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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyhedron
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In mathematics, a holyhedron is a type of 3-dimensional geometric body: a polyhedron each of whose faces contains at least one polygon-shaped hole, and whose holes' boundaries share no point with each other or the face's boundary.
The concept was first introduced by John H. Conway; the term "holyhedron" was coined by David W. Wilson in 1997 as a pun involving polyhedra and holes. Conway also offered a prize of 10,000 USD, divided by the number of faces, for finding an example, asking:
Is there a polyhedron in Euclidean three-dimensional space that has only finitely many plane faces, each of which is a closed connected subset of the appropriate plane whose relative interior in that plane is multiply connected?
No actual holyhedron was constructed until 1999, when Jade P. Vinson presented an example of a holyhedron with a total of 78,585,627 faces; another example was subsequently given by Don Hatch, who presented a holyhedron with 492 faces in 2003, worth about 20.33 USD prize money.
References
External links
Don Hatch's 492-face holyhedron
Polyhedra
John Horton Conway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COT
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A cot is a camp bed or infant bed.
Cot or COT may also refer to:
In arts and entertainment
Chicago Opera Theater, an opera company
In mathematics, science, and technology
Car of Tomorrow, a car design used in NASCAR racing
Cost of transport, an energy calculation
Cottage developed from the word cot, which can be seen in various forms in other languages meaning a tent / hut e.g. Goahti and Kohte
Cotangent, a trigonometric function, written as "cot"
Cyclooctatetraene, an unsaturated hydrocarbon
Finger cot, a hygienic cover for a single finger
Chain-of-thought prompting, a method of engineering language model prompts
In government and military use
Colombian Time, the time zone used in Colombia (UTC−05:00)
Comando de Operações Táticas, a Brazilian counter-terrorism force
Commitments of Traders Report, US market report
Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment, in the UK
RAF Cottesmore Flying Training Unit, United Kingdom (ICAO airline designator)
People
Cot (surname)
Cot Deal (1923–2013), American baseball pitcher and coach
Other uses
Coatesville station, Amtrak station code
Cot Valley, Cornwall, England
Cottingley railway station, National Rail station code
Malbec grapes, known in the Loire Valley as Côt
Club Olympique des Transports, a football club based in Tunis, Tunisia
See also
COTS (disambiguation)
C0t analysis, a biochemical technique
Khat, a drug
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISN
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The initials ISN can stand for:
Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation, in the U.S. Department of State
Intel Software Network
International Relations and Security Network
International Socialist Network
International Society for Neurochemistry
International Society of Nephrology
International Suppliers Network, a vendor tracking system
Internment Serial Number for US prisoners during conflicts
Irish Socialist Network
Israel Start-Up Nation
ITAD Subscriber Numbers for VoIP PBX
Nicaraguan Sign Language ()
Sloulin Field International Airport, a defunct airport in North Dakota with the IATA code "ISN"
See also
International Standard Number (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20shower
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Air shower can refer to the following terms:
Air shower (physics), the shower of particles produced when a high energy cosmic ray hits an atom high in the atmosphere
Air shower (room), a specialized antechamber of a cleanroom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainpool
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Brainpool may refer to:
Brainpool TV, a German television production company
Brainpool (band), a Swedish pop group
ECC Brainpool, standard curves in elliptic curve cryptography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Bloch
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Andrew Elliot Bloch (born June 1, 1969) is a professional poker player. He holds two electrical engineering degrees from MIT and a JD from Harvard Law School.
Blackjack
While studying at MIT, Bloch became part of the MIT blackjack team, featured in the book Bringing Down the House. Bloch said he has made up to $100,000 in one session while playing blackjack. He was one of the members of the team to play in Monte Carlo as detailed in Ben Mezrich's Busting Vegas.
Bloch was featured in the blackjack documentary The Hot Shoe, as well as starring in his own instructional blackjack DVD, Beating Blackjack, which explains card counting.
Poker career
Bloch started playing poker seriously in 1992, entering some small $35 weekly tournaments once a month. By the end of the year, he had won one of the World Poker Finals tournaments, a $100 entry fee no-limit Texas hold'em tournament. That was the first time he ever played no-limit Texas hold 'em.
In 1997, Bloch skipped the last week of law school classes to play in the World Series of Poker (WSOP) Main Event. He was the guinea pig in a low-tech hole card cam trial. Tom Sims was looking for a volunteer to "sweat" and record all his hole cards, and Bloch agreed. His records turned into a two-part CardPlayer Magazine article. After passing the bar exam in 1999, Bloch decided to delay his law career and went back to playing poker.
His law career got delayed even further after making two WSOP final tables in 2001, a first-place finish ba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%20Cunningham
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Allen Cunningham (born March 28, 1977) is an American professional poker player who has won five World Series of Poker bracelets.
Career
Cunningham studied civil engineering at UCLA before dropping out of school to play poker professionally. At the age of 18, he began playing at Indian casinos. Previously a Full Tilt sponsored pro, he became a full member of Team Full Tilt in October 2006.
Cunningham earned the title 2005 ESPN/Toyota Player of the Year and came close to winning it again in 2006. He was also voted by fellow professional poker players the Best All Around Player under 35.
Cunningham's single largest tournament payout occurred at the 2006 World Series of Poker when he finished in fourth place in the Main Event, earning $3,628,513. Frequently during the tournament, when other players tried to take on Cunningham, ESPN's Norman Chad would respond with comments such as: "What are they thinking of? It's Allen Cunningham!"
Cunningham joined a short list of players who have won a World Series of Poker Bracelet in three consecutive years after winning his fifth bracelet in 2007. Others to accomplish this include Johnny Moss, Bill Boyd, Doyle Brunson, Gary Berland and Erik Seidel.
Cunningham won the $300,000 'Mega Match' on Poker After Dark that aired the week of October 8, 2007. On December 7, 2007, Cunningham won the $15,000 buy-in inaugural National Poker League Vegas Open Championship Main Event after defeating David Singer during heads-up play, winning over $
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvistaberg%20Observatory
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The Kvistaberg Station or Kvistaberg Observatory (; obs. code: 049) was a Swedish astronomical observatory and a station of the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, which both belong to the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Uppsala University. It is located between the Swedish cities of Uppsala and Stockholm, at almost equal distance. Since 2009, the domes and telescopes of the Kvistaberg Observatory are part of a museum.
The observatory established a 1-meter Schmidt telescope in 1963, which is a large size for this type of telescope designed to give a wide field of view.
History
The observatory was the result of a donation in 1944 from Nils Tamm, an artist who had studied astronomy in his youth under Nils Christoffer Dunér and Östen Bergstrand in Uppsala and remained an avid amateur astronomer throughout his life.
Through the work of professor Åke Wallenquist and professor Gunnar Malmquist at the observatory in Uppsala, the new observatory was fitted out with a large Schmidt telescope (100/135/300 cm) in 1963. Wallenquist became the first director of the observatory (1948–1970) and was succeeded by Tarmo Oja (1970–1999) and later Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist (1999–2007). The asteroid 3331 Kvistaberg, was named for the astronomical observatory, where hundreds of minor planets had been discovered with the Schmidt telescope between 1975 and 2005.
Around 2004, Uppsala University decided to discontinue active research at the observatory. The property was sold to the municipali
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20quantum%20field%20theory
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In particle physics, the history of quantum field theory starts with its creation by Paul Dirac, when he attempted to quantize the electromagnetic field in the late 1920s. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the creation of quantum mechanics". Major advances in the theory were made in the 1940s and 1950s, leading to the introduction of renormalized quantum electrodynamics (QED). QED was so successful and accurately predictive that efforts were made to apply the same basic concepts for the other forces of nature. By the late 1970s, these efforts successfully utilized gauge theory in the strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force, producing the modern Standard Model of particle physics.
Efforts to describe gravity using the same techniques have, to date, failed. The study of quantum field theory is still flourishing, as are applications of its methods to many physical problems. It remains one of the most vital areas of theoretical physics today, providing a common language to several different branches of physics.
Early developments
Quantum field theory originated in the 1920s from the problem of creating a quantum mechanical theory of the electromagnetic field. In particular, de Broglie in 1924 introduced the idea of a wave description of elementary systems in the following way: "we proceed in this work from the assumption of the existence of a certain periodic phenomenon of a yet to be determined character, which is to be attributed to each and e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemniscate%20constant
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In mathematics, the lemniscate constant is a transcendental mathematical constant that is the ratio of the perimeter of Bernoulli's lemniscate to its diameter, analogous to the definition of for the circle. Equivalently, the perimeter of the lemniscate is . The lemniscate constant is closely related to the lemniscate elliptic functions and approximately equal to 2.62205755. The symbol is a cursive variant of ; see Pi § Variant pi.
Gauss's constant, denoted by G, is equal to .
John Todd named two more lemniscate constants, the first lemniscate constant and the second lemniscate constant .
Sometimes the quantities or are referred to as the lemniscate constant.
History
Gauss's constant is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, who calculated it via the arithmetic–geometric mean as . By 1799, Gauss had two proofs of the theorem that where is the lemniscate constant.
The lemniscate constant and first lemniscate constant were proven transcendental by Theodor Schneider in 1937 and the second lemniscate constant and Gauss's constant were proven transcendental by Theodor Schneider in 1941. In 1975, Gregory Chudnovsky proved that the set is algebraically independent over , which implies that and are algebraically independent as well. But the set (where the prime denotes the derivative with respect to the second variable) is not algebraically independent over . In fact,
Forms
Usually, is defined by the first equality below.
where is the complete elliptic integr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam-%CF%80
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In computer science, occam-π (or occam-pi) is the name of a variant of the programming language occam developed by the Kent Retargetable occam Compiler (KRoC) team at the University of Kent. The name reflects the introduction of elements of π-calculus (pi-calculus) into occam, especially concepts involving mobile agents (processes) and data. The language contains several extensions to occam 2.1, including:
Nested protocols
Run-time process creation
Mobile channels, data, and processes
Recursion
Protocol inheritance
Array constructors
Extended rendezvous
See also
occam (programming language)
Transputer
KRoC
Transterpreter
References
External links
University of Kent Occam-pi project page
Tock Occam compiler
Parallel programming users group on Occam-pi
Concurrent programming languages
University of Kent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica
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Statistica is an advanced analytics software package originally developed by StatSoft and currently maintained by TIBCO Software Inc.
Statistica provides data analysis, data management, statistics, data mining, machine learning, text analytics and data visualization procedures.
Overview
Statistica is a suite of analytics software products and solutions originally developed by StatSoft and acquired by Dell in March 2014. The software includes an array of data analysis, data management, data visualization, and data mining procedures; as well as a variety of predictive modeling, clustering, classification, and exploratory techniques. Additional techniques are available through integration with the free, open source R programming environment.
Different packages of analytical techniques are available in six product lines.
History
Statistica originally derived from a set of software packages and add-ons that were initially developed during the mid-1980s by StatSoft. Following the 1986 release of Complete Statistical System (CSS) and the 1988 release of Macintosh Statistical System (MacSS), the first DOS version (trademarked in capitals as STATISTICA) was released in 1991. In 1992, the Macintosh version of Statistica was released.
Statistica 5.0 was released in 1995. It ran on both the new 32-bit Windows 95/NT and the older version of Windows (3.1). It featured many new statistics and graphics procedures, a word-processor-style output editor (combining tables and graphs), and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier%20generation%20and%20recombination
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In the solid-state physics of semiconductors, carrier generation and carrier recombination are processes by which mobile charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) are created and eliminated. Carrier generation and recombination processes are fundamental to the operation of many optoelectronic semiconductor devices, such as photodiodes, light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. They are also critical to a full analysis of p-n junction devices such as bipolar junction transistors and p-n junction diodes.
The electron–hole pair is the fundamental unit of generation and recombination in inorganic semiconductors, corresponding to an electron transitioning between the valence band and the conduction band where generation of electron is a transition from the valence band to the conduction band and recombination leads to a reverse transition.
Overview
Like other solids, semiconductor materials have an electronic band structure determined by the crystal properties of the material. Energy distribution among electrons is described by the Fermi level and the temperature of the electrons. At absolute zero temperature, all of the electrons have energy below the Fermi level; but at non-zero temperatures the energy levels are filled following a Fermi-Dirac distribution.
In undoped semiconductors the Fermi level lies in the middle of a forbidden band or band gap between two allowed bands called the valence band and the conduction band. The valence band, immediately below the forbidden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet%20Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1nkaya
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Ahmet Yalçınkaya (born December 1963) is a Turkish poet and academician.
Born in Giresun, Turkey, and grew up in Germany. Has studied Engineering, Robotics, management and business at various universities in Turkey, USA, Uzbekistan and Sweden. He lived in Europe, Turkey, and Central Asia. Lives and works today in Turkmenistan, and continues his studies, research, and teachings in Sweden.
His poems, essays, letters, interviews, poetry translations have been published by newspapers and journals like Zaman, Al-Ahram Weekly, Impact, Avaz, Harman, Das Licht, Maveran, Yosh Kuch, Kiragi, Endulus, Poezia, Carmina Balcanica and others in Turkey, Germany, England, Egypt, Romania and Uzbekistan. Has been awarded with several prizes. Has represented Kiragi (Hoarfrost) Poetry Journal in Istanbul (1995–97). Has taken part in the editorial board of the literary journal Endulus (Andalusia) (1997–98). Edited and published for a short time (1995) the literary journal Mevsim (The Season).
Some of his poems have been translated into languages such as English, Uzbek, Arabic, Tamil, Turkmen language, Azerbaijani, Romanian, German, and published abroad.
Works
Daglarda Yer Yok (Poems, 1997, "There is not any place in the mountains"), .
Yetim Kalan Siirler (Poems, 2001, "Orphan Poems")
Yuragimning ko`z yoshi (Selected Poems, 2001, in Uzbek, "Tears of my Heart"), .
Özlem Sularında (Selected Poems, "In the Waters of Longing", e-book, 2004, printed, 2005), .
Poems of the Night (Anthology, with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syn%20and%20anti%20addition
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In organic chemistry, syn- and anti-addition are different ways in which substituent molecules can be added to an alkene () or alkyne (). The concepts of syn and anti addition are used to characterize the different reactions of organic chemistry by reflecting the stereochemistry of the products in a reaction.
The type of addition that occurs depends on multiple different factors of a reaction, and is defined by the final orientation of the substituents on the parent molecule. Syn and anti addition are related to Markovnikov's rule for the orientation of a reaction, which refers to the bonding preference of different substituents for different carbons on an alkene or alkyne. In order for a reaction to follow Markovnikov's rule, the intermediate carbocation of the mechanism of a reaction must be on the more-substituted carbon, allowing the substituent to bond to the more-stable carbocation and the more-substituted carbon.
Syn addition is the addition of two substituents to the same side (or face) of a double bond or triple bond, resulting in a decrease in bond order but an increase in number of substituents. Generally the substrate will be an alkene or alkyne. An example of syn addition would be the oxidation of an alkene to a diol by way of a suitable oxidizing agent such as osmium tetroxide, , or potassium permanganate, .
Anti addition is in direct contrast to syn addition. In anti addition, two substituents are added to opposite sides (or faces) of a double bond or trip
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20cell
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C cell may refer to:
Biology and medicine
parafollicular cell, neuroendocrine cells in the thyroid gland which secrete calcitonin
Technology
C battery, a common household 1.5 volt dry cell battery
C battery (vacuum tube), a battery used to power vacuum tubes in early electronic devices
See also
Cell C, a South African cellular phone provider
Cell (disambiguation)
C (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%20cell
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D cell can mean:
D battery, a common size of dry-cell electrical battery
D cell (biology), a hormone secreting, regulatory cell type found in the stomach
See also
DCell, one of the Data center network architectures
dCell, a division of Lowe Lintas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroutioun%20Hovanes%20Chakmakjian
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Haroutioun Hovanes Chakmakjian (20 October 1878, in Adana, Ottoman Empire − 22 May 1973, in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States) was a published scientist, as well as the father of American composer Alan Hovhaness. A professor of chemistry at Tufts University, Chakmakjian wrote numerous books in several languages. His notable publications included an English-Armenian dictionary which is believed to be the first of its kind in the modern Armenian language. The dictionary has become an enduring work of Armenian lexicography and remains regularly used today. His other publications included a 700-page history of Armenia.
Family / Early background
Chakmakjian was of Armenian background and was born in Adana, Ottoman Empire on 20 October 1878. His surname means "gunsmith", a name given to one of his ancestors who had been skilled in creating finely engraved and decorated firearms. Born in 1878, his parents were Hovanes L. Chakmakjian and Cohar Garabed Janbazian, both farmers. He studied at the Abcarian (Apcarian) High School in Adana, then studied for just over one year at the Antoura French Missionary College in Beirut.
Career
Chakmakjian began his career as a teacher and taught in Gesaria (Kayseri today) and in Giresun. He taught in Beirut in the early years of the 20th century, during the time of one of the early Ottoman massacres of Armenians. Rather than return to his birthplace of Adana, he decided to take a ship to France. He subsequently moved to Stamford, Connect
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction%20Derby
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Destruction Derby is a vehicular combat racing video game developed by Reflections Interactive and published by Psygnosis. Based on the sport of demolition derby, the game tasks the player with racing and destroying cars to score points. The developers implemented simulated physics to make the results of collisions easier to predict, and they kept the game's tracks small to increase the number of wrecks. Versions of Destruction Derby were released for MS-DOS, PlayStation and Sega Saturn. Critics found Destruction Derby enjoyable and they praised its graphics and car damage system, but the Sega Saturn releases received mixed reviews. The game started the Destruction Derby franchise, beginning with its 1996 sequel, Destruction Derby 2.
Gameplay
Destruction Derby is a vehicular combat racing video game based on the sport of demolition derby. The game contains three vehicles. Collisions in the game affect the controls of each car, limiting their steering and maximum speed. Frontal collisions risk damage to the car's radiator, which causes the car to overheat and stop running. Four game modes are available: Destruction Derby, Wreckin' Racing, Stock Car Racing and Time Trial. In Destruction Derby, the player earns points by destroying other cars in a large, trackless arena called The Bowl; in Stock Car Racing, the player must finish in first place, and no points are awarded for destroying cars. Wreckin' Racing is a hybrid of the two, in which the player earns points both by winni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipurpose%20Applied%20Physics%20Lattice%20Experiment
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The Multipurpose Applied Physics Lattice Experiment (MAPLE), later renamed MDS Medical Isotope Reactors (MMIR), was a dedicated isotope-production facility built by AECL and MDS Nordion. It was intended to include two identical reactors, as well as the isotope-processing facilities necessary to produce a large portion of the world's medical isotopes, especially molybdenum-99, medical cobalt-60, xenon-133, iodine-131 and iodine-125. An operational license for the MAPLE 1 reactor was granted in 1999, and the reactor went critical for the first time soon after. However, problems with the reactor, most notably a positive power co-efficient of reactivity, led to the cancellation of the project in 2008.
History
Background
With the completion of the NRX reactor in 1947, AECL's Chalk River Laboratories possessed the world's most powerful research reactor. While the large neutron fluxes available in the reactor led to advances in such fields as condensed matter physics and neutron spectroscopy, many experiments were carried out involving the production of new isotopes. The field of nuclear medicine developed when it was realized that some of these artificially created isotopes could be used to diagnose and treat many diseases, especially cancers.
Pioneering medical work done in the late 1940s and early 1950s established cobalt-60 as a useful isotope, as the relatively high-energy gamma rays produced when it undergoes beta decay are able to penetrate the skin of the patient, and del
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20John%20Nassau
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Jason John Nassau (1893–1965) was an American astronomer.
He performed his doctoral studies at Syracuse, and gained his Ph.D. mathematics in 1920. (His thesis was Some Theorems in Alternants.) He then became an assistant professor at the Case Institute of Technology in 1921, teaching astronomy. He continued to instruct at that institution, becoming the University's first chair of astronomy from 1924 until 1959 and chairman of the graduate division from 1936 until 1940. After 1959 he was professor emeritus.
From 1924 until 1959 he was also the director of the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) Warner and Swasey Observatory in Cleveland, Ohio. He was a pioneer in the study of galactic structure. He also discovered a new star cluster, co-discovered 2 novae in 1961, and developed a technique of studying the distribution of red (M-class or cooler) stars.
In 1922, Nassau led the formation of the Cleveland Astronomical Society, "a club among those citizens of Cleveland and vicinity who were interested in astronomy." He served as the extant organization's first president for 41 years.
Bibliography
Nassau, Jason John, A Textbook of Practical Astronomy, 1934, New York.
Honors
The Nassau Astronomical Station at the Warner and Swasey Observatory, Observatory Park, Geauga Park District, is named for him.
The Jason J. Nassau Prize was established by the Cleveland Astronomical Society in 1965. It is awarded annually to an outstanding senior student in the CWRU Department of Astr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9zout%20matrix
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In mathematics, a Bézout matrix (or Bézoutian or Bezoutiant) is a special square matrix associated with two polynomials, introduced by and and named after Étienne Bézout. Bézoutian may also refer to the determinant of this matrix, which is equal to the resultant of the two polynomials. Bézout matrices are sometimes used to test the stability of a given polynomial.
Definition
Let and be two complex polynomials of degree at most n,
(Note that any coefficient or could be zero.) The Bézout matrix of order n associated with the polynomials f and g is
where the entries result from the identity
It is an n × n complex matrix, and its entries are such that if we let for each , then:
To each Bézout matrix, one can associate the following bilinear form, called the Bézoutian:
Examples
For n = 3, we have for any polynomials f and g of degree (at most) 3:
Let and be the two polynomials. Then:
The last row and column are all zero as f and g have degree strictly less than n (which is 4). The other zero entries are because for each , either or is zero.
Properties
is symmetric (as a matrix);
;
;
is a bilinear function;
is a real matrix if f and g have real coefficients;
is nonsingular with if and only if f and g have no common roots.
with has determinant which is the resultant of f and g.
Applications
An important application of Bézout matrices can be found in control theory. To see this, let f(z) be a complex polynomial of degree n and denote by q an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%20Yang
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Tao Yang is a Chinese-American computer scientist. Yang is the Chief Scientist and Senior Vice President of Ask.com for web search. He is also a tenured professor in Computer Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Biography
Yang received his B.S. degree in Computer Science from Zhejiang University in 1984. In 1987, Yang received his M.E. degree in Artificial Intelligence from Zhejiang University. Yang obtained his M.Sc in 1990 and Ph.D. in 1993 both in Computer Science from Rutgers University.
Yang joined the Department of Computer Science at University of California, Santa Barbara in 1993.
Research and business
Yang specializes in parallel and distributed systems, Internet search, and parallel scientific computing. He has co-authored over eighty journal and conference papers.
Together with Apostolos Gerasoulis, Yang ran research and development of the Teoma search engine from its startup stage in 2000 and after it was acquired by Ask Jeeves (now Ask.com) in 2001.
Teoma has been the backend search engine for Ask.com since December 2001, competing with other search engines such as Google and Yahoo!.
Awards
1994, Research Initiation Award, from United States National Science Foundation (NSF)
1997, CAREER Award, from NSF
2002, Noble Jeeviant Award, from AskJeeves
References
External links
Home page at UCSB
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Zhejiang University alumni
Rutgers University alumni
Chinese computer scientists
University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck%27s%20monadicity%20theorem
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, Beck's monadicity theorem gives a criterion that characterises monadic functors, introduced by in about 1964. It is often stated in dual form for comonads. It is sometimes called the Beck tripleability theorem because of the older term triple for a monad.
Beck's monadicity theorem asserts that a functor
is monadic if and only if
U has a left adjoint;
U reflects isomorphisms (if U(f) is an isomorphism then so is f); and
C has coequalizers of U-split parallel pairs (those parallel pairs of morphisms in C, which U sends to pairs having a split coequalizer in D), and U preserves those coequalizers.
There are several variations of Beck's theorem: if U has a left adjoint then any of the following conditions ensure that U is monadic:
U reflects isomorphisms and C has coequalizers of reflexive pairs (those with a common right inverse) and U preserves those coequalizers. (This gives the crude monadicity theorem.)
Every diagram in C which is by U sent to a split coequalizer sequence in D is itself a coequalizer sequence in C. In different words, U creates (preserves and reflects) U-split coequalizer sequences.
Another variation of Beck's theorem characterizes strictly monadic functors: those for which the comparison functor is an isomorphism rather than just an equivalence of categories. For this version the definitions of what it means to create coequalizers is changed slightly: the coequalizer has to be unique rather than just u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20Salmon
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Nathan U. Salmon (; né Nathan Salmon Ucuzoglu on January 2, 1951) is an American philosopher in the analytic tradition, specializing in metaphysics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of logic.
Life and career
Salmon was born January 2, 1951, in Los Angeles to a working-class family of Sephardi Jews of Spanish-Turkish heritage. He is the grandson of archivist Emily Sene (née Emily Perez) and oud player Isaac Sene. Salmon attended Lincoln Elementary School in Torrance, California through eighth grade, where he was a classmate and friend of the child prodigy, James Newton Howard. Salmon graduated from North High School (Torrance) in 1969.
The first person in his family to go to college, Salmon graduated from El Camino College (1971) and from the University of California, Los Angeles (B.A. 1973, M.A. 1974, Ph.D. 1979). At UCLA he studied with Tyler Burge, Alonzo Church, Keith Donnellan, Donald Kalish, David Kaplan, Saul Kripke, and Yiannis Moschovakis. Salmon was assistant professor of philosophy at Princeton University from 1978 to 1982. In 1984, the Council of Graduate Schools awarded him the Gustave O. Arlt Award in the Humanities, for his book, Reference and Essence (1981), which was based on his UCLA doctoral dissertation. His second book, Frege's Puzzle (1986), was selected by Scott Soames for a literary website as one of the best five books on the philosophy of language.
Salmon is currently Distinguished Professor of philosophy at the University of California, Sa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation%20mesh
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A navigation mesh, or navmesh, is an abstract data structure used in artificial intelligence applications to aid agents in pathfinding through complicated spaces. This approach has been known since at least the mid-1980s in robotics, where it has been called a meadow map, and was popularized in video game AI in 2000.
Description
A navigation mesh is a collection of two-dimensional convex polygons (a polygon mesh) that define which areas of an environment are traversable by agents. In other words, a character in a game could freely walk around within these areas unobstructed by trees, lava, or other barriers that are part of the environment. Adjacent polygons are connected to each other in a graph.
Pathfinding within one of these polygons can be done trivially in a straight line because the polygon is convex and traversable. Pathfinding between polygons in the mesh can be done with one of the large number of graph search algorithms, such as A*. Agents on a navmesh can thus avoid computationally expensive collision detection checks with obstacles that are part of the environment.
Representing traversable areas in a 2D-like form simplifies calculations that would otherwise need to be done in the "true" 3D environment, yet unlike a 2D grid it allows traversable areas that overlap above and below at different heights. The polygons of various sizes and shapes in navigation meshes can represent arbitrary environments with greater accuracy than regular grids can.
Creation
Navigat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going%20up%20and%20going%20down
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In commutative algebra, a branch of mathematics, going up and going down are terms which refer to certain properties of chains of prime ideals in integral extensions.
The phrase going up refers to the case when a chain can be extended by "upward inclusion", while going down refers to the case when a chain can be extended by "downward inclusion".
The major results are the Cohen–Seidenberg theorems, which were proved by Irvin S. Cohen and Abraham Seidenberg. These are known as the going-up and going-down theorems.
Going up and going down
Let A ⊆ B be an extension of commutative rings.
The going-up and going-down theorems give sufficient conditions for a chain of prime ideals in B, each member of which lies over members of a longer chain of prime ideals in A, to be able to be extended to the length of the chain of prime ideals in A.
Lying over and incomparability
First, we fix some terminology. If and are prime ideals of A and B, respectively, such that
(note that is automatically a prime ideal of A) then we say that lies under and that lies over . In general, a ring extension A ⊆ B of commutative rings is said to satisfy the lying over property if every prime ideal of A lies under some prime ideal of B.
The extension A ⊆ B is said to satisfy the incomparability property if whenever and are distinct primes of B lying over a prime in A, then ⊈ and ⊈ .
Going-up
The ring extension A ⊆ B is said to satisfy the going-up property if whenever
is a chain of p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipstream%20%28computer%20science%29
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A slipstream processor is an architecture designed to reduce the length of a running program by removing the non-essential instructions.
It is a form of speculative computing.
Non-essential instructions include such things as results that are not written to memory, or compare operations that will always return true. Also as statistically most branch instructions will be taken it makes sense to assume this will always be the case.
Because of the speculation involved slipstream processors are generally described as having two parallel executing streams. One is an optimized faster A-stream (advanced stream) executing the reduced code, the other is the slower R-stream (redundant stream), which runs behind the A-stream and executes the full code. The R-stream runs faster than if it were a single stream due to data being prefetched by the A-stream effectively hiding memory latency, and due to the A-stream's assistance with branch prediction. The two streams both complete faster than a single stream would. As of 2005, theoretical studies have shown that this configuration can lead to a speedup of around 20%.
The main problem with this approach is accuracy: as the A-stream becomes more accurate and less speculative, the overall system runs slower. Furthermore, a large enough distance is needed between the A-stream and the R-stream so that cache misses generated by the A-stream do not slow down the R-stream.
References
Z. Purser, K. Sundaramoorthy and E. Rotenberg, "A Study of S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorosilane
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In inorganic chemistry, chlorosilanes are a group of reactive, chlorine-containing chemical compounds, related to silane () and used in many chemical processes. Each such chemical has at least one silicon-chlorine () bond. Trichlorosilane is produced on the largest scale. The parent chlorosilane is silicon tetrachloride ().
Synthesis
Hydrochlorosilanes
These include chlorosilane (H3SiCl), dichlorosilane (H2SiCl2), trichlorosilane(HSiCl3), tetrachlorosilane (SiCl4). The idealized equation is for trichlorosilane is:
2 Si + 6 HCl → 2 HSiCl3 + 2 H2
Methylchlorosilanes
Methyltrichlorosilane (CH3SiCl3), dimethyldichlorosilane ((CH3)2SiCl2), and trimethylsilyl chloride ((CH3)3SiCl) are produced by the Direct process. The reaction of methyl chloride with a silicon-copper alloy. Each of these three methylchlorosilanes are common reagents in organosilicon chemistry.
Reactions
The methylchlorosilanes react with water to produce hydrogen chloride, giving siloxanes and eventually silicon dioxide. In the case of trimethylsilyl chloride, the hydrolyzed product is hexamethyldisiloxane:
2 ((CH3)3SiCl + H2O → [(CH3)3Si]2O + 2 HCl
The analogous reaction of dimethyldichlorosilane gives siloxane polymers or rings:
n (CH3)2SiCl2 + n H2O → [(CH3)2SiO]n + 2n HCl
Use
Silicon tetrachloride and trichlorosilane are intermediates in the production of ultrapure silicon in the semiconductor industry. Chlorosilanes obtained from crude silicon are purified by fractional distillation techniques and th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral%20particle%20oscillation
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In particle physics, neutral particle oscillation is the transmutation of a particle with zero electric charge into another neutral particle due to a change of a non-zero internal quantum number, via an interaction that does not conserve that quantum number. Neutral particle oscillations were first investigated in 1954 by Murray Gell-mann and Abraham Pais.
For example, a neutron cannot transmute into an antineutron as that would violate the conservation of baryon number. But in those hypothetical extensions of the Standard Model which include interactions that do not strictly conserve baryon number, neutron–antineutron oscillations are predicted to occur.
Such oscillations can be classified into two types:
Particle–antiparticle oscillation (for example, oscillation).
Flavor oscillation (for example, oscillation).
In those cases where the particles decay to some final product, then the system is not purely oscillatory, and an interference between oscillation and decay is observed.
History and motivation
CP violation
After the striking evidence for parity violation provided by Wu et al. in 1957, it was assumed that CP (charge conjugation-parity) is the quantity which is conserved. However, in 1964 Cronin and Fitch reported CP violation in the neutral Kaon system. They observed the long-lived KL (with ) undergoing decays into two pions (with ) thereby violating CP conservation.
In 2001, CP violation in the system was confirmed by the BaBar and the Belle experiments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20Blake
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Derek Blake was, until 2007, the Isobel Laing Post-Doctoral Fellow in Biomedical Sciences, and the Wellcome Trust Senior Fellow in Basic Biomedical Science, Oriel College, Oxford.
He holds a doctorate (D.Phil.) and a Bachelor's (B.Sc. from Liverpool). Blake graduated in Biochemistry and worked on his D.Phil. studies in the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, taking post-doctoral research on the molecular basis of muscular dystrophy.
His research interests lie in the molecular basis of neuronal dysfunction in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD). This led to the discovery of components of the dystrophin protein complex in neurons and identified new genes and pathways that are involved in the pathogenesis of CMD. He was awarded a Wellcome Trust Career Development Fellowship in 1996 and a Wellcome Trust Senior Fellowship in Basic Biomedical Science in 2000. Blake is a member of the American Society for Cell Biology and an editor of the Journal of Nanobiotechnology. Blake's research interests include molecular aspects of neuronal function in muscular dystrophies, glycosyltransferases in neurons and muscle cells, the neuromuscular junction and molecular architecture of the sarcolemma.
Publications
Blake D.J., Hawkes R., Benson M.A. and Beesley P. (1999) Different dystrophin-like complexes are found in neurons and glia. J. Cell Biol. 147: 645-657.
Blake D.J. and Kröger S. (2000) The molecular neurobiology of muscular
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20sum
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The direct sum is an operation between structures in abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics. It is defined differently, but analogously, for different kinds of structures. To see how the direct sum is used in abstract algebra, consider a more elementary kind of structure, the abelian group. The direct sum of two abelian groups and is another abelian group consisting of the ordered pairs where and . To add ordered pairs, we define the sum to be ; in other words addition is defined coordinate-wise. For example, the direct sum , where is real coordinate space, is the Cartesian plane, . A similar process can be used to form the direct sum of two vector spaces or two modules.
We can also form direct sums with any finite number of summands, for example , provided and are the same kinds of algebraic structures (e.g., all abelian groups, or all vector spaces). This relies on the fact that the direct sum is associative up to isomorphism. That is, for any algebraic structures , , and of the same kind. The direct sum is also commutative up to isomorphism, i.e. for any algebraic structures and of the same kind.
The direct sum of finitely many abelian groups, vector spaces, or modules is canonically isomorphic to the corresponding direct product. This is false, however, for some algebraic objects, like nonabelian groups.
In the case where infinitely many objects are combined, the direct sum and direct product are not isomorphic, even for abelian groups, vector spaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20MacPherson
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Dr George Gordon MacPherson was Reader in Experimental Pathology, Turnbull Fellow, Tutor in Medicine, and Senior Tutor at Oriel College, Oxford. He held a Bachelor's degree (B.M.), Master's degree (M.A.) and a doctorate (D.Phil.). His research interests were in Cell Biology, Pathology, and Immunology. Medically qualified, he researched in the field of cellular immunology at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford.
He is recognized for his "pioneering work" on the modulation of the adaptive immune response by sub-populations of antigen-presenting dendritic cells, including a sub-population of dendritic cells which presents self-antigens derived from apoptotic gastrointestinal epithelial cells and helps maintain self-tolerance. This contrasts with the role of other dendritic cells in presenting pathogen-derived antigens in order to activate specific anti-pathogen T-cell and B-cell responses.
He died on 14 November 2021.
Publications
As at December 2021, his ten most cited research publications are:
Cited 766 times.
Cited 706 times.
Cited 482 times.
Cited 360 times.
Cited 297 times.
Cited 264 times.
Cited 263 times.
Cited 207 times.
Cited 168 times.
Cited 160 times.
References
20th-century births
2021 deaths
Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
British pathologists
British immunologists
21st-century English medical doctors
Year of birth missing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobel%20Lang
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Isobel Dinah Lang (born 16 July 1970 in Lincoln) is a weather presenter for Sky News.
Early life
Lang grew up in Sussex and Hertfordshire. She graduated with a BSc degree in mathematics in 1991 from the University of Exeter, before joining the Met Office in 1991 where she prepared forecasts for the press, and presented the weather on local radio.
Broadcasting
She joined the BBC on 31 May 1995, becoming one of the better known faces of BBC Weather, in part due to her distinctive red hair. She appeared across all of the BBC's TV and Radio news outlets, including regular primetime forecasts on BBC One and appearances on BBC World and BBC News 24.
Isobel left the BBC Weather Centre in August 2006 and joined Sky News in September 2006 where she also presented forecasts for Channel 5 until February 2012.
Personal life
She married Christopher Clarke in September 1997 in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. She had a son in September 2002 and a daughter in January 2004. They live in south west London.
References
External links
Video clips
Mystery head
11 August 1996 BBC forecast by Isobel Lang
1970 births
Living people
People from Lincoln, England
People from Hertfordshire
Alumni of the University of Exeter
English meteorologists
BBC weather forecasters
Sky News weather forecasters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%20of%20Mathematics
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Men of Mathematics: The Lives and Achievements of the Great Mathematicians from Zeno to Poincaré is a book on the history of mathematics published in 1937 by Scottish-born American mathematician and science fiction writer E. T. Bell (1883–1960). After a brief chapter on three ancient mathematicians, it covers the lives of about forty mathematicians who flourished in the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. The book is illustrated by mathematical discussions, with emphasis on mainstream mathematics.
To keep the interest of readers, the book typically focuses on unusual or dramatic aspects of its subjects' lives. Men of Mathematics has inspired many young people, including John Forbes Nash Jr., Julia Robinson, and Freeman Dyson, to become mathematicians. It is not intended as a rigorous history, and includes many anecdotal accounts.
Publication
In July 1935, Bell signed a contract with Simon and Schuster, for a book to be titled The Lives of Mathematicians. He delivered the manuscript at the beginning of November 1935 as promised, but was unhappy when the publishers made him cut about a third of it (125,000 words), and, in order to tie in with their book Men of Art (by Thomas Craven), gave it the title Men of Mathematics which he did not like. He was also unhappy with how long they took to print it: even before he had received his first printed copy in March 1937, he had written and got into print another book, The Handmaiden of the Sciences.
Contents
Eudoxus (408–35
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C2%B0
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can mean:
Celsius degrees
In chemistry, the standard state for solute concentration
See also
C0 (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20group
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Small group can mean:
In psychology, a group of 3 to 9 individuals, see communication in small groups
In mathematics, a group of small order, see list of small groups
In connection with churches, a cell group
In jazz, a small ensemble also known as a combo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibred%20category
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Fibred categories (or fibered categories) are abstract entities in mathematics used to provide a general framework for descent theory. They formalise the various situations in geometry and algebra in which inverse images (or pull-backs) of objects such as vector bundles can be defined. As an example, for each topological space there is the category of vector bundles on the space, and for every continuous map from a topological space X to another topological space Y is associated the pullback functor taking bundles on Y to bundles on X. Fibred categories formalise the system consisting of these categories and inverse image functors. Similar setups appear in various guises in mathematics, in particular in algebraic geometry, which is the context in which fibred categories originally appeared. Fibered categories are used to define stacks, which are fibered categories (over a site) with "descent". Fibrations also play an important role in categorical semantics of type theory, and in particular that of dependent type theories.
Fibred categories were introduced by , and developed in more detail by .
Background and motivations
There are many examples in topology and geometry where some types of objects are considered to exist on or above or over some underlying base space. The classical examples include vector bundles, principal bundles, and sheaves over topological spaces. Another example is given by "families" of algebraic varieties parametrised by another variety. Typical to th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20persulfate
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Ammonium persulfate (APS) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8. It is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt. It is a strong oxidizing agent that is used as a catalyst in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent.
Preparation and structure
Ammonium persulfate is prepared by electrolysis of a cold concentrated solution of either ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density. The method was first described by Hugh Marshall.
The ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts adopt very similar structures in the solid state, according to X-ray crystallography. In the ammonium salt, the O-O distance is 1.497Å. The sulfate groups are tetrahedral, with three short S-O distances near 1.44Å and one long S-O bond at 1.64Å.
Uses
As a source of radicals, APS is mainly used as a radical initiator in the polymerization of certain alkenes. Commercially important polymers prepared using persulfates include styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene. In solution, the dianion dissociates into radicals:
[O3SO–OSO3]2− 2 [SO4]•−
Regarding its mechanism of action, the sulfate radical adds to the alkene to give a sulfate ester radical. It is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making a polyacrylamide gel, hence being important for SDS-PAGE and western blot.
Illustrative of its powerf
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Walker%20%28educator%29
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George Robert Walker (25 January 1942 – 4 March 2022) was a British educator who was director-general of the International Baccalaureate Organisation. He was also a productive author of articles and other works regarding international education and physical chemistry.
Walker studied chemistry at Oxford University, and music at the University of Cape Town in South Africa. He worked as a schoolteacher and headmaster at several British state schools, as well as a lecturer on education at the University of York. Between 1987 and 1988, he served as a member of the UK National Curriculum science working party. Between 1991 and 1999, he worked as the head of the International School of Geneva, the oldest and largest international school in the world. In 1999, he was appointed director-general of the IBO. In 2003 he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Education from the University of Bath.
Walker retired as head of the IBO, and was replaced in office by Jeffrey Beard as of 2006. Beard kept the position until 2013, replaced by Dr. Siva Kumari.
Walker died on 4 March 2022, at the age of 80.
Bibliography
To Educate the Nations (2002)
To Educate the Nations 2 (2004)
References
External links
1942 births
2022 deaths
British physical chemists
People educated at Watford Grammar School for Boys
South African College of Music alumni
International Baccalaureate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Stuttgart
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The University of Stuttgart () is a leading research university located in Stuttgart, Germany. It was founded in 1829 and is organized into 10 faculties. It is one of the oldest technical universities in Germany with programs in civil, mechanical, industrial and electrical engineering, among others. It is a member of TU9, an incorporated society of the largest and most notable German institutes of technology. The university is especially known for its reputation in the fields of advanced automotive engineering, efficient industrial and automated manufacturing, process engineering, aerospace engineering and activity-based costing.
History
From 1770 to 1794, the Karlsschule was the first university in Stuttgart. Located in Stuttgart-Hohenheim, it has since 1818 been the University of Hohenheim and is not related to the University of Stuttgart, except for some joint activities.
What is now the University of Stuttgart was founded in 1829, and celebrated its 175th anniversary in 2004. Because of the increasing importance of the technical sciences and instruction in these fields, from 1876 the university was known as the Technische Hochschule Stuttgart (Stuttgart Institute of Technology). In 1900 it was awarded the right to grant doctoral degrees in the technical disciplines. The development of the courses of study at the Technische Hochschule Stuttgart led to its renaming in 1967 to the present-day "Universität Stuttgart". With this change of name came along a built-up of new f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern%20Polytechnic%20University
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Northwestern Polytechnic University (NPU), now known as San Francisco Bay University, is a private, non profit university in Fremont, California. Founded in 1984, the university awards bachelor's and master's degrees in computer science, engineering, technology and management programs.
NPU was founded by Dr. Ramsey Carter and Dr. Barbara Brown in 1984. Dr. George Hsieh served as the University’s president from 1991 to 2015. As of 2022, the school was renamed as San Francisco Bay University.
History
Northwestern Polytechnic University (NPU) was founded by Dr. Ramsey Carter and Dr. Barbara Brown on January 2, 1984 and incorporated as a California nonprofit, public-benefit institution. The School of Engineering began granting Bachelor of Science degrees in electrical engineering in November 1984, followed by the Master of Science in electrical engineering in 1985.
In 1987, NPU opened the Computer Systems Engineering programs at both the bachelor's and master's levels. Two years later, on February 23, 1989 the university attained full institutional approval from the California Department of Education.
In 1995, NPU established its School of Business.
In 1991, Dr. George Hsieh began serving as NPU's president.
In 2015, Dr. Hsieh retired.
In 2016, a BuzzFeed news article questioned the operations of NPU during the period in its history of its high (more than 6,000 in 2015) proportion of international students from India.
In 2018, the institution's accreditation was renewed.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormorant%20%28disambiguation%29
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A cormorant is a kind of sea bird.
Cormorant may also refer to:
Music
Cormorant (band), a San Francisco Bay Area progressive metal band
Aircraft
The CH-149 Cormorant, a Canadian Forces helicopter
The Lockheed Martin Cormorant, a cancelled Lockheed Martin project
The Tactical Robotics Cormorant, a flying car unmanned aerial vehicle built by Tactical Robotics Ltd., subsidiary of Urban Aeronautics Ltd.
Computing
The Cormorant Network, a British Army Strategic Communications System.
Literature and film
The Cormorant, a 1986 novel (and later film) by Stephen Gregory
The Cormorant, a 2013 novel by Chuck Wendig
Places
Cormorant, Manitoba
Cormorant Township, Becker County, Minnesota
Cormorant oilfield, an oilfield in North Sea
Ships
HMS Cormorant, the name of various ships of the British Royal Navy
USS Cormorant, the name of more than one ship of the United States Navy
Q.G.S. Cormorant 1900–1955, a Queensland, Australia, Pilot boat, based in Brisbane.
P677 Cormoran 1995 - a Flamant class patrol vessel of the French Navy
German Auxilluary Cruiser Kormoran (1938), a Kriegsmarine commerce raider
Horse
Cormorant (horse), (1974–2007), American Thoroughbred racehorse
See also
Cormoran
Kormoran
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20double%20helix
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In molecular biology, the term double helix refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA. The double helical structure of a nucleic acid complex arises as a consequence of its secondary structure, and is a fundamental component in determining its tertiary structure. The term entered popular culture with the publication in 1968 of The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA by James Watson.
The DNA double helix biopolymer of nucleic acid is held together by nucleotides which base pair together. In B-DNA, the most common double helical structure found in nature, the double helix is right-handed with about 10–10.5 base pairs per turn. The double helix structure of DNA contains a major groove and minor groove. In B-DNA the major groove is wider than the minor groove. Given the difference in widths of the major groove and minor groove, many proteins which bind to B-DNA do so through the wider major groove.
History
The double-helix model of DNA structure was first published in the journal Nature by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, (X,Y,Z coordinates in 1954) based on the work of Rosalind Franklin and her student Raymond Gosling, who took the crucial X-ray diffraction image of DNA labeled as "Photo 51", and Maurice Wilkins, Alexander Stokes, and Herbert Wilson, and base-pairing chemical and biochemical information by Erwin Chargaff. Before this, Linus Pauling—who had already accurately characte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volterra%20integral%20equation
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In mathematics, the Volterra integral equations are a special type of integral equations. They are divided into two groups referred to as the first and the second kind.
A linear Volterra equation of the first kind is
where f is a given function and x is an unknown function to be solved for. A linear Volterra equation of the second kind is
In operator theory, and in Fredholm theory, the corresponding operators are called Volterra operators. A useful method to solve such equations, the Adomian decomposition method, is due to George Adomian.
A linear Volterra integral equation is a convolution equation if
The function in the integral is called the kernel. Such equations can be analyzed and solved by means of Laplace transform techniques.
For a weakly singular kernel of the form with , Volterra integral equation of the first kind can conveniently be transformed into a classical Abel integral equation.
The Volterra integral equations were introduced by Vito Volterra and then studied by Traian Lalescu in his 1908 thesis, Sur les équations de Volterra, written under the direction of Émile Picard. In 1911, Lalescu wrote the first book ever on integral equations.
Volterra integral equations find application in demography as Lotka's integral equation, the study of viscoelastic materials,
in actuarial science through the renewal equation, and in fluid mechanics to describe the flow behavior near finite-sized boundaries.
Conversion of Volterra equation of the first kind t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiff%20equation
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In mathematics, a stiff equation is a differential equation for which certain numerical methods for solving the equation are numerically unstable, unless the step size is taken to be extremely small. It has proven difficult to formulate a precise definition of stiffness, but the main idea is that the equation includes some terms that can lead to rapid variation in the solution.
When integrating a differential equation numerically, one would expect the requisite step size to be relatively small in a region where the solution curve displays much variation and to be relatively large where the solution curve straightens out to approach a line with slope nearly zero. For some problems this is not the case. In order for a numerical method to give a reliable solution to the differential system sometimes the step size is required to be at an unacceptably small level in a region where the solution curve is very smooth. The phenomenon is known as stiffness. In some cases there may be two different problems with the same solution, yet one is not stiff and the other is. The phenomenon cannot therefore be a property of the exact solution, since this is the same for both problems, and must be a property of the differential system itself. Such systems are thus known as stiff systems.
Motivating example
Consider the initial value problem
The exact solution (shown in cyan) is
We seek a numerical solution that exhibits the same behavior.
The figure (right) illustrates the numerical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dym%20equation
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In mathematics, and in particular in the theory of solitons, the Dym equation (HD) is the third-order partial differential equation
It is often written in the equivalent form for some function v of one space variable and time
The Dym equation first appeared in Kruskal and is attributed to an unpublished paper by Harry Dym.
The Dym equation represents a system in which dispersion and nonlinearity are coupled together. HD is a completely integrable nonlinear evolution equation that may be solved by means of the inverse scattering transform. It obeys an infinite number of conservation laws; it does not possess the Painlevé property.
The Dym equation has strong links to the Korteweg–de Vries equation. C.S. Gardner, J.M. Greene, Kruskal and R.M. Miura applied [Dym equation] to the solution of corresponding problem in Korteweg–de Vries equation. The Lax pair of the Harry Dym equation is associated with the Sturm–Liouville operator.
The Liouville transformation transforms this operator isospectrally into the Schrödinger operator.
Thus by the inverse Liouville transformation solutions of the Korteweg–de Vries equation are transformed
into solutions of the Dym equation. An explicit solution of the Dym equation, valid in a finite interval, is found by an auto-Bäcklund transform
Notes
References
Solitons
Exactly solvable models
Integrable systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%20microscales
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In fluid dynamics, Kolmogorov microscales are the smallest scales in the turbulent flow of fluids. At the Kolmogorov scale, viscosity dominates and the turbulence kinetic energy is dissipated into thermal energy. They are defined by
where
is the average rate of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy per unit mass, and
is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
Typical values of the Kolmogorov length scale, for atmospheric motion in which the large eddies have length scales on the order of kilometers, range from 0.1 to 10 millimeters; for smaller flows such as in laboratory systems, may be much smaller.
In 1941, Andrey Kolmogorov introduced the hypothesis that the smallest scales of turbulence are universal (similar for every turbulent flow) and that they depend only on and . The definitions of the Kolmogorov microscales can be obtained using this idea and dimensional analysis. Since the dimension of kinematic viscosity is length2/time, and the dimension of the energy dissipation rate per unit mass is length2/time3, the only combination that has the dimension of time is which is the Kolmorogov time scale. Similarly, the Kolmogorov length scale is the only combination of and that has dimension of length.
Alternatively, the definition of the Kolmogorov time scale can be obtained from the inverse of the mean square strain rate tensor, which also gives using the definition of the energy dissipation rate per unit mass Then the Kolmogorov length scale can be obtai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Walker%20%28anthropologist%29
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Alan Cyril Walker (23 August 1938 – 20 November 2017) was the Evan Pugh Professor of Biological Anthropology and Biology at the Pennsylvania State University and a research scientist for the National Museum of Kenya.
Life
He received his B.A. from Cambridge University in 1962, and his PhD from the University of London in 1967. In 2000 he received an honorary D.Sc. from the University of Chicago.
Walker was a paleoanthropologist who worked on primate and human evolution.
Walker was a member of the team led by Richard Leakey responsible for the 1984 discovery of the skeleton of the so-called Turkana Boy, and in 1985 Walker himself discovered the Black Skull near Lake Turkana in Kenya.
Awards
Walker was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship "genius grant" in 1988.
In 1997 he received the Rhône-Poulenc Award from the Royal Society for The Wisdom of the Bones. During the award ceremony, Terry Pratchett, chairman of the judges, said "We were fascinated by the way the forensic net was spread out, bringing so many sciences to bear on the mystery of this million-year-old teenager." The following year he received the International Fondation Fyssen Prize in Paris.
He became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1999. In 2003 he was named a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences.
In 2017 he received the Charles R. Darwin Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Association of Physical Anthr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon%20%28chemistry%29
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In chemistry, melon is a compound of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen of still somewhat uncertain composition, consisting mostly of heptazine units linked and closed by amine groups and bridges (, , , etc.). It is a pale yellow solid, insoluble in most solvents.
A careful 2001 study indicates the formula , that consists of ten imino-heptazine units connected into a linear chain by amino bridges; that is, . However, other researchers are still proposing different structures.
Melon is the oldest known compound with the heptazine core, having been described in the early 19th century. It has been little studied until recently, when it has been recognized as a notable photocatalyst and as a possible precursor to carbon nitride.
History
In 1834 Liebig described the compounds that he named melamine, melam, and melon.
The compound received little attention for a long time, due to its insolubility. In 1937 Linus Pauling showed by x-ray crystallography that the structure of melon and related compounds contained fused triazine rings.
In 1939, C. E. Redemamm and other proposed a structure consisting of 2-amino-heptazine units connected by amine bridges through carbons 5 and 8. The structure was revised in 2001 by T. Komatsu, who proposed a tautomeric structure.
Preparation
The compound can be extracted from the solid residue of the thermal decomposition of ammonium thiocyanate at 400 °C. (The thermal decomposition of solid melem, on the other hand, yields a graphite-like C-N ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ike%20Nassi
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Isaac Robert "Ike" Nassi, born 1949 in Brooklyn, New York, is the founder, and former CTO and chairman at TidalScale, Inc. before its acquisition by HPE, and an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He is known for creating (with Ben Shneiderman) the highly influential Nassi–Shneiderman diagram notation. He also helped design the Ada programming language.
Ike is a Life Fellow of the IEEE, and a Senior Life Member of ACM.
Early life
Ike is a graduate of Brooklyn Technical High School. He earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics, a master's degree and doctorate in Computer Science from Stony Brook University, New York, in 1974.
Career
Ike was formerly EVP and Chief Scientist at SAP AG, and the practice lead of the SAP Research Technology Infrastructure practice, which was focused on guiding SAP's technology infrastructure vision, direction, and execution. His group was also responsible for the SAP Sponsored Academic Research Program.
Prior to his work at TidalScale and SAP, Ike helped start three companies: Firetide, InfoGear Technology, and Encore Computer. He co-founded the wireless mesh company Firetide and then served as its EVP, chief technology officer (CTO), and chairman of the board. Ike was the CTO and head of product operations at InfoGear prior to its acquisition by Cisco Systems. He helped start Encore Computer, a pioneer in symmetric multiprocessors and forerunner of today's multicore processors.
In addition to hi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20Astronomical%20Observatory
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South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) is the national centre for optical and infrared astronomy in South Africa. It was established in 1972. The observatory is run by the National Research Foundation of South Africa. The facility's function is to conduct research in astronomy and astrophysics. The primary telescopes are located in Sutherland, which is from Observatory, Cape Town, where the headquarters is located.
The SAAO has links worldwide for scientific and technological collaboration. Instrumental contributions from the South African Astronomical Observatory include the development of a spherical aberration corrector and the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT).
The Noon Gun on Cape Town's Signal Hill is fired remotely by a time signal from the Observatory.
History
The history of the SAAO began when the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope was founded in 1820, the first scientific institution in Africa. Construction of the main buildings was completed in 1829 at a cost of £30,000 (equivalent to £ in ).
The post of His/Her Majesty's astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope was awarded the Royal Medal on two occasions; the first to Thomas Maclear in 1869 for measurement of an arc of the meridian at the Cape of Good Hope and the second to David Gill in 1903 for researches in solar and stellar parallax, and his energetic direction of the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope.
The Republic Observatory, Johannesburg, was merged with the much older Royal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMA
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Ema or EMA may refer to:
Biology and medicine
Anti-Endomysial Antibodies test
Epithelial membrane antigen
European Medicines Agency, a European Union agency for the evaluation of medicinal products
European Medical Association, association representing Medical Doctors in Europe
Emergency Medicine Australasia, a scholarly journal
Education
Eastern Military Academy, a defunct school in Connecticut
Education Maintenance Allowance, a financial scheme for students in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
Escuela Mexicana Americana, a school in Mexico City
Engineering, science and technology
Effective medium approximations, modeling that describes the macroscopic properties of composite materials
Electromagnetic articulography, a method of measuring the position of parts of the mouth
Exponential moving average
Electromechanical actuator
Government
Emergency Management Agency
Emergency Management Australia, an agency of the Australian Government
Energy Market Authority, a regulatory body in Singapore
Ethiopian Mapping Authority
Emergency Mobile Alert, New Zealand's nationwide mobile public warning system
Euro-Mediterranean Association for Cooperation and Development, a German international co-operation organization
Media and entertainment
Egmont Manga & Anime, a German manga publishing company
Ema (film), a 2019 Chilean drama film
Entertainment Merchants Association, an international trade association
Environmental Media Association, an American enviro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoko%20Ohta
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is a Japanese scientist and Professor Emeritus of the National Institute of Genetics. Ohta works on population genetics/molecular evolution and is known for developing the nearly neutral theory of evolution.
Ohta has received many awards, including Japan's Order of Culture (2016). In 2015, Ohta and Richard Lewontin were jointly awarded the Crafoord Prize "for their pioneering analyses and fundamental contributions to the understanding of genetic polymorphism".
Education
Tomoko Ohta was born near Nagoya and grew up in Miyoshi-cho in Aichi Prefecture. She was in the 6th grade in elementary school when World War II ended. After the war, there were widespread changes in the social and educational systems, including the introduction of co-education. She attended junior high school in Toyota, and became interested in mathematics and physics. After senior high school, she entered Nagoya University. Having failed the examination for medical school, she transferred to the agriculture department at Tokyo University and majored in horticulture. Ohta graduated from the Agriculture Department of the University of Tokyo in 1956. After working at a publishing company, she was hired at the Kihara Institute for Biological Research. There she studied the cytogenetics of wheat and sugar beets.
Hitoshi Kihara gave Ohta an opportunity to study abroad, and in 1962, she entered the graduate program at North Carolina State University with support from a Fulbright scholarship. Having initially pl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20Ewens
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Warren John Ewens (born 23 January 1937 in Canberra) is an Australian-born mathematician who has been Professor of Biology at the University of Pennsylvania since 1997. (He also held that position 1972–1977.) He concentrates his research on the mathematical, statistical and theoretical aspects of population genetics. Ewens has worked in mathematical population genetics, computational biology, and evolutionary population genetics. He introduced Ewens's sampling formula.
Ewens received a B.A. (1958) and M.A. (1960) in Mathematical Statistics from the University of Melbourne, where he was a resident student at Trinity College, and a Ph.D. from the Australian National University (1963) under P. A. P. Moran. He first joined the department of biology at the University of Pennsylvania in 1972, and in 2006 was named the Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Biology. Positions held include:
1967–1972 Foundation Chair and Professor of Mathematics at La Trobe University
1972–1977 Professor of Biology at the University of Pennsylvania
1978–1996 Chair and Professor of Mathematics at Monash University
1997– Professor of Biology at the University of Pennsylvania
Prof. Ewens is a Fellow of the Royal Society and the Australian Academy of Science. He is also the recipient of the Australian Statistical Society's E.J. Pitman Medal (1996), and Oxford University's Weldon Memorial Prize. His teaching and mentoring at the University of Pennsylvania have also been recognized by award
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-%C3%89mile%20Charon
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Jean-Émile Charon (; 25 February 1920, in Paris – June 1998, in Paris) was a French nuclear physicist, philosopher and writer. He was the author of over 20 books on physics, scientific philosophy, and computer science. He conducted nuclear research at France's Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (Atomic Energy Authority).
Selected writings
Charon, J-E. Theorie de la Relativité Complexe. Paris: Albin Michel, 1977.
Translated title: Complex Relativity: Unifying All Four Physical Interactions, Paragon House Publishing, 1988.
Charon, J-E. L'Esprit, cet Inconnu. Paris: Albin Michel, 1977.
Translated title: The Spirit: That Stranger Inside Us, Infinity Publishing, 2004.
1st Translation: The Unknown Spirit: The Unity of Spirit and Matter in Space and Time, Coventure, 1983.
References
Bibliography
External links
A few articles
1920 births
1998 deaths
20th-century French physicists
French nuclear physicists
Quantum mysticism advocates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20redox%20reaction
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Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are redox reactions that take place with organic compounds. In organic chemistry oxidations and reductions are different from ordinary redox reactions, because many reactions carry the name but do not actually involve electron transfer. Instead the relevant criterion for organic oxidation is gain of oxygen and/or loss of hydrogen.
Simple functional groups can be arranged in order of increasing oxidation state. The oxidation numbers are only an approximation:
When methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide its oxidation number changes from −4 to +4. Classical reductions include alkene reduction to alkanes and classical oxidations include oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. In oxidations electrons are removed and the electron density of a molecule is reduced. In reductions electron density increases when electrons are added to the molecule. This terminology is always centered on the organic compound. For example, it is usual to refer to the reduction of a ketone by lithium aluminium hydride, but not to the oxidation of lithium aluminium hydride by a ketone. Many oxidations involve removal of hydrogen atoms from the organic molecule, and reduction adds hydrogens to an organic molecule.
Many reactions classified as reductions also appear in other classes. For instance, conversion of the ketone to an alcohol by lithium aluminium hydride can be considered a reduction but the hydride is also a good nucleophile in nu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Yeager
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William "Bill" Yeager (born June 16, 1940, San Francisco) is an American engineer. He is best known for being the inventor of a packet-switched, "Ships in the Night", multiple-protocol router in 1981, during his 20-year tenure at Stanford's Knowledge Systems Laboratory as well as the Stanford University Computer Science department.
Biography
The code routed PARC Universal Packet (PUP), Xerox Network Systems (XNS), Internet Protocol (IP) and Chaosnet. The router used Bill's Network Operating System (NOS). The NOS also supported the EtherTIPS that were used throughout the Stanford LAN for terminal access to both the LAN and the Internet. This code was licensed by Cisco Systems in 1987 and comprised the core of the first Cisco IOS. This provided the groundwork for a new, global communications approach.
He is also known for his role in the creation of the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) mail protocol. In 1984 he conceived of a client/server protocol, designed its functionality, applied for and received the grant money for its implementation. In 1985 Mark Crispin was hired to work with Bill on what became the IMAP protocol. Along with Mark, who implemented the protocols details and wrote the first client, MMD, Bill wrote the first Unix IMAP server. Bill later implemented MacMM which was the first Macintosh IMAP client. Frank Gilmurray assisted with the initial part of this implementation.
At Stanford in 1979 Bill wrote the ttyftp serial line file transfer program, whi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20algebra%20cohomology
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In mathematics, Lie algebra cohomology is a cohomology theory for Lie algebras. It was first introduced in 1929 by Élie Cartan to study the topology of Lie groups and homogeneous spaces by relating cohomological methods of Georges de Rham to properties of the Lie algebra. It was later extended by to coefficients in an arbitrary Lie module.
Motivation
If is a compact simply connected Lie group, then it is determined by its Lie algebra, so it should be possible to calculate its cohomology from the Lie algebra. This can be done as follows. Its cohomology is the de Rham cohomology of the complex of differential forms on . Using an averaging process, this complex can be replaced by the complex of left-invariant differential forms. The left-invariant forms, meanwhile, are determined by their values at the identity, so that the space of left-invariant differential forms can be identified with the exterior algebra of the Lie algebra, with a suitable differential.
The construction of this differential on an exterior algebra makes sense for any Lie algebra, so it is used to define Lie algebra cohomology for all Lie algebras. More generally one uses a similar construction to define Lie algebra cohomology with coefficients in a module.
If is a simply connected noncompact Lie group, the Lie algebra cohomology of the associated Lie algebra does not necessarily reproduce the de Rham cohomology of . The reason for this is that the passage from the complex of all differential forms to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylate
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In organic chemistry, a carboxylate is the conjugate base of a carboxylic acid, (or ). It is an ion with negative charge.
Carboxylate salts are salts that have the general formula , where M is a metal and n is 1, 2,.... Carboxylate esters have the general formula (also written as ), where R and R′ are organic groups.
Synthesis
Carboxylate ions can be formed by deprotonation of carboxylic acids. Such acids typically have pKa of less than 5, meaning that they can be deprotonated by many bases, such as sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate.
RCOOH + NaOH -> RCOONa + H2O
Resonance stabilization of the carboxylate ion
Carboxylic acids easily dissociate into a carboxylate anion and a positively charged hydrogen ion (proton), much more readily than alcohols do (into an alkoxide ion and a proton), because the carboxylate ion is stabilized by resonance. The negative charge that is left after deprotonation of the carboxyl group is delocalized between the two electronegative oxygen atoms in a resonance structure. If the R group is an electron-withdrawing group (such as –CF3), the basicity of the carboxylate will be further weakened.
This delocalization of the electron means that both of the oxygen atoms are less strongly negatively charged: the positive proton is therefore less strongly attracted back to the carboxylate group once it has left; hence, the carboxylate ion is more stable and less basic as a result of resonance stabilization of the negative charge. In contrast, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20R.%20Thompson
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Keith Thompson (1951 - 2022) was a professor at Dalhousie University with a joint appointment in the Department of Oceanography and the Department of Mathematics and Statistics.
Thompson was trained in the UK and obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool in 1979. His research interests focused on ocean and shelf circulation, 4D data assimilation, extremal analysis and applied time series analysis.
Prof. Thompson was awarded a Tier I Canada Research Chair in Marine Prediction and Environmental Statistics. The Canada Research Chairs Program is part of a national strategy to make Canada one of the world’s top five countries for research and development. Chair holders are recognized leaders in their fields and are selected in order to advance the frontiers of knowledge, not only through research, but also by teaching and supervising students and coordinating the work of other researchers. Prof. Thompson has been awarded a Tier I chair, which is the highest level. (For more information on the Canada Research Chairs program see http://www.chairs.gc.ca/).
Prof. Thompson was also awarded the President’s Prize of the Canadian Oceanographic and Meteorological Society in 1990, and Reviewer of the Year by the same organization. He has written over 50 scientific publications and sits on international committees including the Coastal Ocean Observations Panel of the Global Ocean Observing System. Thompson was awarded the J.P. Tully Medal in Oceanography from the Canadian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Rome%20Tor%20Vergata
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Tor Vergata University of Rome, also known as the University of Tor Vergata (), is a public research university located in Rome, Italy. Located in the southeastern suburb of Rome, the university combines a liberal arts tradition with emphasis on career orientation in the field of Economics, Engineering, Mathematics and Physics, Natural Sciences, and Medicine.
It was established in 1982 with the goal of providing high-quality education for students preparing to meet the changing needs and opportunities of the workforce. Furthermore, the university campus was designed to reflect the same atmosphere that students would feel on Anglophone campuses. Many professors of the university are important members of the Italian cultural and political environment. Its current rector is Nathan Levialdi Ghiron, a professor at the School of Engineering and former vice-Rector.
Origin of the name
The university takes its name from the 14th-century farmhouse "Turris Virgatae" that was owned by the Roman noble Annibaldi family, whose remains lie beneath Villa Gentile on campus.
Campus
The university occupies a area outside the Grande Raccordo Anulare highway connection, in the eastern sector of the city. A university Hospital (Tor Vergata Polyclinic), with state-of-the-art medical equipment, is located on campus. Near the university, there are accommodation facilities owned by the regional organization Lazio DiSCo as well as Campus X, a private company. Campus X accommodations, rolled out in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totally%20positive%20matrix
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In mathematics, a totally positive matrix is a square matrix in which all the minors are positive: that is, the determinant of every square submatrix is a positive number. A totally positive matrix has all entries positive, so it is also a positive matrix; and it has all principal minors positive (and positive eigenvalues). A symmetric totally positive matrix is therefore also positive-definite. A totally non-negative matrix is defined similarly, except that all the minors must be non-negative (positive or zero). Some authors use "totally positive" to include all totally non-negative matrices.
Definition
Let
be an n × n matrix. Consider any and any p × p submatrix of the form
where:
Then A is a totally positive matrix if:
for all submatrices that can be formed this way.
History
Topics which historically led to the development of the theory of total positivity include the study of:
the spectral properties of kernels and matrices which are totally positive,
ordinary differential equations whose Green's function is totally positive (by M. G. Krein and some colleagues in the mid-1930s),
the variation diminishing properties (started by I. J. Schoenberg in 1930),
Pólya frequency functions (by I. J. Schoenberg in the late 1940s and early 1950s).
Examples
For example, a Vandermonde matrix whose nodes are positive and increasing is a totally positive matrix.
See also
Compound matrix
References
Further reading
External links
Spectral Properties of Totally Posit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%20Yongxiang%20%28engineer%29
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Lu Yongxiang (; born April 28, 1942) is a Chinese mechanical engineer and politician. He served as President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress.
Biography
Lu studied in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University (ZJU), and majored in hydrodynamics (hydraulic mechanics). He graduated from ZJU in 1964, and became a lecturer in his department at ZJU. 1979, Lu was an Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow at RWTH Aachen University, West Germany. Lu obtained his doctorate in 1981, based on his dissertation Entwicklung vorgesteuerter Proportionalventile mit 2-Wege-Einbauventil als Stellglied und mit geräteinterner Rückführung. Aachen: Techn. Hochsch.; Diss.; 1981.
In 1981, Lu returned to ZJU and continued his teaching position as a lecturer. He soon was promoted to associate professor and was the research group leader of the Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control at ZJU. 1983, Lu was promoted to professor, and was the director of the Institute of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, ZJU. From 1985 to 1987, Lu served as Vice-president of ZJU; and from 1988 to 1995, he was the President of ZJU. Lu is also a part-time professor at Tsinghua University.
Lu was appointed Vice-president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in November 1993. From 1993 to 1997, he was the Executive Vice-president of CAS. From July 1997 to March 2011, he was the President of the Ch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera%20Inber
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Vera Mikhailovna Inber (), born Shpenzer (10 July 1890, Odessa11 November 1972, Moscow), was a Russian and Soviet poet and writer.
Biography
Her father Moshe owned a scientific publishing house "Matematika" ("Mathematics"). Moshe was cousin to the future socialist revolutionary Leon Trotsky. The nine-year-old Lev (Trotsky) lived with Moshe and his wife Fanni in their Odesa apartment when Vera was a baby.
Inber briefly attended a History and Philology department in Odessa. Her first poems were published in 1910 in local newspapers. In 1910–1914, she lived in Paris and Switzerland; then she moved to Moscow. During the 1920s, Inber worked as a journalist, writing prose, articles, and essays, and traveling across the country and abroad.
During World War II, she lived in besieged Leningrad where her husband worked as the director at a medical institute. According to her The New York Times obituary, she "wrote for the newspaper Leningradskaya Pravda and broadcast over Leningrad radio to keep up the morale and spirit of the hard‐pressed population." Much of her poetry and prose during those times is dedicated to the life and resistance of Soviet citizens.
Inber translated into Russian such foreign poets as Paul Éluard and Sándor Petőfi, as well as Ukrainian poets Taras Shevchenko and Maksym Rylsky. She dabbled in cabbala, although it had been forbidden by her elders.
Awards
In 1946, she received the Stalin Prize for her siege-time poem Pulkovo Meridian. She was also awarded sev
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20conversion%20coefficient
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In nuclear physics, the internal conversion coefficient describes the rate of internal conversion.
The internal conversion coefficient may be empirically determined by the following formula:
There is no valid formulation for an equivalent concept for E0 (electric monopole) nuclear transitions.
There are theoretical calculations that can be used to derive internal conversion coefficients. Their accuracy is not generally under dispute, but since the quantum mechanical models they depend on only take into account electromagnetic interactions between the nucleus and electrons, there may be unforeseen effects.
Internal conversion coefficients can be looked up from tables, but this is time-consuming. Computer programs have been developed (see the BrIcc Program) which present internal conversion coefficients quickly and easily.
Theoretical calculations of interest are the Rösel, Hager-Seltzer, and the Band, superseded by the Band-Raman calculation called BrIcc.
The Hager-Seltzer calculations omit the M and higher-energy shells on the grounds (usually valid) that those orbitals have little electron density at the nucleus and can be neglected. To first approximation this assumption is valid, upon comparing several internal conversion coefficients for different isotopes for transitions of about 100 keV.
The Band and Band-Raman calculations assume that the M shell may contribute to internal conversion to a non-negligible extent, and incorporates a general term (called "N+") whic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-norm
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In mathematics, a t-norm (also T-norm or, unabbreviated, triangular norm) is a kind of binary operation used in the framework of probabilistic metric spaces and in multi-valued logic, specifically in fuzzy logic. A t-norm generalizes intersection in a lattice and conjunction in logic. The name triangular norm refers to the fact that in the framework of probabilistic metric spaces t-norms are used to generalize the triangle inequality of ordinary metric spaces.
Definition
A t-norm is a function T: [0, 1] × [0, 1] → [0, 1] that satisfies the following properties:
Commutativity: T(a, b) = T(b, a)
Monotonicity: T(a, b) ≤ T(c, d) if a ≤ c and b ≤ d
Associativity: T(a, T(b, c)) = T(T(a, b), c)
The number 1 acts as identity element: T(a, 1) = a
Since a t-norm is a binary algebraic operation on the interval [0, 1], infix algebraic notation is also common, with the t-norm usually denoted by .
The defining conditions of the t-norm are exactly those of a partially ordered abelian monoid on the real unit interval [0, 1]. (Cf. ordered group.) The monoidal operation of any partially ordered abelian monoid L is therefore by some authors called a triangular norm on L.
Classification of t-norms
A t-norm is called continuous if it is continuous as a function, in the usual interval topology on [0, 1]2. (Similarly for left- and right-continuity.)
A t-norm is called strict if it is continuous and strictly monotone.
A t-norm is called nilpotent if it is continuous and each x in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopotential
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In physics, a pseudopotential or effective potential is used as an approximation for the simplified description of complex systems. Applications include atomic physics and neutron scattering. The pseudopotential approximation was first introduced by Hans Hellmann in 1934.
Atomic physics
The pseudopotential is an attempt to replace the complicated effects of the motion of the core (i.e. non-valence) electrons of an atom and its nucleus with an effective potential, or pseudopotential, so that the Schrödinger equation contains a modified effective potential term instead of the Coulombic potential term for core electrons normally found in the Schrödinger equation.
The pseudopotential is an effective potential constructed to replace the atomic all-electron potential (full-potential) such that core states are eliminated and the valence electrons are described by pseudo-wavefunctions with significantly fewer nodes. This allows the pseudo-wavefunctions to be described with far fewer Fourier modes, thus making plane-wave basis sets practical to use. In this approach usually only the chemically active valence electrons are dealt with explicitly, while the core electrons are 'frozen', being considered together with the nuclei as rigid non-polarizable ion cores. It is possible to self-consistently update the pseudopotential with the chemical environment that it is embedded in, having the effect of relaxing the frozen core approximation, although this is rarely done. In codes using lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20iodide
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Sodium iodide (chemical formula NaI) is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine. Under standard conditions, it is a white, water-soluble solid comprising a 1:1 mix of sodium cations (Na+) and iodide anions (I−) in a crystal lattice. It is used mainly as a nutritional supplement and in organic chemistry. It is produced industrially as the salt formed when acidic iodides react with sodium hydroxide. It is a chaotropic salt.
Uses
Food supplement
Sodium iodide, as well as potassium iodide, is commonly used to treat and prevent iodine deficiency. Iodized table salt contains 10 ppm iodide.
Organic synthesis
Sodium iodide is used for conversion of alkyl chlorides into alkyl iodides. This method, the Finkelstein reaction, relies on the insolubility of sodium chloride in acetone to drive the reaction:
R–Cl + NaI → R–I + NaCl
Nuclear medicine
Some radioactive iodide salts of sodium, including Na125I and Na131I, have radiopharmaceutical uses for thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism or as radioactive tracer in imaging (see Isotopes of iodine > Radioiodines I-123, I-124, I-125, and I-131 in medicine and biology).
Thallium-doped NaI(Tl) scintillators
Sodium iodide activated with thallium, NaI(Tl), when subjected to ionizing radiation, emits photons (i.e., scintillate) and is used in scintillation detectors, traditionally in nuclear medicine, geophysics, nuclear physics, and environmental measurements. NaI(Tl) is the most widely used scintillati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Golden%20Book%20of%20Chemistry%20Experiments
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The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments is a children's chemistry book written in 1960 by Robert Brent and illustrated by Harry Lazarus and published by Western Publishing as part of their Golden Books series.
A decade after the book's publication, concerns were raised over the safety of the reactions described, which frequently used or generated toxic or corrosive substances. For example, one experiment generated toxic chlorine gas, and another used carbon tetrachloride, a potent hepatotoxin.
The book was also believed to be a source of inspiration to David Hahn, nicknamed "the Radioactive Boy Scout" by the media, who attempted to construct a nuclear reactor in his mother's shed, although the book does not include any nuclear reactions.
Due to safety concerns, the book was eventually pulled from library shelves. It is now quite rare, and as of February 2023 OCLC lists only 103 copies of this book in libraries worldwide. However, privately-owned copies are routinely put up for sale online.
Printing history
The first edition was printed in 1960. A second printing was made in 1962 and a revised edition was printed in 1963.
References
Further reading
Full book: https://archive.org/details/GoldenBookOfChemistryExperiments/page/n23
Chemistry books
Children's non-fiction books
1960 children's books
Golden Books books
American children's books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen%20Holland%20%28academic%29
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Owen Holland (born 1947) is professor emeritus of cognitive robotics (Informatics) in the Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science at the University of Sussex. He was until recently a professor of computer science at the University of Essex, England. Previously, he has held faculty positions at Caltech, University of Bielefeld, Starlab and the University of the West of England.
Holland is best known for his work in biologically-inspired robotics, where he has contributed to the theory and practice of collective robotics, ant algorithms and machine consciousness, among other sub-fields. Some of the projects he has been involved in have attracted attention from the media, notably the Slugbot project, which aimed to produce a robotic predator capable of sustaining its energy levels from hunting and digesting slugs. Holland is also known for recovering and restoring one of Grey Walter's robot 'tortoises'.
For the last ten years he has mainly been interested in the prospects for building a conscious machine. In 2001 he was an organiser and session chair for one of the first symposia on machine consciousness, and in 2003 he edited a special issue of the Journal of Consciousness Studies on the topic. In 2004 he obtained the first major funding for a machine consciousness project which investigated whether a human-like robot with a self-model and a world-model might exhibit features characteristic of consciousness. The robot, CRONOS, was further developed in a European project ECCE
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partners%20in%20Research
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Partners In Research (PIR) is a registered Canadian charity founded in 1988 to advocate the significance of biomedical research in advancing health and medicine. Since its foundation, PIR has broadened its scope to encompass Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) as fields of study and discovery for Canadian students.
Partners In Research is the managing partner of the Sanofi Biogenius Canada Competition.
The executive director of PIR is Brent Peltola.
See also
Sanofi Biogenius Canada
VROC
References
External links
Charities based in Canada
Organizations based in London, Ontario
Companies based in London, Ontario
Educational charities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanolithography
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Nanolithography (NL) is a growing field of techniques within nanotechnology dealing with the engineering (patterning e.g. etching, depositing, writing, printing etc) of nanometer-scale structures on various materials.
The modern term reflects on a design of structures built in range of 10−9 to 10−6 meters, i.e. nanometer scale. Essentially, the field is a derivative of lithography, only covering very small structures. All NL methods can be categorized into four groups: photo lithography, scanning lithography, soft lithography and other miscellaneous techniques.
History
The NL has evolved from the need to increase the number of sub-micrometer features (e.g. transistors, capacitors etc.) in an integrated circuit in order to keep up with Moore's Law. While lithographic techniques have been around since the late 18th century, none were applied to nanoscale structures until the mid-1950s. With evolution of the semiconductor industry, demand for techniques capable of producing micro- and nano-scale structures skyrocketed. Photolithography was applied to these structures for the first time in 1958 beginning the age of nanolithography.
Since then, photolithography has become the most commercially successful technique, capable of producing sub-100 nm patterns. There are several techniques associated with the field, each designed to serve its many uses in the medical and semiconductor industries. Breakthroughs in this field contribute significantly to the advancement of nanotechnol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursor%20%28databases%29
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In computer science, a database cursor is a mechanism that enables traversal over the records in a database. Cursors facilitate subsequent processing in conjunction with the traversal, such as retrieval, addition and removal of database records. The database cursor characteristic of traversal makes cursors akin to the programming language concept of iterator.
Cursors are used by database programmers to process individual rows returned by database system queries. Cursors enable manipulation of whole result sets at once. In this scenario, a cursor enables the sequential processing of rows in a result set.
In SQL procedures, a cursor makes it possible to define a result set (a set of data rows) and perform complex logic on a row by row basis. By using the same mechanics, a SQL procedure can also define a result set and return it directly to the caller of the SQL procedure or to a client application.
A cursor can be viewed as a pointer to one row in a set of rows. The cursor can only reference one row at a time, but can move to other rows of the result set as needed.
Usage
To use cursors in SQL procedures, you need to do the following:
Declare a cursor that defines a result set
Open the cursor to establish the result set
Fetch the data into local variables as needed from the cursor, one row at a time
Close the cursor when done
To work with cursors you must use the following SQL statements
This section introduces the ways the SQL:2003 standard defines how to use cursors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPMP
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CPMP may refer to:
Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products
Certified Project Management Professional
Core-Plus Mathematics Project
Cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate or fosdenopterin
Commissioning Process Management Professional (ASHRAE)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hami%20%28disambiguation%29
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Hami is a prefecture-level city in Xinjiang, China.
Hami may also refer to:
Biology
Hami, also called hooks, a type of archaeal pilus
Geographic Designations
Hami, a prefecture-level city in Xinjiang, China.
Yizhou District, Hami, formerly Hami county-level city, now the central district of Hami
Hami Desert, Xinjiang, China
Hami, Iran, a village in South Khorasan Province
Hami, Yemen
Hami, Kagoshima, Japan
Plants
Hami melon, a type of muskmelon grown in Hami
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclically%20reduced%20word
|
In mathematics, cyclically reduced word is a concept of combinatorial group theory.
Let F(X) be a free group. Then a word w in F(X) is said to be cyclically reduced if and only if every cyclic permutation of the word is reduced.
Properties
Every cyclic shift and the inverse of a cyclically reduced word are cyclically reduced again.
Every word is conjugate to a cyclically reduced word. The cyclically reduced words are minimal-length representatives of the conjugacy classes in the free group. This representative is not uniquely determined, but it is unique up to cyclic shifts (since every cyclic shift is a conjugate element).
References
Combinatorial group theory
Combinatorics on words
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%20Symposium
|
In the centennial of "Annus Mirabilis" of 1905 (the miracle year during which Einstein published his five major papers on the special theory of relativity, Brownian motion and the quantum theory, which earned him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics), the UNESCO designated year 2005 to be the World Year of Physics (WYP).
Bibliotheca Alexandrina, the newly revived Library of Alexandria in Egypt, then organized a symposium with participation from several noted Nobel laureates, to commemorate this worldwide recognition of WYP, which has had three main events:
Public forum
Scientific symposium
Exhibition
In the year of the 150th anniversary of ETH Zurich, the Swiss university was home to an Einstein Symposium, which was jointly organized with the University of Zurich. Several distinguished lecturers, including Nobel laureates and one Fields Medalist contributed to this symposium which took part from June 7 – June 11, 2005.
See also
Other events in WYP
Other honorifications for Albert Einstein
External links
Einstein Symposium homepage
Official website of Bibliotheca Alexandrina
Physics in the 21st Century - 100 Years after Einstein's "Annus Mirabilis"
ETH Zurich
Albert Einstein
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing%20Research%20Association
|
The Computing Research Association (CRA) is a 501(c)3 non-profit association of North American academic departments of computer science, computer engineering, and related fields; laboratories and centers in industry, government, and academia engaging in basic computing research; and affiliated professional societies. CRA was formed in 1972 and is based in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mission and activities
CRA's mission is to enhance innovation by joining with industry, government and academia to strengthen research and advanced education in computing. CRA executes this mission by leading the computing research community, informing policymakers and the public, and facilitating the development of strong, diverse talent in the field.
Policy
CRA assists policymakers who seek to understand the issues confronting the federal Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) program, a thirteen-agency, $4-billion-a-year federal effort to support computing research. CRA works to educate Members of Congress and provide policy makers with expert testimony in areas associated with computer science research. CRA and their Computing Community Consortium (CCC) sponsored the Leadership in Science Policy Institute, a one and half day workshop that took place in Washington, D.C. CRA also maintains a Government Affairs website and a Computing Research Policy Blog.
Professional development
CRA works to support computing researchers throughout their careers to he
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter%20Frankl
|
Péter Frankl (born 26 March 1953 in Kaposvár, Somogy County, Hungary) is a mathematician, street performer, columnist and educator, active in Japan. Frankl studied mathematics at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest and submitted his PhD thesis while still an undergraduate. He holds a PhD degree from the University Paris Diderot as well. He has lived in Japan since 1988, where he is a well-known personality and often appears in the media. He keeps travelling around Japan performing (juggling and giving public lectures on various topics). Frankl won a gold medal at the International Mathematical Olympiad in 1971. He has seven joint papers with Paul Erdős, and eleven joint papers with Ronald Graham. His research is in combinatorics, especially in extremal combinatorics. He is the author of the union-closed sets conjecture.
Personality
Both of his parents were survivors of concentration camps and taught him "The only things you own are in your heart and brain". So he became a mathematician. Frankl often lectures about racial discrimination.
Adolescence and abilities
He could multiply two digit numbers when he was four years old. Frankl speaks 12 languages (Hungarian, English, Russian, Swedish, French, Spanish, Polish, German, Japanese, Chinese, Thai, Korean) and lectured mathematics in many countries in these languages. He has travelled to more than 100 countries.
Activities
Frankl learnt juggling from Ronald Graham. He and Vojtěch Rödl solved a $1000 problem of Paul Erdős.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20Society%20of%20Peru
|
Chemical Society of Peru is a non-profit scientific institution devoted to chemistry. It was founded in 1933 and groups to all the professionals related to natural sciences in which chemistry plays an important role, such as chemists, chemical engineers, chemical pharmacists, biologists, biochemists and physicians.
Contributions to scientific research in Peru
In the last sixty years the institution has diversified in many areas of research including Bromatology, Nutrition, Biochemistry, Phytochemistry and Physical chemistry. It also has developed several new programs to improve chemistry learning in public schools and universities; it has organized events to promote investigation and development of chemistry; such as the "5th South American Congress of Chemistry" and served as host of "13th Latin American Congress of Chemistry".
Organization
The Chemical society is directed by a board of trustees (chosen biennially) and whose members, are encouraged to spread and significantly develop scientific research, the majority has PhD or doctorate degree and many of its members have lectured in the prestigious chemistry department at National University of San Marcos.
This institution is supervised by the "Peruvian council of chemistry" (also known as "Peruvian Board of Chemists") and it has the approval of IUPAC and its affiliates.
References
Research institutes in Peru
Peru
1933 establishments in Peru
Scientific organizations established in 1933
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative%20Institute%20for%20Climate%20Science
|
The Cooperative Institute for Climate Science (CICS) fosters research collaborations between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) and the Princeton University. It is one of 16 NOAA Cooperative Institutes (CIs).
The CICS research themes are:
Earth system studies
Biogeochemistry
Coastal processes
Paleoclimate
References
External links
Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
Research institutes in the United States
Climatological research organizations
Earth science research institutes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Malet%20Armstrong
|
David Malet Armstrong (8 July 1926 – 13 May 2014), often D. M. Armstrong, was an Australian philosopher. He is well known for his work on metaphysics and the philosophy of mind, and for his defence of a factualist ontology, a functionalist theory of the mind, an externalist epistemology, and a necessitarian conception of the laws of nature. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008.
Keith Campbell said that Armstrong's contributions to metaphysics and epistemology "helped to shape philosophy's agenda and terms of debate", and that Armstrong's work "always concerned to elaborate and defend a philosophy which is ontically economical, synoptic, and compatibly continuous with established results in the natural sciences".
Life and career
After studying at the University of Sydney, Armstrong undertook a B.Phil. at the University of Oxford and a Ph.D. at the University of Melbourne. He taught at Birkbeck College in 1954–55, then at the University of Melbourne from 1956 to 1963. In 1964, he became Challis Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sydney, where he stayed until his retirement in 1991. During his career, he was a visiting lecturer at a number of institutions including Yale, Stanford, the University of Notre Dame, the University of Texas at Austin and Franklin and Marshall College.
In 1974, when the University of Sydney's Philosophy department split into two departments—the Department for General Philosophy and t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20Mathematics
|
A Master of Mathematics (or MMath) degree is a specific advanced integrated Master's degree for courses in the field of mathematics.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the MMath is the internationally recognized standard qualification after a four-year course in mathematics at a university.
The MMath programme was set up by most leading universities after the Neumann Report in 1992. It is classed as a level 7 qualification in the Frameworks of Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies. The UCAS course codes for the MMath degrees start at G100 upwards, most courses taking the codes G101 - G104.
Universities which offer MMath degrees include:
Aberystwyth University
University of Bath
University of Bristol (MSci)
Brunel University
University of Birmingham (MSci)
Cardiff University
University of Cambridge
City University London
University of Central Lancashire
University of Dundee
University of Durham
University of East Anglia
University of Edinburgh
University of Essex
University of Exeter
University of Glasgow
Heriot-Watt University
University of Hull
University of Keele
University of Kent
Lancaster University
University of Leeds
University of Leicester
University of Lincoln
University of Liverpool
Liverpool Hope University
Loughborough University
University of Manchester
Manchester Metropolitan University
Middlesex University (from 2014)
Newcastle University
Northumbria University
University of Nottingham
Nottingham Trent University
Open University (un
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Brzustowski
|
Thomas Anthony Brzustowski, (; April 4, 1937 – June 19, 2020) was a Canadian engineer, academic, and civil servant.
Born in Warsaw, he came to Canada with his family when he was 11. He received a B.A.Sc. degree in engineering physics from the University of Toronto in 1958. He received an M.A. degree from Princeton University in 1960 and a Ph.D. degree in aeronautical engineering in 1963.
He then joined the University of Waterloo teaching in the department of mechanical engineering. From 1967 to 1970 he was the chairman of the department and from 1975 to 1987 he was Vice-President, Academic. From 1987 to 1991 he was the Ontario deputy minister of Colleges and Universities. He was president of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council from 1995 to 2005.
From 2005 to 2012 he served as the inaugural RBC Professor in Commercialization of Innovation at the University of Ottawa and wrote the book The Way Ahead: Meeting Canada's Productivity Challenge. He coined the phrase "Necessity may be the mother of invention, but competition is the father of innovation." He was also the first Chair of the Advisory Committee of the Institute for Science, Society and Policy at that university.
He was chair of the board of the Institute for Quantum Computing at the University of Waterloo from 2006 to 2014, chair of the scientific advisory committee (SAC) for the national Council of Canadian Academies (CCA) from 2010 to 2013; from 2016 to 2019 he sat on CCA's board of directors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Sullivan%20%28runner%29
|
Kevin Sullivan (born March 20, 1974) is the men's head cross country and distance coach at University of Michigan and former middle-distance runner from Canada. He was born in Brantford, Ontario.
Personal life
Sullivan studied civil engineering at the University of Michigan where he had 14 All-American honours and won 4 NCAA titles (one relay and 3 individual). Sulivan's father, Richard, is a machinist. He has two brothers, Darren and Colin. He played hockey and soccer while growing up in Brantford. Kevin is Married to Ilora Cipolat a past Track and Field Coach at West Virginia University. Kevin and Ilora are the proud parents of Cian Sullivan and current live in Ann Arbor Michigan
Athletic career
Sullivan competed in 1000 metre, 1500 metre, and mile events and represented Canada. His personal best times are 3:31.71 for the 1500 (set in June 2000) and 3:50.36 for the mile. He is the former Canadian record-holder for the indoor 3000 m, 7:40.17 (set February 9, 2007). His best Olympic showing is a fifth-place finish at Sydney. In 2005, he left his longtime Michigan coach, Ron Warhurst, to train under the coaching of Juli Henner. In the 2008 Summer Olympics, Sullivan reached the semi-finals of the 1500 metre but failed to qualify for the final. Sullivan was also a torchbearer for the 2010 Winter Olympics, carrying the torch into Brantford.
Sullivan was an assistant coach at Michigan in the early 2000s. He was a volunteer assistant coach at the University of Illinois at Urban
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcloning
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In molecular biology, subcloning is a technique used to move a particular DNA sequence from a parent vector to a destination vector.
Subcloning is not to be confused with molecular cloning, a related technique.
Procedure
Restriction enzymes are used to excise the gene of interest (the insert) from the parent. The insert is purified in order to isolate it from other DNA molecules. A common purification method is gel isolation. The number of copies of the gene is then amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Simultaneously, the same restriction enzymes are used to digest (cut) the destination. The idea behind using the same restriction enzymes is to create complementary sticky ends, which will facilitate ligation later on. A phosphatase, commonly calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP), is also added to prevent self-ligation of the destination vector. The digested destination vector is isolated/purified.
The insert and the destination vector are then mixed together with DNA ligase. A typical molar ratio of insert genes to destination vectors is 3:1; by increasing the insert concentration, self-ligation is further decreased. After letting the reaction mixture sit for a set amount of time at a specific temperature (dependent upon the size of the strands being ligated; for more information see DNA ligase), the insert should become successfully incorporated into the destination plasmid.
Amplification of product plasmid
The plasmid is often transformed i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Hesse
|
Walther Hesse (27 December 1846 – 19 July 1911) is best known for his work in microbiology, specifically his work with his wife Fanny Hesse in developing agar as a medium for culturing microorganisms.
Biography
Hesse was born in Bischofswerda, Lusatia, as one of 12 children in the family of a medical practitioner. He attended the Kreuzschule in Dresden and studied medicine at the University of Leipzig with Ernst Leberecht Wagner from 1866 till 1870, when he received his doctorate in pathology. Afterwards he participated in the Franco-Prussian War, and therein in the Battle of Gravelotte.
As a ship's physician on the New York Line 1872/73 he examined seasickness – his works were classified by Prof. Gavingel of Le Havre as the first scientific study on this topic at all. In New York City, Hesse met his later wife Angelina Fanny Eilshemius whose brother Louis Eilshemius is known as an important painter as well. The Eilshemius family were immigrants of Dutch-German origin. Walther and Angelina married 1874 in Geneva, together with Angelina's sister and a nephew of Louis Agassiz.
Investigations into lung disease of miners
After some years as a medical practitioner in Pirna and Zittau, Hesse went to Schwarzenberg, Saxony in 1877. His investigations in Schneeberger Bergkrankheit, responsible for the commonly early death of miners in the Ore Mountains, are credited as the first unveiling of working conditions as cause of an interior disease (lung cancer). Within his time in Schwar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative%20Institute%20for%20Research%20in%20Environmental%20Sciences
|
The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) is a research institute that is sponsored jointly by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) and the University of Colorado Boulder (CU). CIRES scientists study the Earth system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and geosphere, and communicate these findings to decision makers, the scientific community, and the public.
It is one of 16 NOAA Cooperative Institutes (CIs).
History and research
CIRES was established in 1967 and is the oldest and largest of NOAA's cooperative institutes nationwide. CIRES facilitates interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers at the University of Colorado and NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS), and the National Weather Service (NWS).
CIRES includes more than 800 scientists, staff, and students, and CIRES scientists publish more than 500 peer reviewed publications annually. Examples of research focused upon societal needs include monitoring changes in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, assessing the health of Earth's ozone layer, projecting the impacts of climate change on water supply and other critical resources, documenting the thinning of polar ice, monitoring the quality of the air and water, helping to respond to drought and wildfire, developing microbial age
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%20Dobbs
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(Edwin) Roland Dobbs (2 December 1924 – 24 October 2016) was a British physicist, best known for his work in physical acoustics.
Education
He was educated at Ilford County High School, Queen Elizabeth's School, Barnet and University College London. After gaining First Class Honours in Physics, he was called up for radar research for the Admiralty working there from 1943 to 1946. He returned to University College in 1946, completing a PhD: 'The Viscosity of Liquid Alkali Metals' in 1949. In 1977 he was awarded a D.Sc.
Career
He was lecturer in Physics at Queen Mary and Westfield College (1949–1958), Fulbright Scholar in applied mathematics (1958–1959) and Associate Professor of Physics (1959–1960) at Brown University, AEI Fellow at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge (1960–1964), Professor and Head of Department of Physics, University of Lancaster (1964–1973), Head of Department of Physics at Bedford College, University of London (1973–1985) and Hildred Carlile Professor (1973–1990). Following the merger of Bedford and Royal Holloway College, he was Head of Department of Physics, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, 1985-90. On his retirement, he became Emeritus Professor.
He held several visiting Professorships at Brown University, Rhode Island. U.S.A, Wayne State University, Michigan, U.S.A., University of Tokyo, Japan, University of Delhi, India and Cornell University, N.Y., U.S.A.
He was a member of the Physics Committee of the Science Research Cou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20plane
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In applied mathematics, in particular the context of nonlinear system analysis, a phase plane is a visual display of certain characteristics of certain kinds of differential equations; a coordinate plane with axes being the values of the two state variables, say (x, y), or (q, p) etc. (any pair of variables). It is a two-dimensional case of the general n-dimensional phase space.
The phase plane method refers to graphically determining the existence of limit cycles in the solutions of the differential equation.
The solutions to the differential equation are a family of functions. Graphically, this can be plotted in the phase plane like a two-dimensional vector field. Vectors representing the derivatives of the points with respect to a parameter (say time t), that is (dx/dt, dy/dt), at representative points are drawn. With enough of these arrows in place the system behaviour over the regions of plane in analysis can be visualized and limit cycles can be easily identified.
The entire field is the phase portrait, a particular path taken along a flow line (i.e. a path always tangent to the vectors) is a phase path. The flows in the vector field indicate the time-evolution of the system the differential equation describes.
In this way, phase planes are useful in visualizing the behaviour of physical systems; in particular, of oscillatory systems such as predator-prey models (see Lotka–Volterra equations). In these models the phase paths can "spiral in" towards zero, "spiral ou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilotfish%20%28company%29
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Pilotfish is a multidisciplinary design and innovation consultancy with offices in Amsterdam, Berlin, and Taipei. The company is specialized in industrial design, user interface design, and mechanical engineering. The company covers the entire product development process from research and strategy to ideation, design, engineering, sourcing, tooling, and production.
Evolution
Pilotfish was founded in Munich, Germany, and Taipei, Taiwan, in 2000 by industrial designers Harm Hogenbirk and Marc Nagel. In 2009, a third office was opened in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The firm employs more than 40 people across its three offices. The company's management speaks regularly at design and business conferences and takes part in international design juries.
Design and Clients
Pilotfish services clients in consumer and professional electronics, medical, automotive and home automation industries.
Notable projects are the interactive information system Munich Airport InfoGate, the music editing phone Ondo, the multitouch phone Onyx, the communications docking station for the iPhone iFusion SmartStation, the DJ controller system Traktor Kontrol S4, the service robot ITRI Roppie, the digital hearing system Hansaton VELVET X-Mini, and the intelligent patient monitoring platform Pulsion PulsioFlex.
Major clients (as of 2013) include Acer, ASUS, BMW, MINI, Dell, Bosch, Hansaton, Heineken, Honeywell, ITRI, Logitech, Mastervolt, Munich Airport, Native Instruments, Samsung, Siemens.
Awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Mathematics%20League
|
The New York State Mathematics League (NYSML) competition was originally held in 1973 and has been held annually in a different location each year since. It was founded by Alfred Kalfus. The American Regions Math League competition is based on the format of the NYSML competition. The current iteration contains four sections: the team round, power question, individual round, and a relay. These are done in competition in that order. All of these rounds are done without a calculator. Each individual team can have up to fifteen students, which is the usual amount per team. Like ARML, it has banned the user of calculators beginning in the 2009 contest.
Competition Format
There are four sections in the current iteration, done so in a day:
A team round where a team collaborates to solve ten questions in twenty minutes. There is a possible 50 points to earn here.
A power question where a team has an hour to complete ten questions which requires proofs and explanations for a possible 50 points.
An individual round, where each team member has five groups of two questions to answer, with each group of questions taking ten minutes, totaling fifty minutes for ten questions for a possible 150 points.
A relay round, where teams are broken up into five groups of three if possible. There are three problems, with each member giving their answer back to the next member until it hits the third member, who can rise at 3 minutes for a correct answer to get 5 points, or rise at the time l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%E2%80%93Ritz%20method
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The Rayleigh–Ritz method is a direct numerical method of approximating eigenvalues, originated in the context of solving physical boundary value problems and named after Lord Rayleigh and Walther Ritz.
It is used in all applications that involve approximating eigenvalues and eigenvectors, often under different names. In quantum mechanics, where a system of particles is described using a Hamiltonian, the Ritz method uses trial wave functions to approximate the ground state eigenfunction with the lowest energy. In the finite element method context, mathematically the same algorithm is commonly called the Ritz-Galerkin method. The Rayleigh–Ritz method or Ritz method terminology is typical in mechanical and structural engineering to approximate the eigenmodes and resonant frequencies of a structure.
Naming and attribution
The name Rayleigh–Ritz is being debated vs. the Ritz method after Walther Ritz, since the numerical procedure has been published by Walther Ritz in 1908-1909. According to A. W. Leissa, Lord Rayleigh wrote a paper congratulating Ritz on his work in 1911, but stating that he himself had used Ritz's method in many places in his book and in another publication. This statement, although later disputed, and the fact that the method in the trivial case of a single vector results in the Rayleigh quotient make the arguable misnomer persist. According to S. Ilanko, citing Richard Courant, both Lord Rayleigh and Walther Ritz independently conceived the idea of utilizi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Schram
|
Frederick Robert Schram (born August 11, 1943, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American palaeontologist and carcinologist. He received his B.S. in biology from Loyola University Chicago in 1965, and a Ph.D. on palaeozoology from the University of Chicago in 1968 .
He has written over 200 papers on various aspects of crustacean biology, taxonomy and systematics, as well as several books, including the standard text Crustacea . In 1983, he founded the journal Crustacean Issues, which he continued to edit for over twenty years. Much of his career has been spent at the Universiteit van Amsterdam, the Netherlands, from which he retired in 2005. In July 2005, he became the Editor of the Journal of Crustacean Biology .
References
American carcinologists
American paleontologists
1943 births
Living people
Scientists from Chicago
American expatriates in the Netherlands
Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam
University of Chicago alumni
Loyola University Chicago alumni
20th-century American zoologists
21st-century American zoologists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady%20state%20%28chemistry%29
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In chemistry, a steady state is a situation in which all state variables are constant in spite of ongoing processes that strive to change them. For an entire system to be at steady state, i.e. for all state variables of a system to be constant, there must be a flow through the system (compare mass balance). A simple example of such a system is the case of a bathtub with the tap running but with the drain unplugged: after a certain time, the water flows in and out at the same rate, so the water level (the state variable Volume) stabilizes and the system is in a steady state.
The steady state concept is different from chemical equilibrium. Although both may create a situation where a concentration does not change, in a system at chemical equilibrium, the net reaction rate is zero (products transform into reactants at the same rate as reactants transform into products), while no such limitation exists in the steady state concept. Indeed, there does not have to be a reaction at all for a steady state to develop.
The term steady state is also used to describe a situation where some, but not all, of the state variables of a system are constant. For such a steady state to develop, the system does not have to be a flow system. Therefore, such a steady state can develop in a closed system where a series of chemical reactions take place. Literature in chemical kinetics usually refers to this case, calling it steady state approximation.
In simple systems the steady state is approache
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Ambrose
|
Alice Ambrose Lazerowitz (November 25, 1906 – January 25, 2001) was an American philosopher, logician, and author.
Early life and education
Alice Loman Ambrose was born in Lexington, Illinois and orphaned when she was 13 years old. She studied philosophy and mathematics at Millikin University (1924–28). After completing her PhD at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1932, she went to Cambridge University (Newnham College) to study with G. E. Moore and Ludwig Wittgenstein, where she earned a second PhD in 1938.
Wittgenstein
Having become a close disciple of Wittgenstein, Ambrose later related her association with him in Ludwig Wittgenstein: Philosophy and Language (1972), a volume co-edited with her husband Morris Lazerowitz. Along with fellow student Margaret MacDonald she secretly (since he did not allow this) made notes during Wittgenstein's lectures, which were later published. She was one of a select group of students to whom Wittgenstein dictated the so-called Blue and Brown Books, which outline the transition in Wittgenstein's thought between his two major works, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and Philosophical Investigations. Wittgenstein terminated their association abruptly in 1935, when Ambrose decided, with encouragement from G.E.Moore, to publish an article entitled "Finitism in Mathematics" in the philosophical journal Mind which was intended to give an account of Wittgenstein's position on the subject.
Career
Ambrose began her career at the University of M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20homology
|
In mathematics, cellular homology in algebraic topology is a homology theory for the category of CW-complexes. It agrees with singular homology, and can provide an effective means of computing homology modules.
Definition
If is a CW-complex with n-skeleton , the cellular-homology modules are defined as the homology groups Hi of the cellular chain complex
where is taken to be the empty set.
The group
is free abelian, with generators that can be identified with the -cells of . Let be an -cell of , and let be the attaching map. Then consider the composition
where the first map identifies with via the characteristic map of , the object is an -cell of X, the third map is the quotient map that collapses to a point (thus wrapping into a sphere ), and the last map identifies with via the characteristic map of .
The boundary map
is then given by the formula
where is the degree of and the sum is taken over all -cells of , considered as generators of .
Examples
The following examples illustrate why computations done with cellular homology are often more efficient than those calculated by using singular homology alone.
The n-sphere
The n-dimensional sphere Sn admits a CW structure with two cells, one 0-cell and one n-cell. Here the n-cell is attached by the constant mapping from to 0-cell. Since the generators of the cellular chain groups can be identified with the k-cells of Sn, we have that for and is otherwise trivial.
Hence for , the resulting chai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Mathematics%20in%20the%20Sciences
|
The Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences (MPI
MiS) in Leipzig is a research institute of the Max Planck Society. Founded on March 1, 1996, the institute works on projects which apply mathematics in various areas of natural sciences, in particular physics, biology, chemistry and material science.
Research groups
Nonlinear algebra (Bernd Sturmfels),
Pattern formation, energy landscapes and scaling laws (Felix Otto),
Riemannian, Kählerian and algebraic geometry, and neuronal networks (Jürgen Jost),
Applied Analysis ()
Geometry, Groups and Dynamics (Anna Wienhard)
Information Theory of Cognitive Systems (Nihat Ay)
Stochastic partial differential equations (Benjamin Gess)
Mathematical Software (Michael Joswig)
Combinatorial Algebraic Geometry (Mateusz Michałek)
Deep Learning Theory (Guido Montúfar)
Structure of Evolution (Matteo Smerlak)
Tensors and Optimization (André Uschmajew)
The institute has an extensive visitors programme which has made Leipzig a main place for research in applied mathematics.
The MPI MiS is a member of ERCOM (European Research Centres in Mathematics).
External links
Homepage of the institute
Mathematical institutes
Mathematics in the Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Doyne%20Farmer
|
J. Doyne Farmer (born 22 June 1952) is an American complex systems scientist and entrepreneur with interests in chaos theory, complexity and econophysics. He is Baillie Gifford Professor of Complex Systems Science at the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, Oxford University, where he is also director of the Complexity Economics programme at the Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School. Additionally he is an external professor at the Santa Fe Institute. His current research is on complexity economics, focusing on systemic risk in financial markets and technological progress. During his career he has made important contributions to complex systems, chaos, artificial life, theoretical biology, time series forecasting and econophysics. He co-founded Prediction Company, one of the first companies to do fully automated quantitative trading. While a graduate student he led a group that called itself Eudaemonic Enterprises and built the first wearable digital computer, which was used to beat the game of roulette.
Biography
Early life
Though born in Houston, Texas, Farmer grew up in Silver City, New Mexico. He was strongly influenced by Tom Ingerson, a young physicist and Boy Scout leader who inspired his interest in science and adventure. Scout activities included searching for an abandoned Spanish goldmine to fund a mission to Mars, a road trip to the Northwest Territories and backcountry camping in the Barranca del Cobre. Farmer graduated
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