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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20McEliece
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Robert J. McEliece (May 21, 1942 – May 8, 2019) was the Allen E. Puckett Professor and a professor of electrical engineering at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) best known for his work in error-correcting coding and information theory. He was the 2004 recipient of the Claude E. Shannon Award and the 2009 recipient of the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal. He was a life fellow of the IEEE and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1998.
Born in Washington, D.C., and raised in Baltimore, McEliece was educated at Caltech (B.S. in 1964, Ph.D. in mathematics 1967) and attended Trinity College, Cambridge in 1964–65.
He began working at Caltech’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory as an undergraduate, and continued there until 1978. From 1978 until 1982 he was professor of mathematics and research professor at the Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. During the 1970s, he collaborated with Elwyn Berlekamp at Cyclotomics.
In 1982 he returned to Caltech as professor of electrical engineering, retiring in 2007. At Caltech he won five teaching awards and advised 30 Ph.D. students. From 1978 until his retirement, McEliece consulted with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory on error-correcting coding schemes. Beginning in 1997, he consulted with SONY in Tokyo.
He had three daughters and one son. He died in Pasadena, California on May 8, 2019.
Awards and recognitions
Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s%20simplex
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In mathematics, Pascal's simplex is a generalisation of Pascal's triangle into arbitrary number of dimensions, based on the multinomial theorem.
Generic Pascal's m-simplex
Let m (m > 0) be a number of terms of a polynomial and n (n ≥ 0) be a power the polynomial is raised to.
Let denote a Pascal's m-simplex. Each Pascal's m-simplex is a semi-infinite object, which consists of an infinite series of its components.
Let denote its nth component, itself a finite (m − 1)-simplex with the edge length n, with a notational equivalent .
nth component
consists of the coefficients of multinomial expansion of a polynomial with m terms raised to the power of n:
where .
Example for
Pascal's 4-simplex , sliced along the k4. All points of the same color belong to the same n-th component, from red (for n = 0) to blue (for n = 3).
Specific Pascal's simplices
Pascal's 1-simplex
is not known by any special name.
nth component
(a point) is the coefficient of multinomial expansion of a polynomial with 1 term raised to the power of n:
Arrangement of
which equals 1 for all n.
Pascal's 2-simplex
is known as Pascal's triangle .
nth component
(a line) consists of the coefficients of binomial expansion of a polynomial with 2 terms raised to the power of n:
Arrangement of
Pascal's 3-simplex
is known as Pascal's tetrahedron .
nth component
(a triangle) consists of the coefficients of trinomial expansion of a polynomial with 3 terms raised to the power of n:
Arrangemen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfunctor
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a subfunctor is a special type of functor that is an analogue of a subset.
Definition
Let C be a category, and let F be a contravariant functor from C to the category of sets Set. A contravariant functor G from C to Set is a subfunctor of F if
For all objects c of C, G(c) ⊆ F(c), and
For all arrows f: → c of C, G(f) is the restriction of F(f) to G(c).
This relation is often written as G ⊆ F.
For example, let 1 be the category with a single object and a single arrow. A functor F: 1 → Set maps the unique object of 1 to some set S and the unique identity arrow of 1 to the identity function 1S on S. A subfunctor G of F maps the unique object of 1 to a subset T of S and maps the unique identity arrow to the identity function 1T on T. Notice that 1T is the restriction of 1S to T. Consequently, subfunctors of F correspond to subsets of S.
Remarks
Subfunctors in general are like global versions of subsets. For example, if one imagines the objects of some category C to be analogous to the open sets of a topological space, then a contravariant functor from C to the category of sets gives a set-valued presheaf on C, that is, it associates sets to the objects of C in a way that is compatible with the arrows of C. A subfunctor then associates a subset to each set, again in a compatible way.
The most important examples of subfunctors are subfunctors of the Hom functor. Let c be an object of the category C, and consider the functor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mott%20problem
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The Mott problem is an iconic challenge to quantum mechanics theory: how can the prediction of spherically symmetric wave function result in linear tracks seen in a cloud chamber. The problem was first formulated in 1927 by Albert Einstein and Max Born and solved in 1929 by Nevill Francis Mott Mott's solution notably only uses the wave equation, not wavefunction collapse, and it is considered the earliest example of what is now called decoherence theory.
Spherical waves, particle tracks
The problem later associated with Mott concerns a spherical wave function associated with an alpha ray emitted from the decay of a radioactive atomic nucleus. Intuitively, one might think that such a wave function should randomly ionize atoms throughout the cloud chamber, but this is not the case. The result of such a decay is always observed as linear tracks seen in Wilson's cloud chamber. The origin of the tracks given the original spherical wave predicted by theory is the problem requiring physical explanation.
In practice, virtually all high energy physics experiments, such as those conducted at particle colliders, involve wave functions which are inherently spherical. Yet, when the results of a particle collision are detected, they are invariably in the form of linear tracks (see, for example, the illustrations accompanying the article on bubble chambers). It is somewhat strange to think that a spherically symmetric wave function should be observed as a straight track, and yet, this o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-knowledge%20password%20proof
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In cryptography, a zero-knowledge password proof (ZKPP) is a type of zero-knowledge proof that allows one party (the prover) to prove to another party (the verifier) that it knows a value of a password, without revealing anything other than the fact that it knows the password to the verifier. The term is defined in IEEE P1363.2, in reference to one of the benefits of using a password-authenticated key exchange (PAKE) protocol that is secure against off-line dictionary attacks. A ZKPP prevents any party from verifying guesses for the password without interacting with a party that knows it and, in the optimal case, provides exactly one guess in each interaction.
A common use of a zero-knowledge password proof is in authentication systems where one party wants to prove its identity to a second party using a password but doesn't want the second party or anybody else to learn anything about the password. For example, apps can validate a password without processing it and a payment app can check the balance of an account without touching or learning anything about the amount.
History
The first methods to demonstrate a ZKPP were the encrypted key exchange methods (EKE) described by Steven M. Bellovin and Michael Merritt in 1992. A considerable number of refinements, alternatives, and variations in the growing class of password-authenticated key agreement methods were developed in subsequent years. Standards for these methods include IETF , IEEE P1363.2, and ISO-IEC 11770-4.
See
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature%20%28electrical%29
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In electrical engineering, the armature is the winding (or set of windings) of an electric machine which carries alternating current. The armature windings conduct AC even on DC machines, due to the commutator action (which periodically reverses current direction) or due to electronic commutation, as in brushless DC motors. The armature can be on either the rotor (rotating part) or the stator (stationary part), depending on the type of electric machine.
The armature windings interact with the magnetic field (magnetic flux) in the air-gap; the magnetic field is generated either by permanent magnets, or electromagnets formed by a conducting coil.
The armature must carry current, so it is always a conductor or a conductive coil, oriented normal to both the field and to the direction of motion, torque (rotating machine), or force (linear machine). The armature's role is twofold. The first is to carry current across the field, thus creating shaft torque in a rotating machine or force in a linear machine. The second role is to generate an electromotive force (EMF).
In the armature, an electromotive force is created by the relative motion of the armature and the field. When the machine or motor is used as a motor, this EMF opposes the armature current, and the armature converts electrical power to mechanical power in the form of torque, and transfers it via the shaft. When the machine is used as a generator, the armature EMF drives the armature current, and the shaft's movement i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiisomorphism
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, an antiisomorphism (or anti-isomorphism) between structured sets A and B is an isomorphism from A to the opposite of B (or equivalently from the opposite of A to B). If there exists an antiisomorphism between two structures, they are said to be antiisomorphic.
Intuitively, to say that two mathematical structures are antiisomorphic is to say that they are basically opposites of one another.
The concept is particularly useful in an algebraic setting, as, for instance, when applied to rings.
Simple example
Let A be the binary relation (or directed graph) consisting of elements {1,2,3} and binary relation defined as follows:
Let B be the binary relation set consisting of elements {a,b,c} and binary relation defined as follows:
Note that the opposite of B (denoted Bop) is the same set of elements with the opposite binary relation (that is, reverse all the arcs of the directed graph):
If we replace a, b, and c with 1, 2, and 3 respectively, we see that each rule in Bop is the same as some rule in A. That is, we can define an isomorphism from A to Bop by . is then an antiisomorphism between A and B.
Ring anti-isomorphisms
Specializing the general language of category theory to the algebraic topic of rings, we have:
Let R and S be rings and f: R → S be a bijection. Then f is a ring anti-isomorphism if
If R = S then f is a ring anti-automorphism.
An example of a ring anti-automorphism is given by the conjugat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Charlesworth
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Brian Charlesworth (born 29 April 1945) is a British evolutionary biologist at the University of Edinburgh, and editor of Biology Letters.
Since 1997, he has been Royal Society Research Professor at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IEB) in Edinburgh. He has been married since 1967 to the British evolutionary biologist Deborah Charlesworth.
Education
Charlesworth gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Biological Sciences from Queens' College, Cambridge, followed by a PhD in genetics in 1969 for research into genetic variation in viability in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
Career
Following his PhD, Charlesworth did postdoctoral research at the University of Chicago, University of Liverpool 1971–1974 and the University of Sussex under John Maynard Smith 1974–82. He returned to Chicago, to be professor of ecology and evolution from 1985 to 1997 after which he moved to Edinburgh.
Research
Charlesworth has worked extensively on understanding sequence evolution, using the fruit fly as a model species, and has also contributed theoretical work on aging, the evolution of recombination and the evolution of sex chromosomes.
In April 2010, the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B was dedicated to honour Brian's contribution to the field of population genetics.
Awards and honours
Charlesworth was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1991, and won its Darwin Medal in 2000. He won the 2006 Frink Medal, of the Zoological Society of London and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password-authenticated%20key%20agreement
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In cryptography, a password-authenticated key agreement method is an interactive method for two or more parties to establish cryptographic keys based on one or more party's knowledge of a password.
An important property is that an eavesdropper or man-in-the-middle cannot obtain enough information to be able to brute-force guess a password without further interactions with the parties for each (few) guesses. This means that strong security can be obtained using weak passwords.
Types
Password-authenticated key agreement generally encompasses methods such as:
Balanced password-authenticated key exchange
Augmented password-authenticated key exchange
Password-authenticated key retrieval
Multi-server methods
Multi-party methods
In the most stringent password-only security models, there is no requirement for the user of the method to remember any secret or public data other than the password.
Password-authenticated key exchange (PAKE) is a method in which two or more parties, based only on their knowledge of a shared password, establish a cryptographic key using an exchange of messages, such that an unauthorized party (one who controls the communication channel but does not possess the password) cannot participate in the method and is constrained as much as possible from brute-force guessing the password. (The optimal case yields exactly one guess per run exchange.) Two forms of PAKE are balanced and augmented methods.
Balanced PAKE
Balanced PAKE assumes the two parties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%20Foundation
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The Dana Foundation (Charles A. Dana Foundation) is a private philanthropic organization based in New York dedicated to advancing neuroscience and society by supporting cross-disciplinary intersections such as neuroscience and ethics, law, policy, humanities, and arts.
Leadership
The foundation was founded in 1950 by Charles A. Dana, a legislator and businessman from New York State, and president of the Dana Corporation. He presided over the organization until 1960, but continued to participate until his death in 1975.
Steven E. Hyman, M.D., is chairman of the board of directors of the foundation. Caroline Montojo, Ph.D., is the current president of the foundation.
The Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives
The Dana Foundation supported the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives (which included the European Dana Alliance for the Brain), a nonprofit organization of leading neuroscientists committed to advancing public awareness about the progress and promise of brain research, from 1993 to 2022.
As William Safire put it in his column retiring from The New York Times in 2005: "They [the foundation] roped me in, a dozen years ago, to help enliven a moribund 'decade of the brain.' By encouraging many of the most prestigious neuroscientists to get out of the ivory tower and explain in plain words the potential of brain science, they enlisted the growing public and private support for research."
Grant programs
In 2022, the Dana Foundation pivoted away from grants for research to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlock%20protocol
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In cryptography, the interlock protocol, as described by Ron Rivest and Adi Shamir, is a protocol designed to frustrate eavesdropper attack against two parties that use an anonymous key exchange protocol to secure their conversation. A further paper proposed using it as an authentication protocol, which was subsequently broken.
Brief history
Most cryptographic protocols rely on the prior establishment of secret or public keys or passwords. However, the Diffie–Hellman key exchange protocol introduced the concept of two parties establishing a secure channel (that is, with at least some desirable security properties) without any such prior agreement. Unauthenticated Diffie–Hellman, as an anonymous key agreement protocol, has long been known to be subject to man in the middle attack. However, the dream of a "zipless" mutually authenticated secure channel remained.
The Interlock Protocol was described as a method to expose a middle-man who might try to compromise two parties that use anonymous key agreement to secure their conversation.
How it works
The Interlock protocol works roughly as follows:
Alice encrypts her message with Bob's key, then sends half her encrypted message to Bob.
Bob encrypts his message with Alice's key and sends half of his encrypted message to Alice.
Alice then sends the other half
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NanoInk
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NanoInk, Inc. was a nanotechnology company headquartered in Skokie, Illinois, with a MEMS fabrication facility in Campbell, California.
A spin-off of Northwestern University and founded by Northwestern professor Chad Mirkin, NanoInk specialized in nanometer-scale manufacturing and applications development for the life science and semiconductor industries. Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN) was a patented and proprietary nanofabrication technology marketed as an anti-counterfeiting aid for pharmaceutical products.
Other key applications included nanoscale additive repair and nanoscale rapid prototyping. Located in the Illinois Science and Technology Park, north of Chicago, NanoInk had nearly 400 patents and applications filed worldwide and had licensing agreements with Northwestern University, Stanford University, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and the Georgia Institute of Technology.
Within seven months of its formation, the firm released its first product, the DPN-System-1, which turned any atomic force microscope into a DPN machine.
In February 2013, NanoInk announced it would be shutting down due to insufficient funding when its primary backer, Ann Lurie, decided to pull the plug after investing $150 million over a decade.
See also
Nanosys
References
External links
Official Site
NanoInk Writes its Own Ticket Using Quills on the Nanoscale
Out of Sight, Out of Mind
Protect the Product, Not the Package
Role of nanotechnology in brand protection
Nanotechno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanobiotechnology
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Nanobiotechnology, bionanotechnology, and nanobiology are terms that refer to the intersection of nanotechnology and biology. Given that the subject is one that has only emerged very recently, bionanotechnology and nanobiotechnology serve as blanket terms for various related technologies.
This discipline helps to indicate the merger of biological research with various fields of nanotechnology. Concepts that are enhanced through nanobiology include: nanodevices (such as biological machines), nanoparticles, and nanoscale phenomena that occurs within the discipline of nanotechnology. This technical approach to biology allows scientists to imagine and create systems that can be used for biological research. Biologically inspired nanotechnology uses biological systems as the inspirations for technologies not yet created. However, as with nanotechnology and biotechnology, bionanotechnology does have many potential ethical issues associated with it.
The most important objectives that are frequently found in nanobiology involve applying nanotools to relevant medical/biological problems and refining these applications. Developing new tools, such as peptoid nanosheets, for medical and biological purposes is another primary objective in nanotechnology. New nanotools are often made by refining the applications of the nanotools that are already being used. The imaging of native biomolecules, biological membranes, and tissues is also a major topic for nanobiology researchers. Other top
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior%20product
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In mathematics, the interior product (also known as interior derivative, interior multiplication, inner multiplication, inner derivative, insertion operator, or inner derivation) is a degree −1 (anti)derivation on the exterior algebra of differential forms on a smooth manifold. The interior product, named in opposition to the exterior product, should not be confused with an inner product. The interior product is sometimes written as
Definition
The interior product is defined to be the contraction of a differential form with a vector field. Thus if is a vector field on the manifold then
is the map which sends a -form to the -form defined by the property that
for any vector fields
The interior product is the unique antiderivation of degree −1 on the exterior algebra such that on one-forms
where is the duality pairing between and the vector Explicitly, if is a -form and is a -form, then
The above relation says that the interior product obeys a graded Leibniz rule. An operation satisfying linearity and a Leibniz rule is called a derivation.
Properties
If in local coordinates the vector field is described by functions , then the interior product is given by
where is the form obtained by omitting from .
By antisymmetry of forms,
and so This may be compared to the exterior derivative which has the property
The interior product relates the exterior derivative and Lie derivative of differential forms by the Cartan formula (also known as the Cartan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IB%20Group%204%20subjects
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The Group 4: Experimental sciences subjects of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme comprise the main scientific emphasis of this internationally recognized high school programme. They consist of seven courses, five of which are offered at both the Standard Level (SL) and Higher Level (HL): Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Design Technology, and, as of August 2012, Computer Science (previously a group 5 elective course) is offered as part of the Group 4 subjects. There are also two SL only courses: a transdisciplinary course, Environmental Systems and Societies, that satisfies Diploma requirements for Groups 3 and 4, and Sports, Exercise and Health Science (previously, for last examinations in 2013, a pilot subject). Astronomy also exists as a school-based syllabus. Students taking two or more Group 4 subjects may combine any of the aforementioned.
The Chemistry, Biology, Physics and Design Technology was last updated for first teaching in September 2014, with syllabus updates (including a decrease in the number of options), a new internal assessment component similar to that of the Group 5 (mathematics) explorations, and "a new concept-based approach" dubbed "the nature of science". A new, standard level-only course will also be introduced to cater to candidates who do not wish to further their studies in the sciences, focusing on important concepts in Chemistry, Biology and Physics.
2023 syllabus update
The 3 core sciences namely Biology, Chemistry, and Physics w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Adomian
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George Adomian (March 21, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American mathematician of Armenian descent who developed the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) for solving nonlinear differential equations, both ordinary and partial. The method is explained, among other places, in his book Solving Frontier Problems in Physics: The Decomposition Method (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2004). He was a faculty member at the University of Georgia (UGA) from 1966 through 1989. While at UGA, he started the Center for Applied Mathematics. Adomian was also an aerospace engineer.
Selected works
G. Adomian: Stochastic Systems, Academic Press, 1983.
G. Adomian: Nonlinear Stochastic Operator Equations, Academic Press, 1986.
G. Adomian: Nonlinear Stochastic Systems Theory and Applications to Physics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.
References
Members of the Faculty of the Mathematics Department University of Georgia
1922 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
American people of Armenian descent
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
University of Georgia faculty
Mathematicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adomian%20decomposition%20method
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The Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is a semi-analytical method for solving ordinary and partial nonlinear differential equations. The method was developed from the 1970s to the 1990s by George Adomian, chair of the Center for Applied Mathematics at the University of Georgia.
It is further extensible to stochastic systems by using the Ito integral.
The aim of this method is towards a unified theory for the solution of partial differential equations (PDE); an aim which has been superseded by the more general theory of the homotopy analysis method.
The crucial aspect of the method is employment of the "Adomian polynomials" which allow for solution convergence of the nonlinear portion of the equation, without simply linearizing the system. These polynomials mathematically generalize to a Maclaurin series about an arbitrary external parameter; which gives the solution method more flexibility than direct Taylor series expansion.
Ordinary differential equations
Adomian method is well suited to solve Cauchy problems, an important class of problems which include initial conditions problems.
Application to a first order nonlinear system
An example of initial condition problem for an ordinary differential equation is the following:
To solve the problem, the highest degree differential operator (written here as L) is put on the left side, in the following way:
with L = d/dt and . Now the solution is assumed to be an infinite series of contributions:
Replacing in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithological%20handbook
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An ornithological handbook is a book (or series of books) giving summarised information either about the birds of a particular geographical area or a particular taxonomic group of birds. Some handbooks cover many aspects of their subjects' biology, whereas others focus on specific topics, particularly identification.
List of ornithological handbooks with a worldwide scope
Handbook of the Birds of the World
The Bird families of the world series
The Helm Identification Guides series
List of ornithological handbooks with a geographic scope
The Birds of Africa
The Birds of the Malay Peninsula
Birds of North America
The Birds of South America
Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide
Birds of the Western Palearctic
Handbook of Western Palearctic Birds: Passerines: A Photographic Guide (Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd, 2018)
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, the standard text of Australian ornithology, abbreviated as HANZAB
Birds of Western Australia, the handbook by Serventy and Whittell, published in 1948 through five editions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah%20Charlesworth
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Deborah Charlesworth (née Maltby; born 1943) is a population geneticist from the UK, notable for her important discoveries in population genetics and evolutionary biology. Her most notable research is in understanding the evolution of recombination, sex chromosomes and mating system for plants.
Early life and education
Charlesworth grew up in a London suburb, and from a young age was very interested in the natural world around her.
Charlesworth initially studied biochemistry, however genetic variation played a significant role since the beginning her research. Charlesworth obtained her doctorate at Cambridge University in 1968 with her thesis focusing on the quantitative genetics of mice, specifically the extent of genetic variation in the blood glucose levels across natural strains. This also happened to be the topic of her first study. Charlesworth continued her education at Cambridge and Chicago as a research fellow in human genetics examining amino acid variations in hemoglobins in human populations. Charlesworth's interest in evolutionary biology continued through her collaboration with Brian Charlesworth, specifically their works on mimicry systems and recombination rates causing her to shift her focus to evolution. She continued her post-doctoral research at, University of Chicago, Liverpool University, Sussex University as Brian Charlesworth took positions at each, causing Debrah to do research without Grant support. She was mentored at Cambridge by Hermann Lehman
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution%20%28computer%20science%29
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The notion of institution was created by Joseph Goguen and Rod Burstall in the late 1970s, in order to deal with the "population explosion among the logical systems used in computer science". The notion attempts to "formalize the informal" concept of logical system.
The use of institutions makes it possible to develop concepts of specification languages (like structuring of specifications, parameterization, implementation, refinement, and development), proof calculi, and even tools in a way completely independent of the underlying logical system. There are also morphisms that allow to relate and translate logical systems. Important applications of this are re-use of logical structure (also called borrowing), and heterogeneous specification and combination of logics.
The spread of institutional model theory has generalized various notions and results of model theory, and institutions themselves have impacted the progress of universal logic.
Definition
The theory of institutions does not assume anything about the nature of the logical system. That is, models and sentences may be arbitrary objects; the only assumption is that there is a satisfaction relation between models and sentences, telling whether a sentence holds in a model or not. Satisfaction is inspired by Tarski's truth definition, but can in fact be any binary relation.
A crucial feature of institutions is that models, sentences, and their satisfaction, are always considered to live in some vocabulary or context
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neeraj%20Kayal
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Neeraj Kayal () is an Indian computer scientist and mathematician noted for development of the AKS primality test, along with Manindra Agrawal and Nitin Saxena. Kayal was born and raised in Guwahati, India.
Early life and education
Kayal was born and raised in Guwahati, India.
Kayal graduated with a B.Tech from the Computer Science Department of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IITK), India in 2002. In that year, Neeraj along with Manindra Agrawal and Nitin Saxena proposed the AKS primality test, which attracted worldwide attention, including an article in The New York Times.
Kayal received his PhD in theoretical computer science from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. He did postdoctoral research at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and at Rutgers University. Since 2008, he has been working with the Microsoft Research Lab India as a researcher.
Awards
Neeraj Kayal was given the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the IITK, for his work in computational complexity theory. He is also a recipient of the Gödel prize and the Fulkerson Prize for the same along with his co-authors. In 2012, he was awarded the Young Scientist Award from the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) for contributions to the development of arithmetic complexity theory including the development of a deterministic algorithm for primality testing, the resolution of the constant fan-in conjecture for depth three circuits
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne%20Montucla
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Jean-Étienne Montucla (5 September 1725 – 18 December 1799) was a French mathematician and historian.
Montucla was born at Lyon, France.
Career
In 1754 he published an anonymous treatise on quadrature, Histoire des recherches sur la quadrature du cercle. Montucla's deep interest in history of mathematics became apparent with his publication of Histoire des Mathématiques, the first part appearing in 1758. According to George Sarton, the Histoire is
a history of the mathematical sciences, and might almost be called a history of science from the mathematical angle, even as many histories of medicine are to some extent histories of science written from the medical angle.
He was appointed intendant-secretary of Grenoble in 1758, secretary to the expedition for colonizing Cayenne in 1764, and chief architect and censor-royal for mathematical books in 1765.
In 1778 he re-edited Jacques Ozanam's Recreations mathématiques, afterwards published in English by Charles Hutton (4 vols, London, 1803).
The French Revolution deprived him of his income and left him in great destitution. The offer in 1795 of a mathematical chair in one of the schools of Paris was declined on account of his infirm health.
He was still in dire circumstances in 1798, when he published a second edition of the first part of his Histoire. After his death, his Histoire was completed by Jérôme Lalande, and published at Paris in 1799–1802 (4 vols).
Ivor Grattan-Guinness described the Histoire as a milestone:
His
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith%20Jarvis%20Thomson
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Judith Jarvis Thomson (October 4, 1929November 20, 2020) was an American philosopher who studied and worked on ethics and metaphysics. Her work ranges across a variety of fields, but she is most known for her work regarding the thought experiment titled the trolley problem and her writings on abortion. She is credited with naming, developing, and initiating the extensive literature on the trolley problem first posed by Philippa Foot which has found a wide range use since. Thomson also published a paper titled "A Defense of Abortion", which makes the argument that the procedure is morally permissible even if it is assumed that a fetus is a person with a right to life. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019.
Early life and education
Thomson was born in New York City, on October 4, 1929. Her mother Helen (Vostry) Jarvis (1898-1935) was an English teacher, and her father Theodore Richard Jarvis (1896-1984) was an accountant. Helen died from cancer when Judith was six, and on January 29, 1938 Theodore married Gertrude Rubin (1902-1982). Gertrude was Jewish and had two children.
Thomson’s parents placed no religious pressure on her, but she officially converted to Judaism at age fourteen, when she was confirmed at Temple Israel in Manhattan.
Thomson graduated from Hunter College High School in January 1946. She received her bachelor's degree (BA) from Barnard College in 1950, a second BA at Newnham College, Cambridge in 1952, an MA from Cambridge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20A.%20Prichard
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Harold Arthur Prichard (30 October 1871 – 29 December 1947) was an English philosopher. He was born in London in 1871, the eldest child of Walter Stennett Prichard (a solicitor) and his wife Lucy. Harold Prichard was a scholar of Clifton College from where he won a scholarship to New College, Oxford, to study mathematics. But after taking first-class honours in mathematical moderations (preliminary examinations) in 1891, he studied Greats (ancient history and philosophy) taking first-class honours in 1894. He also played tennis for Oxford against Cambridge. On leaving Oxford he spent a brief period working for a firm of solicitors in London, before returning to Oxford where he spent the rest of his life, first as Fellow of Hertford College (1895–98) and then of Trinity College (1898–1924). He took early retirement from Trinity in 1924 on grounds of ill health, but recovered and was elected White's Professor of Moral Philosophy in 1928 and became a fellow of Corpus Christi College. He retired in 1937.
Philosophical work
Prichard gave an influential defence of ethical intuitionism in his "Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?" (1912), wherein he contended that moral philosophy rested chiefly on the desire to provide arguments, starting from non-normative premises, for the principles of obligation that we pre-philosophically accept, such as the principle that one ought to keep one's promises or that one ought not steal. This is a mistake, he argued, both because it is impo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20weirdness
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Quantum weirdness encompasses the aspects of quantum mechanics that challenge and defy human physical intuition based on the Newtonian mechanics of classical physics. These aspects include:
quantum entanglement;
quantum nonlocality, referred to by Einstein as "spooky action at a distance"; see also EPR paradox;
quantum superposition, presented in dramatic form in the thought experiment known as Schrödinger's cat;
the uncertainty principle;
wave–particle duality;
the probabilistic nature of wave function collapse, decried by Einstein, saying, "God does not play dice".
Many attempts have been made to construct an interpretation of quantum mechanics assigning a meaning to the laws of quantum mechanics in terms of an intuitively acceptable model. The so-called Copenhagen interpretation basically holds that the laws are as they are and need no interpretation in such a model.
See also
Bell's theorem
Renninger negative-result experiment
Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment
References
Quantum mechanics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speke%20%28disambiguation%29
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Speke may refer to:
John Hanning Speke, British explorer of Africa
Speke is a district in Liverpool, England
Speke (surname)
Mount Speke, a mountain in the Ruwenzori Range, Uganda
, a Uganda Railway paddle steamer named after John Hanning Speke
SPEKE (cryptography) (Simple Password Exponential Key Exchange), cryptographic protocol
Speke baronets
Speke (ship), a number of ships with the same name
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simaethistoidea
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Simaethistoidea is an obscure superfamily of pyralid-like moths with two genera, whose biology and relationships among the Ditrysia is currently unknown, namely the Australian Metaprotus (2 species) and the China and North Indian Simaethistis (2 species) (Dugdale et al., 1999).
Genera and species
Metaprotus Hampson, 1899
Simaethistis Hampson, 1896
References
Dugdale, J.S., Kristensen, N.P., Robinson, G.S. and Scoble, M.J. (1999). The smaller microlepidoptera-grade superfamilies. Ch. 13, P. 219 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders, edited by Christopher O'Toole, , 2002
External links
Tree of Life
Australian Moths Online
Simaethistoidea at Australian Faunal Directory
Lepidoptera superfamilies
Ditrysia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopseustidae
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Neopseustidae is a small family of day and night-flying "archaic bell moths" in the order Lepidoptera. They are classified into their own superfamily Neopseustoidea and infraorder Neopseustina. Four genera are known. These primitive moths are restricted to South America and Southeast Asia. Their biology is unknown (Davis 1975; Davis and Nielsen 1980, 1984; Kristensen, 1999).
Nematocentropus appears to be the most primitive genus occurring in Assam, Myanmar and Sichuan, China. Three species of Neopseustis are distributed from Assam to Taiwan, whilst Synempora andesae and three species of Apoplania occur in southern South America (Kristensen, 1999: 53-54). The morphology of the antennae (Faucheux 2005ab; Faucheux et al., 2006) and the proboscis (Kristensen and Nielsen 1981) has been studied in detail.
References
Davis, D. R. (1975). Systematics and zoogeography of the family Neopseustidae with the proposal of a new superfamily (Lepidoptera: Neopseustoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 210: 1-45.
Davis, D. R. and Nielsen, E .S. (1980). Description of a new genus and two new species of Neopseustidae from South America, with discussion of phylogeny and biological observations (Lepidoptera: Neopseustoidea). Steenstrupia, 6(16): 253-289.
Davis, D. R. and Nielsen, E.S. (1984). The South American neopseustid genus Apoplania Davis: a new species, distribution records and notes on adult behaviour (Lepidoptera: Neopseustina). Entomologica Scandinavica, 15(4): 497-509.
Faucheu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophocoronoidea
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Lophocoronoidea is a superfamily of insects in the order Lepidoptera. There is a single extant genus, Lophocorona, in the family Lophocoronidae. These are small, primitive nocturnal moths restricted to Australia whose biology is largely unknown (Common, 1990; Kristensen and Nielsen, 1996; Kristensen, 1999).
A fossil genus Acanthocorona is known from the Burmese amber of Myanmar, dating to the early Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, approximately 99 million years ago.
Fossil species
Acanthocorona Mey, Léger & Lien, 2021
A. skalskii (type)
A. muelleri
A. bowangi
A. wichardi
A. kuranishii
A. sattleri
A. spinifera
References
Common, I.F.B., (1990). Moths of Australia. 535 pages.
Kristensen, N.P. (1999). The homoneurous Glossata. Ch. 5, pp. 51–64 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
Nielsen, E. S. and Kristensen, N. P. (1996). The Australian moth family Lophocoronidae and the basal phylogeny of the Lepidoptera Glossata. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 10: 1199-1302.Abstract
Sources
Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders, edited by Christopher O'Toole, , 2002
External links
Tree of Life
Australian Lophocoronidae
Lophocorona pediasia
Austr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewilding
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Rewilding may refer to:
Rewilding (conservation biology), the return of habitats to a natural state
Rewilding Europe, a programme to do so in Europe
Pleistocene rewilding, a form of species reintroduction
Rewilding Institute, an organization concerned with the integration of traditional wildlife and wildlands conservation
Rewilding (anarchism), the reversal of human "domestication"
Rewilding (horse), a thoroughbred racehorse
See also
Species reintroduction, the deliberate release of a species into the wild
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo%20Murai
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Hideo Murai (村井 秀夫 Murai Hideo, December 5, 1958 – April 23, 1995) was a member of the Aum Shinrikyo cult and one of the perpetrators responsible for the Sakamoto family murder. He also helped plan the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Murai held a doctorate in astrophysics. He was reportedly the number three person in the Aum leadership, after Shoko Asahara and Kiyohide Hayakawa. He headed Aum Shinrikyo's Ministry of Science and Technology.
Death
Murai was mortally wounded when an ethnic Korean man named Hiroyuki Jo (徐裕行 Jo Hiroyuki), a member of the Yamaguchi-gumi (the largest organized crime Yakuza group in Japan), stabbed Murai repeatedly, in the presence of 10 police officers and about a hundred reporters recording the events and broadcasting them live.
His attacker did not attempt to flee and was peacefully arrested on the spot. Murai died in an ambulance. Charges that Kenji Kamimine (上峯 憲司), a former leader of Hane-gumi, ordered Jo to kill Murai were dismissed by the Tokyo High Court. Jo had claimed Kenji had ordered him to kill any Aum Shinrikyo leaders that he could. It is believed that this was done out of fear of the Yakuza's connections to the cult being made public.
Jo was sentenced to 12 years in prison for the murder.
References
1958 births
1995 deaths
Deaths by stabbing in Japan
Filmed assassinations
Assassinated Japanese people
Japanese murder victims
Japanese murderers of children
People murdered by the Yakuza
Tokyo Subway sarin attack perpetrators
Murdered c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naso
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Naso or NASO may refer to:
Astronomical Societies
Nepal Astronomical Society (NASO)
Biology
Naso (fish), a genus of fishes
Catasetum naso, a species of orchid
Kurixalus naso, a species of frog
Parnara naso, a species of skipper butterfly
Other
Naso (surname)
Naso (people), also known as Teribe or Tjer-di, indigenous to Panama
Naso, Sicily, a town in the province of Messina, Sicily
Naso (parsha), in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading
NASO
NASO, a U.S. Naval Aviation Supply Officer, a warfare qualification device in the Navy Supply Corps
National Adult School Organisation (NASO) in the United Kingdom
See also
Nasal (disambiguation)
National socialism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II
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II is the Roman numeral for 2.
II may also refer to:
Biology and medicine
Image intensifier, medical imaging equipment
Invariant chain, a polypeptide involved in the formation and transport of MHC class II protein
Optic nerve, the second cranial nerve
Economics
Income inequality, or the wealth gap, in economics
Internationalization Index, used by the UN to rank nations and companies in evaluating their degree of integration with the world economy
Institutional Investor (magazine), an American finance magazine
Music
Supertonic, in music
ii, a 2018 song by CHVRCHES
Albums
II (2 Unlimited album), 1998
II (Aquilo album), 2018
II (Bad Books album), 2012
II (Boyz II Men album), 1994
II (Capital Kings album), 2015
II (Charade album), 2004
II (The Common Linnets album), 2015
II (Compact Disco album), 2011
II (Cursed album), 2005
II (Darna album), 2003
II (Espers album), 2006
II (Fuzz album), 2015
II (Hardline album), 2002
II (High Rise album), 1986
II (Khun Narin album), 2016
II (Kingston Wall album), 1993
II (The Kinleys album), 2000
II (Kurious album), 2009
II (Last in Line album), 2019
II (Lords of Black album), 2016
II (Maylene and the Sons of Disaster album), 2007
II (METZ album), 2015
II (Moderat album), 2013
II (The Presidents of the United States of America album), 1996
II (Sahg album), 2008
II (Seven Thorns album), 2013
II (Unknown Mortal Orchestra album), 2013
II (Xerath album), 2011
II, by Krux, 2006
II, by Majical Cloudz, 2011
II, by Viva Brother, 2017
II, an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20B.%20Carroll
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Sean B. Carroll (born September 17, 1960) is an American evolutionary developmental biologist, author, educator and executive producer. He is a distinguished university professor at the University of Maryland and professor emeritus of molecular biology and genetics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. His studies focus on the evolution of cis-regulatory elements in the regulation of gene expression in the context of biological development, using Drosophila as a model system. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, of the American Philosophical Society (2007), of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Association for Advancement of Science. He is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.
Carroll has received the Shaw Scientist Award from the Greater Milwaukee Foundation, the Stephen Jay Gould Prize from the Society for the Study of Evolution, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, and the Lewis Thomas Prize at Rockefeller University.
Biography
Sean B. Carroll was born in Toledo, Ohio. He is of Irish ancestry. He has stated that, as a child, he would flip over rocks looking for snakes while attending Maumee Valley Country Day School, and at age 11 or 12, he started keeping snakes. This activity led him to notice the patterns on the snakes and wonder how those form. He got his B.A. in Biology at Washington University in St. Louis, his Ph.D. in immunology from Tufts University and did post-doctoral work at the University of Colora
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dini%20derivative
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In mathematics and, specifically, real analysis, the Dini derivatives (or Dini derivates) are a class of generalizations of the derivative. They were introduced by Ulisse Dini, who studied continuous but nondifferentiable functions.
The upper Dini derivative, which is also called an upper right-hand derivative, of a continuous function
is denoted by and defined by
where is the supremum limit and the limit is a one-sided limit. The lower Dini derivative, , is defined by
where is the infimum limit.
If is defined on a vector space, then the upper Dini derivative at in the direction is defined by
If is locally Lipschitz, then is finite. If is differentiable at , then the Dini derivative at is the usual derivative at .
Remarks
The functions are defined in terms of the infimum and supremum in order to make the Dini derivatives as "bullet proof" as possible, so that the Dini derivatives are well-defined for almost all functions, even for functions that are not conventionally differentiable. The upshot of Dini's analysis is that a function is differentiable at the point on the real line (), only if all the Dini derivatives exist, and have the same value.
Sometimes the notation is used instead of and is used instead of .
Also,
and
.
So when using the notation of the Dini derivatives, the plus or minus sign indicates the left- or right-hand limit, and the placement of the sign indicates the infimum or supremum limit.
There are two further Dini derivative
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacotum
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A peacotum is a peach/apricot/plum hybrid developed by Zaiger's Genetics, Inc., a company that develops novel fruit through hybridization. Peacotum is trademarked by Dave Wilson Nursery Inc. An application to trademark the name nectacotum in the United States for varieties derived from nectarine-type peaches was made in 2004 but later abandoned.
See also
Nectaplum
Pluot
References
Hybrid prunus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve%20%28category%20theory%29
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a sieve is a way of choosing arrows with a common codomain. It is a categorical analogue of a collection of open subsets of a fixed open set in topology. In a Grothendieck topology, certain sieves become categorical analogues of open covers in topology. Sieves were introduced by in order to reformulate the notion of a Grothendieck topology.
Definition
Let C be a category, and let c be an object of C. A sieve on c is a subfunctor of Hom(−, c), i.e., for all objects c′ of C, S(c′) ⊆ Hom(c′, c), and for all arrows f:c″→c′, S(f) is the restriction of Hom(f, c), the pullback by f (in the sense of precomposition, not of fiber products), to S(c′); see the next section, below.
Put another way, a sieve is a collection S of arrows with a common codomain that satisfies the condition, "If g:c′→c is an arrow in S, and if f:c″→c′ is any other arrow in C, then gf is in S." Consequently, sieves are similar to right ideals in ring theory or filters in order theory.
Pullback of sieves
The most common operation on a sieve is pullback. Pulling back a sieve S on c by an arrow f:c′→c gives a new sieve f*S on c′. This new sieve consists of all the arrows in S that factor through c′.
There are several equivalent ways of defining f*S. The simplest is:
For any object d of C, f*S(d) = { g:d→c′ | fg ∈ S(d)}
A more abstract formulation is:
f*S is the image of the fibered product S×Hom(−, c)Hom(−, c′) under the natural projection S×Hom(−, c)Hom(
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admissibility
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Admissibility may refer to:
Law
Admissible evidence, evidence which may be introduced in a court of law
Admissibility (ECHR), whether a case will be considered in the European Convention on Human Rights system
Mathematics and logic
Admissible decision rule, in statistical decision theory, a rule which is never dominated
Admissible rule, in logic, a type of rule of inference
Admissible heuristic, in computer science, is a heuristic which is no more than the lowest-cost path to the goal
Admissible prime k-tuple, in number theory regarding possible constellations of prime numbers
Admissible set, in mathematical logic, a transitive set satisfying the axioms of Kripke-Platek set theory
Admissible representation, in mathematics, is a particular kind of a representation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%20extraction
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In molecular biology, gel extraction or gel isolation is a technique used to isolate a desired fragment of intact DNA from an agarose gel following agarose gel electrophoresis. After extraction, fragments of interest can be mixed, precipitated, and enzymatically ligated together in several simple steps. This process, usually performed on plasmids, is the basis for rudimentary genetic engineering.
After DNA samples are run on an agarose gel, extraction involves four basic steps: identifying the fragments of interest, isolating the corresponding bands, isolating the DNA from those bands, and removing the accompanying salts and stain.
To begin, UV light is shone on the gel in order to illuminate all the ethidium bromide-stained DNA. Care must be taken to avoid exposing the DNA to mutagenic radiation for longer than absolutely necessary. The desired band is identified and physically removed with a cover slip or razor blade. The removed slice of gel should contain the desired DNA inside. An alternative method, utilizing SYBR Safe DNA gel stain and blue-light illumination, avoids the DNA damage associated with ethidium bromide and UV light.
Several strategies for isolating and cleaning the DNA fragment of interest exist.
Spin Column Extraction
Gel extraction kits are available from several major biotech manufacturers for a final cost of approximately 1–2 US$ per sample.
Protocols included in these kits generally call for the dissolution of the gel-slice in 3 volumes of chao
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylthiomethyl%20ether
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In organic chemistry a methylthiomethyl (MTM) ether is a protective group for hydroxyl groups. Hydroxyl groups are present in many chemical compounds and they must be protected during oxidation, acylation, halogenation, dehydration and other reactions to which they are susceptible.
Many kinds of protective groups for hydroxyl groups have been developed and used in organic chemistry, but the number of protective groups for tertiary hydroxyl groups, which are susceptible to acid-catalyzed dehydration, is still small because of their poor reactiveness. They can be easily protected with MTM ethers and recovered in good yield.
To introduce an MTM ether to a hydroxyl group, two methods are mainly used. One is a typical Williamson ether synthesis using an MTM halide as an MTM resource and sodium hydride (NaH) as a base. The other is a special method, in which dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetic anhydride (Ac2O) are used. In this case, the reaction proceeds with Pummerer rearrangement:
MTM ethers have another advantage. They are removed by neutral (but toxic) mercuric chloride, to which most other ethers are stable. As a result, the selective deprotection of polyfunctional molecules becomes possible using MTM ethers as the protective groups for their hydroxyl groups.
Alcohol protection
Methylthiomethyl (MTM) group is used as a protecting group for alcohols in organic synthesis. This type of alcohol protecting group is robust under mild acidic reaction conditions.
Most common
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Forney
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George David Forney Jr. (born March 6, 1940) is an American electrical engineer who made contributions in telecommunication system theory, specifically in coding theory and information theory.
Biography
Forney received the B.S.E. degree in electrical engineering from Princeton University in 1961, summa cum laude, and the M.S. and Sc.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963 and 1965, respectively. His Sc.D thesis introduced the idea of concatenated codes.
He is a member of the United States National Academy of Engineering (1989) and National Academy of Sciences (2003). He is a long-time faculty member at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Among other things, he is generally credited with being the first to recognize the optimality and practical importance of the Viterbi algorithm, and his tutorial paper on the subject is widely cited.
His work in the Viterbi algorithm and in advancing the understanding of coding theory in general influenced the design of modern digital modems.
In 1965 he joined the Codex Corporation. His design resulted in the first mass-produced 9600 bit/s modem introduced in 1971. He spent the academic year of 1971–1972 at Stanford University, and then returned to Codex. He became vice president of research and development at Codex, through its acquisition by Motorola in 1977, serving in both management and technical positions.
He received the IEEE Edison Medal in 1992 "for original contributions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano%20resonance
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In physics, a Fano resonance is a type of resonant scattering phenomenon that gives rise to an asymmetric line-shape. Interference between a background and a resonant scattering process produces the asymmetric line-shape. It is named after Italian-American physicist Ugo Fano, who in 1961 gave a theoretical explanation for the scattering line-shape of inelastic scattering of electrons from helium; however, Ettore Majorana was the first to discover this phenomenon. Fano resonance is a weak coupling effect meaning that the decay rate is so high, that no hybridization occurs. The coupling modifies the resonance properties such as spectral position and width and its line-shape takes on the distinctive asymmetric Fano profile. Because it is a general wave phenomenon, examples can be found across many areas of physics and engineering.
History
The explanation of the Fano line-shape first appeared in the context of inelastic electron scattering by helium and autoionization. The incident electron doubly excites the atom to the state, a sort of shape resonance. The doubly excited atom spontaneously decays by ejecting one of the excited electrons. Fano showed that interference between the amplitude to simply scatter the incident electron and the amplitude to scatter via autoionization creates an asymmetric scattering line-shape around the autoionization energy with a line-width very close to the inverse of the autoionization lifetime.
Explanation
The Fano resonance line-shape is du
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feshbach%E2%80%93Fano%20partitioning
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In quantum mechanics, and in particular in scattering theory, the Feshbach–Fano method, named after Herman Feshbach and Ugo Fano, separates (partitions) the resonant and the background components of the wave function and therefore of the associated quantities like cross sections or phase shift. This approach allows us to define rigorously the concept of resonance in quantum mechanics.
In general, the partitioning formalism is based on the definition of two complementary projectors P and Q such that
P + Q = 1.
The subspaces onto which P and Q project are sets of states obeying the continuum and the bound state boundary conditions respectively. P and Q are interpreted as the projectors on the background and the resonant subspaces respectively.
The projectors P and Q are not defined within the Feshbach–Fano method. This is its major power as well as its major weakness. On the one hand, this makes the method very general and, on the other hand, it introduces some arbitrariness which is difficult to control. Some authors define first the P space as an approximation to the background scattering but most authors define first the Q space as an approximation to the resonance. This step relies always on some physical intuition which is not easy to quantify. In practice P or Q should be chosen such that the resulting background scattering phase or cross-section is slowly depending on the scattering energy in the neighbourhood of the resonances (this is the so-called flat continuu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest%20common%20substring
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In computer science, a longest common substring of two or more strings is a longest string that is a substring of all of them. There may be more than one longest common substring. Applications include data deduplication and plagiarism detection.
Examples
The picture shows two strings where the problem has multiple solutions. Although the substring occurrences always overlap, no longer common substring can be obtained by "uniting" them.
The strings "ABABC", "BABCA" and "ABCBA" have only one longest common substring, viz. "ABC" of length 3. Other common substrings are "A", "AB", "B", "BA", "BC" and "C".
ABABC
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BABCA
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ABCBA
Problem definition
Given two strings, of length and of length , find a longest string which is substring of both and .
A generalization is the k-common substring problem. Given the set of strings , where and . Find for each , a longest string which occurs as substring of at least strings.
Algorithms
One can find the lengths and starting positions of the longest common substrings of and in time with the help of a generalized suffix tree. A faster algorithm can be achieved in the word RAM model of computation if the size of the input alphabet is in . In particular, this algorithm runs in time using space. Solving the problem by dynamic programming costs . The solutions to the generalized problem take space and ·...· time with dynamic programming and take time with a generalized suffix tree.
Suffix tree
The long
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Seykota
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Edward Arthur Seykota (born August 7, 1946) is a commodities trader, who earned S.B. degrees in Electrical Engineering from MIT and Management from the MIT Sloan School of Management, both in 1969. In 1970 he pioneered Systems trading by using early punched card computers to test ideas on trading the markets. Seykota resided in Incline Village, Nevada, on the north shore of Lake Tahoe, but recently moved to Texas.
Career
As a young man he attended high school near The Hague, Netherlands and also lived in Voorburg.
In 1970, he pioneered a computerized trading system (now known as Trading System) for the futures market for the brokerage house he and Michael Marcus were working for. Later, he decided to venture out on his own and manage a few of his client's accounts.
Much of Seykota's success was attributed to his development and utilization of computerized trading systems to which he first tested on a mainframe IBM computer. Later on, the brokerage house he had been working for adopted his system for their trades.
His interest in creating a computerized system was spawned after he read a letter by Richard Donchian on utilizing mechanical trend following systems for trading and also Donchian's 5- and 20-day moving average system. He was also inspired by the book Reminiscences of a Stock Operator by Edwin Lefèvre. His first trading system was developed based on exponential moving averages.
Ed Seykota, Market Wizards
Seykota improved this system over time, adapting the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20Keith%20H.%20Brodie
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Harlow Keith Hammond Brodie (August 24, 1939 – December 2, 2016) was an American psychiatrist, educator, and former president of Duke University.
Life and education
Born in New Canaan, Connecticut, Brodie attended the New Canaan Country School before studying chemistry at Princeton University and medicine at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. He and classmate Davida Coady tutored nurses in pharmacology and other subjects and assisted with basic medical care at the Firestone Hospital in Harbel, Liberia.
He completed an internship in internal medicine at the Ochsner Foundation Hospital in New Orleans and a residency in psychiatry at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center.
Career
In 1968, Brodie joined the National Institute of Mental Health as a clinical associate.
From 1970 to 1974 he taught at Stanford University and was chair of Stanford's Medical School Faculty Senate and director of the General Research Center.
In 1974, Brodie moved to Duke University to chair the department of psychiatry, with the encouragement of Ewald "Bud" Busse, who was leaving the chairmanship to become dean of the School of Medicine. He was later named James B. Duke Professor of Psychiatry and Law. in 1982, he became chancellor and in 1985 president of Duke University serving until 1993. As president Brodie helped to expand applications to graduate and undergraduate programs and increase Duke's national reputation as a research university. He also led efforts to increase
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoring
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Factoring can refer to the following:
Factoring (finance), a form of commercial finance
Factorization, a mathematical concept
Decomposition (computer science)
A rule in resolution theorem proving, see Resolution (logic)#Factoring
See also
Code refactoring
Factor (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Preston%20Venable
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Francis Preston Venable (November 17, 1856 – March 17, 1934) was a chemist, educator, and president of the University of North Carolina (UNC).
Biography
Born “near Farmville", Prince Edward County, Virginia to Charles Scott Venable, aide-de-camp to Gen. Robert E. Lee from 1862 to 1865 and professor of mathematics at the University of Virginia from 1865 to 1896, and Margaret Cantey (McDowell) Venable.
In 1879, Venable earned a master's degree in chemistry from the University of Virginia. He was offered the chair in the chemistry department at UNC in 1880. A year later, he earned a Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Göttingen, and was elected fellow of the Chemical Society of London.
In 1893, Venable occupied the first endowed chair at UNC, the Mary Ann Smith Professorship. In collaboration with undergraduate students William R. Kenan, Jr. and Thomas Clarke and former student John Motley Morehead III, he identified calcium carbide, a discovery of great commercial importance that led to the development of acetylene and the founding of Union Carbide. In 1899, he was elected vice president of the chemistry section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Venable served as president of UNC from 1900 to 1914. He took a one-year leave of absence due to illness in 1914, during which time Edward Kidder Graham served as acting president. In 1905, he was elected president of the American Chemical Society, and he served as president of the Southern Associat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice%20%28disambiguation%29
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Choice consists of the mental process of thinking involved with the process of judging the merits of multiple options and selecting one of them for action.
Choice may also refer to:
Mathematics
Binomial coefficient, a mathematical function describing number of possible selections of subsets ('seven choose two')
Axiom of choice
Media
Film and television
Choices (1986 film), a television film directed by David Lowell Rich
Choices (2021 film), an OTT Indian film
"Choices" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer), a 1999 season 3 episode of the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer
RTÉ Choice, an Irish digital radio station
BBC Choice, a defunct British digital television channel, replaced in 2003 by BBC Three
Choice TV, a New Zealand television station owned by Discovery New Zealand
Music
Choice (group), a 1990s R&B girl group
Choice (rapper), American female rap artist
Choice, an alias for Laurent Garnier, a French techno music producer
Choice, a 1983 album by British pop group Central Line
Choices – The Singles Collection, the 1989 greatest hits collection from British pop rock band The Blow Monkeys
Choices (Dewey Redman album), 1992
"Choices" (Billy Yates song), a 1997 song, later covered by George Jones
"Choices", a song by Mudvayne from Lost and Found (2005)
Choices (Terence Blanchard album), 2009
"Choices" (The Hoosiers song), a 2010 song by The Hoosiers
Choices (EP), a 2013 EP by Clint Lowery (under the name Hello Demons...Meet Skeletons)
"Choices (Yup)", a 2014 s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-algebra
|
In mathematics, specifically in category theory, F-algebras generalize the notion of algebraic structure. Rewriting the algebraic laws in terms of morphisms eliminates all references to quantified elements from the axioms, and these algebraic laws may then be glued together in terms of a single functor F, the signature.
F-algebras can also be used to represent data structures used in programming, such as lists and trees.
The main related concepts are initial F-algebras which may serve to encapsulate the induction principle, and the dual construction F-coalgebras.
Definition
If is a category, and is an endofunctor of , then an -algebra is a tuple , where is an object of and is a -morphism . The object is called the carrier of the algebra. When it is permissible from context, algebras are often referred to by their carrier only instead of the tuple.
A homomorphism from an -algebra to an -algebra is a -morphism such that , according to the following commutative diagram:
Equipped with these morphisms, -algebras constitute a category.
The dual construction are -coalgebras, which are objects together with a morphism .
Examples
Groups
Classically, a group is a set with a group law , with , satisfying three axioms: the existence of an identity element, the existence of an inverse for each element of the group, and associativity.
To put this in a categorical framework, first define the identity and inverse as functions (morphisms of the set ) by with , and wit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra%20%28disambiguation%29
|
The word 'algebra' is used for various branches and structures of mathematics. For their overview, see Algebra.
The bare word "algebra"
The bare word "algebra" may refer to:
Elementary algebra
Abstract algebra
Algebra over a field
In universal algebra, algebra has an axiomatic definition, roughly as an instance of any of a number of algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, etc.
Branches of mathematics
Elementary algebra, i.e. "high-school algebra"
Abstract algebra
Linear algebra
Relational algebra
Universal algebra
The term is also traditionally used for the field of:
Computer algebra, dealing with software systems for symbolic mathematical computation, which often offer capabilities beyond what is normally understood to be "algebra"
Mathematical structures
Vector space with multiplication
An "algebra", or to be verbose, an algebra over a field, is a vector space equipped with a bilinear vector product. Some notable algebras in this sense are:
In ring theory and linear algebra:
Algebra over a commutative ring, a module equipped with a bilinear product. Generalization of algebras over a field
Associative algebra, a module equipped with an associative bilinear vector product
Superalgebra, a -graded algebra
Lie algebras, Poisson algebras, and Jordan algebras, important examples of (potentially) nonassociative algebras
In functional analysis:
Banach algebra, an associative algebra A over the real or complex numbers which at the same time is also a Ban
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyn
|
In fluid dynamics, the reyn is a British unit of dynamic viscosity,
named in honour of Osbourne Reynolds, for whom the Reynolds number is also named.
Conversions
By definition,
1 reyn = 1 lbf s in−2.
It follows that the relation between the reyn and the poise is approximately
1 reyn = 6.89476 × 104 P.
In SI units, viscosity is expressed in newton-seconds per square meter, or equivalently in pascal-seconds. The conversion factor between the two is approximately
1 reyn = 6890 Pa s.
References
External links
Reyn History of the unit
Fluid dynamics
Units of dynamic viscosity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password-based%20cryptography
|
Password-based cryptography generally refers to two distinct classes of methods:
Single-party methods
Multi-party methods
Single party methods
Some systems attempt to derive a cryptographic key directly from a password. However, such practice is generally ill-advised when there is a threat of brute-force attack. Techniques to mitigate such attack include passphrases and iterated (deliberately slow) password-based key derivation functions such as PBKDF2 (RFC 2898).
Multi-party methods
Password-authenticated key agreement systems allow two or more parties that agree on a password (or password-related data) to derive shared keys without exposing the password or keys to network attack. Earlier generations of challenge–response authentication systems have also been used with passwords, but these have generally been subject to eavesdropping and/or brute-force attacks on the password.
See also
Password
Passphrase
Password-authenticated key agreement
Cryptography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homochirality
|
Homochirality is a uniformity of chirality, or handedness. Objects are chiral when they cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, the left and right hands of a human are approximately mirror images of each other but are not their own mirror images, so they are chiral. In biology, 19 of the 20 natural amino acids are homochiral, being L-chiral (left-handed), while sugars are D-chiral (right-handed). Homochirality can also refer to enantiopure substances in which all the constituents are the same enantiomer (a right-handed or left-handed version of an atom or molecule), but some sources discourage this use of the term.
It is unclear whether homochirality has a purpose; however, it appears to be a form of information storage. One suggestion is that it reduces entropy barriers in the formation of large organized molecules. It has been experimentally verified that amino acids form large aggregates in larger abundance from an enantiopure samples of the amino acid than from racemic (enantiomerically mixed) ones.
It is not clear whether homochirality emerged before or after life, and many mechanisms for its origin have been proposed. Some of these models propose three distinct steps: mirror-symmetry breaking creates a minute enantiomeric imbalance, chiral amplification builds on this imbalance, and chiral transmission is the transfer of chirality from one set of molecules to another.
In biology
Amino acids are the building blocks of peptides and enzymes while suga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Stimpson
|
William Stimpson (February 14, 1832 – May 26, 1872) was a noted American scientist. He was interested particularly in marine biology. Stimpson became an important early contributor to the work of the Smithsonian Institution and later, director of the Chicago Academy of Sciences.
Biography
Stimpson was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Herbert Hathorne Stimpson and Mary Ann Devereau Brewer. The Stimpsons were of the colonial stock of Massachusetts, the earliest known member of the family being James Stimpson, who was married in 1661, in Milton. His mother died at an early age. William Stimpson's father was an ingenious inventor, and a leading merchant of Boston in the mid decades of the nineteenth century, trading as "H. & F. Stimpson, stoves and furnaces, corner of Congress and Water Streets. It was he who invented the "Stimpson range", the first sheet-iron cooking stove, famous in its day throughout New England. He also made improvements in rifles, and suggested the placing of the flange on the inside of railway car wheels instead of on the outside, as had been the custom. His son was to inherit his energy, love of social life, enthusiasm, and brilliant wit.
Stimpson's father moved from Roxbury and built a house in the village of Cambridge. When fourteen years of age he read with delight Edwin Swett's work on geology, and soon after this a copy of Augustus Addison Gould's Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts filled him with exultant enthusiasm.
He graduated from t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine%20Holt
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Sandrine Claire Holt (born Sandrine Vanessa Ho; 19 November 1972) is a British-born Canadian model and actress.
Early life
Holt was born Sandrine Vanessa Ho in Croydon. Her middle name was later changed to Claire. Her father, Man Shun ("Horace") Ho, is Chinese. Ho received degrees in physics and applied mathematics and computer science at the University of London. Her mother, Christiane (née Nicolette), is French.
At age five, Holt and her family moved to Toronto, Canada. Holt attended St. Joseph's Morrow Park Catholic Secondary School in Willowdale. She worked as a runway model in Paris before she became an actress. Her younger sister is model and designer Adrianne Ho.
Acting career
Holt's acting debut, credited as Sandrine Ho, was in a 1989 episode of Friday the 13th: The Series entitled "Face of Evil". Her feature film debut was in Black Robe in 1991. Subsequent film and television appearances include roles in Rapa-Nui, Once a Thief, Pocahontas: The Legend and Resident Evil: Apocalypse.
In 2004, she appeared in Resident Evil: Apocalypse in a minor role as a anchorwoman named Terri Morales. Then again in 2006, she appeared in a recurring role on the television series 24 as Evelyn Martin, the aide to First Lady Martha Logan. In 2007 she appeared in the recurring role of Catherine Rothberg in Showtime's series The L Word.
In 2012, she appeared in Underworld: Awakening as Lida, an Antigen employee who took care of the protagonist's daughter, a prisoner named Subject Tw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert%20Willem%20Beth
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Evert Willem Beth (7 July 1908 – 12 April 1964) was a Dutch philosopher and logician, whose work principally concerned the foundations of mathematics. He was a member of the Significs Group.
Biography
Beth was born in Almelo, a small town in the eastern Netherlands. His father had studied mathematics and physics at the University of Amsterdam, where he had been awarded a PhD. Evert Beth studied the same subjects at Utrecht University, but then also studied philosophy and psychology. His 1935 PhD was in philosophy.
In 1946, he became professor of logic and the foundations of mathematics in Amsterdam. Apart from two brief interruptions – a stint in 1951 as a research assistant to Alfred Tarski, and in 1957 as a visiting professor at Johns Hopkins University – he held the post in Amsterdam continuously until his death in 1964. His was the first academic post in his country in logic and the foundations of mathematics, and during this time he contributed actively to international cooperation in establishing logic as an academic discipline.
In 1953 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
He died in Amsterdam.
Contributions to logic
Beth definability theorem
The Beth definability theorem states that for first-order logic a property (or function or constant) is implicitly definable if and only if it is explicitly definable. Further explanation is provided under Beth definability.
Semantic tableaux
Beth's most famous contribution to formal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponderomotive%20force
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In physics, a ponderomotive force is a nonlinear force that a charged particle experiences in an inhomogeneous oscillating electromagnetic field. It causes the particle to move towards the area of the weaker field strength, rather than oscillating around an initial point as happens in a homogeneous field. This occurs because the particle sees a greater magnitude of force during the half of the oscillation period while it is in the area with the stronger field. The net force during its period in the weaker area in the second half of the oscillation does not offset the net force of the first half, and so over a complete cycle this makes the particle move towards the area of lesser force.
The ponderomotive force Fp is expressed by
which has units of newtons (in SI units) and where e is the electrical charge of the particle, m is its mass, ω is the angular frequency of oscillation of the field, and E is the amplitude of the electric field. At low enough amplitudes the magnetic field exerts very little force.
This equation means that a charged particle in an inhomogeneous oscillating field not only oscillates at the frequency of ω of the field, but is also accelerated by Fp toward the weak field direction. This is a rare case in which the direction of the force does not depend on whether the particle is positively or negatively charged.
Etymology
The term ponderomotive comes from the Latin ponder- (meaning weight) and the english motive (having to do with motion).
Derivation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20perchlorate
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Lithium perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the formula LiClO4. This white or colourless crystalline salt is noteworthy for its high solubility in many solvents. It exists both in anhydrous form and as a trihydrate.
Applications
Inorganic chemistry
Lithium perchlorate is used as a source of oxygen in some chemical oxygen generators. It decomposes at about 400 °C, yielding lithium chloride and oxygen:
LiClO4 → LiCl + 2 O2
Over 60% of the mass of the lithium perchlorate is released as oxygen. It has both the highest oxygen to weight and oxygen to volume ratio of all practical perchlorate salts, and higher oxygen to volume ratio than liquid oxygen.
Lithium perchlorate is used as an oxidizer in solid rocket propellants, and to produce red colored flame in pyrotechnic compositions.
Organic chemistry
LiClO4 is highly soluble in organic solvents, even diethyl ether. Such solutions are employed in Diels–Alder reactions, where it is proposed that the Lewis acidic Li+ binds to Lewis basic sites on the dienophile, thereby accelerating the reaction.
Lithium perchlorate is also used as a co-catalyst in the coupling of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls with aldehydes, also known as the Baylis–Hillman reaction.
Solid lithium perchlorate is found to be a mild and efficient Lewis acid for promoting cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds under neutral conditions.
Batteries
Lithium perchlorate is also used as an electrolyte salt in lithium-ion batteries. Lithium perchlorate is chose
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20perchlorate
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Silver perchlorate is the chemical compound with the formula AgClO4. This white solid forms a monohydrate and is mildly deliquescent. It is a useful source of the Ag+ ion, although the presence of perchlorate presents risks. It is used as a catalyst in organic chemistry.
Production
Silver perchlorate is created by heating a mixture of perchloric acid with silver nitrate.
Alternatively, it can be prepared by the reaction between barium perchlorate and silver sulfate, or from the reaction of perchloric acid with silver oxide.
Solubility
Silver perchlorate is noteworthy for its solubility in aromatic solvents such as benzene (52.8 g/L) and toluene (1010 g/L). In these solvents, the silver cation binds to the arene, as has been demonstrated by extensive crystallographic studies on crystals obtained from such solutions. Its solubility in water is extremely high, up to 500 g per 100 mL water.
Related reagents
Similar to silver nitrate, silver perchlorate is an effective reagent for replacing halides ligands with perchlorate, which is a weakly or non-coordinating anion. The use of silver perchlorate in chemical synthesis has declined due to concerns about explosiveness of perchlorate salts. Other silver reagents are silver tetrafluoroborate, and the related silver trifluoromethanesulfonate and silver hexafluorophosphate.
References
Perchlorates
Silver compounds
Deliquescent substances
Oxidizing agents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20L.%20McCauley
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Joseph L. McCauley (born 1943) is Professor of Physics at the University of Houston. He was Lars Onsager's last graduate student.
His main research fields are economics and finance (econophysics), nonlinear dynamics, and statistical physics. He has also published papers on the theory of superfluids, quantum theory of vortices, cosmology, porous media, critical phenomena, and science wars.
McCauley predicted a Dollar crisis in April, 2007, this is described in chapter 9 of his 2009 book Dynamics of Markets.
He serves on the Advisory Board of the Econophysics Forum and as an editor of The International Review of Financial Analysis.
Bibliography
McCauley has written four books published by Cambridge University Press:
Chaos, Dynamics, and Fractals: An Algorithmic Approach to Deterministic Chaos (1993).
Classical Mechanics: Transformations, Flows, Integrable and Chaotic Dynamics (1997) .
Dynamics of Markets: Econophysics and Finance (2004).
Dynamics of Markets: The New Financial Economics (2009).
Stochastic Calculus and Differential Equations for Physics and Finance (2013).
and also
Hydrodynamics of Speed on the Water; Surface Piercing Propellers and Fast Boats, kdp 2020
External links
University of Houston home page for Prof. McCauley
Living people
1943 births
University of Houston faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20space%20%28disambiguation%29
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Phase space is a concept in physics, frequently applied in thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, dynamical systems, symplectic manifolds and chaos theory. It is also applicable in software engineering as well as digital framework engineering and design, and an extraordinarily helpful tool in digital architecture and digital/analog temlँcodec design.
Phase space may also refer to:
Phase Space (story collection), a collection of thematically-linked short stories in the Manifold Trilogy by Stephen Baxter
Phase Space (album), an album by Steve Coleman and Dave Holland
"Phase Space" (Westworld), a 2018 episode of the 2016 American TV series Westworld
See also
State space (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Masser
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David William Masser (born 8 November 1948) is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Basel. He is known for his work in transcendental number theory, Diophantine approximation, and Diophantine geometry. With Joseph Oesterlé in 1985, Masser formulated the abc conjecture, which has been called "the most important unsolved problem in Diophantine analysis".
Early life and education
Masser was born on 8 November 1948 in London, England. He graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge with a B.A. (Hons) in 1970. In 1974, he obtained his M.A. and Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge, with a doctoral thesis under the supervision of Alan Baker titled Elliptic Functions and Transcendence.
Career
Masser was a Lecturer at the University of Nottingham from 1973 to 1975, before spending the 1975–1976 year as a Research Fellow of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. He returned to the University of Nottingham to serve as a Lecturer from 1976 to 1979 and then as a Reader from 1979 to 1983. He was a professor at the University of Michigan from 1983 to 1992. He then moved to the Mathematics Institute at the University of Basel and became emeritus there in 2014.
Research
Masser's research focuses on transcendental number theory, Diophantine approximation, and Diophantine geometry. The abc conjecture originated as the outcome of attempts by Oesterlé and Masser to understand the Szpiro conjecture about elliptic curves.
Awards
M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal%20Velocity%20%28video%20game%29
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Terminal Velocity is a shooter video game originally developed by Terminal Reality and published by 3D Realms for DOS and Windows 95, and MacSoft for Mac OS. It is an arcade-style flight combat game, with simpler game controls and physics than flight simulators. It is known for its fast, high-energy action sequences, compared to flight simulators of the time.
The game received generally positive reviews. Critics often compared it to Descent and praised its graphics, although some were turned off by what they thought to be the gameplay's lack of depth. Terminal Reality also developed a similar game, Fury3, published that same year by Microsoft. It uses the same game engine and basic game mechanics, but was designed to run natively on the new Windows 95 operating system, leading it to be described as essentially the Windows version of Terminal Velocity.
Gameplay
Terminal Velocity is a combat flight simulator. The player's craft has no inertia, meaning its course can be changed instantly and can fly at low speeds without falling. There are seven different weapons, ranging from guns, blasters and rockets to homing missiles and a rare secret weapon. Additionally, the player's craft possesses powerful afterburners that allow it to move at very high speed, which is useful in order to evade attacks, but sacrifices the ability to return fire temporarily (they can be selected like weapons, and if they are, the fire button will ignite the afterburners). The craft is able to survive so
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luby%20transform%20code
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In computer science, Luby transform codes (LT codes) are the first class of practical fountain codes that are near-optimal erasure correcting codes. They were invented by Michael Luby in 1998 and published in 2002. Like some other fountain codes, LT codes depend on sparse bipartite graphs to trade reception overhead for encoding and decoding speed. The distinguishing characteristic of LT codes is in employing a particularly simple algorithm based on the exclusive or operation () to encode and decode the message.
LT codes are rateless because the encoding algorithm can in principle produce an infinite number of message packets (i.e., the percentage of packets that must be received to decode the message can be arbitrarily small). They are erasure correcting codes because they can be used to transmit digital data reliably on an erasure channel.
The next generation beyond LT codes are Raptor codes (see for example IETF RFC 5053 or IETF RFC 6330), which have linear time encoding and decoding. Raptor codes are fundamentally based on LT codes, i.e., encoding for Raptor codes uses two encoding stages, where the second stage is LT encoding. Similarly, decoding with Raptor codes primarily relies upon LT decoding, but LT decoding is intermixed with more advanced decoding techniques. The RaptorQ code specified in IETF RFC 6330, which is the most advanced fountain code, has vastly superior decoding probabilities and performance compared to using only an LT code.
Why use an LT code?
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20translation
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Nick translation (or head translation), developed in 1977 by Peter Rigby and Paul Berg, is a tagging technique in molecular biology in which DNA Polymerase I is used to replace some of the nucleotides of a DNA sequence with their labeled analogues, creating a tagged DNA sequence which can be used as a probe in fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or blotting techniques. It can also be used for radiolabeling.
This process is called nick translation because the DNA to be processed is treated with DNAase to produce single-stranded "nicks". This is followed by replacement in nicked sites by DNA polymerase I, which elongates the 3' hydroxyl terminus, removing nucleotides by 5'-3' exonuclease activity, replacing them with dNTPs. To radioactively label a DNA fragment for use as a probe in blotting procedures, one of the incorporated nucleotides provided in the reaction is radiolabeled in the alpha phosphate position. Similarly, a fluorophore can be attached instead for fluorescent labelling, or an antigen for immunodetection. When DNA polymerase I eventually detaches from the DNA, it leaves another nick in the phosphate backbone. The nick has "translated" some distance depending on the processivity of the polymerase. This nick could be sealed by DNA ligase, or its 3' hydroxyl group could serve as the template for further DNA polymerase I activity. Proprietary enzyme mixes are available commercially to perform all steps in the procedure in a single incubation.
Nick translatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir%20Sumaidaie
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Samir Shakir Mahmoud Sumayda'ie (Samir Sumaidaie) is an Iraqi politician and was the Iraqi ambassador to the United States. He was born in Baghdad in 1944 and left Iraq in 1960 to study in the United Kingdom where he obtained a degree in electrical engineering from Durham University in 1965 and a postgraduate diploma in 1966. He returned to Iraq in 1966 but left again for the UK in 1973 after Saddam Hussein seized power. He returned to Baghdad and was appointed member of the Iraq Governing Council in July 2003. He was appointed as Iraq's Ambassador to the United States in April 2006, after previously serving as the Iraq's Permanent Representative to the United Nations (from August 2004), and prior to that, as Baghdad's Interior Minister. He is secular and rejects any sectarian label.
During his years of exile, based in London, and traveling in the Mid- and Far- East, He was a leading figure in the opposition to Saddam's regime and helped form a number of political groups.
In July 2005 Sumaidaie demanded an inquiry into the fatal shooting (which he has described as "cold-blooded") of his cousin during a routine house to house search by US Marines in Iraq.
In November 2007 he visited The Fletcher School at Tufts University where he gave a speech on the history and current situation in Iraq.
In March 2010 he visited the renowned Elliott School of International Affairs at The George Washington University
References
External links
The Washington Diplomat Newspaper - Amb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Gorodetski
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Vladimir Ivanovich Gorodetski (1937) is a Russian Professor of Computer Science, Senior Researcher in Intelligent Systems Laboratory of the St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian Academy of Science.
He graduated from the Military Air Force Engineer Academy in St. Petersburg (1960) and Mathematical and Mechanical Department of the St. Petersburg State University (1970), received his Ph.D. degree (1967) and Doctor of Technical Sciences degree (1973) in the area "Space Vehicle Optimal Control". Main publications (over 250) are related to the areas of multi-agent systems, optimal control system theory, orbital mechanics, applied statistics, planning, pattern recognition and artificial intelligence, knowledge discovery from databases, data and information fusion, digital image steganography, and computer network security.
References
1937 births
Living people
Russian computer scientists
Artificial intelligence researchers
Scientists from Saint Petersburg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20subgroup%20confinement%20attack
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In cryptography, a subgroup confinement attack, or small subgroup confinement attack, on a cryptographic method that operates in a large finite group is where an attacker attempts to compromise the method by forcing a key to be confined to an unexpectedly small subgroup of the desired group.
Several methods have been found to be vulnerable to subgroup confinement attack, including some forms or applications of Diffie–Hellman key exchange and DH-EKE.
References
Cryptographic attacks
Finite groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoided%20crossing
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In quantum physics and quantum chemistry, an avoided crossing (sometimes called intended crossing, non-crossing or anticrossing) is the phenomenon where two eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix representing a quantum observable and depending on N continuous real parameters cannot become equal in value ("cross") except on a manifold of N-3 dimensions. The phenomenon is also known as the von Neumann–Wigner theorem. In the case of a diatomic molecule (with one parameter, namely the bond length), this means that the eigenvalues cannot cross at all. In the case of a triatomic molecule, this means that the eigenvalues can coincide only at a single point (see conical intersection).
This is particularly important in quantum chemistry. In the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, the electronic molecular Hamiltonian is diagonalized on a set of distinct molecular geometries (the obtained eigenvalues are the values of the adiabatic potential energy surfaces). The geometries for which the potential energy surfaces are avoiding to cross are the locus where the Born–Oppenheimer approximation fails.
Avoided crossing also occur in the resonance frequencies of undamped mechanical systems, where the stiffness and mass matrices are real symmetric. There the resonance frequencies are the square root of the generalized eigenvalues.
In two-state systems
Emergence
Study of a two-level system is of vital importance in quantum mechanics because it embodies simplification of many of physically realizable
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom%20hardware%20attack
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In cryptography, a custom hardware attack uses specifically designed application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) to decipher encrypted messages.
Mounting a cryptographic brute force attack requires a large number of similar computations: typically trying one key, checking if the resulting decryption gives a meaningful answer, and then trying the next key if it does not. Computers can perform these calculations at a rate of millions per second, and thousands of computers can be harnessed together in a distributed computing network. But the number of computations required on average grows exponentially with the size of the key, and for many problems standard computers are not fast enough. On the other hand, many cryptographic algorithms lend themselves to fast implementation in hardware, i.e. networks of logic circuits, also known as gates. Integrated circuits (ICs) are constructed of these gates and often can execute cryptographic algorithms hundreds of times faster than a general purpose computer.
Each IC can contain large numbers of gates (hundreds of millions in 2005). Thus, the same decryption circuit, or cell, can be replicated thousands of times on one IC. The communications requirements for these ICs are very simple. Each must be initially loaded with a starting point in the key space and, in some situations, with a comparison test value (see known plaintext attack). Output consists of a signal that the IC has found an answer and the successful key.
Since ICs le
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecewise%20linear%20manifold
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In mathematics, a piecewise linear (PL) manifold is a topological manifold together with a piecewise linear structure on it. Such a structure can be defined by means of an atlas, such that one can pass from chart to chart in it by piecewise linear functions. This is slightly stronger than the topological notion of a triangulation.
An isomorphism of PL manifolds is called a PL homeomorphism.
Relation to other categories of manifolds
PL, or more precisely PDIFF, sits between DIFF (the category of smooth manifolds) and TOP (the category of topological manifolds): it is categorically "better behaved" than DIFF — for example, the Generalized Poincaré conjecture is true in PL (with the possible exception of dimension 4, where it is equivalent to DIFF), but is false generally in DIFF — but is "worse behaved" than TOP, as elaborated in surgery theory.
Smooth manifolds
Smooth manifolds have canonical PL structures — they are uniquely triangulizable, by Whitehead's theorem on triangulation — but PL manifolds do not always have smooth structures — they are not always smoothable. This relation can be elaborated by introducing the category PDIFF, which contains both DIFF and PL, and is equivalent to PL.
One way in which PL is better behaved than DIFF is that one can take cones in PL, but not in DIFF — the cone point is acceptable in PL.
A consequence is that the Generalized Poincaré conjecture is true in PL for dimensions greater than four — the proof is to take a homotopy sphere,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20space
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In topology, a branch of mathematics, the loop space ΩX of a pointed topological space X is the space of (based) loops in X, i.e. continuous pointed maps from the pointed circle S1 to X, equipped with the compact-open topology. Two loops can be multiplied by concatenation. With this operation, the loop space is an A∞-space. That is, the multiplication is homotopy-coherently associative.
The set of path components of ΩX, i.e. the set of based-homotopy equivalence classes of based loops in X, is a group, the fundamental group π1(X).
The iterated loop spaces of X are formed by applying Ω a number of times.
There is an analogous construction for topological spaces without basepoint. The free loop space of a topological space X is the space of maps from the circle S1 to X with the compact-open topology. The free loop space of X is often denoted by .
As a functor, the free loop space construction is right adjoint to cartesian product with the circle, while the loop space construction is right adjoint to the reduced suspension. This adjunction accounts for much of the importance of loop spaces in stable homotopy theory. (A related phenomenon in computer science is currying, where the cartesian product is adjoint to the hom functor.) Informally this is referred to as Eckmann–Hilton duality.
Eckmann–Hilton duality
The loop space is dual to the suspension of the same space; this duality is sometimes called Eckmann–Hilton duality. The basic observation is that
where is the set
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%20matrix
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In mathematics, a Sylvester matrix is a matrix associated to two univariate polynomials with coefficients in a field or a commutative ring. The entries of the Sylvester matrix of two polynomials are coefficients of the polynomials. The determinant of the Sylvester matrix of two polynomials is their resultant, which is zero when the two polynomials have a common root (in case of coefficients in a field) or a non-constant common divisor (in case of coefficients in an integral domain).
Sylvester matrices are named after James Joseph Sylvester.
Definition
Formally, let p and q be two nonzero polynomials, respectively of degree m and n. Thus:
The Sylvester matrix associated to p and q is then the matrix constructed as follows:
if n > 0, the first row is:
the second row is the first row, shifted one column to the right; the first element of the row is zero.
the following n − 2 rows are obtained the same way, shifting the coefficients one column to the right each time and setting the other entries in the row to be 0.
if m > 0 the (n + 1)th row is:
the following rows are obtained the same way as before.
Thus, if m = 4 and n = 3, the matrix is:
If one of the degrees is zero (that is, the corresponding polynomial is a nonzero constant polynomial), then there are zero rows consisting of coefficients of the other polynomial, and the Sylvester matrix is a diagonal matrix of dimension the degree of the non-constant polynomial, with the all diagonal coefficients equal to the c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton%20M.%20Krogman
|
Wilton Marion Krogman (June 28, 1903 – November 4, 1987) was an American anthropologist. He was a leader in the development of the field of physical anthropology, with an early and lasting interest in dental anthropology.
Over his long career he also contributed to osteology, racial studies, genetics, medical anthropology, paleoanthropology, constitutional anthropology, and human engineering. His main interests and his most important contributions were in the areas of child growth and development and forensic anthropology.
Wilton Krogman, familiarly known as Bill, was the son of Wilhelm Claus Krogman and Lydia Magdalena Wriedt, who were German immigrants living in Oak Park, Illinois. His parents lacked advanced education, but strongly encouraged him to pursue his studies. His father was a skilled craftsman, described as a perfectionist, who worked with his brothers on the first house by Frank Lloyd Wright.
Krogman came in first on a standardized test among 490 applicants to the University of Chicago, which he attended as an undergraduate and post-graduate, gaining his Ph.D. in 1928. There he had his first job, as a lecturer in introductory anthropology. The next year he had a fellowship to the Royal College of Surgeons in London. Starting in 1931 he was an associate professor at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, where he interacted with many of the leaders of the profession.
In 1939 Krogman wrote an article in the F.B.I. newsletter entitled "A Guide to the Identifi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugium%20%28population%20biology%29
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In biology, a refugium (plural: refugia) is a location which supports an isolated or relict population of a once more widespread species. This isolation (allopatry) can be due to climatic changes, geography, or human activities such as deforestation and overhunting.
Present examples of refugial animal species are the mountain gorilla, isolated to specific mountains in central Africa, and the Australian sea lion, isolated to specific breeding beaches along the south-west coast of Australia, due to humans taking so many of their number as game. This resulting isolation, in many cases, can be seen as only a temporary state; however, some refugia may be longstanding, thereby having many endemic species, not found elsewhere, which survive as relict populations. The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool has been proposed to be a longstanding refugium, based on the discovery of the "living fossil" of a marine dinoflagellate called Dapsilidinium pastielsii, currently found in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool only.
For plants, anthropogenic climate change propels scientific interest in identifying refugial species that were isolated into small or disjunct ranges during glacial episodes of the Pleistocene, yet whose ability to expand their ranges during the warmth of interglacial periods (such as the Holocene) was apparently limited or precluded by topographic, streamflow, or habitat barriers—or by the extinction of coevolved animal dispersers. The concern is that ongoing warming trends will expose them
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20J.%20Kopp
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Stephen James Kopp (March 28, 1951 – December 17, 2014) was an American educator. He was president of Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia from 2005 until his death in 2014.
He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in biology from the University of Notre Dame, and his Ph.D. in Physiology and Biophysics from the University of Illinois at Chicago.
He served as a postdoctoral fellow at the St. Louis University Medical Center, and a research fellow and NIH Fellow in the department of biochemistry at the University of Illinois at Chicago prior to joining the faculty of Midwestern University.
Prior to his career at Marshall, Kopp had been serving as a Special Assistant to the Chancellor with the Ohio Board of Regents. Dr. Kopp served as Provost at Ohio University from 2002 to 2004 in Athens, Ohio. He also was founding Dean of the Herbert H. and Grace A. Dow College of Health Professions at Central Michigan University, and founding Dean of the College of Allied Health Professions at Midwestern University. He also served in a variety of positions for nearly 20 years at the Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine.
Kopp assumed the presidency on July 1, 2005, taking over from interim president Michael J. Farrell. During that time, MU invested more than $300 million in new buildings and building renovations, including the new Visual Arts Center in downtown Huntington, the $55 million Arthur Weisberg Family Applied Engineering Complex, the $48 million Robert C. Byrd Biotec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed%20potential%20theory
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Mixed potential theory is a theory used in electrochemistry that relates the potentials and currents from differing constituents into a 'weighted' potential at zero net current. In other words, it is an electrode potential resulting from a simultaneous action of more than a single redox couple, while the net electrode current is zero.
IUPAC definition
According to the IUPAC definition, mixed potential is the potential of an electrode (against a suitable
reference electrode, often the standard hydrogen electrode) when an appreciable fraction of the anodic or cathodic current arises from two or more different redox couples, but when the total current on the electrode remains at zero.
References
Electrochemistry
Electrochemical potentials
Chemistry theories
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Institute%20of%20Physics
|
The American Institute of Physics (AIP) promotes science and the profession of physics, publishes physics journals, and produces publications for scientific and engineering societies. The AIP is made up of various member societies. Its corporate headquarters are at the American Center for Physics in College Park, Maryland, but the institute also has offices in Melville, New York, and Beijing.
Historical overview
The AIP was founded in 1931 as a response to lack of funding for the sciences during the Great Depression. It formally incorporated in 1932 consisting of five original "member societies", and a total of four thousand members. A new set of member societies was added beginning in the mid-1960s. As soon as the AIP was established it began publishing scientific journals.
Member societies
Affiliated societies
List of publications
The AIP has a subsidiary called AIP Publishing (wholly owned non-profit) dedicated to scholarly publishing by the AIP and its member societies, as well on behalf of other partners.
AIP Style
Just as the American Chemical Society has its own style called ACS Style, AIP has its own citation style called AIP Style which is commonly used in physics.
See also
Institute of Physics
PACS
Science Writing Award
SPIE
Joan Warnow-Blewett
References
External links
AIP website
Member societies of the AIP
AIP journals
AIP Scitation website, which host academic articles of journals published by societies members of AIP, and by societies who decided
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamport%27s%20bakery%20algorithm
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Lamport's bakery algorithm is a computer algorithm devised by computer scientist Leslie Lamport, as part of his long study of the formal correctness of concurrent systems, which is intended to improve the safety in the usage of shared resources among multiple threads by means of mutual exclusion.
In computer science, it is common for multiple threads to simultaneously access the same resources. Data corruption can occur if two or more threads try to write into the same memory location, or if one thread reads a memory location before another has finished writing into it. Lamport's bakery algorithm is one of many mutual exclusion algorithms designed to prevent concurrent threads entering critical sections of code concurrently to eliminate the risk of data corruption.
Algorithm
Analogy
Lamport envisioned a bakery with a numbering machine at its entrance so each customer is given a unique number. Numbers increase by one as customers enter the store. A global counter displays the number of the customer that is currently being served. All other customers must wait in a queue until the baker finishes serving the current customer and the next number is displayed. When the customer is done shopping and has disposed of his or her number, the clerk increments the number, allowing the next customer to be served. That customer must draw another number from the numbering machine in order to shop again.
According to the analogy, the "customers" are threads, identified by the letter i,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaseous%20ionization%20detector
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Gaseous ionization detectors are radiation detection instruments used in particle physics to detect the presence of ionizing particles, and in radiation protection applications to measure ionizing radiation.
They use the ionising effect of radiation upon a gas-filled sensor. If a particle has enough energy to ionize a gas atom or molecule, the resulting electrons and ions cause a current flow which can be measured.
Gaseous ionisation detectors form an important group of instruments used for radiation detection and measurement. This article gives a quick overview of the principal types, and more detailed information can be found in the articles on each instrument. The accompanying plot shows the variation of ion pair generation with varying applied voltage for constant incident radiation. There are three main practical operating regions, one of which each type utilises.
Types
The three basic types of gaseous ionization detectors are 1) ionization chambers, 2) proportional counters, and 3) Geiger–Müller tubes
All of these have the same basic design of two electrodes separated by air or a special fill gas, but each uses a different method to measure the total number of ion-pairs that are collected. The strength of the electric field between the electrodes and the type and pressure of the fill gas determines the detector's response to ionizing radiation.
Ionization chamber
Ionization chambers operate at a low electric field strength, selected such that no gas multiplicati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval%20arithmetic
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[[File:Set of curves Outer approximation.png|345px|thumb|right|Tolerance function (turquoise) and interval-valued approximation (red)]]
Interval arithmetic (also known as interval mathematics; interval analysis or interval computation) is a mathematical technique used to mitigate rounding and measurement errors in mathematical computation by computing function bounds. Numerical methods involving interval arithmetic can guarantee relatively reliable and mathematically correct results. Instead of representing a value as a single number, interval arithmetic or interval mathematics represents each value as a range of possibilities.
Mathematically, instead of working with an uncertain real-valued variable , interval arithmetic works with an interval that defines the range of values that can have. In other words, any value of the variable lies in the closed interval between and . A function , when applied to , produces an interval which includes all the possible values for for all .
Interval arithmetic is suitable for a variety of purposes; the most common use is in scientific works, particularly when the calculations are handled by software, where it is used to keep track of rounding errors in calculations and of uncertainties in the knowledge of the exact values of physical and technical parameters. The latter often arise from measurement errors and tolerances for components or due to limits on computational accuracy. Interval arithmetic also helps find guaranteed solutio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Wills%20Neuroscience%20Institute
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The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (HWNI) at the University of California, Berkeley was created in 1997, through a bequest from eight-time Wimbledon champion Helen Wills Moody, an alumna of UC Berkeley.
History
The Berkeley Neuroscience Center (BNC) was created in 1997 under the leadership of Professors Carla Shatz and Corey Goodman, who served as the first two Directors from 1997-2001. Neuroscience professors in departments across campus were invited to become faculty in the Center to help recruit new core faculty and to accept graduate students into their labs for training. A $10 million bequest from Olympic gold medalist and 8-time Wimbledon champion Helen Wills Moody endowed the graduate program and provided cash support to grow the Center. On July 1, 2000, it was formally renamed the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (HWNI) in honor of this bequest. The Neuroscience PhD Program accepted its first class in Fall 2001. At any time there are approximately 60 graduate students in the department.
The institute now encompasses over 70 research faculty from many departments including: Molecular & Cellular Biology, Psychology, Integrative Biology, Vision Science, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Physics, and Environmental Science, Policy & Management, Haas School of Business, College of Chemistry, School of Public Health, Department of Bioengineering. The institute supports four general subdivisions within neuroscience: Cellular, Cognitive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicarboxylic%20acid
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In organic chemistry, a dicarboxylic acid is an organic compound containing two carboxyl groups (). The general molecular formula for dicarboxylic acids can be written as , where R can be aliphatic or aromatic. In general, dicarboxylic acids show similar chemical behavior and reactivity to monocarboxylic acids.
Dicarboxylic acids are used in the preparation of copolymers such as polyamides and polyesters. The most widely used dicarboxylic acid in the industry is adipic acid, which is a precursor in the production of nylon. Other examples of dicarboxylic acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid, two amino acids in the human body. The name can be abbreviated to diacid.
Linear and cyclic saturated dicarboxylic acids
The general formula for acyclic dicarboxylic acid is . The PubChem links gives access to more information on the compounds, including other names, ids, toxicity and safety.
Acids from the two-carbon oxalic acid to the ten-member sebacic acid may be remembered using the mnemonic 'Oh My Son, Go And Pray Softly And Silently', and also 'Oh my! Such great Apple Pie, sweet as sugar!'.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! n !! Common name !! Systematic IUPAC name !! Structure !! pKa1 !! pKa2 !! PubChem
|-
| 0 || Oxalic acid || ethanedioic acid || || 1.27 || 4.27 || 971
|-
| 1 || Malonic acid || propanedioic acid || || 2.85 || 5.05 || 867
|-
| 2 || Succinic acid || butanedioic acid || || 4.21 || 5.41 || 1110
|-
| 3 || Glutaric acid || pentanedioic acid || || 4.34 || 5.41 |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-tagging
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b-tagging is a method of jet flavor tagging used in modern particle physics experiments. It is the identification (or "tagging") of jets originating from bottom quarks (or b quarks, hence the name).
Importance
b-tagging is important because:
The physics of bottom quarks is quite interesting; in particular, it sheds light on CP violation.
Some important high-mass particles (both recently discovered and hypothetical) decay into bottom quarks. Top quarks very nearly always do so, and the Higgs boson is expected to decay into bottom quarks more than any other particle given its mass has been observed to be about 125 GeV. Identifying bottom quarks helps to identify the decays of these particles.
Methods
The methods for b-tagging are based on the unique features of b-jets. These include:
Hadrons containing bottom quarks have sufficient lifetime that they travel some distance before decaying. On the other hand, their lifetimes are not so high as those of light quark hadrons, so they decay inside the detector rather than escape. The advent of precision silicon detectors within particle detectors has made it possible to identify particles that originate from a place different to where the bottom quark was formed (e.g. the beam–beam collision point in a particle accelerator), and thus indicating the likely presence of a b-jet.
The bottom quark is much more massive than anything it decays into. Thus its decay products tend to have higher transverse momentum (momentum perpendicu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folliculogenesis
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Although the process is similar in many animals, this article will deal exclusively with human folliculogenesis.
In biology, folliculogenesis is the maturation of the ovarian follicle, a densely packed shell of somatic cells that contains an immature oocyte. Folliculogenesis describes the progression of a number of small primordial follicles into large preovulatory follicles that occurs in part during the menstrual cycle.
Contrary to male spermatogenesis, which can last indefinitely, folliculogenesis ends when the remaining follicles in the ovaries are incapable of responding to the hormonal cues that previously recruited some follicles to mature. This depletion in follicle supply signals the beginning of menopause.
Overview
The primary role of the follicle is oocyte support. From the whole pool of follicles a woman is born with, only 0.1% of them will rise ovulation, whereas 99.9% will break down (in a process called follicular atresia). From birth, the ovaries of the human female contain a number of immature, primordial follicles. These follicles each contain a similarly immature primary oocyte. At puberty, clutches of follicles begin folliculogenesis, entering a growth pattern that ends in ovulation (the process where the oocyte leaves the follicle) or in atresia (death of the follicle's granulosa cells).
During follicular development, primordial follicles undergo a series of critical changes in character, both histologically and hormonally. First they change into prim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamina
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Stamina may refer to:
Biology and healthcare
Endurance, the ability of an organism to exert itself and remain active for a long period of time, as well as its ability to resist, withstand, recover from, and have immunity to trauma, wounds, or fatigue
Stamen (: stamina), the male organ of a flower
Stamina therapy, a controversial alternative medical treatment based on stem cells
Other uses
Stamina (horse) (1905–1930), American racehorse
Stamina, a constraint system in a number of free-to-play video games that limits how often the player can attack, run, jump or exert energy
See also
Stam1na, a Finnish heavy metal band
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet%20%28particle%20physics%29
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A jet is a narrow cone of hadrons and other particles produced by the hadronization of a quark or gluon in a particle physics or heavy ion experiment. Particles carrying a color charge, such as quarks, cannot exist in free form because of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) confinement which only allows for colorless states. When an object containing color charge fragments, each fragment carries away some of the color charge. In order to obey confinement, these fragments create other colored objects around them to form colorless objects. The ensemble of these objects is called a jet, since the fragments all tend to travel in the same direction, forming a narrow "jet" of particles. Jets are measured in particle detectors and studied in order to determine the properties of the original quarks.
A jet definition includes a jet algorithm and a recombination scheme. The former defines how some inputs, e.g. particles or detector objects, are grouped into jets, while the latter specifies how a momentum is assigned to a jet. For example, jets can be characterized by the thrust. The jet direction (jet axis) can be defined as the thrust axis. In particle physics experiments, jets are usually built from clusters of energy depositions in the detector calorimeter. When studying simulated processes, the calorimeter jets can be reconstructed based on a simulated detector response. However, in simulated samples, jets can also be reconstructed directly from stable particles emerging from fragmentati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disconnector
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In electrical engineering, a disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator switch is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or maintenance. They are often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications, where machinery must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. Disconnectors can be operated manually or by a motor, and may be paired with an earthing switch to ground the portion that has been isolated from the system for ensuring the safety of equipment and the personnel working on it.
High-voltage disconnectors are used in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers, transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. The disconnector is usually not intended for normal control of the circuit, but only for safety isolation. Unlike load switches and circuit breakers, disconnectors lack a mechanism for suppression of electric arcs which occur when conductors carrying high currents are mechanically interrupted. Thus, they are off-load devices, with very low breaking capacity, intended to be opened only after the current has been interrupted by some other control device. Safety regulations of the utility must prevent any attempt to open the disconnector while it supplies a circuit. Standards in some countries for safety may require either local motor isolators or lockable overloads (which can be padlocked).
IEC standard 62271-102 defines the functionality and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced%20gamma%20emission
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In physics, induced gamma emission (IGE) refers to the process of fluorescent emission of gamma rays from excited nuclei, usually involving a specific nuclear isomer. It is analogous to conventional fluorescence, which is defined as the emission of a photon (unit of light) by an excited electron in an atom or molecule. In the case of IGE, nuclear isomers can store significant amounts of excitation energy for times long enough for them to serve as nuclear fluorescent materials. There are over 800 known nuclear isomers but almost all are too intrinsically radioactive to be considered for applications. there were two proposed nuclear isomers that appeared to be physically capable of IGE fluorescence in safe arrangements: tantalum-180m and hafnium-178m2.
History
Induced gamma emission is an example of interdisciplinary research bordering on both nuclear physics and quantum electronics. Viewed as a nuclear reaction it would belong to a class in which only photons were involved in creating and destroying states of nuclear excitation. It is a class usually overlooked in traditional discussions. In 1939 Pontecorvo and Lazard reported the first example of this type of reaction. Indium was the target and in modern terminology describing nuclear reactions it would be written 115In(γ,γ')115mIn. The product nuclide carries an "m" to denote that it has a long enough half life (4.5 h in this case) to qualify as being a nuclear isomer. That is what made the experiment possible in 1939 beca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen%20Spertus
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Ellen R. Spertus is an American computer scientist who is currently the Elinor Kilgore Snyder Professor of computer science at Mills College, Oakland, California, and a former senior research scientist at Google.
Early life and education
Spertus grew up in Glencoe, Illinois, where she attended New Trier High School.
At MIT she received a Bachelor of Science in computer science and engineering in 1990, a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science in 1992, and a Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering and computer science in 1998, with a Ph.D. thesis entitled ParaSite: mining the structural information on the World-Wide Web.
Career
Spertus has written articles treating both technical and social subjects, often combining the two. In 1993, she was profiled in The New York Times as one of the "women who might change the face of the computer industry" and in a follow-up article in 2003. In 2001, she was named "The Sexiest Geek Alive".
While at Google, Spertus spent her time working on App Inventor for Android, a block based development platform with a graphical user interface (GUI) that lets developers and amateurs create applications for Android. In May 2011, O'Reilly Media published the book App Inventor, which Spertus co-authored with David Wolber, Hal Abelson, and Liz Looney. She spent several summers between terms working for Microsoft.
Spertus was a lessee of one of the approximately 1,000 General Motors EV1s. She is married to computer sc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway%20revolt
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Highway revolts (also freeway revolts, expressway revolts, or road protests) are organized protests against the planning or construction of highways, freeways, expressways, and other civil engineering projects that favor motor vehicles.
Many freeway revolts took place in developed countries during the 1960s and 1970s, in response to plans for the construction of new freeways, as advocated for by the highway lobby. A significant number of these highways were abandoned or significantly scaled back due to widespread public opposition, especially of those whose neighborhoods would be disrupted or displaced by the proposed freeways, and due to various other negative effects that freeways are considered to have. Freeway revolts have gained renewed interest in the 21st century, with activists pushing to bury highways underground or remove freeways from cities to repair the damage to neighborhoods displaced by highway construction in the 20th century.
Australia
While anti-freeway/anti-road activism in Australia has not been as vocal as in North America, small-scale revolts against freeway construction have occurred in Sydney and Melbourne, with many protesting toll collection.
Melbourne
Melbourne saw protests against the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan, mostly by those in the impacted inner-city areas.
In 1974, 150 residents protesting plans for the F-19 freeway through Collingwood put themselves in front of construction equipment in an attempt to halt construction. In 1978,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint%20%28disambiguation%29
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A fingerprint is a mark made by the pattern of ridges on the pad of a human finger.
Fingerprint may also refer to:
Science and technology
Genetic fingerprint, distinguishing two individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA
Peptide mass fingerprinting, in biochemistry, identification of proteins
Fingerprint (computing), uniquely identifying data by extracting from it a small key known as a fingerprint
Public key fingerprint, a string of bytes identifying a cryptographic public key
Acoustic fingerprint, in audio technology, unique code generated from audio samples, allowing computer identification of music
Digital video fingerprinting, generates unique codes from digital video samples, and is used for automated copyright enforcement
TCP/IP stack fingerprinting, identifying computer operating systems from network packets
Device fingerprint, harvesting of software and hardware settings from a remote computing device
Canvas fingerprinting, a browser fingerprinting technique for tracking users
Rabin fingerprint
Ballistic fingerprinting, a set of forensic techniques that to match a bullet to the gun it was fired with
Radio fingerprinting, characteristic signature from minute variations of frequencies emitted by a radio frequency device
Isotopic fingerprint, characteristic ratios of isotopes in material
Fingerprint, in the forensic identification of a typewriter
Fingerprint, in the forensic identification of a paper shredder
Arts
Fingerprints (co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Resnik
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Michael David Resnik (; born March 20, 1938) is a leading contemporary American philosopher of mathematics.
Biography
Resnik obtained his B.A. in mathematics and philosophy at Yale University in 1960, and his PhD in Philosophy at Harvard University in 1964. He wrote his thesis on Frege. He was appointed Associate Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1967, Professor in 1975, and University Distinguished Professor in 1988. He is Professor Emeritus of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and currently resides in rural Chatham County, North Carolina.
Publications
Books
Journal articles
References
External links
Philpapers.org
Home page of Michael_Resnik
1938 births
20th-century American philosophers
American logicians
American science writers
Analytic philosophers
Harvard University alumni
Living people
Writers from New Haven, Connecticut
Philosophers of mathematics
Structuralism (philosophy of mathematics)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Yale University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conical%20intersection
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In quantum chemistry, a conical intersection of two or more potential energy surfaces is the set of molecular geometry points where the potential energy surfaces are degenerate (intersect) and the non-adiabatic couplings between these states are non-vanishing. In the vicinity of conical intersections, the Born–Oppenheimer approximation breaks down and the coupling between electronic and nuclear motion becomes important, allowing non-adiabatic processes to take place. The location and characterization of conical intersections are therefore essential to the understanding of a wide range of important phenomena governed by non-adiabatic events, such as photoisomerization, photosynthesis, vision and the photostability of DNA. The conical intersection involving the ground electronic state potential energy surface of the C6H3F3+ molecular ion is discussed in connection with the Jahn–Teller effect in Section 13.4.2 on pages 380-388 of the textbook by Bunker and Jensen.
Conical intersections are also called molecular funnels or diabolic points as they have become an established paradigm for understanding reaction mechanisms in photochemistry as important as transitions states in thermal chemistry. This comes from the very important role they play in non-radiative de-excitation transitions from excited electronic states to the ground electronic state of molecules. For example, the stability of DNA with respect to the UV irradiation is due to such conical intersection. The molecular
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne%20Koller
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Daphne Koller (; born August 27, 1968) is an Israeli-American computer scientist. She was a professor in the department of computer science at Stanford University and a MacArthur Foundation fellowship recipient. She is one of the founders of Coursera, an online education platform. Her general research area is artificial intelligence and its applications in the biomedical sciences. Koller was featured in a 2004 article by MIT Technology Review titled "10 Emerging Technologies That Will Change Your World" concerning the topic of Bayesian machine learning.
Education
Koller received a bachelor's degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1985, at the age of 17, and a master's degree from the same institution in 1986, at the age of 18. She completed her PhD at Stanford in 1993 under the supervision of Joseph Halpern.
Career and research
After her PhD, Koller did postdoctoral research at University of California, Berkeley from 1993 to 1995 under Stuart J. Russell, and joined the faculty of the Stanford University computer science department in 1995. She was named a MacArthur Fellow in 2004. She was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2011 for contributions to representation, inference, and learning in probabilistic models with applications to robotics, vision, and biology. She was also elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2014 and as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2023.
In April 2008, Koller was awarded
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unarius%20Academy%20of%20Science
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Unarius is a non-profit organization founded in 1954 in Los Angeles, California, and headquartered in El Cajon, California. The organization purports to advance a new "interdimensional science of life" based upon "fourth-dimensional" physics principles. Unarius centers exist in Canada, New Zealand, Nigeria, the United Kingdom, and various locations in the United States.
Unarius is an acronym for "Universal Articulate Interdimensional Understanding of Science". The founder, and subsequent "channels" and "sub-channels", have written books filled with channeled dissertations from alleged advanced intelligent beings that exist on higher frequency planes. Over 100 volumes have been published since 1954.
History
The group was founded in February 1954 in Los Angeles, California by Ernest Norman (1904–1971) and his wife Ruth Norman (1900–1993).
From 1954–1971, when Ernest still controlled the organization, the organization defined "the mission" as the explanation and promotion of an inter-dimensional science of life in the books he wrote. He said that he had channeled the material via his psychic connections with extraterrestrial intelligences.
Between 1972–1993, while Ruth Norman guided it, the organization grew and had a raised public profile. "The mission" evolved into bringing Unarius to the masses. She accepted interviews, appeared on Late Night with David Letterman and The David Susskind Show and built a video production studio in the late 1970s. Unarius video productions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport%20problem
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In mathematics and especially game theory, the airport problem is a type of fair division problem in which it is decided how to distribute the cost of an airport runway among different players who need runways of different lengths. The problem was introduced by S. C. Littlechild and G. Owen in 1973. Their proposed solution is:
Divide the cost of providing the minimum level of required facility for the smallest type of aircraft equally among the number of landings of all aircraft
Divide the incremental cost of providing the minimum level of required facility for the second smallest type of aircraft (above the cost of the smallest type) equally among the number of landings of all but the smallest type of aircraft. Continue thus until finally the incremental cost of the largest type of aircraft is divided equally among the number of landings made by the largest aircraft type.
The authors note that the resulting set of landing charges is the Shapley value for an appropriately defined game.
Introduction
In an airport problem there is a finite population N and a nonnegative function C: N-R. For technical reasons it is assumed that the population is taken from the set of the natural numbers: players are identified with their 'ranking number'. The cost function satisfies the inequality C(i) <C（j）whenever i <j. It is typical for airport problems that the cost C（i）is assumed to be a part of the cost C(j) if i<j, i.e. a coalition S is confronted with costs c(S): =MAX C(i). In th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20bundle
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In mathematics, the universal bundle in the theory of fiber bundles with structure group a given topological group , is a specific bundle over a classifying space , such that every bundle with the given structure group over is a pullback by means of a continuous map .
Existence of a universal bundle
In the CW complex category
When the definition of the classifying space takes place within the homotopy category of CW complexes, existence theorems for universal bundles arise from Brown's representability theorem.
For compact Lie groups
We will first prove:
Proposition. Let be a compact Lie group. There exists a contractible space on which acts freely. The projection is a -principal fibre bundle.
Proof. There exists an injection of into a unitary group for big enough. If we find then we can take to be . The construction of is given in classifying space for .
The following Theorem is a corollary of the above Proposition.
Theorem. If is a paracompact manifold and is a principal -bundle, then there exists a map , unique up to homotopy, such that is isomorphic to , the pull-back of the -bundle by .
Proof. On one hand, the pull-back of the bundle by the natural projection is the bundle . On the other hand, the pull-back of the principal -bundle by the projection is also
Since is a fibration with contractible fibre , sections of exist. To such a section we associate the composition with the projection . The map we get is the we were looking for.
For
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruction%20theory
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In mathematics, obstruction theory is a name given to two different mathematical theories, both of which yield cohomological invariants.
In the original work of Stiefel and Whitney, characteristic classes were defined as obstructions to the existence of certain fields of linear independent vectors. Obstruction theory turns out to be an application of cohomology theory to the problem of constructing a cross-section of a bundle.
In homotopy theory
The older meaning for obstruction theory in homotopy theory relates to the procedure, inductive with respect to dimension, for extending a continuous mapping defined on a simplicial complex, or CW complex. It is traditionally called Eilenberg obstruction theory, after Samuel Eilenberg. It involves cohomology groups with coefficients in homotopy groups to define obstructions to extensions. For example, with a mapping from a simplicial complex X to another, Y, defined initially on the 0-skeleton of X (the vertices of X), an extension to the 1-skeleton will be possible whenever the image of the 0-skeleton will belong to the same path-connected component of Y. Extending from the 1-skeleton to the 2-skeleton means defining the mapping on each solid triangle from X, given the mapping already defined on its boundary edges. Likewise, then extending the mapping to the 3-skeleton involves extending the mapping to each solid 3-simplex of X, given the mapping already defined on its boundary.
At some point, say extending the mapping from the (n
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