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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC%20bias
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In signal processing, when describing a periodic function in the time domain, the DC bias, DC component, DC offset, or DC coefficient is the mean amplitude of the waveform. If the mean amplitude is zero, there is no DC bias. A waveform with no DC bias is known as a DC balanced or DC free waveform.
Origin
The term originates in electronics, where DC refers to a direct current voltage. In contrast, various other non-DC frequencies are analogous to superimposed alternating current (AC) voltages or currents, hence called AC components or AC coefficients.
Applications
In the design of electronic amplifier circuits, every active device has biasing to set its operating point, the steady state current and voltage on the device when no signal is applied. In bipolar transistor biasing, for example, a network of resistors is used to apply a small amount of DC to the base terminal of the transistor. The AC signal is applied at the same terminal and is amplified. The bias network is designed to preserve the applied AC signal. Similarly, amplifiers using field-effect transistors or vacuum tubes also have bias circuits. The operating point of an amplifier greatly affects its characteristics of distortion and efficiency; power amplifier classes are distinguished by the operating point set by the DC bias.
DC offset is usually undesirable when it causes clipping or other undesirable change in the operating point of an amplifier. An electrical DC bias will not pass through a transformer or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPT
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FPT may refer to:
Female pipe tapered; see National pipe thread
F/P/T, an acronym used by Canadian governments to designate a joint Special Advisory Committee of Federal/Provincial/Territorial civil servants
Fiat Powertrain Technologies, an Italian automotive company
Fixed-parameter tractability, in computer science
Florida Playwrights' Theatre, an erstwhile theatre group in Hollywood, Florida, United States
Forced perfect termination, in electronics
FPT Group, a Vietnamese IT company
FPT Software, a Vietnamese software company
FPT Industries, an American aerospace engineering company
FPT University, in Vietnam
Full Pressure Turbo, in Saab automobiles
Portuguese Tennis Federation (Portuguese: )
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization%20identity
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In linear algebra, a branch of mathematics, the polarization identity is any one of a family of formulas that express the inner product of two vectors in terms of the norm of a normed vector space.
If a norm arises from an inner product then the polarization identity can be used to express this inner product entirely in terms of the norm. The polarization identity shows that a norm can arise from at most one inner product; however, there exist norms that do not arise from any inner product.
The norm associated with any inner product space satisfies the parallelogram law:
In fact, as observed by John von Neumann, the parallelogram law characterizes those norms that arise from inner products.
Given a normed space , the parallelogram law holds for if and only if there exists an inner product on such that for all in which case this inner product is uniquely determined by the norm via the polarization identity.
Polarization identities
Any inner product on a vector space induces a norm by the equation
The polarization identities reverse this relationship, recovering the inner product from the norm.
Every inner product satisfies:
Solving for gives the formula If the inner product is real then and this formula becomes a polarization identity for real inner products.
Real vector spaces
If the vector space is over the real numbers then the polarization identities are:
These various forms are all equivalent by the parallelogram law:
This further implies that class
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/216%20%28number%29
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216 (two hundred [and] sixteen) is the natural number following 215 and preceding 217. It is a cube, and is often called Plato's number, although it is not certain that this is the number intended by Plato.
In mathematics
216 is the cube of 6, and the sum of three cubes:
It is the smallest cube that can be represented as a sum of three positive cubes, making it the first nontrivial example for Euler's sum of powers conjecture. It is, moreover, the smallest number that can be represented as a sum of any number of distinct positive cubes in more than one way. It is a highly powerful number: the product of the exponents in its prime factorization is larger than the product of exponents of any smaller number.
Because there is no way to express it as the sum of the proper divisors of any other integer, it is an untouchable number. Although it is not a semiprime, the three closest numbers on either side of it are, making it the middle number between twin semiprime-triples, the smallest number with this property. Sun Zhiwei has conjectured that each natural number not equal to 216 can be written as either a triangular number or as a triangular number plus a prime number; however, this is not possible for 216. If the conjecture is true, 216 would be the only number for which this is not possible.
There are 216 ordered pairs of four-element permutations whose products generate all the other permutations on four elements. There are also 216 fixed hexominoes, the polyominoes made
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Brawley
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Joel Vincent Brawley, Jr. is the Alumni Distinguished Professor of Mathematical Sciences at Clemson University. Brawley is reputed nationally for being a prolific mathematics educator and is regarded highly for his teaching abilities. Brawley is also a prominent researcher in the field of algebra, specifically finite fields.
Joel Vincent Brawley, Jr. was born in Mooresville in 1938. He went to the Mooresville High School and received his undergraduate degree in Engineering Mathematics/Mechanics, master's and doctoral degrees in Mathematics and Statistics, all from the North Carolina State University (NCSU) in Raleigh, North Carolina. Dr. Brawley came to Clemson University as an assistant professor in 1965 after a brief stint on the Faculty of NCSU. He became associate professor in 1968, professor in 1972 and the Alumni Distinguished Professor in 1982.
Dr. Brawley has also been a research consultant with the National Security Agency (NSA) for the past three decades.
Dr. Joel Brawley received the highest awards in the nation for mathematics education including the Deborah and Franklin Haimo Awards for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics from the Mathematical Association of America, South Carolina Governor's Professor of the Year and the Class of 39 Award for Excellence from the Clemson University.
External links
Official webpage
Biography
Governor's Award
1938 births
Living people
Clemson University faculty
North Carolina State University alumni
20t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan%20Curry
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Declan Gerald Curry (born 5 September 1971) is a Northern Irish freelance journalist, news presenter and businessman, best known as the former business correspondent for BBC Breakfast.
Early life
Curry was born and raised in Strabane, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.
Career
Early career
Curry studied chemistry at Imperial College, London. There he reported for IC Radio and ICNN (Imperial College News Network), as well as the weekly paper Felix.
Curry has worked for and broadcast on ABC News and LBC, but has spent most of his career with the BBC.
BBC
Curry started working for the BBC in 1994. He worked on the BBC News Channel from the channel's inception in 1997. He has also worked for BBC World News, Radio 5 Live, and Radio 4. Curry is best known for his reporting of the happenings in the London Stock Exchange and other British economic news, particularly during the Breakfast programme on BBC One and BBC News Channel.
On 23 May 2005, Curry did not participate in a staff strike against announced pay cuts. He justified his stance by commenting: "I don't support the strike at all. The management have made a very strong case in my view as to why these cuts are necessary. It's other people's money that we are spending and we have to use it as wisely as we can."
On 6 October 2008, Curry began a new role as presenter of BBC Two's Working Lunch, alongside Naga Munchetty, replacing the previous team headed by Adrian Chiles and Adam Shaw. After the programme ended in July 2010 C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch-and-add
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In computer science, the fetch-and-add (FAA) CPU instruction atomically increments the contents of a memory location by a specified value.
That is, fetch-and-add performs the operation
increment the value at address by , where is a memory location and is some value, and return the original value at .
in such a way that if this operation is executed by one process in a concurrent system, no other process will ever see an intermediate result.
Fetch-and-add can be used to implement concurrency control structures such as mutex locks and semaphores.
Overview
The motivation for having an atomic fetch-and-add is that operations that appear in programming languages as
are not safe in a concurrent system, where multiple processes or threads are running concurrently (either in a multi-processor system, or preemptively scheduled onto some single-core systems). The reason is that such an operation is actually implemented as multiple machine instructions:
load into a register;
add to register;
store register value back into .
When one process is doing and another is doing concurrently, there is a race condition. They might both fetch and operate on that, then both store their results with the effect that one overwrites the other and the stored value becomes either or , not as might be expected.
In uniprocessor systems with no kernel preemption supported, it is sufficient to disable interrupts before accessing a critical section. However, in multiprocessor systems (eve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAV
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NAV or Nav may refer to:
Government agencies
Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration, Norwegian public welfare agency, the Norwegian abbreviation and common name is NAV.
Medicine and biology
Nav, voltage-gated sodium channels
nerve-artery-vein (anatomy), when all these follow a common pathway
Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, veterinary textbook
Computers
Network allocation vector, a method to avoid collisions in a shared transmission medium
Norton AntiVirus, antivirus software developed by Symantec Corporation
Microsoft Dynamics NAV, an enterprise resource planning software product from Microsoft
Finance
Net asset value, a fund's price per share
Places
Nav, Afghanistan
Nav, Iran (disambiguation)
Nav (Slavic folklore), or Nawia, an underworld in Slavonic mythology
People
Nav (rapper) (stylized as NAV), a Canadian rapper, singer, and record producer
Transportation
Nevşehir Kapadokya Airport, Nevşehir, Turkey, IATA airport code
Navigation
Business
Net asset value, a term in finance
Other uses
Navajo language's ISO 639 code
New Arabic Version, a translation of the Bible into Arabic
Jav, Prav and Nav, three worlds in the Book of Veles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Carnegie%20Mellon%20University%20people
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This is a list of notable people associated with Carnegie Mellon University in the United States of America.
Notable students and alumni
Nobel laureates
Turing Award recipients
Wolf Prize recipients
Raoul Bott (Ph.D. 1949), Wolf Prize in Mathematics, 2000
Enrico Fermi Award winners
George Cowan (Ph.D. 1950), nuclear scientist who was involved in the Manhattan Project, the U.S. atomic initiative during World War II; founder of the Santa Fe Institute
Stockholm Prize in Criminology winners
Daniel Nagin (B.S, M.S. 1971, Ph.D. 1976, Professor), criminologist, 2014
National Medal of Science recipients
Raoul Bott (Ph.D. 1949), Mathematical, Statistical, and Computer Sciences, 1987
Allen Newell (Ph.D 1957, Professor), Mathematical, Statistical, and Computer Sciences, 1992
George Pake (B.S., M.S. 1945), Physical Sciences, 1987
Frederick Rossini (B.S. 1925, M.S. 1926, DSc (hon.) 1948), Chemistry
National Medal of Technology and Innovation recipients
Robert Dennard (Ph.D. 1958), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), 1988
Stephanie Kwolek (B.S. 1946), inventor of Kevlar, 1996
Mary Shaw (Ph.D. 1972), software architecture pioneer, 2012
Frank L. Stulen (1943), numerical control of machine tools, 1985
MacArthur Fellows
Luis von Ahn (Ph.D. 2005), Carnegie Mellon professor of computer science, 2006
Stefan Savage (B.S. 1991), professor at UC San Diego, 2017
Dawn Song (M.S. 1999), Carnegie Mellon professor of computer science (2002–2007), currently professor at UC Berkeley, 2010
Busine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20University%20of%20Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison%20people
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This is a list of notable people who attended, or taught at, the University of Wisconsin–Madison:
Notable alumni
Nobel laureates
John Bardeen, B.S. 1928 and M.S. 1929, only two-time recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972
Saul Bellow, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1976
Günter Blobel, Ph.D. 1967, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1999
Paul D. Boyer, M.S. 1941, Ph.D. 1943, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997
William C. Campbell, M.S. 1953, Ph.D. 1957, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015
Herbert Spencer Gasser, A.B. 1910, A.M. 1911, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1944
Alan G. MacDiarmid, M.S. 1952, Ph.D. 1953, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000
Stanford Moore, Ph.D. 1938, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972
Erwin Neher, M.S. 1967, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991
Theodore Schultz, M.S. 1928, Ph.D. 1930, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1979
George Smith, postdoctoral fellow, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2018
Edward Lawrie Tatum, B.A. 1931, M.S. 1932, Ph.D. 1935, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958
John H. Van Vleck, A.B. 1920, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977
Athletics
Academics
Arts and entertainment
Virgil Abloh, fashion designer, artistic director of Louis Vuitton's men's wear collection
Don Ameche, Acad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%20Biolympiad
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The USA Biolympiad (USABO), formerly called the USA Biology Olympiad before January 1, 2020, is a national competition sponsored by the Center for Excellence in Education to select the competitors for the International Biology Olympiad. Each year, twenty National Finalists gather at a nationally recognized institution for a two-week training camp. From the program's inception through 2009, the camp was held at George Mason University; from 2010 through 2015, the camp was held at Purdue University. It was then hosted at Marymount University for 2016 and 2017. As of 2018, it is being held at University of California, San Diego. At the end of the two weeks, four students are selected to represent the United States at the International Biology Olympiad.
History
The USA Biolympiad was first started in 2002, with nearly 10,000 students competing annually. Ever since the CEE (Center for Excellence in Education) started to administer the USABO exam, all four members of the Team USA in the years 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2017 were awarded gold medals in the International Biology Olympiad, with the US National Team able to accrue the most medals and subsequently win the IBO in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017, partly due to the rigorous selection process students undergo to compete in the IBO for the US. The USABO exam was held online in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Organization and examination structure
USABO finalists are selected in two rounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwitter
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Zwitter is the German word for "hybrid" or "hermaphrodite". It may refer to:
A zwitterion, in chemistry
An intersex person, in Karl Heinrich Ulrichs' Uranian typology
A song on the Rammstein album Mutter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-hot
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In digital circuits and machine learning, a one-hot is a group of bits among which the legal combinations of values are only those with a single high (1) bit and all the others low (0). A similar implementation in which all bits are '1' except one '0' is sometimes called one-cold. In statistics, dummy variables represent a similar technique for representing categorical data.
Applications
Digital circuitry
One-hot encoding is often used for indicating the state of a state machine. When using binary, a decoder is needed to determine the state. A one-hot state machine, however, does not need a decoder as the state machine is in the nth state if, and only if, the nth bit is high.
A ring counter with 15 sequentially ordered states is an example of a state machine. A 'one-hot' implementation would have 15 flip flops chained in series with the Q output of each flip flop connected to the D input of the next and the D input of the first flip flop connected to the Q output of the 15th flip flop. The first flip flop in the chain represents the first state, the second represents the second state, and so on to the 15th flip flop, which represents the last state. Upon reset of the state machine all of the flip flops are reset to '0' except the first in the chain, which is set to '1'. The next clock edge arriving at the flip flops advances the one 'hot' bit to the second flip flop. The 'hot' bit advances in this way until the 15th state, after which the state machine returns to the first
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergeometric%20function
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In mathematics, the Gaussian or ordinary hypergeometric function 2F1(a,b;c;z) is a special function represented by the hypergeometric series, that includes many other special functions as specific or limiting cases. It is a solution of a second-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE). Every second-order linear ODE with three regular singular points can be transformed into this equation.
For systematic lists of some of the many thousands of published identities involving the hypergeometric function, see the reference works by and . There is no known system for organizing all of the identities; indeed, there is no known algorithm that can generate all identities; a number of different algorithms are known that generate different series of identities. The theory of the algorithmic discovery of identities remains an active research topic.
History
The term "hypergeometric series" was first used by John Wallis in his 1655 book Arithmetica Infinitorum.
Hypergeometric series were studied by Leonhard Euler, but the first full systematic treatment was given by .
Studies in the nineteenth century included those of , and the fundamental characterisation by of the hypergeometric function by means of the differential equation it satisfies.
Riemann showed that the second-order differential equation for 2F1(z), examined in the complex plane, could be characterised (on the Riemann sphere) by its three regular singularities.
The cases where the solutions are algebraic functio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou%20Kexi
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Zhou Kexi (), born 1942, is a Chinese translator of French literature.
Biography
Zhou gained a degree in mathematics from Fudan University. He acquired the French language and became interested in French literature while studying at École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He became a full-time literary editor in the 1980s, and has since then translated several French novels, including Les trois mousquetaires, Madame Bovary, and La Voie royale. He is currently making a new translation of Marcel Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu. The first volume, Du côté de chez Swann, was published in 2004. He has also rendered Aventures mathématiques by Miguel de Guzmán into Chinese.
References
External links
A Conversation between Zhou and François Cheng
Fortunately not lost in translation
Volumes of Passion and Patience
French–Chinese translators
Living people
20th-century Chinese translators
21st-century Chinese translators
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aharon%20Katzir
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Aharon Katzir (born Aharon Katchalsky; September 15, 1914 – May 30, 1972) was an Israeli pioneer in the study of the electrochemistry of biopolymers.
Biography
Born 1914 in Łódź, Poland, he moved to Mandatory Palestine in 1925, where he taught at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. There, he adopted his Hebrew surname Katzir. He was a faculty member at the Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot, Israel as well as at the department of medical physics and biophysics at UC Berkeley, California.
He was murdered in a terrorist attack at Ben Gurion International Airport in 1972 in which 26 people were killed and 80 injured. His younger brother, Ephraim Katzir, became the President of Israel in 1973.
Awards and commemoration
In 1961, Katzir was awarded the Israel Prize, in life sciences, together with his pupil, Ora Kedem.
The State of Israel issued a postage stamp in memory of Katzir.
The Katchalsky crater on the Moon is named after him.
A series of Hebrew lectures is held at Tel Aviv University in memory of Katzir, organized by his son Avrahm, a professor of physics. It is named: In the Crucible of the Revolution (BeKur HaMahapecha), alluding to a popular book Katzir wrote about scientific progress. It has featured lectures by Nobel Prize laureates Daniel Kahneman and Aaron Ciechanover, and philosopher Hilary Putnam.
A center at the Weizmann Institute of Science is named after Katzir, as well as public schools in Tel Aviv and elsewhere.
A scholarship program of the Israe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-echo
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In audio signal processing, pre-echo, sometimes called a forward echo, (not to be confused with reverse echo) is a digital audio compression artifact where a sound is heard before it occurs (hence the name). It is most noticeable in impulsive sounds from percussion instruments such as castanets or cymbals.
It occurs in transform-based audio compression algorithms – typically based on the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) – such as MP3, MPEG-4 AAC, and Vorbis, and is due to quantization noise being spread over the entire transform-window of the codec.
Cause
The psychoacoustic component of the effect is that one hears only the echo preceding the transient, not the one following – because this latter is drowned out by the transient. Formally, forward temporal masking is much stronger than backwards temporal masking, hence one hears a pre-echo, but no post-echo.
Mitigation
In an effort to avoid pre-echo artifacts, many sound processing systems use filters where all of the response occurs after the main impulse, rather than linear phase filters. Such filters necessarily introduce phase distortion and temporal smearing, but this additional distortion is less audible because of strong forward masking.
Avoiding pre-echo is a substantial design difficulty in transform domain lossy audio codecs such as MP3, MPEG-4 AAC, and Vorbis. It is also one of the problems encountered in digital room correction algorithms and frequency domain filters in general (denoising by spectral
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%20Thinker
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The Mad Thinker is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is portrayed to be an evil genius specializing in robotics. He is sometimes referred to just as "The Thinker".
Publication history
The Mad Thinker was introduced by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in Fantastic Four #15 (June 1963). Lee and Kirby gave the mad scientist a special ability to predict events to the precise second.
Little to nothing was known of his origins or true identity until, over fifty years later, the Mad Thinker's first name was revealed to be Julius in the pages of Brian Michael Bendis and Alex Maleev's Infamous Iron Man #2.
Fictional character biography
The professional criminal mastermind known as the Mad Thinker made his debut fighting the Fantastic Four. He once attempted to take over New York City using the Baxter Building as his base and all organized crime members as his lieutenants. The Fantastic Four were lured away from New York just before a meteorite struck the city and briefly knocked out electrical power, including the Baxter Building's defense systems. The Mad Thinker took the opportunity to create a robotic servant, the Awesome Android. He trapped the Fantastic Four in the lower quarters of the building but was eventually caught, after being stopped by an unforeseen factor: the building's mailman, Willie Lumpkin, who on Reed's orders rang a bell at 4 pm, activating a circuit breaker Reed had built into all his devices.
It seemed that his primary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator%20paradox%20%28physics%29
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The elevator paradox relates to a hydrometer placed on an "elevator" or vertical conveyor that, by moving to different elevations, changes the atmospheric pressure. In this classic demonstration, the floating hydrometer remains at an equilibrium position. Essentially, a hydrometer measures specific gravity of liquids independent of barometric pressure. This is because the change in air pressure is applied to the entire hydrometer flask. The submerged portion of the flask receives a transmitted force through the liquid, thus no portion of the apparatus receives a net force resulting from a change in air pressure.
This is a paradox if the buoyancy of the hydrometer is said to depend on the weight of the liquid that it displaces. At a higher barometric pressure, the liquid occupies a slightly smaller volume, and thus more dense might be considered to have a higher specific gravity. However, the hydrometer also displaces air, and the weight of the liquid and the air are affected equally by elevation.
Cartesian divers
A Cartesian diver, on the other hand, has an internal space that, unlike a hydrometer, is not rigid, and thus can change its displacement as increasing external air pressure compresses the air in the diver. If the diver, instead of being placed in the classic plastic bottle, were floated in a flask on an elevator, the diver would respond to a change in air pressure. Similarly, a non-rigid container like a toy balloon will be affected, as will the rib cage of a hu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20McKenzie%20%28geophysicist%29
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Dan Peter McKenzie (born 21 February 1942) is a Professor of Geophysics at the University of Cambridge, and one-time head of the Bullard Laboratories of the Cambridge Department of Earth Sciences. He wrote the first paper defining the mathematical principles of plate tectonics on a sphere, and his early work on mantle convection created the modern discussion of planetary interiors.
Early life
Born in Cheltenham, the son of an ear, nose, and throat surgeon, he first attended Westminster Under School and later Westminster School, London.
Education and career
McKenzie attended King's College, Cambridge where he read physics, obtaining a 2:1 in his final degree.
As a graduate student, he worked with Edward "Teddy" Bullard who suggested he work on the subject of thermodynamic variables. He was awarded a Research Fellowship at King's College at the beginning of his second year which enabled him to study anything he wanted. As such, he gave up doing what Teddy had suggested and became interested in how the interior of the earth convects, something completely speculative at that time. McKenzie taught himself fluid mechanics and then went to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, on the invitation of Freeman Gilbert and Walter Munk. After eight months he returned to Cambridge, submitting his PhD in 1966. He has since said that nothing in his early life as a scientist had such a profound effect on him as those eight months in California.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Bioinformatics%20Institute
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The European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) is an intergovernmental organization (IGO) which, as part of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) family, focuses on research and services in bioinformatics. It is located on the Wellcome Genome Campus in Hinxton near Cambridge, and employs over 600 full-time equivalent (FTE) staff. Institute leaders such as Rolf Apweiler, Alex Bateman, Ewan Birney, and Guy Cochrane, an adviser on the National Genomics Data Center Scientific Advisory Board, serve as part of the international research network of the BIG Data Center at the Beijing Institute of Genomics.
Additionally, the EMBL-EBI hosts training programs that teach scientists the fundamentals of the work with biological data and promote the plethora of bioinformatic tools available for their research, both EMBL-EBI and non-EMBL-EBI-based.
Bioinformatic services
One of the roles of the EMBL-EBI is to index and maintain biological data in a set of databases, including Ensembl (housing whole genome sequence data), UniProt (protein sequence and annotation database) and Protein Data Bank (protein and nucleic acid tertiary structure database). A variety of online services and tools is provided, such as Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) or Clustal Omega sequence alignment tool, enabling further data analysis.
BLAST
BLAST is an algorithm for the comparison of biomacromolecule primary structure, most often nucleotide sequence of DNA/RNA and amino acid sequence of p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorin%20%28chemistry%29
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Thorin (also called thoron or thoronol) is an indicator used in the determination of barium, beryllium, lithium, uranium and thorium compounds. Being a compound of arsenic, it is highly toxic.
References
External links
MSDS at Oxford University
Azo compounds
Naphthalenesulfonates
Organic sodium salts
2-Naphthols
Titration
Arsonic acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20University%20of%20Kentucky%20alumni
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This is a list of notable people associated with the University of Kentucky in the United States.
Notable alumni (non-sports)
Academia and research
Albert Balows (1921–2006), clinical microbiologist and the president of the American Society for Microbiology
Irving Millman (1923–2012), virologist and microbiologist
Business
Entertainment
Government, law, and public policy
Note: Individuals who belong in multiple sections appear in the first relevant section.
Governors
Members of the US Congress
US federal and state judges
Other US political and legal figures
Karen Berg (born 1961), physician, professor, and member of the Kentucky State Senate
Whitney Westerfield, politician
Journalism and literature
Military
Miscellaneous
Sports alumni
Basketball
Notes
For players who enrolled from 1954 through 1971, their actual playing career did not start until a year after they first attended. At that time, freshmen were ineligible to play at varsity level.
Willie Cauley-Stein (born 1993), NBA basketball player
Sacha Killeya-Jones (born 1998), American-British basketball player for Hapoel Gilboa Galil of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Football
Baseball
Other
Simidele Adeagbo, Olympic athlete
J. Elliott Burch, horse trainer
Russ Cochran, golfer on the PGA Champions Tour
Michael D'Agostino, soccer midfielder
Steve Flesch, golfer on the PGA Tour
Larry Glover, sports radio announcer
Andy Gruenebaum (born 1982), MLS goalkeeper
Jenny Hansen, 13-time All-Americ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substructure%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematical logic, an (induced) substructure or (induced) subalgebra is a structure whose domain is a subset of that of a bigger structure, and whose functions and relations are restricted to the substructure's domain. Some examples of subalgebras are subgroups, submonoids, subrings, subfields, subalgebras of algebras over a field, or induced subgraphs. Shifting the point of view, the larger structure is called an extension or a superstructure of its substructure.
In model theory, the term "submodel" is often used as a synonym for substructure, especially when the context suggests a theory of which both structures are models.
In the presence of relations (i.e. for structures such as ordered groups or graphs, whose signature is not functional) it may make sense to relax the conditions on a subalgebra so that the relations on a weak substructure (or weak subalgebra) are at most those induced from the bigger structure. Subgraphs are an example where the distinction matters, and the term "subgraph" does indeed refer to weak substructures. Ordered groups, on the other hand, have the special property that every substructure of an ordered group which is itself an ordered group, is an induced substructure.
Definition
Given two structures A and B of the same signature σ, A is said to be a weak substructure of B, or a weak subalgebra of B, if
the domain of A is a subset of the domain of B,
f A = f B|An for every n-ary function symbol f in σ, and
R A R B An for every n-ary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Philippe%20Leblond
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Charles Philippe Leblond (February 5, 1910 – April 10, 2007) was a pioneer of cell biology and stem cell research and a Canadian former professor of anatomy. Leblond is notable for developing autoradiography and his work showing how cells continuously renew themselves, regardless of age.
Main research interests
In 1946, Leblond found that, when he poured liquid photographic emulsion on a histological section containing a radio element, the emulsion was eventually activated by the radio-element; and if thereafter routine photographic development and fixation were applied to the emulsion-covered section, black silver grains appeared in the emulsion wherever it overlay sites containing a radio-element. This liquid emulsion approach has been used to develop a new High Resolution Autoradiography procedure characterized by close contact between emulsion and section. Such close contact makes it possible to localize the radio-elements in the section at high resolution, so that radio-elements can be localized at high magnification in the light microscope.
This procedure has been utilized to examine some of the dynamic features of body components, with the main findings as follows:
The existence of stem cells in adult organs, as shown by autoradiography with labeled thymidine.
The continuity of protein synthesis in living cells, as shown by autoradiography with labeled amino acids.
The key role of the Golgi apparatus in protein glycosylation, as shown by autoradiography with lab
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-energy%20relationship
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In physical organic chemistry, a free-energy relationship or Gibbs energy relation relates the logarithm of a reaction rate constant or equilibrium constant for one series of chemical reactions with the logarithm of the rate or equilibrium constant for a related series of reactions. Free energy relationships establish the extent at which bond formation and breakage happen in the transition state of a reaction, and in combination with kinetic isotope experiments a reaction mechanism can be determined. Free energy relationships are often used to calculate equilibrium constants since they are experimentally difficult to determine.
The most common form of free-energy relationships are linear free-energy relationships (LFER). The Brønsted catalysis equation describes the relationship between the ionization constant of a series of catalysts and the reaction rate constant for a reaction on which the catalyst operates. The Hammett equation predicts the equilibrium constant or reaction rate of a reaction from a substituent constant and a reaction type constant. The Edwards equation relates the nucleophilic power to polarisability and basicity. The Marcus equation is an example of a quadratic free-energy relationship (QFER).
IUPAC has suggested that this name should be replaced by linear Gibbs energy relation, but at present there is little sign of acceptance of this change.
The area of physical organic chemistry which deals with such relations is commonly referred to as 'linear fre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Guggenheim%20Fellowships%20awarded%20in%201971
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List of Guggenheim Fellowship winners for 1971.
United States and Canada fellows
Gar Alperovitz, Lionel R. Bauman Professor of Political Economy, University of Maryland.
Lars V. Ahlfors, Mathematics
Claudia Andujar, Photographer, Sao Paulo
Rutherford Aris, Regents' Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota
Samuel Gordon Armistead, Professor of Spanish and Comparative Literature, University of California, Davis
James Richard Arnold, Harold C. Urey Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego
Louis Auslander, Mathematics
Vernon Duane Barger, Hilldale and J. H. Van Vleck Professor of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Robert A. Berner, Alan M. Bateman Professor of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University
Gerald Duane Berreman, Professor of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley
Charles E. Bidwell, William Claude Peavis Professor of Sociology and Education, University of Chicago
Patrick Paul Billingsley, Emeritus Professor of Statistics and of Mathematics, University of Chicago
Norman Birnbaum, University Professor, Georgetown University Law Center.
Julie Bovasso, Deceased. Drama.
Leo Braudy, University Professor and Bing Professor of English, University of Southern California.
Matthew Joseph Bruccoli, Jefferies Professor of English, University of South Carolina; President, Bruccoli Clark Layman
Ed Bullins, Playwright, Berkeley, California.
Mario A. Bunge, Frothingham Professor of Logic and Metap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-algebra
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Prealgebra is a common name for a course in middle school mathematics in the United States, usually taught in the 7th grade or 8th grade. The objective of it is to prepare students for the study of algebra. Usually, algebra is taught in the 8th and 9th grade.
As an intermediate stage after arithmetic, prealgebra helps students pass specific conceptual barriers. Students are introduced to the idea that an equals sign, rather than just being the answer to a question as in basic arithmetic, means that two sides are equivalent and can be manipulated together. They also learn how numbers, variables, and words can be used in the same ways.
Subjects
Subjects taught in a prealgebra course may include:
Review of natural number arithmetic
Types of numbers such as integers, fractions, decimals and negative numbers
Ratios and percents
Factorization of natural numbers
Properties of operations such as associativity and distributivity
Simple (integer) roots and powers
Rules of evaluation of expressions, such as operator precedence and use of parentheses
Basics of equations, including rules for invariant manipulation of equations
Understanding of variable manipulation
Manipulation and plotting in the standard 4-quadrant Cartesian coordinate plane
Powers in scientific notation (example: 340,000,000 in scientific notation is 3.4 × 108)
Identifying Probability
Solving Square roots
Pythagorean Theorem
Prealgebra may include subjects from geometry, especially to further the und
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy%20for%20Mathematics%2C%20Science%2C%20and%20Engineering
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The Academy for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering (AMSE) is a four-year magnet public high school program intended to prepare students for STEM careers. Housed on the campus of Morris Hills High School in Rockaway, New Jersey, United States, it is a joint endeavor between the Morris County Vocational School District and the Morris Hills Regional District.
AMSE is one of 17 vocational academies under the Morris County Vocational School District, which administers the admissions process for prospective AMSE students. The program started in 2000 with an initial class size of 26, but in 2017, the class size was increased to 48 students.
As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 180 students.
History
Background
As interest in traditional vocational subjects began to decrease in the 1990s, New Jersey's vocational school districts began to experiment with new programs that would cater to gifted students interested in careers in high technology and science. Hudson County's High Tech High School was founded in 1991, Bergen County Academies in 1992, and Union County Magnet School in 1997. Created as programs under New Jersey's Career and Technical Education legislation, the schools are overseen by the New Jersey Department of Education's Office of Career Readiness, which manages their standards, approval, and reapproval.
AMSE was first proposed to the Morris County Board of Chosen Freeholders (now the Board of County Commissioners) in November 1997 as th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific%20community%20metaphor
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In computer science, the scientific community metaphor is a metaphor used to aid understanding scientific communities. The first publications on the scientific community metaphor in 1981 and 1982 involved the development of a programming language named Ether that invoked procedural plans to process goals and assertions concurrently by dynamically creating new rules during program execution. Ether also addressed issues of conflict and contradiction with multiple sources of knowledge and multiple viewpoints.
Development
The scientific community metaphor builds on the philosophy, history and sociology of science. It was originally developed building on work in the philosophy of science by Karl Popper and Imre Lakatos. In particular, it initially made use of Lakatos' work on proofs and refutations. Subsequently, development has been influenced by the work of Geof Bowker, Michel Callon, Paul Feyerabend, Elihu M. Gerson, Bruno Latour, John Law, Karl Popper, Susan Leigh Star, Anselm Strauss, and Lucy Suchman.
In particular Latour's Science in Action had great influence. In the book, Janus figures make paradoxical statements about scientific development. An important challenge for the scientific community metaphor is to reconcile these paradoxical statements.
Qualities of scientific research
Scientific research depends critically on monotonicity, concurrency, commutativity, and pluralism to propose, modify, support, and oppose scientific methods, practices, and theories.
Qu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog%20modeling%20synthesizer
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An analog modeling synthesizer is a synthesizer that generates the sounds of traditional analog synthesizers using digital signal processing components and software algorithms. Analog modeling synthesizers simulate the behavior of the original electronic circuitry in order to digitally replicate their tone.
This method of synthesis is also referred to as virtual analog or VA. Analog modeling synthesizers can be more reliable than their true analog counterparts since the oscillator pitch is ultimately maintained by a digital clock, and the digital hardware is typically less susceptible to temperature changes.
While analog synthesizers need an oscillator circuit for each voice of polyphony, analog modeling synthesizers do not face this problem. This means that many of them, especially the more modern models, can produce as many polyphonic voices as the CPU on which they run can handle.
Modeling synths also provide patch storage capabilities and MIDI support not found on most true analog instruments. Analog modeling synthesizers that run entirely within a host computer operating system are typically referred to as analog software synthesizers.
The term was not used until the 1990s when the Nord Lead came out.
Examples of VA synthesizers include:
Access Virus line of VA synths
AKAI Miniak virtual analog synthesizer from AKAI Professional
Alesis Ion, Micron and Fusion
Arturia Origin
Clavia Nord Lead and Nord Modular series
Korg Z1, Prophecy, MS-2000, microKORG, RADIAS,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-function
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In mathematics, the -function, typically denoted K(z), is a generalization of the hyperfactorial to complex numbers, similar to the generalization of the factorial to the gamma function.
Definition
Formally, the -function is defined as
It can also be given in closed form as
where denotes the derivative of the Riemann zeta function, denotes the Hurwitz zeta function and
Another expression using the polygamma function is
Or using the balanced generalization of the polygamma function:
where is the Glaisher constant.
Similar to the Bohr-Mollerup Theorem for the gamma function, the log K-function is the unique (up to an additive constant) eventually 2-convex solution to the equation where is the forward difference operator.
Properties
It can be shown that for :
This can be shown by defining a function such that:
Differentiating this identity now with respect to yields:
Applying the logarithm rule we get
By the definition of the -function we write
And so
Setting we have
Now one can deduce the identity above.
The -function is closely related to the gamma function and the Barnes -function; for natural numbers , we have
More prosaically, one may write
The first values are
1, 4, 108, 27648, 86400000, 4031078400000, 3319766398771200000, ... .
References
External links
Gamma and related functions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes%20G-function
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In mathematics, the Barnes G-function G(z) is a function that is an extension of superfactorials to the complex numbers. It is related to the gamma function, the K-function and the Glaisher–Kinkelin constant, and was named after mathematician Ernest William Barnes. It can be written in terms of the double gamma function.
Formally, the Barnes G-function is defined in the following Weierstrass product form:
where is the Euler–Mascheroni constant, exp(x) = ex is the exponential function, and Π denotes multiplication (capital pi notation).
The integral representation, which may be deduced from the relation to the double gamma function, is
As an entire function, G is of order two, and of infinite type. This can be deduced from the asymptotic expansion given below.
Functional equation and integer arguments
The Barnes G-function satisfies the functional equation
with normalisation G(1) = 1. Note the similarity between the functional equation of the Barnes G-function and that of the Euler gamma function:
The functional equation implies that G takes the following values at integer arguments:
(in particular, )
and thus
where denotes the gamma function and K denotes the K-function. The functional equation uniquely defines the Barnes G-function if the convexity condition,
is added. Additionally, the Barnes G-function satisfies the duplication formula,
Characterisation
Similar to the Bohr-Mollerup theorem for the gamma function, for a constant , we have for
and for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbative%20quantum%20chromodynamics
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Perturbative quantum chromodynamics (also perturbative QCD) is a subfield of particle physics in which the theory of strong interactions, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), is studied by using the fact that the strong coupling constant is small in high energy or short distance interactions, thus allowing perturbation theory techniques to be applied. In most circumstances, making testable predictions with QCD is extremely difficult, due to the infinite number of possible topologically-inequivalent interactions. Over short distances, the coupling is small enough that this infinite number of terms can be approximated accurately by a finite number of terms. Although only applicable at high energies, this approach has resulted in the most precise tests of QCD to date .
An important test of perturbative QCD is the measurement of the ratio of production rates for and . Since only the total production rate is considered, the summation over all final-state hadrons cancels the dependence on specific hadron type, and this ratio can be calculated in perturbative QCD.
Most strong-interaction processes can not be calculated directly with perturbative QCD, since one cannot observe free quarks and gluons due to color confinement. For example, the structure hadrons has a non-perturbative nature. To account for this, physicists developed the QCD factorization theorem, which separates the cross section into two parts: the process dependent perturbatively-calculable short-distance parton cross
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Few-body%20systems
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In mechanics, a few-body system consists of a small number of well-defined structures or point particles.
Quantum mechanics
In quantum mechanics, examples of few-body systems include light nuclear systems (that is, few-nucleon bound and scattering states), small molecules, light atoms (such as helium in an external electric field), atomic collisions, and quantum dots. A fundamental difficulty in describing few-body systems is that the Schrödinger equation and the classical equations of motion are not analytically solvable for more than two mutually interacting particles even when the underlying forces are precisely known. This is known as the few-body problem. For some three-body systems an exact solution can be obtained iteratively through the Faddeev equations. It can be shown that under certain conditions Faddeev equations should lead to the Efimov effect. Most three-body systems are amenable to extremely accurate numerical solutions that use large sets of basis functions and then variationally optimize the amplitudes of the basis functions. Particular cases are the Hydrogen molecular ion or the Helium atom. The latter has been solved very precisely using basis sets of Hylleraas or Frankowski-Pekeris functions (see references of the work of G.W.F. Drake and J.D. Morgan III in Helium atom section).
In many cases theory has to resort to approximations to treat few-body systems. These approximations have to be tested by detailed experimental data. Atomic collisions or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impurity
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In chemistry and materials science, impurities are chemical substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid, which differ from the chemical composition of the material or compound. Firstly, a pure chemical should appear thermodynamically in at least one chemical phase and can also be characterized by its one-component-phase diagram. Secondly, practically speaking, a pure chemical should prove to be homogeneous (i.e., will show no change of properties after undergoing a wide variety of consecutive analytical chemical procedures). The perfect pure chemical will pass all attempts and tests of further separation and purification. Thirdly, and here we focus on the common chemical definition, it should not contain any trace of any other kind of chemical species. In reality, there are no absolutely 100% pure chemical compounds, as there is always some minute contamination. Indeed, as detection limits in analytical chemistry decrease, the number of impurities detected tends to increase.
Impurities are either naturally occurring or added during synthesis of a chemical or commercial product. During production, impurities may be purposely, accidentally, inevitably, or incidentally added into the substance.
The levels of impurities in a material are generally defined in relative terms. Standards have been established by various organizations that attempt to define the permitted levels of various impurities in a manufactured product. Strictly speaking, then a material's l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homothetic%20vector%20field
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In physics, a homothetic vector field (sometimes homothetic collineation or homothety) is a projective vector field which satisfies the condition:
where c is a real constant. Homothetic vector fields find application in the study of singularities in general relativity. They can also be used to generate new solutions for Einstein equations by similarity reduction.
See also
Affine vector field
Conformal Killing vector field
Curvature collineation
Killing vector field
Matter collineation
Spacetime symmetries
References
Mathematical methods in general relativity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Wickerhauser
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Mladen Victor Wickerhauser was born in Zagreb, SR Croatia, in 1959. He is a graduate of the California Institute of Technology and Yale University.
He is currently a professor of Mathematics and of Biomedical Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis. He has six U.S. patents and more than 100 publications. One of these, "Entropy-based Algorithms for Best Basis Selection," led to the Wavelet Scalar Quantization (WSQ) image compression algorithm, used by the FBI to encode fingerprint images.
Wickerhauser has been a member of the American Mathematical Society and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and has received the 2002 Wavelet Pioneer Award from SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering).
He is of Austrian descent.
Selected works
Adapted Wavelet Analysis from Theory to Software (A K Peters, 1994)
Mathematics for Multimedia (Elsevier 2003, ) (Birkhaeuser 2009, )
Introducing Financial Mathematics: Theory, Binomial Models, and Applications (Chapman and Hall/CRC 2023)
References
External links
M. Victor Wickerhauser
"Entropy-based Algorithms for Best Basis Selection"
U.S. Patent No. 5,384,725
U.S. Patent No. 5,526,299
U.S. Patent No. 6,792,073
U.S. Patent No. 7,054,454
U.S. Patent No. 7,333,619
U.S. Patent No. 8,500,644
1959 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
California Institute of Technology alumni
Yale University alumni
Washington University in St. Louis facul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic%20integrator
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In mathematics, a symplectic integrator (SI) is a numerical integration scheme for Hamiltonian systems. Symplectic integrators form the subclass of geometric integrators which, by definition, are canonical transformations. They are widely used in nonlinear dynamics, molecular dynamics, discrete element methods, accelerator physics, plasma physics, quantum physics, and celestial mechanics.
Introduction
Symplectic integrators are designed for the numerical solution of Hamilton's equations, which read
where denotes the position coordinates, the momentum coordinates, and is the Hamiltonian.
The set of position and momentum coordinates are called canonical coordinates.
(See Hamiltonian mechanics for more background.)
The time evolution of Hamilton's equations is a symplectomorphism, meaning that it conserves the symplectic 2-form . A numerical scheme is a symplectic integrator if it also conserves this 2-form.
Symplectic integrators also might possess, as a conserved quantity, a Hamiltonian which is slightly perturbed from the original one (only true for a small class of simple cases). By virtue of these advantages, the SI scheme has been widely applied to the calculations of long-term evolution of chaotic Hamiltonian systems ranging from the Kepler problem to the classical and semi-classical simulations in molecular dynamics.
Most of the usual numerical methods, like the primitive Euler scheme and the classical Runge–Kutta scheme, are not symplectic integrators.
Meth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Fawcett
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Eric Fawcett (23 August 1927 – 2 September 2000), was a professor of physics at the University of Toronto for 23 years. He also co-founded Science for Peace.
Academic and professional life
Fawcett began his prestigious career in physics with a full scholarship to the University of Cambridge. After graduation, he crossed the Atlantic to take up a post-doctoral fellowship at the National Research Council in Ottawa in 1954. Two years later Fawcett returned to England, where he worked at the Royal Radar Establishment in Malvern. In 1961 he moved to the United States and worked as a research physicist at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. In 1970, he accepted a Professorship in the Department of Physics at the University of Toronto, where he remained until his retirement in 1993.
Besides first observing cyclotron resonance in metals, Fawcett is credited with discovering the Hall effect in type-II superconductors. While he used many different experimental techniques over his career, including neutron scattering, magnetostriction was a technique that Fawcett especially developed as an effective probe of magnetism in metals and alloys.
Activism
Russia
In the 1980s, Eric showed leadership in the international effort to assist physicists (mainly Jewish) in the Soviet Union who had been fired from their positions in leading research institutes and universities and denied access to research facilities. Notable among these was the eminent physicist, Andrei Sakharov. He and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20Mydorge
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Claude Mydorge (1585 – July 1647) was a French mathematician. His primary contributions were in geometry and physics.
Mydorge served on a scientific committee (whose members included Pierre Hérigone and Étienne Pascal) set up to determine whether Jean-Baptiste Morin's scheme for determining longitude from the Moon's motion was practical.
Works
External links
1585 births
1647 deaths
17th-century French mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exuviae
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In biology, exuviae are the remains of an exoskeleton and related structures that are left after ecdysozoans (including insects, crustaceans and arachnids) have moulted. The exuviae of an animal can be important to biologists as they can often be used to identify the species of the animal and even its sex.
As studying insects, crustaceans, or arachnids directly is not always possible, and because exuviae can be collected fairly easily, they can play an important part in helping to determine some general aspects of a species' overall life cycle such as distribution, sex ratio, production, and proof of breeding in a habitat. Exuviae have been suggested as a "gold standard" for insect monitoring. For instance, when monitoring dragonfly populations the presence of exuviae of a species demonstrates that the species has completed its full life cycle from egg to adult in a habitat. However, it has also been suggested that the fact that exuviae can be hard to find could lead to an underestimation of insect species compared to, for example, counting adult insects.
The Latin word exuviae, meaning "things stripped from a body", is found only in the plural. Exuvia is a derived singular form, although this is a neologism, and not attested in texts by Roman authors. A few modern works use the singular noun exuvium (e.g.). Only a single historical work by Propertius uses the singular form exuvium, but in the meaning "spoils, booty".
Gallery
References
External links
Insect anatomy
Spi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Sapolsky
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Robert Morris Sapolsky (born April 6, 1957) is an American neuroendocrinology researcher and author. He is a professor of biology, neurology, neurological sciences, and neurosurgery at Stanford University. In addition, he is a research associate at the National Museums of Kenya.
Early life and education
Sapolsky was born in Brooklyn, New York, to immigrants from the Soviet Union. His father, Thomas Sapolsky, was an architect who renovated the restaurants Lüchow's and Lundy's. Robert was raised an Orthodox Jew and spent his time reading about and imagining living with silverback gorillas. By age twelve, he was writing fan letters to primatologists. He attended John Dewey High School and by that time was reading textbooks on the subject and teaching himself Swahili.
Sapolsky describes himself as an atheist. He said in his acceptance speech for the Emperor Has No Clothes Award, "I was raised in an Orthodox household and I was raised devoutly religious up until around age thirteen or so. In my adolescent years one of the defining actions in my life was breaking away from all religious belief whatsoever."
In 1978, Sapolsky received his B.A., summa cum laude, in biological anthropology from Harvard University. He then went to Kenya to study the social behaviors of baboons in the wild. When the Uganda–Tanzania War broke out in the neighboring countries, Sapolsky decided to travel into Uganda to witness the war up close, later commenting, "I was twenty-one and wanted adventure. [
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirotechnology
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Chirotechnology in materials science is the chemistry and technology of production and separation of enantiomers.
References
Materials science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20E.%20McDonald
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James Edward McDonald (May 7, 1920 – June 13, 1971) was an American physicist. He is best known for his research regarding UFOs. McDonald was a senior physicist at the Institute for Atmospheric Physics and a professor of meteorology at the University of Arizona in Tucson.
During the 1960s McDonald campaigned in support of expanding UFO studies, and promoted the extraterrestrial hypothesis as a plausible explanation of UFO phenomena.
Early life and career
McDonald was born and raised in Duluth, Minnesota. He served as a cryptographer in the United States Navy during World War II, and afterwards, married Betsy Hunt. McDonald received a B.A. in chemistry from the University of Omaha in 1942 and an M.S. in meteorology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1945 before completing his Ph.D. in physics at Iowa State University in 1951. He taught at the University of Chicago for a year, then in 1953, helped establish a meteorology and atmospherics program at the University of Arizona as a professor of meteorology. McDonald eventually became the head of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics.
UFO studies
McDonald's first detailed, public discussion of UFOs was in a lecture given before an American Meteorological Society assembly in Washington, D.C., on October 5, 1966. Entitled "The Problem of UFOs", McDonald said that scientific scrutiny should be directed towards the small number of "unknowns", which he defined as a UFO reported by a "credible and trained observer as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent%20pointer%20tree
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In computer science, an in-tree or parent pointer tree is an -ary tree data structure in which each node has a pointer to its parent node, but no pointers to child nodes. When used to implement a set of stacks, the structure is called a spaghetti stack, cactus stack or sahuaro stack (after the sahuaro, a kind of cactus). Parent pointer trees are also used as disjoint-set data structures.
The structure can be regarded as a set of singly linked lists that share part of their structure, in particular, their tails. From any node, one can traverse to ancestors of the node, but not to any other node.
Use in compilers
A compiler for a language such as C creates a spaghetti stack as it opens and closes symbol tables representing block scopes. When a new block scope is opened, a symbol table is pushed onto a stack. When the closing curly brace is encountered, the scope is closed and the symbol table is popped. But that symbol table is remembered, rather than destroyed. And of course it remembers its higher level "parent" symbol table and so on. Thus when the compiler is later performing translations over the abstract syntax tree, for any given expression, it can fetch the symbol table representing that expression's environment and can resolve references to identifiers. If the expression refers to a variable X, it is first sought after in the leaf symbol table representing the inner-most lexical scope, then in the parent and so on.
Use as call stacks
The term spaghetti stack is clos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-configurational%20self-consistent%20field
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Multi-configurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) is a method in quantum chemistry used to generate qualitatively correct reference states of molecules in cases where Hartree–Fock and density functional theory are not adequate (e.g., for molecular ground states which are quasi-degenerate with low-lying excited states or in bond-breaking situations). It uses a linear combination of configuration state functions (CSF), or configuration determinants, to approximate the exact electronic wavefunction of an atom or molecule. In an MCSCF calculation, the set of coefficients of both the CSFs or determinants and the basis functions in the molecular orbitals are varied to obtain the total electronic wavefunction with the lowest possible energy. This method can be considered a combination between configuration interaction (where the molecular orbitals are not varied but the expansion of the wave function) and Hartree–Fock (where there is only one determinant, but the molecular orbitals are varied).
MCSCF wave functions are often used as reference states for multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) or multi-reference perturbation theories like complete active space perturbation theory (CASPT2). These methods can deal with extremely complex chemical situations and, if computing power permits, may be used to reliably calculate molecular ground and excited states if all other methods fail.
Introduction
For the simplest single bond, found in the H2 molecule, molecular orbitals c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbodiimide
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In organic chemistry, a carbodiimide (systematic IUPAC name: methanediimine) is a functional group with the formula RN=C=NR. On Earth they are exclusively synthetic, but in interstellar space the parent compound HN=C=NH has been detected by its maser emissions.
A well known carbodiimide is dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, which is used in peptide synthesis. Dialkylcarbodiimides are stable. Some diaryl derivatives tend to convert to dimers and polymers upon standing at room temperature, though this mostly occurs with low melting point carbodiimides that are liquids at room temperature. Solid diaryl carbodiimides are more stable, but can slowly undergo hydrolysis in the presence of water over time.
Structure and bonding
From the perspective of bonding, carbodiimides are isoelectronic with carbon dioxide. Three principal resonance structures describe carbodiimides:
RN=C=NR ↔ RN+≡C-N−R ↔ RN−-C≡N+R
The N=C=N core is relatively linear and the C-N=C angles approach 120°. In the case of C(NCHPh2)2, the central N=C=N angle is 170° and the C-N=C angles are within 1° of 126°. The C=N distances are short, nearly 120 pm, as is characteristic of double bonds. Carbodiimides are chiral, possessing C2-symmetry and therefore axial chirality. However, due to the low energy barrier to the molecule rotating and thereby converting quickly between its isomers, the actual isolation of one optical isomer of a carbodiimide is extremely difficult. It has been demonstrated at least once, in the case of co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Hartree%E2%80%93Fock
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In computational chemistry, post–Hartree–Fock (post-HF) methods are the set of methods developed to improve on the Hartree–Fock (HF), or self-consistent field (SCF) method. They add electron correlation which is a more accurate way of including the repulsions between electrons than in the Hartree–Fock method where repulsions are only averaged.
Details
In general, the SCF procedure makes several assumptions about the nature of the multi-body Schrödinger equation and its set of solutions:
For molecules, the Born–Oppenheimer approximation is inherently assumed. The true wavefunction should also be a function of the coordinates of each of the nuclei.
Typically, relativistic effects are completely neglected. The momentum operator is assumed to be completely nonrelativistic.
The basis set is composed of a finite number of orthogonal functions. The true wavefunction is a linear combination of functions from a complete (infinite) basis set.
The energy eigenfunctions are assumed to be products of one-electron wavefunctions. The effects of electron correlation, beyond that of exchange energy resulting from the anti-symmetrization of the wavefunction, are completely neglected.
For the great majority of systems under study, in particular for excited states and processes such as molecular dissociation reactions, the fourth item is by far the most important. As a result, the term post–Hartree–Fock method is typically used for methods of approximating the electron correlation of a s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20Dreams
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Animal Dreams is a 1990 novel by Barbara Kingsolver. A woman named Cosima "Codi" Noline returns to her hometown of Grace, Arizona to help her aging father, who is slowly losing his struggle with Alzheimer's disease. She takes a biology teacher position at the local high school and lives with her old high school friend, Emelina. Animal Dreams features Kingsolver's trademark—alternating perspectives throughout the novel. Most chapters are told from the perspective of Codi, while others are told from her father, Homer's, perspective. The book was dedicated to Ben Linder, who was killed by the Contras on April 28, 1987.
The novel features some Hispanic and Native American themes. Codi's sister, Halimeda "Hallie", moves to Nicaragua to teach local people more sustainable farming techniques and dies after being captured by the Contras. Another political theme in the novel is the small town's fight against the Black Mountain Mining Company, which pollutes the river water and nearly destroys the citizens' orchard trees, Grace's primary economic livelihood.
In addition to political themes like these, many of Kingsolver's novels also feature images and themes from biology. Animal Dreams is rich with natural imagery and the study of the created world. And, as with most Kingsolver novels, this one is laced with genial humor.
Reception
Writing in the New York Times Jane Smiley has some reservations about the novel "Ms. Kingsolver has chosen to explore Codi's despair, and in doing so s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDEA%20NXT
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In cryptography, the IDEA NXT algorithm (previously known as FOX) is a block cipher designed by Pascal Junod and Serge Vaudenay of EPFL (Lausanne, Switzerland). It was conceived between 2001 and 2003. The project was originally named FOX and was published in 2003. In May 2005, it was announced by MediaCrypt under the name IDEA NXT. IDEA NXT is the successor to the International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) and also uses the Lai–Massey scheme. MediaCrypt AG holds patents on elements of IDEA and IDEA NXT. The cipher is specified in two configurations: NXT64 (with block of 64 bits, key of 128 bits, 16 rounds) and NXT128 (with block of 128 bits, key of 256 bits, 16 rounds).
References
External links
FOX Specifications Version 1.2
256bit Ciphers - IDEANXT Reference implementation and derived code
Mediacrypt homepage — IDEA licensor
FOX: a new family of block ciphers
FOX algorithm implementation - a hardware design approach
BSD licensed C Software implementation of IDEA NXT
U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2004/0247117
U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2005/0053233
Block ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Sulpice%20Beudant
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François Sulpice Beudant (5 September 1787 – 10 December 1850) was a French mineralogist and geologist. The mineral beudantite was named after him.
Life
He was born in Paris.
He was educated at the Ecole Polytechnique and Ecole Normale, and in 1811 was appointed professor of mathematics at the lycée of Avignon. Thence he was called, in 1813, to the lycée of Marseilles to fill the post of professor of physics, where he carried out the first measurements of the speed of sound in seawater. In the following year the royal mineralogical cabinet was committed to his charge to be conveyed into England, and from that time his attention was directed principally towards geology and cognate sciences.
In 1817 he published a paper on the phenomena of crystallization, treating especially of the variety of forms assumed by the same mineral substance. In 1818 he undertook, at the expense of the French government, a geological journey through Hungary, and the results of his researches, Voyage minéralogique et géologique en Hongrie, 3 vols 4to, with atlas, published in 1822, established for him a European reputation.
In 1820, he was appointed to the professorship of mineralogy in the Paris faculty of sciences, and afterwards became inspector-general of the university.
He subsequently published treatises on physics and on mineralogy and geology.
Perhaps his most notable publication is the second edition of Traite Elementaire de Mineralogie (Paris, 1830–1832), the second volume of which dea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian%20Social%20Democratic%20Party
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The Mongolian Social Democratic Party (, , sometimes also referred to as Sotsdek nam) is a political party in Mongolia.
It was founded in 1990 by Bat-Erdeniin Batbayar. Other prominent members included A.Ganbaatar, Losolyn Byambajargal and Radnaasümbereliin Gonchigdorj. A considerable number of members came from the mathematics and physics departments of Mongolia's National University. The party was part of the Mongolian Democratic Union that ruled from 1996 to 2000. It merged with the Democratic Party in 2000, thus all of the Social Democratic Party became members of the Democratic Party except A.Ganbaatar.
It reformed in 2004 and ran 19 candidates, but did not win any seats at the 2012 Mongolian parliamentary elections.
References
External links
Mongolian Social Democratic Party web site (in Mongolian)
1990 establishments in Mongolia
Political parties established in 1990
Political parties in Mongolia
Social democratic parties in Asia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium%28II%29%20chloride
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Palladium(II) chloride, also known as palladium dichloride and palladous chloride, are the chemical compounds with the formula PdCl2. PdCl2 is a common starting material in palladium chemistry – palladium-based catalysts are of particular value in organic synthesis. It is prepared by the reaction of chlorine with palladium metal at high temperatures.
Structure
Two forms of PdCl2 are known, denoted α and β. In both forms, the palladium centres adopt a square-planar coordination geometry that is characteristic of Pd(II). Furthermore, in both forms, the Pd(II) centers are linked by μ2-chloride bridges. The α-form of PdCl2 is a polymer, consisting of "infinite" slabs or chains. The β-form of PdCl2 is molecular, consisting of an octahedral cluster of six Pd atoms. Each of the twelve edges of this octahedron is spanned by Cl−. PtCl2 adopts similar structures, whereas NiCl2 adopts the CdCl2 motif, featuring hexacoordinated Ni(II).
Two further polymorphs, γ-PdCl2 and δ-PdCl2, have been reported and show negative thermal expansion. The high-temperature δ form contains planar ribbons of edge-connected PdCl4 squares, like α-PdCl2. The low-temperature γ form has corrugated layers of corner-connected PdCl4 squares.
Preparation
Palladium(II) chloride is prepared by dissolving palladium metal in aqua regia or hydrochloric acid in the presence of chlorine. Alternatively, it may be prepared by heating palladium sponge metal with chlorine gas at 500 °C.
Reactions
Palladium(II) chloride
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routh%E2%80%93Hurwitz%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Routh–Hurwitz theorem gives a test to determine whether all roots of a given polynomial lie in the left half-plane. Polynomials with this property are called Hurwitz stable polynomials. The Routh–Hurwitz theorem is important in dynamical systems and control theory, because the characteristic polynomial of the differential equations of a stable linear system has roots limited to the left half plane (negative eigenvalues). Thus the theorem provides a mathematical test, the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion, to determine whether a linear dynamical system is stable without solving the system. The Routh–Hurwitz theorem was proved in 1895, and it was named after Edward John Routh and Adolf Hurwitz.
Notations
Let f(z) be a polynomial (with complex coefficients) of degree n with no roots on the imaginary axis (i.e. the line Z = ic where i is the imaginary unit and c is a real number). Let us define (a polynomial of degree n) and (a nonzero polynomial of degree strictly less than n) by , respectively the real and imaginary parts of f on the imaginary line.
Furthermore, let us denote by:
p the number of roots of f in the left half-plane (taking into account multiplicities);
q the number of roots of f in the right half-plane (taking into account multiplicities);
the variation of the argument of f(iy) when y runs from −∞ to +∞;
w(x) is the number of variations of the generalized Sturm chain obtained from and by applying the Euclidean algorithm;
is th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentation
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In mathematics, pentation (or hyper-5) is the next hyperoperation (infinite sequence of arithmetic operations) after tetration and before hexation. It is defined as iterated (repeated) tetration (assuming right-associativity), just as tetration is iterated right-associative exponentiation. It is a binary operation defined with two numbers a and b, where a is tetrated to itself b-1 times. For instance, using hyperoperation notation for pentation and tetration, means 2 to itself 2 times, or . This can then be reduced to
Etymology
The word "pentation" was coined by Reuben Goodstein in 1947 from the roots penta- (five) and iteration. It is part of his general naming scheme for hyperoperations.
Notation
There is little consensus on the notation for pentation; as such, there are many different ways to write the operation. However, some are more used than others, and some have clear advantages or disadvantages compared to others.
Pentation can be written as a hyperoperation as . In this format, may be interpreted as the result of repeatedly applying the function , for repetitions, starting from the number 1. Analogously, , tetration, represents the value obtained by repeatedly applying the function , for repetitions, starting from the number 1, and the pentation represents the value obtained by repeatedly applying the function , for repetitions, starting from the number 1. This will be the notation used in the rest of the article.
In Knuth's up-arrow notation, is represe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20chaotic%20maps
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In mathematics, a chaotic map is a map (namely, an evolution function) that exhibits some sort of chaotic behavior. Maps may be parameterized by a discrete-time or a continuous-time parameter. Discrete maps usually take the form of iterated functions. Chaotic maps often occur in the study of dynamical systems.
Chaotic maps often generate fractals. Although a fractal may be constructed by an iterative procedure, some fractals are studied in and of themselves, as sets rather than in terms of the map that generates them. This is often because there are several different iterative procedures to generate the same fractal.
List of chaotic maps
List of fractals
Cantor set
de Rham curve
Gravity set, or Mitchell-Green gravity set
Julia set - derived from complex quadratic map
Koch snowflake - special case of de Rham curve
Lyapunov fractal
Mandelbrot set - derived from complex quadratic map
Menger sponge
Newton fractal
Nova fractal - derived from Newton fractal
Quaternionic fractal - three dimensional complex quadratic map
Sierpinski carpet
Sierpinski triangle
References
Chaotic maps
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Alberts
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Bruce Michael Alberts (born April 14, 1938, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American biochemist and the Chancellor’s Leadership Chair in Biochemistry and Biophysics for Science and Education, emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco. He has done important work studying the protein complexes which enable chromosome replication when living cells divide. He is known as an original author of the "canonical, influential, and best-selling scientific textbook" Molecular Biology of the Cell, and as Editor-in-Chief of Science magazine.
Alberts was the president of the National Academy of Sciences from 1993 to 2005. He is known for his work in forming science public policy, and has served as United States Science Envoy to Pakistan and Indonesia.
He has stated that "Science education should be about learning to think and solve problems like a scientist—insisting, for all citizens, that statements be evaluated using evidence and logic the way scientists evaluate statements." He is an Honorary Fellow of St Edmund's College, Cambridge.
Education
After graduating from New Trier High School in Winnetka, Illinois, Alberts attended Harvard College, as a pre-medicine major. Bored by assigned laboratory "cooking classes", he petitioned to skip the physical chemistry laboratory requirement and instead was allowed to work with his tutor Jacques Fresco, in Paul M. Doty's laboratory. The summer's research led to the publication of two successful papers on mismatch errors in the helical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent%20map
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In mathematics, the tent map with parameter μ is the real-valued function fμ defined by
the name being due to the tent-like shape of the graph of fμ. For the values of the parameter μ within 0 and 2, fμ maps the unit interval [0, 1] into itself, thus defining a discrete-time dynamical system on it (equivalently, a recurrence relation). In particular, iterating a point x0 in [0, 1] gives rise to a sequence :
where μ is a positive real constant. Choosing for instance the parameter μ = 2, the effect of the function fμ may be viewed as the result of the operation of folding the unit interval in two, then stretching the resulting interval [0, 1/2] to get again the interval [0, 1]. Iterating the procedure, any point x0 of the interval assumes new subsequent positions as described above, generating a sequence xn in [0, 1].
The case of the tent map is a non-linear transformation of both the bit shift map and the r = 4 case of the logistic map.
Behaviour
The tent map with parameter μ = 2 and the logistic map with parameter r = 4 are topologically conjugate, and thus the behaviours of the two maps are in this sense identical under iteration.
Depending on the value of μ, the tent map demonstrates a range of dynamical behaviour ranging from predictable to chaotic.
If μ is less than 1 the point x = 0 is an attractive fixed point of the system for all initial values of x i.e. the system will converge towards x = 0 from any initial value of x.
If μ is 1 all values of x less than
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%20Ching-fai
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Ng Ching-fai, GBS (; born 20 November 1939 in Shanghai, China) is a Professor of Chemistry and the former President and Vice-Chancellor of Hong Kong Baptist University and the President of United International College.
Before he became the President and Vice-Chancellor of HKBU, Ng was the Dean of the Faculty of Science of the University and a member of the Hong Kong Legislative Council from July 1997 to July 2001.
Ng also serves as a Member of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. Ng was awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star (GBS) order by the Hong Kong Government on 1 July 2005.
He attended the University of Melbourne and earned a PhD degree at the University of British Columbia.
References
1939 births
Living people
Academic staff of Hong Kong Baptist University
Delegates to the 9th National People's Congress from Hong Kong
Delegates to the 10th National People's Congress from Hong Kong
Delegates to the 11th National People's Congress from Hong Kong
Hong Kong scientists
Educators from Shanghai
Heads of universities in Hong Kong
People's Republic of China politicians from Shanghai
Scientists from Shanghai
Members of the Provisional Legislative Council
New Century Forum politicians
HK LegCo Members 1998–2000
HK LegCo Members 2000–2004
Members of the Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Members of the Selection Committee of Hong Kong
Hong Kong Affairs Advisors
University of Melbourne alumni
University of British Columbi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costas%20array
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In mathematics, a Costas array can be regarded geometrically as a set of n points, each at the center of a square in an n×n square tiling such that each row or column contains only one point, and all of the n(n − 1)/2 displacement vectors between each pair of dots are distinct. This results in an ideal "thumbtack" auto-ambiguity function, making the arrays useful in applications such as sonar and radar. Costas arrays can be regarded as two-dimensional cousins of the one-dimensional Golomb ruler construction, and, as well as being of mathematical interest, have similar applications in experimental design and phased array radar engineering.
Costas arrays are named after John P. Costas, who first wrote about them in a 1965 technical report. Independently, Edgar Gilbert also wrote about them in the same year, publishing what is now known as the logarithmic Welch method of constructing Costas arrays.
The general enumeration of Costas arrays is an open problem in computer science and finding an algorithm that can solve it in polynomial time is an open research question.
Numerical representation
A Costas array may be represented numerically as an n×n array of numbers, where each entry is either 1, for a point, or 0, for the absence of a point. When interpreted as binary matrices, these arrays of numbers have the property that, since each row and column has the constraint that it only has one point on it, they are therefore also permutation matrices. Thus, the Costas arrays for any
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheletropic%20reaction
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In organic chemistry, cheletropic reactions, also known as chelotropic reactions, are a type of pericyclic reaction (a chemical reaction that involves a transition state with a cyclic array of atoms and an associated cyclic array of interacting orbitals). Specifically, cheletropic reactions are a subclass of cycloadditions. The key distinguishing feature of cheletropic reactions is that on one of the reagents, both new bonds are being made to the same atom.
Theoretical analysis
In the pericyclic transition state, a small molecule donates two electrons to the ring. The reaction process can be shown using two different geometries, the small molecule can approach in a linear or non-linear fashion. In the linear approach, the electrons in the orbital of the small molecule are pointed directly at the π-system. In the non-linear approach, the orbital approaches at a skew angle. The π-system's ability to rotate as the small molecule approaches is crucial in forming new bonds. The direction of rotation will be different depending on how many π-electrons are in the system. Shown below is a diagram of a two-electron fragment approaching a four-electron π-system using frontier molecular orbitals. The rotation will be disrotatory if the small molecule approaches linearly and conrotatory if the molecule approaches non-linearly. Disrotatory and conrotatory are sophisticated terms expressing how the bonds in the π-system are rotating. Disrotatory means opposite directions while conrotatory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability%20radius
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In mathematics, the stability radius of an object (system, function, matrix, parameter) at a given nominal point is the radius of the largest ball, centered at the nominal point, all of whose elements satisfy pre-determined stability conditions. The picture of this intuitive notion is this:
where denotes the nominal point, denotes the space of all possible values of the object , and the shaded area, , represents the set of points that satisfy the stability conditions. The radius of the blue circle, shown in red, is the stability radius.
Abstract definition
The formal definition of this concept varies, depending on the application area. The following abstract definition is quite useful
where denotes a closed ball of radius in centered at .
History
It looks like the concept was invented in the early 1960s. In the 1980s it became popular in control theory and optimization. It is widely used as a model of local robustness against small perturbations in a given nominal value of the object of interest.
Relation to Wald's maximin model
It was shown that the stability radius model is an instance of Wald's maximin model. That is,
where
The large penalty () is a device to force the player not to perturb the nominal value beyond the stability radius of the system. It is an indication that the stability model is a model of local stability/robustness, rather than a global one.
Info-gap decision theory
Info-gap decision theory is a recent non-probabilistic decisi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle%20group
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In mathematics, a triangle group is a group that can be realized geometrically by sequences of reflections across the sides of a triangle. The triangle can be an ordinary Euclidean triangle, a triangle on the sphere, or a hyperbolic triangle. Each triangle group is the symmetry group of a tiling of the Euclidean plane, the sphere, or the hyperbolic plane by congruent triangles called Möbius triangles, each one a fundamental domain for the action.
Definition
Let l, m, n be integers greater than or equal to 2. A triangle group Δ(l,m,n) is a group of motions of the Euclidean plane, the two-dimensional sphere, the real projective plane, or the hyperbolic plane generated by the reflections in the sides of a triangle with angles π/l, π/m and π/n (measured in radians). The product of the reflections in two adjacent sides is a rotation by the angle which is twice the angle between those sides, 2π/l, 2π/m and 2π/n. Therefore, if the generating reflections are labeled a, b, c and the angles between them in the cyclic order are as given above, then the following relations hold:
It is a theorem that all other relations between a, b, c are consequences of these relations and that Δ(l,m,n) is a discrete group of motions of the corresponding space. Thus a triangle group is a reflection group that admits a group presentation
An abstract group with this presentation is a Coxeter group with three generators.
Classification
Given any natural numbers l, m, n > 1 exactly one of the clas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue%27s%20lemma
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For Lebesgue's lemma for open covers of compact spaces in topology see Lebesgue's number lemma
In mathematics, Lebesgue's lemma is an important statement in approximation theory. It provides a bound for the projection error, controlling the error of approximation by a linear subspace based on a linear projection relative to the optimal error together with the operator norm of the projection.
Statement
Let be a normed vector space, a subspace of , and a linear projector on . Then for each in :
The proof is a one-line application of the triangle inequality: for any in , by writing as , it follows that
where the last inequality uses the fact that together with the definition of the operator norm .
See also
Lebesgue constant (interpolation)
References
Lemmas in analysis
Approximation theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNMOS
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SUNMOS (Sandia/UNM Operating System) is an operating system jointly developed by Sandia National Laboratories and the Computer Science Department at the University of New Mexico. The goal of the project, started in 1991, is to develop a highly portable, yet efficient, operating system for massively parallel-distributed memory systems.
SUNMOS uses a single-tasking kernel and does not provide demand paging. It takes control of all nodes in the distributed system. Once an application is loaded and running, it can manage all the available memory on a node and use the full resources provided by the hardware. Applications are started and controlled from a process called yod that runs on the host node. Yod runs on a Sun frontend for the nCUBE 2, and on a service node on the Intel Paragon.
SUNMOS was developed as a reaction to the heavy weight version of OSF/1 that ran as a single-system image on the Paragon and consumed 8-12 MB of the 16 MB available on each node, leaving little memory available for the compute applications. In comparison, SUNMOS used 250 KB of memory per node. Additionally, the overhead of OSF/1 limited the network bandwidth to 35 MB/s, while SUNMOS was able to use 170 MB/s of the peak 200 MB/s available.
The ideas in SUNMOS inspired PUMA, a multitasking variant that only ran on the i860 Paragon. Among the extensions in PUMA was the Portals API, a scalable, high performance message passing API. Intel ported PUMA and Portals to the Pentium Pro based ASCI Red
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20mathematics
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Popular mathematics is mathematical presentation aimed at a general audience. Sometimes this is in the form of books which require no mathematical background and in other cases it is in the form of expository articles written by professional mathematicians to reach out to others working in different areas.
Notable works of popular mathematics
Some of the most prolific popularisers of mathematics include Keith Devlin, Rintu Nath, Martin Gardner, and Ian Stewart. Titles by these three authors can be found on their respective pages.
On zero
On infinity
Rucker, Rudy (1982), Infinity and the Mind: The Science and Philosophy of the Infinite; Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. .
On constants
On complex numbers
On the Riemann hypothesis
On recently solved problems
On classification of finite simple groups
On higher dimensions
Rucker, Rudy (1984), The Fourth Dimension: Toward a Geometry of Higher Reality; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
On introduction to mathematics for the general reader
Biographies
Magazines and journals
Popular science magazines such as New Scientist and Scientific American sometimes carry articles on mathematics.
Plus Magazine is a free online magazine run under the Millennium Mathematics Project at the University of Cambridge.
The journals listed below can be found in many university libraries.
American Mathematical Monthly is designed to be accessible to a wide audience.
The Mathematical Gazette contains letters, book reviews and exp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/156%20%28number%29
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156 (one hundred [and] fifty-six) is the natural number, following 155 and preceding 157.
In mathematics
156 is an abundant number, a pronic number, a dodecagonal number, and a refactorable number.
156 is the number of graphs on 6 unlabeled nodes.
156 is a repdigit in base 5 (1111), and also in bases 25, 38, 51, 77, and 155.
156 degrees is the internal angle of a pentadecagon.
In the military
Convoy HX-156 was the 156th of the numbered series of World War II HX convoys of merchant ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia to Liverpool during World War II
The Fieseler Fi 156 Storch was a small German liaison aircraft during World War II
The
was a United States Navy T2 tanker during World War II
was a United States Navy cargo ship during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy ship during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy fast civilian yacht during World War I
In music
156, a song by the Danish rock band Mew appearing in both their 2000 album Half the World Is Watching Me and their 2003 album Frengers.
NM 156, a 1984 song by the heavy metal band Queensrÿche from the album The Warning
156, a song by the Polish Black Metal band Blaze of Perdition from the 2010 album Towards the Blaze
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heun%20function
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In mathematics, the local Heun function is the solution of Heun's differential equation that is holomorphic and 1 at the singular point z = 0. The local Heun function is called a Heun function, denoted Hf, if it is also regular at z = 1, and is called a Heun polynomial, denoted Hp, if it is regular at all three finite singular points z = 0, 1, a.
Heun's equation
Heun's equation is a second-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE) of the form
The condition is taken so that the characteristic exponents for the regular singularity at infinity are α and β (see below).
The complex number q is called the accessory parameter. Heun's equation has four regular singular points: 0, 1, a and ∞ with exponents (0, 1 − γ), (0, 1 − δ), (0, 1 − ϵ), and (α, β). Every second-order linear ODE on the extended complex plane with at most four regular singular points, such as the Lamé equation or the hypergeometric differential equation, can be transformed into this equation by a change of variable.
Coalescence of various regular singularities of the Heun equation into irregular singularities give rise to several confluent forms of the equation, as shown in the table below.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Forms of the Heun Equation
|-
! Form !! Singularities !! Equation
|-
| General
| 0, 1, a, ∞
|
|-
| Confluent
| 0, 1, ∞ (irregular, rank 1)
|
|-
| Doubly Confluent
| 0 (irregular, rank 1), ∞ (irregular, rank 1)
|
|-
| Biconfluent
| 0, ∞ (irregular, rank 2)
|
|-
| Triconfluent
| ∞ (i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue%20constant
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In mathematics, the Lebesgue constants (depending on a set of nodes and of its size) give an idea of how good the interpolant of a function (at the given nodes) is in comparison with the best polynomial approximation of the function (the degree of the polynomials are fixed). The Lebesgue constant for polynomials of degree at most and for the set of nodes is generally denoted by . These constants are named after Henri Lebesgue.
Definition
We fix the interpolation nodes and an interval containing all the interpolation nodes. The process of interpolation maps the function to a polynomial . This defines a mapping from the space C([a, b]) of all continuous functions on [a, b] to itself. The map X is linear and it is a projection on the subspace of polynomials of degree or less.
The Lebesgue constant is defined as the operator norm of X. This definition requires us to specify a norm on C([a, b]). The uniform norm is usually the most convenient.
Properties
The Lebesgue constant bounds the interpolation error: let denote the best approximation of f among the polynomials of degree or less. In other words, minimizes among all p in Πn. Then
We will here prove this statement with the maximum norm.
by the triangle inequality. But X is a projection on Πn, so
.
This finishes the proof since . Note that this relation comes also as a special case of Lebesgue's lemma.
In other words, the interpolation polynomial is at most a factor worse than the best possible approxi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn%20Engquist
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Björn Engquist (also Bjorn Engquist; born 2 June 1945 in Stockholm) has been a leading contributor in the areas of multiscale modeling and scientific computing, and a productive educator of applied mathematicians.
Life
He received his PhD in numerical analysis from University of Uppsala in 1975, and taught there during the following years while also holding a professorship at the University of California, Los Angeles. In 2001, he moved to Princeton University as the Michael Henry Stater University Professor of Mathematics and served as the director of the Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics. He has also been professor at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm since 1993, and is director of the Parallel and Scientific Computing Institute. Engquist currently holds the Computational and Applied Mathematics Chair I at the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences at the University of Texas at Austin, after leaving Princeton in 2005.
Research
His research field is computational and applied mathematics and numerical methods for differential equations with applications to multi-scale modeling, electromagnetism, and fluid mechanics. Engquist has authored more than 100 scientific publications and advised 31 PhD students.
Awards
He is a recipient of numerous distinctions and awards: a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, and an invi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz-Otto%20Kreiss
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Heinz-Otto Kreiss (14 September 1930 – 16 December 2015) was a German mathematician in the fields of numerical analysis, applied mathematics, and what was the new area of computing in the early 1960s. Born in Hamburg, Germany, he earned his Ph.D. at Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan in 1959. Over the course of his long career, Kreiss wrote a number of books in addition to the purely academic journal articles he authored across several disciplines. He was professor at Uppsala University, California Institute of Technology and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He was also a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. At the time of his death, Kreiss was a Swedish citizen, living in Stockholm. He died in Stockholm in 2015, aged 85.
Kreiss did research on the initial value problem for partial differential equations, numerical treatment of partial differential equations, difference equations, and applications to hydrodynamics and meteorology.
In 1974, he delivered a plenary lecture Initial Boundary Value Problems for Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Vancouver. In 2002 he won the National Academy of Sciences Award in Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics. In 2003 he was the John von Neumann Lecturer of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM). He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
His doctoral students include Björn Engquist and Bertil Gustafsson. H
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-theta%20function
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In mathematics, the q-theta function (or modified Jacobi theta function) is a type of q-series which is used to define elliptic hypergeometric series.
It is given by
where one takes 0 ≤ |q| < 1. It obeys the identities
It may also be expressed as:
where is the q-Pochhammer symbol.
See also
elliptic hypergeometric series
Jacobi theta function
Ramanujan theta function
References
Q-analogs
Theta functions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic%20gamma%20function
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In mathematics, the elliptic gamma function is a generalization of the q-gamma function, which is itself the q-analog of the ordinary gamma function. It is closely related to a function studied by , and can be expressed in terms of the triple gamma function. It is given by
It obeys several identities:
and
where θ is the q-theta function.
When , it essentially reduces to the infinite q-Pochhammer symbol:
Multiplication Formula
Define
Then the following formula holds with ().
References
Gamma and related functions
Q-analogs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20group
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In mathematics, the term lattice group is used for two distinct notions:
a lattice (group), a discrete subgroup of Rn and its generalizations
a lattice ordered group, a group that with a partial ordering that is a lattice order
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel%20filter
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In electronics and signal processing, a Bessel filter is a type of analog linear filter with a maximally flat group delay (i.e., maximally linear phase response), which preserves the wave shape of filtered signals in the passband. Bessel filters are often used in audio crossover systems.
The filter's name is a reference to German mathematician Friedrich Bessel (1784–1846), who developed the mathematical theory on which the filter is based. The filters are also called Bessel–Thomson filters in recognition of W. E. Thomson, who worked out how to apply Bessel functions to filter design in 1949.
The Bessel filter is very similar to the Gaussian filter, and tends towards the same shape as filter order increases. While the time-domain step response of the Gaussian filter has zero overshoot, the Bessel filter has a small amount of overshoot, but still much less than other common frequency-domain filters, such as Butterworth filters. It has been noted that the impulse response of Bessel–Thomson filters tends towards a Gaussian as the order of the filter is increased.
Compared to finite-order approximations of the Gaussian filter, the Bessel filter has better shaping factor, flatter phase delay, and flatter group delay than a Gaussian of the same order, although the Gaussian has lower time delay and zero overshoot.
The transfer function
A Bessel low-pass filter is characterized by its transfer function:
where is a reverse Bessel polynomial from which the filter gets its name an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard%E2%80%93Fuchs%20equation
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In mathematics, the Picard–Fuchs equation, named after Émile Picard and Lazarus Fuchs, is a linear ordinary differential equation whose solutions describe the periods of elliptic curves.
Definition
Let
be the j-invariant with and the modular invariants of the elliptic curve in Weierstrass form:
Note that the j-invariant is an isomorphism from the Riemann surface to the Riemann sphere ; where is the upper half-plane and is the modular group. The Picard–Fuchs equation is then
Written in Q-form, one has
Solutions
This equation can be cast into the form of the hypergeometric differential equation. It has two linearly independent solutions, called the periods of elliptic functions. The ratio of the two periods is equal to the period ratio τ, the standard coordinate on the upper-half plane. However, the ratio of two solutions of the hypergeometric equation is also known as a Schwarz triangle map.
The Picard–Fuchs equation can be cast into the form of Riemann's differential equation, and thus solutions can be directly read off in terms of Riemann P-functions. One has
At least four methods to find the j-function inverse can be given.
Dedekind defines the j-function by its Schwarz derivative in his letter to Borchardt. As a partial fraction, it reveals the geometry of the fundamental domain:
where (Sƒ)(x) is the Schwarzian derivative of ƒ with respect to x.
Generalization
In algebraic geometry, this equation has been shown to be a very special case of a general ph
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular%20invariant
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In mathematics, a modular invariant may be
A modular invariant of a group acting on a vector space of positive characteristic
The elliptic modular function, giving the modular invariant of an elliptic curve.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%27s%20differential%20equation
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In mathematics, Riemann's differential equation, named after Bernhard Riemann, is a generalization of the hypergeometric differential equation, allowing the regular singular points to occur anywhere on the Riemann sphere, rather than merely at 0, 1, and . The equation is also known as the Papperitz equation.
The hypergeometric differential equation is a second-order linear differential equation which has three regular singular points, 0, 1 and . That equation admits two linearly independent solutions; near a singularity , the solutions take the form , where is a local variable, and is locally holomorphic with . The real number is called the exponent of the solution at . Let α, β and γ be the exponents of one solution at 0, 1 and respectively; and let α', β' and γ' be those of the other. Then
By applying suitable changes of variable, it is possible to transform the hypergeometric equation: Applying Möbius transformations will adjust the positions of the regular singular points, while other transformations (see below) can change the exponents at the regular singular points, subject to the exponents adding up to 1.
Definition
The differential equation is given by
The regular singular points are , , and . The exponents of the solutions at these regular singular points are, respectively, , , and . As before, the exponents are subject to the condition
Solutions and relationship with the hypergeometric function
The solutions are denoted by the Riemann P-sym
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasan%20Keshav
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Srinivasan Keshav is an American-Canadian Computer Scientist of Indian descent who is currently the Robert Sansom Professor of Computer Science at the University of Cambridge.
Biography
After undergraduate studies at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi in 1986, he received his PhD in 1991 from the University of California, Berkeley, with a thesis entitled Congestion Control in Computer Networks. His advisor was Domenico Ferrari. He then joined the research staff at Bell Labs; while at Bell Labs, he also had visiting faculty positions at IIT Delhi and Columbia University. In 1996 he became an associate professor at Cornell University; he then left academia in 1999 to co-found Ensim Corporation. In 2003, he joined the faculty at the University of Waterloo, where he held a Canada Research Chair in Tetherless Computing from 2004 to 2014 and a Cisco Systems Chair in Smart Grid from 2012 to 2017.
He is the inventor, along with his students at the University of Waterloo, of KioskNet, a system for providing internet access in impoverished countries. He has been co-director of the Information Systems and Science for Energy (ISS4E) Laboratory at the University of Waterloo since 2010. At the University of Cambridge, Prof. Keshav continues to work on research and teach in areas related to sustainable energy.
Academic works and affiliations
Keshav is the author of a textbook on computer networks, An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking. In 2012, he wrote Mathematical Foun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric%20acids%20and%20phosphates
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In chemistry, a phosphoric acid, in the general sense, is a phosphorus oxoacid in which each phosphorus (P) atom is in the oxidation state +5, and is bonded to four oxygen (O) atoms, one of them through a double bond, arranged as the corners of a tetrahedron. Two or more of these tetrahedra may be connected by shared single-bonded oxygens, forming linear or branched chains, cycles, or more complex structures. The single-bonded oxygen atoms that are not shared are completed with acidic hydrogen atoms. The general formula of a phosphoric acid is , where n is the number of phosphorus atoms and x is the number of fundamental cycles in the molecule's structure, between 0 and .
Removal of protons () from k hydroxyl groups –OH leaves anions generically called phosphates (if ) or hydrogen phosphates (if k is between 1 and ), with general formula . The fully dissociated anion () has formula . The term phosphate is also used in organic chemistry for the functional groups that result when or more of the hydrogens are replaced by bonds to other groups.
These acids, together with their salts and esters, include some of the best-known compounds of phosphorus, of high importance in biochemistry, mineralogy, agriculture, pharmacy, chemical industry, and chemical research.
Acids
Phosphoric acid
The simplest and most commonly encountered of the phosphoric acids is orthophosphoric acid, . Indeed, the term phosphoric acid often means this compound specifically (and this is also the curr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprosthetics
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Neuroprosthetics (also called neural prosthetics) is a discipline related to neuroscience and biomedical engineering concerned with developing neural prostheses. They are sometimes contrasted with a brain–computer interface, which connects the brain to a computer rather than a device meant to replace missing biological functionality.
Neural prostheses are a series of devices that can substitute a motor, sensory or cognitive modality that might have been damaged as a result of an injury or a disease. Cochlear implants provide an example of such devices. These devices substitute the functions performed by the eardrum and stapes while simulating the frequency analysis performed in the cochlea. A microphone on an external unit gathers the sound and processes it; the processed signal is then transferred to an implanted unit that stimulates the auditory nerve through a microelectrode array. Through the replacement or augmentation of damaged senses, these devices are intended to improve the quality of life for those with disabilities.
These implantable devices are also commonly used in animal experimentation as a tool to aid neuroscientists in developing a greater understanding of the brain and its functioning. By wirelessly monitoring the brain's electrical signals sent out by electrodes implanted in the subject's brain, the subject can be studied without the device affecting the results. Accurately probing and recording the electrical signals in the brain would help better un
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Psychiatry%2C%20Psychology%20and%20Neuroscience
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The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN) is a research institution dedicated to discovering what causes mental illness and diseases of the brain. In addition, its aim is to help identify new treatments for them and ways to prevent them in the first place. The IoPPN is a faculty of King's College London, England, previously known as the Institute of Psychiatry (IoP).
The institute works closely with South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Many senior academic staff also work as honorary consultants for the trust in clinical services such as the National Psychosis Unit at Bethlem Royal Hospital.
The impact of the institute's work was judged to be 100% 'world-leading' or 'internationally-excellent' in the Research Excellence Framework (REF 2014). The research environment of the institute was also rated 100% 'world-leading'. King's College London was rated the second for research in Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience in REF 2014. According to the 2021 US News Ranking, King's College London was ranked second in the world in Psychiatry and Psychology.
History
The IoPPN shares a great deal of its history with the Maudsley Hospital, with which it shares the location of its main building. It was part of the original plans of Frederick Mott and Henry Maudsley—inspired by the Munich institute of Emil Kraepelin—that the hospital would include facilities for teaching and research in 1896. In 1914, London County Council agreed to establish a hospital
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%20of%20small%20categories
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In mathematics, specifically in category theory, the category of small categories, denoted by Cat, is the category whose objects are all small categories and whose morphisms are functors between categories. Cat may actually be regarded as a 2-category with natural transformations serving as 2-morphisms.
The initial object of Cat is the empty category 0, which is the category of no objects and no morphisms. The terminal object is the terminal category or trivial category 1 with a single object and morphism.
The category Cat is itself a large category, and therefore not an object of itself. In order to avoid problems analogous to Russell's paradox one cannot form the “category of all categories”. But it is possible to form a quasicategory (meaning objects and morphisms merely form a conglomerate) of all categories.
Free category
The category Cat has a forgetful functor U into the quiver category Quiv:
U : Cat → Quiv
This functor forgets the identity morphisms of a given category, and it forgets morphism compositions. The left adjoint of this functor is a functor F taking Quiv to the corresponding free categories:
F : Quiv → Cat
1-Categorical properties
Cat has all small limits and colimits.
Cat is a Cartesian closed category, with exponential given by the functor category .
Cat is not locally Cartesian closed.
Cat is locally finitely presentable.
See also
Nerve of a category
Universal set, the notion of a 'set of all sets'
References
External links
Small cate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QDA
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QDA may refer to:
Qualitative Data Analysis as used in qualitative research
Quadratic discriminant analysis as used in statistical classification or as a quadratic classifier in machine learning
The .QDA filename extension, used for Quadruple D archives
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%20University%20of%20Science%20and%20Technology
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Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) (, Daneshgah-e 'elm vâ Sân'at-e Iran) is a research institution and university of engineering and science in Iran. The university is home to 15 faculties offering undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in a wide range of engineering-based subjects as well as maths, physics, and department of foreign languages. In 1995 IUST awarded Iran’s first PhDs in materials, metallurgical and traffic engineering. IUST is the only university in the Middle East which has a school of railway engineering and a school of progress engineering. It is also the only university in Iran which has a school of automotive engineering. There are also 12 research centres, nine centres of excellence and 19 specialised libraries as well as four satellite campuses in other parts of the country. IUST is located on Hengam Street in the Narmak neighborhood in northeast Tehran. IUST and its surrounding communities provide a cultural and recreational environment suited to the work of a major research institution.
The 20,000 capacity IUST Stadium, which is used mostly for association football, is their main sports venue.
Mansour Anbia is the dean.
History
Iran University of Science and Technology was founded in 1929 as the first Iranian Institution to train engineers, named the Governmental Technical Institute. Soon it was named "Honarsarā-ye Ālī" (Persian: ; Advanced Art College in English).
In 1932, the first Iranian graduated in Machine Engineering and in 19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerson%20Huang
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Kerson Huang (; 15 March 1928 – 1 September 2016) was a Chinese-born American theoretical physicist and translator.
Huang was born in Nanning, China and grew up in Manila, Philippines. He earned a B.S. and a Ph.D. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1950 and 1953, respectively. He served as an instructor at MIT from 1953 to 1955, and subsequently spent two years as a fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study. After returning to the MIT faculty in 1957, Huang became an authority on statistical physics, and worked on Bose–Einstein condensation and quantum field theory. At MIT, he had many PhD students in theoretical physics including Raymond G. Vickson who became a professor in Operations Research at the University of Waterloo. After retiring in 1999, he wrote on biophysics and was also a visiting professor at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.
Huang was best known to Chinese readers as the translator of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam; while a graduate student in physics, he adapted Edward FitzGerald's famous adaptation into Classical Chinese verse. The book () had been out of print for years, but was reprinted in Taiwan in 1989. With his wife Rosemary, Huang also translated the ancient divination text I Ching into English.
Huang died on 1 September 2016 at the age of 88.
Books
2016. A Superfluid Universe. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
2014.
2007. Fundamental Forces of Nature: The Story of Gauge Fields. World Scien
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semileptonic%20decay
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In particle physics the semileptonic decay of a hadron is a decay caused by the weak force in which one lepton (and the corresponding neutrino) is produced in addition to one or more hadrons. An example for this can be
→ + +
This is to be contrasted with purely hadronic decays, such as → + , which are also mediated by the weak force.
Semileptonic decays of neutral kaons have been used to study kaon oscillations.
See also
Kaon
Pion
CP violation
CPT symmetry
Electroweak theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Westerhoff
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Hans Victor Westerhoff (born 14 January 1953 in Amsterdam, Netherlands) is a Dutch biologist and biochemist who is professor of synthetic systems biology at the University of Amsterdam and AstraZeneca professor of systems biology at the University of Manchester. Currently he is a Chair of AstraZeneca and a director of the Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology.
Career
Westerhoff was educated at the University of Amsterdam where he was awarded a PhD in 1983 for investigations of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and the control of biological thermodynamics supervised by Karel van Dam. In 1996 he succeeded Ad Stouthamer as professor of microbiology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
Research
At the beginning of his career Westerhoff worked in the area of non-equilibrium thermodynamics in relation to biological energy transduction. His work on this topic led to a book written with Karel Van Dam.
After being a coauthor of one of the first experimental papers to stimulate interest in metabolic control analysis and participating in the group that proposed a harmonized terminology, Westerhoff moved progressively towards working on multi-enzyme systems as his major activity, starting with an analysis of the effect of enzyme activity on metabolite concentrations. He published many papers in this area, of which one may note an analysis of the control of regulatory cascades, analysqis of glycolytic oscilations in yeast, and showing that the in vivo behaviour of Trypanosoma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold
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In mathematics, a manifold is a topological space that locally resembles Euclidean space near each point. More precisely, an -dimensional manifold, or -manifold for short, is a topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of -dimensional Euclidean space.
One-dimensional manifolds include lines and circles, but not lemniscates. Two-dimensional manifolds are also called surfaces. Examples include the plane, the sphere, and the torus, and also the Klein bottle and real projective plane.
The concept of a manifold is central to many parts of geometry and modern mathematical physics because it allows complicated structures to be described in terms of well-understood topological properties of simpler spaces. Manifolds naturally arise as solution sets of systems of equations and as graphs of functions. The concept has applications in computer-graphics given the need to associate pictures with coordinates (e.g. CT scans).
Manifolds can be equipped with additional structure. One important class of manifolds are differentiable manifolds; their differentiable structure allows calculus to be done. A Riemannian metric on a manifold allows distances and angles to be measured. Symplectic manifolds serve as the phase spaces in the Hamiltonian formalism of classical mechanics, while four-dimensional Lorentzian manifolds model spacetime in general relativity.
The study of manifolds requires working knowledge of calculus and to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20oxidation
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In biochemistry and metabolism, beta oxidation (also β-oxidation) is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain. It is named as such because the beta carbon of the fatty acid undergoes oxidation to a carbonyl group. Beta-oxidation is primarily facilitated by the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, an enzyme complex associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, although very long chain fatty acids are oxidized in peroxisomes.
The overall reaction for one cycle of beta oxidation is:
Cn-acyl-CoA + FAD + + + CoA → Cn-2-acyl-CoA + + NADH + + acetyl-CoA
Activation and membrane transport
Free fatty acids cannot penetrate any biological membrane due to their negative charge. Free fatty acids must cross the cell membrane through specific transport proteins, such as the SLC27 family fatty acid transport protein. Once in the cytosol, the following processes bring fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix so that beta-oxidation can take place.
Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid with ATP to give a fatty acyl adenylate, plus inorganic pyrophosphate, which then reacts with free coenzyme A to give a fatty acyl-CoA ester and AMP.
If the fatty acyl-CoA has a long chain, then the carnitine shuttle must be utiliz
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Pedoe
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Dan Pedoe (29 October 1910, London – 27 October 1998, St Paul, Minnesota, USA) was an English-born mathematician and geometer with a career spanning more than sixty years. In the course of his life he wrote approximately fifty research and expository papers in geometry. He is also the author of various core books on mathematics and geometry some of which have remained in print for decades and been translated into several languages. These books include the three-volume Methods of Algebraic Geometry (which he wrote in collaboration with W. V. D. Hodge), The Gentle Art of Mathematics, Circles: A Mathematical View, Geometry and the Visual Arts and most recently Japanese Temple Geometry Problems: San Gaku (with Hidetoshi Fukagawa).
Early life
Daniel Pedoe was born in London in 1910, the youngest of thirteen children of Szmul Abramski, a Jewish immigrant from Poland who found himself in London in the 1890s: he had boarded a cattleboat not knowing whether it was bound for New York or London, so his final destination was one of blind chance. Pedoe's mother, Ryfka Raszka Pedowicz, was the only child of Wolf Pedowicz, a corn merchant and his wife, Sarah Haimnovna Pecheska from Łomża then in Congress Poland (that part of Poland then under Russian control). The family name requires some explanation. The father, Abramski, was one of the Kohanim, a priestly group, and once in Britain, he changed his surname to Cohen. At first, all thirteen children took the surname Cohen, but later, to a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%20Crow
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Robertdale Rulon Crow Jr. (born February 21, 1971) is an American singer and musician from San Diego, California, known for his involvement with the bands Pinback, Heavy Vegetable, Physics, Optiganally Yours, Goblin Cock, and Thingy. He has also led the bands Advertising, Alpha Males, Altron Tube, Byre, Cthugha, Fantasy Mission Force, Holy Smokes, the Ladies, Other Men, and Remote Action Sequence Project, as well as performing and releasing solo records under his own name and under the name Snotnose.
Discography
Solo
The 1995 Lesser Rob Crow Split CD (1995) (split with Lesser)
Lactose Adept (1996)
My Room Is a Mess (2003)
Not Making Any Friends Here... Volume 1 EP (2006)
Living Well (2007)
He Thinks He's People (2011)
Everything's OK: Season 1 Original Soundtrack (2018)
Everybody's Got Damage: Acoustic Covers In Isolation (2020)
An EP of Acoustic Iron Maiden Covers (2020) (featuring Kavus Torabi and Mike Vennart)
The "You're Doomed. Be Nice." Demos (2021)
Anal Trump
That Makes Me Smart! (2016)
To All the Broads I've Nailed Before (2017)
If You Thought Six Million Jews Was A Lot Of People, You Should've Seen My Inauguration (2017)
If You Wanted To Qualify For Health Insurance, Then Maybe You Shouldn't Have Gotten Raped? (2017)
Make America Say Merry Christmas Again (2017)
The First 100 Songs compilation (2018)
Byre
Here In Dead Lights (2018)
Fantasy Mission Force
Circus Atari EP (1997)
Goblin Cock
Goblin Cock discography
Heavy Vegetable
H
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overvoltage
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In electrical engineering, overvoltage is the raising of voltage beyond the design limit of a circuit or circuit element. The conditions may be hazardous. Depending on its duration, the overvoltage event can be transient—a voltage spike—or permanent, leading to a power surge.
Explanation
Electronic and electrical devices are designed to operate at a certain maximum supply voltage, and considerable damage can be caused by voltage that is higher than that for which the devices are rated.
For example, an electric light bulb has a wire in it that at the given rated voltage will carry a current just large enough for the wire to get very hot (giving off light and heat), but not hot enough for it to melt. The amount of current in a circuit depends on the voltage supplied: if the voltage is too high, then the wire may melt and the light bulb burn out. Similarly other electrical devices may stop working, or may even burst into flames if an overvoltage is delivered to the circuit.
Sources
Natural
A typical natural source of transient overvoltage events is lightning. Bursts of solar wind following solar flares are also known to cause overvoltage in electrical circuits, especially onboard space satellites.
Man-made
Man-made sources of spikes are usually caused by electromagnetic induction when switching on or off inductive loads (such as electric motors or electromagnets), or by switching heavy resistive AC loads when zero-crossing circuitry is not used - anywhere a large chan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20G.%20Cramer
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John Gleason Cramer, Jr. (born October 24, 1934) is a professor emeritus of physics at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington, known for his development of the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics. He has been an active participant with the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the particle accelerator at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.
Early years
John Cramer was born in Houston, Texas. He attended Mirabeau B Lamar High School in Houston, and graduated with a BA in physics from Rice University in 1957. He continued his studies, graduating with an MA in physics from Rice University in 1959 and a Ph.D. in physics from Rice University in 1961.
Career
After serving as a post-doctoral fellow at Indiana University from 1961 to 1963, Cramer continued as an assistant professor at the same university from 1963 to 1964. He was an assistant professor at the University of Washington from 1964 to 1968, an associate professor from 1968 to 1974, and was appointed as a full professor in 1974.
From 2007 to 2014, Cramer investigated the possibility that quantum nonlocality might be used for communication between observers through the use of switchable interference patterns. In the course of this work, he gained new understanding of the "show stopper" within the quantum formalism that prevents such nonlocal signaling: For each interference pattern, nature also provides and superimposes an "anti-interfere
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ%20Ram
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DJ Ram is a pseudonym of Roman Olegovich Pen'kov (), born on November 17, 1976, in Kirovohrad. In 1994 he finished secondary school N10 in the physico-mathematical class in Kursk and entered university in the same year, specializing in "physics and information theory". He finished university in 2000.
DJ Ram is a well known Russian based producer and remixer , who has worked with many styles of dance music. He began his professional career in 1997 and has been recognized as one of the best remixers in Russia . In 1999 his collaboration track with the band Mumiy Troll was recognized as the best Russian song of year by the radio station "Maximum". In 2002 he was named MP3 "Person of Year 2002" by the Russian search company Rambler.
Although he has done very little solo work, DJ Ram is quite well known for his remixes for and collaborations with notable bands such as t.A.T.u., Ayria, Colony 5, De/Vision, Delerium, Beborn Beton, RL Grime, Red Flag, Boytronic, Sara Noxx, and Clan of Xymox.
External links
DJ Ram's web site
Information on DJ Ram (Russian)
Article on him by Peoples.ru (Russian)
1976 births
Living people
Russian male musicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colleges%20and%20universities%20in%20Kentucky
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The following is a list of colleges and universities in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Kentucky also has two early entrance to college programs, for academically gifted high school juniors and seniors, that allows the students to take college credits while finishing high school. They are the Craft Academy for Excellence in Science and Mathematics, and the Carol Martin Gatton Academy of Mathematics and Science.
Public universities
Private liberal arts colleges
Alice Lloyd College
Asbury University
Bellarmine University
Berea College
Campbellsville University
Centre College
Georgetown College
Kentucky Wesleyan College
Lindsey Wilson College
Midway University
Spalding University
Thomas More University
Transylvania University
Union College
University of the Cumberlands
University of Pikeville
Private colleges and universities
American National University
Asbury Theological Seminary
Beckfield College
Boyce College
Brescia University
Clear Creek Baptist Bible College
Frontier Nursing University
Kentucky Christian University
Kentucky Mountain Bible College
Lexington Theological Seminary
Louisville Bible College
Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary
Simmons College of Kentucky
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Strayer University
Sullivan University
Kentucky Community and Technical College System
Ashland Community and Technical College
Big Sandy Community and Technical College
Bluegrass Community and Technical College
Elizabethtown
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20battery%20sizes
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This is a list of the sizes, shapes, and general characteristics of some common primary and secondary battery types in household, automotive and light industrial use.
The complete nomenclature for a battery specifies size, chemistry, terminal arrangement, and special characteristics. The same physically interchangeable cell size or battery size may have widely different characteristics; physical interchangeability is not the sole factor in substituting a battery.
The full battery designation identifies not only the size, shape and terminal layout of the battery but also the chemistry (and therefore the voltage per cell) and the number of cells in the battery. For example, a CR123 battery is always LiMnO2 ('Lithium') chemistry, in addition to its unique size.
The following tables give the common battery chemistry types for the current common sizes of batteries. See Battery chemistry for a list of other electrochemical systems.
Cylindrical batteries
Rectangular batteries
Camera batteries
As well as other types, digital and film cameras often use specialized primary batteries to produce a compact product. Flashlights and portable electronic devices may also use these types.
Button cells – coin, watch
Lithium cells
Coin-shaped cells are thin compared to their diameter. Polarity is usually stamped on the metal casing.
The IEC prefix "CR" denotes lithium manganese dioxide chemistry. Since LiMnO2 cells produce 3 volts there are no widely available alternative chemistries f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaisher%E2%80%93Kinkelin%20constant
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In mathematics, the Glaisher–Kinkelin constant or Glaisher's constant, typically denoted , is a mathematical constant, related to the -function and the Barnes -function. The constant appears in a number of sums and integrals, especially those involving gamma functions and zeta functions. It is named after mathematicians James Whitbread Lee Glaisher and Hermann Kinkelin.
Its approximate value is:
= ... .
The Glaisher–Kinkelin constant can be given by the limit:
where is the hyperfactorial. This formula displays a similarity between and which is perhaps best illustrated by noting Stirling's formula:
which shows that just as is obtained from approximation of the factorials, can also be obtained from a similar approximation to the hyperfactorials.
An equivalent definition for involving the Barnes -function, given by where is the gamma function is:
.
The Glaisher–Kinkelin constant also appears in evaluations of the derivatives of the Riemann zeta function, such as:
where is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. The latter formula leads directly to the following product found by Glaisher:
An alternative product formula, defined over the prime numbers, reads
where denotes the th prime number.
The following are some integrals that involve this constant:
A series representation for this constant follows from a series for the Riemann zeta function given by Helmut Hasse.
References
(Provides a variety of relationships.)
External links
The Glaishe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Gottfried%20Fischer
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Ernst Gottfried Fischer (17 July 1754 – 27 January 1831) was a German chemist. He was born in Hoheneiche near Saalfeld. After studying theology and mathematics at the University of Halle, he was a teacher in Berlin before becoming Professor of Physics in 1810. He translated Claude Berthollet's publication Recherches sur les lois de l'affinitié in 1802. He proposed a system of equivalents based on sulfuric acid equal to one hundred.
Stoichiometry contribution
Jeremias Benjamin Richter's work had little impact until 1802, when it was summarized by Fischer in terms of tables, such as the one below.
According to this table, it takes 615 parts by weight of magnesia to neutralize either 1000 parts by weight of sulfuric acid or 1405 parts by weight of nitric acid. In the early literature on the subject, these weights were referred to as combining weights.
Works
References
1754 births
1831 deaths
19th-century German chemists
18th-century German chemists
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