticle replacing the incoming particle : .
In the bosonic case, the idea behind crossing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli%E2%80%93Villars%20regularization
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In theoretical physics, Pauli–Villars regularization (P–V) is a procedure that isolates divergent terms from finite parts in loop calculations in field theory in order to renormalize the theory. Wolfgang Pauli and Felix Villars published the method in 1949, based on earlier work by Richard Feynman, Ernst Stueckelberg and Dominique Rivier.
In this treatment, a divergence arising from a loop integral (such as vacuum polarization or electron self-energy) is modulated by a spectrum of auxiliary particles added to the Lagrangian or propagator. When the masses of the fictitious particles are taken as an infinite limit (i.e., once the regulator is removed) one expects to recover the original theory.
This regulator is gauge invariant in an abelian theory due to the auxiliary particles being minimally coupled to the photon field through the gauge covariant derivative. It is not gauge covariant in a non-abelian theory, though, so Pauli–Villars regularization cannot be used in QCD calculations. P–V serves as an alternative to the more favorable dimensional regularization in specific circumstances, such as in chiral phenomena, where a change of dimension alters the properties of the Dirac gamma matrices.
Gerard 't Hooft and Martinus J. G. Veltman invented, in addition to dimensional regularization, the method of unitary regulators, which is a Lagrangian-based Pauli–Villars method with a discrete spectrum of auxiliary masses, using the path-integral formalism.
Examples
Pauli–Villa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional%20regularization
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In theoretical physics, dimensional regularization is a method introduced by Giambiagi and Bollini as well as – independently and more comprehensively – by 't Hooft and Veltman for regularizing integrals in the evaluation of Feynman diagrams; in other words, assigning values to them that are meromorphic functions of a complex parameter d, the analytic continuation of the number of spacetime dimensions.
Dimensional regularization writes a Feynman integral as an integral depending on the spacetime dimension d and the squared distances (xi−xj)2 of the spacetime points xi, ... appearing in it. In Euclidean space, the integral often converges for −Re(d) sufficiently large, and can be analytically continued from this region to a meromorphic function defined for all complex d. In general, there will be a pole at the physical value (usually 4) of d, which needs to be canceled by renormalization to obtain physical quantities.
showed that dimensional regularization is mathematically well defined, at least in the case of massive Euclidean fields, by using the Bernstein–Sato polynomial to carry out the analytic continuation.
Although the method is most well understood when poles are subtracted and d is once again replaced by 4, it has also led to some successes when d is taken to approach another integer value where the theory appears to be strongly coupled as in the case of the Wilson–Fisher fixed point. A further leap is to take the interpolation through fractional dimensions ser
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20filter
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Signal processing is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses on analysing, modifying, and synthesizing signals such as sound, images, and scientific measurements. For example, with a filter g, an inverse filter h is one such that the sequence of applying g then h to a signal results in the original signal. Software or electronic inverse filters are often used to compensate for the effect of unwanted environmental filtering of signals.
In speech science
In all proposed models for the production of human speech, an important variable is the waveform of the airflow, or volume velocity, at the glottis. The glottal volume velocity waveform provides the link between movements of the vocal folds and the acoustical results of such movements, in that the glottis acts approximately as a source of volume velocity. That is, the impedance of the glottis is usually much higher than that of the vocal tract, and so glottal airflow is controlled mostly (but not entirely) by glottal area and subglottal pressure, and not by vocal-tract acoustics. This view of voiced speech production is often referred to as the source-filter model.
A technique for obtaining an estimate of the glottal volume velocity waveform during voiced speech is the “inverse-filtering” of either the radiated acoustic waveform, as measured by a microphone having a good low frequency response, or the volume velocity at the mouth, as measured by a pneumotachograph at the mouth having a linear response, little speech
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-matrix
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In mathematics, a Q-matrix is a square matrix whose associated linear complementarity problem LCP(M,q) has a solution for every vector q.
Properties
M is a Q-matrix if there exists d > 0 such that LCP(M,0) and LCP(M,d) have a unique solution.
Any P-matrix is a Q-matrix. Conversely, if a matrix is a Z-matrix and a Q-matrix, then it is also a P-matrix.
See also
P-matrix
Z-matrix
References
Matrix theory
Matrices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbridge%20G.%20Lapham
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Elbridge Gerry Lapham (October 18, 1814January 8, 1890) was a Republican politician who represented New York in both the U.S. House of Representatives from 1875-1881 and the United States Senate from 1881–1885.
Life
Lapham attended the public schools and the Canandaigua Academy. He studied civil engineering and law and was admitted to the bar in 1844 and practiced in Canandaigua, New York.
He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1867-68. He was elected as a Republican to the 44th, 45th, 46th and 47th United States Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1875, to July 29, 1881, when he resigned after his election to the U.S. Senate. He was one of the managers appointed by the House of Representatives in 1876 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against ex-U.S. Secretary of War William W. Belknap.
He was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate on July 22, 1881, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Roscoe Conkling and served to March 4, 1885. He was not a candidate for re-election. He was Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Fish and Fisheries (48th Congress).
Afterwards he resumed the practice of law in Canandaigua. He died at “Glen Gerry,” on Canandaigua Lake, on January 8, 1890, and was buried at the Woodlawn Cemetery in Canandaigua.
Personal life
Lapham is the son of Judge John Lapham (1793-1860) and his wife, Zimroda Smith Lapham (1793-1879). He is a descendant of John Lapham (1677-1734) and his wife, Mary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20integration%20%28neurobiology%29
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Functional integration is the study of how brain regions work together to process information and effect responses. Though functional integration frequently relies on anatomic knowledge of the connections between brain areas, the emphasis is on how large clusters of neurons – numbering in the thousands or millions – fire together under various stimuli. The large datasets required for such a whole-scale picture of brain function have motivated the development of several novel and general methods for the statistical analysis of interdependence, such as dynamic causal modelling and statistical linear parametric mapping. These datasets are typically gathered in human subjects by non-invasive methods such as EEG/MEG, fMRI, or PET. The results can be of clinical value by helping to identify the regions responsible for psychiatric disorders, as well as to assess how different activities or lifestyles affect the functioning of the brain.
Imaging techniques
A study's choice of imaging modality depends on the desired spatial and temporal resolution. fMRI and PET offer relatively high spatial resolution, with voxel dimensions on the order of a few millimeters, but their relatively low sampling rate hinders the observation of rapid and transient interactions between distant regions of the brain. These temporal limitations are overcome by MEG, but at the cost of only detecting signals from much larger clusters of neurons.
fMRI
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a form of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%20Mrozowski
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Stanisław Wojciech Mrozowski (February 9, 1902 – February 21, 1999) was a Polish-born American physicist. He was a professor of physics at SUNY Buffalo from 1949 until 1972, after which he worked at Ball State University. He worked briefly on the Manhattan Project at Princeton University. He received the Kosciuszko Medal in 1991 and the Officer's Cross of the Polonia Restituta Cross in 1993.
He has been called one of "the most often published and cited physicist of interwar Poland".
References
1902 births
1999 deaths
20th-century Polish physicists
Manhattan Project people
Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Polish emigrants to the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy%20Pniewski
|
Jerzy Pniewski (June 1, 1913 – June 16, 1989) was a Polish physicist.
Pniewski was born in Płock. He studied mathematics and physics at the University of Warsaw.
In 1952, he co-discovered the hypernucleus with Marian Danysz. In 1962, he discovered hypernuclear isomery.
References
1913 births
1989 deaths
20th-century Polish physicists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Del is a vector differential operator represented by the symbol ∇ (nabla).
Del or DEL can also refer to:
Mathematics
A name for the partial derivative symbol ∂
Dynamic epistemic logic
Abbreviations
DEL or Del, for Delaware, one of the United States
Del, for the constellation Delphinus
Del., for a non-voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives
People
Del (given name), a list of people with the given name or nickname
Del Shannon, stage name of American rock and country singer-songwriter Charles Weedon Westover (1934–1990)
Del tha Funkee Homosapien (short for "Delvon"), American hip hop artist
Del Fontaine (1904–1935), Canadian boxer and convicted murderer born Raymond Henry Bousquet
Fictional characters
Del Boy, lead character in the BBC comedy series Only Fools and Horses
Del Dingle, fictional character in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale
Del, robot alligator villager from the video game series Animal Crossing
Mascots
Del, one of the mascots of PBS Kids since 2013
Computing
DEL, Data-Entry Language, predecessor of the Lua programming language
Del (command), a DOS, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows shell command
, HTML tags used to mark text for deletion
Delete character, also known as rubout
Delete key, abbreviated Del on computer keyboards
Acronyms
Department for Employment and Learning, part of the Northern Ireland government
Deutsche Eishockey Liga, the premier ice hockey league in Germany
DNA Encoded Chemical Library, a technology fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus%20halide
|
In chemistry, there are three series of binary phosphorus halides, containing phosphorus in the oxidation states +5, +3 and +2. All compounds have been described, in varying degrees of detail, although serious doubts have been cast on the existence of PI5. Mixed chalcogen halides also exist.
Oxidation state +5 (PX5)
In the gas phase the phosphorus pentahalides have trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry as explained by VSEPR theory.
Phosphorus pentafluoride is a relatively inert gas, notable as a mild Lewis acid and a fluoride ion acceptor. It is a fluxional molecule in which the axial (ax) and equatorial (eq) fluorine atoms interchange positions by the Berry pseudorotation mechanism.
Phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus pentabromide, and phosphorus heptabromide are ionic in the solid and liquid states; PCl5 is formulated as PCl4+PCl6–, but in contrast, PBr5 is formulated as PBr4+ Br−, and PBr7 is formulated as PBr4+ Br3−. They are widely used as chlorinating and brominating agents in organic chemistry.
Oxidation state +3 (PX3)
The phosphorus(III) halides are the best known of the three series. They are usually prepared by direct reaction of the elements, or by transhalogenation.
Phosphorus trifluoride is used as a ligand in coordination chemistry, where it resembles carbon monoxide. Phosphorus trichloride is a major industrial chemical and widely used starting material for phosphorus chemistry. Phosphorus tribromide is used in organic chemistry to convert alco
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationism
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Relationism may refer to:
Relational theory, in physics
Relationism (Mannheim), a concept in the sociology of knowledge developed by Karl Mannheim
Relationism (philosophy), philosophical position that relations exist as ontological primitives, which is contrasted to relationalism
See also
Relation (disambiguation)
Relativity (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimator
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Decimator may refer to:
The collector or recipient of tithes
Heinrich Decimator (c.1544 – 1615), a German Protestant theologian, astronomer and linguist
Decimator (Farscape), a fictional race in the TV series Farscape
Decimator (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero series
Decimator (signal processing), a component that reduces a digital signal's sampling-rate
Decimator (Star Wars), a fictional weapon in the game Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds
Decimator, a fictional character from VR Troopers
Decimator, a fictional character in The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour
Decimator, a song by Canadian extreme metal band Strapping Young Lad from their 2006 album The New Black
See also
Decimation (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten%20M%C3%BCller
|
Karsten Müller (born November 23, 1970, in Hamburg, West Germany) is a German chess Grandmaster and author. He earned the Grandmaster title in 1998 and a PhD in mathematics in 2002 at the University of Hamburg. He had placed third in the 1996 German championship and second in the 1997 German championship.
He has written about endgames, including in Fundamental Chess Endings (Gambit Publications, 2001) and Secrets of Pawn Endings (Everyman Chess, 2000), both with Frank Lamprecht. He also wrote How to Play Chess Endgames, with Wolfgang Pajeken (Gambit, 2008) and Magic of Chess Tactics (Russell Enterprises 2003) with FIDE Master Claus Dieter Meyer. His column "Endgame Corner" has appeared at ChessCafe.com since January 2001 and he has been a regular contributor to ChessBase Magazine since 1997. He also contributed material to some of the early issues of the online daily chess newspaper Chess Today.
The seventh chapter of Tibor Karolyi's 2009 book Genius in the Background is devoted to him. His main interest apart from chess are football and mathematical games.
Books
Corrected edition by Gambit in 2007, .
ChessBase Products
Karsten has authored a large number of ChessBase products. These can be found online here
Notes
Further reading
External links
1970 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
German chess players
German chess writers
German male non-fiction writers
University of Hamburg alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XDH%20assumption
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The external Diffie–Hellman (XDH) assumption is a computational hardness assumption used in elliptic curve cryptography. The XDH assumption holds that there exist certain subgroups of elliptic curves which have useful properties for cryptography. Specifically, XDH implies the existence of two distinct groups with the following properties:
The discrete logarithm problem (DLP), the computational Diffie–Hellman problem (CDH), and the computational co-Diffie–Hellman problem are all intractable in and .
There exists an efficiently computable bilinear map (pairing) .
The decisional Diffie–Hellman problem (DDH) is intractable in .
The above formulation is referred to as asymmetric XDH. A stronger version of the assumption (symmetric XDH, or SXDH) holds if DDH is also intractable in .
The XDH assumption is used in some pairing-based cryptographic protocols. In certain elliptic curve subgroups, the existence of an efficiently-computable bilinear map (pairing) can allow for practical solutions to the DDH problem. These groups, referred to as gap Diffie–Hellman (GDH) groups, facilitate a variety of novel cryptographic protocols, including tri-partite key exchange, identity based encryption, and secret handshakes (to name a few). However, the ease of computing DDH within a GDH group can also be an obstacle when constructing cryptosystems; for example, it is not possible to use DDH-based cryptosystems such as ElGamal within a GDH group. Because the DDH assumption holds with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20Neuroscience
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The Society for Neuroscience (SfN) is a professional society, headquartered in Washington, D.C., for basic scientists and physicians around the world whose research is focused on the study of the brain and nervous system. It is especially well known for its annual meeting, consistently one of the largest scientific conferences in the world.
History
SfN was founded in 1969 by Ralph W. Gerard and, at nearly 37,000 members, has grown to be the largest neuroscience society in the world. The stated mission of the society is to:
Advance the understanding of the brain and the nervous system.
Provide professional development activities, information, and educational resources.
Promote public information and general education about science and neuroscience.
Inform legislators and other policy makers about the implications of research for public policy, societal benefit, and continued scientific progress.
Annual meeting
The society holds an annual meeting that is attended by scientists and physicians from all around the world. The first annual meeting of the society was held in Washington, DC in 1971, and it was attended by 1,396 scientists. Subsequent meetings have been held annually in a variety of cities throughout the US, with the exception of the 1988 meeting, which was held in Canada. The 2022 meeting was held in San Diego, California.
Publishing
The Journal of Neuroscience, was launched in 1981 and has consistently been a multidisciplinary journal publishing papers on a bro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff%20Shepherd
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Air Marshal Geoffrey David Shepherd (born 24 January 1952) is a retired senior officer in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), who served as Chief of Air Force from 2005 until 2008.
Service history
Shepherd commenced his RAAF service with the 1971 RAAF Academy intake, graduating in December 1974 with a Bachelor of Science (Physics) degree from the University of Melbourne followed by a Postgraduate Diploma in Military Aviation.
He had operational flying tours on Mirage III fighter aircraft at RAAF Base Butterworth in Malaysia, the F-111 strike bomber at RAAF Base Amberley, both as a line pilot and as the Training Flight Commander and as a flying instructor at No 1 Flying Training School RAAF Base Point Cook. He has approximately 4500 flying hours, including 2500 hours in the F-111.
He has held staff appointments at 82 Wing (F-111) HQ, as the Assistant Defence Adviser at the Australian High Commission in Singapore, and in Force Development in the field of capability analysis. He also undertook staff training at the Joint Services Staff College.
His command appointments were Commanding Officer of No. 6 Squadron(F-111), in the rank of wing commander, and Officer Commanding No. 82 Wing (F-111) as a group captain.
He was promoted to air commodore on 1 December 1998 and served two years as the Chief of Staff at HQ Air Command. He was the Director General Operations at the Defence Signals Directorate from January 2001 until October 2002, when he moved on to become Director-G
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution%20model
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In biology, a substitution model, also called models of DNA sequence evolution, are Markov models that describe changes over evolutionary time. These models describe evolutionary changes in macromolecules (e.g., DNA sequences) represented as sequence of symbols (A, C, G, and T in the case of DNA). Substitution models are used to calculate the likelihood of phylogenetic trees using multiple sequence alignment data. Thus, substitution models are central to maximum likelihood estimation of phylogeny as well as Bayesian inference in phylogeny. Estimates of evolutionary distances (numbers of substitutions that have occurred since a pair of sequences diverged from a common ancestor) are typically calculated using substitution models (evolutionary distances are used input for distance methods such as neighbor joining). Substitution models are also central to phylogenetic invariants because they are necessary to predict site pattern frequencies given a tree topology. Substitution models are also necessary to simulate sequence data for a group of organisms related by a specific tree.
Phylogenetic tree topologies and other parameters
Phylogenetic tree topologies are often the parameter of interest; thus, branch lengths and any other parameters describing the substitution process are often viewed as nuisance parameters. However, biologists are sometimes interested in the other aspects of the model. For example, branch lengths, especially when those branch lengths are combined with in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20butterfly
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White butterfly may refer to:
Biology
Pierinae, a subfamily of butterflies commonly called the whites
Pieris, a genus of Pierinae commonly called the whites or garden whites
Appias, another genus of Pierinae sometimes called the whites
Pontia, a third genus of Pierinae sometimes called the whites
Pieris rapae, a species also called the small white or small cabbage white
Culture
White Butterfly (album), the second album from English rock band InMe
Safe in a Room/White Butterfly, an EP from English rock band InMe
Caught: White Butterfly, a 2006 live album from English rock band InMe
White Butterfly (novel), an "Easy Rawlins" detective mystery novel by Walter Mosley
Animal common name disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial%20ratio
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Axial ratio, for any structure or shape with two or more axes, is the ratio of the length (or magnitude) of those axes to each other - the longer axis divided by the shorter.
In chemistry or materials science, the axial ratio (symbol P) is used to describe rigid rod-like molecules. It is defined as the length of the rod divided by the rod diameter.
In physics, the axial ratio describes electromagnetic radiation with elliptical, or circular, polarization. The axial ratio is the ratio of the magnitudes of the major and minor axis defined by the electric field vector.
See also
Aspect ratio
Degree of polarization
Ratios
Polymer physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum-free%20sequence
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In mathematics, a sum-free sequence is an increasing sequence of positive integers,
such that no term can be represented as a sum of any subset of the preceding elements of the sequence.
This differs from a sum-free set, where only pairs of sums must be avoided, but where those sums may come from the whole set rather than just the preceding terms.
Example
The powers of two,
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...
form a sum-free sequence: each term in the sequence is one more than the sum of all preceding terms, and so cannot be represented as a sum of preceding terms.
Sums of reciprocals
A set of integers is said to be small if the sum of its reciprocals converges to a finite value. For instance, by the prime number theorem, the prime numbers are not small. proved that every sum-free sequence is small, and asked how large the sum of reciprocals could be. For instance, the sum of the reciprocals of the powers of two (a geometric series) is two.
If denotes the maximum sum of reciprocals of a sum-free sequence, then through subsequent research it is known that .
Density
It follows from the fact that sum-free sequences are small that they have zero Schnirelmann density; that is, if is defined to be the number of sequence elements that are less than or equal to , then . showed that for every sum-free sequence there exists an unbounded sequence of numbers for which where is the golden ratio, and he exhibited a sum-free sequence for which, for all values of , , subsequently improved
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEV
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MEV, Mev, meV, or variation, may refer to:
Physics
MeV and meV are multiples and submultiples of the electron volt unit, (eV), referring to:
1 MeV, 1 megaelectronvolt = 1,000,000 eV, and
1 meV, 1 millielectronvolt = 0.001 eV.
"MeV"≠"meV"
Biology
Measles virus
Mink enteritis virus, a species of parvovirus that infects mink and causes enteritis
Transportation
M1133 Medical Evacuation Vehicle, an American military vehicle
Mills Extreme Vehicles, a British kit car manufacturer
MEV Automobiles, a British electric car start-up
MEV, ICAO code for Med-View Airline, a Nigerian airline
MEV, station code for Merthyr Vale railway station, in Merthyr Vale, UK
MEV, IATA code for Minden–Tahoe Airport, in Minden, Nevada, United States
Other
Map-entered variables, a variant of Karnaugh maps in logic optimization
Mission Extension Vehicle, a satellite-servicing spacecraft developed by Orbital ATK
Modern English Version, English translation of the Bible begun in 2005 and completed in 2014
Musica Elettronica Viva, an Italian musical group
Mev, a singular masculine possessive pronoun in Istro-Romanian grammar, equivalent to English "my"
Mev., short for "Mevrou", Afrikaans equivalent of Mrs.
Michigan Emergency Volunteers, a former name of the Michigan Volunteer Defense Force
See also
MEV-1 (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuele%20Severino
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Emanuele Severino (26 February 1929 – 17 January 2020) was an Italian philosopher.
Biography
Severino studied at the University of Brescia and graduated at the University of Pavia under Gustavo Bontadini with the first Italian dissertation on Martin Heidegger and the Metaphysics.
Subsequently, Severino broke publicly from Bontadini in 1970 while both were members of faculty of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan. A student of his as a young man at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore was Cardinal Angelo Scola, who later served as Archbishop of Milan.
Severino spent a number of years on the faculty of the University of Venice as well.
Because of his original philosophical position, the so-called neoparmenidism, Severino was claimed to be "a giant" and "the only philosopher who in the 20th century can be compared to Heidegger" (Massimo Cacciari).
In 1970, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith ruled that Severino's ideas were not compatible with Christianity as the basis of Severino's belief in "the eternity of all being", a belief said to eliminate a Creator God.
Severino received from the President of the Italian Republic the "Golden medal of the Republic for culture merits" (Medaglia d’oro della Repubblica per i Benemeriti della Cultura). In April 2019, Severino was interviewed by the then Italian premier Giuseppe Conte who defined him a focal point of the theoretical philosophy at an international level.
Severino died in January 2020 due to a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe%20Kils
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Uwe Kils is a German marine biologist specializing in Antarctic biology.
Career
His work led to the development of instruments for in situ observation of underwater fauna, including the ecoSCOPE and the first software for full speed video processing. Later work at Kiel included the study of predator-prey interactions of juvenile herring and plankton, for which a floating laboratory was built called ATOLL.
Awards
Photos by Kils
Selected publications
Kils, U.: "Swimming Behavior, Swimming Performance, and Energy Balance of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba", translation of Ph.D. thesis in German from 1979, College Station, Texas; 1981. Available free via Wikisource
Kils, U., Klages, N. (1979) "Der Krill" Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau, 10: 397–402.
Kils, U. (1987) "Verhaltensphysiologische Untersuchungen an pelagischen Schwärmen – Schwarmbildung als Strategie zur Orientierung in Umwelt-Gradienten. Bedeutung der Schwarmbildung in der Aquakultur", (Habilitation), Universität Kiel, Ber Inst Meereskunde, Kiel 163: 1–168.
Kils, U. (1983) Swimming and feeding of Antarctic Krill, Euphausia superba – some outstanding energetics and dynamics – some unique morphological details. In: Berichte zur Polarforschung, Alfred-Wegener-Institut fuer Polarforschung, Sonderheft 4 (1983). On the biology of Krill Euphausia superba, Proceedings of the Seminar and Report of Krill Ecology Group, ed. S. B. Schnack, 130 – 155
Kils, U., Marschall, P. (1995) "Der Krill, wie er schwimmt und frisst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional%20representation
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Propositional representation is the psychological theory, first developed in 1973 by Dr. Zenon Pylyshyn, that mental relationships between objects are represented by symbols and not by mental images of the scene.<ref>Elport, Daniel "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience", Wikibooks, July 2007, accessed March 07, 2011.</ref>
Examples
A propositional network describing the sentence "John believes that Anna will pass her exam" is illustrated below.
Each circle represents a single proposition, and the connections between the circles describe a network of propositions.
Another example is the sentence "Debby donated a big amount of money to Greenpeace, an organisation which protects the environment", which contains the propositions "Debby donated money to Greenpeace", "The amount of money was big" and "Greenpeace protects the environment". If one or more of the propositions is false, the whole sentence is false. This is illustrated in Figure 2:
Propositional representations are also:
Language-like only in the sense that they manipulate symbols as a language does. The language of thought cannot be thought of as a natural language; it can only be a formal language that applies across different linguistic subjects, it therefore must be a language common to mind rather than culture, must be organizational rather than communicative. Thus Mentalese is best expressed through predicate and propositional calculus.
Made up of discrete symbols; each symbol has a smallest cons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%27s%20principle
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In neuroscience, Dale's principle (or Dale's law) is a rule attributed to the English neuroscientist Henry Hallett Dale. The principle basically states that a neuron performs the same chemical action at all of its synaptic connections to other cells, regardless of the identity of the target cell. However, there has been disagreement about the precise wording.
Because of an ambiguity in the original statement, there are actually two versions of the principle, one that has been shown definitively to be false, and another that remains a valuable rule of thumb. The term "Dale's principle" was first used by Sir John Eccles in 1954, in a passage reading, "In conformity with Dale's principle (1934, 1952) that the same chemical transmitter is released from all the synaptic terminals of a neurone…" Some modern writers have understood the principle to state that neurons release one and only one transmitter at all of their synapses, which is false. Others, including Eccles himself in later publications, have taken it to mean that neurons release the same set of transmitters at all of their synapses.
Dale himself never stated his "principle" in an explicit form. The source that Eccles referred to was a lecture published by Dale in 1934, called Pharmacology and nerve endings, describing some of the early research into the physiology of neurotransmission. At that time, only two chemical transmitters were known, acetylcholine and noradrenaline (then thought to be adrenaline). In th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima
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Maxima may refer to:
People
Maxima of Rome, early Christian saint and martyr
Maxima of Lisbon, early Christian saint and martyr
Queen Máxima of the Netherlands (born 1971)
Máxima Acuña, Peruvian activist
Maximilla, also known as Maxima, early Montanist figure
Science and mathematics
Maxima and minima, the highest and lowest values of a function in calculus
Maxima (software), a free open-source computer algebra system
Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array, a cosmic microwave background experiment
Vehicles
Voith Maxima, a locomotive family built by Voith Turbo
Nissan Maxima, an automobile manufactured by Nissan
Other uses
Maxima (music), a musical note value in mensural notation
Máxima (magazine), a Portuguese magazine
Maxima, an Austrian magazine owned by BIPA, a health and beauty chain owned by REWE Group
Maxima (DC Comics), a character in the DC comics universe
Maxima (The King of Fighters), a character in The King of Fighters
Maxima Group, a retail chain in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Bulgaria and Poland
See also
Macsyma, an early symbolic mathematical system developed at MIT
Maxim (disambiguation)
Maxime (disambiguation)
Maximón, a folk saint venerated in various forms by Maya people of several towns in the highlands of Western Guatemala.
Maximum (disambiguation)
Maximus (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%20Reviews%20Molecular%20Cell%20Biology
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Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was established in October 2000 and covers all aspects of molecular and cell biology. The editor-in-chief is Kim Baumann.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 113.915, ranking it 1st out of 194 journals in the category "Cell Biology".
References
External links
Nature Research academic journals
Academic journals established in 2000
Molecular and cellular biology journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Review journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Ludovici
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Anthony Mario Ludovici MBE (8 January 1882 – 3 April 1971) was a British philosopher, sociologist, social critic and polyglot. He is known as a proponent of aristocracy and anti-egalitarianism, and in the early 20th century was a leading British conservative author. He wrote on subjects including art, metaphysics, politics, economics, religion, the differences between the sexes and races, health, and eugenics.
Ludovici began his career as an artist, painting and illustrating books. He was private secretary to sculptor Auguste Rodin for several months in 1906. He later wrote over 30 books, and translated many others.
Early life
Ludovici was born in London, England on 8 January 1882 to Albert Ludovici, and Marie Cals. Ludovici's father and grandfather (Albert Ludovici, Sr.) were both artists. He was of Basque, French, German and Italian ancestry. He was educated privately, in England and abroad but chiefly by his mother. As a young student he became friends with Harry Guy Radcliffe Drew, whom he met at the Paris Exhibition of 1900. Years later he befriended Drew's young daughters Dorothy (later a student of F. M. Alexander) and Joyce (better known as architect Jane Drew). He married Elsie Finnimore Buckley on 20 March 1920, and they first lived at 35 Central Hill, Upper Norwood in South London. He spent several years in Germany where he studied Nietzsche's writings in the original German. He was fluent in several languages.
During the year 1906, Ludovici was private secret
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK-AK%20space
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In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics an FK-AK space or FK-space with the AK property is an FK-space which contains the space of finite sequences and has a Schauder basis.
Examples and non-examples
the space of convergent sequences with the supremum norm has the AK property.
() the absolutely p-summable sequences with the norm have the AK property.
with the supremum norm does not have the AK property.
Properties
An FK-AK space has the property
that is the continuous dual of is linear isomorphic to the beta dual of
FK-AK spaces are separable spaces.
See also
References
Topological vector spaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Science%20of%20Life
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The Science of Life is a book written by H. G. Wells, Julian Huxley and G. P. Wells, published in three volumes by The Waverley Publishing Company Ltd in 1929–30, giving a popular account of all major aspects of biology as known in the 1920s. It has been called "the first modern textbook of biology" and "the best popular introduction to the biological sciences". Wells's most recent biographer notes that The Science of Life "is not quite as dated as one might suppose".
In undertaking The Science of Life, H. G. Wells, who had published The Outline of History a decade earlier, selling over two million copies, desired the same sort of treatment for biology. He thought of his readership as "the intelligent lower middle classes ... [not] idiots, half-wits ... greenhorns, religious fanatics ... smart women or men who know all that there is to be known".
Julian Huxley, the grandson of T. H. Huxley under whom Wells had studied biology, and Wells' son "Gip", a zoologist, divided the initial writing between them; H. G. Wells revised, dealt (with the help of his literary agent, A. P. Watt) with publishers, and acted as a strict taskmaster, often obliging his collaborators to sit down and work together and keeping them on a tight schedule. (H. G. Wells had begun the book during his wife's final illness and is said to have used work on the book as a way to keep his mind off his loss.)
The text as published is presented as the common work of a "triplex author". H. G. Wells took 40% of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20Merrell-Wolff
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Franklin Merrell-Wolff (born Franklin Fowler Wolff; 11 July 1887 – 4 October 1985) was an American mystic and esoteric philosopher. After formal education in philosophy and mathematics at Stanford and Harvard, Wolff devoted himself to the goal of transcending the normal limits of human consciousness. After exploring various mystical teachings and paths, he dedicated himself to the path of jnana yoga and the writings of Shankara, the expounder of the Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy.
Life
Franklin Fowler Wolff was born in Pasadena, California in 1887. He was raised as a Methodist, but abandoned Christianity during his youth. Wolff studied mathematics and philosophy at Stanford and Harvard. At Stanford, he was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1911. He briefly taught mathematics at Stanford in 1914, but left academia the following year. In 1920, Wolff married Sarah Merrell Briggs. The couple joined their original surnames; hence Wolff became Franklin Merrell-Wolff. Merrell-Wolff and his wife founded an esoteric group called the Assembly of Man in 1928, which congregated in an ashram in the Sierra Nevada mountains near Mount Whitney. Sarah Merrell-Wolff, also known as Sherifa, died in 1959. Franklin Merrell-Wolff remarried and lived the rest of his life in the mountains until his death in 1985. He authored various books and a great number of recorded lectures explaining his philosophy.
Publications and philosophy
Wolff's publications are "an elaboration of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synteny
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In genetics, the term synteny refers to two related concepts:
In classical genetics, synteny describes the physical co-localization of genetic loci on the same chromosome within an individual or species.
In current biology, synteny more commonly refers to colinearity, i.e. conservation of blocks of order within two sets of chromosomes that are being compared with each other. These blocks are referred to as syntenic blocks.
The Encyclopædia Britannica gives the following description of synteny, using the modern definition:
Etymology
Synteny is a neologism meaning "on the same ribbon"; Greek: , syn "along with" + , tainiā "band". This can be interpreted classically as "on the same chromosome", or in the modern sense of having the same order of genes on two (homologous) strings of DNA (or chromosomes).
: co-localization on a chromosome
The classical concept is related to genetic linkage: Linkage between two loci is established by the observation of lower-than-expected recombination frequencies between them. In contrast, any loci on the same chromosome are by definition syntenic, even if their recombination frequency cannot be distinguished from unlinked loci by practical experiments. Thus, in theory, all linked loci are syntenic, but not all syntenic loci are necessarily linked. Similarly, in genomics, the genetic loci on a chromosome are syntenic regardless of whether this relationship can be established by experimental methods such as DNA sequencing/assembly, genome wal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Talbot%20%28author%29
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Michael Coleman Talbot (September 29, 1953 – May 27, 1992) was an American author of several books highlighting parallels between ancient mysticism and quantum mechanics, and espousing a theoretical model of reality that suggests the physical universe is akin to a hologram based on the research and conclusions of David Bohm and Karl H. Pribram. According to Talbot ESP, telepathy, and other paranormal phenomena are a product of this holographic model of reality.
Early life
Talbot was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, on September 29, 1953, and grew up in Lowell, a nearby small town. He attended Michigan State University from 1971 to 1974 where he pursued an eclectic education. While he did quite a bit of writing at the time, he was also engaged in many other efforts. He taught himself how to play the piano by locking himself in piano rooms for long periods. He was a great fan of Scriabin. He spent quite a bit of time painting, and made friends with faculty in Art History to discuss art and culture. As a young man he had a great interest in the occult, which allowed him to spend hours entertaining small groups of friends with tales of poltergeists, UFOs, etc.
Career
He was originally a fiction and science fiction author. He also contributed articles to The Village Voice and other publications.
Talbot attempted to incorporate spirituality, religion and science to shed light on profound questions. His non-fiction books include Mysticism And The New Physics, Beyond The Quantum
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