source
stringlengths 31
207
| text
stringlengths 12
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%287%29-manifold
|
In mathematics, a Spin(7)-manifold is an eight-dimensional Riemannian manifold whose holonomy group is contained in Spin(7). Spin(7)-manifolds are Ricci-flat and admit a parallel spinor. They also admit a parallel 4-form, known as the Cayley form, which is a calibrating form for a special class of submanifolds called Cayley cycles.
History
The fact that Spin(7) might possibly arise as the holonomy group of certain Riemannian 8-manifolds was first suggested by the 1955 classification theorem of Marcel Berger, and this possibility remained consistent with the simplified proof of Berger's theorem given by Jim Simons in 1962. Although not a single example of such a manifold had yet been discovered, Edmond Bonan then showed in 1966 that,
if such a manifold did in fact exist, it would carry a parallel 4-form, and that it would necessarily be Ricci-flat. The first local examples of 8-manifolds with holonomy Spin(7) were finally constructed around 1984 by Robert Bryant, and his full proof of their existence appeared in Annals of Mathematics in 1987. Next, complete (but still noncompact) 8-manifolds with holonomy Spin(7) were explicitly constructed by Bryant and Salamon in 1989. The first examples of compact Spin(7)-manifolds were then constructed by Dominic Joyce in 1996.
See also
G2 manifold
Calabi–Yau manifold
References
.
.
.
Riemannian manifolds
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Taylor%20%28philosopher%29
|
Richard Clyde Taylor (November 5, 1919 – October 30, 2003) was an American philosopher renowned for his contributions to metaphysics. He was also an internationally known beekeeper.
Biography
Taylor received his PhD at Brown University, where his supervisor was Roderick Chisholm. He taught at Brown University, Columbia and the University of Rochester, and had visiting appointments at about a dozen other institutions. His best-known book was Metaphysics (1963). Other works included Action and Purpose (1966), Good and Evil (1970) and Virtue Ethics (1991). Professor Taylor was also the editor of The Will to Live: Selected Writings of Arthur Schopenhauer. He was an enthusiastic advocate of virtue ethics. He also wrote influential papers on the meaning of life, which, like Albert Camus, he explored through an examination of the myth of Sisyphus.
Taylor's 1962 essay "Fatalism" was the subject of David Foster Wallace's undergraduate thesis at Amherst College, published in 2011 together with Taylor's essay and contemporary responses under the title Fate, Time, and Language: An Essay on Free Will.
Taylor made significant contributions to beekeeping. He owned three hundred hives of bees and, from 1970, produced mostly comb honey. He explained his management techniques in several books, including The Comb Honey Book and The Joys of Beekeeping.
In 1993, he debated William Lane Craig over the subject 'Is The Basis For Morality Natural or Supernatural?'.
Notable philosophers who studi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye%E2%80%93Waller%20factor
|
The Debye–Waller factor (DWF), named after Peter Debye and Ivar Waller, is used in condensed matter physics to describe the attenuation of x-ray scattering or coherent neutron scattering caused by thermal motion. It is also called the B factor, atomic B factor, or temperature factor. Often, "Debye–Waller factor" is used as a generic term that comprises the Lamb–Mössbauer factor of incoherent neutron scattering and Mössbauer spectroscopy.
The DWF depends on the scattering vector q. For a given q, DWF(q) gives the fraction of elastic scattering; 1 – DWF(q) correspondingly gives the fraction of inelastic scattering (strictly speaking, this probability interpretation is not true in general). In diffraction studies, only the elastic scattering is useful; in crystals, it gives rise to distinct Bragg reflection peaks. Inelastic scattering events are undesirable as they cause a diffuse background — unless the energies of scattered particles are analysed, in which case they carry valuable information (for instance in inelastic neutron scattering or electron energy loss spectroscopy).
The basic expression for the DWF is given by
where u is the displacement of a scattering center,
and denotes either thermal or time averaging.
Assuming harmonicity of the scattering centers in the material under study, the Boltzmann distribution implies that is normally distributed with zero mean. Then, using for example the expression of the corresponding characteristic function, the DWF takes the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20M.%20Capps
|
Edwin M. Capps (December 23, 1860 – January 16, 1938) was an American Democratic politician from California.
Biography
Capps was born 1860 in Knoxville, Tennessee. His father was Thomas J. Capps, professor of mathematics at East Tennessee University. He grew in Shelbyville, Illinois and his family moved to Golden, Colorado where he apprenticed as a civil engineer.
In 1886 Capps moved to San Diego where he was a mining engineer and real estate agent. He became city engineer of San Diego in 1893 and designed the new city police station and jail in 1911 and the beautiful Spruce Street suspension footbridge in 1912. He was in charge of harbor improvements in 1912, to handle increased traffic anticipated by the completion of the Panama Canal. He came up with the "Capps' Plan" to dredge the harbor, fill the shoreline, and erect piers, wharves, seawalls, and warehouses.
Capps served twice as mayor, 1899–1901 and 1915–1917. He was San Diego's first Democratic mayor.
In 1915 San Diego was suffering from a multi-year drought. In December 1915, Capps and the city council hired a rainmaker, who guaranteed rain and wouldn't charge if it didn't rain, Charley Hatfield. He supposedly achieved success in 1904 in Los Angeles. Hatfield set up shop in Mission Valley by burning noxious fumes to "seed" clouds. However, what happened was a disastrous flood in January 1916 and the city reneged on the contract and refused to pay Hatfield anything.
Capps thought the future in San Diego was tour
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danishefsky%20Taxol%20total%20synthesis
|
The Danishefsky Taxol total synthesis in organic chemistry is an important third Taxol synthesis published by the group of Samuel Danishefsky in 1996 two years after the first two efforts described in the Holton Taxol total synthesis and the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis. Combined they provide a good insight in the application of organic chemistry in total synthesis.
Danishefsky's route to Taxol has many similarities with that of Nicolaou. Both are examples of convergent synthesis with a coupling of the A and the C ring from two precursors. The main characteristic of the Danishefsky variant is the completion of the oxetane D ring onto the cyclohexanol C ring prior to the construction of the 8-membered B ring. The most prominent starting material is the (+) enantiomer of the Wieland-Miescher ketone. This compound is commercially available as a single enantiomer and the single chiral group present in this molecule is able to drive the entire sequence of organic reactions to a single optically active Taxol endproduct. The final step, the tail addition is identical to that of Nicolaou and is based on Ojima chemistry.
In terms of raw material shopping, this taxol molecule consists of the aforementioned Wieland-Miescher ketone, 2-methyl-3-pentanone, lithium aluminium hydride, osmium tetroxide, phenyllithium, pyridinium chlorochromate, the Corey-Chaykovsky reagent and acryloyl chloride. Key chemical transformations are the Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky reaction and the Heck reaction.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylsilyl%20chloride
|
Trimethylsilyl chloride, also known as chlorotrimethylsilane is an organosilicon compound (silyl halide), with the formula , often abbreviated or TMSCl. It is a colourless volatile liquid that is stable in the absence of water. It is widely used in organic chemistry.
Preparation
TMSCl is prepared on a large scale by the direct process, the reaction of methyl chloride with a silicon-copper alloy. The principal target of this process is dimethyldichlorosilane, but substantial amounts of the trimethyl and monomethyl products are also obtained. The relevant reactions are (Me = methyl, ):
Typically about 2–4% of the product stream is the monochloride, which forms an azeotrope with .
Reactions and uses
TMSCl is reactive toward nucleophiles, resulting in the replacement of the chloride. In a characteristic reaction of TMSCl, the nucleophile is water, resulting in hydrolysis to give the hexamethyldisiloxane:
The related reaction of trimethylsilyl chloride with alcohols can be exploited to produce anhydrous solutions of hydrochloric acid in alcohols, which find use in the mild synthesis of esters from carboxylic acids and nitriles as well as, acetals from ketones. Similarly, trimethylsilyl chloride is also used to silanize laboratory glassware, making the surfaces more lipophilic.
Silylation in organic synthesis
By the process of silylation, polar functional groups such as alcohols and amines readily undergo reaction with trimethylsilyl chloride, giving trimethylsilyl ethers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Spiropulu
|
Maria Spiropulu (; ) is a Greek particle physicist. She is the Shang-Yi Ch'en Professor of Physics at the California Institute of Technology.
Biography
Maria Spiropulu received her bachelor's degree in physics from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 1993, and obtained her PhD with the CDF experiment from Harvard University in 2000. For her doctoral thesis, she applied for the first time in hadron colliders a novel double blind analysis method to search for evidence of supersymmetry. She excluded a large part of the parameter space where SUSY particles were expected to emerge.
From 2001 to 2003, Spiropulu continued the CDF experiment as an Enrico Fermi fellow at the University of Chicago, using signatures of missing transverse energy to search for extra dimensions and supersymmetry. In 2004, she moved to CERN as a research scientist with the CMS experiment. From 2005 to 2008, she served as co-convener of the CMS physics analysis group searching for supersymmetry and other phenomena beyond the Standard Model. She was a senior research physicist at CERN until 2012, and has been professor of physics at the California Institute of Technology since 2009. She invented, with her student Chris Rogan and collaborators Maurizio Pierini and Joseph Lykken, a new set of kinematic variables ("razor") targeting the discovery and characterization of new physics at the LHC.
She worked at the Tevatron’s collider experiments and at the CERN's Large Hadron Collider with leading roles
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer%20lattice
|
In mathematics, the -dimensional integer lattice (or cubic lattice), denoted , is the lattice in the Euclidean space whose lattice points are -tuples of integers. The two-dimensional integer lattice is also called the square lattice, or grid lattice. is the simplest example of a root lattice. The integer lattice is an odd unimodular lattice.
Automorphism group
The automorphism group (or group of congruences) of the integer lattice consists of all permutations and sign changes of the coordinates, and is of order 2n n!. As a matrix group it is given by the set of all n × n signed permutation matrices. This group is isomorphic to the semidirect product
where the symmetric group Sn acts on (Z2)n by permutation (this is a classic example of a wreath product).
For the square lattice, this is the group of the square, or the dihedral group of order 8; for the three-dimensional cubic lattice, we get the group of the cube, or octahedral group, of order 48.
Diophantine geometry
In the study of Diophantine geometry, the square lattice of points with integer coordinates is often referred to as the Diophantine plane. In mathematical terms, the Diophantine plane is the Cartesian product of the ring of all integers . The study of Diophantine figures focuses on the selection of nodes in the Diophantine plane such that all pairwise distances are integers.
Coarse geometry
In coarse geometry, the integer lattice is coarsely equivalent to Euclidean space.
Pick's theorem
Pick's theorem,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/186%20%28number%29
|
186 (one hundred [and] eighty-six) is the natural number following 185 and preceding 187.
In mathematics
There is no integer with exactly 186 coprimes less than it, so 186 is a nontotient. It is also never the difference between an integer and the total of coprimes below it, so it is a noncototient.
There are 186 different pentahexes, shapes formed by gluing together five regular hexagons, when rotations of shapes are counted as distinct from each other.
186 is a Fine number.
See also
The year AD 186 or 186 BC
List of highways numbered 186
References
Integers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20G.%20Hewitt
|
Paul G. Hewitt (born December 3, 1931) is an American physicist, former boxer, uranium prospector, author, and cartoonist. Born in Saugus, Massachusetts, Hewitt lives in St. Petersburg, Florida with his wife.
Conceptual physics
In 1964, Hewitt began his teaching career at the City College of San Francisco. In 1980 he began teaching evening courses for the general public at the Exploratorium in San Francisco. Hewitt left both the Berkeley and Santa Cruz campuses of the University of California, choosing instead to move to Hawaii to teach at the University of Hawaii at their Hilo and Manoa campuses.
During Hewitt's teaching career he began taping his lectures. Prospective physicists, Kevin Dempsey and Jeffery Wetherhold, attended several of Hewitt's lectures. He would be one of the first to adopt the Hewitt philosophy on conceptual physics.
In 1987, Hewitt began writing a high-school version of Conceptual Physics, which was published by Addison–Wesley. Hewitt taught classes on his return to the City College of San Francisco that were videotaped and distributed in a 12-lecture set. Conceptual Physics at the high-school level is now on its third edition and has transferred its publication to Prentice Hall. Conceptual Physics at the college level is now on its twelfth edition and is published by Pearson. In 2007 Addison-Wesley and Prentice Hall merged; all Hewitt textbooks are now published by Pearson Education.
Prior to Conceptual Physics, Hewitt co-authored Thinking Physics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent%20%28disambiguation%29
|
A tangent, in geometry, is a straight line through a point on a curve that has the same direction at that point as the curve.
Tangent may also refer to:
Mathematics
Analogous concepts for surfaces and higher-dimensional smooth manifolds, such as the tangent space
More generally, in geometry, two curves are said to be tangent when they intersect at a given point and have the same direction at that point; see for instance tangent circles
Bitangent, a line that is tangent to two different curves, or tangent twice to the same curve
The tangent function, one of the six basic trigonometric functions
Music
Tangent (clavichord), a part of the action of the clavichord that both initiates and sustains a tone, and helps determine pitch
Tangent (tangent piano), a part of the action of the tangent piano that only initiates the sound by striking the string(s) and rebounding immediately in the manner of a piano
The Tangent, an international progressive rock supergroup
Tangents: The Tea Party Collection, a compilation album from The Tea Party released in 2000.
Tangents: 1973–1983, a compilation box set from Tangerine Dream released in 1994.
Tangents (band), an Australian musical group
Entertainment
Tangent Comics, a short-lived imprint of DC Comics
"The Tangent Universe", the alternate universe in time travel in the cult film Donnie Darko
Tangent (Stargate SG-1), an episode of the television series Stargate SG-1
Tangents (film) or Time Chasers, a 1994 science fiction film
Tangents (co
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIRST%20Robotics%20Competition
|
FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) is an international high school robotics competition. Each year, teams of high school students, coaches, and mentors work during a six-week period to build robots capable of competing in that year's game that weigh up to . Robots complete tasks such as scoring balls into goals, placing inner tubes onto racks, hanging on bars, and balancing robots on balance beams. The game, along with the required set of tasks, changes annually. While teams are given a kit of a standard set of parts during the annual Kickoff, they are also allowed and encouraged to buy or fabricate specialized parts. FIRST Robotics Competition is one of five robotics competition programs organized by FIRST, the other four being FIRST LEGO League Discover, FIRST LEGO League Explore, FIRST LEGO League Challenge, and FIRST Tech Challenge.
The culture of FIRST Robotics Competition is built around two values. "Gracious Professionalism" embraces the competition inherent in the program but rejects trash talk and chest-thumping, instead embracing empathy and respect for other teams. "Coopertition" emphasizes that teams can cooperate and compete at the same time. The goal of the program is to inspire students to be science and technology leaders.
2022 was the 31st year of the competition. 3,225 teams, including more than 80,000 students and 25,000 mentors from 26 countries, built robots. The 2022 season included 58 Regional Competitions, 90 District Qualifying Competitions, and 11 Di
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superb
|
Superb may refer to:
Škoda Superb car
, nine Royal Navy ships
The Superb, a railroad car used by US President Warren G. Harding
SuperB, a proposed particle physics facility in Italy
Grevillea 'Superb', a widely grown grevillea (shrub) cultivar
Superb, subsidiary of Hybe Corporation
The Superbs, a 1960s female R&B group that evolved into the group Devotion
See also
Superbe (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Gerwig
|
Robert Gerwig (1820–1885) was a German civil engineer.
Gerwig was born on 2 May 1820 in Karlsruhe, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, and attended the Großherzogliches Polytechnikum (now known as Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) where he studied civil engineering, primarily road construction.
In the 1860s, Gerwigs attention and professional skills turned toward rail transport. He was one of the principal designers of the Black Forest Railway, which avoided steep grades through the use of numerous loops and curved tunnels. He applied the principle again for the Gotthard Railway at the double loop of Wassen. His last rail project was the Höllental Railway, also in Germany's Black Forest region.
Later in life, Gerwig turned to politics. He was active in the government of Baden. He also served as the first director (1850-) of the Clockmakers School (Uhrmacherschule) in Furtwangen. In 1852 he began collecting clocks; his collection formed the basis for 'Study Collection" of the school and eventually became the German Clock Museum (Deutsches Uhrenmuseum). Gerwig died on 6 December 1885.
References
External links
1820 births
1885 deaths
Engineers from Karlsruhe
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
German Protestants
National Liberal Party (Germany) politicians
Members of the Second Chamber of the Diet of the Grand Duchy of Baden
Members of the 3rd Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the 4th Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the 5th Reichstag of the German Empir
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signcryption
|
In cryptography, signcryption is a public-key primitive that simultaneously performs the functions of both digital signature and encryption.
Encryption and digital signature are two fundamental cryptographic tools that can guarantee the confidentiality, integrity, and non-repudiation. Until 1997, they were viewed as important but distinct building blocks of various cryptographic systems. In public key schemes, a traditional method is to digitally sign a message then followed by an encryption (signature-then-encryption) that can have two problems: Low efficiency and high cost of such summation, and the case that any arbitrary scheme cannot guarantee security. Signcryption is a relatively new cryptographic technique that is supposed to perform the functions of digital signature and encryption in a single logical step and can effectively decrease the computational costs and communication overheads in comparison with the traditional signature-then-encryption schemes.
Signcryption provides the properties of both digital signatures and encryption schemes in a way that is more efficient than signing and encrypting separately. This means that at least some aspect of its efficiency (for example the computation time) is better than any hybrid of digital signature and encryption schemes, under a particular model of security. Note that sometimes hybrid encryption can be employed instead of simple encryption, and a single session-key reused for several encryptions to achieve better ove
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitzur%E2%80%93Vaidman%20bomb%20tester
|
The Elitzur–Vaidman bomb-tester is a quantum mechanics thought experiment that uses interaction-free measurements to verify that a bomb is functional without having to detonate it. It was conceived in 1993 by Avshalom Elitzur and Lev Vaidman. Since their publication, real-world experiments have confirmed that their theoretical method works as predicted.
The bomb tester takes advantage of two characteristics of elementary particles, such as photons or electrons: nonlocality and wave–particle duality. By placing the particle in a quantum superposition, it is possible for the experiment to verify that the bomb works without triggering its detonation, although there is still a 50% chance that the bomb will detonate in the effort.
Background
The bomb test is an interaction-free measurement. The idea of getting information about an object without interacting with it is not a new one. For example, there are two boxes, one of which contains something, the other of which contains nothing. If you open one box and see nothing, you know that the other contains something, without ever opening it.
This experiment has its roots in the double-slit experiment and other, more complex concepts which inspired it, including Schrödinger's cat, and Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment. The behavior of elementary particles is very different from what we experience in our macroscopic world. Their observed behavior can be that of a wave or of a particle (see wave–particle duality), their wave-like b
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor%20code
|
In computer science, Raptor codes (rapid tornado; see Tornado codes) are the first known class of fountain codes with linear time encoding and decoding. They were invented by Amin Shokrollahi in 2000/2001 and were first published in 2004 as an extended abstract. Raptor codes are a significant theoretical and practical improvement over LT codes, which were the first practical class of fountain codes.
Raptor codes, as with fountain codes in general, encode a given source block of data consisting of a number k of equal size source symbols into a potentially limitless sequence of encoding symbols such that reception of any k or more encoding symbols allows the source block to be recovered with some non-zero probability. The probability that the source block can be recovered increases with the number of encoding symbols received above k becoming very close to 1, once the number of received encoding symbols is only very slightly larger than k. For example, with the latest generation of Raptor codes, the RaptorQ codes, the chance of decoding failure when k encoding symbols have been received is less than 1%, and the chance of decoding failure when k+2 encoding symbols have been received is less than one in a million. (See Recovery probability and overhead section below for more discussion on this.) A symbol can be any size, from a single byte to hundreds or thousands of bytes.
Raptor codes may be systematic or non-systematic. In the systematic case, the symbols of the original
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20value
|
The adaptive value represents the combined influence of all characters which affect the fitness of an individual or population.
Definition
Adaptive value is an essential concept of population genetics. It represents usefulness of a trait that can help an organism to survive in its environment. This heritable trait that can help offspring to cope with the new surrounding or condition is a measurable quantity. Measuring adaptive value increases our understanding of how a trait helps an individual's or population's chances of survival in a particular set of conditions.
Measurement
The adaptive value can be measured by contribution of an individual to the gene pool of their offspring. The adaptive values are approximately calculated from the rates of change in frequency and mutation–selection balance.
Examples
Avoiding Predators Some plants use indirect plant defenses to protect themselves against their herbivorous consumers. One of defensive mechanism that plants employ is to release volatile chemicals when herbivores are feeding from them. The odor of volatile chemical attracts carnivores’ attention, and they get rid of herbivores by eating them.
Sexual Reproduction Advantages Sexual mimicry is common among animals. Male cuttlefishes uses this strategy to gain advantage over other males competitor. They mimic female cuttlefish's marking to fool guarding male and fertilize their females. This strategy has more success rate than normal courtship.
See also
Adaptation
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Philipp%20von%20Wurzelbauer
|
Johann Philipp von Wurzelbauer (also spelled Wurzelbaur, Wurzelbau, Wurtzelbaur, Wurtzelbau) (28 September 1651 – 21 July 1725) was a German astronomer.
Biography
A native of Nuremberg, Wurzelbauer was a merchant who became an astronomer. As a youth, he was keenly interested in mathematics and astronomy but had been forced to earn his living as a merchant. He married twice: his first marriage was to Maria Magdalena Petz (1656–1713), his second to Sabina Dorothea Kress (1658–1733). Petz bore him six children.
He first published a work concerning his observations on the great comet of 1680, and initially began his work at a private castle-observatory on Spitzenberg 4 owned by Georg Christoph Eimmart (completely destroyed during World War II), the director of Nuremberg's painters' academy. Wurzelbauer was 64 when he began this second career, but proved himself to be an able assistant to Eimmart. A large quadrant from his days at Eimmart's observatory still survives.
After 1682, Wurzelbauer owned his own astronomical observatory and instruments, and observed the transit of Mercury, solar eclipses, and worked out the geographical latitude of his native city. After 1683, he had withdrawn himself completely from business life to dedicate himself to astronomy.
By 1700, Wurzelbauer had become the most well-known astronomer in Nuremberg. For his services to the field of astronomy, he was ennobled in 1692 by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and added the von to his name. He was
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%E2%80%93temporal%20reasoning
|
Spatial–temporal reasoning is an area of artificial intelligence that draws from the fields of computer science, cognitive science, and cognitive psychology. The theoretic goal—on the cognitive side—involves representing and reasoning spatial-temporal knowledge in mind. The applied goal—on the computing side—involves developing high-level control systems of automata for navigating and understanding time and space.
Influence from cognitive psychology
A convergent result in cognitive psychology is that the connection relation is the first spatial relation that human babies acquire, followed by understanding orientation relations and distance relations. Internal relations among the three kinds of spatial relations can be computationally and systematically explained within the theory of cognitive prism as follows: (1) the connection relation is primitive; (2) an orientation relation is a distance comparison relation: you being in front of me can be interpreted as you are nearer to my front side than my other sides; (3) a distance relation is a connection relation using a third object: you being one meter away from me can be interpreted as a one meter long object connected with you and me simultaneously.
Fragmentary representations of temporal calculi
Without addressing internal relations among spatial relations, AI researchers contributed many fragmentary representations. Examples of temporal calculi include Allen's interval algebra, and Vilain's & Kautz's point algebra. The
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aza-Baylis%E2%80%93Hillman%20reaction
|
The aza-Baylis–Hillman reaction or aza-BH reaction in organic chemistry is a variation of the Baylis–Hillman reaction and describes the reaction of an electron deficient alkene, usually an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, with an imine in the presence of a nucleophile. The reaction product is an allylic amine. The reaction can be carried out in enantiomeric excess of up to 90% with the aid of bifunctional chiral BINOL and phosphinyl BINOL compounds, for example in the reaction of n-(4-chloro-benzylidene)-benzenesulfonamide with methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) in cyclopentyl methyl ether and toluene at -15°C.
In one study a reaction mechanism for a specific aza-BH reaction is proposed. Given a set of reaction conditions the reaction is found to be first-order in the triphenylphosphine nucleophile, MVK and the tosylimine concentration in the rate determining step in the presence of a Brønsted acid such as phenol or benzoic acid. The presence of an acid facilitates the elimination reaction in the zwitterion by proton transfer which becomes much faster and no longer rate determining. A 6 membered cyclic transition state is proposed for this reaction step. Because this step is also reversible the presence of acid causes a racemisation process simply by mixing chiral aza-BH adduct, phosphine and acid.
Asymmetric aza-BH
Aza-BH reactions are known in asymmetric synthesis by making use of chiral ligands. In one study, for the first time, successful use was made of a chiral solvent based
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20accelerators%20in%20particle%20physics
|
A list of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments. Some early particle accelerators that more properly did nuclear physics, but existed prior to the separation of particle physics from that field, are also included. Although a modern accelerator complex usually has several stages of accelerators, only accelerators whose output has been used directly for experiments are listed.
Early accelerators
These all used single beams with fixed targets. They tended to have very briefly run, inexpensive, and unnamed experiments.
Cyclotrons
[1] The magnetic pole pieces and return yoke from the 60-inch cyclotron were later moved to UC Davis and incorporated into a 76-inch isochronous cyclotron which is still in use today
Other early accelerator types
Synchrotrons
Fixed-target accelerators
More modern accelerators that were also run in fixed target mode; often, they will also have been run as colliders, or accelerated particles for use in subsequently built colliders.
High intensity hadron accelerators (Meson and neutron sources)
Electron and low intensity hadron accelerators
Colliders
Electron–positron colliders
Hadron colliders
Electron-proton colliders
Light sources
Hypothetical accelerators
Besides the real accelerators listed above, there are hypothetical accelerators often used
as hypothetical examples or optimistic projects by particle physicists.
Eloisatron (Eurasiatic Long Intersecting Storage Accelerator) was a project of INFN headed by Ant
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20Instrumentation%20Module
|
The Nuclear Instrumentation Module (NIM) standard defines mechanical and electrical specifications for electronics modules used in experimental particle and nuclear physics. The concept of modules in electronic systems offers enormous advantages in flexibility, interchange of instruments, reduced design effort, ease in updating and maintaining the instruments.
The NIM standard is one of the first (and perhaps the simplest) such standards. First defined by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's report TID-20893 in 1968–1969, NIM was most recently revised in 1990 (DOE/ER-0457T). It provides a common footprint for electronic modules (amplifiers, ADCs, DACs, CFDs, etc.), which plug into a larger chassis (NIM crate, or NIM bin). The crate must supply ±12 and ±24 volts DC power to the modules via a backplane; the standard also specifies ±6 V DC and 220 V or 110 V AC pins, but not all NIM bins provide them. Mechanically, NIM modules must have a minimum standard width of 1.35 in (34 mm), a maximum faceplate height of 8.7 in (221 mm) and depth of 9.7 in (246 mm). They can, however, also be built in multiples of this standard width, that is, double-width, triple-width etc.
The NIM standard also specifies cabling, connectors, impedances and levels for logic signals. The fast logic standard (commonly known as NIM logic) is a current-based logic, negative "true" (at −16 mA into 50 ohms = −0.8 volts) and 0 mA for "false"; is also specified.
Apart from the above mentioned mechanical/physica
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BINP
|
BINP may refer to:
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Russia
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome%20Allen%20%28author%29
|
Jerome Allen (1830–1894) was an American educator and author, born in Westminster, Vermont.
He graduated from Amherst College in 1851, then presided over several institutions in the Western United States from 1851 to 1885.
Books
Handbook of Experimental Chemistry (1876)
Short Studies in English (1886–7)
Mind Studies for Young Teachers (seventh edition, 1887)
Temperament of Education (1890)
References
External links
1830 births
1894 deaths
People from Westminster (town), Vermont
Educators from Vermont
American education writers
Education school deans
Amherst College alumni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Across
|
Across may refer to:
Technology and engineering
Across Language Server, a software platform
ACROSS Project, an R&D project in social robotics
Suzuki Across (motorcycle), a motorcycle manufactured by Suzuki
Suzuki Across (crossover), an automobile based on the Toyota RAV4
Arts and entertainment
Across Entertainment, a Japanese voice-acting agency
Across, a musical project of American rapper Lil Ugly Mane
Across, a 2014 EP by Kilo Kish
ACROSS, a fictional secret organization which is the subject of the manga and anime series Excel Saga
See also
Accross, a short name of Accrington and Rossendale College
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20and%20negative%20parts
|
In mathematics, the positive part of a real or extended real-valued function is defined by the formula
Intuitively, the graph of is obtained by taking the graph of , chopping off the part under the x-axis, and letting take the value zero there.
Similarly, the negative part of f is defined as
Note that both f+ and f− are non-negative functions. A peculiarity of terminology is that the 'negative part' is neither negative nor a part (like the imaginary part of a complex number is neither imaginary nor a part).
The function f can be expressed in terms of f+ and f− as
Also note that
.
Using these two equations one may express the positive and negative parts as
Another representation, using the Iverson bracket is
One may define the positive and negative part of any function with values in a linearly ordered group.
The unit ramp function is the positive part of the identity function.
Measure-theoretic properties
Given a measurable space (X,Σ), an extended real-valued function f is measurable if and only if its positive and negative parts are. Therefore, if such a function f is measurable, so is its absolute value |f|, being the sum of two measurable functions. The converse, though, does not necessarily hold: for example, taking f as
where V is a Vitali set, it is clear that f is not measurable, but its absolute value is, being a constant function.
The positive part and negative part of a function are used to define the Lebesgue integral for a real-valued function. An
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas%20Kuiper
|
Nicolaas Hendrik Kuiper (; 28 June 1920 – 12 December 1994) was a Dutch mathematician, known for Kuiper's test and proving Kuiper's theorem. He also contributed to the Nash embedding theorem.
Kuiper studied at University of Leiden in 1937-41, and worked as a secondary school teacher of mathematics in Dordrecht in 1942-47. He completed his Ph.D. in differential geometry from the University of Leiden in 1946 under the supervision of Willem van der Woude. In 1947 he came to the United States at the invitation of Oscar Veblen, where he stayed at the Institute for Advanced Study for one year as Veblen's assistant, and the second year as member of the IAS, meeting Shiing-Shen Chern, and he also went to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. In February to June 1954, he went for a second time to Ann Arbor where he met Raoul Bott and his student Stephen Smale. In 1950 he was appointed professor of mathematics (and statistics) at the Agricultural University of Wageningen.
In 1957, he was notably one of the six participants to the first Arbeitstagung, an informal seminar animated by Friedrich Hirzebruch, which later became very popular among mathematicians; he saw at this occasion Alexander Grothendieck presenting his first revolutionary works in algebraic geometry. In 1960 he visited Northwestern University in Evanston for half a year.
He became professor of pure mathematics at the University of Amsterdam in 1962. In 1969-70 he made a second visit at the Institute for Advanced St
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic%20conduction
|
In mesoscopic physics, ballistic conduction (ballistic transport) is the unimpeded flow (or transport) of charge carriers (usually electrons), or energy-carrying particles, over relatively long distances in a material. In general, the resistivity of a material exists because an electron, while moving inside a medium, is scattered by impurities, defects, thermal fluctuations of ions in a crystalline solid, or, generally, by any freely-moving atom/molecule composing a gas or liquid. Without scattering, electrons simply obey Newton's second law of motion at non-relativistic speeds.
The mean free path of a particle can be described as the average length that the particle can travel freely, i.e., before a collision, which could change its momentum. The mean free path can be increased by reducing the number of impurities in a crystal or by lowering its temperature. Ballistic transport is observed when the mean free path of the particle is (much) longer than the dimension of the medium through which the particle travels. The particle alters its motion only upon collision with the walls. In the case of a wire suspended in air/vacuum the surface of the wire plays the role of the box reflecting the electrons and preventing them from exiting toward the empty space/open air. This is because there is an energy to be paid to extract the electron from the medium (work function).
Ballistic conduction is typically observed in quasi-1D structures, such as carbon nanotubes or silicon nanowire
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein%20automaton
|
In computer science, a Levenshtein automaton for a string w and a number n is a finite-state automaton that can recognize the set of all strings whose Levenshtein distance from w is at most n. That is, a string x is in the formal language recognized by the Levenshtein automaton if and only if x can be transformed into w by at most n single-character insertions, deletions, and substitutions.
Applications
Levenshtein automata may be used for spelling correction, by finding words in a given dictionary that are close to a misspelled word. In this application, once a word is identified as being misspelled, its Levenshtein automaton may be constructed, and then applied to all of the words in the dictionary to determine which ones are close to the misspelled word. If the dictionary is stored in compressed form as a trie, the time for this algorithm (after the automaton has been constructed) is proportional to the number of nodes in the trie, significantly faster than using dynamic programming to compute the Levenshtein distance separately for each dictionary word.
It is also possible to find words in a regular language, rather than a finite dictionary, that are close to a given target word, by computing the Levenshtein automaton for the word, and then using a Cartesian product construction to combine it with an automaton for the regular language, giving an automaton for the intersection language. Alternatively, rather than using the product construction, both the Levenshtein autom
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration%20state%20function
|
In quantum chemistry, a configuration state function (CSF), is a symmetry-adapted linear combination of Slater determinants. A CSF must not be confused with a configuration. In general, one configuration gives rise to several CSFs; all have the same total quantum numbers for spin and spatial parts but differ in their intermediate couplings.
Definition
A configuration state function (CSF), is a symmetry-adapted linear combination of Slater determinants. It is constructed to have the same quantum numbers as the wavefunction, , of the system being studied. In the method of configuration interaction, the wavefunction can be expressed as a linear combination of CSFs, that is in the form
where denotes the set of CSFs. The coefficients, , are found by using the expansion of to compute a Hamiltonian matrix. When this is diagonalized, the eigenvectors are chosen as the expansion coefficients. CSFs rather than just Slater determinants can also be used as a basis in multi-configurational self-consistent field computations.
In atomic structure, a CSF is an eigenstate of
the square of the angular momentum operator,
the z-projection of angular momentum
the square of the spin operator
the z-projection of the spin operator
In linear molecules, does not commute with the Hamiltonian for the system and therefore CSFs are not eigenstates of . However, the z-projection of angular momentum is still a good quantum number and CSFs are constructed to be eigenstates of and . In non-l
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectics
|
Plectics (from Greek πλεκτός plektos, "woven") is the name that Murray Gell-Mann, a Nobel Laureate in Physics, has suggested for the research area described by Gell-Mann as "a broad transdisciplinary subject covering aspects of simplicity and complexity as well as the properties of complex adaptive systems, including composite complex adaptive systems consisting of many adaptive agents".
Etymology
Murray Gell-Mann explains the derivation of the word as follows:
See also
Computational cybernetics
Santa Fe Institute
References
Systems theory
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin%20Island%20Sea%20Lab
|
The Dauphin Island Sea Lab (DISL) is Alabama's primary marine education and research center. DISL is the home site of the Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium and was founded by an act of the Alabama State Legislature in 1971. It also has a public aquarium specializing in estuarine organisms, the George F. Crozier Estuarium.
The facilities are located on the East end of Dauphin Island, and occupy grounds formerly owned by the US Air Force for the 693rd Radar Squadron. It is located next to the historic Fort Gaines.
Alabama Aquarium at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab
The George F. Crozier Estuarium is part of the Discovery Hall educational program at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab. It includes a 10,000 square foot Exhibit Hall and a Living Marsh Boardwalk. The Exhibit Hall features four exhibits highlighting aquatic life that could be found in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, Mobile Bay, the Barrier Islands and the Northern Gulf of Mexico.
The Mobile-Tensaw River Delta exhibit recreates Alabama's largest wetland, the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta and features multi-species displays featuring the American alligator, turtles and gar.
The Mobile Bay exhibit features a replica of the legs of the Middle Bay Lighthouse and houses native species found in the brackish water of Mobile Bay, including stone crabs, horseshoe crabs, blue crabs, oysters, spadefish, and flounder.
The Barrier Islands exhibit features saltwater species commonly found on and around Alabama's barrier islands, includ
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef%20Beck
|
József Beck (Budapest, Hungary, February 14, 1952) is a Harold H. Martin Professor of Mathematics at Rutgers University.
His contributions to combinatorics include the partial colouring lemma and the Beck–Fiala theorem in discrepancy theory, the algorithmic version of the Lovász local lemma, the two extremes theorem in combinatorial geometry and the second moment method in the theory of positional games, among others.
Beck was awarded the Fulkerson Prize in 1985 for a paper titled "Roth's estimate of the discrepancy of integer sequences is nearly sharp", which introduced the notion of discrepancy on hypergraphs and established an upper bound on the discrepancy of the family of arithmetic progressions contained in {1,2,...,n}, matching the classical lower bound up to a polylogarithmic factor. Jiří Matoušek and Joel Spencer later succeeded in getting rid of this factor, showing that the bound was really sharp.
Beck gave an invited talk at the 1986 International Congress of Mathematicians.
He is an external member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (2004).
Books
Irregularities of Distribution (with William W. L. Chen, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics 89, Cambridge University Press, 1987)
Combinatorial Games: Tic-Tac-Toe Theory (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications 114, Cambridge University Press, 2008)
Inevitable Randomness in Discrete Mathematics (University Lecture Series 49, American Mathematical Society, 2009)
Probabilistic Diophantine Approximation: Rando
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott%20Sober
|
Elliott R. Sober (born 6 June 1948) is Hans Reichenbach Professor and William F. Vilas Research Professor in the Department of Philosophy at University of Wisconsin–Madison. Sober is noted for his work in philosophy of biology and general philosophy of science.
Education and career
Sober earned his Ph.D in philosophy from Harvard University under the supervision of Hilary Putnam, after doing graduate work at Cambridge University under the supervision of Mary Hesse. His work has also been strongly influenced by the biologist Richard Lewontin, and he has collaborated with David Sloan Wilson, Steven Orzack and Mike Steel, also biologists.
Sober has served as the president of both the Central Division of the American Philosophical Association and the Philosophy of Science Association. He was president of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science
(Division of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science) from 2012 until 2015. He taught for one year at Stanford University and has been a regular visiting professor at the London School of Economics.
Since 2013, Sober has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.
Philosophical work
One of Sober's main fields of research has been the subject of simplicity or parsimony in connection with theory evaluation in science. Sober also has been interested in altruism, both as the concept is used in evolutionary biology and also as it is used in connection with human psychology. H
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph%20Goclenius%20the%20Younger
|
Rudolph Goclenius the Younger (born Rudolph Göckel; 22 August 1572 – 3 March 1621) was a German physician and professor at Philipps University of Marburg.
Goclenius was born in Wittenberg, the oldest son of Rudolph Goclenius, who was also professor of physics, logic, mathematics and ethics at Marburg. He enrolled at the University of Marburg at the age of 15. As a student, Goclenius was a respondent to his father in a physical disputation and received his master's degree in 1591. After obtaining his medical degree in 1601, Goclenius became the first rector of the newly founded gymnasium in Büdingen and a personal physician (archiatrus) to Wolfgang Ernst I, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen. In 1608, he was appointed to the professorship of physics, astronomy and arithmetic at Marburg University. Afterwards, he took over the chairs of medicine (1611) and mathematics (1612) at the same place.
The younger Goclenius died in Marburg. His father wrote a poem for his funeral on 4 March 1621
As a physician he worked on cures against the plague. He became famous for his miraculous cure with the "weapon salve" or Powder of Sympathy. Based on the hermetic concepts of Paracelsus he published 1608 the proposition of a "magnetic" cure to heal wounds: the application of the salve on the weapon should heal the wounds afflicted by the weapon. This concept was brought to England by the alchemist Robert Fludd. A famous proponent was Sir Kenelm Digby. Synchronising the effects of the powder (which a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener%E2%80%93Khinchin%20theorem
|
In applied mathematics, the Wiener–Khinchin theorem or Wiener–Khintchine theorem, also known as the Wiener–Khinchin–Einstein theorem or the Khinchin–Kolmogorov theorem, states that the autocorrelation function of a wide-sense-stationary random process has a spectral decomposition given by the power spectral density of that process.
History
Norbert Wiener proved this theorem for the case of a deterministic function in 1930; Aleksandr Khinchin later formulated an analogous result for stationary stochastic processes and published that probabilistic analogue in 1934. Albert Einstein explained, without proofs, the idea in a brief two-page memo in 1914.
The case of a continuous-time process
For continuous time, the Wiener–Khinchin theorem says that if is a wide-sense-stationary random process whose autocorrelation function (sometimes called autocovariance) defined in terms of statistical expected value, exists and is finite at every lag , then there exists a monotone function in the frequency domain , or equivalently a non negative Radon measure on the frequency domain, such that
where the integral is a Riemann–Stieltjes integral. The asterisk denotes complex conjugate, and can be omitted if the random process is real-valued. This is a kind of spectral decomposition of the auto-correlation function. F is called the power spectral distribution function and is a statistical distribution function. It is sometimes called the integrated spectrum.
The Fourier transform of d
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersingular%20variety
|
In mathematics, a supersingular variety is (usually) a smooth projective variety in nonzero characteristic such that for all n the slopes of the Newton polygon of the nth crystalline cohomology are all n/2 . For special classes of varieties such as elliptic curves it is common to use various ad hoc definitions of "supersingular", which are (usually) equivalent to the one given above.
The term "singular elliptic curve" (or "singular j-invariant") was at one times used to refer to complex elliptic curves whose ring of endomorphisms has rank 2, the maximum possible. Helmut Hasse discovered that, in finite characteristic, elliptic curves can have larger rings of endomorphisms of rank 4, and these were called "supersingular elliptic curves". Supersingular elliptic curves can also be characterized by the slopes of their crystalline cohomology, and the term "supersingular" was later extended to other varieties whose cohomology has similar properties. The terms "supersingular" or "singular" do not mean that the variety has singularities.
Examples include:
Supersingular elliptic curve. Elliptic curves in non-zero characteristic with an unusually large ring of endomorphisms of rank 4.
Supersingular Abelian variety Sometimes defined to be an abelian variety isogenous to a product of supersingular elliptic curves, and sometimes defined to be an abelian variety of some rank g whose endomorphism ring has rank (2g)2.
Supersingular K3 surface. Certain K3 surfaces in non-zero characteri
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Groucho Marx (1890–1977) was an American comedian
Groucho could also refer to:
Groucho: A Life in Revue, a musical revue about the life of the comedian
Groucho Club, a private arts club in London
Groucho, a supporting character in the comic book series Dylan Dog
Groucho, a transcription-inhibiting factor in genetics
Groucho is an enemy which resembles Groucho Marx's face from the Japanese game Mother
groucho-, a facetious 1993 proposal for an SI unit prefix standing for 10−30
See also
Oscar the Grouch, Muppet character on Sesame Street TV program
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Masters
|
Alexander Wright Masters is an English author, screenwriter, and worker with the homeless. He lives in Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Masters is the son of authors Dexter Masters and Joan Brady. He was educated at Bedales School, and took a first in physics from King's College London. He then went to St Edmund's College, Cambridge for a further degree in maths, and then the beginnings of a PhD in the philosophy of quantum mechanics. He was studying for an MSc degree in mathematics with the Open University, and working as an assistant at a hostel for the homeless in Cambridge, when he wrote his first book.
He is the writer and illustrator of Stuart: A Life Backwards (), the biography of Stuart Shorter. It explores how a young boy, somewhat disabled from birth, became mentally unstable, criminal and violent, living homeless on the streets of Cambridge. As the title suggests, the book starts from Shorter's adult life, tracing it back in time through his troubled childhood, examining the effects his family, schooling and disability had on his eventual state. Masters wrote the book with Shorter's active and enthusiastic help.
Alexander Masters won an Arts Council Writers' Award for Stuart and went on to win the Guardian First Book Award and the Hawthornden Prize. The book was also shortlisted (in the biography category) for the Whitbread Book-of-the-Year Award, the Samuel Johnson Prize, and the National Book Critics Circle Award in the United States. He also wrote a screenplay ad
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collidinium%20p-toluenesulfonate
|
Collidinium p-toluenesulfonate or CPTS is a salt between p-toluenesulfonic acid and collidine (2,4,6-trimethylpyridine). It is used as a mild glycosylation catalyst in chemistry.
References
Pyridines
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20V.%20Oppenheim
|
Alan Victor Oppenheim (born 1937) is a professor of engineering at MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. He is also a principal investigator in MIT's Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), at the Digital Signal Processing Group.
His research interests are in the general area of signal processing and its applications. He is co-author of the widely used textbooks Discrete-Time Signal Processing and Signals and Systems. He is also the editor of several advanced books on signal processing.
Education
Oppenheim received his B.S. and M.S. degrees simultaneously in 1961 and his D.Sc. degree in 1964, all in electrical engineering, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His dissertation Superposition in a Class of Nonlinear Systems was written under the direction of Amar Bose. He is also the recipient of an honorary doctorate from Tel Aviv University (1995). In 1964, Oppenheim joined the faculty at MIT, where he is currently Ford Professor of Engineering and a MacVicar Faculty Fellow. Since 1967 he has been affiliated with MIT Lincoln Laboratory and since 1977 with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Affiliations and awards
Oppenheim was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for innovative research, writing of pioneering textbooks, and inspired teaching in the field of digital signal processing. He is a fellow of the IEEE, a member of Sigma Xi and ΗΚΝ. He has been a Guggenheim Fellow and a Sackler Fellow.
He has
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth%20Rees%20%28cricketer%29
|
Gareth Peter Rees (born 8 April 1985) is a Welsh cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a left-arm medium-pace bowler who played for Glamorgan.
Rees was born in Swansea. He represented Wales U17s at rugby and was a prominent member of the successful Felinfoel Youth Rugby team. He graduated with first class honours in Maths and Physics from the University of Bath.
In 2003 Rees played for Wales Minor Counties and Glamorgan's 2nd XI. He finally made his County Championship debut against Gloucestershire at Cheltenham. He won his county cap in 2009. Rees also represented the MCC in the opening game of the 2012 season against Lancashire.
By the end of the 2013 season, Rees is still going strong for Glamorgan, having scored two centuries during the season in the County Championship, but he did not make any appearances in the Friends Life t20.
Career best performances
External links
Gareth Rees at Glamorgan CCC
1985 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Bath
Cricketers from Swansea
Felinfoel RFC players
Glamorgan cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Rugby union players from Swansea
Team Bath rugby union players
Wales National County cricketers
Welsh cricketers
Welsh rugby union players
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelet%20transform
|
In mathematics, a wavelet series is a representation of a square-integrable (real- or complex-valued) function by a certain orthonormal series generated by a wavelet. This article provides a formal, mathematical definition of an orthonormal wavelet and of the integral wavelet transform.
Definition
A function is called an orthonormal wavelet if it can be used to define a Hilbert basis, that is a complete orthonormal system, for the Hilbert space of square integrable functions.
The Hilbert basis is constructed as the family of functions by means of dyadic translations and dilations of ,
for integers .
If under the standard inner product on ,
this family is orthonormal, it is an orthonormal system:
where is the Kronecker delta.
Completeness is satisfied if every function may be expanded in the basis as
with convergence of the series understood to be convergence in norm. Such a representation of f is known as a wavelet series. This implies that an orthonormal wavelet is self-dual.
The integral wavelet transform is the integral transform defined as
The wavelet coefficients are then given by
Here, is called the binary dilation or dyadic dilation, and is the binary or dyadic position.
Principle
The fundamental idea of wavelet transforms is that the transformation should allow only changes in time extension, but not shape. This is achieved by choosing suitable basis functions that allow for this. Changes in the time extension are expected to conform to the corre
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masataka%20Taketsuru
|
was a Japanese chemist and businessman. He is known as the founder of Japan's whisky industry and Nikka Whisky Distilling.
Born to a family that had owned a sake brewery since 1733, he traveled to Scotland in 1918 to study organic chemistry and distilling. He then returned to Japan establishing a whisky distillery at Suntory and founded his own distilling company, Nikka Whisky, in 1934.
Early life
Masataka Taketsuru was born on June 20, 1894, in Takehara, Hiroshima, to a family that had owned a sake brewery since 1733.
Experiences in Scotland
In December 1918, he arrived in Scotland and enrolled at the University of Glasgow, where he studied organic chemistry in the summer of 1919. Taketsuru studied under Thomas Stewart Patterson, the Gardiner Chair of Chemistry.
In April 1919, Taketsuru began his apprenticeship at Longmorn distillery in Strathspey, Scotland, and then in July at James Calder & Co.'s Bo'ness distillery in the Lowlands region. On 8 January 1920, he married Jessie Roberta "Rita" Cowan of Middlecroft, Kirkintilloch, despite opposition from both their families. Initially, they lived in Campbeltown and his last apprenticeship began in May 1920 at Hazelburn distillery (purchased in 1920 by Mackie & Co., then owners of Springbank) before moving to Japan later in November 1920 via New York and Seattle.
Return to Japan
After returning to Japan, Taketsuru worked at Kotobukiya, which would later become Suntory, where he helped establish a whisky distillery just o
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20invasion%20biology%20terms
|
The need for a clearly defined and consistent invasion biology terminology has been acknowledged by many sources. Invasive species, or invasive exotics, is a nomenclature term and categorization phrase used for flora and fauna, and for specific restoration-preservation processes in native habitats. Invasion biology is the study of these organisms and the processes of species invasion.
The terminology in this article contains definitions for invasion biology terms in common usage today, taken from accessible publications. References for each definition are included. Terminology relates primarily to invasion biology terms with some ecology terms included to clarify language and phrases on linked articles.
Introduction
Definitions of "invasive non-indigenous species have been inconsistent", which has led to confusion both in literature and in popular publications (Williams and Meffe 2005). Also, many scientists and managers feel that there is no firm definition of non-indigenous species, native species, exotic species, "and so on, and ecologists do not use the terms consistently." (Shrader-Frechette 2001) Another question asked is whether current language is likely to promote "effective and appropriate action" towards invasive species through cohesive language (Larson 2005). Biologists today spend more time and effort on invasive species work because of the rapid spread, economic cost, and effects on ecological systems, so the importance of effective communication about
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala%20school
|
Kerala school may refer to:
Kerala School Kalolsavam, an annual art competition for students in Kerala
Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics, in Kerala between the 14th and 16th centuries CE
Kerala School of Mathematics, Kozhikode, in Kunnamangalam near Kozhikode City
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Jozsa
|
Richard Jozsa is an Australian mathematician who holds the Leigh Trapnell Chair in Quantum Physics at the University of Cambridge. He is a fellow of King's College, Cambridge, where his research investigates quantum information science. A pioneer of his field, he is the co-author of the Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm and one of the co-inventors of quantum teleportation.
Education
Jozsa received his Doctor of Philosophy degree on twistor theory at Oxford, under the supervision of Roger Penrose.
Career and research
Jozsa has held previous positions at the University of Bristol, the University of Plymouth and the Université de Montréal.
Awards and honours
His work was recognised in 2004 by the London Mathematical Society with the award of the Naylor Prize for 'his fundamental contributions to the new field of quantum information science'. Since 2016, Jozsa is a member of the Academia Europaea.
References
Living people
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Cambridge mathematicians
Academics of the University of Bristol
Academics of the University of Plymouth
Australian mathematicians
Australian physicists
1953 births
Quantum information scientists
Alumni of the University of Oxford
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20neuroscience
|
Social neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding the relationship between social experiences and biological systems. Humans are fundamentally a social species, rather than solitary. As such, Homo sapiens create emergent organizations beyond the individual—structures that range from dyads, families, and groups to cities, civilizations, and cultures. In this regard, studies indicate that various social influences, including life events, poverty, unemployment and loneliness can influence health related biomarkers. The term "social neuroscience" can be traced to a publication entitled "Social Neuroscience Bulletin" which was published quarterly between 1988 and 1994. The term was subsequently popularized in an article by John Cacioppo and Gary Berntson, published in the American Psychologist in 1992. Cacioppo and Berntson are considered as the legitimate fathers of social neuroscience. Still a young field, social neuroscience is closely related to affective neuroscience and cognitive neuroscience, focusing on how the brain mediates social interactions. The biological underpinnings of social cognition are investigated in social cognitive neuroscience.
Overview
Traditional neuroscience has for many years considered the nervous system as an isolated entity and largely ignored influences of the social environments in which humans and many animal species live. In fact, we now recognize the considerable impact of social structures on the operations of the br
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20wavelet
|
In mathematics, a dual wavelet is the dual to a wavelet. In general, the wavelet series generated by a square-integrable function will have a dual series, in the sense of the Riesz representation theorem. However, the dual series is not itself in general representable by a square-integrable function.
Definition
Given a square-integrable function , define the series by
for integers .
Such a function is called an R-function if the linear span of is dense in , and if there exist positive constants A, B with such that
for all bi-infinite square summable series . Here, denotes the square-sum norm:
and denotes the usual norm on :
By the Riesz representation theorem, there exists a unique dual basis such that
where is the Kronecker delta and is the usual inner product on . Indeed, there exists a unique series representation for a square-integrable function f expressed in this basis:
If there exists a function such that
then is called the dual wavelet or the wavelet dual to ψ. In general, for some given R-function ψ, the dual will not exist. In the special case of , the wavelet is said to be an orthogonal wavelet.
An example of an R-function without a dual is easy to construct. Let be an orthogonal wavelet. Then define for some complex number z. It is straightforward to show that this ψ does not have a wavelet dual.
See also
Multiresolution analysis
References
Charles K. Chui, An Introduction to Wavelets (Wavelet Analysis & Its Applications), (1992), Acade
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Andrews%20%28mathematician%29
|
George Eyre Andrews (born December 4, 1938) is an American mathematician working in special functions, number theory, analysis and combinatorics.
Education and career
He is currently an Evan Pugh Professor of Mathematics at Pennsylvania State University. He did his undergraduate studies at Oregon State University and received his PhD in 1964 at the University of Pennsylvania where his advisor was Hans Rademacher.
During 2008–2009 he was president of the American Mathematical Society.
Contributions
Andrews's contributions include several monographs and over 250 research and popular articles on q-series, special functions, combinatorics and applications. He is considered to be the world's leading expert in the theory of integer partitions. In 1976 he discovered Ramanujan's Lost Notebook. He is interested in mathematical pedagogy.
His book The Theory of Partitions is the standard reference on the subject of integer partitions.
He has advanced mathematics in the theories of partitions and q-series. His work at the interface of number theory and combinatorics has also led to many important applications in physics.
Awards and honors
In 2003 Andrews was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1997. In 1998 he was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
He was given honorary doctorates from
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel%20Derman
|
Emanuel Derman (born 1945) is a South African-born academic, businessman and writer. He is best known as a quantitative analyst, and author of the book My Life as a Quant: Reflections on Physics and Finance.
He is a co-author of Black–Derman–Toy model, one of the first interest-rate models, and the Derman–Kani local volatility or implied tree model, a model consistent with the volatility smile.
Derman, who first came to the U.S. at age 21, in 1966, is currently a professor at Columbia University and Director of its program in financial engineering. Until recently he was also the Head of Risk and a partner at KKR Prisma Capital Partners, a fund of funds. His book My Life as a Quant: Reflections on Physics and Finance, published by Wiley in September 2004, was one of Business Week's top ten books of the year for 2004. In 2011, he published Models.Behaving.Badly, a book contrasting financial models with the theories of hard science, and also containing some autobiographical material.
Biography
Born to a South African Jewish family, Derman obtained a B.Sc. (Hons) at the University of Cape Town, and received a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from Columbia in 1973, where he wrote a thesis that proposed a test for a weak-neutral current in electron-hadron scattering. This experiment was carried out at SLAC in 1978 by a team led by Charles Prescott and Richard Taylor, and confirmed the Weinberg–Salam model. Between 1973 and 1980 he did research in theoretical particle physics at the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos%20Ori
|
Amos Ori (, born 1956) is a professor of Physics at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel. He received media attention in 2005 when he proposed, in a letter to Physical Review Letters, what he claimed was a more "realistic" model for time travel.
See also
Wormhole
References
External links
Science News discusses Ori's wormhole theory
Could Physicists Make A Time Machine? It All Depends On Curving Space-Time
New Theoritical [sic] Model Eliminates Barriers To Time Travel
Time Travel Machine Outlined
Living people
Israeli physicists
Academic staff of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
1956 births
Jewish physicists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition%20%28aerosol%20physics%29
|
In the physics of aerosols, deposition is the process by which aerosol particles collect or deposit themselves on solid surfaces, decreasing the concentration of the particles in the air. It can be divided into two sub-processes: dry and wet deposition. The rate of deposition, or the deposition velocity, is slowest for particles of an intermediate size. Mechanisms for deposition are most effective for either very small or very large particles. Very large particles will settle out quickly through sedimentation (settling) or impaction processes, while Brownian diffusion has the greatest influence on small particles. This is because very small particles coagulate in few hours until they achieve a diameter of 0.5 micrometres. At this size they no longer coagulate. This has a great influence in the amount of PM-2.5 present in the air.
Deposition velocity is defined from , where is flux density, is deposition velocity and is concentration. In gravitational deposition, this velocity is the settling velocity due to the gravity-induced drag.
Often studied is whether or not a certain particle will impact with a certain obstacle. This can be predicted with the Stokes number , where is stopping distance (which depends on particle size, velocity and drag forces), and is characteristic size (often the diameter of the obstacle). If the value of is less than 1, the particle will not collide with that obstacle. However, if the value of is greater than 1, it will.
Deposition due
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ssur%20Skarph%C3%A9%C3%B0insson
|
Össur Skarphéðinsson (pronounced ; born 19 June 1953) is an Icelandic politician who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from February 2009 to May 2013.
Össur matriculated from the Reykjavík Grammar School in 1973, and gained a BS in biology from the University of Iceland in 1979, and a doctorate from the University of East Anglia in 1983 entitled "The effect of photoperiod on the growth of the rainbow trout". He was a member of the parliament (Althing) for the Reykjavík Constituency from 1991 to 2003, and for Reykjavík North Constituency from 2003 to 2016. He was Chairman of the Social Democratic Party parliamentary group from 1991 to 1993, Minister for the Environment from 1993 to 1995, and Chairman of the Social Democratic Alliance from 2000 to 2005.
Össur was appointed Minister of Industry, Energy and Tourism for the Social Democratic Alliance in May 2007. He was also Minister for Nordic Cooperation from 24 May 2007 to 10 June 2008. In February 2009, he was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs.
References
External links
Personal blog
Össur's profile; from Wikileaks
Profile of Össur Skarphéðinsson in English, European Voice, 22 April 2010
1953 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
Ossur Skarphedinsson
Ossur Skarphedinsson
Ossur Skarphedinsson
Ossur Skarphedinsson
Ossur Skarphedinsson
Ossur Skarphedinsson
Ossur Skarphedinsson
Energy ministers of Iceland
Tourism ministers of Iceland
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilpotent%20Lie%20algebra
|
In mathematics, a Lie algebra is nilpotent if its lower central series terminates in the zero subalgebra. The lower central series is the sequence of subalgebras
We write , and for all . If the lower central series eventually arrives at the zero subalgebra, then the Lie algebra is called nilpotent. The lower central series for Lie algebras is analogous to the lower central series in group theory, and nilpotent Lie algebras are analogs of nilpotent groups.
The nilpotent Lie algebras are precisely those that can be obtained from abelian Lie algebras, by successive central extensions.
Note that the definition means that, viewed as a non-associative non-unital algebra, a Lie algebra is nilpotent if it is nilpotent as an ideal.
Definition
Let be a Lie algebra. One says that is nilpotent if the lower central series terminates, i.e. if for some
Explicitly, this means that
so that .
Equivalent conditions
A very special consequence of (1) is that
Thus for all . That is, is a nilpotent endomorphism in the usual sense of linear endomorphisms (rather than of Lie algebras). We call such an element in ad-nilpotent.
Remarkably, if is finite dimensional, the apparently much weaker condition (2) is actually equivalent to (1), as stated by
Engel's theorem: A finite dimensional Lie algebra is nilpotent if and only if all elements of are ad-nilpotent,
which we will not prove here.
A somewhat easier equivalent condition for the nilpotency of : is nilpotent if a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20control
|
Nonlinear control theory is the area of control theory which deals with systems that are nonlinear, time-variant, or both. Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics that is concerned with the behavior of dynamical systems with inputs, and how to modify the output by changes in the input using feedback, feedforward, or signal filtering. The system to be controlled is called the "plant". One way to make the output of a system follow a desired reference signal is to compare the output of the plant to the desired output, and provide feedback to the plant to modify the output to bring it closer to the desired output.
Control theory is divided into two branches. Linear control theory applies to systems made of devices which obey the superposition principle. They are governed by linear differential equations. A major subclass is systems which in addition have parameters which do not change with time, called linear time invariant (LTI) systems. These systems can be solved by powerful frequency domain mathematical techniques of great generality, such as the Laplace transform, Fourier transform, Z transform, Bode plot, root locus, and Nyquist stability criterion.
Nonlinear control theory covers a wider class of systems that do not obey the superposition principle. It applies to more real-world systems, because all real control systems are nonlinear. These systems are often governed by nonlinear differential equations. The mathematical t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiu-Yuen%20Cheng
|
Shiu-Yuen Cheng (鄭紹遠) is a Hong Kong mathematician. He is currently the Chair Professor of Mathematics at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Cheng received his Ph.D. in 1974, under the supervision of Shiing-Shen Chern, from University of California at Berkeley. Cheng then spent some years as a post-doctoral fellow and assistant professor at Princeton University and the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Then he became a full professor at University of California at Los Angeles. Cheng chaired the Mathematics departments of both the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in the 1990s. In 2004, he became the Dean of Science at HKUST. In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
He is well known for contributions to differential geometry and partial differential equations, including Cheng's eigenvalue comparison theorem, Cheng's maximal diameter theorem, and a number of works with Shing-Tung Yau. Many of Cheng and Yau's works formed part of the corpus of work for which Yau was awarded the Fields medal in 1982. As of 2020, Cheng's most recent research work was published in 1996.
Technical contributions
Gradient estimates and their applications
In 1975, Shing-Tung Yau found a novel gradient estimate for solutions of second-order elliptic partial differential equations on certain complete Riemannian manifolds. Cheng and Yau were able to localize Yau's estimate by making use of a method
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubator%20%28culture%29
|
An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the CO2 and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for much experimental work in cell biology, microbiology and molecular biology and are used to culture both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
An incubator is made up of a chamber with a regulated temperature. Some incubators also regulate humidity, gas composition, or ventilation within that chamber.
The simplest incubators are insulated boxes with an adjustable heater, typically going up to 60 to 65 °C (140 to 150 °F), though some can go slightly higher (generally to no more than 100 °C). The most commonly used temperature both for bacteria such as the frequently used E. coli as well as for mammalian cells is approximately 37 °C (99 °F), as these organisms grow well under such conditions. For other organisms used in biological experiments, such as the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a growth temperature of 30 °C (86 °F) is optimal.
More elaborate incubators can also include the ability to lower the temperature (via refrigeration), or the ability to control humidity or CO2 levels. This is important in the cultivation of mammalian cells, where the relative humidity is typically >80% to prevent evaporation and a slightly acidic pH is achieved by maintaining a CO2 level of 5%.
History of the laboratory incubator
From
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Ernest%20Fay
|
Professor Charles Ernest Fay (1846–1931) was an American alpinist and educator.
Biography
He was born at Roxbury, Massachusetts. He graduated in 1868 at Tufts College and became instructor in mathematics there in 1869, and professor of modern languages in 1871. He was a founder of the Modern Language Association of America; of the New England Modern Language Association, of which he was president in 1905; and of the New England Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools (1885), of which he was president 1888–89.
Fay first visited the Canadian Rockies in 1890, and was a pioneer in the development of mountaineering in the Canadian Rockies and the Selkirks. He was a founder of the Appalachian Mountain Club, and served as president in 1878, 1881, 1893, and 1905; he was also a founder and the first president of the American Alpine Club (1902-1904). He also edited the publications of these two organizations, Appalachia and Alpina Americana respectively. For Appalachia, he furnished numerous articles. For Alpina Americana, he wrote the richly illustrated monograph The Rocky Mountains of Canada.
He was one of a party of four attempting to climb Mount Lefroy in 1896 when Phillip Stanley Abbott became the first mountaineering fatality in the Canadian Rockies. Fay made an, “impassioned defence of mountaineering at the inquiry into Abbot’s death that put an end to the grumbling in political circles that mountaineering ought to be banned in Canada.” Fay returned in 1897 to summ
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara
|
Ara may refer to:
Biology
Ara (bird), a genus of parrots
Ara (fish) (Niphon spinosus), a species of fish
L-arabinose operon, also known as ara
Places
Ara (mountain), a mountain in Armenia
Ara, Armenia, a village in Armenia
Ara, Bihar, a city in India
Ara, Ramgarh, a town in Jharkhand, India
Ara, Ranchi, a town in Jharkhand, India
Ara, Iran, a village in Iran
'Ara, a village in Israel
Ara (lake), a lake in Norway
Arakawa River (disambiguation), also known as Ara, several rivers in Japan
River Ara, Ireland
People
Given name
Ara the Beautiful, a legendary Armenian hero
Ara Ball, Canadian film director
Ara Bartlett (fl. 1825–1880), American lawyer and judge
Ara Dinkjian (born 1958), Armenian oud player and composer
Go Ara (born 1990), South Korean actress and model
Ara Parseghian (1923–2017), American football player and coach
Yoo Ara (born 1992), South Korean singer and dancer; leader of the girl group Hello Venus
Ara Guler (1928-2018), Armenian-Turkish photojournalist
Ara, a diminutive of the Russian feminine given name Avrora (a form of Aurora)
Ara Spence (1793–1866), Justice of the Maryland Court of Appeals
Surname
Arilena Ara (born 1998), Albanian singer also known mononymously as Arilena
Guido Ara (1888–1975), Italian association football player
Rachel Ara (born 1965), British conceptual and data artist
Seiji Ara (born 1974), Japanese race car driver
Zinat Ara (born 1953), Bangladeshi justice
Media
Ara (film), a 2008 Turkish drama directed by Ümit Ünal
Ara (newspape
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prato%20reaction
|
The Prato reaction is a particular example of the well-known 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to olefins. In fullerene chemistry this reaction refers to the functionalization of fullerenes and nanotubes. The amino acid sarcosine reacts with paraformaldehyde when heated at reflux in toluene to an ylide which reacts with a double bond in a 6,6 ring position in a fullerene via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to yield a N-methylpyrrolidine derivative or pyrrolidinofullerene or pyrrolidino[[3,4:1,2]] [60]fullerene in 82% yield based on C60 conversion.
Applications
In one application a liquid fullerene is obtained when the pyrrolidone substituent is a 2,4,6-tris(alkyloxy)phenyl group although a small amount of solvent is still possibly present.
Origins
This reaction was derived from the work of Otohiko Tsuge on Azomethine Ylide Chemistry developed in the late 1980s. Tsuge's work was applied to fullerenes by Maurizio Prato, thus gaining the name.
Metallofullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes
It is known that the Prato reaction is very useful to functionalize endohedral metallofullerenes. Prato reaction on M3N@C80 gives initially [5,6]-adduct (kinetic product), which convert upon heating to the [6,6]-adduct (thermodynamic product). The rate of isomerization is highly dependent on the metal size inside the carbon cage.
This method is also used in the functionalization of single wall nanotubes. When the amino acid is modified with a glycine chain the resulting nanotubes are s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Advanced%20Technologies
|
The Center for Advanced Technologies (CAT) is a public magnet program in St. Petersburg, Florida, attached to Lakewood High School and part of the Pinellas County Schools district. Its primary focus is mathematics, science, and technology. It is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology (NCSSSMST) and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In its May 28 issue, Newsweek magazine ranked CAT at 24 in its 2007 list of the top 100 high schools in the nation. In 2010, CAT moved up to #15 in Newsweek magazine's list of top 100 high schools. CAT is currently among the global community of Microsoft Showcase Schools.
Every year, students must apply to enter the CAT program. Approximately 150 students enter into the program each year.
The focus of the CAT program is science and technology and thus all math and science classes are taught by CAT faculty. The rest of the students honors curriculum is provided by the traditional high school. This results in integration with traditional honors students. However, there are separate valedictorians and salutatorians.
Overview
Under the direction of Fred Ulrich, along with five other faculty members came together to establish the CAT Program. CAT opened in 1990 with both freshman and sophomore students. In 1991, its own building was completed on the west side of campus on the site of the previous bus circle. In 1993, the initial sophomore class of
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Kent%20%28chemist%29
|
Stephen B. H. Kent (born December 12, 1945, in Wellington, New Zealand) is a chemistry professor at the University of Chicago. While professor at the Scripps Research Institute in the early 1990s he pioneered modern ligation methods for the total chemical synthesis of proteins. He was the inventor of native chemical ligation together with his student Philip Dawson. His laboratory experimentally demonstrated the principle that chemical synthesis of a protein's polypeptide chain using mirror-image amino acids after folding results in a mirror-image protein molecule which, if an enzyme, will catalyze a chemical reaction with mirror-image stereospecificity. At the University of Chicago Kent and his junior colleagues pioneered the elucidation of protein structures by quasi-racemic & racemic crystallography.
Biography
Kent received his chemistry Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1975, his M.Sc. from Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand in 1970, and his B.Sc. degree in 1968 from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
Following his post-doctoral work in the laboratory of Robert Bruce Merrifield at the Rockefeller University, Dr. Kent continued research there as an assistant professor through 1981. He has also held faculty positions at the California Institute of Technology, Bond University in Australia, and the Scripps Research Institute in California. Currently Kent is professor in the department of biochemistry and molecular biology and
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrifield%20resin
|
Merrifield Resin is a cross-linked polystyrene resin that carries a chloromethyl functional group. Merrifield resin is named after its inventor, Robert Bruce Merrifield (1984 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry), and used in solid-phase synthesis. The material is typically available as white beads. These beads are allowed to swell in suitable solvents (ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO), which then allows the reagents to substitute the chloride substituents.
Merrifield Resin can be prepared by chloromethylation of polystyrene or by the copolymerization of styrene and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride.
References
Copolymers
Plastics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Harry%20Vestine
|
Ernest Harry Vestine (May 9, 1906 – July 18, 1968) was an American geophysicist and meteorologist.
He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota to Swedish parents. At the age of two his family moved to Alberta, Canada, where he was raised. He earned a B.S. in math and physics in 1931 from the University of Alberta. The following year he joined the Canadian Meteorological Office in Toronto. During the Second International Polar Year, 1932–3, he led a Canadian expedition to Meanook, which lies in the northern part of Alberta. The team established a magnetic observatory at the site. In 1934 he left to study at the University of London, where in 1937 he earned a Ph.D. in applied mathematics.
During the early 1930s he began a collaboration with the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and in January, 1938 he was hired as an assistant by the institute's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. He was soon promoted to chief of the department's Land Magnetic Survey section. In 1946 he became the head of the Section on Theoretical Geophysics. In 1947, E. H. Vestine et al. produced a comprehensive, two-volume work detailing all the geomagnetic data of the department. In addition to his research into geomagnetics, he collaborated with studies into seismology and cosmic rays.
In 1957 he performed work relating to the International Geophysical Year. The same year he left the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism to join the RAND Corporation. There he performed studies on planetary and space science,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-beard%20effect
|
The green-beard effect is a thought experiment used in evolutionary biology to explain selective altruism among individuals of a species.
The idea of a green-beard gene was proposed by William D. Hamilton in his articles of 1964, and got the name from the example used by Richard Dawkins ("I have a green beard and I will be altruistic to anyone else with green beard") in The Selfish Gene (1976).
A green-beard effect occurs when an allele, or a set of linked alleles, produce three expressed (or phenotypic) effects:
a perceptible trait—the hypothetical "green beard"
recognition of this trait by others; and
preferential treatment of individuals with the trait by others with the trait
The carrier of the gene (or a specific allele) is essentially recognizing copies of the same gene (or a specific allele) in other individuals. Whereas kin selection involves altruism to related individuals who share genes in a non-specific way, green-beard alleles promote altruism toward individuals who share a gene that is expressed by a specific phenotypic trait. Some authors also note that the green-beard effects can include "spite" for individuals lacking the "green-beard" gene. This can have the effect of delineating a subset of organisms within a population that is characterized by members who show greater cooperation toward each other, this forming a "clique" that can be advantageous to its members who are not necessarily kin.
Green-beard effect could increase altruism on green-bear
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal%20Nebez
|
Jamal Nebez (; 1 December 1933 – 8 December 2018) was a Kurdish linguist, mathematician, politician, author, translator and writer. He studied Islamic law, philosophy, theology, physics and mathematics at the University of Baghdad in the 1950s. In 1956, he prepared a stenciled script on algebra and in 1960, succeeded in publishing the first physics book in Kurdish, including a rich glossary of Kurdish terms pertaining to physics and mathematics. He translated several literary works, including works of Nikolai Gogol and William Shakespeare into Kurdish. He also wrote and published several books on a variety of topics. Most of the books are mainly about topics related to Kurds.
Education
Parallel to attending the state schools, he had the opportunity to study Islamic law, philosophy and theology. He studied physics and mathematics at the science faculty at the Teachers' Training Faculty at the University of Baghdad in the first half of the 1950s. From October 1955 to 1961, Nebez was a secondary school teacher of physics and math. For three years, he taught in Iraqi Kurdistan; first in Kirkuk and then in Arbil. Then he taught for three years in Basrah and Baghdad. In the summer of 1956, Nebez travelled to Syria and Lebanon, where he met many Kurdish intellectuals, poets and writers who worked and published in Kurdish. In the summer of 1957, he travelled to Iranian Kurdistan and Tehran. Just like in Lebanon, he also met many intellectuals in Iranian Kurdistan. He met the famous
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimation
|
Decimation, Decimate, or variants may refer to:
Decimation (punishment), punitive discipline
Decimation (signal processing), reduction of digital signal's sampling rate
Decimation (comics), 2006 Marvel crossover spinoff House of M
Decimate (game show), 2015 BBC television
The Decimation, an event in the Marvel Cinematic Universe
See also
Decimator (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%20method
|
The Moore method is a deductive manner of instruction used in advanced mathematics courses. It is named after Robert Lee Moore, a famous topologist who first used a stronger version of the method at the University of Pennsylvania when he began teaching there in 1911. (Zitarelli, 2004)
The way the course is conducted varies from instructor to instructor, but the content of the course is usually presented in whole or in part by the students themselves. Instead of using a textbook, the students are given a list of definitions and, based on these, theorems which they are to prove and present in class, leading them through the subject material. The Moore method typically limits the amount of material that a class is able to cover, but its advocates claim that it induces a depth of understanding that listening to lectures cannot give.
The original method
F. Burton Jones, a student of Moore and a practitioner of his method, described it as follows:
The students were forbidden to read any book or article about the subject. They were even forbidden to talk about it outside of class. Hersh and John-Steiner (1977) claim that, "this method is reminiscent of a well-known, old method of teaching swimming called 'sink or swim' ".
Quotations
"That student is taught the best who is told the least." Moore, quote in Parker (2005: vii).
"I hear, I forget. I see, I remember. I do, I understand." (Chinese proverb that was a favorite of Moore's. Quoted in Halmos, P.R. (1985) I want to be a ma
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20C.%20Clark
|
Harry Camp Clark (June 8, 1883 – December 27, 1950) was an American Republican politician from California.
Early life
Harry Clark was born 1883 in Bay City, Michigan, to Herman and Melissa Clark. In 1907 he graduated from the University of Vermont with a degree in Civil Engineering. After graduation, he worked in Massachusetts and Louisville, Kentucky, where he was in charge of building a sewer system.
Legal, political, and military career
In 1911 he moved to San Diego, California, to join his mother and two sisters. He took up road surveying and studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1918. Clark became an able and popular lawyer, and was president of the County Bar Association in 1927. Clark served as mayor of San Diego from 1927 to 1931. He was defeated in 1931, where the main issue was the $8.5 million spent for water projects, such as the Lake Hodges Dam, with little to show for it. Clark served as Deputy City Attorney after his term as mayor.
During World War I, he was second lieutenant of the Quartermaster's Corps and served overseas for a year. He took part in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensive. He was promoted to Captain before he was discharged.
Personal life
On June 6, 1911, Clark married Georgia L. Kessinger in San Diego. She was born May 14, 1876, in Ohio and died December 22, 1963, in San Diego. They had at least one son, Harry C., Jr.
Clark died in 1950 of a heart attack at his home in San Diego.
Further reading
Biography, pp.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CfA%20Redshift%20Survey
|
The Center for Astrophysics (CfA) Redshift Survey was the first attempt to map the large-scale structure of the universe.
The first survey began in 1977 with the objective of calculating the velocities of the brighter galaxies in the nearby universe by measuring their redshifts at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The redshift is the relative increase in the wavelength emitted by a light source, in this case a galaxy, moving away from an observer from which its speed and then, using Hubble's Law, its distance can be calculated. A 3-dimensional map of that part of the Universe could thus be produced. This initial data collection was completed by 1982.
The second survey (CfA2) was started in 1985 by John Huchra and Margaret Geller and measured the redshifts of 18,000 bright galaxies in the Northern sky by 1995. Data from the second CfA survey showed that galaxies were not evenly distributed but clustered on the spherical surfaces of empty "voids". The project also made the 1989 discovery of the Great Wall, a supercluster of galaxies surrounded by voids that surprised astronomers because its size was larger than could be produced by gravitational collapse since the beginning of the universe. Since then, superclusters have been described as artifacts of quantum fluctuations in the inflationary epoch of the universe.
References
Observational astronomy
Large-scale structure of the cosmos
Astronomical surveys
1977 in science
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed%20algorithm
|
A distributed algorithm is an algorithm designed to run on computer hardware constructed from interconnected processors. Distributed algorithms are used in different application areas of distributed computing, such as telecommunications, scientific computing, distributed information processing, and real-time process control. Standard problems solved by distributed algorithms include leader election, consensus, distributed search, spanning tree generation, mutual exclusion, and resource allocation.
Distributed algorithms are a sub-type of parallel algorithm, typically executed concurrently, with separate parts of the algorithm being run simultaneously on independent processors, and having limited information about what the other parts of the algorithm are doing. One of the major challenges in developing and implementing distributed algorithms is successfully coordinating the behavior of the independent parts of the algorithm in the face of processor failures and unreliable communications links. The choice of an appropriate distributed algorithm to solve a given problem depends on both the characteristics of the problem, and characteristics of the system the algorithm will run on such as the type and probability of processor or link failures, the kind of inter-process communication that can be performed, and the level of timing synchronization between separate processes.
Standard problems
Atomic commit
An atomic commit is an operation where a set of distinct changes is appl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIMI
|
CIMI may refer to:
Catalina Island Marine Institute, a marine biology program for youth.
CIMI-FM, a modern rock radio station in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
Clinical Information Modelling Initiative, a community of interest focused on health care models.
Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface, an information technology standard for cloud computing.
Computer Interchange of Museum Information, a museum IT standards consortium.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Brandenburg
|
Bryan Brandenburg (born February 18, 1959 in Châteauroux, France) is a biophysicist, author, technology entrepreneur and former game programmer. Brandenburg is best known as co-founder of Zenerchi, Sculptured Software and Salt Lake Comic Con and Executive Producer at Engineering Animation, Inc.
Career
After completing his studies in mathematics and physics in 1982, Brandenburg began programming 3D computer games on the Commodore 64 (C64), Apple II and later the IBM PC and Amiga.
Brandenburg started several technology companies that were later acquired by private and public corporations. In 1984, he co-founded Sculptured Software and led the company as President. The company was eventually sold for almost US$40 million after producing dozens of titles for the C64, Atari ST, Commodore Amiga, IBM PC and Apple II.
In 1994, Brandenburg started another game company, Software Arts International that was acquired in 1996 by Engineering Animation, Inc., where he was the Executive Producer for the public company's Interactive Division, producing titles for Disney, Mattel, Hasbro Interactive and Sierra On-Line.
In 1999, Bryan Brandenburg partnered with Karl Malone to build a media-centric outdoors media company (Amazing Outdoors) with websites, a television show, a radio program, a monthly magazine (Utah Outdoors), and a book publishing arm. The company was acquired in 2001.
Brandenburg was an executive officer of Daz 3D, a 3D content company and launched Bryce in July 2004. In Janu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials%20informatics
|
Materials informatics is a field of study that applies the principles of informatics and data science to materials science and engineering to improve the understanding, use, selection, development, and discovery of materials. The term "materials informatics" is frequently used interchangeably with "data science", "machine learning", and "artificial intelligence" by the community. This is an emerging field, with a goal to achieve high-speed and robust acquisition, management, analysis, and dissemination of diverse materials data with the goal of greatly reducing the time and risk required to develop, produce, and deploy new materials, which generally takes longer than 20 years.
This field of endeavor is not limited to some traditional understandings of the relationship between materials and information. Some more narrow interpretations include combinatorial chemistry, process modeling, materials databases, materials data management, and product life cycle management. Materials informatics is at the convergence of these concepts, but also transcends them and has the potential to achieve greater insights and deeper understanding by applying lessons learned from data gathered on one type of material to others. By gathering appropriate meta data, the value of each individual data point can be greatly expanded.
Databases
Databases are essential for any informatics research and applications. In material informatics many databases exist containing both empirical data obtained exper
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Agricola%20Bauer
|
Louis Agricola Bauer (January 26, 1865 – April 12, 1932) was an American geophysicist, astronomer and magnetician.
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, he graduated from the University of Cincinnati in 1888, and he immediately started work for the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. During 1895-1896, he was instructor in mathematical physics at the University of Chicago, after which he worked in various positions at different locations. The most important of these was as the first director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, which was established in 1904. In this position, he set up and carried out a large-scale program of two and a half decades to map the Earth's magnetic field on land and at sea in an attempt to provide accurate, up-to-date information about this important feature.
In 1908, he served as president of the Philosophical Society of Washington. In 1910, Bauer received the Prix Charles Lagrange from the Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1912. He died in Washington, D.C., at the age of 67.
Bibliography
His writings include:
Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Wesens der Säcularvariation des Erdmagnetismus (1895)
Vertical Earth-Air Electric Currents (1897)
United States Magnetic Tables and Magnetic Charts for 1905 (1908)
Land-Magnetic Observations, 1905-1910 (1913)
References
1865 births
1932 deaths
19th-centu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron%27s%20fountain
|
Heron's fountain is a hydraulic machine invented by the 1st century AD inventor, mathematician, and physicist Hero of Alexandria.
Heron studied the pressure of air and steam, described the first steam engine, and built toys that would spurt water, one of them known as Heron's fountain. Various versions of Heron's fountain are used today in physics classes as a demonstration of principles of hydraulics and pneumatics.
Construction
In the following description, call the 3 containers:
(A) Top: basin
(B) Middle: water supply
(C) Bottom: air supply
And three pipes:
P1 (on the left in the picture) from a hole in the bottom of basin (A) to the bottom of air supply container (C)
P2 (on the right in the picture) from the top of the air supply container (C) to the top of the water supply container (B)
P3 (in the middle of the picture) from the bottom of the water supply container (B), up through the bottom of the basin (A) to a height above the basin's rim. The fountain issues upwards through this pipe. The maximum height of P3 pipe depends on the height between B and C (see below).
Container A can be closed and airtight, but it is not necessary. B and C, however, must be airtight and resistant to atmospheric pressure. Plastic bottles suffice, but glass containers work better. Balloons do not work because they cannot hold pressure without deforming. The fountain works in the following way:
The energy for moving the water ultimately comes from the water in A descending i
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20map
|
Mole map may refer to:
Mole map (chemistry), a graphical representation of an algorithm
Mole map (dermatology), a medical record which records and image and the location of lesions and/or moles
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gain
|
Gain or GAIN may refer to:
Science and technology
Gain (electronics), an electronics and signal processing term
Antenna gain
Gain (laser), the amplification involved in laser emission
Gain (projection screens)
Information gain in decision trees, in mathematics and computer science
GAIN domain, a protein domain
Learning rate, a tuning parameter in stochastic approximation methods, also known as gain
Health
Primary and secondary gain, psychological mechanisms that may underlie an illness
Global Appraisal of Individual Needs, a set of psychological assessment instruments
Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, a Swiss Foundation working in the field of malnutrition
Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now, a piece of American legislation
People
Gain (singer), a South Korean entertainer
Gain, anglicised form of Indian surname Gayen
Other uses
Gain (accounting), the increase of net profit
Gain (novel), a novel by American author Richard Powers
Gain (EP), an album by Sadie
Gain (detergent), a brand of detergent
GAIN Capital, a US-based forex trading company
Greater Avenues to Independence program, a precursor to the American CalWORKs welfare program
See also
Gein (disambiguation)
Gayn (disambiguation)
Gane
Gian
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%20cross
|
Under the law of dominance in genetics, an individual expressing a dominant phenotype could contain either two copies of the dominant allele (homozygous dominant) or one copy of each dominant and recessive allele (heterozygous dominant). By performing a test cross, one can determine whether the individual is heterozygous or homozygous dominant.
In a test cross, the individual in question is bred with another individual that is homozygous for the recessive trait and the offspring of the test cross are examined. Since the homozygous recessive individual can only pass on recessive alleles, the allele the individual in question passes on determines the phenotype of the offspring. Thus, this test yields 2 possible situations:
If any of the offspring produced express the recessive trait, the individual in question is heterozygous for the dominant allele.
If all of the offspring produced express the dominant trait, the individual in question is homozygous for the dominant allele.
History
The first uses of test crosses were in Gregor Mendel’s experiments in plant hybridization. While studying the inheritance of dominant and recessive traits in pea plants, he explains that the “signification” (now termed zygosity) of an individual for a dominant trait is determined by the expression patterns of the following generation.
Rediscovery of Mendel’s work in the early 1900s led to an explosion of experiments employing the principles of test crosses. From 1908-1911, Thomas Hunt Morgan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point%20cross
|
In genetics, a three-point cross is used to determine the loci of three genes in an organism's genome.
An individual heterozygous for three mutations is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual, and the phenotypes of the progeny are scored. The two most common phenotypes that result are the parental gametes; the two least common phenotypes that result come from a double crossover in gamete formation. By comparing the parental and double-crossover phenotypes, the geneticist can determine which gene is located between the others on the chromosome.
The recombinant frequency is the ratio of non-parental phenotypes to total individuals. It is expressed as a percentage, which is equivalent to the number of map units (or centiMorgans) between two genes. For example, if 100 out of 1000 individuals display the phenotype resulting from a crossover between genes a and b, then the recombination frequency is 10 percent and genes a and b are 10 map-units apart on the chromosome.
If the recombination frequency is greater than 50 percent, it means that the genes are unlinked - they are either located on different chromosomes or are sufficiently distant from each other on the same chromosome. Any recombination frequency greater than 50 percent is expressed as exactly 50 percent because, being unlinked, they are equally as likely as not to be separated during gamete formation.
References
Genetics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward%E2%80%93Hoffmann%20rules
|
The Woodward–Hoffmann rules (or the pericyclic selection rules), devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann, are a set of rules used to rationalize or predict certain aspects of the stereochemistry and activation energy of pericyclic reactions, an important class of reactions in organic chemistry. The rules are best understood in terms of the concept of the conservation of orbital symmetry using orbital correlation diagrams (see Section 3 below). The Woodward–Hoffmann rules are a consequence of the changes in electronic structure that occur during a pericyclic reaction and are predicated on the phasing of the interacting molecular orbitals. They are applicable to all classes of pericyclic reactions (and their microscopic reverse 'retro' processes), including (1) electrocyclizations, (2) cycloadditions, (3) sigmatropic reactions, (4) group transfer reactions, (5) ene reactions, (6) cheletropic reactions, and (7) dyotropic reactions. The Woodward–Hoffmann rules exemplify the power of molecular orbital theory.
Woodward and Hoffmann developed the pericyclic selection rules by examining correlations between reactant and product orbitals (i.e., how reactant and product orbitals are related to each other by continuous geometric distortions that are functions of the reaction coordinate). They identified the conservation of orbital symmetry as a crucial theoretical principle that dictates the outcome (or feasibility) of a pericyclic process. Other theoretical approaches that
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%20systems%20engineering%20and%20management
|
Earth systems engineering and management (ESEM) is a discipline used to analyze, design, engineer and manage complex environmental systems. It entails a wide range of subject areas including anthropology, engineering, environmental science, ethics and philosophy. At its core, ESEM looks to "rationally design and manage coupled human–natural systems in a highly integrated and ethical fashion". ESEM is a newly emerging area of study that has taken root at the University of Virginia, Cornell and other universities throughout the United States, and at the Centre for Earth Systems Engineering Research (CESER) at Newcastle University in the United Kingdom. Founders of the discipline are Braden Allenby and Michael Gorman.
Introduction to ESEM
For centuries, humans have utilized the earth and its natural resources to advance civilization and develop technology. "As a principle result of Industrial Revolutions and associated changes in human demographics, technology systems, cultures, and economic systems have been the evolution of an Earth in which the dynamics of major natural systems are increasingly dominated by human activity".
In many ways, ESEM views the earth as a human artifact. "In order to maintain continued stability of both natural and human systems, we need to develop the ability to rationally design and manage coupled human-natural systems in a highly integrated and ethical fashion- an Earth Systems Engineering and Management (ESEM) capability".
ESEM has been devel
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor%20Roosevelt%20High%20School%20%28Maryland%29
|
Eleanor Roosevelt High School (ERHS) is a Maryland public magnet high school specializing in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The school was established in 1976 at its current location in Greenbelt, Maryland, United States and is part of the Prince George's County Public Schools system. It was the first high school named for former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt.
It serves all of the City of Greenbelt and a section of the Seabrook census-designated place. It also serves a section of the former Goddard CDP.
Roosevelt has received numerous awards, including being twice awarded National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence; a New American High School; a National School of Character; and receiving the Siemens Awards for Advanced Placement. Roosevelt was named #382 on America's Top 1,500 Public High Schools list for 2009, by Newsweek Magazine and was also recognized as a Silver Medal School by U.S. News & World Report, in 2008.
Several prominent figures have attended Eleanor Roosevelt, including Sergey Brin, one of the two founders of Google, R&B singers Mýa and Kenny Lattimore, as well as television personality Martin Lawrence; including numerous sports personalities in American basketball and football. James Seppi set the record for fastest float down the lower Colorado River
History
In December 1975 Margaret Wolfe, a woman who previously lived in Greenbelt, sent a letter to the Washington Star suggesting that the school be named after Eleanor Roosevelt. Edna Ben
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Physics%20of%20Meaning
|
The Physics of Meaning was an indie pop band from Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Its members included Daniel Hart and Alex Laraza, along with other live musicians and session members. They released two studio albums: the self-titled The Physics of Meaning on Bu Hanan Records in 2005, and Snake Charmer and Destiny at the Stroke of Midnight on Bu Hanan Records and Trekky Records in 2008. Hart is a classically trained violinist who lives in Dallas, Texas. He recorded and released an album under his own name in 2011 called The Orientalist. He was a member of the touring and recording bands of Other Lives, St. Vincent, John Vanderslice, The Polyphonic Spree, and The Rosebuds. Hart now fronts the Dallas-based band Dark Rooms, who released their self-titled LP in May 2013.
The Physics of Meaning track listing
"Charles Wallace, Where Have You Gone?" – 3:18
"Small Towns and Invisible People" – 3:31
"Resurrection and Crucifixion" – 3:26
"Bigger Cities, Thicker Doors" – 5:18
"Manhattan Is an Island" – 4:26
"Crystal Ball Is Cracking" – 4:30
"The Inconceivable Nature of Vizzini" – 3:54
"Oregon, My Only True Friend" – 3:40
"Down at Columbia and Cameron" – 4:40
"The Fountain of Youth Dries Up in an Election Year" – 4:31
"A Slowly Tilting Planet" – 6:04
References
External links
Bu Hanan Records
The Orientalist
American indie pop groups
Musical groups from Chapel Hill-Carrboro, North Carolina
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20measure
|
In mathematics, the Peano–Jordan measure (also known as the Jordan content) is an extension of the notion of size (length, area, volume) to shapes more complicated than, for example, a triangle, disk, or parallelepiped.
It turns out that for a set to have Jordan measure it should be well-behaved in a certain restrictive sense. For this reason, it is now more common to work with the Lebesgue measure, which is an extension of the Jordan measure to a larger class of sets. Historically speaking, the Jordan measure came first, towards the end of the nineteenth century. For historical reasons, the term Jordan measure is now well-established for this set function, despite the fact that it is not a true measure in its modern definition, since Jordan-measurable sets do not form a σ-algebra. For example, singleton sets in each have a Jordan measure of 0, while , a countable union of them, is not Jordan-measurable. For this reason, some authors prefer to use the term .
The Peano–Jordan measure is named after its originators, the French mathematician Camille Jordan, and the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano.
Jordan measure of "simple sets"
Consider Euclidean space Jordan measure is first defined on Cartesian products of bounded half-open intervals
that are closed at the left and open at the right with all endpoints and finite real numbers (half-open intervals is a technical choice; as we see below, one can use closed or open intervals if preferred). Such a set will be c
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin%20%28satellite%29
|
Odin is a Swedish satellite working in two disciplines: astrophysics and aeronomy, and it was named after Odin of Norse mythology. Within the field of astrophysics, Odin was used until the spring of 2007 aiding in the study of star formation. Odin is still used for aeronomical observations, including exploration of the depletion of the ozone layer and effects of global warming. In February 2019 it celebrated 18 years in Earth orbit, and was still functioning nominally.
Overview
The main instrument on Odin is a radiometer using a 1.1 m telescope, designed to be used for both the astronomy and aeronomy missions. The radiometer works at 486–580 GHz and at 119 GHz. The second instrument on board is the OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System).
Odin was developed by the Space Systems Division of Swedish Space Corporation (now OHB Sweden) as part of an international project involving the space agencies of Sweden (SNSB), Finland (TEKES), Canada (CSA) and France (CNES). Odin was launched on a START-1 rocket on 20 February 2001 from Svobodny, Russia.
In April 2007, astronomers announced that Odin had made the first ever detection of molecular oxygen () in interstellar clouds. The spacecraft was still functioning nominally in 2010. It continues to function and as of 20 February 2019, is still functioning nominally.
Lists
International partners:
Agencies or organizations involved in Odin:
Swedish National Space Board
Swedish Space Corporation
Canadian Space Agency
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Linnett
|
John Wilfrid Linnett FRS (3 August 1913 – 7 November 1975) was Vice-Chancellor at the University of Cambridge from 1973 to 1975. He was for many years a Fellow of the Queen's College, Oxford, and a demonstrator in Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Oxford.
Education
He was born on 3 August 1913 in Coventry in England and educated at King Henry VIII School and St John's College, University of Oxford, and was later a Junior Fellow there.
Academic career
He was appointed Professor of Physical Chemistry at Cambridge University in 1965. He was Master of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, on the Council of the Royal Society, and was President of the Faraday Society.
Throughout his career as a chemist, he was noted for his wide interests, making substantial contributions in theoretical chemistry, mass spectrometry, explosion limits, atom recombination reactions, combustion, and several other areas.
Octet rule
In 1960, Linnett originated a modification to the octet rule, originally proposed by Lewis, concerning valence electrons. He proposed that the octet should be considered as a double quartet of electrons rather than as four pairs, and hence the theory became known as "Linnett double-quartet theory". Using this method, he was able to explain the stability of 'odd electron' molecules such as nitric oxide and oxygen. This theory was set out in a book "The Electronic Structure of Molecules: A New Approach", published by Methuen & Co Ltd, London, 1964. His general book "Wave
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobberich
|
Lobberich is a German village in North Rhine-Westphalia, situated close to the Dutch border at Venlo. It has a population of around 14,000 inhabitants. Since 1970 the town belongs to the municipality of Nettetal. The art historian Heribert Reiners was born here in 1884.
Overview
Traditional industries are textiles and mechanical engineering, other products from Lobberich included Rokal model railways and Niedieck velvet.
See also
Leuth
Kaldenkirchen
Nettetal
References
External links
Lobberich Town Website
Villages in North Rhine-Westphalia
Former municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroso
|
In organic chemistry, nitroso refers to a functional group in which the nitric oxide () group is attached to an organic moiety. As such, various nitroso groups can be categorized as C-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosoalkanes; ), S-nitroso compounds (nitrosothiols; ), N-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosamines, ), and O-nitroso compounds (alkyl nitrites; ).
Synthesis
Nitroso compounds can be prepared by the reduction of nitro compounds or by the oxidation of hydroxylamines.
Ortho-nitrosophenols may be produced by the Baudisch reaction. In the Fischer–Hepp rearrangement aromatic 4-nitrosoanilines are prepared from the corresponding nitrosamines.
Properties
Nitrosoarenes typically participate in a monomer–dimer equilibrium. The dimers, which are often pale yellow, are often favored in the solid state, whereas the deep-green monomers are favored in dilute solution or at higher temperatures. They exist as cis and trans isomers.
Due to the stability of the nitric oxide free radical, nitroso organyls tend to have very low C–N bond dissociation energies: nitrosoalkanes have BDEs on the order of , while nitrosoarenes have BDEs on the order of . As a consequence, they are generally heat- and light-sensitive. Compounds containing O–(NO) or N–(NO) bonds generally have even lower bond dissociation energies. For instance, N-nitrosodiphenylamine, Ph2N–N=O, has a N–N bond dissociation energy of only . Organonitroso compounds serve as a ligands for transition metals.
Reactions
Many rea
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolvent%20formalism
|
In mathematics, the resolvent formalism is a technique for applying concepts from complex analysis to the study of the spectrum of operators on Banach spaces and more general spaces. Formal justification for the manipulations can be found in the framework of holomorphic functional calculus.
The resolvent captures the spectral properties of an operator in the analytic structure of the functional. Given an operator , the resolvent may be defined as
Among other uses, the resolvent may be used to solve the inhomogeneous Fredholm integral equations; a commonly used approach is a series solution, the Liouville–Neumann series.
The resolvent of can be used to directly obtain information about the spectral decomposition
of . For example, suppose is an isolated eigenvalue in the
spectrum of . That is, suppose there exists a simple closed curve
in the complex plane that separates from the rest of the spectrum of .
Then the residue
defines a projection operator onto the eigenspace of .
The Hille–Yosida theorem relates the resolvent through a Laplace transform to an integral over the one-parameter group of transformations generated by . Thus, for example, if is a Hermitian, then is a one-parameter group of unitary operators. Whenever , the resolvent of A at z can be expressed as the Laplace transform
where the integral is taken along the ray .
History
The first major use of the resolvent operator as a series in (cf. Liouville–Neumann series) was by Ivar Fredhol
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontorovich%E2%80%93Lebedev%20transform
|
In mathematics, the Kontorovich–Lebedev transform is an integral transform which uses a Macdonald function (modified Bessel function of the second kind) with imaginary index as its kernel. Unlike other Bessel function transforms, such as the Hankel transform, this transform involves integrating over the index of the function rather than its argument.
The transform of a function ƒ(x) and its inverse (provided they exist) are given below:
Laguerre previously studied a similar transform regarding Laguerre function as:
Erdélyi et al., for instance, contains a short list of Kontorovich–Lebedev transforms as well references to the original work of Kontorovich and Lebedev in the late 1930s. This transform is mostly used in solving the Laplace equation in cylindrical coordinates for wedge shaped domains by the method of separation of variables.
References
Erdélyi et al. Table of Integral Transforms Vol. 2 (McGraw Hill 1954)
I.N. Sneddon, The use of integral Transforms, (McGraw Hill, New York 1972)
Integral transforms
Special functions
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Stoletov
|
Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov (; 10 August 1839 – 27 May 1896) was a Russian physicist, founder of electrical engineering, and professor in Moscow University. He was the brother of general Nikolai Stoletov.
Biography
Alexander Stoletov defended his doctoral dissertation in 1872 and became professor at Moscow University a year later.
After defending his dissertation he became a renowned scientist worldwide. He attended the opening ceremony of the physical laboratory in Cambridge in 1874, and represented Russia at the first World Congress of Electricity in Paris in 1881, where he presented his work on links between electrostatic and electromagnetic values.
Contribution to science
His major contributions include pioneer work in the field of ferromagnetism and discovery of the laws and principles of the outer photoelectric effect.
Achievements of Alexander Stoletov include:
Magnetism (1871–1872)
Stoletov was the first to show that with the increase of the magnetic field the magnetic susceptibility of iron grows, but then begins to decrease.
Built the curve of the magnetic permeability of ferromagnetics, known as the Stoletov curve.
Developed two new methods for measuring magnetic properties of various materials.
Photoelectric effect (1888–1891)
Studied the outer photoelectric effect, discovered by Hertz in 1887. Published the results in six works.
Developed quantitative methods for the study of the photoelectric effect.
Discovered the direct proportionality betwe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20F.%20Carrier
|
George Francis Carrier (May 4, 1918 – March 8, 2002) was an engineer and physicist, and the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Applied Mathematics Emeritus of Harvard University. He was particularly noted for his ability to intuitively model a physical system and then deduce an analytical solution. He worked especially in the modeling of fluid mechanics, combustion, and tsunamis.
Born in Millinocket, Maine, he received a master's in engineering degree in 1939 and a Ph.D. in 1944 from Cornell University with a dissertation in applied mechanics entitled Investigations in the Field of Aeolotropic Elasticity and the Bending of the Sectorial-Plate under the supervision of J. Norman Goodier. He was co-author of a number of mathematical textbooks and over 100 journal papers.
Carrier was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1953, the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1967, and the American Philosophical Society in 1976. In 1990, he received the National Medal of Science, the United States' highest scientific award, presented by President Bush, for his contributions to the natural sciences.
He died from esophageal cancer on March 8, 2002.
Carrier's Rule
Carrier is known for "Carrier's Rule", a humorous explanation of why divergent asymptotic series often yield good approximations if the first few terms are taken even when the expansion parameter is of order one, while in the case of a convergent series many terms are needed to get a good approximatio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Kember
|
Norman Frank Kember (born 1931) is an emeritus professor of biophysics at Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry and a Christian pacifist active in campaigning on issues of war and peace. As a Baptist, he is a long-standing member of the Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America and the Fellowship of Reconciliation. As a conscientious objector to military service, he worked in a hospital in the early 1950s, which stimulated his interest in medical physics. He has been involved with the "Peace Zone" at the annual Greenbelt Festival.
He became internationally known in 2005 when, as a member of a delegation of Christian Peacemaker Teams (CPT) in Iraq, he was taken hostage with three other CPT members, leading to a widely publicised hostage crisis.
Kidnapping
On 26 November 2005, Kember (a delegate) and three other Western peace workers with CPT (American Tom Fox and Canadians James Loney and Harmeet Singh Sooden) were kidnapped by a previously unknown group calling itself the Swords of Righteousness Brigade.
According to his family, Kember went to Iraq to help Iraqis. Kember's family said: "Norman’s recent trip to visit the people of Iraq serves to highlight his willingness to listen to people from all backgrounds, beliefs, and walks of life and his determination to promote equality amongst all people." "He has gone to Iraq to listen, not convert; to learn from the Iraqi people, not to impose values; to promote peace and understanding."
On 5 December 2005 Kemb
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier%20function
|
In constrained optimization, a field of mathematics, a barrier function is a continuous function whose value on a point increases to infinity as the point approaches the boundary of the feasible region of an optimization problem. Such functions are used to replace inequality constraints by a penalizing term in the objective function that is easier to handle.
The two most common types of barrier functions are inverse barrier functions and logarithmic barrier functions. Resumption of interest in logarithmic barrier functions was motivated by their connection with primal-dual interior point methods.
Motivation
Consider the following constrained optimization problem:
minimize
subject to
where is some constant. If one wishes to remove the inequality constraint, the problem can be re-formulated as
minimize ,
where if , and zero otherwise.
This problem is equivalent to the first. It gets rid of the inequality, but introduces the issue that the penalty function , and therefore the objective function , is discontinuous, preventing the use of calculus to solve it.
A barrier function, now, is a continuous approximation to that tends to infinity as approaches from above. Using such a function, a new optimization problem is formulated, viz.
minimize
where is a free parameter. This problem is not equivalent to the original, but as approaches zero, it becomes an ever-better approximation.
Logarithmic barrier function
For logarithmic barrier functions, is defined as
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20S.%20Adams%20%28biologist%29
|
David S. Adams is a Professor of Biology at Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Education
In 1974, Adams received his BS in physiology from Oklahoma State University.
In 1976, he obtained his MS in Biophysical Sciences from the University of Houston.
In 1979, he obtained his PhD Molecular Biology from the University of Texas.
From 1979 to 1984 Adams received his Postdoc in Molecular Biology from Rockefeller University, New York City.
Alzheimer's Disease research
In 1995, he was the first person to successfully replicate Alzheimer's disease in a mouse. His work in the field suggests that an over-abundance of protein production causes the disease, as opposed to "twists" in neurons, as is alternately argued. The finding remains one of the most significant discoveries in Alzheimer's research to date.
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Adams lectures multiple biology classes at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, notably Cell Biology, Virology, and Advanced Cell Biology. He is an avid supporter of abolishing textbooks for upper classes, due to his belief that memorization does not contribute to a greater understanding of biology.
Awards and honors
He was elected in 2008 a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Research interests
Molecular medicine
Neurodegenerative diseases
Neurotrophic factors as therapeutics for neuro-regeneration
Mouse models for Alzheimer's
References
External links
WPI's Biology Department website on David Adams
Year of birth miss
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Kluyver
|
Albert Jan Kluyver ForMemRS (June 3, 1888 – May 14, 1956) was a Dutch microbiologist and biochemist.
Career
In 1926, Kluyver and Hendrick Jean Louis Donker published the now classic paper, "Die Einheit in der Biochemie" ("Unity in Biochemistry"). The paper helped establish Kluyver's vision that, at a biochemical level, all organisms are unified. Kluyver famously expressed the idea with the aphorism: "From elephant to butyric acid bacterium – it is all the same". The paper, and other work from Kluyver's lab, helped support both the concept of biochemical unity as well as the idea of "comparative biochemistry", which Kluyver envisioned as biochemically equivalent to comparative anatomy. The concept established a theoretical basis for studying chemical processes in bacteria and extrapolating those processes to higher organisms.
The concepts of "biochemical unity" and "comparative biochemistry" were both very influential and probably Kluyver's most significant work. Kluyver's best known student, C. B. van Niel, commented on his mentor's scientific influence and noted that by the middle of the 20th century, his work on biochemical unity was no longer cited. His aphorism was sufficiently widespread that in 1961 François Jacob and Jacques Monod paraphrased it, without mentioning Kluyver, as "that old axiom 'what is true for bacteria is also true for elephants'" to justify the genetic code's universality. His career was profoundly influenced by World War II and the Nazi occupation
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Huxley
|
Hugh Esmor Huxley MBE FRS (25 February 1924 – 25 July 2013) was a British molecular biologist who made important discoveries in the physiology of muscle. He was a graduate in physics from Christ's College, Cambridge. However, his education was interrupted for five years by the Second World War, during which he served in the Royal Air Force. His contribution to development of radar earned him an MBE.
Huxley was the first PhD student of Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Medical Research Council at Cambridge, where he worked on X-ray diffraction studies on muscle fibres. In the 1950s he was one of the first to use electron microscopy to study biological specimens. During his postdoctoral at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he, with fellow researcher Jean Hanson, discovered the underlying principle of muscle movement, popularised as the sliding filament theory in 1954. After 15 years of research, he proposed the "swinging cross-bridge hypothesis" in 1969, which became modern understanding of the molecular basis of muscle contraction, and much of other cellular motility.
Huxley worked at University College London for seven years, and at Laboratory of Molecular Biology for fifteen years, where he was its Deputy Director from 1979. Between 1987 and 1997, he was professor at Brandeis University in Massachusetts, where he spent the rest of his life as emeritus professor.
Education
Huxley studied physics at Christ's College, Cambridge in 1941. During his second year, his
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.