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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Close
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Francis Edwin Close, (born 24 July 1945) is a particle physicist who is Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.
Education
Close was a pupil at King's School, Peterborough (then a grammar school), where he was taught Latin by John Dexter, brother of author Colin Dexter. He took a BSc in physics at St Andrews University graduating in 1967, before researching for a DPhil in theoretical physics at Magdalen College, Oxford, under the supervision of Richard Dalitz, which he was awarded in 1970. He is an atheist.
Career
In addition to his scientific research, he is known for his lectures and writings making science intelligible to a wider audience and promoting physics outreach.
From Oxford he went to Stanford University in California for two years as a Postdoctoral Fellow on the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. In 1973 he went to the Daresbury Laboratory in Cheshire and then to CERN in Switzerland from 1973 to 1975. He joined the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire in 1975 as a research physicist and was latterly head of Theoretical Physics Division from 1991. He headed the communication and public education activities at CERN from 1997 to 2000. From 2001, he was professor of theoretical physics at Oxford. He was a visiting professor at the University of Birmingham from 1996 to 2002.
Close lists his recreations as writing, singing, travel, squash and Real tennis, and he is a member of Harwell Squash Club.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Steane
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Andrew Martin Steane is Professor of physics at the University of Oxford. He is also a fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.
He was a student at St Edmund Hall, Oxford where he obtained his MA and DPhil.
His major works to date are on error correction in quantum information processing, including Steane codes. He was awarded the Maxwell Medal and Prize of the Institute of Physics in 2000.
Papers
"Quantum Computing" Reports on Progress in Physics 61: 117–173. Steane, A.M. (1998)
"A Quantum Computer Needs Only One Universe" Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 34B: 469–478, Steane, A.M. (2003)
Books
'Relativity Made Relatively Easy' is a text that follows closely to the 'Symmetry and Relativity' course that he teaches to third-year undergraduates at the University of Oxford. Except for Spinors, which is intended to be included in his next publication.
''Thermodynamics by Andrew Steane
References
External links
Homepage
Living people
British physicists
Fellows of Exeter College, Oxford
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Quantum information scientists
1965 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Dwek
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Raymond Allen Dwek CBE FRS FRSC (born 10 November 1941) is a scientist at the University of Oxford and co-founder of the biotechnology company Oxford GlycoSciences Ltd.
Biography
Dwek was educated at Carmel College, and the University of Manchester, where he studied chemistry (1960–64). He then went to Oxford University and Lincoln College, Oxford, where he completed his DPhil in physical chemistry in 1966. He became Professor of Glycobiology in 1988 in the Department of Biochemistry. He is an emeritus fellow of Exeter College, Oxford and co-director of the Oxford Glycobiology Institute, which he founded in 1991. From 2000 to 2006, he was also head of the Department of Biochemistry. He was a member of the Board of Scientific Governors at The Scripps Research Institute from 2007 to 2015 and an Institute Professor there in 2008. Dwek was President of the Institute of Biology from 2008 to 2010, overseeing the merger with the UK Science Federation to form the Royal Society of Biology. Dwek was the Kluge Chair of Technology and Society at the Library of Congress in the US in 2007. He was scientific advisor to the presidents of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel from 1997 to 2019, where he helped to build the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev. He was also scientific advisor to the Institute of Biochemistry in Bucharest. Dwek was co-chair of the UK/Israel Science Council from 2012 to 2017. Since 2013, Dwek has been a member of the scientific governing board
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Pierpont%20%28mathematician%29
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James P. Pierpont (June 16, 1866 – December 9, 1938) was a Connecticut-born American mathematician.
His father Cornelius Pierpont was a wealthy New Haven businessman. He did undergraduate studies at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, initially in mechanical engineering, but turned to mathematics. He went to Europe after graduating in 1886. He studied in Berlin, and later in Vienna. He prepared his PhD at the University of Vienna under Leopold Gegenbauer and Gustav Ritter von Escherich. His thesis, defended in 1894, is entitled Zur Geschichte der Gleichung fünften Grades bis zum Jahre 1858. After his defense, he returned to New Haven and was appointed as a lecturer at Yale University, where he spent most of his career. In 1898, he became professor.
Initially, his research dealt with Galois theory of equations. The Pierpont primes are named after Pierpont, who introduced them in 1895 in connection with a problem of constructing regular polygons with the use of conic sections.
After 1900, he worked in real and complex analysis.
In his textbooks of real analysis, he introduced a definition of the integral analogous to Lebesgue integration. His definition was later criticized by Maurice Fréchet. Finally, in the 1920s, his interest turned to non-Euclidean geometry.
Articles
Books
1905: Lectures On The Theory Of Functions Of Real Variables Vol. I, Ginn and Company
1912: Lectures On The Theory Of Functions Of Real Variables Vol. II, Ginn and Company
1914: Functions of a comple
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinacy
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Determinacy is a subfield of set theory, a branch of mathematics, that examines the conditions under which one or the other player of a game has a winning strategy, and the consequences of the existence of such strategies. Alternatively and similarly, "determinacy" is the property of a game whereby such a strategy exists. Determinacy was introduced by Gale and Stewart in 1950, under the name "determinateness".
The games studied in set theory are usually Gale–Stewart games—two-player games of perfect information in which the players make an infinite sequence of moves and there are no draws. The field of game theory studies more general kinds of games, including games with draws such as tic-tac-toe, chess, or infinite chess, or games with imperfect information such as poker.
Basic notions
Games
The first sort of game we shall consider is the two-player game of perfect information of length ω, in which the players play natural numbers. These games are often called Gale–Stewart games.
In this sort of game there are two players, often named I and II, who take turns playing natural numbers, with I going first. They play "forever"; that is, their plays are indexed by the natural numbers. When they're finished, a predetermined condition decides which player won. This condition need not be specified by any definable rule; it may simply be an arbitrary (infinitely long) lookup table saying who has won given a particular sequence of plays.
More formally, consider a subset A of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%20disc
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The Newton disc, also known as the disappearing colour disc, is a well-known physics experiment with a rotating disc with segments in different colours (usually Newton's primary colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet or ROYGBIV) appearing as white (or off-white or grey) when it spun rapidy about its axis.
This type of mix of light stimuli is called temporal optical mixing, a version of additive-averaging mixing. The concept that human visual perception cannot distinguish details of high-speed movements is popularly known as persistence of vision.
The disc is named after Isaac Newton. Although he published a circular diagram with segments for the primary colours that he had discovered, it is uncertain whether he actually ever used a spinning disc to demonstrate the principles of light.
Transparent variations for magic lantern projection have been produced.
History
Around 165 CE, Ptolemy described in his book Optics a rotating potter's wheel with different colours on it. He noted how the different colours of sectors mixed together into one colour and how dots appeared as circles when the wheel was spinning very fast. When lines are drawn across the axis of the disc they make the whole surface appear to be of a uniform colour. "The visual impression that is created in the first revolution is invariably followed by repeated instances that subsequently produce an identical impression. This also happens in the case of shooting stars, whose light seems dis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopac
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Mopac has the following meanings:
Missouri Pacific Railroad
Mopac Expressway, State Highway Loop 1 in Austin, Texas, U.S.
MOPAC, a computational chemistry program
Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime, a group which oversees the Metropolitan Police in London, U.K.
Mountain Pacific Curling Association, a regional curling association in the Western United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathi%20Shaqaqi
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Fathi Ibrahim Abdulaziz Shaqaqi (; 4 January 1951 – 26 October 1995) was the founder and Secretary-General of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.
Fathi Shaqaqi was born in the Gaza Strip to a refugee family and received his early education at a United Nations school. He studied physics and mathematics at Bir Zeit University and later medicine at Mansoura University in Egypt. Shaqaqi became a follower of Hassan al-Banna, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, and Sayyid Qutb. Influenced by the Iranian Revolution, he wrote a book praising Ayatollah Khomeini's approach to an Islamic state. In 1981, Shaqaqi co-founded Islamic Jihad with the goal of establishing a sovereign Islamic state across Israel and the Palestinian territories. The organization rejected political processes, focusing on achieving its goals through military means. As the PIJ leader, Shaqaqi masterminded several suicide bombings in Israel. He was assassinated by Mossad agents in Malta in 1995, leading to a weakening of the PIJ until its resurgence after the Arab Spring.
Early life and career
Fathi Shaqaqi was born to a refugee family of eight children in the slums of a refugee camp in Rafah in the southern Gaza Strip. His family was originally from Zarnuqa near Ramlah, where they had lived for nearly five generations and his grandfather had served as the Imam of the local mosque. The Shaqaqi family fled Zarnuqa during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War in fear of Israeli massacres, and were not allowed to return. His
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmoo%20plot
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In electrical engineering, a shmoo plot is a graphical display of the response of a component or system varying over a range of conditions or inputs.
Origin
The origin of the shmoo plot is unclear. It is referenced in a 1966 IEEE paper. Another early reference is in manuals for IBM 2365 Processor Storage.
The invention of the shmoo plot is sometimes credited to VLSI Hall Of Fame inductee Robert Huston (1941–2006). But this is unlikely because Huston did not begin working as a test engineer until 1967.
Etymology
The plot takes its name from the Shmoo, a fictional species created by Al Capp in the cartoon Li'l Abner. These small, blob-like creatures have shapes similar to the "working" volumes that would be enclosed by shmoo plots drawn against three independent variables (such as voltage, temperature, and response speed).
Semiconductor chips do not usually exhibit "shmoo" shape plots. Historically, testing of magnetic core memory arrays produced the "shmoo" shape and the term continued into the semiconductor era.
Description
Shmoo plots are often used to represent the results of the testing of complex electronic systems such as computers or integrated circuits such as DRAMs, ASICs or microprocessors. The plot usually shows the range of conditions in which the device under test operates (in adherence with some remaining set of specifications).
For example, when testing semiconductor memory: voltages, temperature, and refresh rates can be varied over specified ranges
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%20solitaire
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In mathematics and game theory, Bulgarian solitaire is a card game that was introduced by Martin Gardner.
In the game, a pack of cards is divided into several piles. Then for each pile, remove one card; collect the removed cards together to form a new pile (piles of zero size are ignored).
If is a triangular number (that is, for some ), then it is known that Bulgarian solitaire will reach a stable configuration in which the sizes of the piles are . This state is reached in moves or fewer. If is not triangular, no stable configuration exists and a limit cycle is reached.
Random Bulgarian solitaire
In random Bulgarian solitaire or stochastic Bulgarian solitaire a pack of cards is divided into several piles. Then for each pile, either leave it intact or, with a fixed probability , remove one card; collect the removed cards together to form a new pile (piles of zero size are ignored). This is a finite irreducible Markov chain.
In 2004, Brazilian probabilist of Russian origin Serguei Popov showed that stochastic Bulgarian solitaire spends "most" of its time in a "roughly" triangular distribution.
References
20th-century card games
Combinatorial game theory
Year of introduction missing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20and%20Physical%20Sciences%20Research%20Council
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The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) is a British Research Council that provides government funding for grants to undertake research and postgraduate degrees in engineering and the physical sciences, mainly to universities in the United Kingdom. EPSRC research areas include mathematics, physics, chemistry, artificial intelligence and computer science, but exclude particle physics, nuclear physics, space science and astronomy (which fall under the remit of the Science and Technology Facilities Council). Since 2018 it has been part of UK Research and Innovation, which is funded through the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.
History
EPSRC was created in 1994. At first part of the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC), in 2018 it was one of nine organisations brought together to form UK Research and Innovation (UKRI).
Its head office is in Swindon, Wiltshire in the same building (Polaris House) that houses the AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, MRC, Natural Environment Research Council, Science and Technology Facilities Council, TSB, Research Councils UK and the UK Space Agency.
Key people
Paul Golby, Chair of EngineeringUK, was appointed as the Chairman of the EPSRC from 1 April 2012 for four years. He succeeded Sir John Armitt.
From 2007 to March 2014, the chief executive and deputy chair of EPSRC was David Delpy, a medical physicist and formerly vice provost at University College London.
He'd been succeeded in April 2014 by Philip
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20Jacobson
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Nathan Jacobson (October 5, 1910 – December 5, 1999) was an American mathematician.
Biography
Born Nachman Arbiser in Warsaw, Jacobson emigrated to America with his family in 1918. He graduated from the University of Alabama in 1930 and was awarded a doctorate in mathematics from Princeton University in 1934. While working on his thesis, Non-commutative polynomials and cyclic algebras, he was advised by Joseph Wedderburn.
Jacobson taught and researched at Bryn Mawr College (1935–1936), the University of Chicago (1936–1937), the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1937–1943), and Johns Hopkins University (1943–1947) before joining Yale University in 1947. He remained at Yale until his retirement.
He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He served as president of the American Mathematical Society from 1971 to 1973, and was awarded their highest honour, the Leroy P. Steele prize for lifetime achievement, in 1998. He was also vice-president of the International Mathematical Union from 1972 to 1974.
Selected works
Books
Collected Mathematical Papers, 3 vols., 1989
The theory of Rings. 1943
Lectures in Abstract Algebra. 3 vols., Van Nostrand 1951, 1953, 1964, Reprint by Springer 1975 (Vol.1 Basic concepts, Vol.2 Linear Algebra, Vol.3 Theory of fields and Galois theory)
Structure of Rings. AMS 1956
Lie Algebras. Interscience 1962
Structure and Representations of Jordan Algebras. AMS 1968
Exceptional Lie Algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Higman
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Graham Higman FRS (19 January 1917 – 8 April 2008) was a prominent English mathematician known for his contributions to group theory.
Biography
Higman was born in Louth, Lincolnshire, and attended Sutton High School, Plymouth, winning a scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. In 1939 he co-founded The Invariant Society, the student mathematics society, and earned his DPhil from the University of Oxford in 1941. His thesis, The units of group-rings, was written under the direction of J. H. C. Whitehead.
From 1960 to 1984 he was the Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics at Magdalen College, Oxford.
Higman was awarded the Senior Berwick Prize in 1962 and the De Morgan Medal of the London Mathematical Society in 1974. He was the founder of the Journal of Algebra and its editor from 1964 to 1984. Higman had 51 D.Phil. students, including Jonathan Lazare Alperin, Rosemary A. Bailey, Marston Conder, John Mackintosh Howie, and Peter M. Neumann.
He was also a local preacher in the Oxford Circuit of the Methodist Church. During the Second World War he was a conscientious objector, working at the Meteorological Office in Northern Ireland and Gibraltar.
He died in Oxford.
Publications
Graham Higman (1966) Odd characterisations of finite simple groups, U. of Michigan Press
*
Graham Higman and Elizabeth Scott (1988), Existentially closed groups, LMS Monographs, Clarendon Press, Oxford
See also
Higman–Sims group, named after Donald G. Higman, but studied also by Graham
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Whittle%20%28mathematician%29
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Peter Whittle (27 February 1927 – 10 August 2021) was a mathematician and statistician from New Zealand, working in the fields of stochastic nets, optimal control, time series analysis, stochastic optimisation and stochastic dynamics. From 1967 to 1994, he was the Churchill Professor of Mathematics for Operational Research at the University of Cambridge.
Career
Whittle was born in Wellington. He graduated from the University of New Zealand in 1947 with a BSc in mathematics and physics and in 1948 with an MSc in mathematics.
He then moved to Uppsala, Sweden in 1950 to study for his PhD with Herman Wold (at Uppsala University). His thesis, Hypothesis Testing in Time Series, generalised Wold's autoregressive representation theorem for univariate stationary processes to multivariate processes. Whittle's thesis was published in 1951. A synopsis of Whittle's thesis also appeared as an appendix to the second edition of Wold's book on time-series analysis. Whittle remained in Uppsala at the Statistics Institute as a docent until 1953, when he returned to New Zealand.
In New Zealand, Whittle worked at the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) in the Applied Mathematics Laboratory (later named the Applied Mathematics Division).
In 1959 Whittle was appointed to a lectureship in Cambridge University. Whittle was appointed Professor of Mathematical statistics at the University of Manchester in 1961. After six years in Manchester, Whittle returned to Cambridge as th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Forbes%20%28mineralogist%29
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David Forbes FRS (6 September 18285 December 1876) was a Manx mineralogist, metallurgist, and chemist.
Life
Forbes was born in Douglas, Isle of Man, the brother of Edward Forbes, and received his early education there and at Brentwood in Essex. When he was fourteen he had already acquired a knowledge of chemistry. This subject he studied at the University of Edinburgh, and he was still young when he was appointed superintendent of the mining and metallurgical works at Espedal in Norway. Subsequently, he became a partner in the firm of Evans & Askin, nickel-smelters, of Birmingham, and in that capacity during the years 1857-1860 he visited Chile, Bolivia and Peru. Besides reports for the Iron and Steel Institute, of which, during the last years of his life, he was foreign secretary, he wrote upwards of 50 papers on scientific subjects, among which are the following: The Action of Sulphurets on Metallic Silicates at High Temperatures; The Relations of the Silurian and Metamorphic Rocks of the south of Norway; The Causes producing Foliation in Rocks; The Chemical Composition of the Silurian and Cambrian Limestones; The Geology of Bolivia and Southern Peru and The Mineralogy of Chile.
His observations on the geology of South America were given in a masterly essay, and these and subsequent researches threw much light on igneous and metamorphic phenomena and on the resulting changes in rock formations. He also contributed important articles on chemical geology to the Chemical New
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20Physics%20Laboratory
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The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (Applied Physics Laboratory, or APL) is a not-for-profit university-affiliated research center (UARC) in Howard County, Maryland. It is affiliated with Johns Hopkins University and employs 8,500 people as of 2023. APL is the nation's largest UARC.
The lab serves as a technical resource for the Department of Defense, NASA, and other government agencies. APL has developed numerous systems and technologies in the areas of air and missile defense, surface and undersea naval warfare, computer security, and space science and spacecraft construction. While APL provides research and engineering services to the government, it is not a traditional defense contractor, as it is a UARC and a division of Johns Hopkins University. APL is a scientific and engineering research and development division, rather than an academic division, of Johns Hopkins.
Hopkins' Whiting School of Engineering offers part-time graduate programs for Lab staff members through its Engineering for Professionals program. Courses are taught at seven locations in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, including the APL Education Center.
History
APL was created in 1942 during World War II under the Office of Scientific Research and Development's Section T as part of the Government's effort to mobilize the nation's science and engineering expertise within its universities. Its founding director was Merle Anthony Tuve, who led Section T throughout the war. S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Materials%2C%20University%20of%20Oxford
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The Department of Materials at the University of Oxford, England was founded in the 1950s as the Department of Metallurgy, by William Hume-Rothery, who was a reader in Oxford's Department of Inorganic Chemistry. It is part of the university's Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division
Around 190 staff work in the Department of Materials full-time, including professors, lecturers, independent fellows, researchers and support staff. There are around 30 academic staff positions of which four are Chairs. The Isaac Wolfson Chair in Metallurgy was set up in the late 1950s. Sir Peter Hirsch formerly held the chair. The current holder of the chair is Peter Bruce FRS. Other Chairs in the department include the Vesuvius Chair of Materials held by Patrick Grant FREng, Professor in the Physical Examination of Materials formerly held by David Cockayne FRS and the James Martin Chair in Energy Materials held by James Marrow.
Research is done in the broad fields of structural and nuclear materials, device materials, polymers and biomaterials, nanomaterials, processing and manufacturing, characterization, and computational materials modelling.
The department offers undergraduate degrees in Materials Science and Materials, Economics and Management, having around 160 undergraduates, and around 240 postgraduate students, particularly DPhil students pursuing advanced research.
In addition to its own buildings, the department shares seven buildings with the Department of Engineering Sci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley%20R.%20Elsberry
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Wesley Royce Elsberry (born January 23, 1960) is a data scientist with an interdisciplinary background in marine biology, zoology, computer science, and wildlife and fisheries sciences. He also became notably involved in the defense of evolutionary science against creationist rejection of evolution.
Early life
Elsberry was born in Lakeland, Florida. He was brought up in the Evangelical United Brethren church, which merged with the Methodists in 1968 to form the United Methodist Church. He attended a public elementary school, an evangelical junior high, and a Catholic high school. He received a National Merit Scholarship and earned a B.S.(Bachelor) in zoology from the University of Florida in 1982. During that period, he worked as a staff photographer for the Independent Florida Alligator newspaper.
Career
After graduating from the University of Florida, he worked for Media Image Photography in Gainesville, Florida. In 1983, he became a lab technologist for the Department of Anesthesiology at the University of Florida and in 1985 became a biologist in the Department of Physiological Sciences of the College of Veterinary Medicine. He worked with Professor Richard H. Lambertsen on the histology, physiology, and epidemiology of fin whales.
He then entered a program in artificial intelligence, obtaining an M.S.C.S. in computer science from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1989. Following graduation, he was employed by General Dynamics Data Systems Division, programming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeb%20foliation
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In mathematics, the Reeb foliation is a particular foliation of the 3-sphere, introduced by the French mathematician Georges Reeb (1920–1993).
It is based on dividing the sphere into two solid tori, along a 2-torus: see Clifford torus. Each of the solid tori is then foliated internally, in codimension 1, and the dividing torus surface forms one more leaf.
By Novikov's compact leaf theorem, every smooth foliation of the 3-sphere includes a compact torus leaf, bounding a solid torus foliated in the same way.
Illustrations
References
External links
Foliations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puiseux%20series
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In mathematics, Puiseux series are a generalization of power series that allow for negative and fractional exponents of the indeterminate. For example, the series
is a Puiseux series in the indeterminate . Puiseux series were first introduced by Isaac Newton in 1676 and rediscovered by Victor Puiseux in 1850.
The definition of a Puiseux series includes that the denominators of the exponents must be bounded. So, by reducing exponents to a common denominator , a Puiseux series becomes a Laurent series in an th root of the indeterminate. For example, the example above is a Laurent series in Because a complex number has th roots, a convergent Puiseux series typically defines functions in a neighborhood of .
Puiseux's theorem, sometimes also called the Newton–Puiseux theorem, asserts that, given a polynomial equation with complex coefficients, its solutions in , viewed as functions of , may be expanded as Puiseux series in that are convergent in some neighbourhood of . In other words, every branch of an algebraic curve may be locally described by a Puiseux series in (or in when considering branches above a neighborhood of ).
Using modern terminology, Puiseux's theorem asserts that the set of Puiseux series over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 is itself an algebraically closed field, called the field of Puiseux series. It is the algebraic closure of the field of formal Laurent series, which itself is the field of fractions of the ring of formal power
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Drysdale%20Dakin
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Henry Drysdale Dakin FRS (12 March 188010 February 1952) was an English chemist.
He was born in London as the youngest of 8 children to a family of steel merchants from Leeds. As a school boy, he conducted water analysis with the Leeds City Analyst. He was taught chemistry by Julius B. Cohen at the University of Leeds, and then he worked with Albrecht Kossel on arginase at the University of Heidelberg. He joined Columbia University in 1905, working in the lab of Christian Herter. During his work on amino acids he obtained his PhD from Leeds. In 1905, he was one of the first scientists to successfully synthesise adrenaline in the laboratory (see: History of catecholamine research).
In 1914 he went back to England to offer his service with the war effort. Due to a request for a chemist by Alexis Carrel to the Rockefeller Institute, Dakin joined Carrel in 1916 at a temporary hospital in Compiègne. There they developed the Carrel–Dakin method of wound treatments. This consisted of intermittently irrigating the wound with Dakin's solution, a dilute solution of sodium hypochlorite (the active ingredient in common liquid bleach products) and boric acid. In the process, he analyzed more than 200 candidate substances, and developed quantitative methods to evaluate their effectiveness for disinfection and wound healing. The solution is still widely used for that purpose, as of 2013. The World War I era Rockefeller War Demonstration Hospital (United States Army Auxiliary Hospital No.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20quadrangle
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In mathematics, specifically in incidence geometry and especially in projective geometry, a complete quadrangle is a system of geometric objects consisting of any four points in a plane, no three of which are on a common line, and of the six lines connecting the six pairs of points. Dually, a complete quadrilateral is a system of four lines, no three of which pass through the same point, and the six points of intersection of these lines. The complete quadrangle was called a tetrastigm by , and the complete quadrilateral was called a tetragram; those terms are occasionally still used.
Diagonals
The six lines of a complete quadrangle meet in pairs to form three additional points called the diagonal points of the quadrangle. Similarly, among the six points of a complete quadrilateral there are three pairs of points that are not already connected by lines; the line segments connecting these pairs are called diagonals. For points and lines in the Euclidean plane, the diagonal points cannot lie on a single line, and the diagonals cannot have a single point of triple crossing. Due to the discovery of the Fano plane, a finite geometry in which the diagonal points of a complete quadrangle are collinear, some authors have augmented the axioms of projective geometry with Fano's axiom that the diagonal points are not collinear, while others have been less restrictive.
A set of contracted expressions for the parts of a complete quadrangle were introduced by G. B. Halsted: He calls the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20divisor%20of%20zero
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In mathematics, an element of a Banach algebra is called a topological divisor of zero if there exists a sequence of elements of such that
The sequence converges to the zero element, but
The sequence does not converge to the zero element.
If such a sequence exists, then one may assume that for all .
If is not commutative, then is called a "left" topological divisor of zero, and one may define "right" topological divisors of zero similarly.
Examples
If has a unit element, then the invertible elements of form an open subset of , while the non-invertible elements are the complementary closed subset. Any point on the boundary between these two sets is both a left and right topological divisor of zero.
In particular, any quasinilpotent element is a topological divisor of zero (e.g. the Volterra operator).
An operator on a Banach space , which is injective, not surjective, but whose image is dense in , is a left topological divisor of zero.
Generalization
The notion of a topological divisor of zero may be generalized to any topological algebra. If the algebra in question is not first-countable, one must substitute nets for the sequences used in the definition.
Topological algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval%20exchange%20transformation
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In mathematics, an interval exchange transformation is a kind of dynamical system that generalises circle rotation. The phase space consists of the unit interval, and the transformation acts by cutting the interval into several subintervals, and then permuting these subintervals. They arise naturally in the study of polygonal billiards and in area-preserving flows.
Formal definition
Let and let be a permutation on . Consider a vector of positive real numbers (the widths of the subintervals), satisfying
Define a map called the interval exchange transformation associated with the pair as follows. For let
Then for , define
if lies in the subinterval . Thus acts on each subinterval of the form by a translation, and it rearranges these subintervals so that the subinterval at position is moved to position .
Properties
Any interval exchange transformation is a bijection of to itself that preserves the Lebesgue measure. It is continuous except at a finite number of points.
The inverse of the interval exchange transformation is again an interval exchange transformation. In fact, it is the transformation where for all .
If and (in cycle notation), and if we join up the ends of the interval to make a circle, then is just a circle rotation. The Weyl equidistribution theorem then asserts that if the length is irrational, then is uniquely ergodic. Roughly speaking, this means that the orbits of points of are uniformly evenly distributed. On the other han
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20Ray%20Guthrie
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Edwin Ray Guthrie (; January 9, 1886 – April 23, 1969) was a behavioral psychologist who began his career as a mathematics teacher and philosopher. But, he became a psychologist at the age of 33. He spent most of his career at the University of Washington, where he became full professor and then emeritus professor in psychology.
Guthrie is best known for his theory that all learning is based on a stimulus–response association. This was variously described as one trial theory, non-reinforcement, and contiguity learning. The theory was:
"A combination of stimuli which has accompanied a movement will on its recurrence tend to be followed by that movement".
One word that his coworkers and students used to describe Guthrie and his theories was "simple", referring to how he described complex ideas in simple terms. Some critics have considered his teaching style defective, with one claiming that "...many reviews of Guthrie in the literature have mistaken incompleteness for simplicity".
Early life and education
Guthrie was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, to a father who owned a store selling pianos and bicycles, and a mother who was a school teacher. He remarked that his theories got an early start when he and a friend read Darwin's Origin of Species and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals while they were both in eighth grade. Guthrie graduated at the age of 17 after writing a senior thesis that argued: "that both science and religion, being dependent on words, and words
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUCTeX
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AUCTeX is an extensible package for writing and formatting TeX files in Emacs and XEmacs.
AUCTeX provides syntax highlighting, smart indentation and formatting, previews of mathematics and other elements directly in the editing buffer, smart folding of syntactical elements, macro and environment completion. It also supports the self-documenting .dtx format from the LaTeX project and, to a limited extent, ConTeXt and plain TeX.
AUCTeX, originating from the ‘tex-mode.el’ package of Emacs 16, was created by students from Aalborg University Center (now Aalborg University), hence the name AUCTeX. Lars Peter Fischer wrote the first functions to insert font macros and Danish characters back in 1986. Per Abrahamsen wrote the functions to insert environments and sections, and to indent the text, as well as the outline minor mode in 1987. Kresten Krab Thorup wrote the buffer handling and debugging functions, the macro completion, and much more, including much improved indentation and text formatting functions, and made the first public release of AUCTeX in 1991.
AUCTeX is distributed under the GNU General Public License.
See also
RefTeX
Comparison of TeX editors
References
External links
Official homepage
GNU Project software
Emacs
Free TeX editors
Free software programmed in Lisp
Aalborg University
TeX software for macOS
TeX software for Windows
Linux TeX software
TeX editors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20Green%20%28ufologist%29
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Gabriel Green (November 11, 1924 – September 8, 2001) was an American early ufologist who claimed contact with extraterrestrials. Green was a write-in United States presidential candidate in 1960 and 1972.
Biography
Green claimed to have graduated with a PhD in physics from UC Berkeley in 1953, and to have made several important contributions to the Standard Model of elementary particles, but Berkeley has no record of his attendance, and his actual educational background seems to have been acquired at Woodbury Business College in Los Angeles. For much of his life he worked as a photographer for the Los Angeles school system. Green is among the well-known 1950s UFO contactees – individuals who claimed to have met and talked with friendly humanoid Space Brothers from other worlds, and to have ridden in their spacecraft, or visited their planets.
He founded the California-based Amalgamated Flying Saucer Clubs of America, Inc. in 1957, approximately at the same time he announced he had had a meeting with flying saucer crewmen from the hitherto unknown planet Korendor, orbiting the triple star Alpha Centauri. It has also been claimed that Korendor is orbiting the star Korena. Like George Adamski and several other contactees of the period, he said he was able to maintain continual telepathic links with the wise and helpful extraterrestrials he had met. In his 1960 run for US president, he claimed to represent the Universal Flying Saucer Party, and to base his political philoso
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s%20algorithm
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In electrical engineering and computer science, Lloyd's algorithm, also known as Voronoi iteration or relaxation, is an algorithm named after Stuart P. Lloyd for finding evenly spaced sets of points in subsets of Euclidean spaces and partitions of these subsets into well-shaped and uniformly sized convex cells. Like the closely related k-means clustering algorithm, it repeatedly finds the centroid of each set in the partition and then re-partitions the input according to which of these centroids is closest. In this setting, the mean operation is an integral over a region of space, and the nearest centroid operation results in Voronoi diagrams.
Although the algorithm may be applied most directly to the Euclidean plane, similar algorithms may also be applied to higher-dimensional spaces or to spaces with other non-Euclidean metrics. Lloyd's algorithm can be used to construct close approximations to centroidal Voronoi tessellations of the input, which can be used for quantization, dithering, and stippling. Other applications of Lloyd's algorithm include smoothing of triangle meshes in the finite element method.
History
The algorithm was first proposed by Stuart P. Lloyd of Bell Labs in 1957 as a technique for pulse-code modulation. Lloyd's work became widely circulated but remained unpublished until 1982. A similar algorithm was developed independently by Joel Max and published in 1960, which is why the algorithm is sometimes referred as the Lloyd-Max algorithm.
Algorithm de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Perry%20%28physicist%29
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Malcolm John Perry (born 13 November 1951) is a British theoretical physicist and emeritus professor of theoretical physics at University of Cambridge and professor of theoretical physics at Queen Mary University of London. His research mainly concerns quantum gravity, black holes, general relativity, and supergravity.
Biography
Perry attended King Edward's School, Birmingham before reading physics at St John's College, Oxford. He was a graduate student at King's College, Cambridge, under the supervision of Stephen Hawking. He obtained his doctorate in 1978 with a thesis on the quantum mechanics of black holes. In these early years, he worked on several very influential papers on Euclidean quantum gravity and black hole radiation with Gary Gibbons and Hawking.
After his graduate studies, he worked in Princeton, New Jersey from 1978 to 1986. With his student Rob Myers, he found the Myers-Perry metric, which describes the higher-dimensional generalization of the Kerr metric. He also started working on supergravity, string theory and Kaluza–Klein theory. In his final years in Princeton he worked with Curtis Callan, Emil Martinec and Daniel Friedan to calculate the low-energy effective action for string theory.
In 1986, he returned to Cambridge, being elected a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he has worked ever since. In 2010, his attention has focused on generalised geometry and the doubled formalism for string theory, extending these ideas to M-theory in collabor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20sieve
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In mathematics, the rational sieve is a general algorithm for factoring integers into prime factors. It is a special case of the general number field sieve. While it is less efficient than the general algorithm, it is conceptually simpler. It serves as a helpful first step in understanding how the general number field sieve works.
Method
Suppose we are trying to factor the composite number n. We choose a bound B, and identify the factor base (which we will call P), the set of all primes less than or equal to B. Next, we search for positive integers z such that both z and z+n are B-smooth — i.e. all of their prime factors are in P. We can therefore write, for suitable exponents ,
and likewise, for suitable , we have
.
But and are congruent modulo , and so each such integer z that we find yields a multiplicative relation (mod n) among the elements of P, i.e.
(where the ai and bi are nonnegative integers.)
When we have generated enough of these relations (it's generally sufficient that the number of relations be a few more than the size of P), we can use the methods of linear algebra to multiply together these various relations in such a way that the exponents of the primes are all even. This will give us a congruence of squares of the form a2≡b2 (mod n), which can be turned into a factorization of n = gcd(a-b,n)×gcd(a+b,n). This factorization might turn out to be trivial (i.e. n=n×1), in which case we have to try again with a different combination of relations; but wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peetre%27s%20inequality
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In mathematics, Peetre's inequality, named after Jaak Peetre, says that for any real number and any vectors and in the following inequality holds:
The inequality was proved by J. Peetre in 1959 and has founds applications in functional analysis and Sobolev spaces.
See also
References
.
.
.
External links
Planetmath.org: Peetre's inequality
Functional analysis
Inequalities
Linear algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling%20ball%20argument
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In topology, quantum mechanics and geometrodynamics, rolling-ball arguments are used to describe how the perceived geometry and connectedness of a surface can be scale-dependent.
If a researcher probes the shape of an intricately curved surface by rolling a ball across it, then features that are continually curved but whose curvature radius is smaller than the ball radius may appear in the ball's description of the geometry as abrupt points, barriers and singularities.
Scale-dependent topology
If the surface being probed contains connections whose scale is smaller than the ball diameter, then these connections may not appear in the ball's map. If the surface contains a wormhole whose throat narrows to slightly less than the ball's diameter, the ball may be able to enter and explore each wormhole mouth, but will not be able to pass through the throat, and will produce a map in which the narrowing mouth walls each terminate in a sharp geometrical spike.
The smooth and multiply connected surface will be mapped by the physics of a "large" particle as being singly connected and including geometrical singularities.
Topology change without topology change
If the surface being explored is flexible or elastic, the way the ball is used may affect the reported topology. If the ball is forced into a wormhole mouth that is slightly too small, and the ball and/or throat distorts to allow the ball through, then in the ball's description of the surface, a "new" wormhole connection has s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Springs%20Charter%20High%20School%20of%20Arts%20and%20Sciences
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North Springs Charter High School (formerly called North Springs High School from 1963 to 2007) is a charter high school located in Sandy Springs, Georgia, United States. It is the only magnet school in the Fulton County School System that offers both arts and sciences. Students may participate in the Visual & Arts component and/or the Mathematics & Science component, depending on their qualifications and abilities.
School information
North Springs Charter High School is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) and the Georgia Department of Education. The majority of the 2005 graduating class (97%) attended a four or two year college, and 68% of the 2005 graduating class were HOPE scholars. North Springs was a Georgia School of Excellence, a Grammy Signature School (1997), and a U.S. News & World Report Outstanding High School (2000). It was also one of Newsweek magazine's Top 300 High Schools (2000). It gained charter status for the 2007–2008 school year.
The school has had many individual athletic achievements. In 1969, North Springs won a state title in football and soccer, two state championships in wrestling in 1976 and 77, and two state championships in track and field in 2004 and 2005.
Magnet programs
North Springs has a dual magnet program.
The mission of the North Springs Charter High School's Science Magnet Program is to provide a higher academic level of scientific and mathematics education through problem-based learning centered
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic%20differential
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In mathematics, a quadratic differential on a Riemann surface is a section of the symmetric square of the holomorphic cotangent bundle. If the section is holomorphic, then the quadratic differential is said to be holomorphic. The vector space of holomorphic quadratic differentials on a Riemann surface has a natural interpretation as the cotangent space to the Riemann moduli space, or Teichmüller space.
Local form
Each quadratic differential on a domain in the complex plane may be written as , where is the complex variable, and is a complex-valued function on .
Such a "local" quadratic differential is holomorphic if and only if is holomorphic. Given a chart for a general Riemann surface and a quadratic differential on , the pull-back defines a quadratic differential on a domain in the complex plane.
Relation to abelian differentials
If is an abelian differential on a Riemann surface, then is a quadratic differential.
Singular Euclidean structure
A holomorphic quadratic differential determines a Riemannian metric on the complement of its zeroes. If is defined on a domain in the complex plane, and , then the associated Riemannian metric is , where . Since is holomorphic, the curvature of this metric is zero. Thus, a holomorphic quadratic differential defines a flat metric on the complement of the set of such that .
References
Kurt Strebel, Quadratic differentials. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete (3), 5. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984. xi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%20Chu
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Gilbert Chu () is an American biochemist. He is a Professor of Medicine (Oncology) and Biochemistry at the Stanford Medical School.
Biography
Chu graduated from Garden City High School in New York in 1963. He received a B.A. in physics from Princeton University in 1967, a Ph.D. in physics from M.I.T. in 1973, and an M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1980.
Chu joined the Stanford faculty in 1987. His research has investigated how cells react to DNA damage from radiation. He has also developed electroporation techniques, a method for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and methods for analyzing microarray data.
Awards
Chu received the Clinical Scientist Award for Translational Research from Burroughs-Wellcome Fund (Wellcome Trust), and the Rita Allen Award from the Rita Allen Foundation. Chu was also elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society for contributions at the intersection of physics and life sciences, including PET, electrophoresis, and statistical methods for microarrays. His other notable contributions include discovering and characterizing proteins involved in DNA repair and developing instrumentation for assessing toxicity associated with cancer chemotherapy.
Personal life
He married Sharon Rugel Long on August 9, 2008. Chu has two children, Alex and Jason.
His younger brother Steven Chu is a Nobel laureate and the twelfth United States Secretary of Energy in the Obama Administration. His other younger brother is the intellectual property attorney M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatic%20Harvester
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The Bioinformatic Harvester was a bioinformatic meta search engine created by the European Molecular Biology Laboratory and subsequently hosted and further developed by KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for genes and protein-associated information. Harvester currently works for human, mouse, rat, zebrafish, drosophila and arabidopsis thaliana based information. Harvester cross-links >50 popular bioinformatic resources and allows cross searches. Harvester serves tens of thousands of pages every day to scientists and physicians. Since 2014 the service is down.
How Harvester works
Harvester collects information from protein and gene databases along with information from so called "prediction servers." Prediction server e.g. provide online sequence analysis for a single protein. Harvesters search index is based on the IPI and UniProt protein information collection. The collections consists of:
~72.000 human, ~57.000 mouse, ~41.000 rat, ~51.000 zebrafish, ~35.000 arabidopsis protein pages, which cross-link ~50 major bioinformatic resources.
Harvester crosslinks several types of information
Text based information
From the following databases:
UniProt, one of the largest protein databases
SOURCE, convenient gene information overview
Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART)
SOSUI, predicts transmembrane domains
PSORT, predicts protein localisation
HomoloGene, compares proteins from different species
gfp-cdna, protein localisation with fluorescence microsco
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNDO/2
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Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (CNDO) is one of the first semi empirical methods in quantum chemistry. It uses the core approximation, in which only the outer valence electrons are explicitly included, and the approximation of zero-differential overlap.
CNDO/2 is the main version of CNDO. The method was first introduced by John Pople and collaborators.
Background
An earlier method was Extended Hückel method, which explicitly ignores electron-electron repulsion terms. It was a method for calculating the electronic energy and the molecular orbitals. CNDO/1 and CNDO/2 were developed from this method by explicitly including the electron-electron repulsion terms, but neglecting many of them, approximating some of them and fitting others to experimental data from spectroscopy.
Methodology
Quantum mechanics provides equations based on the Hartree–Fock method and the Roothaan equations that CNDO uses to model atoms and their locations. These equations are solved iteratively to the point where the results do not vary significantly between two iterations. CNDO does not involve knowledge about chemical bonds but instead uses knowledge about quantum wavefunctions.
CNDO can be used for both closed shell molecules, where the electrons are fully paired in molecular orbitals and open shell molecules, which are radicals with unpaired electrons. It is also used in solid state and nanostructures calculations.
CNDO is considered to yield good results for partial atomic charges and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%20Strang
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William Gilbert Strang (born November 27, 1934) is an American mathematician known for his contributions to finite element theory, the calculus of variations, wavelet analysis and linear algebra. He has made many contributions to mathematics education, including publishing mathematics textbooks. Strang was the MathWorks Professor of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He taught Linear Algebra, Computational Science, and Engineering, Learning from Data, and his lectures are freely available through MIT OpenCourseWare.
Biography
Strang was born in Chicago in 1934. His parents William and Mary Catherine Strang migrated to the USA from Scotland. He and his sister Vivian grew up in Washington DC and Cincinnati, and went to high school at Principia in St. Louis.
Strang graduated from MIT in 1955 with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics. He then received a Rhodes Scholarship to University of Oxford, where he received his B.A. and M.A. from Balliol College in 1957.
Strang earned his Ph.D. from University of California, Los Angeles in 1959 as a National Science Foundation Fellow, under the supervision of Peter K. Henrici. His dissertation was titled "Difference Methods for Mixed Boundary Value Problems".
While at Oxford, Strang met his future wife Jillian Shannon, and they married in 1958. Following his Ph.D. at UCLA, they have lived in Wellesley, Massachusetts for almost all of his 62 years on the MIT faculty. The Strangs have three sons David, John,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Fix
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George J. Fix (10 May 1939 – 10 March 2002) was an American mathematician who collaborated on several seminal papers and books in the field of finite element method. In addition to his work in mathematics, Fix was a beer and homebrewing enthusiast and educator, as well as the author of several books about brewing. He died of cancer in 2002.
Education
Fix was born and grew up in Dallas, Texas, and attended Texas A&M University on a baseball scholarship, where he earned a Bachelor of Science. He received his Master of Science degree from Rice University, and in 1968, he earned a Ph.D. from Harvard.
Professor of mathematics
After earning his Ph.D, Fix stayed at Harvard as an assistant professor until 1972. While there, he met Gilbert Strang, and collaborated with him on a paper regarding the Fourier analysis of finite element methods (FEM). In 1973, he and Strang published An Analysis of the Finite Element Method, a book that gave the latest advances in FEM "publicity and respectability". (Max Gunzburger of Iowa State University called it "one of the most important and influential applied mathematics books ever published.")
Fix moved to University of Maryland in 1972, and then to University of Michigan. He served as the chair of mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University for over 20 years, and served in the same role at University of Texas at Arlington and Clemson University. He also taught at University of Bonn.
During his academic tenure, he published two books and over 100
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder%20set
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In mathematics, the cylinder sets form a basis of the product topology on a product of sets; they are also a generating family of the cylinder σ-algebra.
General definition
Given a collection of sets, consider the Cartesian product of all sets in the collection. The canonical projection corresponding to some is the function that maps every element of the product to its component. A cylinder set is a preimage of a canonical projection or finite intersection of such preimages. Explicitly, it is a set of the form,
for any choice of , finite sequence of sets and subsets for . Here denotes the component of .
Then, when all sets in are topological spaces, the product topology is generated by cylinder sets corresponding to the components' open sets. That is cylinders of the form where for each , is open in . In the same manner, in case of measurable spaces, the cylinder σ-algebra is the one which is generated by cylinder sets corresponding to the components' measurable sets.
The restriction that the cylinder set be the intersection of a finite number of open cylinders is important; allowing infinite intersections generally results in a finer topology. In the latter case, the resulting topology is the box topology; cylinder sets are never Hilbert cubes.
Cylinder sets in products of discrete sets
Let be a finite set, containing n objects or letters. The collection of all bi-infinite strings in these letters is denoted by
The natural topology on is the discrete top
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20Ryan%20Gregory
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T. Ryan Gregory (born May 16, 1975) is a Canadian evolutionary biologist and genome biologist and a Professor of the Department of Integrative Biology and the Division of Genomic Diversity within the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario at the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Career
Gregory completed his B.Sc. (Hons) at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario in 1997 and his Ph.D. in evolutionary biology and zoology at the University of Guelph in 2002. He then carried out postdoctoral work at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City (2002–2003) and the Natural History Museum in London, England (2003–2004) before returning to the University of Guelph as a faculty member.
He has broad interests in the life science, including genomics, cytogenetics, cell biology, morphology, behaviour, physiology, developmental biology, ecology, and palaeontology -- all linked by the unifying theme of evolution. His main research focuses primarily on the issue of genome size evolution (the "C-value enigma") in animals and the origins and biological significance of "junk DNA". He outlined the Onion Test as a "reality check for anyone who thinks they have come up with a universal function for junk DNA". He created the Animal Genome Size Database in 2001. He is also active in the DNA barcoding initiative spearheaded by his former Ph.D. adviser, Paul D.N. Hebert at the University of Guelph, with a particular focus on parasites, pathogens, and disease vectors.
Greg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Annals%20of%20the%20History%20of%20Computing
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The IEEE Annals of the History of Computing is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the IEEE Computer Society. It covers the history of computing, computer science, and computer hardware. It was founded in 1979 by the AFIPS, in particular by Saul Rosen, who was an editor until his death in 1991.
The journal publishes scholarly articles, interviews, "think pieces," and memoirs by computer pioneers, and news and events in the field. It was established in July 1979 as Annals of the History of Computing, with Bernard Galler as editor-in-chief. The journal became an IEEE publication in 1992, and was retitled to IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. The 2020 impact factor was 0.741. The current editor in chief is Gerardo Con Diaz with the University of California, Davis.
See also
Technology and Culture
Information & Culture
Computer History Museum
Charles Babbage Institute
References
External links
Annals of the History of Computing
Computer science journals
History of computing
Quarterly journals
Academic journals established in 1979
English-language journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Marcuse
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Harold Marcuse (born November 15, 1957 in Waterbury, Connecticut) is an American professor of modern and contemporary German history and public history. He teaches at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is the grandson of philosopher Herbert Marcuse.
Education
Marcuse majored in physics at Wesleyan University (B.A. 1979, magna cum laude) in Middletown, Connecticut. He earned an M.A. in art history from the University of Hamburg in 1987, with a thesis about a 1949 memorial dedicated "to the Victims of National Socialist Persecution and the Resistance Struggle".
In 1985, Marcuse co-produced a photographic exhibition on monuments and memorials commemorating events of the Nazi and World War II periods. In 1986, he entered the Ph.D program at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, to write a dissertation about the post-1945 history of the (former) Dachau concentration camp that examined the legacies of Dachau. Marcuse says that since the end of World War II, much art, literature and public debate in Germany have revolved around the issues of resistance, collaboration and complicity with the Third Reich.
Career
Marcuse began teaching history at UC Santa Barbara in 1992. His study of the different ways Germans memorialized events under Hitler's rule led him to research the broader question of what people get out of learning about historical events. He examines the ways historical events have been portrayed over time, and the meanings various groups of people have de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinke%20Stevens
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Brinke Stevens (born Charlene Elizabeth Brinkman, September 20, 1954) is an American actress. A native of San Diego, Stevens initially pursued a career as a marine biologist prior to becoming an actress, earning an undergraduate degree in biology from San Diego State University before studying marine biology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Unable to find employment in the field of biology, Stevens began modeling in Los Angeles in 1980, and she worked as a film extra.
Her first major film role was in the slasher film The Slumber Party Massacre (1982). She went on to appear in a number of horror films, including Sorority Babes in the Slimeball Bowl-O-Rama (1988), Nightmare Sisters (1988), Grandmother's House (1988), and Mommy (1995).
In addition to acting, Stevens has co-written several films, including the comedy horror feature Teenage Exorcist (1991).
Biography
Early life and education
Stevens was born Charlene Elizabeth Brinkman on September 20, 1954 in San Diego to Charles Brinkman II, an aircraft riveter, and Lorraine Brinkman. She is of German and Mongolian descent. Stevens was raised in Crest, California along with her brother, Kerry. She graduated from Granite Hills High School in El Cajon, and was a gifted student, becoming a member of Mensa International while still in high school. As a teenager, she was a fan of Star Trek, and frequently attended sci-fi-themed conventions. In 1974, Stevens attended San Diego Comic Con and won first place in the first
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll%20rearrangement
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The Carroll rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction in organic chemistry and involves the transformation of a β-keto allyl ester into a α-allyl-β-ketocarboxylic acid. This organic reaction is accompanied by decarboxylation and the final product is a γ,δ-allylketone. The Carroll rearrangement is an adaptation of the Claisen rearrangement and effectively a decarboxylative allylation.
Reaction mechanism
The Carroll rearrangement (1940) in the presence of base and with high reaction temperature (path A) takes place through an intermediate enol which then rearranges in an electrocyclic Claisen rearrangement. The follow-up is a decarboxylation. With palladium(0) as a catalyst, the reaction (Tsuji, 1980) is much milder (path B) with an intermediate allyl cation / carboxylic acid anion organometallic complex.
Decarboxylation precedes allylation as evidenced by this reaction catalyzed by tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0):
Asymmetric decarboxylative allylation
By introducing suitable chiral ligands, the reaction becomes enantioselective.
The first reported asymmetric rearrangement is catalyzed by tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) and the Trost ligand:
A similar reaction uses additional naphthol.
This reaction delivers the main enantiomer with 88% enantiomeric excess. It remains to be seen if this reaction will have a wide scope because the acetamido group appears to be a prerequisite.
The same catalyst but a different ligand is employed in this enantioconvergen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Kerckhoff
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Steven Paul Kerckhoff (born 1952) is a professor of mathematics at Stanford University, who works on hyperbolic 3-manifolds and Teichmüller spaces.
He received his Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1978, under the direction of William Thurston. Among his most famous results is his resolution of the Nielsen realization problem, a 1932 conjecture by Jakob Nielsen. Along with William J. Floyd, he wrote large parts of Thurston's influential Princeton lecture notes, and he is well known for his work (some of which is joint with Craig Hodgson) in exploring and clarifying Thurston's hyperbolic Dehn surgery.
Kerckhoff is one of four academics from Stanford University, along with Gunnar Carlsson, Ralph Cohen, and R. James Milgram, who were instrumental in developing the controversial California Mathematics Academic Content Standards for the State Board of Education.
Selected publications
Kerckhoff, Steven P.; Thurston, William P., Noncontinuity of the action of the modular group at Bers' boundary of Teichmüller space. Inventiones Mathematicae 100 (1990), no. 1, 25–47.
Kerckhoff, Steven; Masur, Howard; Smillie, John, Ergodicity of billiard flows and quadratic differentials. Annals of Mathematics (2) 124 (1986), no. 2, 293–311.
Cooper, Daryl; Hodgson, Craig D.; Kerckhoff, Steven P. Three-dimensional orbifolds and cone-manifolds. With a postface by Sadayoshi Kojima. MSJ Memoirs, 5. Mathematical Society of Japan, Tokyo, 2000. x+170 pp.
Hodgson, Craig D.; Kerckh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien%20Lison
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Lucien Alphonse Joseph Lison (1908–1984) was a Belgian/Brazilian physician and biomedical scientist, considered the "father of histochemistry".
Lison was born in Trazegnies, Belgium. He studied medicine at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles, graduating in 1931. Deciding for a career in experimental biological research, Lison started to work in histology, developing a number of new techniques for dyeing specific substances present in a slice of tissue. Before the advent of radiolabeling, this was the only group of techniques which could infer function based on biochemical activity and it represented a great promise not only for basic science, such as physiology and pharmacology, but for pathology and laboratory diagnosis of diseases, as well. He developed the Lison-Dunn stain, a technique using leuco patent blue V and hydrogen peroxidase to demonstrate hemoglobin peroxidase in tissues and smears. In 1936, Lison wrote a landmark paper, where he stated precisely the scientifically acceptable criteria to develop techniques of morphological evidence of cytochemical processes.
In 1950, together with J. Pasteels, he developed a new histophotometer and a technique which he used extensively to quantify DNA content in several types of cells, present in chromatin (chromosomes in the nucleolus). This approach became a widely used laboratory tool in the beginning of the new science of molecular biology and genetics.
In 1951, using this technique with the Feulgen reaction, both authors s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensurability
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Two concepts or things are commensurable if they are measurable or comparable by a common standard.
Commensurability most commonly refers to commensurability (mathematics). It may also refer to:
Commensurability (astronomy), whether two orbital periods are mathematically commensurate.
Commensurability (crystal structure), whether periodic material properties repeat over a distance that is mathematically commensurate with the length of the unit cell.
Commensurability (economics), whether economic value can always be measured by money
Commensurability (ethics), the commensurability of values in ethics
Commensurability (group theory), when two groups have a subgroup of finite index in common
Commensurability (philosophy of science)
Commensurability (physics), a concept in dimensional analysis that concerns conversion of units of measurement
Apples and oranges, common idiom related to incommensurability
it:Incommensurabilità
simple:Incommensurability
sv:Inkommensurabilitet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole%20figure
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A pole figure is a graphical representation of the orientation of objects in space. For example, pole figures in the form of stereographic projections are used to represent the orientation distribution of crystallographic lattice planes in crystallography and texture analysis in materials science.
Definition
Consider an object with a basis attached to it. The orientation of the object in space can be determined by three rotations to transform the reference basis of space to the basis attached to the object; these are the Euler angles.
If we consider a plane of the object, the orientation of the plane can be given by its normal line. If we draw a sphere with the center on the plane, then
the intersection of the sphere and the plane is a circle, called the "trace" ;
the intersection of the normal line and the sphere is the pole.
A single pole is not enough to fully determine the orientation of an object: the pole stays the same if we apply a rotation around the normal line. The orientation of the object is fully determined by the use of poles of two planes that are not parallel.
Stereographic projection
The upper sphere is projected on a plane using the stereographic projection.
Consider the (x,y) plane of the reference basis; its trace on the sphere is the equator of the sphere. We draw a line joining the South pole with the pole of interest P.
It is possible to choose any projection plane parallel to the equator (except the South pole): the figures will be proportio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSU%20Faculty%20of%20Computational%20Mathematics%20and%20Cybernetics
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MSU Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics (CMC) (), founded in 1970 by Andrey Tikhonov, is a part of Moscow State University.
Education
CMC is a Russian research and training center in the fields of applied mathematics, computing and software development . Education at CMC combines theoretical studies, practical exercises, and research.
Main 12 Master's programs:
Mathematical physics
Mathematical modeling
Computational diagnostics
Numerical methods
Theory of probability and mathematical statistics
Operations research and systems analysis
Optimization and optimal control
Mathematical cybernetics
Software for computers and computer systems
Networks software
System programming
Decision making in Economics and Finance
History
A group of professors and scholars from Department of Physics and Department of Mechanics and Mathematics led by Andrey Tikhonov founded CMC in 1970. The three departments are still closely connected.
The faculty houses the 33,072-processor Lomonosov supercomputer in Moscow. The system was designed by T-Platforms, and used Xeon 2.93 GHz processors, Nvidia 2070 GPUs, and an Infiniband interconnect.
Following companies work with CS MSU: Intel, Microsoft, Sun Microsystems, Borland, Software AG, Siemens, IBM/Lotus, Samsung, HP.
Following the school's support for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Intel and AMD, the largest chip manufacturers in the world, whose processors are used in the Moscow State University supercompute
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final%20Theory
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Final Theory may refer to:
Theory of everything, a putative theory in physics
Final Theory (novel), a 2008 science fiction novel by Mark Alpert
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-term
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In theoretical physics, one often analyzes theories with supersymmetry in which F-terms play an important role. In four dimensions, the minimal N=1 supersymmetry may be written using a superspace. This superspace involves four extra fermionic coordinates , transforming as a two-component spinor and its conjugate.
Every superfield—i.e. a field that depends on all coordinates of the superspace—may be expanded with respect to the new fermionic coordinates. There exists a special kind of superfields, the so-called chiral superfields, that only depend on the variables but not their conjugates. The last term in the corresponding expansion, namely , is called the F-term. Applying an infinitesimal supersymmetry transformation to a chiral superfield results in yet another chiral superfield whose F-term, in particular, changes by a total derivative. This is significant because then is invariant under SUSY transformations as long as boundary terms vanish. Thus F-terms may be used in constructing supersymmetric actions.
Manifestly-supersymmetric Lagrangians may also be written as integrals over the whole superspace. Some special terms, such as the superpotential, may be written as integrals over s only. They are also referred to as F-terms, much like the terms in the ordinary potential that arise from these terms of the supersymmetric Lagrangian.
See also
D-term
Supersymmetric gauge theory
Supersymmetric quantum field theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-term
|
In theoretical physics, one often analyzes theories with supersymmetry in which D-terms play an important role. In four dimensions, the minimal N=1 supersymmetry may be written using a superspace. This superspace involves four extra fermionic coordinates , transforming as a two-component spinor and its conjugate.
Every superfield, i.e. a field that depends on all coordinates of the superspace, may be expanded with respect to the new fermionic coordinates. The generic kind of superfields, typically a vector superfield, indeed depend on all these coordinates. The last term in the corresponding expansion, namely , is called the D-term.
Manifestly supersymmetric Lagrangians may also be written as integrals over the whole superspace. Some special terms, such as the superpotential, may be written as integrals over s only, which are known as F-terms, and should be contrasted with the present D-terms.
See also
F-term
Supersymmetric gauge theory
Supersymmetric quantum field theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetric%20gauge%20theory
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In theoretical physics, there are many theories with supersymmetry (SUSY) which also have internal gauge symmetries. Supersymmetric gauge theory generalizes this notion.
Gauge theory
A gauge theory is a field theory with gauge symmetry. Roughly, there are two types of symmetries, global and local. A global symmetry is a symmetry applied uniformly (in some sense) to each point of a manifold. A local symmetry is a symmetry which is position dependent. Gauge symmetry is an example of a local symmetry, with the symmetry described by a Lie group (which mathematically describe continuous symmetries), which in the context of gauge theory is called the gauge group of the theory.
Quantum chromodynamics and quantum electrodynamics are famous examples of gauge theories.
Supersymmetry
In particle physics, there exist particles with two kinds of particle statistics, bosons and fermions. Bosons carry integer spin values, and are characterized by the ability to have any number of identical bosons occupy a single point in space. They are thus identified with forces. Fermions carry half-integer spin values, and by the Pauli exclusion principle, identical fermions cannot occupy a single position in spacetime. Boson and fermion fields are interpreted as matter. Thus, supersymmetry is considered a strong candidate for the unification of radiation (boson-mediated forces) and matter.
This unification is given by an operator (or typically many operators), known as a supercharge or supersymme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor-changing%20neutral%20current
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In particle physics, flavor-changing neutral currents or flavour-changing neutral currents (FCNCs) are hypothetical interactions that change the flavor of a fermion without altering its electric charge.
Details
If they occur in nature (as reflected by Lagrangian interaction terms), these processes may induce phenomena that have not yet been observed in experiment. Flavor-changing neutral currents may occur in the Standard Model beyond the tree level, but they are highly suppressed by the GIM mechanism. Several collaborations have searched for FCNC. The Tevatron CDF experiment observed evidence of FCNC in the decay of the strange B-meson to phi mesons in 2005.
FCNCs are generically predicted by theories that attempt to go beyond the Standard Model, such as the models of supersymmetry or technicolor. Their suppression is necessary for an agreement with observations, making FCNCs important constraints on model-building.
Example
Consider a toy model in which an undiscovered boson S may couple both to the electron as well as the tau () via the term
Since the electron and the tau have equal charges, the electric charge of S clearly must vanish to respect the conservation of electric charge. A Feynman diagram with S as the intermediate particle is able to convert a tau into an electron (plus some neutral decay products of the S).
The MEG experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute near Zurich will search for a similar process, in which an antimuon decays to a photon and an antie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen%E2%80%93Olesen%20string
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In theoretical physics, Nielsen–Olesen string is a one-dimensional object or equivalently a classical solution of certain equations of motion. The solution does not depend on the direction along the string; the dependence on the other two, transverse dimensions is identical as in the case of a Nielsen–Olesen vortex.
Quantum field theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen%E2%80%93Olesen%20vortex
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In theoretical physics, a Nielsen–Olesen vortex is a point-like object localized in two spatial dimensions or, equivalently, a classical solution of field theory with the same property. This particular solution occurs if the configuration space of scalar fields contains non-contractible circles. A circle surrounding the vortex at infinity may be "wrapped" once on the other circle in the configuration space. A configuration with this non-trivial topological property is called the Nielsen–Olesen vortex, after Holger Bech Nielsen and Poul Olesen (1973). The solution is formally identical to the solution of Quantum vortex in superconductor.
See also
Nielsen–Olsen string
Abrikosov vortex
Montonen–Olive duality
S-duality
References
Quantum field theory
Vortices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20zoo
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In particle physics, the term particle zoo is used colloquially to describe the relatively extensive list of known subatomic particles by comparison to the variety of species in a zoo.
In the history of particle physics, the topic of particles was considered to be particularly confusing in the late 1960s. Before the discovery of quarks, hundreds of strongly interacting particles (hadrons) were known and believed to be distinct elementary particles. It was later discovered that they were not elementary particles, but rather composites of quarks. The set of particles believed today to be elementary is known as the Standard Model and includes quarks, bosons and leptons.
The term "subnuclear zoo" was coined or popularized by Robert Oppenheimer in 1956 at the VI Rochester International Conference on High Energy Physics.
See also
Eightfold way (physics)
List of mesons
List of baryons
List of particles
References
Further reading
A Tour of the Subatomic Zoo: A Guide to Particle Physics. By Cindy Schwarz. Taylor & Francis US, 1997
Raymond A. Serway, Clement J. Moses, Curt A. Moyer. Modern Physics. Cengage Learning, 2005.
Particle physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet%20completion
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In theoretical physics, ultraviolet completion, or UV completion, of a quantum field theory is the passing from a lower energy quantum field theory to a more general quantum field theory above a threshold value known as the cutoff. In particular, the more general high energy theory must be well-defined at arbitrarily high energies.
The word "ultraviolet" in this so-called "ultraviolet regime" is only figurative, and refers to energies much higher than ultraviolet light per se. Rather, by analogy to the relationship between ultraviolet and visible light, it refers to energies higher than (and wavelengths shorter than) those "visible" to laboratory experiment.
The ultraviolet theory must be renormalizable; it can have no Landau poles; and most typically, it enjoys asymptotic freedom in the case that it is a quantum field theory (or at least has a nontrivial fixed point). However, it may also be a background of string theory whose ultraviolet behavior is at least as good as that of renormalizable quantum field theories. Besides these two known examples (QFT and string theory), it could be a completely different theory than string theory that behaves well at very high energies.
There is an analogous phrase "infrared completion", which applies to length scales longer than those "visible" to normal experiment, particularly cosmology distances.
See also
Ultraviolet divergence
Fermi's interaction
Quantum mechanics
String theory
Quantum field theory
Renormalization group
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Sarfatti
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Jack Sarfatti (born September 14, 1939) is an American theoretical physicist. Working largely outside academia, most of Sarfatti's publications revolve around quantum physics and consciousness.
Sarfatti was a leading member of the Fundamental Fysiks Group, an informal group of physicists in California in the 1970s who, according to historian of science David Kaiser, aimed to inspire some of the investigations into quantum physics that underlie parts of quantum information science. Sarfatti co-wrote Space-Time and Beyond (1975; credited to Bob Toben and Fred Alan Wolf) and has self-published several books.
Background
Education
Sarfatti was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Hyman and Millie Sarfatti and raised in the borough's Midwood neighborhood. His father was born in Kastoria, Greece, and moved to New York as a child with his family.
After graduating from Midwood High School in 1956, Sarfatti attended Cornell University, where he received a B.A. in physics in 1960. Following graduate studies at Cornell and Brandeis University, he obtained an M.S. in 1967 from the University of California, San Diego and a Ph.D. in 1969 from the University of California, Riverside under Fred Cummings, both in physics; his dissertation was "Gauge Invariance in the Theory of Superfluidity."
Academic career
From 1967 to 1971, Sarfatti was an assistant professor of physics at San Diego State University. He also studied at the Cornell Space Science Center, the UK Atomic Energy Research Establish
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolegomena%20to%20Any%20Future%20Metaphysics
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Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Present Itself as a Science () is a book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, published in 1783, two years after the first edition of his Critique of Pure Reason. One of Kant's shorter works, it contains a summary of the Critique‘s main conclusions, sometimes by arguments Kant had not used in the Critique. Kant characterizes his more accessible approach here as an "analytic" one, as opposed to the Critique‘s "synthetic" examination of successive faculties of the mind and their principles.
The book is also intended as a polemic. Kant was disappointed by the poor reception of the Critique of Pure Reason, and here he repeatedly emphasizes the importance of its critical project for the very existence of metaphysics as a science. The final appendix contains a detailed rebuttal to an unfavorable review of the Critique.
Contents
Introduction
Kant declared that the Prolegomena are for the use of both learners and teachers as an heuristic way to discover a science of metaphysics. Unlike other sciences, metaphysics has not yet attained universal and permanent knowledge. There are no standards to distinguish truth from error. Kant asked, "Can metaphysics even be possible?"
David Hume investigated the problem of the origin of the concept of causality. Is the concept of causality truly independent of experience or is it learned from experience? Hume mistakenly attempted to derive the concept of causality from experienc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalization
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Canalization may refer to:
Canalization, the process of introducing weirs and locks to a river so as to secure a defined depth suitable for navigation
Channelization, the process of modifying a stream so it follows a restricted path
Canalisation (genetics), a measure of the ability of a genotype to produce the same phenotype regardless of variability of its environment
Canalization (psychology) (canalizing), the form of satisfaction or discharge, the term established by Pierre Janet and Gardner Murphy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithful%20representation
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In mathematics, especially in an area of abstract algebra known as representation theory, a faithful representation ρ of a group on a vector space is a linear representation in which different elements of are represented by distinct linear mappings .
In more abstract language, this means that the group homomorphism is injective (or one-to-one).
Caveat
While representations of over a field are de facto the same as -modules (with denoting the group algebra of the group ), a faithful representation of is not necessarily a faithful module for the group algebra. In fact each faithful -module is a faithful representation of , but the converse does not hold. Consider for example the natural representation of the symmetric group in dimensions by permutation matrices, which is certainly faithful. Here the order of the group is while the matrices form a vector space of dimension . As soon as is at least 4, dimension counting means that some linear dependence must occur between permutation matrices (since ); this relation means that the module for the group algebra is not faithful.
Properties
A representation of a finite group over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero is faithful (as a representation) if and only if every irreducible representation of occurs as a subrepresentation of (the -th symmetric power of the representation ) for a sufficiently high . Also, is faithful (as a representation) if and only if every irreducible representation of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Newton-Smith
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William Herbert Newton-Smith (May 25, 1943 – April 8, 2023) was a Canadian philosopher of science.
Biography
Newton-Smith's undergraduate degree from Queen's University was in Mathematics and Philosophy, in 1966. He took an MA from Cornell University in Philosophy, in 1968, and a DPhil in philosophy from Balliol College, Oxford, in 1974. His working life before retirement was mainly as a Fellow of Balliol.
Newton-Smith's 1980 book The Structure of Time is on the philosophy of time.
Newton-Smith led Central European University from its foundation in 1991 until Alfred Stepan was elected rector in 1993. In the 1980s he led a small team of British philosophers, including Kathy Wilkes and Roger Scruton, who travelled to Czechoslovakia to give unauthorized philosophy lectures.
Newton-Smith had two daughters with his first wife Dorris Heffron. His daughter Rain Newton-Smith is an economist who became the Director General of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) in April 2023.
In 2003, Newton-Smith and his second wife Nancy Durham were the first to grow lavender on a field scale in Wales. They became the sole distillers of lavender oil in Wales. Their company, Welsh Lavender Ltd, produces face and body creams.
Newton-Smith died of throat cancer on April 8, 2023, at the age of 79.
Works
The Structure of Time (1980)
The Rationality of Science (1981)
Logic (1984)
Modelling the Mind (1990) editor with K. V. Wilkes
Popper in China (1992) editor with J. Tianji
Chapter 1 - Po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20instanton
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In mathematical physics and differential geometry, a gravitational instanton is a four-dimensional complete Riemannian manifold satisfying the vacuum Einstein equations. They are so named because they are analogues in quantum theories of gravity of instantons in Yang–Mills theory. In accordance with this analogy with self-dual Yang–Mills instantons, gravitational instantons are usually assumed to look like four dimensional Euclidean space at large distances, and to have a self-dual Riemann tensor. Mathematically, this means that they are asymptotically locally Euclidean (or perhaps asymptotically locally flat) hyperkähler 4-manifolds, and in this sense, they are special examples of Einstein manifolds. From a physical point of view, a gravitational instanton is a non-singular solution of the vacuum Einstein equations with positive-definite, as opposed to Lorentzian, metric.
There are many possible generalizations of the original conception of a gravitational instanton: for example one can allow gravitational instantons to have a nonzero cosmological constant or a Riemann tensor which is not self-dual. One can also relax the boundary condition that the metric is asymptotically Euclidean.
There are many methods for constructing gravitational instantons, including the Gibbons–Hawking Ansatz, twistor theory, and the hyperkähler quotient construction.
Introduction
Gravitational instantons are interesting, as they offer insights into the quantization of gravity. For example, pos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Lynch%20%28writer%29
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Aaron Lynch (February 18, 1957 – November 14, 2005) was an American writer, best known for his book Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads Through Society.
Biography
After obtaining bachelor's degrees in mathematics and philosophy from the University of Illinois, Lynch accepted a position in 1979 as an engineering physicist at Fermilab where he spent some time working on the PDP-11 hardware project. In his spare time, he worked on developing his thesis into a book, which he planned to title Abstract Evolution.
Lynch worked extensively on the theoretical underpinnings of idea self-replication, developing a symbolic language and deriving mathematics from epidemiologic formulae to describe idea transmission through populations. While conducting a literature search for his book, Lynch discovered the work of anthropologist F.T. Cloak on socially transmitted technology in birds, and a brief proposal for a field of Memetics in Richard Dawkins' book, The Selfish Gene, although Lynch was not aware of these authors' work until after his own theory was substantially developed. Early chapters of his book came to the attention of Douglas Hofstadter, who featured it in his Scientific American column Metamagical Themas in 1983. The first draft of the book was complete as early as 1984. A grant from a former colleague who had become a video-technology millionaire enabled Lynch to leave Fermilab in 1990 and concentrate full-time on writing.
In the early 1990s, he contributed theoretic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Lockhart%20Bennett
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Gordon Lockhart Bennett, (October 10, 1912 – February 11, 2000) was a Canadian teacher, politician and the 21st Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island.
Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, he received a Bachelor of Science in 1937 and a Master of Science in Chemistry in 1947 from Acadia University. He started to teach in a school and joined the faculty of the department of Chemistry at Prince of Wales College in 1939.
In March 1966, Bennett was elected president of the Dominion Curling Association, succeeding Frank Sargent.
In 1966, he was elected as a Liberal candidate as a representative of 5th Queens. He was re-elected in 1970 and 1974. From 1966 to 1974, he held ministerial positions in the government of Premier Alex Campbell including President of the Executive Council, Minister of Education, Minister of Justice, Provincial Secretary and Chairman of Provincial Centennial Commission.
He was Lieutenant Governor from October 24, 1974 to January 14, 1980.
He was inducted into Canadian Curling Hall of Fame as a builder.
In 1983, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. He was created a Knight of Grace of the Order of St. John in 1975.
References
Government of Prince Edward Island, Canada biography
1912 births
2000 deaths
Politicians from Charlottetown
Acadia University alumni
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
Lieutenant Governors of Prince Edward Island
Members of the United Church of Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
Prince Edward Is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20benzo%20compounds
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In organic chemistry the addition of the prefix benzo to the name of a chemical compound indicates the addition of an even number of carbon atoms to an unsaturated or already aromatic compound by which a new aromatic ring is formed. Between the prefix benzo and the name of the parent compound then place of the addition of the extra carbon atoms is indicated by letters written between square brackets. Quite often the number of added carbon atoms is four, although sometimes two else will do the job as shown in the following table. The first entry also shows different routes to the name of the same molecule.
Examples
See also
Benzodiazepine
References
Benzoid and non benzoid compoundss
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, a flow formalizes the idea of the motion of particles in a fluid. Flows are ubiquitous in science, including engineering and physics. The notion of flow is basic to the study of ordinary differential equations. Informally, a flow may be viewed as a continuous motion of points over time. More formally, a flow is a group action of the real numbers on a set.
The idea of a vector flow, that is, the flow determined by a vector field, occurs in the areas of differential topology, Riemannian geometry and Lie groups. Specific examples of vector flows include the geodesic flow, the Hamiltonian flow, the Ricci flow, the mean curvature flow, and Anosov flows. Flows may also be defined for systems of random variables and stochastic processes, and occur in the study of ergodic dynamical systems. The most celebrated of these is perhaps the Bernoulli flow.
Formal definition
A flow on a set is a group action of the additive group of real numbers on . More explicitly, a flow is a mapping
such that, for all and all real numbers and ,
It is customary to write instead of , so that the equations above can be expressed as (the identity function) and (group law). Then, for all the mapping is a bijection with inverse This follows from the above definition, and the real parameter may be taken as a generalized functional power, as in function iteration.
Flows are usually required to be compatible with structures furnished on the set . In particular, if is equippe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20flow
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In mathematics, the vector flow refers to a set of closely related concepts of the flow determined by a vector field. These appear in a number of different contexts, including differential topology, Riemannian geometry and Lie group theory. These related concepts are explored in a spectrum of articles:
exponential map (Riemannian geometry)
matrix exponential
exponential function
infinitesimal generator (→ Lie group)
integral curve (→ vector field)
one-parameter subgroup
flow (geometry)
geodesic flow
Hamiltonian flow
Ricci flow
Anosov flow
injectivity radius (→ glossary)
Vector flow in differential topology
Relevant concepts: (flow, infinitesimal generator, integral curve, complete vector field)
Let V be a smooth vector field on a smooth manifold M. There is a unique maximal flow D → M whose infinitesimal generator is V. Here D ⊆ R × M is the flow domain. For each p ∈ M the map Dp → M is the unique maximal integral curve of V starting at p.
A global flow is one whose flow domain is all of R × M. Global flows define smooth actions of R on M. A vector field is complete if it generates a global flow. Every smooth vector field on a compact manifold without boundary is complete.
Vector flow in Riemannian geometry
Relevant concepts: (geodesic, exponential map, injectivity radius)
The exponential map
exp : TpM → M
is defined as exp(X) = γ(1) where γ : I → M is the unique geodesic passing through p at 0 and whose tangent vector at 0 is X. Here I is the maximal open interval
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrix
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Tetrix may refer to:
Tetrix (band), a Canadian rock/improv band
Tetrix (insect), a genus of insects in the family Tetrigidae called ground-hoppers
Tetrix Robotics Kit, an educational robotics kit
8598 Tetrix, a main-belt asteroid
A three-dimensional analog of the Sierpiński triangle.
The name of some clones of the video game Tetris.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconditional%20convergence
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In mathematics, specifically functional analysis, a series is unconditionally convergent if all reorderings of the series converge to the same value. In contrast, a series is conditionally convergent if it converges but different orderings do not all converge to that same value. Unconditional convergence is equivalent to absolute convergence in finite-dimensional vector spaces, but is a weaker property in infinite dimensions.
Definition
Let be a topological vector space. Let be an index set and for all
The series is called unconditionally convergent to if
the indexing set is countable, and
for every permutation (bijection) of the following relation holds:
Alternative definition
Unconditional convergence is often defined in an equivalent way: A series is unconditionally convergent if for every sequence with the series
converges.
If is a Banach space, every absolutely convergent series is unconditionally convergent, but the converse implication does not hold in general. Indeed, if is an infinite-dimensional Banach space, then by Dvoretzky–Rogers theorem there always exists an unconditionally convergent series in this space that is not absolutely convergent. However when by the Riemann series theorem, the series is unconditionally convergent if and only if it is absolutely convergent.
See also
References
Ch. Heil: A Basis Theory Primer
Convergence (mathematics)
Mathematical analysis
Mathematical series
Summability theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPMD
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PPMD may refer to:
People
Kevin Nanney, an e-sports professional known by his gamer tag PPMD
Computer science
the compression algorithm PPMd, a variant of the Prediction by partial matching (PPM) compression technique
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-many
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One-to-many may refer to:
Fat link, a one-to-many link in hypertext
Multivalued function, a one-to-many function in mathematics
One-to-many (data model), a type of relationship and cardinality in systems analysis
Point-to-multipoint communication, communication which has a one-to-many relationship
See also
Cardinality (data modeling)
Multicast
One Too Many (data modeling)
One-to-one (disambiguation)
Point-to-point (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Ball%20function
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The Crystal Ball function, named after the Crystal Ball Collaboration (hence the capitalized initial letters), is a probability density function commonly used to model various lossy processes in high-energy physics. It consists of a Gaussian core portion and a power-law low-end tail, below a certain threshold. The function itself and its first derivative are both continuous.
The Crystal Ball function is given by:
where
,
,
,
,
.
(Skwarnicki 1986) is a normalization factor and , , and are parameters which are fitted with the data. erf is the error function.
External links
J. E. Gaiser, Appendix-F Charmonium Spectroscopy from Radiative Decays of the J/Psi and Psi-Prime, Ph.D. Thesis, SLAC-R-255 (1982). (This is a 205-page document in .pdf form – the function is defined on p. 178.)
M. J. Oreglia, A Study of the Reactions psi prime --> gamma gamma psi, Ph.D. Thesis, SLAC-R-236 (1980), Appendix D.
T. Skwarnicki, A study of the radiative CASCADE transitions between the Upsilon-Prime and Upsilon resonances, Ph.D Thesis, DESY F31-86-02(1986), Appendix E.
Functions and mappings
Continuous distributions
Experimental particle physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Paul%20Hogan
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John Paul Hogan (August 7, 1919 – February 19, 2012) was an American research chemist. Along with Robert Banks, he discovered methods of producing polypropylene and high-density polyethylene.
Hogan was born in Lowes, Kentucky to Charles Franklin and Alma (Wyman) Hogan and earned B.S. degrees in both Chemistry and Physics at Murray State University of Kentucky in 1942. He taught at both the high school and college level before going to work in research at the Phillips Petroleum Company in 1944.
His work was primarily in the area of plastics and catalysts. In 1951, he invented crystalline polypropylene and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with his fellow research chemist Robert Banks. These plastics were initially known by the name Marlex. He held (jointly) a number of important patents and authored research papers before he left Phillips in 1985.
After a few years as an independent consultant, he fully retired in 1993.
In 1987, he and Robert Banks together received the Perkin Medal Award and both were given a Heroes of Chemistry award by the American Chemical Society in 1989. In 2001, they were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Dr. Hogan was inducted into the Plastics Hall of Fame in 2014.
References
1919 births
2012 deaths
American inventors
Murray State University alumni
People from Graves County, Kentucky
Polymer scientists and engineers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20C.%20Pollard
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Ernest Charles "Ernie" Pollard (April 16, 1906 – February 24, 1997) was a British professor of physics and biophysics and an author, who worked on the development of radar systems in World War II, worked on the physics of living cells, and wrote textbooks and approximately 200 papers on nuclear physics and radiation biophysics.
Biography
The son of Sam Pollard, Ernest C. Pollard lived until age 10 in China, moving to the United Kingdom when his father died. He studied physics at Cambridge University. He did his PhD work under James Chadwick at Cavendish Laboratory, which was led by Ernest Rutherford, receiving his degree in 1932. In 1933, he joined the physics department of Yale University, where he designed the university's first cyclotron in 1939. He co-wrote the first "textbook" in the subject: Applied Nuclear Physics with William L. Davidson, Jr. then Research Physicist of the B.F. Goodrich Company, published in 1942.
From 1941 to 1945 he was a member of the MIT Radiation Laboratory, working on such projects as Li'l Abner (for which he was granted a patent), MEW, the moving target indicator, and the height finder; and serving as associate head, co-head, and head of Division 10. For his work on radar development, he received the President's Certificate of Merit from President of the United States Harry S. Truman.
In 1948 he led the formation of a group of biophysicists at Yale. A department of biophysics was formally organized there in 1954, with funding from the John
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vainu%20Bappu%20Observatory
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The Vainu Bappu Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. It is located at Kavalur in the Javadi Hills, near Vaniyambadi in Tirupathur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is 200 km south-west of Chennai and 175 km south-east of Bangalore.
History
The Vainu Bappu Observatory of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics traces its origin back to 1786 when William Petrie set up his private observatory at his garden house at Egmore, Madras, which eventually came to be known as the Madras Observatory. Later it was moved to Kodaikanal and functioned there as the Kodaikanal Observatory since 1899.
However, Kodaikanal had very few nights available for observation and hence astronomers searched for a new site after India's independence. M.K. Vainu Bappu who took over as the director of the Kodaikanal Observatory in 1960, found a sleepy little hamlet called Kavalur in the Javadi Hills as a suitable site for establishing optical telescopes for observing celestial objects. This came to be known as Kavalur Observatory.
Observations began in 1968 with a 38 cm telescope made in the backyard of the Kodaikanal Observatory.
Location
Kavalur observatory is located in Kavalur in the Javadi Hills in Alangayam. The Kavalur Observatory is located in a 40-hectare forest land in Tamil Nadu which is strewn with a variety of greenery of tropical region besides a number of medicinal plants with an occasional appearance of some wildl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champernowne
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Champernowne may refer to:
Arthur Champernowne (disambiguation), multiple people
D. G. Champernowne (1912-2000), English economist and mathematician
Champernowne constant, in mathematics
Champernowne distribution, in statistics
Joan Champernowne (died 1553), lady-in-waiting at the court of Henry VIII of England
Katherine Champernowne, maiden name of Kat Ashley, governess and friend of Elizabeth I of England
Clyst Champernowne, ancient name of Clyst St George, a village in East Devon, England
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20gastronomy
|
Molecular gastronomy is the scientific approach of cuisine from primarily the perspective of chemistry. The composition (molecular structure), properties (mass, viscosity, etc) and transformations (chemical reactions, reactant products) of an ingredient are addressed and utilized in the preparation and appreciation of the ingested products. It is a branch of food science that approaches the preparation and enjoyment of nutrition from the perspective of a scientist at the scale of atoms, molecules, and mixtures.
Nicholas Kurti, Hungarian physicist, and Hervé This, at the INRA in France, coined "Molecular and Physical Gastronomy" in 1988.
Examples
Eponymous recipes
New dishes named after famous scientists include:
Gibbs – infusing vanilla pods in egg white with sugar, adding olive oil and then microwave cooking. Named after physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839–1903).
Vauquelin – using orange juice or cranberry juice with added sugar when whipping eggs to increase the viscosity and to stabilize the foam, and then microwave cooking. Named after Nicolas Vauquelin (1763–1829), one of Lavoisier's teachers.
Baumé – soaking a whole egg for a month in alcohol to create a coagulated egg. Named after the French chemist Antoine Baumé (1728–1804).
History
There are many branches of food science that study different aspects of food, such as safety, microbiology, preservation, chemistry, engineering, and physics. Until the advent of molecular gastronomy, there was no branch dedicated t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustment
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Adjustment may refer to:
Adjustment (law), with several meanings
Adjustment (psychology), the process of balancing conflicting needs
Adjustment of observations, in mathematics, a method of solving an overdetermined system of equations
Calibration, in metrology
Spinal adjustment, in chiropractic practice
In statistics, compensation for confounding variables
See also
Setting (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna%20Bharat
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Krishna Bharat (born 7 January 1970) is an Indian research scientist at Google Inc. He was formerly a founding adviser for Grokstyle Inc. a visual search company and Laserlike Inc., an interest search engine startup based on Machine Learning.
At Google, Mountain View, he led a team developing Google News, a service that automatically indexes over 25,000 news websites in more than 35 languages to provide a summary of the News resources. He created Google News in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks to keep himself abreast of the developments. Since then, it has been a popular offering from Google's services. Google News was one of Google's first endeavors beyond offering just plain text searches on its page.
Among other projects, he opened the Google India's Research and Development center at Bengaluru, India. Bharat is on the Board of Visitors of Columbia Journalism School and John S. Knight Journalism Fellowships at Stanford.
Education
Bharat completed his schooling from St. Joseph's Boys' High School in Bengaluru, and received an undergraduate degree in computer science from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. He subsequently received a Ph.D. from Georgia Tech in Human Computer Interaction.
Career
Before joining Google in 1999, he worked at the DEC Systems Research Center where, with George Mihaila, he developed the Hilltop algorithm.
Tenure at Google
At Google he developed so-called LocalRank, which can be considered to be an adaptation of Hillto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Lenski
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Richard Eimer Lenski (born August 13, 1956) is an American evolutionary biologist, a Hannah Distinguished Professor of Microbial Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, and Evolution of Pathogen Virulence at Michigan State University. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a MacArthur Fellow. Lenski is best known for his still ongoing -year-old long-term E. coli evolution experiment, which has been instrumental in understanding the core processes of evolution, including mutation rates, clonal interference, antibiotic resistance, the evolution of novel traits, and speciation. He is also well known for his pioneering work in studying evolution digitally using self-replicating organisms called Avida.
Early life
Richard E. Lenski is the son of sociologist Gerhard Lenski and poet Jean Lenski ( Cappelmann). He is also the great-nephew of children's author Lois Lenski and the great-grandson of Lutheran commentator Richard C. H. Lenski. He earned his BA from Oberlin College in 1976, and his PhD from the University of North Carolina in 1982.
Career
Lenski won a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1991 and a MacArthur Fellowship in 1996, and in 2006 he was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.
Lenski is a fellow at the American Academy of Microbiology and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and holds the office Hannah Distinguished Professor of microbial ecology at Michigan State University.
On February 17, 2010, he co-founded the NSF Science and Techn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy%20%28magazine%29
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Astronomy is a monthly American magazine about astronomy. Targeting amateur astronomers, it contains columns on sky viewing, reader-submitted astrophotographs, and articles on astronomy and astrophysics for general readers.
History
Astronomy is a magazine about the science and hobby of astronomy. Based near Milwaukee in Waukesha, Wisconsin, it is produced by Kalmbach Publishing. Astronomy’s readers include those interested in astronomy and those who want to know about sky events, observing techniques, astrophotography, and amateur astronomy in general.
Astronomy was founded in 1973 by Stephen A. Walther, a graduate of the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point and amateur astronomer. The first issue, August 1973, consisted of 48 pages with five feature articles and information about what to see in the sky that month. Issues contained astrophotos and illustrations created by astronomical artists. Walther had worked part time as a planetarium lecturer at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and developed an interest in photographing constellations at an early age. Although even in childhood he was interested to obsession in Astronomy, he did so poorly in mathematics that his mother despaired that he would ever be able to earn a living. However he graduated in Journalism from the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, and as a senior class project he created a business plan for a magazine for amateur astronomers. With the help of his brother David, he was able to bring the mag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Dongala
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Emmanuel Boundzéki Dongala (born 1941) is a Congolese chemist and novelist. He was born in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, in 1941. He was Richard B. Fisher Chair in Natural Sciences at Bard College at Simon's Rock until 2014.
As a chemist, his specialty is stereochemistry and asymmetric synthesis, as well as environmental toxicology.
He is the author of a number of award-winning novels including Johnny Mad Dog (French: Johnny chien méchant) and Little Boys Come from the Stars.
Education and Career
Dongala traveled to the US to obtain his BA in Chemistry from Oberlin College and his MS from Rutgers University before earning a Ph.D. in chemistry at the University of Montpellier in France, then returned to the Congo to teach polymeric chemistry at Marien Ngouabi University. In 1981, he cofounded Le Théâtre de l'Eclair with author Léandre-Alain Baker. In 1997, he was dean of Marien Ngouabi University in Brazzaville when war broke out in the Republic of Congo. The civil war of 1997-1998 forced Dongala and his family to abandon their possessions and seek asylum in the United States. Through his literary connections, particularly through his friend Philip Roth, Dongala obtained a teaching position at Bard College in Massachusetts for both chemistry and literature. At first he wanted to return to his country to be with his colleagues and improve the University of Brazzaville, however, Dongala ultimately decided to stay in the States to pursue both his career as a chemistry profe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous%20category
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In mathematics, an autonomous category is a monoidal category where dual objects exist.
Definition
A left (resp. right) autonomous category is a monoidal category where every object has a left (resp. right) dual. An autonomous category is a monoidal category where every object has both a left and a right dual. Rigid category is a synonym for autonomous category.
In a symmetric monoidal category, the existence of left duals is equivalent to the existence of right duals, categories of this kind are called (symmetric) compact closed categories.
In categorial grammars, categories which are both left and right rigid are often called pregroups, and are employed in Lambek calculus, a non-symmetric extension of linear logic.
The concepts of *-autonomous category and autonomous category are directly related, specifically, every autonomous category is *-autonomous. A *-autonomous category may be described as a linearly distributive category with (left and right) negations; such categories have two monoidal products linked with a sort of distributive law. In the case where the two monoidal products coincide and the distributivities are taken from the associativity isomorphism of the single monoidal structure, one obtains autonomous categories.
Notes and references
Sources
Monoidal categories
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20Academy%20of%20Arts%2C%20Mathematics%2C%20Engineering%20and%20Science
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The Georgia Academy of Arts, Mathematics, Engineering and Sciences, (formerly known as GAMES), is a dual-enrollment early college entrance program created in 1997 and facilitated by the University System of Georgia in the United States. Typically, juniors in high school who meet the base requirements of GPA and SAT/ACT scores may apply and be admitted to the two-year program which is located at the Cochran, Georgia campus of Middle Georgia State University, although rising seniors and exceptional sophomores may also apply. Students at the Georgia Academy receive college-level education with specialization in the fields of the arts, mathematics, engineering and science. Academy students take a full college course load and can participate in activities such as the Honors Program, Undergraduate Research, and collegiate clubs such as Science Club, Anime Club, Dungeons & Dragons, the PSYCH-KNIGHTS, Model African Union, Mock Mediation and Math Competition.
Students live in residence halls located on the Middle Georgia State University campus in Cochran, interact with faculty, and are given similar status to traditional students within the university. When students complete the program, they are awarded associate's degrees as well as high school diplomas from their former high schools, and can enter a four-year college or university with junior standing.
More than 700 students have been admitted to The Georgia Academy since its inception in 1997, and The Academy counts two Gates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensional%20context
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In any of several fields of study that treat the use of signs — for example, in linguistics, logic, mathematics, semantics, semiotics, and philosophy of language — an extensional context (or transparent context) is a syntactic environment in which a sub-sentential expression e can be replaced by an expression with the same extension and without affecting the truth-value of the sentence as a whole. Extensional contexts are contrasted with opaque contexts where truth-preserving substitutions are not possible.
Take the case of Clark Kent, who is secretly Superman. Suppose that Lois Lane fell out of a window and Superman caught her. Thus the sentence "Superman caught Lois Lane" is true. Because this sentence is an extensional context, the sentence "Clark Kent caught Lois Lane" is also true. Anybody that Superman caught, Clark Kent caught.
In opposition to extensional contexts are intensional contexts (which can involve modal operators and modal logic), where terms cannot be substituted without potentially compromising the truth-value. Suppose that Lois Lane believes that Clark Kent will investigate a news story with her. Thus, the sentence "Lois Lane believes that Clark Kent will investigate a news story with her" is true. However, the statement, "Lois Lane believes that Superman will investigate a news story with her," is false. This is because 'believes' typically induces an intensional context. Lois Lane doesn't believe that Superman is Clark Kent and the propositional atti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20Journal%20of%20Mathematics
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The Pacific Journal of Mathematics is a mathematics research journal supported by several universities and research institutes, and currently published on their behalf by Mathematical Sciences Publishers, a non-profit academic publishing organisation, and the University of California, Berkeley.
It was founded in 1951 by František Wolf and Edwin F. Beckenbach and has been published continuously since, with five two-issue volumes per year and 12 issues per year. Full-text PDF versions of all journal articles are available on-line via the journal's website with a subscription.
The journal is incorporated as a 501(c)(3) organization.
References
Mathematics journals
Academic journals established in 1951
Mathematical Sciences Publishers academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Wood%20%28engineer%29
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Alan Wood FREng (born March 20, 1947), was brought up in Sheffield, where he was educated at King Edward VII School.
In 1965 he won an open scholarship to Manchester University and graduated in 1968 with a first class honours degree in mechanical engineering.
He began his career as an engineering management trainee with Unilever on Merseyside. During his five years with this company, he spent periods in the soap & detergents and chemical businesses, but his major experience was with Van den Bergh & Jurgens, where he held project management and plant management positions before returning to university to take a second degree. He studied in the United States at Harvard University, where he was awarded a master's degree in business administration in 1975.
Following his return to the UK, he took over responsibility for the manufacturing operations of Crittall Construction, a supplier of bespoke curtain wall projects for prestige office developments, and then became managing director of Small Electric Motors, a specialist manufacturer of servomotors and tachogenerators, before joining Siemens in 1981. Initially he worked for Siemens in Germany. He then headed up Siemens Measurements in Oldham before taking over responsibility for the Siemens' Electronic Components, Telecommunications & Office Automation Divisions based in Sunbury on Thames.
Wood then became group managing director in Manchester with responsibility for four of the UK divisions of the company. In April 1998 he t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak%20Russman
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Isaak Borisovich Russman (; 7 March 1938 – 11 July 2005) was a Russian mathematician and economist. He studied and worked at Voronezh State University.
Isaak Borisovich Russman was born on March 7, 1938, in Voronezh. Although his childhood dream was studying astronomy, in 1955 he entered Voronezh State University where he studied in the Physics and Mathematics department. Starting in 1969 and until the end of his life, Russman conducted research in operations research at the same institution where he had studied.
Russman taught discrete mathematics, the theory of algorithms and mathematical logic, probability theory, economic cybernetics, and systems analysis.
Russman conducted research on topics related to simulation-targeted systems (economic, social, institutional), quality assessment, and building valuation models. He is famous for creating the concept "difficulty in achieving the objectives", a concept which is used to assess the value of a certain specified requirement. This approach was usefully applied to models of control and management of organizational systems and portfolio optimization models.
External links
In memory of Isaak Russman (Russian language)
Scientific contributions (translated to English via Google)
1938 births
2005 deaths
Russian economists
Soviet mathematicians
Russian mathematicians
Voronezh State University alumni
Academic staff of Voronezh State University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Theissen
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Mario Theissen (born 17 August 1952 in Monschau, Germany) is the former BMW Motorsport Director and was team principal of BMW Sauber, the company's Formula One team from 2005 until 2009, when BMW sold the team back to Peter Sauber.
Career
After graduating from RWTH Aachen University with a diplom in mechanical engineering, Theissen joined BMW in the engine calculation department in 1977. Over the following years he took on various responsibilities in BMW's engine development division and in 1989 gained a doctorate in engineering from the Ruhr University in Bochum. In 1991 he was made head of Product Concepts at BMW and a year later became Director of Advanced Drivetrain Development. In 1994 he was promoted to Director of BMW Technik GmbH.
In 1998, in addition to his job as head of BMW Technik, he took on the task of setting up the BMW Technology Office in Palo Alto, California.
He became BMW Motorsport Director alongside Gerhard Berger in April 1999 with oversight of BMW's Formula One team and other motorsport activities, including BMW's factory entries in the World Touring Car Championship and the 24 Hours of Le Mans.
BMW entered Formula One with a partnership agreement with Williams Racing in 1998. In 2001, BMW was credited with having the most powerful engine on the grid. While achieving notable successes, such as a strong championship challenge in 2003, the relationship between team and engine maker began to deteriorate. During the course of the 2004 and 2005 F1 seas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent%20planning
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In computer science multi-agent planning involves coordinating the resources and activities of multiple agents.
NASA says, "multiagent planning is concerned with planning by (and for) multiple agents. It can involve agents planning for a common goal, an agent coordinating the plans (plan merging) or planning of others, or agents refining their own plans while negotiating over tasks or resources. The topic also involves how agents can do this in real time while executing plans (distributed continual planning). Multiagent scheduling differs from multiagent planning the same way planning and scheduling differ: in scheduling often the tasks that need to be performed are already decided, and in practice, scheduling tends to focus on algorithms for specific problem domains".
See also
Automated planning and scheduling
Distributed artificial intelligence
Cooperative distributed problem solving and Coordination
Multi-agent systems and Software agent and Self-organization
Multi-agent reinforcement learning
Task Analysis, Environment Modeling, and Simulation (TAEMS or TÆMS)
References
Further reading
Durfee's (1999) chapter on Distributed Problem Solving and Planning
desJardins et al. (1999). A Survey of Research in Distributed, Continual Planning.
.
See Chapter 2; downloadable free online.
External links
A tutorial on planning in multiagent systems
Multi-agent systems
Automated planning and scheduling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Stanburrough%20Cook
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Albert Stanburrough Cook (March 6, 1853September 1, 1927) was an American philologist, literary critic, and scholar of Old English. He has been called "the single most powerful American Anglo-Saxonist of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."
Life
Cook was born in Montville, New Jersey. He began working as a mathematics tutor at sixteen and was offered chemistry professorship in Fukui, Japan before entering college, which he declined. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from Rutgers College in 1872, writing a thesis on "The Inclined Planes of the Morris Canal," and taught there and at Freehold Academy while completing a Master of Science degree.
Having already learned German, he went on to study in Göttingen and Leipzig from 1877 to 1878, where he began learning languages including Latin, Greek, Italian, and Old English. He returned to the United States for two years as an associate in English at Johns Hopkins University, then in 1881 he spent time in London with phoneticist Henry Sweet studying manuscripts of Cynewulf and the Old Northumbrian Gospels at the British Museum. This work allowed him to complete a PhD in 1882 at the University of Jena, where he studied under Eduard Sievers. Cook became a professor of English in the University of California in 1882, where he re-organized the teaching of English in the state of California, introduced English requirements for university admission, and edited many texts for reading in secondary schools. He became chair
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Chew
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Geoffrey Foucar Chew (; June 5, 1924 – April 12, 2019) was an American theoretical physicist. He is known for his bootstrap theory of strong interactions.
Life
Chew worked as a professor of physics at the UC Berkeley since 1957 and was an emeritus since 1991. Chew held a PhD in theoretical particle physics (1944–1946) from the University of Chicago. Between 1950 and 1956, he was a physics faculty member at the University of Illinois. In addition, Chew was a member of the National Academy of Sciences as well as the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was also a founding member of the International Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CIRET).
Chew was a student of Enrico Fermi. His students include David Gross, one of the winners of the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics, and John H. Schwarz, one of the pioneers of string theory.
Work
Chew was known as a leader of the S-matrix approach to the strong interaction and the associated bootstrap principle, a theory whose popularity peaked in the 1960s when he led an influential theory group at the University of California, Berkeley. S-matrix theorists sought to understand the strong interaction by using the analytic properties of the scattering matrix to calculate the interactions of bound-states without assuming that there is a point-particle field theory underneath. The S-matrix approach did not provide a local space-time description. Although it was not immediately appreciated by the practitioners, it was a natural framework i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endo-exo%20isomerism
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In organic chemistry, endo–exo isomerism is a special type of stereoisomerism found in organic compounds with a substituent on a bridged ring system. The prefix endo is reserved for the isomer with the substituent located closest, or "syn", to the longest bridge. The prefix exo is reserved for the isomer with the substituent located farthest, or "anti", to the longest bridge. Here "longest" and "shortest" refer to the number of atoms that comprise the bridge. This type of molecular geometry is found in norbornane systems such as dicyclopentadiene.
The terms endo and exo are used in a similar sense in discussions of the stereoselectivity in Diels–Alder reactions.
References
Stereochemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri%20Matiyasevich
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Yuri Vladimirovich Matiyasevich, (; born 2 March 1947 in Leningrad) is a Russian mathematician and computer scientist. He is best known for his negative solution of Hilbert's tenth problem (Matiyasevich's theorem), which was presented in his doctoral thesis at LOMI (the Leningrad Department of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics).
Biography
Early years and education
Yuri Matiyasevich was born in Leningrad on March 2, 1947. The first few classes he studied at school No. 255 with Sofia G. Generson, thanks to whom he became interested in mathematics. In 1961 he began to participate in all-Russian olympiads. From 1962 to 1963 he studied at Leningrad physical and mathematical school No. 239. Also from 7th to 9th grade he was involved in the mathematical circle of the Leningrad Palace of Pioneers. In 1963-1964 he completed 10th grade at the Moscow State University physics and mathematics boarding school No. 18 named after A. N. Kolmogorov.
In 1964, he won a gold medal the International Mathematical Olympiad and was enrolled in the Mathematics and Mechanics Department of St. Petersburg State University without exams. He took his high school diploma exams as a first-year student.
Being a second-year student, he released two papers in mathematical logic that were published in the Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He presented these works at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1966.
After graduation, he enrolled in graduate school at St. Petersburg Depart
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20Institute%20of%20Canada
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The Chemical Institute of Canada is a Canadian professional umbrella organization for researchers and professionals in the field of chemistry. It was founded in 1921 as the Canadian Institute of Chemistry until it merged with other groups in 1945 under its current name. The organisation comprises three groups: the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering (est. 1966), the Canadian Society for Chemical Technology (est. 1973), and the Canadian Society for Chemistry (est. 1985).
Its highest award is the Chemical Institute of Canada Medal, awarded annually since 1951.
As of 2012, the Chemical Institute of Canada formed an agreement with the Society of Chemical Industry and SCI Canada, whereby SCI Canada became a forum of the CIC.
Canadian Chemistry Conference and Exhibition
Every year, the Chemical Institute of Canada holds a conference to bring together researchers and professional from all over Canada. The first conference in 1918 is said to have consisted of only 100 people and lead to the formation of the Chemical Society of Canada. In 2017, the 100th conference was held in Toronto coinciding with the 150th anniversary of Canada.
Fellows
The Chemical Institute of Canada awards fellowships (post-nominal FCIC) and honorary fellowships (post-nominal HFCIC).
Robert Ackman, FCIC
Alfred Bader, HFCIC
Howard Charles Clark, FCIC
Masad Damha, FCIC
John R. Dunn, FCIC
John Charles Polanyi, HFCIC
William George Schneider, FCIC
References
External links
Complete list of fe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Actor%20model
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In computer science, the Actor model, first published in 1973, is a mathematical model of concurrent computation.
Event orderings versus global state
A fundamental challenge in defining the Actor model is that it did not provide for global states so that a computational step could not be defined as going from one global state to the next global state as had been done in all previous models of computation.
In 1963 in the field of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy introduced situation variables in logic in the Situational Calculus. In McCarthy and Hayes 1969, a situation is defined as "the complete state of the universe at an instant of time." In this respect, the situations of McCarthy are not suitable for use in the Actor model since it has no global states.
From the definition of an Actor, it can be seen that numerous events take place: local decisions, creating Actors, sending messages, receiving messages, and designating how to respond to the next message received. Partial orderings on such events have been axiomatized in the Actor model and their relationship to physics explored (see Actor model theory).
Relationship to physics
According to Hewitt (2006), the Actor model is based on physics in contrast with other models of computation that were based on mathematical logic, set theory, algebra, etc. Physics influenced the Actor model in many ways, especially quantum physics and relativistic physics. One issue is what can be observed about Actor systems. The questi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ackman
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Robert George Ackman, (September 27, 1927 – July 16, 2013) was a Canadian chemist and professor. He was best known for his pioneering work on marine oils and Omega-3 fatty acid.
Born in Dorchester, New Brunswick, his education included a B.A. degree in organic chemistry from the University of Toronto received in 1950, an M.Sc. in organic chemistry from Dalhousie University received in 1952, a Ph.D. degree in organic chemistry from the University of London received in 1956, and a D.I.C. in organic chemistry from Imperial College London.
From 1950 to 1953, he was a research assistant with the Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. From 1956 to 1979, he was with the Halifax Laboratory, Fisheries Research Board of Canada as a research chemist, program head for marine oils, assistant director, technological consultant to chairman, group leader of marine lipids, and division chief of marine lipids. From 1979 to 1995, he was a Professor with the Technical University of Nova Scotia, Canadian Institute of Fisheries Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology. In 1995, he was appointed Professor Emeritus. He authored over 550 scientific papers.
In 2001, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1972, he was made a Fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada.
He died at age 85 on July 16, 2013, in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Research
Dr. Ackman was best known for his research in gas-liquid chromatography, marine oils and lipid
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