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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20studies
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Animal studies is a recently recognised field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways. Scholars who engage in animal studies may be formally trained in a number of diverse fields, including art history, anthropology, biology, film studies, geography, history, psychology, literary studies, museology, philosophy, communication, and sociology. They engage with questions about notions of "animality," "animalization," or "becoming animal," to understand human-made representations of and cultural ideas about "the animal" and what it is to be human by employing various theoretical perspectives. Using these perspectives, those who engage in animal studies seek to understand both human-animal relations now and in the past as defined by our knowledge of them. Because the field is still developing, scholars and others have some freedom to define their own criteria about what issues may structure the field.
History
Animal studies became popular in the 1970s as an interdisciplinary subject, animal studies exists at the intersection of a number of different fields of study such as journals and books series, etc. Different fields began to turn to animals as an important topic at different times and for various reasons, and these separate disciplinary histories shape how scholars approach animal studies. Historically, the field of environmental history has encouraged attention to animals.
Throughout Western history, humankind has put itself above the "nonhuman
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Thomas%20Beer
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Charles Thomas Beer (18 November 1915 – 15 June 2010) was a Canadian organic chemist who helped in the discovery of vinblastine.
Born in Leigh, Dorset, England, he received a D.Phil. in chemistry from Oxford in 1948. He came to North America in the early 1950s to the department of medical research at the University of Western Ontario to work with Robert L. Noble. Together they isolated the anti-cancer drug vinblastine from the leaves of the Madagascar periwinkle plant (vinca rosea) at the University of Western Ontario in 1958. The discovery of vinblastine is generally considered a milestone in the development of chemotherapy.
In 1960, he became professor of biochemistry at the University of British Columbia. After his retirement, he remained an honorary senior research scientist in the department of cancer endocrinology at the British Columbia Cancer Agency.
In 1997, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. In 2003, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada
References
Canadian Medical Hall of Fame profile
His cancer breakthrough started with periwinkle, 12 test tubes, a rack and a spatula Globe and Mail obituary, 12 July 2010
1915 births
2010 deaths
Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford
Canadian chemists
Organic chemists
Canadian medical researchers
British emigrants to Canada
Members of the Order of Canada
People from North Dorset District
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia Faculty of Science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration%20geophysics
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Exploration geophysics is an applied branch of geophysics and economic geology, which uses physical methods at the surface of the Earth, such as seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic, to measure the physical properties of the subsurface, along with the anomalies in those properties. It is most often used to detect or infer the presence and position of economically useful geological deposits, such as ore minerals; fossil fuels and other hydrocarbons; geothermal reservoirs; and groundwater reservoirs. It can also be used to detect the presence of unexploded ordnance.
Exploration geophysics can be used to directly detect the target style of mineralization by measuring its physical properties directly. For example, one may measure the density contrasts between the dense iron ore and the lighter silicate host rock, or one may measure the electrical conductivity contrast between conductive sulfide minerals and the resistive silicate host rock.
Geophysical methods
The main techniques used are:
Seismic tomography to locate earthquakes and assist in Seismology.
Reflection seismology and seismic refraction to map the surface structure of a region.
Geodesy and gravity techniques, including gravity gradiometry.
Magnetic techniques, including aeromagnetic surveys to map magnetic anomalies.
Electrical techniques, including electrical resistivity tomography and induced polarization.
Electromagnetic methods, such as magnetotellurics, ground penetrating
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20D.%20Clark
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David Dana "Dave" Clark (born April 7, 1944) is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer who has been involved with Internet developments since the mid-1970s. He currently works as a senior research scientist at MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).
Education
He graduated from Swarthmore College in 1966. In 1968, he received his master's and engineer's degrees in electrical engineering from MIT, where he worked on the I/O architecture of Multics under Jerry Saltzer. He received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from MIT in 1973.
Career
From 1981 to 1989, he acted as chief protocol architect in the development of the Internet, and chaired the Internet Activities Board, which later became the Internet Architecture Board. He has also served as chairman of the Computer Sciences and Telecommunications Board of the National Research Council.
In 1990 he was awarded the SIGCOMM Award in recognition of his major contributions to Internet protocol and architecture. Clark received in 1998 the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal.
In 1996, Clark was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for the design and development of efficient implementation techniques for Internet protocols. In 1998, he was elevated to Fellow of the IEEE for leadership in the engineering and deployment of the protocols that embody the Internet. In 2001, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
Also in 2001, he was awarded th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Shenker
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Scott J. Shenker (born January 24, 1956 in Alexandria, Virginia) is an American computer scientist, and professor of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the leader of the Extensible Internet Group at the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley, California.
Over his career, Shenker has made research contributions in the areas of energy-efficient processor scheduling, resource sharing, and software-defined networking. In 2002, he received the SIGCOMM Award in recognition of his "contributions to Internet design and architecture, to fostering research collaboration, and as a role model for commitment and intellectual rigor in networking research".
Shenker is an ISI Highly Cited researcher. According to Google Scholar he is one of the five highest-ranked American computer scientists, with total citations exceeding 100,000.
Biography
Shenker received his Sc.B. in physics from Brown University in 1978, and his PhD in physics from University of Chicago in 1983. In 2007, he received an honorary doctorate from the same university.
After working as a postdoctoral associate at Cornell University, he joined the research staff at Xerox PARC. He left PARC in 1998 to help found the AT&T Center for Internet Research, which was later renamed the ICSI Center for Internet Research (ICIR).
In 1995, Shenker contributed to the field of energy-efficient processor scheduling, co-authoring a paper on deadline-based scheduling with Frances Yao an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Computer%20Science%20Institute
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The International Computer Science Institute (ICSI) is an independent, non-profit research organization located in Berkeley, California, United States. Since its founding in 1988, ICSI has maintained an affiliation agreement with the University of California, Berkeley, where several of its members hold faculty appointments.
Research areas
ICSI's research activities include Internet architecture, network security, network routing, speech and speaker recognition, spoken and text-based natural language processing, computer vision, multimedia, privacy and biological system modeling.
Research groups and leaders
The Institute's director is Dr. Lea Shanley.
SIGCOMM Award winner Professor Scott Shenker, one of the most-cited authors in computer science, is the Chief Scientist and head of the New Initiatives group.
SIGCOMM Award winner Professor Vern Paxson, who leads network security efforts and who previously chaired the Internet Research Task Force.
Professor Jerry Feldman is the head of the Artificial Intelligence Group.
Adjunct Professor Gerald Friedland is the head of the Audio and Multimedia Group.
Dr. Stella Yu is head of the Computer Vision Group.
Dr. Serge Egelman is head of the Usable Security and Privacy Group.
Dr. Steven Wegman is head of the Speech Group.
Notable members and alumni
Turing Award and Kyoto Prize winner Professor Richard Karp is an alumnus and former head of the Algorithms Group.
Professor Nelson Morgan is a former director and former head of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limen
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In physiology, psychology, or psychophysics, a limen or a liminal point is a sensory threshold of a physiological or psychological response. Such points delineate boundaries of perception; that is, a limen defines a sensory threshold beyond which a particular stimulus becomes perceivable, and below which it remains unperceivable.
Liminal, as an adjective, means situated at a sensory threshold, hence barely perceptible. Subliminal means below perception.
The absolute threshold is the lowest amount of sensation detectable by a sense organ.
See also
Just noticeable difference (least perceptible difference)
Threshold of pain, the boundary where perception becomes pain
Weber–Fechner law (Weber's law)
References
Physiology
Perception
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobyna%20Ralston
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Jobyna Ralston (born Jobyna Lancaster Raulston, November 21, 1899 – January 22, 1967) was an American stage and film actress. She had a featured role in Wings in 1927, and is remembered for her on-screen chemistry with Harold Lloyd, with whom she appeared in seven films.
Early life and career
Ralston was born in South Pittsburg, Tennessee, on November 21, 1899 to Joseph Lancaster Raulston and Sarah E. Kemp Raulston. She was named after Jobyna Howland. She had a younger brother, Edward Angus (born 1905). Ralston's mother, a portrait photographer, carefully groomed her daughter for a show business career.
At the age of 9, she gave her first stage performance as Cinderella during the grand opening of the Wilson theatre/Opera House in 1909. Around 1915, Ralston attended acting school in New York. She later danced chorus and sang in Broadway productions, her first being Two Little Girls in Blue. This production marked her Broadway debut, when she was 21. Comedian Max Linder saw her on stage and persuaded her to go to Hollywood, where she appeared in a number of his films. She also co-starred in Humor Risk (1921), the fabled lost comedy short film that was to be the film debut of the Marx Brothers. Soon director Hal Roach began to feature her in one-reel comedies. She abandoned the stage for the screen in 1922 when her mother's health began to decline, and she needed to make more money to help pay the medical bills.
Starring with Harold Lloyd
In 1923, Ralston was named by the f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FoxyTunes
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FoxyTunes was a browser extension allowing control of media players from the web browser window. The company that developed FoxyTunes was bought by Yahoo! in 2008, and FoxyTunes was closed in 2013.
History
In 2004 computer science graduate student Alex Sirota was making Foxytunes available for free and accepting donations. The company behind Foxytunes was founded in 2005 by Vitaly and Alex Sirota with private investors and subsequently acquired by Yahoo! on February 4, 2008, for what was understood to be over , Yahoo! retaining the Foxytunes branding. On June 28, 2013, Yahoo! announced FoxyTunes's closure, scheduled for July 1, 2013. At its peak FoxyTunes was available in over 30 languages.
Software
Foxytunes was controlled by a toolbar interface which was installed on the web browser.
Supported web browsers and other applications included Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, SeaMonkey, Mozilla Application Suite, Flock and Mozilla Thunderbird. The extension supported the normal media player functions and displayed currently playing track information. In 2007 the FoxyTunes Planet rich media front page was launched. Additionally, the extension allowed searching various Web sites to get images, lyrics, videos, biographies etc. related to the music being played.
The presentation of the toolbar interface could be altered by a skin extension. This allowed a user to select from alternative presentations of the toolbar which had alternative characteristics of colors, layout, si
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Szekeres
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George Szekeres AM FAA (; 29 May 1911 – 28 August 2005) was a Hungarian–Australian mathematician.
Early years
Szekeres was born in Budapest, Hungary, as Szekeres György and received his degree in chemistry at the Technical University of Budapest. He worked six years in Budapest as an analytical chemist. He married Esther Klein in 1937. Being Jewish, the family had to escape from the Nazi persecution so Szekeres took a job in Shanghai, China. There they lived through World War II, the Japanese occupation and the beginnings of the Communist revolution.
Career
In 1948, he was offered a position at the University of Adelaide, Australia, that he gladly accepted. After all the troubles he had had, he began flourishing as a mathematician. In 1963, the family moved to Sydney, where Szekeres took a position at the University of New South Wales, and taught there until his retirement in 1975. He also devised problems for secondary school mathematical olympiads run by the university where he taught, and for a yearly undergraduate competition run by the Sydney University Mathematics Society.
Szekeres worked closely with many prominent mathematicians throughout his life, including Paul Erdős, his wife Esther, Pál Turán, Béla Bollobás, Ronald Graham, Alf van der Poorten, Miklós Laczkovich, and John Coates.
Honours
In 1968 he was the winner of the Thomas Ranken Lyle Medal of the Australian Academy of Science.
In May 2001, a festschrift was held in honour of his ninetieth birthday at th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome%20Wiesner
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Jerome Bert Wiesner (May 30, 1915 – October 21, 1994) was a professor of electrical engineering, chosen by President John F. Kennedy as chairman of his Science Advisory Committee (PSAC). Educated at the University of Michigan, Wiesner was associate director of the university's radio broadcasting service and provided electronic and acoustical assistance to the National Music Camp at Interlochen, Michigan. During World War II, he worked on microwave radar development at the MIT Radiation Laboratory. He worked briefly after the war at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, then returned to MIT's Research Laboratory of Electronics from 1946 to 1961. After serving as Kennedy's science advisor, he returned to MIT, becoming its president from 1971 to 1980.
He was an outspoken critic of crewed exploration of outer space, believing instead in automated space probes. He challenged NASA's choice of developing the Apollo Lunar Module as a means to achieving Kennedy's goal of landing men on the Moon. At Kennedy's direction, he investigated Rachel Carson's criticism of the use of the pesticide DDT, and issued a report in support of her claims. He was an advocate for arms control, and a critic of Anti-ballistic missile defense systems. While MIT president, he was put on President Richard M. Nixon's extended "enemies list".
Early life and education
Wiesner was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Jewish immigrants from Silesia and raised in Dearborn. He attended Fordson High School.
He re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Simon%20%28actress%29
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Maria Simon (born 6 February 1976) is a German actress.
Family and background
Simon's German father originally hailed from Leipzig and studied mathematics in Leningrad. There he met Simon's Russian-Jewish mother, Olga, who studied electronics and originally hailed from Kazakhstan. The couple married while studying.
Maria Simon is the younger sister of actress Susanna Simon, who was born on 23 July 1968, in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Maria was born and brought up in the former East Germany, but moved to New York City in 1990 to live with her father, a computer expert with the United Nations, and her sister Dalena Simon. She also has a sister named Alyssa.
Simon has four children, the first from a former relationship with the actor Devid Striesow, and three with her ex-husband, the actor Bernd Michael Lade.
Education
After finishing school she moved back to the newly reunited Germany to study acting at the Academy of Performing Arts Ernst Busch in Berlin where she received her diploma in 1999.
Roles and awards
She won the award for Best Actress for her role in the film Zornige Küsse at the 22nd Moscow International Film Festival in 2000. Simon was nominated as the best supporting actress in the 2003 German Film Awards, and was named European Shooting Star (i.e., best newcomer) at the 2004 Berlinale. In the same year she played Polly in Bertolt Brechts Dreigroschenoper at the Maxim Gorki Theater in Berlin. Her TV movie Kleine Schwester was nominated for the Adolf Grimme Awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal%20trajectory
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In mathematics, an orthogonal trajectory is a curve which intersects any curve of a given pencil of (planar) curves orthogonally.
For example, the orthogonal trajectories of a pencil of concentric circles are the lines through their common center (see diagram).
Suitable methods for the determination of orthogonal trajectories are provided by solving differential equations. The standard method establishes a first order ordinary differential equation and solves it by separation of variables. Both steps may be difficult or even impossible. In such cases one has to apply numerical methods.
Orthogonal trajectories are used in mathematics, for example as curved coordinate systems (i.e. elliptic coordinates) and appear in physics as electric fields and their equipotential curves.
If the trajectory intersects the given curves by an arbitrary (but fixed) angle, one gets an isogonal trajectory.
Determination of the orthogonal trajectory
In cartesian coordinates
Generally, one assumes that the pencil of curves is given implicitly by an equation
(0) 1. example 2. example
where is the parameter of the pencil. If the pencil is given explicitly by an equation , one can change the representation into an implicit one: . For the considerations below, it is supposed that all necessary derivatives do exist.
Step 1.
Differentiating implicitly for yields
(1) in 1. example 2. example
Step 2.
Now it is assumed that equation (0) can be solved for parameter , which can thus be elimina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirimanoff%27s%20congruence
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In number theory, a branch of mathematics, a Mirimanoff's congruence is one of a collection of expressions in modular arithmetic which, if they hold, entail the truth of Fermat's Last Theorem. Since the theorem has now been proven, these are now of mainly historical significance, though the Mirimanoff polynomials are interesting in their own right. The theorem is due to Dmitry Mirimanoff.
Definition
The nth Mirimanoff polynomial for the prime p is
In terms of these polynomials, if t is one of the six values {-X/Y, -Y/X, -X/Z, -Z/X, -Y/Z, -Z/Y} where Xp+Yp+Zp=0 is a solution to Fermat's Last Theorem, then
φp-1(t) ≡ 0 (mod p)
φp-2(t)φ2(t) ≡ 0 (mod p)
φp-3(t)φ3(t) ≡ 0 (mod p)
...
φ(p+1)/2(t)φ(p-1)/2(t) ≡ 0 (mod p)
Other congruences
Mirimanoff also proved the following:
If an odd prime p does not divide one of the numerators of the Bernoulli numbers Bp-3, Bp-5, Bp-7 or Bp-9, then the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem, where p does not divide X, Y or Z in the equation Xp+Yp+Zp=0, holds.
If the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem fails for the prime p, then 3p-1 ≡ 1 (mod p2). A prime number with this property is sometimes called a Mirimanoff prime, in analogy to a Wieferich prime which is a prime such that 2p-1 ≡ 1 (mod p2). The existence of primes satisfying such congruences was recognized long before their implications for the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem became apparent; but while the discovery of the first Wieferich prime came after these theoretical developm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20High%20Pressure%20Physics%20of%20the%20Polish%20Academy%20of%20Sciences
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Institute of High Pressure Physics, also known as Unipress (Polish: Instytut Wysokich Ciśnień Polskiej Akademii Nauk) is a scientific institute founded in 1972 by the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN).
Main fields of activity
Biological materials
Food preservation
High-pressure instrumentation
Nanocrystalline materials
Optoelectronics
Semiconductors
Superconductors
Notable people
Sylwester Porowski
References
External links
1972 establishments in Poland
Organizations established in 1972
Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20Andrew%20Robinson
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William Andrew Coulthard Robinson (born 14 March 1957) is a British author and former newspaper editor.
Andrew Robinson was educated at the Dragon School, Eton College, where he was a King's Scholar, University College, Oxford, where he read chemistry, and finally the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. He is the son of Neville Robinson, an Oxford physicist, and Daphne Robinson.
Robinson first visited India in 1975, and has been involved with the country's culture ever since. He has authored many books and articles, the most recent being India: A Short History (Thames & Hudson, 2014). Until 2006, he was the literary editor of the Times Higher Education Supplement. He has also been a visiting fellow at Wolfson College, Cambridge. He is based in London and is now a full-time writer.
Bibliography
Books
Robinson has authored and edited the following books:
Maharaja: The Spectacular Heritage of Princely India with Sumio Uchiyama. Thames & Hudson (1988). .
Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye. André Deutsch (1989). .
The Art of Rabindranath Tagore. André Deutsch (1989). .
The Shape of the World with Simon Berthon. George Philip (1991). .
Earth Shock: Hurricanes, Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Tornadoes & Other Forces of Nature. Thames & Hudson (1993). .
Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-minded Man with Krishna Dutta. St. Martin's Press (1995). . Also: Bloomsbury (1997). .
Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology with Krishna Dutta. St. Martin's Press (1997). . Also: Griffin (199
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minatec
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Minatec (initially called the Micro and Nanotechnology Innovation Centre) is a research complex specializing in micro/nano technologies in Grenoble, France.
The center was inaugurated in June 2006 by François Loos, French Minister Delegate for Industry, as a partnership between LETI (the Electronics and Information Technologies Laboratory of CEA, the French Atomic Energy Commission) and by Grenoble Institute of Technology (Université Grenoble Alpes). The site was already home to LETI, Europe's top center for applied research in microelectronics and nanotechnology. Minatec combines a physical research campus with a network of companies, researchers, and engineering schools. It was launched to foster technology transfer, with applications in energy and communications.
The complex is home to 3,000 researchers, 1,200 students, and 600 technology transfer experts on a 20-hectare campus offering 10,000 square meters for cleanroom space. It offers a continuum that includes student technology transfer, industry, and applied research.
The Minatec campus has dedicated special-events facilities (900 m²), including a 20-person conference rooms and a 400-seat amphitheater. These spaces are available to researchers for their scientific events such as the international conference held every two years.
Minatec includes fundamental research labs like INAC and FMNT, plus a major technological research lab, Leti. MINATEC also cooperates with the Institue Louis Neel and RTRA, which are loc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20specification
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In computer science, formal specifications are mathematically based techniques whose purpose are to help with the implementation of systems and software. They are used to describe a system, to analyze its behavior, and to aid in its design by verifying key properties of interest through rigorous and effective reasoning tools. These specifications are formal in the sense that they have a syntax, their semantics fall within one domain, and they are able to be used to infer useful information.
Motivation
In each passing decade, computer systems have become increasingly more powerful and, as a result, they have become more impactful to society. Because of this, better techniques are needed to assist in the design and implementation of reliable software. Established engineering disciplines use mathematical analysis as the foundation of creating and validating product design. Formal specifications are one such way to achieve this in software engineering reliability as once predicted. Other methods such as testing are more commonly used to enhance code quality.
Uses
Given such a specification, it is possible to use formal verification techniques to demonstrate that a system design is correct with respect to its specification. This allows incorrect system designs to be revised before any major investments have been made into an actual implementation. Another approach is to use probably correct refinement steps to transform a specification into a design, which is ultimately transfo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymatroid
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In mathematics, a polymatroid is a polytope associated with a submodular function. The notion was introduced by Jack Edmonds in 1970. It is also described as the multiset analogue of the matroid.
Definition
Let be a finite set and a non-decreasing submodular function, that is, for each we have , and for each we have . We define the polymatroid associated to to be the following polytope:
.
When we allow the entries of to be negative we denote this polytope by , and call it the extended polymatroid associated to .
An equivalent definition
Let be a finite set. If then we denote by the sum of the entries of , and write whenever for every (notice that this gives an order to ). A polymatroid on the ground set is a nonempty compact subset in , the set of independent vectors, such that:
We have that if , then for every :
If with , then there is a vector such that .
This definition is equivalent to the one described before, where is the function defined by for every .
Relation to matroids
To every matroid on the ground set we can associate the set , where is the set of independent sets of and we denote by the characteristic vector of : for every
By taking the convex hull of we get a polymatroid. It is associated to the rank function of . The conditions of the second definition reflect the axioms for the independent sets of a matroid.
Relation to generalized permutahedra
Because generalized permutahedra can be constructed from submodular functions,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geon%20%28physics%29
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In theoretical general relativity, a geon is a nonsingular electromagnetic or gravitational wave which is held together in a confined region by the gravitational attraction of its own field energy. They were first investigated theoretically in 1955 by J. A. Wheeler, who coined the term as a contraction of "gravitational electromagnetic entity".
Overview
Since general relativity is a classical field theory, Wheeler's concept of a geon does not treat them as quantum-mechanical entities, and this generally remains true today. Nonetheless, Wheeler speculated that there might be a relationship between geons and elementary particles. This idea continues to attract some attention among physicists, but in the absence of a viable theory of quantum gravity, the accuracy of this speculative idea cannot be tested.
Wheeler did not present explicit geon solutions to the vacuum Einstein field equation, a gap which was partially filled by Brill and Hartle in 1964 by the Brill–Hartle geon. In 1997, Anderson and Brill gave a rigorous proof that geon solutions of the vacuum Einstein equation exist, though they are not given in a simple closed form.
A major outstanding question regarding geons is whether they are stable, or must decay over time as the energy of the wave gradually "leaks" away. This question has not yet been definitively answered, but the consensus seems to be that they probably cannot be stable. This would lay to rest Wheeler's initial hope that a geon might serve as a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Khorrami%20%28physicist%29
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Mohammad Khorrami, an Iranian mathematical physicist (born October 4, 1966, Tehran) is professor of physics at Alzahra University, Tehran.
Education
Competing with over half a million applicants, Mohammad Khorrami ranked first in national university entrance exams (konkoor-e sarasari) of 1984 in Iran..
He graduated with the first rank from the department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Tehran. He started studying Physics at Sharif University in 1989 where he earned his Ph.D. after four years. He was among the third batch of Physicists who earned their Ph.D. in Iran.
Career
He joined the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics as a research fellow and at the same time he became a faculty member at Tehran University. Later he became a faculty member of The Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) before moving to Alzahra University. He is already a Physics faculty member and in the Theoretical Physics group by "A.Aghamohammadi", "A. Shariati", "A.H. Fatollahi" and F. Roshani. His research has been concerned with a variety of problems in stochastic processes, conformal field theory, two-dimensional gauge theory, integrability and quantum groups and general relativity. As a physicist, he classifies his tasks under three categories of research, teaching and publicizing.
Notable papers
He has published over 70 papers in peer-reviewed physics journals. Among them are:
MRR Tabar, A Aghamohammadi & M. Khorrami "The logarithmic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump%20search
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In computer science, a jump search or block search refers to a search algorithm for ordered lists. It works by first checking all items Lkm, where and m is the block size, until an item is found that is larger than the search key. To find the exact position of the search key in the list a linear search is performed on the sublist L[(k-1)m, km].
The optimal value of m is , where n is the length of the list L. Because both steps of the algorithm look at, at most, items the algorithm runs in O() time. This is better than a linear search, but worse than a binary search. The advantage over the latter is that a jump search only needs to jump backwards once, while a binary can jump backwards up to log n times. This can be important if jumping backwards takes significantly more time than jumping forward.
The algorithm can be modified by performing multiple levels of jump search on the sublists, before finally performing the linear search. For a k-level jump search the optimum block size ml for the l th level (counting from 1) is n(k-l)/k. The modified algorithm will perform k backward jumps and runs in O(kn1/(k+1)) time.
Implementation
algorithm JumpSearch is
input: An ordered list L, its length n and a search key s.
output: The position of s in L, or nothing if s is not in L.
a ← 0
b ← ⌊√n⌋
while Lmin(b,n)-1 < s do
a ← b
b ← b + ⌊√n⌋
if a ≥ n then
return nothing
while La < s do
a ←
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabion
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A gabion (from Italian gabbione meaning "big cage"; from Italian gabbia and Latin cavea meaning "cage") is a cage, cylinder or box filled with rocks, concrete, or sometimes sand and soil for use in civil engineering, road building, military applications and landscaping.
For erosion control, caged riprap is used. For dams or in foundation construction, cylindrical metal structures are used. In a military context, earth- or sand-filled gabions are used to protect sappers, infantry, and artillerymen from enemy fire.
Leonardo da Vinci designed a type of gabion called a Corbeille Leonard ("Leonard[o] basket") for the foundations of the San Marco Castle in Milan.
Civil engineering
The most common civil engineering use of gabions was refined and patented by Gaetano Maccaferri in the late 19th century in Sacerno, Emilia Romagna and used to stabilize shorelines, stream banks or slopes against erosion. Other uses include retaining walls, noise barriers, temporary flood walls, silt filtration from runoff, for small or temporary/permanent dams, river training, or channel lining. They may be used to direct the force of a flow of flood water around a vulnerable structure.
Gabions are also used as fish screens on small streams. Gabion stepped weirs are commonly used for river training and flood control; the stepped design enhances the rate of energy dissipation in the channel, and it is particularly well suited to the construction of gabion stepped weirs.
A gabion wall is a retaining
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28E%29-Stilbene
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(E)-Stilbene, commonly known as trans-stilbene, is an organic compound represented by the condensed structural formula CHCH=CHCH. Classified as a diarylethene, it features a central ethylene moiety with one phenyl group substituent on each end of the carbon–carbon double bond. It has an (E) stereochemistry, meaning that the phenyl groups are located on opposite sides of the double bond, the opposite of its geometric isomer, cis-stilbene. Trans-stilbene occurs as a white crystalline solid at room temperature and is highly soluble in organic solvents. It can be converted to cis-stilbene photochemically, and further reacted to produce phenanthrene.
Stilbene was discovered in 1843 by the French chemist Auguste Laurent. The name "stilbene" is derived from the Greek word στίλβω (stilbo), which means "I shine", on account of the lustrous appearance of the compound.
Isomers
Stilbene exists as two possible stereoisomers. One is trans-1,2-diphenylethylene, called (E)-stilbene or trans-stilbene. The second is cis-1,2-diphenylethylene, called (Z)-stilbene or cis-stilbene, and is sterically hindered and less stable because the steric interactions force the aromatic rings out-of-plane and prevent conjugation. Cis-stilbene is a liquid at room temperature (melting point: ), while trans-stilbene is a crystalline solid which does not melt until around , illustrating the two isomers have significantly different physical properties.
Preparation and reactions
Many syntheses have been develo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff%20Jones%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Clifford "Cliff" B. Jones (born 1 June 1944) is a British computer scientist, specializing in research into formal methods. He undertook a late DPhil at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science) under Tony Hoare, awarded in 1981. Jones' thesis proposed an extension to Hoare logic for handling concurrent programs, rely/guarantee.
Prior to his DPhil, Jones worked for IBM, between the Hursley and Vienna Laboratories. In Vienna, Jones worked with Peter Lucas, Dines Bjørner and others on the Vienna Development Method (VDM), originally as a method for specifying the formal semantics of programming languages, and subsequently for specifying and verifying programs.
Cliff Jones was a professor at the Victoria University of Manchester in the 1980s and early 1990s, worked in industry at Harlequin for a period, and is now a Professor of Computing Science at Newcastle University. He has been editor-in-chief of the Formal Aspects of Computing journal.
As well as formal methods, Jones also has interests in interdisciplinary aspects of computer science and the history of computer science.
Books
Jones has authored and edited many books, including:
Understanding Programming Languages, Jones, C.B. Springer, Cham. Print / online (2020).
Reflections on the Work of C.A.R. Hoare, Roscoe, A.W., Jones, C.B. and Wood, K. (eds.). Springer. (2010).
VDM: Une methode rigoureuse pour le development du logiciel, Jones, C.B. Masson, P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duff%20reaction
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The Duff reaction or hexamine aromatic formylation is a formylation reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of benzaldehydes with hexamine as the formyl carbon source. The method is generally inefficient. The reaction is named after James Cooper Duff.
The reaction requires strongly electron donating substituents on the aromatic ring such as in a phenol. Formylation occurs ortho to the electron donating substituent preferentially, unless the ortho positions are blocked, in which case the formylation occurs at the para position.
Examples
The modified salicylaldehyde 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde is prepared by the Duff reaction:
The natural product syringaldehyde can also be prepared by the Duff reaction. In this example, formylation occurs at the position para to the phenolic OH.
Unlike other formylation reactions the Duff reaction is able to attach multiple aldehyde groups. If both ortho positions are vacant then a diformylation is possible, as in the formation of diformylcresol from p-cresol. Conversion of phenol to the corresponding 1,3,5-trialdehyde has also been reported
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism is related to that for the Reimer–Tiemann reaction, which uses chloroform as the formylating agent. Protonated hexamine ring-opens to expose an iminium group. Addition to the aromatic ring results in an intermediate at the oxidation state of a benzylamine. An intramolecular redox reaction then ensues, raising the benzylic carbon to the o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iminium
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In organic chemistry, an iminium cation is a polyatomic ion with the general structure . They are common in synthetic chemistry and biology.
Structure
Iminium cations adopt alkene-like geometries: the central C=N unit is nearly coplanar with all four substituents. Unsymmetrical iminium cations can exist as cis and trans isomers. The C=N bonds, which are near 129 picometers in length, are shorter than C-N single bonds. Cis/trans isomers are observed. The C=N distance is slightly shorter in iminium cations than in the parent imine, and computational studies indicate that the C=N bonding is also stronger in iminium vs imine, although the C=N distance contracts only slightly. These results indicate that the barrier for rotation is higher than in the parent imines.
Formation
Iminium cations are obtained by protonation and alkylation of imines:
They also are generated by the condensation of secondary amines with ketones or aldehydes:
This rapid, reversible reaction is one step in "iminium catalysis".
More exotic routes to iminium cations are known, e.g. from ring-opening reactions of pyridine.
Occurrence
Iminium derivatives are common in biology. Pyridoxal phosphate reacts with amino acids to give iminium derivatives. Many iminium salts are encountered in synthetic organic chemistry.
Reactions
Iminium salts hydrolyse to give the corresponding ketone or aldehyde:
Iminium cations are reduced to the amines, e.g. by sodium cyanoborohydride. Iminium cations are intermediat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville%20Robinson
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Frank Neville Hosband Robinson (13 April 192519 October 1996) was an English physicist.
Neville Robinson was educated at The Leys School in Cambridge, England, and Christ's College, Cambridge, where he read Physics.
Robinson initially worked as a civil servant at the Services Electronic Research Laboratory (SERL) in Baldock, Hertfordshire, under the director Robert Sutton. He then moved to the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford University to undertake a DPhil doctorate degree in low temperature physics, as a Nuffield Research Fellow (1950–54). With Jim Daniels and Michael Grace, he produced an example of nuclear orientation for the first time. Then in 1951, in the first nuclear cooling experiment, he produced the lowest temperature ever achieved until then at only ten millionths of a degree Kelvin above absolute zero.
Robinson was an English Electric Research Fellow from 1955 to 1959. He was a faculty fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford, from 1958 to 1961, immediately followed by becoming a founding fellow of St Catherine's College, Oxford, where he stayed until his retirement in 1992. He was also a senior research officer at Oxford University during 1959 to 1992, working at the Clarendon Laboratory. During his career, he visited Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey, United States, three times while on sabbatical leave (during 1954–55, 1965–66, and 1973–74).
In 1973, Robinson published the book Macroscopic Electromagnetism, a standard text. His paper Microwave shot noise
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Mendes%20%28physicist%29
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José F.F. Mendes (born in Porto) is a Portuguese physicist (statistical physics) and professor of physics, best known for his work and contributions to the field of network theory.Graduated from University of Porto in 1987. He earned a PhD in March 1995 from the same University under the direction of Eduardo Lage, the title of the thesis was "Dynamics of spins systems".
Mendes was head of the Physics Department from December 2004 to February 2010 at University of Aveiro. From October 2009 to February 2010 he was director of the Associated Laboratory of the Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (I3N) .
From February 2010 to February 2018 served as vice-rector for Research and Doctoral Studies at the University of Aveiro. Was the representative of the Portuguese universities in the Instituto do Petroleo e Gás (Galp) until 2018 .
He is currently the President of the Complex Systems Society (2021 - ...) and Director of the i3N-Aveiro since September 2023 .
Academic career
In 1983 he entered the University of Porto and graduated in physics in 1987. He gained his master's diploma in 1990. In 1987 he was an assistant in the Department of Physics, University of Porto. As a graduate student he visited as several universities as a researcher, including Oxford University, Geneva University, the City University of New York, and São Paulo. After finishing his Ph.D., he became an assistant professor in the same department. In 1996 he did a one year postdoctor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Cramer
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John Cramer may refer to:
John Cramer (announcer) (born 1955), American television announcer
John Cramer (representative) (1779–1870), US Representative from New York
John Cramer (priest) (1793–1848), English classical scholar and geographer
John G. Cramer (born 1934), professor of physics at the University of Washington in Seattle, SF author
John Cramer (Australian politician) (1896–1994), member of the Australian House of Representatives, 1949–1974
See also
Johann Cramer (disambiguation)
John Kramer (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McAdam%20%28businessman%29
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John McAdam is a technology executive.
McAdam holds a B.Sc. in computer science from the University of Glasgow, Scotland.
From January 1995 until August 1999, he served as the president and chief operating officer of Sequent Computer Systems, a manufacturer of high-end open systems, which was sold to IBM in September 1999.
McAdam then served as general manager of the web server sales business at IBM.
He served as president, chief executive officer and a director of F5 Networks from July 2000 until June 30, 2015.
McAdam was re-appointed to the position on December 14, 2015, following the resignation of Manuel Rivelo.
In January 2017 F5 announced François Locoh-Donou would replace McAdam in April.
References
External links
F5 Leadership
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20genomics
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Computational genomics refers to the use of computational and statistical analysis to decipher biology from genome sequences and related data, including both DNA and RNA sequence as well as other "post-genomic" data (i.e., experimental data obtained with technologies that require the genome sequence, such as genomic DNA microarrays). These, in combination with computational and statistical approaches to understanding the function of the genes and statistical association analysis, this field is also often referred to as Computational and Statistical Genetics/genomics. As such, computational genomics may be regarded as a subset of bioinformatics and computational biology, but with a focus on using whole genomes (rather than individual genes) to understand the principles of how the DNA of a species controls its biology at the molecular level and beyond. With the current abundance of massive biological datasets, computational studies have become one of the most important means to biological discovery.
History
The roots of computational genomics are shared with those of bioinformatics. During the 1960s, Margaret Dayhoff and others at the National Biomedical Research Foundation assembled databases of homologous protein sequences for evolutionary study. Their research developed a phylogenetic tree that determined the evolutionary changes that were required for a particular protein to change into another protein based on the underlying amino acid sequences. This led them to creat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nello%20Cristianini
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Nello Cristianini (born 1968) is a professor of Artificial Intelligence in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Bath.
Education
Cristianini holds a degree in physics from the University of Trieste, a Master in computational intelligence from the University of London and a PhD from the University of Bristol. Previously he has been a professor of Artificial Intelligence at the University of Bristol, an associate professor at the University of California, Davis, and held visiting positions at other universities.
Research
His research contributions encompass the fields of machine learning, artificial intelligence and bioinformatics. Particularly, his work has focused on statistical analysis of learning algorithms, to its application to support vector machines, kernel methods and other algorithms. Cristianini is the co-author of two widely known books in machine learning, An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and Kernel Methods for Pattern Analysis and a book
in bioinformatics, "Introduction to Computational Genomics".
Recent research has focused on the philosophical challenges posed by modern artificial intelligence, big-data analysis of newspapers content, the analysis of social media content. Previous research had focused on statistical pattern analysis; machine learning and artificial intelligence; machine translation; bioinformatics.
As a practitioner of data-driven AI and Machine Learning, Cristianini frequently gives public talks about the need
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Stoy
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Joseph E. Stoy is a British computer scientist. He initially studied physics at Oxford University. Early in his career, in the 1970s, he worked on denotational semantics with Christopher Strachey in the Programming Research Group at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science). He was a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. He has also spent time at MIT in the United States. In 2003, he co-founded Bluespec, Inc.
His book Denotational Semantics: The Scott-Strachey Approach to Programming Language Semantics (MIT Press, 1977) is now a classic text.
Stoy married Gabrielle Stoy, a mathematician and Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
References
External links
Program Verification and Semantics: The Early Work
Strachey and the Oxford Programming Research Group: a talk by Joe Stoy on Christopher Strachey and the Oxford Programming Research Group.
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
English computer scientists
Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Formal methods people
Programming language researchers
Computer science writers
British expatriates in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos%20game
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In mathematics, the term chaos game originally referred to a method of creating a fractal, using a polygon and an initial point selected at random inside it. The fractal is created by iteratively creating a sequence of points, starting with the initial random point, in which each point in the sequence is a given fraction of the distance between the previous point and one of the vertices of the polygon; the vertex is chosen at random in each iteration. Repeating this iterative process a large number of times, selecting the vertex at random on each iteration, and throwing out the first few points in the sequence, will often (but not always) produce a fractal shape. Using a regular triangle and the factor 1/2 will result in the Sierpinski triangle, while creating the proper arrangement with four points and a factor 1/2 will create a display of a "Sierpinski Tetrahedron", the three-dimensional analogue of the Sierpinski triangle. As the number of points is increased to a number N, the arrangement forms a corresponding (N-1)-dimensional Sierpinski Simplex.
The term has been generalized to refer to a method of generating the attractor, or the fixed point, of any iterated function system (IFS). Starting with any point x0, successive iterations are formed as xk+1 = fr(xk), where fr is a member of the given IFS randomly selected for each iteration. The iterations converge to the fixed point of the IFS. Whenever x0 belongs to the attractor of the IFS, all iterations xk stay inside the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palingenesis
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Palingenesis (; also palingenesia) is a concept of rebirth or re-creation, used in various contexts in philosophy, theology, politics, and biology. Its meaning stems from Greek , meaning 'again', and , meaning 'birth'.
In biology, it is another word for recapitulationthe largely discredited hypothesis which talks of the phase in the development of an organism in which its form and structure pass through the changes undergone in the evolution of the species. In political theory, it is a central component of Roger Griffin's analysis of fascism as a fundamentally modernist ideology. In theology, the word may refer to reincarnation or to Christian spiritual rebirth.
Philosophy and theology
The word palingenesis or rather palingenesia () may be traced back to the Stoics, who used the term for the continual re-creation of the universe. Similarly Philo spoke of Noah and his sons as leaders of a renovation or rebirth of the earth, Plutarch of the transmigration of souls, and Cicero of his own return from exile.
In the Gospel of Matthew Jesus Christ is quoted in Greek (although his historical words most probably would have been Aramaic) using the word "παλιγγενεσία" (palingenesia) to describe the Last Judgment foreshadowing the event of the regeneration of a new world.
In philosophy it denotes in its broadest sense the theory (e.g. of the Pythagoreans) that the human soul does not die with the body but is born again in new incarnations. It is thus the equivalent of metempsychosis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrable%20system
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In mathematics, integrability is a property of certain dynamical systems. While there are several distinct formal definitions, informally speaking, an integrable system is a dynamical system with sufficiently many conserved quantities, or first integrals that its motion is confined to a submanifold
of much smaller dimensionality than that of its phase space.
Three features are often referred to as characterizing integrable systems:
the existence of a maximal set of conserved quantities (the usual defining property of complete integrability)
the existence of algebraic invariants, having a basis in algebraic geometry (a property known sometimes as algebraic integrability)
the explicit determination of solutions in an explicit functional form (not an intrinsic property, but something often referred to as solvability)
Integrable systems may be seen as very different in qualitative character from more generic dynamical systems,
which are more typically chaotic systems. The latter generally have no conserved quantities, and are asymptotically intractable, since an arbitrarily small perturbation in initial conditions may lead to arbitrarily large deviations in their trajectories over a sufficiently large time.
Many systems studied in physics are completely integrable, in particular, in the Hamiltonian sense, the key example being multi-dimensional harmonic oscillators. Another standard example is planetary motion about either one fixed center (e.g., the sun) or two. Other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-jet%20event
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In particle physics, a three-jet event is an event with many particles in final state that appear to be clustered in three jets. A single jet consists of particles that fly off in roughly the same direction. One can draw three cones from the interaction point, corresponding to the jets, and most particles created in the reaction will appear to belong to one of these cones. These events are currently the most direct available evidence for the existence of gluons, and were first observed by the TASSO experiment at the PETRA accelerator at the DESY laboratory.
Since jets are ordinarily produced when quarks hadronize, and quarks are produced only in pairs, an additional particle is required to explain events containing an odd number of jets. Quantum chromodynamics indicates that this particle is a particularly energetic gluon, radiated by one of the quarks, which hadronizes much as a quark does.
A particularly striking feature of these events, which were first observed at DESY and studied in great detail by experiments at the LEP collider, is their consistency with the Lund string model. The model indicates that "strings" of low-energy gluons will form most strongly between the quarks and the high-energy gluons, and that the "breaking" of these strings into new quark–antiquark pairs (part of the hadronization process) will result in some "stray" hadrons between the jets (and in the same plane). Since the quark-gluon interaction is stronger than the quark-quark interaction, s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative%20process
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In particle physics, a radiative process refers to one elementary particle emitting another and continuing to exist. This typically happens when a fermion emits a boson such as a gluon or photon.
See also
Bremsstrahlung
Radiation
Particle physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leakage
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A leakage occurs when fluid is lost through a leak.
Leakage may also refer to:
Leakage (chemistry), a process in which material is lost through holes or defects in containers
Leakage (economics)
Carbon leakage or emissions leakage, whereby another country increases its greenhouse gas emissions in response to a unilateral climate policy
Leakage (electronics)
Leakage (electric current), an occurrence of electric current through a surface which is supposed to be insulating
Crosstalk (electronics), also known as Leakage, where signals are picked up by an unintended device
Spill (audio), where audio from one source is picked up by a microphone intended for a different source
Leakage (machine learning)
Leakage (retail)
Leakage effect, the loss of tourist revenue from a country
Memory leak, in computer science
Spectral leakage, in signal processing
Similar uses
Extravasation
Fecal incontinence
Urinary incontinence
See also
Leak (disambiguation)
ja:リーク電流
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fubini%E2%80%93Study%20metric
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In mathematics, the Fubini–Study metric (IPA: /fubini-ʃtuːdi/) is a Kähler metric on projective Hilbert space, that is, on a complex projective space CPn endowed with a Hermitian form. This metric was originally described in 1904 and 1905 by Guido Fubini and Eduard Study.
A Hermitian form in (the vector space) Cn+1 defines a unitary subgroup U(n+1) in GL(n+1,C). A Fubini–Study metric is determined up to homothety (overall scaling) by invariance under such a U(n+1) action; thus it is homogeneous. Equipped with a Fubini–Study metric, CPn is a symmetric space. The particular normalization on the metric depends on the application. In Riemannian geometry, one uses a normalization so that the Fubini–Study metric simply relates to the standard metric on the (2n+1)-sphere. In algebraic geometry, one uses a normalization making CPn a Hodge manifold.
Construction
The Fubini–Study metric arises naturally in the quotient space construction of complex projective space.
Specifically, one may define CPn to be the space consisting of all complex lines in Cn+1, i.e., the quotient of Cn+1\{0} by the equivalence relation relating all complex multiples of each point together. This agrees with the quotient by the diagonal group action of the multiplicative group C* = C \ {0}:
This quotient realizes Cn+1\{0} as a complex line bundle over the base space CPn. (In fact this is the so-called tautological bundle over CPn.) A point of CPn is thus identified with an equivalence class of (n+1)-tup
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B6licher%20spectral%20sequence
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In mathematics, the Frölicher spectral sequence (often misspelled as Fröhlicher) is a tool in the theory of complex manifolds, for expressing the potential failure of the results of cohomology theory that are valid in general only for Kähler manifolds. It was introduced by . A spectral sequence is set up, the degeneration of which would give the results of Hodge theory and Dolbeault's theorem.
See also
Hodge–de Rham spectral sequence
References
Complex manifolds
Spectral sequences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactly%20supported%20homology
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In mathematics, a homology theory in algebraic topology is compactly supported if, in every degree n, the relative homology group Hn(X, A) of every pair of spaces
(X, A)
is naturally isomorphic to the direct limit of the nth relative homology groups of pairs (Y, B), where Y varies over compact subspaces of X and B varies over compact subspaces of A.
Singular homology is compactly supported, since each singular chain is a finite sum of simplices, which are compactly supported. Strong homology is not compactly supported.
If one has defined a homology theory over compact pairs, it is possible to extend it into a compactly supported homology theory in the wider category of Hausdorff pairs (X, A) with A closed in X, by defining that the homology of a Hausdorff pair (X, A) is the direct limit over pairs (Y, B), where Y, B are compact, Y is a subset of X, and B is a subset of A.
References
Homology theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergius%20process
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The Bergius process is a method of production of liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel by hydrogenation of high-volatile bituminous coal at high temperature and pressure. It was first developed by Friedrich Bergius in 1913. In 1931 Bergius was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of high-pressure chemistry.
Process
The coal is finely ground and dried in a stream of hot gas. The dry product is mixed with heavy oil recycled from the process. A catalyst is typically added to the mixture. A number of catalysts have been developed over the years, including tungsten or molybdenum disulfide, tin or nickel oleate, and others. Alternatively, iron sulfide present in the coal may have sufficient catalytic activity for the process, which was the original Bergius process.
The mixture is pumped into a reactor. The reaction occurs at between 400 and 500 °C and 20 to 70 MPa hydrogen pressure. The reaction produces heavy oils, middle oils, gasoline, and gases. The overall reaction can be summarized as follows:
(where x = Degrees of Unsaturation)
The immediate product from the reactor must be stabilized by passing it over a conventional hydrotreating catalyst. The product stream is high in cycloalkanes and aromatics, low in alkanes (paraffins) and very low in alkenes (olefins). The different fractions can be passed to further processing (cracking, reforming) to output synthetic fuel of desirable quality. If passed through a process such as platforming, most of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovetailing%20%28computer%20science%29
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Dovetailing, in algorithm design, is a technique that interweaves different computations, performing them essentially simultaneously. Algorithms that use dovetailing are sometimes referred to as dovetailers.
Examples
Consider a tree that potentially contains a path of infinite length (but each node has only finitely many children): if a depth-first search is performed in this environment, the search may move down an infinite path and never return, potentially leaving part of the tree unexplored. However, if a breadth-first search is used, the existence of an infinite path is no longer a problem: each node is visited in a branching manner according to its distance from the root, so an infinite path will only impact the part of the search travelling down that path.
We can regard this tree as analogous to a collection of programs; in this case, the depth-first approach corresponds to running one program at a time, moving to the next only when the current program has finished running. In the case where one of the programs runs for an infinite amount of time, this transition will never happen. The breadth-first approach of visiting each child on the same level of the tree is an instance of dovetailing, where a single step is performed for every program before moving to the next. Thus, progress is made in each program, regardless of the potential existence of a non-terminating program.
Another example is simulating a non-deterministic Turing machine M by a deterministic one (e.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATCS
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ATCS may refer to:
Academy for Technology and Computer Science, part of high school Bergen County Academies in New Jersey, United States
Advanced Train Control System, a railroad safety and monitoring system
Areal Traffic Control System
Asian Touring Car Series, a touring car racing series in southeast Asia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejomayananda
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Swami Tejomayananda Saraswati (born 30 June 1950), also known as Pujya Guruji and born Sudhakar Kaitwade, is an Indian spiritual leader. He was head of Chinmaya Mission from 1994 to 2017, until he was succeeded by Swami Swaroopananda in 2017.
Initiation and disciplehood
In 1970, Sudhakar Kaitwade was a physics student at Bhopal, when he was about to complete his master's degree in physics. After attending couple of talks of Swami Chinmayananda on Bhagavad Gita, Sudhakar Kaitwade was inspired to join Chinmaya Mission's residential Vedanta course at Sandeepany Sadhanalaya in Mumbai. Upon completing the course in 1975, he was initiated as Brahmachari Vivek Chaitanya and also studied under Swami Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya) who was conducting the long-term resident course.
On 21 October 1983, Swami Chinmayananda initiated him into sannyasa, bestowing upon him the name Swami Tejomayananda.
The missionary
As the Head of Chinmaya Mission Worldwide, Swami Tejomayananda – known in the Mission as Pujya Guruji – has been involved in several projects, including the Chinmaya International Residential School in Coimbatore, the Chinmaya Centre of World Understanding in New Delhi, the Chinmaya International Foundation near Cochin, the Chinmaya Heritage Centre in Chennai, the expansion of the Chinmaya Mission Hospital in Bangalore and the Chinmaya Vibhooti Vision Centre near Pune.
He has travelled internationally extensively. Throughout his travels, he conducts jnana yajnas (3-7 day
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract%20state%20machine
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In computer science, an abstract state machine (ASM) is a state machine operating on states that are arbitrary data structures (structure in the sense of mathematical logic, that is a nonempty set together with a number of functions (operations) and relations over the set).
Overview
The ASM Method is a practical and scientifically well-founded systems engineering method that bridges the gap between the two ends of system development:
the human understanding and formulation of real-world problems (requirements capture by accurate high-level modeling at the level of abstraction determined by the given application domain)
the deployment of their algorithmic solutions by code-executing machines on changing platforms (definition of design decisions, system and implementation details).
The method builds upon three basic concepts:
ASM: a precise form of pseudo-code, generalizing Finite State Machines to operate over arbitrary data structures
ground model: a rigorous form of blueprints, serving as an authoritative reference model for the design
refinement: a most general scheme for stepwise instantiations of model abstractions to concrete system elements, providing controllable links between the more and more detailed descriptions at the successive stages of system development.
In the original conception of ASMs, a single agent executes a program in a sequence of steps, possibly interacting with its environment. This notion was extended to capture distributed computations,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther%20Szekeres
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Esther Szekeres (; 20 February 191028 August 2005) was a Hungarian–Australian mathematician.
Biography
Esther Klein was born to Ignaz Klein in a Jewish family in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary in 1910. As a young physics student in Budapest, Klein was a member of a group of Hungarians including Paul Erdős, George Szekeres and Pál Turán that convened over interesting mathematical problems.
In 1933, Klein proposed to the group a combinatorial problem that Erdős named as the Happy Ending problem as it led to her marriage to George Szekeres in 1937, with whom she had two children.
Following the outbreak of World War II, Esther and George Szekeres emigrated to Australia after spending several years in Hongkew, a community of refugees located in Shanghai, China. In Australia, they originally shared an apartment in Adelaide with Márta Svéd, an old school friend of Szekeres, before moving to Sydney in 1964.
In Sydney, Esther lectured at Macquarie University and was actively involved in mathematics enrichment for high-school students. In 1984, she jointly founded a weekly mathematics enrichment meeting that has since expanded into a programme of about 30 groups that continue to meet weekly and inspire high school students throughout Australia and New Zealand.
In 2004, she and George moved back to Adelaide, where, on 28 August 2005, she and her husband died within an hour of each other.
Recognition
In 1990, Macquarie gave Szekeres an honorary doctorate.
In 1993, she won the BH Neum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy%20ending%20problem
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In mathematics, the "happy ending problem" (so named by Paul Erdős because it led to the marriage of George Szekeres and Esther Klein) is the following statement:
This was one of the original results that led to the development of Ramsey theory.
The happy ending theorem can be proven by a simple case analysis: if four or more points are vertices of the convex hull, any four such points can be chosen. If on the other hand, the convex hull has the form of a triangle with two points inside it, the two inner points and one of the triangle sides can be chosen. See for an illustrated explanation of this proof, and for a more detailed survey of the problem.
The Erdős–Szekeres conjecture states precisely a more general relationship between the number of points in a general-position point set and its largest subset forming a convex polygon, namely that the smallest number of points for which any general position arrangement contains a convex subset of points is . It remains unproven, but less precise bounds are known.
Larger polygons
proved the following generalisation:
The proof appeared in the same paper that proves the Erdős–Szekeres theorem on monotonic subsequences in sequences of numbers.
Let denote the minimum for which any set of points in general position must contain a convex N-gon. It is known that
, trivially.
.
. A set of eight points with no convex pentagon is shown in the illustration, demonstrating that ; the more difficult part of the proof is to show
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Portmann
|
Adolf Portmann (27 May 1897 – 28 June 1982) was a Swiss zoologist.
Born in Basel, Switzerland, he studied zoology at the University of Basel and worked later in Geneva, Munich, Paris and Berlin, but mainly in marine biology laboratories in France (Banyuls-sur-Mer, Roscoff, Villefranche-sur-Mer) and Helgoland.
In 1931 he became professor of zoology in Basel. His main research areas covered marine biology and comparative morphology of vertebrates. His work was often interdisciplinary comprising sociological and philosophical aspects of life of animals and humans.
Portmann was known for his work in theoretical biology and his comparative studies on morphology and behavior. His research has influenced the field of biosemiotics.
Portmann died in Binningen near Basel on 28 June 1982.
Publications
Essai in Philosophical Zoology by Adolf Portmann: The Living Form and the Seeing Eye (1990)
Animal Forms and Patterns: A Study of the Appearance of Animals (1967)
Metamorphosis in Animals: The Transformations of the Individual and the Type (1964)
New Paths in Biology (1964)
Animals as Social Beings (1961)
The Earth as the Home of Life (1954)
References
Marine biologists
20th-century Swiss zoologists
1897 births
1982 deaths
Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
University of Basel alumni
Academic staff of the University of Basel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin%20total%20synthesis
|
Aflatoxin total synthesis concerns the total synthesis of a group of organic compounds called aflatoxins. These compounds occur naturally in several fungi. As with other chemical compound targets in organic chemistry, the organic synthesis of aflatoxins serves various purposes. Traditionally it served to prove the structure of a complex biocompound in addition to evidence obtained from spectroscopy. It also demonstrates new concepts in organic chemistry (reagents, reaction types) and opens the way to molecular derivatives not found in nature. And for practical purposes, a synthetic biocompound is a commercial alternative to isolating the compound from natural resources. Aflatoxins in particular add another dimension because it is suspected that they have been mass-produced in the past from biological sources as part of a biological weapons program.
The synthesis of racemic aflatoxin B1 has been reported by Buechi et al. in 1967 and that of racemic aflatoxin B2 by Roberts et al. in 1968 The group of Barry Trost of Stanford University is responsible for the enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-Aflatoxin B1 and B2a in 2003. In 2005 the group of E. J. Corey of Harvard University presented the enantioselective synthesis of Aflatoxin B2.
Aflatoxin B2 synthesis
The total synthesis of Aflatoxin B2 is a multistep sequence that begins with a [2+3]cycloaddition between the quinone 1 and the 2,3-Dihydrofuran. This reaction is catalyzed by a CBS catalyst and is enantioselective. T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture%20Notes%20in%20Computer%20Science
|
Lecture Notes in Computer Science is a series of computer science books published by Springer Science+Business Media since 1973.
Overview
The series contains proceedings, post-proceedings, monographs, and Festschrifts. In addition, tutorials, state-of-the-art surveys, and "hot topics" are increasingly being included.
The series is indexed by DBLP.
See also
Monographiae Biologicae, another monograph series published by Springer Science+Business Media
Lecture Notes in Physics
Lecture Notes in Mathematics
Electronic Workshops in Computing, published by the British Computer Society
References
External links
Academic journals established in 1973
Computer science books
Series of non-fiction books
Springer Science+Business Media
Conference proceedings published in books
Books of lectures
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20O%27Day
|
Marcus Driver O'Day (1897–1961) was an American physicist.
In 1918, he entered the military service in Eugene, Oregon after graduating from Centralia, Washington. He then attended the University of Oregon where he was assigned to the Students Army Training Corps, and was discharged at the end of the year.
Beginning in 1926 O'Day taught physics at Reed College. During World War II, he was employed at the MIT Radiation Laboratory where he worked on the radar IFF system.
In 1945 he joined the Air Force Cambridge Research Labs. In 1946 and 1947 he guided a team named the Blossom research group, that worked to launch scientific payloads into the ionosphere using V-2 rockets that had been brought to the United States from Germany following the war. He was also a member of the Rocket and Satellite Research Panel until it ceased operating in 1960.
He would theorize in 1958 that solar power could be used to sustain a colony on the Moon, and hypothesized that there may be water under the lunar surface.
The crater O'Day on the Moon is named after him, as is the "Marcus D. O'Day award".
Bibliography
M.D. O'Day and A.A. Knowlton, "Laboratory Manual in Physics", 1935, New York, McGraw-Hill.
Marcus O'Day, Watson Laboratories, "Rocketbourne Upper Atmospheric Experiments of the Air Materiel Command", American Physical Society, SE Section, 1949.
1897 births
1961 deaths
People from Centralia, Washington
20th-century American physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Univers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved%20sequence
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In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences), or within a genome (paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa (xenologous sequences). Conservation indicates that a sequence has been maintained by natural selection.
A highly conserved sequence is one that has remained relatively unchanged far back up the phylogenetic tree, and hence far back in geological time. Examples of highly conserved sequences include the RNA components of ribosomes present in all domains of life, the homeobox sequences widespread amongst eukaryotes, and the tmRNA in bacteria. The study of sequence conservation overlaps with the fields of genomics, proteomics, evolutionary biology, phylogenetics, bioinformatics and mathematics.
History
The discovery of the role of DNA in heredity, and observations by Frederick Sanger of variation between animal insulins in 1949, prompted early molecular biologists to study taxonomy from a molecular perspective. Studies in the 1960s used DNA hybridization and protein cross-reactivity techniques to measure similarity between known orthologous proteins, such as hemoglobin and cytochrome c. In 1965, Émile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling introduced the concept of the molecular clock, proposing that steady rates of amino acid replacement could be used to estimate the time since two organisms diverged. While initial phylogenies closely matched the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou%20Chaochen
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Zhou Chaochen (; born 1 November 1937) is a Chinese computer scientist.
Zhou was born in Nanhui, Shanghai, China. He studied as an undergraduate at the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics, Peking University (1954–1958) and as a postgraduate at the Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (1963–1967).
He worked at Peking University and CAS until his visit to the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science) (1989–1992). During this time, he was the prime investigator of the duration calculus, an interval logic for real-time systems as part of the European ESPRIT ProCoS project on Provably Correct Systems.
During the periods 1990–1992 and 1995–1996, Zhou Chaochen was visiting professor at the Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, on the invitation of Professor Dines Bjørner. He was Principal Research Fellow (1992–1997) and later Director of UNU-IIST in Macau (1997–2002), until his retirement, when he returned to Beijing.
In 2007, Zhou and Dines Bjørner, the first Director of UNU-IIST, were honoured on the occasion of their 70th birthdays. Zhou is a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Books
Zhou, Chaochen and Hansen, Michael R., Duration Calculus: A Formal Approach to Real-Time Systems. Springer-Verlag, Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science, An EATCS Series, 2003. .
References
External links
Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneity%20%28physics%29
|
In physics, a homogeneous material or system has the same properties at every point; it is uniform without irregularities. A uniform electric field (which has the same strength and the same direction at each point) would be compatible with homogeneity (all points experience the same physics). A material constructed with different constituents can be described as effectively homogeneous in the electromagnetic materials domain, when interacting with a directed radiation field (light, microwave frequencies, etc.).
Mathematically, homogeneity has the connotation of invariance, as all components of the equation have the same degree of value whether or not each of these components are scaled to different values, for example, by multiplication or addition. Cumulative distribution fits this description. "The state of having identical cumulative distribution function or values".
Context
The definition of homogeneous strongly depends on the context used. For example, a composite material is made up of different individual materials, known as "constituents" of the material, but may be defined as a homogeneous material when assigned a function. For example, asphalt paves our roads, but is a composite material consisting of asphalt binder and mineral aggregate, and then laid down in layers and compacted. However, homogeneity of materials does not necessarily mean isotropy. In the previous example, a composite material may not be isotropic.
In another context, a material is not homogene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCS-FACS
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BCS-FACS is the BCS Formal Aspects of Computing Science Specialist Group.
Overview
The FACS group, inaugurated on 16 March 1978, organizes meetings for its members and others on formal methods and related computer science topics. There is an associated journal, Formal Aspects of Computing, published by Springer, and a more informal FACS FACTS newsletter.
The group celebrated its 20th anniversary with a meeting at the Royal Society in London in 1998, with presentations by four eminent computer scientists, Mike Gordon, Tony Hoare, Robin Milner and Gordon Plotkin, all Fellows of the Royal Society.
From 2002–2008 and since 2013 again, the Chair of BCS-FACS has been Jonathan Bowen. Jawed Siddiqi was Chair during 2008–2013. In December 2002, BCS-FACS organized a conference on the Formal Aspects of Security (FASec'02) at Royal Holloway, University of London. In 2004, FACS organized a major event at London South Bank University to celebrate its own 25th anniversary and also 25 Years of CSP (CSP25), attended by the originator of CSP, Sir Tony Hoare, and others in the field.
The group liaises with other related groups such as the Centre for Software Reliability, Formal Methods Europe, the London Mathematical Society Computer Committee, the Safety-Critical Systems Club, and the Z User Group. It has held joint meetings with other BCS specialist groups such as the Advanced Programming Group and BCSWomen.
FACS sponsors and supports meetings, such as the Refinement Workshop. It has oft
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TE%20buffer
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TE buffer is a commonly used buffer solution in molecular biology, especially in procedures involving DNA, cDNA or RNA. "TE" is derived from its components: Tris, a common pH buffer, and EDTA, a molecule that chelates cations like Mg2+. The purpose of TE buffer is to solubilize DNA or RNA, while protecting it from degradation.
Recipe
A typical recipe for making 1X TE buffer is:
10 mM Tris, bring to pH 8.0 with HCl
1 mM EDTA, bring to pH 8.0 with NaOH
TE buffer is also known as T10E1 buffer, which can be read as "T ten E one buffer".
To make a 100 ml solution of T10E1 buffer, 1 ml of 1 M Tris base (pH 10–11) and 0.2 ml EDTA (0.5 M) are mixed and made up with double distilled water up to 100ml. Add microliter amounts of high molarity HCl to lower the pH to 8.
Based on nuclease studies from the 1980s, the pH is usually adjusted to 7.5 for RNA and 8.0 for DNA. The respective DNA and RNA nucleases are supposed to be less active at these pH values, but pH 8.0 can safely be used for storage of both DNA and RNA .
EDTA further inactivates DNase, by binding to metal cations required by this enzyme.
Genomic and plasmid DNA can be stored in TE Buffer at 4 °C (39.2 °F) for short-term use, or -20 °C (-4 °F) to -80 °C (-112 °F) for long-term storage. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles should be avoided.
Low TE or TE Low EDTA
The operation of the TE buffer is based on chelating metal cations such as Mg2+. The problem is that the PCR polymerase also requires Mg2+ to function, so if the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzelhoehe%20Solar%20Observatory
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The Kanzelhoehe Solar Observatory or KSO is an astronomical observatory affiliated with the Institute of Geophysics, Astrophysics and Meteorology out of the University of Graz. It is located near Villach on the southern border of Austria.
Its Web page usually posts current images of the sun, especially in the hydrogen-alpha line that is the strongest visible-light line of hydrogen and that reveals the solar chromosphere.
History
Founded in 1941 by the German Luftwaffe to research the effects of the Sun on the Earth's ionosphere, the KSO focuses on multispectral synoptic observations of the sun using several telescope on the same mount.
See also
List of astronomical observatories
References
External links
www.kso.ac.at/
Astronomical observatories in Austria
Buildings and structures in Villach
Space Situational Awareness Programme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%20scheme
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In mathematics, the Bernoulli scheme or Bernoulli shift is a generalization of the Bernoulli process to more than two possible outcomes. Bernoulli schemes appear naturally in symbolic dynamics, and are thus important in the study of dynamical systems. Many important dynamical systems (such as Axiom A systems) exhibit a repellor that is the product of the Cantor set and a smooth manifold, and the dynamics on the Cantor set are isomorphic to that of the Bernoulli shift. This is essentially the Markov partition. The term shift is in reference to the shift operator, which may be used to study Bernoulli schemes. The Ornstein isomorphism theorem shows that Bernoulli shifts are isomorphic when their entropy is equal.
Definition
A Bernoulli scheme is a discrete-time stochastic process where each independent random variable may take on one of N distinct possible values, with the outcome i occurring with probability , with i = 1, ..., N, and
The sample space is usually denoted as
as a shorthand for
The associated measure is called the Bernoulli measure
The σ-algebra on X is the product sigma algebra; that is, it is the (countable) direct product of the σ-algebras of the finite set {1, ..., N}. Thus, the triplet
is a measure space. A basis of is the cylinder sets. Given a cylinder set , its measure is
The equivalent expression, using the notation of probability theory, is
for the random variables
The Bernoulli scheme, as any stochastic process, may be viewed as a dynamica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor%20variable
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In mathematics, a function of a motor variable is a function with arguments and values in the split-complex number plane, much as functions of a complex variable involve ordinary complex numbers. William Kingdon Clifford coined the term motor for a kinematic operator in his "Preliminary Sketch of Biquaternions" (1873). He used split-complex numbers for scalars in his split-biquaternions. Motor variable is used here in place of split-complex variable for euphony and tradition.
For example,
Functions of a motor variable provide a context to extend real analysis and provide compact representation of mappings of the plane. However, the theory falls well short of function theory on the ordinary complex plane. Nevertheless, some of the aspects of conventional complex analysis have an interpretation given with motor variables, and more generally in hypercomplex analysis.
Elementary functions
Let D = , the split-complex plane. The following exemplar functions f have domain and range in D:
The action of a hyperbolic versor is combined with translation to produce the affine transformation
. When c = 0, the function is equivalent to a squeeze mapping.
The squaring function has no analogy in ordinary complex arithmetic. Let
and note that
The result is that the four quadrants are mapped into one, the identity component:
.
Note that forms the unit hyperbola . Thus, the
reciprocation
involves the hyperbola as curve of reference as opposed to the circle in C.
Linear fractional t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Lamoureux
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Denis O. Lamoureux (born May 27, 1954) holds a professorial chair of science and religion at St. Joseph's College at the University of Alberta, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. He has doctoral degrees in dentistry, theology, and biology. The author of Evolutionary Creation and of I Love Jesus and I Accept Evolution, he has also written (along with Phillip E. Johnson) Darwinism Defeated? The Johnson-Lamoureux Debate on Biological Origins, on the creation–evolution controversy (Regent College, 1999).
Lamoureux, an evangelical Christian and a former Young-Earth creationist, calls himself an evolutionary creationist, and lectures and writes widely on the topic.
Lamoureux has been involved in several public debates with prominent creationists and atheists. He has also been involved in a televised debate moderated by Steve Paikin of TV Ontario.
In an important new contribution, Evolution: Scripture and Nature say Yes Lamoureux has argued for a return to what he calls the original meaning of Intelligent Design, which he defines as "the belief that beauty, complexity and functionality in nature point toward an Intelligent Designer." Lamoureux argues that Intelligent Design should properly be understood as a religious (metaphysical) belief, not a scientific one. Therefore, he denies the claim by proponents of "Intelligent Design Theory" such as Michael Behe that it is scientifically testable as a process distinct from evolution. Instead, Intelligent Design should be understood as ful
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20F.%20Haught
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John F. Haught is an American theologian. He is a Distinguished Research Professor at Georgetown University. He specializes in Roman Catholic systematic theology, with a particular interest in issues pertaining to physical cosmology, evolutionary biology, geology, and Christianity.
He has authored numerous books and articles, including Science and Faith: A New Introduction (2012), Making Sense of Evolution: Darwin, God, and The Drama of Life ( 2010), God and the New Atheism: A Critical Response to Dawkins, Harris, and Hitchens (2008), Christianity and Science: Toward a Theology of Nature (2007), Is Nature Enough? Meaning and Truth in the Age of Science (2006), Purpose, Evolution and the Meaning of Life (2004), God After Darwin: A Theology of Evolution (2000, 2nd ed. 2007), Science and Religion: From Conflict to Conversation (1995), The Promise of Nature: Ecology and Cosmic Purpose (1993, 2nd ed. 2004), What is Religion? (1990), What is God? (1986), and The Cosmic Adventure: Science, Religion and the Quest for Purpose (1984).
In 2002, Haught received the Owen Garrigan Award in Science and Religion, in 2004 the Sophia Award for Theological Excellence, and in 2008 a “Friend of Darwin Award” from the National Center for Science Education. He also testified for the plaintiffs in Harrisburg, PA “Intelligent Design Trial”(Kitzmiller et al. vs. Dover Board of Education).
Life
John F. Haught was born on November 12, 1942 to Paul and Angela Haught. His wife is Evelyn.
Academic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPE
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DPE is an abbreviation for:
Organizations
Department for Professional Employees, AFL-CIO
Department of Planning & Environment, department of the New South Wales government
Department of Public Enterprises, South African government ministry
Dis Politika Enstitüsü, Turkish think tank
Science
Downstream promoter element in genetics
Other
Decriminalised Parking Enforcement, UK civil enforcement
Demilitarization Protective Ensemble, a one-piece disposable suit used in chemical weapons disposal
Designated Pilot Examiner — a person certified by FAA to conduct pilot rating
Dynamic Provisioning Environment - an automated server computing environment
Development - Printing - Enlargement - Japanese abbreviation for film processing.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSD
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RSD most often refers to:
Serbian dinar, ISO 4217 code for the currency of the Republic of Serbia
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, see complex regional pain syndrome
Rejection sensitive dysphoria in psychology
RSD may also refer to:
Science and mathematics
Repetitive stress disorder, another term for repetitive strain injury
Relative standard deviation in statistics
Robust standard deviation in statistics
Regulator of sigma D, an anti-sigma factor in E. coli bacteria
Redshift-space distortions in cosmology
Rejection sensitive dysphoria in psychology
Technology
Really Simple Discovery, an XML format describing some features of a blog service
Remote sensing data
Roller shutter door
Retinal scanning display, another term for a virtual retinal display
Recreational Software Designs, the developer of the game creation system Game-Maker
People
Rahul Sharad Dravid, an Indian former cricketer and commentator
Alias of Rob Smith (British musician), British electronic musician
Education
Schools
Rochester School for the Deaf, a school in Rochester, New York, USA
Royal School Dungannon, a grammar school in Northern Ireland
School districts
United States
Reading School District in Reading, Pennsylvania
Recovery School District - Louisiana
Rhinelander School District in Rhinelander, Wisconsin
Rochester City School District in Rochester, New York
Rockwood School District in St. Louis County, Missouri
Roosevelt School District in Phoenix, Arizona
Music busines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Red
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Texas Red or sulforhodamine 101 acid chloride is a red fluorescent dye, used in histology for staining cell specimens, for sorting cells with fluorescent-activated cell sorting machines, in fluorescence microscopy applications, and in immunohistochemistry.
Texas Red fluoresces at about 615 nm, and the peak of its absorption spectrum is at 589 nm. The powder is dark purple. Solutions can be excited by a dye laser tuned to 595-605 nm, or less efficiently a krypton laser at 567 nm. The absorption extinction coefficient at 596 nm is about 85,000 M−1cm−1.
The compound is usually a mixture of two monosulfonyl chlorides, i.e., as pictured, or with the SO3 and SO2Cl groups exchanged. It can be used as a marker of proteins, with which it easily forms conjugates via the sulfonyl chloride (SO2Cl) group. In water, the sulfonyl chloride group of unreacted Texas Red molecules hydrolyses to sulfonate and the molecule becomes the very water-soluble sulforhodamine 101 which is easy to wash out selectively. This is one of the advantages of conjugating with Texas Red vs. using a rhodamine-isothiocyanate for conjugation.
A protein with the Texas Red chromophore attached can then itself act as a fluorescent labeling agent; an antibody with a fluorescent marker attached will bind to a specific antigen and then show the location of the antigens as shining spots when irradiated. It is relatively bright, and therefore can be used to detect even weakly expressed antigens. Other molecules can be l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilin
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Bilin may refer to:
Bilin, Mon State, a town in Mon State in Myanmar
Bilin Township, whose seat is Bilin, Mon State
Bilin (biochemistry), a type of biological pigment with a tetrapyrrole structure, for example found in bile
Bil'in, a Palestinian village in the West Bank
Bilin or Belin (river), a river in Tuva, Russia
The Bilen people, an ethnic group which mainly inhabits Eritrea and speaks the Blin language
The German name for the Czech town of Bílina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20Aspects%20of%20Computing
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Formal Aspects of Computing (FAOC) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media, covering the area of formal methods and associated topics in computer science. The editor-in-chief is Jim Woodcock. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2010 impact factor of 1.170.
Until 2021, the journal was published by Springer. It is now published by ACM.
See also
Acta Informatica
Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering
References
External links
Academic journals established in 1989
Computer science journals
Formal methods publications
British Computer Society
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Schuster
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Sir Franz Arthur Friedrich Schuster (12 September 1851 – 14 October 1934) was a German-born British physicist known for his work in spectroscopy, electrochemistry, optics, X-radiography and the application of harmonic analysis to physics. Schuster's integral is named after him. He contributed to making the University of Manchester a centre for the study of physics.
Early years
Arthur Schuster was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany the son of Francis Joseph Schuster, a cotton merchant and banker, and his wife Marie Pfeiffer.
Schuster's parents were married in 1849, converted from Judaism to Christianity, and brought up their children in that faith. In 1869, his father moved to Manchester where the family textile business was based. Arthur, who had been to school in Frankfurt and was studying in Geneva, joined his parents in 1870 and he and the other children became British citizens in 1875.
From his childhood, Schuster had been interested in science and after working for a year (1870/71) for the family firm of Schuster Brothers in Manchester, he persuaded his father to let him study at Owens College. He studied mathematics under Thomas Barker and physics under Balfour Stewart, and began research with Henry Roscoe on the spectra of hydrogen and nitrogen. He spent a year with Gustav Kirchhoff at the University of Heidelberg, and having gained his PhD, returned to Owens as an unpaid demonstrator in physics. Schuster later used his family's wealth to buy material and equipmen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro%20Pitati
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Pietro Pitati (in Latin, Petrus Pitatus) (?-fl. ca. 1550) was an Italian astronomer and mathematician. Bernardino Baldi, in his Cronica de matematici (1707) calls Pitati a noble Veronese who was trained in mathematics by a Benedictine friar named Innocentio da Novara.
It is known that he was the author of several astronomical works and almanacs. His Paschales atque nouiluniorum mensurni canones. De varia paschalis solemnitatis obseruatione...De Hebraica anni quantitate...Calendarium nouum cum noua aurei numeri positione, ortu quoque, & occasu stellarum fixarum (Venice, March 1537) is one of many sixteenth century attempts to reform the calendar, and establish, among other things, the correct day of Easter. This was his first work.
Pitati also wrote another book bearing on the length of the solar and lunar year, the fixed stars, and calendar reform, entitled: Compendium . . . super annua solaris atque lunaris anni quantitate Paschalis item solennitatis juxta veteres ecclesiae canones recognitione Romanique calendarii instauratione deque vero Passionis Dominicae die ortu quoque et occasu stellarum fixarum, in tres divisum Tractatus. Pitati's proposal for calendar reform "pleaded for the rule whereby three out of four centennial years be ordinary (non leap-years). This is [now] the Gregorian rule."
Pitati compiled ephemerides, to which he added supplements over the years, such as Almanach nouum...Superadditis annis quinque supra ... Ephemeridas 1551. ad futurum Christi annum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-element%20Boolean%20algebra
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In mathematics and abstract algebra, the two-element Boolean algebra is the Boolean algebra whose underlying set (or universe or carrier) B is the Boolean domain. The elements of the Boolean domain are 1 and 0 by convention, so that B = {0, 1}. Paul Halmos's name for this algebra "2" has some following in the literature, and will be employed here.
Definition
B is a partially ordered set and the elements of B are also its bounds.
An operation of arity n is a mapping from Bn to B. Boolean algebra consists of two binary operations and unary complementation. The binary operations have been named and notated in various ways. Here they are called 'sum' and 'product', and notated by infix '+' and '∙', respectively. Sum and product commute and associate, as in the usual algebra of real numbers. As for the order of operations, brackets are decisive if present. Otherwise '∙' precedes '+'. Hence is parsed as and not as . Complementation is denoted by writing an overbar over its argument. The numerical analog of the complement of is . In the language of universal algebra, a Boolean algebra is a ∙ algebra of type .
Either one-to-one correspondence between {0,1} and {True,False} yields classical bivalent logic in equational form, with complementation read as NOT. If 1 is read as True, '+' is read as OR, and '∙' as AND, and vice versa if 1 is read as False. These two operations define a commutative semiring, known as the Boolean semiring.
Some basic identities
2 can be seen as groun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20interface
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In computer science, a public interface is the logical point at which independent software entities interact. The entities may interact with each other within a single computer, across a network, or across a variety of other topologies.
It is important that public interfaces will be stable and designed to support future changes, enhancements, and deprecation in order for the interaction to continue.
Design
Guidance
A project must provide additional documents that describe plans and procedures that can be used to evaluate the project’s compliance.
architecture design document.
coding standards document.
software release plan document.
document with a plan for deprecating obsolete interfaces.
The programmer must create fully insulated classes and insulate the public interfaces from compile-time dependencies.
Best practices
Present complete and coherent sets of concepts to the user.
Design interfaces to be statically typed.
Minimize the interface’s dependencies on other interfaces.
Express interfaces in terms of application-level types.
Use assertions only to aid development and integration.
Example
C++ interface
Use protocol classes to define public interfaces.
The characteristics of a protocol class are:
It neither contains nor inherits from classes that contain member data, non-virtual functions, or private (or protected) members of any kind.
It has a non-inline virtual destructor defined with an empty implementation.
All member functions other than the destructor,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrel%20R.%20Falk
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Darrel R. Falk (born 1946) is an American biologist. He is Professor Emeritus of Biology at Point Loma Nazarene University and is the past president and a current senior advisor with BioLogos Foundation,
an advocacy group that emphasizes compatibility between science and Christian faith.
Education
Falk attended Simon Fraser University, originally planning to become a medical doctor. In his second university semester, he signed up for Introduction to Biology, Genetics, and Developmental Biology. Falk graduated from Simon Fraser University in 1968 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology. He then completed his Ph.D. from the University of Alberta in 1973.
Career and research
He did post-doctoral studies at the University of British Columbia (1973–74) and at the University of California at Irvine, California (1974–76). He was an Assistant/Associate Professor at Syracuse University from 1976 to 1984. Then a professor at Mount Vernon Nazarene College in Ohio from 1984 to 1988. Since 1988, he has been a professor at Point Loma Nazarene University.
His research interests have included molecular genetics of Drosophila melanogaster, organization of genes; and mechanism of repair of chromosome breaks.
Falk is a Christian and believes in theistic evolution. He is the past president (2009-2012) of The BioLogos Foundation, founded by geneticist Francis Collins, which seeks to find "harmony between science and biblical faith" by advocating for "an evolutionary understanding of God
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najam%20Sheraz
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Najam Sheraz (Urdu: نجم شیراز) is a Pakistani pop singer and songwriter.
Early life
Najam Sheraz was born in Multan, Pakistan on 2 August 1969. He played professional cricket. He graduated from the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore in civil engineering. He formed his first band with his elder brothers Booby and Joji called "Brother Rhythm" in 1987. His first Urdu Nasheed, “Na Tera Khuda Koi Aur Hai” was very popular.
Awards
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
People from Multan
Pakistani pop singers
Pakistani playback singers
Pakistani civil engineers
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore alumni
Musicians from Lahore
Punjabi people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station-to-Station%20protocol
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In public-key cryptography, the Station-to-Station (STS) protocol is a cryptographic key agreement scheme. The protocol is based on classic Diffie–Hellman, and provides mutual key and entity authentication. Unlike the classic Diffie–Hellman, which is not secure against a man-in-the-middle attack, this protocol assumes that the parties have signature keys, which are used to sign messages, thereby providing security against man-in-the-middle attacks.
In addition to protecting the established key from an attacker, the STS protocol uses no timestamps and provides perfect forward secrecy. It also entails two-way explicit key confirmation, making it an authenticated key agreement with key confirmation (AKC) protocol.
STS was originally presented in 1987 in the context of ISDN security , finalized in 1989 and generally presented by Whitfield Diffie, Paul C. van Oorschot and Michael J. Wiener in 1992. The historical context for the protocol is also discussed in .
Description
Deployment of STS can take different forms depending on communication requirements and the level of prior communication between parties. The data described in STS Setup may be shared prior to the beginning of a session to lessen the impact of the session's establishment.
In the following explanations, exponentiation (Diffie–Hellman) operations provide the basis for key agreement, though this is not a requirement. The protocol may be modified, for example, to use elliptic curves instead.
STS Setup
The f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather%20Albert
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Heather Albert (married name Heather Albert-Hall, born May 27, 1968) is an American professional bicycle racer. She is also the author of a book titled "The Genisoy Diet".
Born in Sandy, Utah, Albert attended Brigham Young University, Utah, and has a Ph.D. in microbiology. A cross country runner in high school, she tried duathlon at college before her brother suggested she try cycling. She began racing in 1994 and became a full-time cyclist in 1995.
Albert broke her right clavicle and dislocated her thumb in March 2004, when she was brought down in an incident involving Rebecca Quinn during a track race at the Alkek Velodrome, Houston.
Albert is now an accomplished track and road racer, winning the silver medal at the United States National Track Championships points race and bronze in the team pursuit. She lives in Eagle, Idaho with her husband, Uhl.
Palmarès
1996
2nd United States National Road Race Championships
2001
1st Eureka Road Race
2nd RMCC Rhodes Criterium
1st Chums Classic Stage Race
2002
1st International Tour de Toona
1st Stage 3, Johnstown to Altoona
1st Stage 6, Altoona Blair County Road Race
4th United States National Road Race Championships
1st Stage 9, Twin Falls to Glenn's Ferry, Women's Challenge (2.9.1)
2005
2nd Garden Creek Gap Road Race
1st Gate City Grind State Race
2007
2nd Points race, United States National Track Championships
3rd Team pursuit, United States National Track Championships
References
External links
Terse biography on Ford-Ba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioEssays
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BioEssays is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal covering molecular and cellular biology. Areas covered include genetics, genomics, epigenetics, evolution, developmental biology, neuroscience, human biology, physiology, systems biology, and plant biology. The journal also publishes commentaries on aspects of science communication, education, policy, and current affairs.
History
The journal was established in December 1984 by founding editor-in-chief William J. Whelan under the auspices of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Adam S. Wilkins became editor in January 1990. Originally published by ICSU Press and The Company of Biologists, BioEssays has been published by John Wiley & Sons since January 1998. Andrew Moore became editor-in-chief in August 2008. Kerstin Brachhold is current editor-in-chief.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 5.423.
References
External links
Biology journals
Academic journals established in 1984
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechatronics
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Bio-mechatronics is an applied interdisciplinary science that aims to integrate biology and mechatronics (electrical, electronics, and mechanical engineering). It also encompasses the fields of robotics and neuroscience. Biomechatronic devices cover a wide range of applications, from developing prosthetic limbs to engineering solutions concerning respiration, vision, and the cardiovascular system.
How it works
Bio-mechatronics mimics how the human body works. For example, four different steps must occur to lift the foot to walk. First, impulses from the motor center brain's motor centerbrain are sent to the foot and leg muscles. Next, the nerve cells in the feet send information, providing feedback to the brain, enabling it to adjust the muscle groups or amount of force required to walk across the ground. Different amounts of energy are applied depending on the type of surface being walked across. The leg's muscle spindle nerve cells then sense and send the position of the floor back up to the brain. Finally, when the foot is raised to step, signals are sent to muscles in the leg and foot to set it down.
Biosensors
Biosensors detect what the user wants to do or their intentions and motions. In some devices, the information can is relayed by the user's nervous or muscle system. This information is related by the biosensor to a controller , which can be located inside or outside the biomechatronic device. In addition biosensors receive information about the limb position an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taper
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Taper may refer to:
Part of an object in the shape of a cone (conical)
Taper (transmission line), a transmission line gradually increasing or decreasing in size
Fishing rod taper, a measure of the flexibility of a fishing rod
Conically tapered joints, made of ground glass, commonly used in chemistry labs to mate two glassware components fitted with glass tubings
Luer taper, a standardized fitting system used for making leak-free connections between slightly conical syringe tips and needles
Tapered thread, a conical screw thread made of a helicoidal ridge wrapped around a cone
Machine taper, in machinery and engineering
Mark Taper Forum, a theatre in the Los Angeles Music Center
A ratio used in aeronautics (see Chord (aeronautics))
A thin candle
Philadelphia Tapers (also New York Tapers and Washington Tapers), a defunct professional basketball team
Taper (cymbal), the reduction in thickness of a cymbal from center to rim
Taper pin, used in manufacturing
Taper insertion pin, used in body piercing
Taper (concert), a person who records audio concerts, usually via portable setup
Taper, a type of men's haircut (see crew cut)
See also
Tapering (disambiguation)
Tapper (disambiguation)
Tapir (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal%20Solar%20Observatory
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The Kodaikanal Solar Observatory is a solar observatory owned and operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. It is on the southern tip of the Palani Hills from Kodaikanal.
The Evershed effect was first detected at this observatory in January 1909. Solar data collected by the lab is the oldest continuous series of its kind in India. Precise observations of the equatorial electrojet are made here due to the unique geography of Kodaikanal.
Ionospheric soundings, geomagnetic, F region vertical drift and surface observations are made here regularly. Summaries of the data obtained are sent to national (India Meteorological Department) and global (World Meteorological Organization, Global Atmosphere Watch) data centers.
They have a full-time staff of two scientists and three technicians.
History
As early as 1881, Mr. Blanford, then Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India, recommended "the improvement of the work of solar observations in order to obtain accurate measures of the sun’s heating power at the earth’s surface and its periodic variations".
In May 1882, the government astronomer at Madras, Norman Robert Pogson, proposed the need for photography and spectrography of the sun and the stars using a twenty-inch telescope, which could be at a hill station in South India.
On 20 July 1893 following a famine in Madras Presidency, which underscored the need for a study of the sun to better understand monsoon patterns, a meeting of the U.K. Secretary of State,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannaka%E2%80%93Krein%20duality
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In mathematics, Tannaka–Krein duality theory concerns the interaction of a compact topological group and its category of linear representations. It is a natural extension of Pontryagin duality, between compact and discrete commutative topological groups, to groups that are compact but noncommutative. The theory is named after Tadao Tannaka and Mark Grigorievich Krein. In contrast to the case of commutative groups considered by Lev Pontryagin, the notion dual to a noncommutative compact group is not a group, but a category of representations Π(G) with some additional structure, formed by the finite-dimensional representations of G.
Duality theorems of Tannaka and Krein describe the converse passage from the category Π(G) back to the group G, allowing one to recover the group from its category of representations. Moreover, they in effect completely characterize all categories that can arise from a group in this fashion. Alexander Grothendieck later showed that by a similar process, Tannaka duality can be extended to the case of algebraic groups via Tannakian formalism. Meanwhile, the original theory of Tannaka and Krein continued to be developed and refined by mathematical physicists. A generalization of Tannaka–Krein theory provides the natural framework for studying representations of quantum groups, and is currently being extended to quantum supergroups, quantum groupoids and their dual Hopf algebroids.
The idea of Tannaka–Krein duality: category of representations of a gr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Froines
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John Radford Froines (; June 13, 1939 – July 13, 2022) was an American chemist and anti-war activist, noted as a member of the Chicago Seven, a group charged with involvement with the riots at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Froines, who held a Ph.D. in chemistry from Yale, was charged with interstate travel for purposes of inciting a riot and with making incendiary devices, but was acquitted. He later served as the Director of Toxic Substances at the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration and then director of UCLA’s Occupational Health Center. He also served as chair of the California Scientific Review Panel on Toxic Air Contaminants for nearly 30 years before resigning in 2013 amid controversy and claims of conflict of interest.
Early life and education
Froines was born in Oakland, California, on June 13, 1939. His father, George, worked as a shipyard worker and was murdered when John was three years old; his mother, Katherine (Livingston), was a teacher who raised John and his younger brother Robert as a single parent after her husband's death. Froines enlisted in the Air National Guard after completing high school. He then received an associate degree at Contra Costa Community College. He studied chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in 1963.
Froines subsequently undertook postgraduate studies at Yale University, obtaining a Master of Science in 1964 before being awarded a Docto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevatron
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The Bevatron was a particle accelerator — specifically, a weak-focusing proton synchrotron — at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S., which began operating in 1954. The antiproton was discovered there in 1955, resulting in the 1959 Nobel Prize in physics for Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain. It accelerated protons into a fixed target, and was named for its ability to impart energies of billions of eV. (Billions of eV Synchrotron.)
Antiprotons
At the time the Bevatron was designed, it was strongly suspected, but not known, that each particle had a corresponding anti-particle of opposite charge, identical in all other respects, a property known as charge symmetry.
The anti-electron, or positron, had been first observed in the early 1930s and theoretically understood as a consequence of the Dirac equation at about the same time. Following World War II, positive and negative muons and pions were observed in cosmic-ray interactions seen in cloud chambers and stacks of nuclear photographic emulsions.
The Bevatron was built to be energetic enough to create antiprotons, and thus test the hypothesis that every particle has a corresponding anti-particle. In 1955, the antiproton was discovered using the Bevatron. The antineutron was discovered soon thereafter by the team of Bruce Cork, Glen Lambertson, Oreste Piccioni, and William Wenzel in 1956, also at the Bevatron. Confirmation of the charge symmetry conjecture in 1955 led to the Nobel Prize for physics being awarded to E
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid%20Jafarkhani
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Hamid Jafarkhani () (born 1966, in Tehran) is an Iranian-born American electrical engineer and professor. He serves as the Chancellor's Professor in electrical engineering and computer science in the Henry Samueli School of Engineering at the University of California, Irvine (UC Irvine). His research focuses on communications theory, particularly coding and wireless communications and networks.
Biography
Prior to studying at the University of Tehran, he was ranked first in the nationwide entrance examination of Iranian universities in 1984. After receiving his B.S. degree in 1989, he studied at the University of Maryland College Park and obtained his M.S. degree in 1994 followed by his Ph.D. in 1997. After graduating, Jafarkhani joined AT&T Laboratories-Research in August 1997 before moving to Broadcom in July 2000 and to the University of California, Irvine in September 2001.
Within the wireless communications field, Jafarkhani is best known as the primary/main inventor of space-time codes (jointly with Siavash Alamouti and Nambirajan Seshadri) and for his two seminal papers which established the field of space–time block coding, published whilst working for AT&T. The first of these, "Space–time block codes from orthogonal designs", established the theoretical basis for space–time block codes, and the second, "Space–time block coding for wireless communications: performance results", provided numerical analysis of the performance of the first such codes. Space–time code
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Challifour
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John Challifour was a professor of mathematical physics at Indiana University's Bloomington campus. He was known among the math students of the university for his wry sense of humor and clear teaching style.
He was British-born (Bristol, 1938) but studied in the U. S. (Cincinnati), taking his bachelors (with highest honors) at Berkeley, before earning his PhD from Cambridge University in 1963. He taught in Boston (Brandeis) and at Princeton University before moving to Bloomington with his wife, who works in the linguistics department at Indiana University. He died at home on 27 November 2021.
Research
Generalized functions and Fourier analysis: An introduction (1972). New York: W. A. Benjamin.
Self-adjointness of lattice Yang-Mills Hamiltonians and Kato's inequality with indefinite metric. Annales de l'institut Henri Poincaré (A) Physique théorique, 42 no. 1 (1985), p. 1-15
with Steven P. Slinker. Euclidean field theory: I. The moment problem. Comm. Math. Phys. 43, no. 1 (1975), 41–58
with R.J. Eden. Regge Surfaces and Singularities in a Relativistic Theory. Phys. Rev. 129, 2349–2353 (1963). Issue 5 – 1 March 1963
References
Faculty page at Indiana University.
Living people
1938 births
Indiana University faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics%20%28Aristotle%29
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Metaphysics (Greek: τὰ μετὰ τὰ φυσικά, "those after the physics"; Latin: Metaphysica) is one of the principal works of Aristotle, in which he develops the doctrine that he calls First Philosophy. The work is a compilation of various texts treating abstract subjects, notably substance theory, different kinds of causation, form and matter, the existence of mathematical objects and the cosmos, which together constitute much of the branch of philosophy later known as metaphysics.
Date, style and composition
Many of Aristotle's works are extremely compressed and thus baffling to beginners, and many scholars believe that in their current form, they are little more than lecture notes. Subsequent to the arrangement of Aristotle's works by Andronicus of Rhodes in the first century BC, a number of his treatises were referred to as the writings "after ("meta") the Physics.", the origin of the current title for the collection Metaphysics. Some have interpreted the expression "meta" to imply that the subject of the work goes "beyond" that of Aristotle's Physics or that it is metatheoretical in relation to the Physics. But others believe that "meta" referred simply to the work's place in the canonical arrangement of Aristotle's writings, which is at least as old as Andronicus of Rhodes or even Hermippus of Smyrna. In other surviving works of Aristotle, the metaphysical treatises are referred to as "the [writings] concerning first philosophy"; which was the term Aristotle used for meta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive%20Bayesian%20estimation
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In probability theory, statistics, and machine learning, recursive Bayesian estimation, also known as a Bayes filter, is a general probabilistic approach for estimating an unknown probability density function (PDF) recursively over time using incoming measurements and a mathematical process model. The process relies heavily upon mathematical concepts and models that are theorized within a study of prior and posterior probabilities known as Bayesian statistics.
In robotics
A Bayes filter is an algorithm used in computer science for calculating the probabilities of multiple beliefs to allow a robot to infer its position and orientation. Essentially, Bayes filters allow robots to continuously update their most likely position within a coordinate system, based on the most recently acquired sensor data. This is a recursive algorithm. It consists of two parts: prediction and innovation. If the variables are normally distributed and the transitions are linear, the Bayes filter becomes equal to the Kalman filter.
In a simple example, a robot moving throughout a grid may have several different sensors that provide it with information about its surroundings. The robot may start out with certainty that it is at position (0,0). However, as it moves farther and farther from its original position, the robot has continuously less certainty about its position; using a Bayes filter, a probability can be assigned to the robot's belief about its current position, and that probability can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk%20Coster
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Dirk Coster (5 October 1889 – 12 February 1950) was a Dutch physicist. He was a professor of Physics and Meteorology at the University of Groningen.
Coster was born in Amsterdam. On 26 February 1919 he married Lina Maria "Miep" Wijsman, who held a degree in Oriental languages. Eventually, she was one of the first women to obtain a doctorate degree in this field from the University of Leiden. Dirk and Miep had two sons and two daughters (Hendrik, Ada, Els, and Herman). Coster is known as the co-discoverer of hafnium (element 72) in 1923, along with George de Hevesy, by means of X-ray spectroscopic analysis of zirconium ore. The discovery took place in Copenhagen, Denmark. Its name is derived from Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen.
Childhood and education
Coster grew up in Amsterdam in a large working-class family; he was the third child of Barend Coster, a blacksmith, and Aafje van der Mik. The Coster family valued education. Ten of their children survived to adulthood and all received enough education to go onto middle-class professions. From 1904 to 1908 Dirk went to the Teacher's College in Haarlem, then was a teacher until 1913. With the aid of private support he was able to study mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden, first having passed the exams required for students who had no gymnasium education. In Leiden he was influenced by the inspiring lectures of Paul Ehrenfest, and in 1916 he obtained his M.Sc. degree. From 1916 to 1920 Coster was assis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee
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Wee or WEE may refer to:
Wee, a slang term for urine (see also wee-wee)
Wee, short stature, or otherwise small
Anthroponym
Wee (surname), Chinese surname and name
Wee Willie Harris, singer
Wee Willie Webber, Philadelphia radio and television personality
Wee Man, actor
Pee-wee Herman, comedian
Pee Wee Crayton, singer
Biochemistry
WEE virus, the western equine encephalitis virus
Wee1, a nuclear protein
Arts
In the Wee Small Hours, album of Frank Sinatra
In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning, song in this album
The Wee Hours Revue, album by Roman Candle
The Wee Free Men, comic fantasy novel
The Pee-wee Herman Show (1980), stage show by Pee-wee Herman
Big Top Pee-wee (1985), a film with Pee-wee Herman
Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1988), a film with Pee-wee Herman
Pee-wee's Playhouse (1986-1990), a program by Pee-wee Herman
Pee-wee's Big Holiday (2016), a film with Pee-wee Herman
Ooh Wee, song by Mark Ronson
Transport
Weeley railway station, Tendring, England, National Rail station code WEE
See also
WEEE, the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
We (disambiguation)
Wee Wee (disambiguation)
Wee Wee Hill
Wei (disambiguation)
Wii, a Nintendo video game console
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20scission
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Beta scission is an important reaction in the chemistry of thermal cracking of hydrocarbons and the formation of free radicals. Free radicals are formed upon splitting the carbon-carbon bond. Free radicals are extremely reactive and short-lived. When a free radical in a polymer chain undergoes a beta scission, the free radical breaks two carbons away from the charged carbon producing an olefin (ethylene) and a primary free radical, which has two fewer carbon atoms.
In organic synthesis, beta scission can be used to direct multistep radical transformations. For example, beta-scission of a weak C-S bond was used to favor one of two equilibrating radicals in metal free conversion of phenols to aromatic esters and acids via C-O transposition.
References
Reaction mechanisms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Etheridge
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Samuel Etheridge (April 15, 1788 – February 18, 1864) was a state senator for the seventh district of the state of Michigan in 1838.
Etheridge was born in Adams, Massachusetts, on April 15, 1788 to parents of English lineage. He received a common-school education and excelled in mathematics. He taught school for a time; and, subsequently, having a taste for mechanics, learned the trade of a millwright and machinist. He worked in West Schuyler, New York in 1815, and in Frankfort, New York in 1817. In 1833, when a resident of New York State, he became engaged in mercantile business; but, being unsuccessful, he moved to Coldwater, Michigan and settled there in March, 1837.
He had a very extensive business in Michigan employing from fifty to seventy-five laborers. He built large mills at Ypsilanti, Saline, Leonidas, Marshall, and Allegan. He was elected to various local offices in Michigan; and, in 1838, to the State Senate, to represent the Seventh Senatorial District, which comprised the counties of Branch, St. Joseph, Bellevue, Van Buren, and Cass. In early manhood he became a member of the Masonic Fraternity, and advanced until he became a Knight Templar. Etheridge took an active part in every public enterprise, particularly in education, and frequently delivered addresses on that and other subjects. He possessed great natural ability for public speaking, but was hampered by the deficiencies of his early education.
In the senate he was ridiculed for advocating public en
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKR
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The initials PKR may refer to:
Codes
Pokhara Airport, Nepal, by IATA code
Pakistani rupee, ISO 4217 currency code
Krotoszyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, vehicle registration
Entertainment
PKR.com, poker site
Organizations
People's Justice Party (Malaysia)
Science and technology
Pauson–Khand reaction in chemistry
Parallel kinetic resolution in organic chemistry
Protein kinase R, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Biochemistry%20and%20Biophysics
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The Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB)
is a pioneering Iranian research institute founded in 1976 to conduct world class research in cellular and molecular biology. It is affiliated with University of Tehran and is located in the university campus.
IBB is an educational and research oriented center for training postgraduate students both nationally and internationally. Interdisciplinary research is one of the main themes at the institute.
History
At first, IBB was known as the Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, but later separated to three departments of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Bioinformatics as will be described below. Master's degrees in Biochemistry and Biophysics were established in 1986 and 1990, respectively and PhD degrees in Biochemistry and Biophysics were established in 1989 and 1996, respectively. Initially IBB was divided into two independent educational groups of Biochemistry and Biophysics in 2002. The department of Bioinformatics was established in 2005 just for training Ph.D. students.
Research and Facilities
Currently, IBB is composed of three departments of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Bioinformatics with 21 full-time faculty members of which 10 members are Professors. The department also has 35 administrative staff members. IBB has 17 research laboratories, a general communal use equipments laboratory, a greenhouse, an animal house, a number of computer laboratories, a library and a restaurant.
National and international for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrace
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Subrace may refer to:
Subrace, a taxonomic division below race (biology)
Subrace or sub-race, a particular variety ("Grey Elf", "Cave Troll", etc.) of a fictional "race" in fantasy fiction and gaming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Grossberg
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Stephen Grossberg (born December 31, 1939) is a cognitive scientist, theoretical and computational psychologist, neuroscientist, mathematician, biomedical engineer, and neuromorphic technologist. He is the Wang Professor of Cognitive and Neural Systems and a Professor Emeritus of Mathematics & Statistics, Psychological & Brain Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering at Boston University.
Career
Early life and education
Grossberg first lived in Woodside, Queens, in New York City. His father died from Hodgkin's lymphoma when he was one year old. His mother remarried when he was five years old. He then moved with his mother, stepfather, and older brother, Mitchell, to Jackson Heights, Queens. He attended Stuyvesant High School in lower Manhattan after passing its competitive entrance exam. He graduated first in his class from Stuyvesant in 1957.
He began undergraduate studies at Dartmouth College in 1957, where he first conceived of the paradigm of using nonlinear differential equations to describe neural networks that model brain dynamics, as well as the basic equations that many scientists use for this purpose today. He then continued to study both psychology and neuroscience. He received a B.A. in 1961 from Dartmouth as its first joint major in mathematics and psychology.
Grossberg then went to Stanford University, from which he graduated in 1964 with an MS in mathematics and transferred to The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now The Rockefeller University) in M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousef%20Sobouti
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Yousef Sobouti (, born 23 August 1932 in Zanjan, Iran) is a contemporary Iranian astrophysicist, theoretical physicist.
Biography
He got his undergraduate degree from Tehran University. In 1960 he received his MSc degree in physics from University of Toronto.
He finished his doctoral thesis on Astronomy and Astrophysics at University of Chicago under the supervision of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar in 1963.
He started teaching physics in Sharif University of Technology, and Shiraz University. Sobouti made significant contributions to the education of physics and basic sciences in Iran. His aim was to train young scientists who were capable of performing world- class research.
He is the founder of Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Currently known as the University of Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences. He remained director until Aug 2010 when he was dismissed by the cabinet Minister of Science, Research and Technology.
Many academics and students as well as many distinguished individuals in the city of Zanjan reflected their disappointment with the ministry on this decision. The Parliament representatives complained to the minister on this particular case.
He was one of the people who changed the old educational system (known as Dar ul Funun) to term system.
Positions held
Lecturer, Dept. of Math., University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1968-1964
Associate Professor, Physics, Shiraz University, 1964-1970
Visiting associate professor, Astronomy, Un
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Danthine
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André Danthine was a professor of computer science at the University of Liège from 1967 to 1997; he is now a professor emeritus there. He specialized in computer networks and created the university's Research Unit in Networking in 1972.
In 2000, Danthine won the SIGCOMM Award "for basic contributions to protocol design & modelling and for leadership in the development of computer networking in Europe".
References
Belgian computer scientists
Academic staff of the University of Liège
Walloon people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eben%20Norton%20Horsford
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Eben Norton Horsford (July 27, 1818 – January 1, 1893) was an American scientist who taught agricultural chemistry in the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard from 1847 to 1863. Later he was known for his reformulation of baking powder, his interest in Viking settlements in North America, and the monuments he built to Leif Erikson.
Life and career
Horsford was born in Moscow, New York, located in the Genesee River valley, to Jerediah Horsford and Maria Charity Norton. "At home he showed a certain inventive or mechanical skill, great ability in sketching, and unbounded interest in collecting specimens from the rich fossil deposits on the family farm." In 1837 Eben met James Hall working on the New York State Natural History Survey. Eben was of such service that Hall wrote Amos Eaton, effectively recommending him for scholarship. He instructed in perspective drawing at the school in Troy, New York, county seat of Rensselaer County.
In 1838 Horsford was awarded Bachelor of Natural Science in Engineering from Rensselaer School and took up teaching mathematics and natural history at Albany Female Academy. At some point he met Mary L'Hommedieu Gardiner of Shelter Island, New York, a student, and she became the object of his affection, but her father disapproved of the relationship on the grounds that Horsford's income was insufficient to support a family.
Seeking advancement, Horsford twice, for six weeks, taught chemistry at Newark College (Newark, Delaware). In 1842 he attend
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langmuir%20%28unit%29
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The langmuir (symbol: L) is a unit of exposure (or dosage) to a surface (e.g. of a crystal) and is used in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) surface physics to study the adsorption of gases. It is a practical unit, and is not dimensionally homogeneous, and so is used only in this field. It is named after American physicist Irving Langmuir.
Definition
The langmuir is defined by multiplying the pressure of the gas by the time of exposure. One langmuir corresponds to an exposure of 10−6 Torr during one second. For example, exposing a surface to a gas pressure of 10−8 Torr for 100 seconds corresponds to 1 L.
Similarly, keeping the pressure of oxygen gas at 2.5·10−6 Torr for 40 seconds will give a dose of 100 L.
Conversion
Since both different pressures and exposure times can give the same langmuir (see Definition) it can be difficult to convert Langmuir (L) to exposure pressure × time (Torr·s) and vice versa. The following equation can be used to easily convert between the two: Here, and are any two numbers whose product equals the desired Langmuir value, is an integer allowing different magnitudes of pressure or exposure time to be used in conversion. The units are represented in the [square brackets]. Using the prior example, for a dose of 100 L a pressure of 2.5 × 10−6 Torr can be applied for 40 seconds, thus, , and . However, this dosage could also be gained with 8 × 10−8 Torr for 1250 seconds, here , , . In both scenarios .
Derivation
Exposure of a surface in surface physics
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