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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-Tang%20Ho
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Chi-Tang Ho (; born 1944) is a Chinese-born American food scientist. He received his PhD in organic chemistry in 1974 and started working as a researcher and professor in the food science department at Rutgers University. He is now director of the food science graduate program at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Accomplishments
Ho has written over 400 journal articles and 140 book chapters on different topics related to science and nutrition. Additionally he has edited 30 scientific books and received seven U.S. patents related to nutrition. He has been an associate editor for the Journal of Food Science, and served on the editorial boards of many food and nutrition journals. He is currently the senior editor at Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. Since 2000, Ho has been an honorary professor at universities in China.--currently, at the Southern Yangtze University in Wuxi, China.
Education and professional experience
BS, Chemistry, National Taiwan University;
MA, Organic Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis;
PhD, Organic Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis
Awards
Fellow, The American Chemical Society (2010)
Elected Fellow, The International Academy of Food Science and Technology (2006)
ACS Award for the Advancement of Application of Agricultural and Food Chemistry: American Chemical Society (2005)
Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) Stephen S. Chang Award for Lipid or Flavor Science (2002)
IFT Fellow (2003)
Board of Trustees Aw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace%20Webster
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Horace Webster (Hartford, Connecticut, September 21, 1794 - Geneva, New York, July 12, 1871) was an American educator who graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1818. Webster remained at West Point as a mathematics professor until 1825, leaving with the rank of first lieutenant. He then moved to Geneva College, where he taught as a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy until he left in 1848 to head the Free Academy of New York, where he continued until retirement in 1869. The school was renamed City College in 1866. Horace Webster served as its first president.
External links
References
Career Profile
1794 births
1871 deaths
Presidents of City College of New York
United States Military Academy alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-bot
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The Microbric I-Bot is a small robot that was distributed as a build-it-yourself kit by the Adelaide Advertiser newspaper in South Australia in November-December 2005. It is designed to be used as an introduction to electronics and to teach robotics.
The I-Bot, now discontinued, was created by Microbric, manufactured by Tytronics, distributed by The Advertiser/Sunday Mail (Newspapers in Education) and supported by the Electronics Industry Association in Australia.
A community of I-Bot users has developed with the aid of internet forums.
Programming
Programs can be created and uploaded to the I-Bot, via Windows and Mac software available from the I-Bot website. A simple graphical interface is used to create programs
which can then be uploaded to the I-Bot via holding it up to a flashing square on the display.
The programmer requires internet access, but I-Bot programs can be shared with others using a 'shareId' number.
Available programs
312 - Plays "We wish you a Merry Christmas" music (by Zetter)
318 - As 312, but with cycling lights (by Zetter)
341 - Reverse Parallel Park (by Jimbot)
480 - Plays "Can Can" music (by Joshua Bost)
714 - Take a Bow (by pschulz01)
748 - As 714, but with IR control (by pschulz01)
725 - Turn, Twist and Shake (by Aquaspoon)
847 - Timer Demonstration (by sgregory)
969 - Bump-n-go (by sgregory)
1188 - Play "Jingle Bells" music (by craig)
1274 - Play "Swan Lake" music (by brenton)
Robot kits
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Mirsky
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Alfred Ezra Mirsky (October 17, 1900 – June 19, 1974) was an American pioneer in molecular biology.
Mirsky graduated from Harvard College in 1922, after which he studied for two years at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons until 1924 when he moved to the University of Cambridge on a US National Research Council fellowship for the academic year 1924–1925. He received his PhD from Cambridge in 1926, with a dissertation under Lawrence J. Henderson on the Haemoglobin molecule, completing work begun under Joseph Barcroft.
On May 25, 1926 Mirsky married Reba Paeff, who went on to become a renowned children's author; they had a daughter, Reba Goodman and a son, Jonathan Mirsky.
In 1927 Mirsky was appointed Lab Assistant to Alfred E. Cohn at the then Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, beginning his association with Rockefeller University. During a sabbatical year at the California Institute of Technology, Mirsky published a paper with Linus Pauling on the general theory of protein structure, suggesting that the structure of proteins are coiled in a specific configuration that accounts for the function in the body, and that the protein is denatured when that configuration is lost by breaking the hydrogen bonds that stabilize the structure.
One of Mirsky's more notorious contributions while at the Rockefeller Institute was his attempt to discredit Oswald Avery. Avery had correctly shown that DNA was likely the agent of heredity. However, Mirsky went
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan%20Cantacuzino
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Ioan I. Cantacuzino (; also Ion Cantacuzino; 25 November 1863 – 14 January 1934) was a renowned Romanian physician and bacteriologist, a professor at the School of Medicine and Pharmacy of the University of Bucharest, and a titular member of the Romanian Academy. He established the fields of microbiology and experimental medicine in Romania, and founded the Ioan Cantacuzino Institute.
Early days
He was born in Bucharest as a member of the Cantacuzino family and the son of Ion C. Cantacuzino. After attending the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, he graduated from the University of Paris' Faculty of Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, and worked at several hospitals in Paris. He obtained his doctorate in 1894, with thesis Recherches sur le mode de destruction du vibrion cholérique dans l'organisme. Later in the same year, he began his academic career as a deputy professor at the University of Iași, and returned to Paris after two years to serve on the staff of the Pasteur Institute, where he worked under the direction of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov.
Career
In 1901, Cantacuzino was assigned a teaching position in Bucharest, where he became a major influence on a generation of scientists. His discoveries were relevant in the treatment of cholera, epidemic typhus, tuberculosis, and scarlet fever. As a disciple of Mechnikov, he devoted part of his research to expanding on the latter's field of interest (phagocytes, the body's means of defence against pathogens, as well as the issue of immun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20Nationale%20Sup%C3%A9rieure%20d%27%C3%89lectrochimie%20et%20d%27%C3%89lectrom%C3%A9tallurgie%20de%20Grenoble
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The École Nationale Supérieure d'Électrochimie et d'Électrométallurgie de Grenoble, or ENSEEG, was one of the French Grandes écoles of engineering (engineering schools). It has been created in 1921 under the name Institut d’électrochimie et d’électrométallurgie (IEE) (Institute of Electrochemistry and Electrometallurgy). The name ENSEEG has been chosen in 1948 and ENSEEG has been part of Grenoble Institute of Technology (INPG or GIT) since its creation in 1971. Therefore, the name INPG-ENSEEG has also been commonly used.
ENSEEG delivered a multidisciplinary education in physical chemistry. The ENSEEG engineers are especially competent in materials science, process engineering and electrochemistry. From September 2008, ENSEEG merged with two other Grandes écoles to create Phelma.
External links
ENSEEG Website
ENSEEG Student Website
ENSEEG Student Firm
Electrochimie et d'Électrométallurgie de Grenoble
Electrochemical engineering
Metallurgical organizations
Universities and colleges established in 1921
Educational institutions disestablished in 2008
1921 establishments in France
2008 disestablishments in France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-mortem%20%28disambiguation%29
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Post-mortem (meaning "after death") is short for "post-mortem examination", or autopsy, an examination of a corpse in order to determine cause of death.
Post-mortem may also refer to:
Science and technology
Post-mortem chemistry, a branch of chemistry for studying of chemical and biochemical phenomena in a cadaver
Post-mortem interval, the time that has elapsed since a person has died
Post-mortem documentation, a technical analysis of a finished project
Postmortem studies, a neurobiological research method
Post-mortem debugging, the debugging of software after it has crashed
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
Post Mortem (1982 film), a 1982 Indian Malayalam film
Post Mortem (1999 film), a 1999 Canadian film
Post Mortem (2010 film), a 2010 Chilean film
Post Mortem (2020 film), a 2020 Hungarian film
Postmortem (1998 film), a 1998 film starring Charlie Sheen
Literature
Post-Mortem (Coward play), a 1930 play by Noël Coward
Post Mortem (Gurney play), a 2006 play by A. R. Gurney
Post Mortem, a 1968 book by Albert Caraco
Postmortem (novel), a novel by Patricia Cornwell
Music
Post Mortem (Black Tide album), 2011
Post Mortem (Dillom album), 2021
Post Mortem (band), a thrash metal band from Boston, Massachusetts
"Post Mortem", a song from God Is an Astronaut's 2008 self-titled album
"Postmortem", a song from Slayer's 1986 album, Reign in Blood
Television
Post Mortem (TV series), a 2007 German crime drama
Post Mortem: No One Dies in Skarnes a 2021 Norwegia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episulfide
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In organic chemistry, episulfides are a class of organic compounds that contain a saturated, heterocyclic ring consisting of two carbon atoms and one sulfur atom. It is the sulfur analogue of an epoxide or aziridine. They are also known as thiiranes, olefin sulfides, thioalkylene oxides, and thiacyclopropanes. Episulfides are less common and generally less stable than epoxides. The most common derivative is ethylene sulfide ().
Structure
According to electron diffraction, the and distances in ethylene sulfide are respectively 1.473 and 1.811 Å. The and angles are respectively 66.0 and 48.0°.
Preparation
History
A number of chemists in the early 1900s, including Staudinger and Pfenninger (1916), as well as Delepine (1920) studied episulfides. I 1934 Dachlauer and Jackel devised a general synthesis of episulfides from epoxides using alkali thiocyanates and thiourea.
Contemporary methods
Following the lead of Dachlauer and Jackel, contemporary routes to episulfides utilize a two-step method, converting an olefin to an epoxide followed by thiation using thiocyanate or thiourea.
Episulfides can also be prepared from cyclic carbonates, hydroxy mercaptans, hydroxyalkyl halides, dihaloalkanes, and halo mercaptans. The reaction of ethylene carbonate and KSCN gives ethylene sulfide:
KSCN + C2H4O2CO -> KOCN + C2H4S + CO2
The metal-catalyzed reaction of sulfur with alkenes has been demonstrated.
Reactions
Common uses of episulfides in both academic and industrial settings mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28Bis%28trifluoroacetoxy%29iodo%29benzene
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(Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene, , is a hypervalent iodine compound used as a reagent in organic chemistry. It can be used to carry out the Hofmann rearrangement under acidic conditions.
Preparation
The syntheses of all aryl hypervalent iodine compounds start from iodobenzene. The compound can be prepared by reaction of iodobenzene with a mixture of trifluoroperacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid in a method analogous to the synthesis of
It can also be prepared by dissolving diacetoxyiodobenzene (a commercially-available compound) with heating in trifluoroacetic acid:
Uses
It also brings around the conversion of a hydrazone to a diazo compound, for example in the diazo-thioketone coupling. It also converts thioacetals to their parent carbonyl compounds.
Hofmann rearrangement
The Hofmann rearrangement is a decarbonylation reaction whereby an amide is converted to an amine by way of an isocyanate intermediate. It is usually carried out under strongly basic conditions.
The reaction can also be carried out under mildly acidic conditions by way of the same intermediate using a hypervalent iodine compound in aqueous solution. An example published in Organic Syntheses is the conversion of cyclobutanecarboxamide, easily synthesized from cyclobutylcarboxylic acid, to cyclobutylamine. The primary amine is initially present as its trifluoroacetate salt, which can be converted to the hydrochloride salt to facilitate product purification.
References
Iodanes
Reagents for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20speed%20limit%20theorems
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Quantum speed limit theorems are quantum mechanics theorems concerning the orthogonalization interval, the minimum time for a quantum system to evolve between two orthogonal states.
Consider an initial pure quantum state expressed as a superposition of its energy eigenstates
.
If the state is let to evolve for an interval by the Schrödinger equation it becomes
,
where is the reduced Planck constant.
If the initial state is orthogonal to the evolved state then and the minimum interval required to achieve this condition is called the orthogonalization interval or time.
Mandelstam-Tamm theorem
The Mandelstam-Tamm theorem states that
,
where
is the variance of the system's energy and is the Hamiltonian operator.
The theorem is named after Leonid Mandelstam and Igor Tamm.
In this case, quantum evolution is independent of the particular Hamiltonian used to transport the quantum system along a given curve in the projective Hilbert space; it is the distance along this curve measured by the Fubini-Study metric.
Proof
We want to find the smallest interval such that
.
We note that
using Euler's formula and noting that the sine function is odd. Then
,
since , .
We note that
.
Thus
.
Since then if . So the second term vanishes for and
.
For this bound to become an equality we demand , that is or . Thus
,
which holds for only two energy eigenstates and . Thus, the only state that attains this bound is a two-level pure quantum state (qubit) in an equal superposition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace%20Testing%20Alliance
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Aerospace Testing Alliance (ATA) is a defunct aerospace engineering company in the United States of America. It was the prime contractor of the US Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC), in Tullahoma, Tennessee from 2003 until 2016.
Launched in 2003, ATA was a joint operation of Jacobs Sverdrup, General Physics, Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC), DynCorp. ATA was contracted at $2.7 Billion for a 12-year period.
The Center is now operated by National Aerospace Solutions
External links
company site
US Air Force's AEDC Fact sheet regarding ATA
Jacobs-Sverdrup ATA announcement
CSC ATA announcement
Nashville Business Journal
Aerospace companies of the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20measure
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In mathematics, a regular measure on a topological space is a measure for which every measurable set can be approximated from above by open measurable sets and from below by compact measurable sets.
Definition
Let (X, T) be a topological space and let Σ be a σ-algebra on X. Let μ be a measure on (X, Σ). A measurable subset A of X is said to be inner regular if
and said to be outer regular if
A measure is called inner regular if every measurable set is inner regular. Some authors use a different definition: a measure is called inner regular if every open measurable set is inner regular.
A measure is called outer regular if every measurable set is outer regular.
A measure is called regular if it is outer regular and inner regular.
Examples
Regular measures
Lebesgue measure on the real line is a regular measure: see the regularity theorem for Lebesgue measure.
Any Baire probability measure on any locally compact σ-compact Hausdorff space is a regular measure.
Any Borel probability measure on a locally compact Hausdorff space with a countable base for its topology, or compact metric space, or Radon space, is regular.
Inner regular measures that are not outer regular
An example of a measure on the real line with its usual topology that is not outer regular is the measure μ where , , and for any other set .
The Borel measure on the plane that assigns to any Borel set the sum of the (1-dimensional) measures of its horizontal sections is inner regular but not outer re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield%20%28engineering%29
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In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible and is known as plastic deformation.
The yield strength or yield stress is a material property and is the stress corresponding to the yield point at which the material begins to deform plastically. The yield strength is often used to determine the maximum allowable load in a mechanical component, since it represents the upper limit to forces that can be applied without producing permanent deformation. In some materials, such as aluminium, there is a gradual onset of non-linear behavior, and no precise yield point. In such a case, the offset yield point (or proof stress) is taken as the stress at which 0.2% plastic deformation occurs. Yielding is a gradual failure mode which is normally not catastrophic, unlike ultimate failure.
In solid mechanics, the yield point can be specified in terms of the three-dimensional principal stresses () with a yield surface or a yield criterion. A variety of yield criteria have been developed for different materials.
Definition
It is often difficult to precisely define yielding due to the wide variety of stress–strain curves exhibited by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting%20control%20system
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A lighting control system incorporates communication between various system inputs and outputs related to lighting control with the use of one or more central computing devices. Lighting control systems are widely used on both indoor and outdoor lighting of commercial, industrial, and residential spaces. Lighting control systems are sometimes referred to under the term smart lighting. Lighting control systems serve to provide the right amount of light where and when it is needed.
Lighting control systems are employed to maximize the energy savings from the lighting system, satisfy building codes, or comply with green building and energy conservation programs. Lighting control systems may include a lighting technology designed for energy efficiency, convenience and security. This may include high efficiency fixtures and automated controls that make adjustments based on conditions such as occupancy or daylight availability. Lighting is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic or practical effect (e.g. illumination of a security breach). It includes task lighting, accent lighting, and general lighting.
Lighting controls
The term lighting controls is typically used to indicate stand-alone control of the lighting within a space. This may include occupancy sensors, timeclocks, and photocells that are hard-wired to control fixed groups of lights independently. Adjustment occurs manually at each devices location. The efficiency of and market for residential l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endeavour%20College
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Endeavour College is a Lutheran high school in Mawson Lakes, a northern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. Subjects taught include Art & Design, Drama, Music, English, German, Japanese, Mathematics, Physical Education, History, Business Studies, Science (Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Psychology), Material Technology, Multimedia, Geography, Christian Living & Home Economics.
History
The College started its life at Good Shepherd Lutheran Primary School in 1998, with 20 students. It moved to the Mawson Lakes Campus in 1999. Three stages of building have been completed at this site, adjacent to the UniSA Mawson Lakes Campus. Stage 4, the Gymnasium, was completed at the start of 2008, and is now in use. The 10th anniversary was celebrated in 2008. Endeavour College now has around 600 students, introducing its first intake of year seven students in 2017
Facilities
Endeavour College has a library, a number of science laboratories, hard technology center, art and design rooms and music rehearsal room. The Endeavour Centre was completed in 2008 and has a gymnasium, basketball court and supporting physical educational activities. Major expansion occurred in 2016 with the construction of the middle school to allow incorporation of year seven students.
About Endeavour
Houses
Students at Endeavour are split into eight villages, each named after a prominent South Australian. Each house is again split into 4 care groups (North, South, East, and West).
Heysen – Hans Heysen, painter of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joukowsky%20transform
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In applied mathematics, the Joukowsky transform (sometimes transliterated Joukovsky, Joukowski or Zhukovsky) is a conformal map historically used to understand some principles of airfoil design. It is named after Nikolai Zhukovsky, who published it in 1910.
The transform is
where is a complex variable in the new space and is a complex variable in the original space.
In aerodynamics, the transform is used to solve for the two-dimensional potential flow around a class of airfoils known as Joukowsky airfoils. A Joukowsky airfoil is generated in the complex plane (-plane) by applying the Joukowsky transform to a circle in the -plane. The coordinates of the centre of the circle are variables, and varying them modifies the shape of the resulting airfoil. The circle encloses the point (where the derivative is zero) and intersects the point This can be achieved for any allowable centre position by varying the radius of the circle.
Joukowsky airfoils have a cusp at their trailing edge. A closely related conformal mapping, the Kármán–Trefftz transform, generates the broader class of Kármán–Trefftz airfoils by controlling the trailing edge angle. When a trailing edge angle of zero is specified, the Kármán–Trefftz transform reduces to the Joukowsky transform.
General Joukowsky transform
The Joukowsky transform of any complex number to is as follows:
So the real () and imaginary () components are:
Sample Joukowsky airfoil
The transformation of all complex numbers on th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation
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Activation, in chemistry and biology, is the process whereby something is prepared or excited for a subsequent reaction.
Chemistry
In chemistry, "activation" refers to the reversible transition of a molecule into a nearly identical chemical or physical state, with the defining characteristic being that this resultant state exhibits an increased propensity to undergo a specified chemical reaction. Thus, activation is conceptually the opposite of protection, in which the resulting state exhibits a decreased propensity to undergo a certain reaction.
The energy of activation specifies the amount of free energy the reactants must possess (in addition to their rest energy) in order to initiate their conversion into corresponding products—that is, in order to reach the transition state for the reaction. The energy needed for activation can be quite small, and often it is provided by the natural random thermal fluctuations of the molecules themselves (i.e. without any external sources of energy).
The branch of chemistry that deals with this topic is called chemical kinetics.
Biology
Biochemistry
In biochemistry, activation, specifically called bioactivation, is where enzymes or other biologically active molecules acquire the ability to perform their biological function, such as inactive proenzymes being converted into active enzymes that are able to catalyze their substrates' reactions into products. Bioactivation may also refer to the process where inactive prodrugs are conv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope%20theorem
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In mathematics and economics, the envelope theorem is a major result about the differentiability properties of the value function of a parameterized optimization problem. As we change parameters of the objective, the envelope theorem shows that, in a certain sense, changes in the optimizer of the objective do not contribute to the change in the objective function. The envelope theorem is an important tool for comparative statics of optimization models.
The term envelope derives from describing the graph of the value function as the "upper envelope" of the graphs of the parameterized family of functions that are optimized.
Statement
Let and be real-valued continuously differentiable functions on , where are choice variables and are parameters, and consider the problem of choosing , for a given , so as to:
subject to and .
The Lagrangian expression of this problem is given by
where are the Lagrange multipliers. Now let and together be the solution that maximizes the objective function f subject to the constraints (and hence are saddle points of the Lagrangian),
and define the value function
Then we have the following theorem.
Theorem: Assume that and are continuously differentiable. Then
where .
For arbitrary choice sets
Let denote the choice set and let the relevant parameter be . Letting denote the parameterized objective function, the value function and the optimal choice correspondence (set-valued function) are given by:
"Envelope theorems" describ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20analysis%20%28mathematics%29
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Scale analysis (or order-of-magnitude analysis) is a powerful tool used in the mathematical sciences for the simplification of equations with many terms. First the approximate magnitude of individual terms in the equations is determined. Then some negligibly small terms may be ignored.
Example: vertical momentum in synoptic-scale meteorology
Consider for example the momentum equation of the Navier–Stokes equations in the vertical coordinate direction of the atmosphere
where R is Earth radius, Ω is frequency of rotation of the Earth, g is gravitational acceleration, φ is latitude, ρ is density of air and ν is kinematic viscosity of air (we can neglect turbulence in free atmosphere).
In synoptic scale we can expect horizontal velocities about U = 101 m.s−1 and vertical about W = 10−2 m.s−1. Horizontal scale is L = 106 m and vertical scale is H = 104 m. Typical time scale is T = L/U = 105 s. Pressure differences in troposphere are ΔP = 104 Pa and density of air ρ = 100 kg⋅m−3. Other physical properties are approximately:
R = 6.378 × 106 m;
Ω = 7.292 × 10−5 rad⋅s−1;
ν = 1.46 × 10−5 m2⋅s−1;
g = 9.81 m⋅s−2.
Estimates of the different terms in equation () can be made using their scales:
Now we can introduce these scales and their values into equation ():
We can see that all terms — except the first and second on the right-hand side — are negligibly small. Thus we can simplify the vertical momentum equation to the hydrostatic equilibrium equation:
Rules of scale analysi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular%20equilibrium
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In nuclear physics, secular equilibrium is a situation in which the quantity of a radioactive isotope remains constant because its production rate (e.g., due to decay of a parent isotope) is equal to its decay rate.
In radioactive decay
Secular equilibrium can occur in a radioactive decay chain only if the half-life of the daughter radionuclide B is much shorter than the half-life of the parent radionuclide A. In such a case, the decay rate of A and hence the production rate of B is approximately constant, because the half-life of A is very long compared to the time scales considered. The quantity of radionuclide B builds up until the number of B atoms decaying per unit time becomes equal to the number being produced per unit time. The quantity of radionuclide B then reaches a constant, equilibrium value. Assuming the initial concentration of radionuclide B is zero, full equilibrium usually takes several half-lives of radionuclide B to establish.
The quantity of radionuclide B when secular equilibrium is reached is determined by the quantity of its parent A and the half-lives of the two radionuclide. That can be seen from the time rate of change of the number of atoms of radionuclide B:
where λA and λB are the decay constants of radionuclide A and B, related to their half-lives t1/2 by , and NA and NB are the number of atoms of A and B at a given time.
Secular equilibrium occurs when , or
Over long enough times, comparable to the half-life of radionuclide A, the secular
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecoline
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Arecoline () is a nicotinic acid-based mild parasympathomimetic stimulant alkaloid found in the areca nut, the fruit of the areca palm (Areca catechu). It is an odourless oily liquid. It can bring a sense of enhanced alertness and energy, euphoria and relaxation. The psychoactive effects are comparable to that of nicotine.
Chemistry
Arecoline is a base, and its conjugate acid has a pKa ~ 6.8.
Arecoline is volatile in steam, miscible with most organic solvents and water, but extractable from water by ether in presence of dissolved salts. Being basic, arecoline forms salts with acids. The salts are crystalline, but usually deliquescent: the hydrochloride, arecoline•HCl, forms needles, m.p. 158 °C; the hydrobromide, arecoline•HBr, forms slender prisms, mp. 177–179 °C from hot methanol; the aurichloride, arecoline•HAuCl4, is an oil, but the platinichloride, arecoline2•H2PtCl6, mp. 176 °C, crystallizes from water in orange-red rhombohedrons. The methiodide forms glancing prisms, mp. 173-174 °C.
Pharmacology
Arecoline is the primary active ingredient responsible for the central nervous system effects of the areca nut. Arecoline has been compared to nicotine; however, nicotine agonizes nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, whereas arecoline is primarily a partial agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to its parasympathetic effects. In frogs, arecoline also acts as an antagonist (or very weak partial agonist) at α4 and α6-containing nicotinic acetylcholine recept
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage%20Ridge%20School
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Sage Ridge is the only non-sectarian college preparatory school in the metropolitan area of the U.S. city of Reno, Nevada. It offers a diverse academic environment for grades 3 through 12 through the teaching of various mathematics, science, English, history, Spanish and Latin classes. The curriculum is supplemented with an array of fine arts classes, including various music, art and theater courses. The school is accredited by the NWAIS (Northwest Association of Independent Schools).
Campus and facilities
Sage Ridge School sits on over 40 acres of land about a 1,000 feet above the valley floor of Reno. It has a view of the city, which is directly north of the campus. Two buildings and portable classroom comprise the main campus, along with a multipurpose field behind the school. The three buildings, Crossbow Hall, the Webster Building and the learning cottage.
Webster Hall houses a multipurpose room, called the Great Space, with a non-regulation sized basketball court surrounded by classrooms, the main office and the library. The Great Space is used for everything from middle school physical education to weekly school meetings. The Loft is a space for the Upper School (high school) to eat lunch and socialize with views of Mount Rose.
The AIM (Achieve, Innovate and Magnify) Capital Campaign is a three-phase building project to expand Sage Ridge's campus to better serve the educational and facility needs of the growing community. The first phase is the Student Activity Cen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepwise%20reaction
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In chemistry, a stepwise reaction (also called an overall reaction, complex reaction, and multistep reaction, among others) is a chemical reaction with one or more reaction intermediates, which by definition involves at least two consecutive elementary reactions.
In a stepwise reaction, not all bonds are broken and formed at the same time. Hence, intermediates appear in the reaction pathway going from the reactants to the products. A stepwise reaction distinguishes itself from an elementary reaction in which the transformation is assumed to occur in a single step and to pass through a single transition state.
In contrast to elementary reactions which follow the law of mass action, the rate law of stepwise reactions is obtained by combining the rate laws of the multiple elementary steps, and can become rather complex. Moreover, when speaking about catalytic reactions, the diffusion may also limit the reaction. In general, however, there is one very slow step, which is the rate-determining step, i.e. the reaction doesn't proceed any faster than the rate-determining step proceeds.
Organic reactions, especially when involving catalysis, are often stepwise. For example, a typical enol reaction consists of at least these elementary steps:
Deprotonation next to (α to) the carbonyl:
Attack of enolate:
Rδ+ is an electron acceptor, for example, the carbon of a carbonyl (C=O). A very strong base, usually an alkoxide, is needed for the first step.
Reaction intermediates may be trap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Connell%20%28biochemist%29
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George Edward Connell, (June 20, 1930 – March 13, 2015) was a Canadian academic.
Born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Connell studied at Upper Canada College in Toronto and graduated in 1947. He then attended the University of Toronto, earning a BA in biochemistry in 1951 and a PhD in 1955.
Connell worked at the University of Toronto for the next 22 years, first as a professor of biochemistry and then as the chairman of the department of biochemistry. His research included the study of plasma cholinesterase. He left to serve as President of the University of Western Ontario from 1977 to 1984, before returning to the University of Toronto to become its twelfth President from 1984 to 1990.
In 1987, Connell was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. He served as a principal advisor to the Royal Commission of Inquiry on the Blood System in Canada (known as the Krever Inquiry) established in 1993. Connell died on March 13, 2015.
References
External links
George Edward Connell archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
From the Ivory Tower to the Corporate Tower, speech at the Empire Club of Canada, October 17, 1985 by Harry T. Seymour
Bayer International Bioethics Advisory Council, short biography
1930 births
2015 deaths
Canadian Anglicans
Canadian biochemists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
Presidents of the University of Toronto
People from Saskatoon
University of Toronto alumni
Acade
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-value
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D-value may refer to:
D-value (microbiology) - the decimal reduction time, the time required at a certain temperature to kill 90% of the organisms being studied
D-value (meteorology) in meteorology refers to the deviation of actual altitude along a constant pressure surface from the standard atmosphere altitude of that surface.
D-value (transport) - a rating in kN that is typically attributed to mechanical couplings
Cohen's d in statistics - The expected difference between the means between an experimental group and a control group, divided by the expected standard deviation. It is used in estimations of necessary sample sizes of experiments.
d', a sensitivity index.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure%20Galaxy%21
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Treasure Galaxy! is an educational computer game published by The Learning Company in 1994 for both Windows and Macintosh. It is aimed at children ages 5 to 9 and is intended to teach children reading, basic mathematics and logic skills. Treasure Galaxy is part of the Super Seekers games.
Background
After being removed from Treasure Cove, the Master of Mischief goes to Crystal City in deep space. After turning the harmless asteroids into menacing Disasteroids, the Master of Mischief attacks Crystal City and shatters its crystals. The Super Seekers are summoned to recover the crystal shards and save Crystal City from the Master of Mischief.
Gameplay
The goal of Treasure Galaxy! is to recover all of the crystals and return them to the Queen in her palace. To gather crystals, the player must first capture animated fireballs called "sunbeams" and answer their riddles. If answered correctly, a sunbeam will help the player decode a cipher that must be cracked in order to access the crystals hidden in the satellites. Each stage has different cipher that applies to all the satellites in that particular stage.
There are three separate stages, or orbits, of play, and the player may not move on to the next stage until he has learned the 4-digit passcode. The passcode can be obtained by completing various challenges posed by aliens that can be found in each stage. The challenges pertain to real-world scenarios such as using a calendar to find a certain date, tangrams, measuring with a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20astronomy
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to astronomy:
Astronomy – studies the universe beyond Earth, including its formation and development, and the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects (such as galaxies, planets, etc.) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation). Astronomy also intersect with biology, as astrobiology, studying potential life throughout the universe.
Nature of astronomy
Astronomy can be described as all the following:
An academic discipline: one with academic departments, curricula and degrees; national and international societies; and specialized journals.
A scientific field (a branch of science) – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies it
A natural science – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world using empirical and scientific methods.
A branch or field of space science
A hobby or part-time pursuit for the satisfaction of personal curiosity or appreciation of beauty, the latter especially including astrophotography.
Branches of astronomy
Astrobiology – studies the advent and evolution of biological systems in the universe.
Astrophysics – branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior. Among the objects studied are galaxies, s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylal
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Acylals in organic chemistry are a group of chemical compounds sharing a functional group with the general structure RCH(OOCR)2. Acylals are obtained by reaction of carbonyls with acetic anhydride or other acid anhydrides and a suitable catalyst, for instance with sulfated zirconia at low temperatures when used as protective groups for aldehydes. High temperature exposure converts the acylal back to the aldehyde.
References
Functional groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoxy%20compounds
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In chemistry, azoxy compounds are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure . They are considered N-oxides of azo compounds. Azoxy compounds are 1,3-dipoles and cycloadd to double bonds. Most azoxy-containing compounds have aryl substituents.
Preparation
Azoxybenzene and its derivatives are typically prepared by reduction of nitrocompounds, such as the reduction of nitrobenzene with arsenous oxide. Such reactions are proposed to proceed via the intermediacy of the nitroso compounds and hydroxylamines, e.g. phenylhydroxylamine and nitrosobenzene (Ph = phenyl, ): PhNHOH + PhNO -> PhN(O)NPh + H2O
Nitrosocarbamate esters decarboxylate in strong base to an azotate susceptible to strong alkylation agents:
–N(H)CO2R + 2NO2 → –N(N=O)CO2R + HNO3
–N(N=O)CO2R + KOR → –N=NO−K+ + CO2 + R2O
–N=NO−K+ + R3O+BF → –N(N=O)R + R2O + KBF4
An alternative route involves oxidation of azobenzenes with peroxy acids.
Structure
Azoxybenzene compounds are more stable as their trans isomer isomer. In Ph2N2O, the N-N and N-O bond lengths are is 1.24 and 1.255 Å respectively, corresponding to some double bonds character. The CNNC and CNNO are near 176°.
Trans-azoxydibenzene's resonance form with a negative formal charge on oxygen (–N=N+(O−)–) corresponds to a theoretical 6D dipole moment. However, the observed moment is only 4.7 D, suggesting a substantial resonance contribution in which the other nitrogen bears negative charge (–N−–N+(=O)–
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical%20scientist
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A biomedical scientist is a scientist trained in biology, particularly in the context of medical laboratory sciences or laboratory medicine. These scientists work to gain knowledge on the main principles of how the human body works and to find new ways to cure or treat disease by developing advanced diagnostic tools or new therapeutic strategies. The research of biomedical scientists is referred to as biomedical research.
Description
The specific activities of the biomedical scientist can differ in various parts of the world and vary with the level of education. Generally speaking, biomedical scientists conduct research in a laboratory setting, using living organisms as models to conduct experiments. These can include cultured human or animal cells grown outside of the whole organism, small animals such as flies, worms, fish, mice, and rats, or, rarely, larger animals and primates. Biomedical scientists may also work directly with human tissue specimens to perform experiments as well as participate in clinical research.
Biomedical scientists employ a variety of techniques in order to carry out laboratory experiments. These include:
Molecular and biochemical techniques
Electrophoresis and blotting
Immunostaining
Chromatography
Mass spectrometry
PCR and sequencing
Microarrays
Imaging technologies
Light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy
MRI
PET
X-ray
Genetic engineering/modification
Transfection
Viral transduction
Transgenic model organisms
Electrophysiology techniques
P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Beason
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Doug Beason (born 1953) is an American scientist and science fiction author.
He graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1977 with a dual major in physics and math. He started his first novel while at the Academy after returning there as an officer in the 1980s to teach physics. He is a retired Air Force Colonel with a PhD in physics. He is also a Fellow of the American Physical Society and has published two non-fiction books. His book "Science and Technology Policy for the post-Cold War: A Case for Long-Term Research", was awarded the National Defense University President's Strategic Vision award. He also worked on a few books, (e.g. Lifeline, The Trinity Paradox, and Nanospace) with Kevin J. Anderson. In 2008, he retired from his position as Associate Laboratory Director for Threat Reduction at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. He currently writes full-time, lectures, and consults.
Bibliography
Novels
Return to Honor (1989)
Assault on Alpha Base (1990)
Strike Eagle (1991)
Wild Blue U (2005)
Return to Honor (2014)
The Cadet (2015)
The Officer (2016)
Space Station Down (2020), Co-Authored with Ben Bova
Co-authored with Kevin J. Anderson
Lifeline (1990)
The Trinity Paradox (1991)
Assemblers of Infinity (1993)
Ill Wind (1995)
Ignition (1997)
Kill Zone (2019)
Craig Kreident Series:
Virtual Destruction (1996)
Fallout (1997)
Lethal Exposure (1998)
Short fiction
Non-fiction
Science and Technology Policy for the post-Cold War: A Case for Long-Term Resear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred%20Wagner
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Manfred Hermann Wagner (born 1948) is the author of Wagner model and the molecular stress function theory for polymer rheology.
He is a Professor for Polymer engineering and Polymer physics at the Technical University of Berlin.
Manfred was born in Stuttgart, Germany in 1948. He obtained his PhD in Chemical engineering at the Institute for Polymer Processing of Stuttgart University. He worked as a post-doc in Polymer Physics under Joachim Meissner at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in Zurich, and in the Plastic industry, then he returned to Stuttgart University in 1988 as Professor for Fluid Dynamics and Rheology. In 1998–1999, he was Dean of the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Engineering Cybernetics of Stuttgart University. In 1999, he moved to Technical University of Berlin.
His works include the constitutive equations for polymer melts, the application of rheology to the processing of polymers, and structure-property relationships for polymers. The focus of his work on rheology is the field of non-linear shear and elongational behavior of polymer melts and effects of polydispersity, branching and blending on melt behavior. The outstanding point associated with Wagner's work is the relative simplicity of the structural picture of the polymer chain and its respective mathematical formulation.
His latest contribution to the constitutive modeling, the MSF (Molecular Stress Function) theory, assumes a microstructure-based damping function (developed by himself
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic%20analysis
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Semantic analysis may refer to:
Language
Semantic analysis (linguistics)
Semantic analysis (computational)
Semantic analysis (machine learning)
Semantic Analysis (book), 1960, by Paul Ziff, on aesthetics/philosophy of language
Other ontologies
Semantic analytics of organisations
Semantic analysis (knowledge representation) of Web content
Other uses
Semantic analysis of audio
Semantic analysis (computer science)
Semantic analysis (compilers)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rng%20%28algebra%29
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In mathematics, and more specifically in abstract algebra, a rng (or non-unital ring or pseudo-ring) is an algebraic structure satisfying the same properties as a ring, but without assuming the existence of a multiplicative identity. The term rng (IPA: ) is meant to suggest that it is a ring without i, that is, without the requirement for an identity element.
There is no consensus in the community as to whether the existence of a multiplicative identity must be one of the ring axioms (see ). The term rng was coined to alleviate this ambiguity when people want to refer explicitly to a ring without the axiom of multiplicative identity.
A number of algebras of functions considered in analysis are not unital, for instance the algebra of functions decreasing to zero at infinity, especially those with compact support on some (non-compact) space.
Definition
Formally, a rng is a set R with two binary operations called addition and multiplication such that
(R, +) is an abelian group,
(R, ·) is a semigroup,
Multiplication distributes over addition.
A rng homomorphism is a function from one rng to another such that
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)
f(x · y) = f(x) · f(y)
for all x and y in R.
If R and S are rings, then a ring homomorphism is the same as a rng homomorphism that maps 1 to 1.
Examples
All rings are rngs. A simple example of a rng that is not a ring is given by the even integers with the ordinary addition and multiplication of integers. Another example is given by t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Cassidy%20%28composer%29
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Patrick Cassidy (born 1956) is an Irish orchestral, choral, and film score composer.
Early life and education
Cassidy was born in Claremorris, County Mayo, Ireland. He received a BSC in Applied Mathematics from the University of Limerick in 1985 and supported his early compositional activities with a day job as a statistician and technology analyst.
Work
He is known for his narrative cantatas – works he has written for orchestra and choir based on Irish mythology - and for the aria ‘Vide Cor Meum’ originally composed for the film ‘Hannibal’, directed by Ridley Scott and starring Anthony Hopkins. The libretto for the latter aria was taken from Dante’s first sonnet in ‘La Vita Nuova’.
The Children of Lir, released in September 1993, remained at number one in the Irish classical charts for a full year. It was the first cantata written in the Irish language since the work of Paul McSwiney in the late 1800s. The BBC later produced an hour-long documentary on the piece. Famine Remembrance, a commissioned piece to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Irish Famine, was premiered in New York's St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1996. In June 2007, the piece was performed at the opening of Toronto's Ireland Park with the President of Ireland as a special guest.
Other albums include Cruit (arrangements of 17th- and 18th-century Irish harp music with Cassidy as the soloist) and Deirdre of the Sorrows, another cantata in the Irish language, recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume%20%28fluid%20dynamics%29
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In hydrodynamics, a plume or a column is a vertical body of one fluid moving through another. Several effects control the motion of the fluid, including momentum (inertia), diffusion and buoyancy (density differences). Pure jets and pure plumes define flows that are driven entirely by momentum and buoyancy effects, respectively. Flows between these two limits are usually described as forced plumes or buoyant jets. "Buoyancy is defined as being positive" when, in the absence of other forces or initial motion, the entering fluid would tend to rise. Situations where the density of the plume fluid is greater than its surroundings (i.e. in still conditions, its natural tendency would be to sink), but the flow has sufficient initial momentum to carry it some distance vertically, are described as being negatively buoyant.
Movement
Usually, as a plume moves away from its source, it widens because of entrainment of the surrounding fluid at its edges. Plume shapes can be influenced by flow in the ambient fluid (for example, if local wind blowing in the same direction as the plume results in a co-flowing jet). This usually causes a plume which has initially been 'buoyancy-dominated' to become 'momentum-dominated' (this transition is usually predicted by a dimensionless number called the Richardson number).
Flow and detection
A further phenomenon of importance is whether a plume has laminar flow or turbulent flow. Usually, there is a transition from laminar to turbulent as the pl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity%20of%20simultaneity
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In physics, the relativity of simultaneity is the concept that distant simultaneity – whether two spatially separated events occur at the same time – is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame. This possibility was raised by mathematician Henri Poincaré in 1900, and thereafter became a central idea in the special theory of relativity.
Description
According to the special theory of relativity introduced by Albert Einstein, it is impossible to say in an absolute sense that two distinct events occur at the same time if those events are separated in space. If one reference frame assigns precisely the same time to two events that are at different points in space, a reference frame that is moving relative to the first will generally assign different times to the two events (the only exception being when motion is exactly perpendicular to the line connecting the locations of both events).
For example, a car crash in London and another in New York appearing to happen at the same time to an observer on Earth, will appear to have occurred at slightly different times to an observer on an airplane flying between London and New York. Furthermore, if the two events cannot be causally connected, depending on the state of motion, the crash in London may appear to occur first in a given frame, and the New York crash may appear to occur first in another. However, if the events are causally connected, precedence order is preserved in all frames of reference.
History
In 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergan%2C%20Inc.
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Allergan, Inc. was an American global pharmaceutical company focused on eye care, neurosciences, medical dermatology, medical aesthetics, breast enhancement, obesity intervention and urologics. Allergan, Inc. was formed in 1948, incorporated in 1950 and became a public company in 1970. It ceased operation in 2015 when it was acquired by Irish-based Actavis plc (itself a 2013 U.S. tax inversion to Ireland), who then renamed the group as Allergan plc.
Early history
The company traces its roots back to 1948 and pharmacist Gavin S. Herbert, who in 1950 established Allergan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Allergan focused on the discovery and development of novel formulations for specialty markets, as well as intimate collaboration with physicians and the scientific community. 1953 saw Allergan producing eye drops and formulating new products such as the first cortisone eye drop to treat allergic inflammation and the first ophthalmic steroid decongestant.
Acquisitions
Allergan became a publicly traded company in 1970 and was acquired by SmithKline for $259 million in 1980. After generating $756 million in revenue and $80 million in profit in 1988, Allergan was spun-off by SmithKline Beckman in 1989.
In July 2002, the Allergan ophthalmic surgical and contact lens care businesses were spun-off to create a new company, Advanced Medical Optics. In 2003, Allergan's flagship product, Botox, was the focus of a high-profile lawsuit and media scrutiny. In March 2006, Allergan acquired Inamed C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic%20reversibility
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The principle of microscopic reversibility in physics and chemistry is twofold:
First, it states that the microscopic detailed dynamics of particles and fields is time-reversible because the microscopic equations of motion are symmetric with respect to inversion in time (T-symmetry);
Second, it relates to the statistical description of the kinetics of macroscopic or mesoscopic systems as an ensemble of elementary processes: collisions, elementary transitions or reactions. For these processes, the consequence of the microscopic T-symmetry is: Corresponding to every individual process there is a reverse process, and in a state of equilibrium the average rate of every process is equal to the average rate of its reverse process.
History of microscopic reversibility
The idea of microscopic reversibility was born together with physical kinetics. In 1872, Ludwig Boltzmann represented kinetics of gases as statistical ensemble of elementary collisions. Equations of mechanics are reversible in time, hence, the reverse collisions obey the same laws. This reversibility of collisions is the first example of microreversibility. According to Boltzmann, this microreversibility implies the principle of detailed balance for collisions: at the equilibrium ensemble each collision is equilibrated by its reverse collision. These ideas of Boltzmann were analyzed in detail and generalized by Richard C. Tolman.
In chemistry, J. H. van't Hoff (1884) came up with the idea that equilibrium has dynam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%E2%80%93Lee%20model
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In financial mathematics, the Ho-Lee model is a short-rate model widely used in the pricing of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives, and in modeling future interest rates. It was developed in 1986 by Thomas Ho and Sang Bin Lee.
Under this model, the short rate follows a normal process:
The model can be calibrated to market data by implying the form of from market prices, meaning that it can exactly return the price of bonds comprising the yield curve. This calibration, and subsequent valuation of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives, is typically performed via a binomial lattice based model. Closed form valuations of bonds, and "Black-like" bond option formulae are also available.
As the model generates a symmetric ("bell shaped") distribution of rates in the future, negative rates are possible. Further, it does not incorporate mean reversion. For both of these reasons, models such as Black–Derman–Toy (lognormal and mean reverting) and Hull–White (mean reverting with lognormal variant available) are often preferred. The Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi model is a lognormal analogue to the Ho–Lee model, although is less widely used than the latter two.
References
Notes
Primary references
T.S.Y. Ho, S.B. Lee, Term structure movements and pricing interest rate contingent claims, Journal of Finance 41, 1986.
John C. Hull, Options, futures, and other derivatives, 5th edition, Prentice Hall,
External links
Valuation and Hedging of Int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20fission%20and%20fusion
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In computer science, loop fission (or loop distribution) is a compiler optimization in which a loop is broken into multiple loops over the same index range with each taking only a part of the original loop's body. The goal is to break down a large loop body into smaller ones to achieve better utilization of locality of reference. This optimization is most efficient in multi-core processors that can split a task into multiple tasks for each processor.
Conversely, loop fusion (or loop jamming) is a compiler optimization and loop transformation which replaces multiple loops with a single one. Loop fusion does not always improve run-time speed. On some architectures, two loops may actually perform better than one loop because, for example, there is increased data locality within each loop. One of the main benefits of loop fusion is that it allows temporary allocations to be avoided, which can lead to huge performance gains in numerical computing languages such as Julia when doing elementwise operations on arrays (however, Julia's loop fusion is not technically a compiler optimization, but a syntactic guarantee of the language).
Other benefits of loop fusion are that it avoids the overhead of the loop control structures, and also that it allows the loop body to be parallelized by the processor by taking advantage of instruction-level parallelism. This is possible when there are no data dependencies between the bodies of the two loops (this is in stark contrast to the other main
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassan%20Sanei
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Sassan Sanei (born January 7, 1973) is a Canadian engineer.
An intense fascination with mathematics, physics, and computing from an early age led him eventually to attend the University of Waterloo, where he received the Bachelor of Applied Science degree with first-class honours in Electrical Engineering and the Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy. He was also recipient of the Faculty of Engineering Entrance Scholarship and the Sandford Fleming Work Term Award. Prior to university, he attended the Toronto French School.
Since 1996, he has been employed by Research In Motion (RIM) in engineering and business capacities related to radio modems and BlackBerry devices.
He was an early proponent of the implementation of Java ME as a standard platform for wireless devices, which is in widespread use today.
He has emphasized that making efficient use of the available wireless capacity, allocating it across a large number of users, is more important to the overall user experience than implementing a small number of high-bandwidth applications. His notable contributions to the design and development of the BlackBerry have helped to make the devices so ubiquitous and addictive as to earn the nickname "CrackBerry."
He is also known within the wireless industry as the publisher of the BlackBerry Developer Journal, a technical magazine widely read by developers of wireless applications. He has also spoken extensively at industry conferences and other events related to wireless te
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Coulter
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Stanley Coulter (June 2, 1853 – June 26, 1943) was an American biologist, brother of J. M. Coulter, born at Ningpo, China, and educated at Hanover College. In 1887 he was appointed professor of biology at Purdue. His publications include more than 125 pamphlets on nature study, scientific researches, sketches, and also Flora of Indiana (1899), and A Key to the Genera of the Native Forest Trees and Shrubs of Indiana (1907). He was dean of the School of Sciences at Purdue from 1905 until his retirement in 1926. He was married to Lucy Post. His brother was botanist John Merle Coulter.
1853 births
1943 deaths
American biologists
American science writers
Hanover College alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Henry%20Chittenden
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Russell Henry Chittenden (18 February 1856 – 26 December 1943) was an American physiological chemist. He conducted pioneering research in the biochemistry of digestion and nutrition.
Early life and education
He was born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1856, graduated from the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale in 1875, studied in Heidelberg in 1878-79, and received his doctorate at Yale in physiological chemistry in 1880. He was of English ancestry, his first ancestor in America being Major William Chittenden, an officer in the English army, who, having resigned, came to America from Cranbrook, Kent, with his wife, Joanne Sheaffe, in 1639, and settled in Guilford Connecticut. Ancestors of the professor on both his father's and his mother's side fought in the Revolutionary War.
Career
He was professor of physiological chemistry at Yale from 1882 to 1922. He was director of the Sheffield Scientific School from 1898-1922. He was also professor of physiology at the Yale School of Medicine starting in 1900. From 1898 to 1903 he was also a lecturer on physiological chemistry at Columbia University, New York. He was a founding member of the American Physiological Society in 1887 and served as its president from 1895 to 1904. He was a member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1904, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.
He was the author of Digestive Proteolysis and Physiological Economy in Nutrition (New York, 1905). During World W
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20R.%20Philip
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John Robert Philip AO FAA FRS (18 January 1927, Ballarat26 June 1999, Amsterdam) was an Australian soil physicist and hydrologist, internationally recognised for his contributions to the understanding of movement of water, energy and gases. While he never performed his own experimental work, he was recognised for his skills in mathematics that could be used to explain physical processes and solve real world problems.
His interests were not limited to Environmental mechanics and things mathematical, but included a keen interest in the arts. He was a published poet and a panellist on the Sulman Prize for Architecture. His poetry appears in anthologies edited by Judith Wright and in The Oxford Book of Australian Verse.
Education and positions
He was a recipient of a Scholarship for Scotch College, Melbourne, where he matriculated at age thirteen. He studied for his Bachelor of Civil Engineering, University of Melbourne (1943–1946).
Appointed to the CSIR Irrigation Research Station, Griffith.
CSIRO's Plant Industry in Deniliquin (1951).
Engineer for the Queensland Water Supply Commission.
CSIRO Division of Plant Industry.
Foundation chief of the new Centre for Environmental Mechanics (1971–1992).
Foundation director of the CSIRO Institute of Physical Sciences (1980–1983).
Retired 1992.
Research
The major and most recognised area of Philip's research was his work on the theory of infiltration. He derived the theory for one dimensional infiltration and developed equations wh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo%20A.%20Richards
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Lorenzo Adolph Richards (April 24, 1904 – March 12, 1993) or known as Ren was one of the 20th century's most influential minds in the field of soil physics.
Biography
Early life
Lorenzo A. Richards was born on April 24, 1904, in the town of Fielding, Utah, and received a B.S. and M.A. degree in physics from Utah State University. He was the grandson of early Mormon leader and pioneer Willard Richards. His PhD thesis, completed at Cornell University in 1931 and entitled Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums, was arguably one of the best known in the field of soil physics.
Career
Following his time at Cornell, and a brief stint at Iowa State University, he spent the most part of his working life engaged in soil physics research at the United States Department of Agriculture Salinity Laboratory in Riverside, California.
Research
His thesis represented the first decisive progress beyond the work of Edgar Buckingham in the extension of Darcy's law to describe water movement in unsaturated soils. In this research, Richards described a partial differential equation, now commonly known by as the Richards equation.
One of his key interests was the energy status of soil water, and he led the way in developing new and improved methods of measuring soil water potential. Early in his career, Richards recognised the importance of capillary potential to plant-soil relations, and described the principles, construction and operation of the tensiometer. Richards also prop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callan%E2%80%93Symanzik%20equation
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In physics, the Callan–Symanzik equation is a differential equation describing the evolution of the n-point correlation functions under variation of the energy scale at which the theory is defined and involves the beta function of the theory and the anomalous dimensions.
As an example, for a quantum field theory with one massless scalar field and one self-coupling term, denote the bare field strength by and the bare coupling constant by . In the process of renormalisation, a mass scale M must be chosen. Depending on M, the field strength is rescaled by a constant: , and as a result the bare coupling constant is correspondingly shifted to the renormalised coupling constant g.
Of physical importance are the renormalised n-point functions, computed from connected Feynman diagrams, schematically of the form
For a given choice of renormalisation scheme, the computation of this quantity depends on the choice of M, which affects the shift in g and the rescaling of . If the choice of is slightly altered by , then the following shifts will occur:
The Callan–Symanzik equation relates these shifts:
After the following definitions
the Callan–Symanzik equation can be put in the conventional form:
being the beta function.
In quantum electrodynamics this equation takes the form
where n and m are the numbers of electron and photon fields, respectively, for which the correlation function is defined. The renormalised coupling constant is now the renormalised elementary charge e.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Morris%20%28physicist%29
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Michael S. Morris, is a physics professor at Butler University. He earned a PhD in physics from Caltech under the supervision of Kip Thorne. Among his nine published peer-reviewed papers, his most notable theoretical contribution is his pioneering analysis of time travel through traversable wormholes, coauthored in 1987 with Kip Thorne, and Ulvi Yurtsever. Kip Thorne tells the story of this discovery in his 1995 book Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy.
Publications
(A tutorial paper)
See also
Roman arch
References
External links
Mike Morris' Usenet traces posted as msmorris@netdirect.net (via Google Groups)
Mike Morris' Usenet traces posted as msmorris@watsci.uwaterloo.ca (via Google Groups)
California Institute of Technology alumni
Usenet people
Homeschooling advocates
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine%20hull
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In mathematics, the affine hull or affine span of a set S in Euclidean space Rn is the smallest affine set containing S, or equivalently, the intersection of all affine sets containing S. Here, an affine set may be defined as the translation of a vector subspace.
The affine hull aff(S) of S is the set of all affine combinations of elements of S, that is,
Examples
The affine hull of the empty set is the empty set.
The affine hull of a singleton (a set made of one single element) is the singleton itself.
The affine hull of a set of two different points is the line through them.
The affine hull of a set of three points not on one line is the plane going through them.
The affine hull of a set of four points not in a plane in R3 is the entire space R3.
Properties
For any subsets
is a closed set if is finite dimensional.
If then .
If then is a linear subspace of .
.
So in particular, is always a vector subspace of .
If is convex then
For every , where is the smallest cone containing (here, a set is a cone if for all and all non-negative ).
Hence is always a linear subspace of parallel to .
Related sets
If instead of an affine combination one uses a convex combination, that is one requires in the formula above that all be non-negative, one obtains the convex hull of S, which cannot be larger than the affine hull of S as more restrictions are involved.
The notion of conical combination gives rise to the notion of the conical hull
If however one p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damerau%E2%80%93Levenshtein%20distance
|
In information theory and computer science, the Damerau–Levenshtein distance (named after Frederick J. Damerau and Vladimir I. Levenshtein) is a string metric for measuring the edit distance between two sequences. Informally, the Damerau–Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of operations (consisting of insertions, deletions or substitutions of a single character, or transposition of two adjacent characters) required to change one word into the other.
The Damerau–Levenshtein distance differs from the classical Levenshtein distance by including transpositions among its allowable operations in addition to the three classical single-character edit operations (insertions, deletions and substitutions).
In his seminal paper, Damerau stated that in an investigation of spelling errors for an information-retrieval system, more than 80% were a result of a single error of one of the four types. Damerau's paper considered only misspellings that could be corrected with at most one edit operation. While the original motivation was to measure distance between human misspellings to improve applications such as spell checkers, Damerau–Levenshtein distance has also seen uses in biology to measure the variation between protein sequences.
Definition
To express the Damerau–Levenshtein distance between two strings and , a function is defined, whose value is a distance between an prefix (initial substring) of string and a prefix of .
The restricted distance function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Nelson%20Cole
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Frank Nelson Cole (September 20, 1861 – May 26, 1926) was an American mathematician.
Life and works
Cole was born in Ashland, Massachusetts. When he was very young, the family moved to Marlborough, Massachusetts where he attended school and graduated from Marlborough High School. He was then educated at Harvard, where he lectured on mathematics from 1885 to 1887.
Later, he was employed at the University of Michigan (from 1888 to 1895) and Columbia University
(from 1895 until his death in 1926).
Professor Cole became the Secretary of the American Mathematical Society in 1895 and an editor of the Bulletin of the AMS in 1897.
Cole published a number of important papers, including The Diurnal Variation of Barometric Pressure (1892). In 1893 in Chicago, his paper On a Certain Simple Group (the group is PSL(2,8)) was read (but not by him) at the International Mathematical Congress held in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition.
On October 31, 1903, Cole famously made a presentation to a meeting of the American Mathematical Society where he identified the factors of the Mersenne number 267 − 1, or M67. Édouard Lucas had demonstrated in 1876 that M67 must have factors (i.e., is not prime), but he was unable to determine what those factors were. During Cole's so-called "lecture", he approached the chalkboard and in complete silence proceeded to calculate the value of M67, with the result being 147,573,952,589,676,412,927. Cole then moved to the other side of the boar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji%20Dam
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Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. Construction of the dam was carried out by Impregilo (a consortium of Italian Civil Engineering Contractors) to designs by Joint Consultants, Balfour Beatty and Nedeco, and began in 1964 to be completed in 1968. The total cost was estimated at US$209 million (equivalent to about US$ billion in dollars), with one-quarter of this amount used to resettle people displaced by the construction of the dam and its reservoir, Kainji Lake.
Dimensions
Kainji Dam extends for about , including its saddle dam, which closes off a tributary valley. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger is . Most of the structure is made from earth, but the centre section, housing the hydroelectric turbines, was built from concrete. This section is high. Kanji Dam is one of the longest dams in the world.
Power station
The dam was designed to have a generating capacity of ; however, only 8 of its 12 turbines have been installed, reducing the capacity to . The dam generates electricity for all the large cities in Nigeria. Some of the electricity is sold to the neighbouring country of Niger. In addition, occasional droughts have made the Niger's water flow unpredictable, diminishing the dam's electrical output.
Lock
The dam has a single-lock chamber capable of lifting barges .
Discharge flooding
In October 1998, in response to upstream flooding, a torrent of water was released from the dam, bursting the river banks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20theory
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In theoretical chemistry, Marcus theory is a theory originally developed by Rudolph A. Marcus, starting in 1956, to explain the rates of electron transfer reactions – the rate at which an electron can move or jump from one chemical species (called the electron donor) to another (called the electron acceptor). It was originally formulated to address outer sphere electron transfer reactions, in which the two chemical species only change in their charge with an electron jumping (e.g. the oxidation of an ion like Fe2+/Fe3+), but do not undergo large structural changes. It was extended to include inner sphere electron transfer contributions, in which a change of distances or geometry in the solvation or coordination shells of the two chemical species is taken into account (the Fe-O distances in Fe(H2O)2+ and Fe(H2O)3+ are different).
For electron transfer reactions without making or breaking bonds Marcus theory takes the place of Eyring's transition state theory which has been derived for reactions with structural changes. Both theories lead to rate equations of the same exponential form. However, whereas in Eyring theory the reaction partners become strongly coupled in the course of the reaction to form a structurally defined activated complex, in Marcus theory they are weakly coupled and retain their individuality. It is the thermally induced reorganization of the surroundings, the solvent (outer sphere) and the solvent sheath or the ligands (inner sphere) which create the geo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molien%27s%20formula
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In mathematics, Molien's formula computes the generating function attached to a linear representation of a group G on a finite-dimensional vector space, that counts the homogeneous polynomials of a given total degree that are invariants for G. It is named for Theodor Molien.
Precisely, it says: given a finite-dimensional complex representation V of G and , the space of homogeneous polynomial functions on V of degree n (degree-one homogeneous polynomials are precisely linear functionals), if G is a finite group, the series (called Molien series) can be computed as:
Here, is the subspace of that consists of all vectors fixed by all elements of G; i.e., invariant forms of degree n. Thus, the dimension of it is the number of invariants of degree n. If G is a compact group, the similar formula holds in terms of Haar measure.
Derivation
Let denote the irreducible characters of a finite group G and V, R as above. Then the character of can be written as:
Here, each is given by the inner product:
where and are the possibly repeated eigenvalues of . Now, we compute the series:
Taking to be the trivial character yields Molien's formula.
Example
Consider the symmetric group acting on R3 by permuting the coordinates. We add up the sum by group elements, as follows.
Starting with the identity, we have
.
There is a three-element conjugacy class of , consisting of swaps of two coordinates. This gives three terms of the form
There is a two-element conjugacy class of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Georg%20Sulzer
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Johann Georg Sulzer (; 16 October 1720 in Winterthur – 27 February 1779 in Berlin) was a Swiss professor of Mathematics, who later on moved on to the field of electricity. He was a Wolffian philosopher and director of the philosophical section of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and translator of David Hume's An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals into German in 1755.
Sulzer is best known as the subject of an anecdote in the history of the development of the battery. In 1752, Sulzer happened to put the tip of his tongue between pieces of two different metals whose edges were in contact. He exclaimed, "a pungent sensation, reminds me of the taste of green vitriol when I placed my tongue between these metals." He thought the metals set up a vibratory motion in their particles which excited the nerves of taste. The event became known as the "battery tongue test": the saliva serves as the electrolyte carrying the current between two metallic electrodes.
His General Theory of the Fine Arts has been called "probably the most influential aesthetic compendium of the closing years of the eighteenth century". In it, he "extended Baumgarten's approach into an even more psychological theory that the primary object of enjoyment in aesthetic experience is the state of one's own cognitive condition." Kant had respectfully disagreed with Sulzer's metaphysical hopes. Kant wrote: "I cannot share the opinion so frequently expressed by excellent and thoughtful men (for instance Sulzer)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanoil%20Bacaloglu
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Emanoil Bacaloglu (; – 30 August 1891) was a Wallachian and Romanian mathematician, physicist and chemist.
Born in Bucharest and of Greek origin, he studied physics and mathematics in Paris and Leipzig, later becoming a professor at the University of Bucharest and, in 1879, a member of the Romanian Academy. Considered to be the founder of many scientific and technological fields in Romania (and aiding in the creation of the Romanian Athenaeum), Bacaloglu was also an accomplished scientist. He helped create Romanian-language terminology in his fields and was one of the principal founders of the Society of Physical Sciences in 1890.
He was also a participant in the 1848 Wallachian revolution.
He is known for the "Bacaloglu pseudosphere". This is a surface of revolution for which the "Bacaloglu curvature" is constant.
Main works
Elemente de fizică, 2nd ed., București, (1888).
Elemente de algebră, 2nd ed., București, (1870).
References
Florica Câmpan, "La pseudosphère de Bacaloglu", Acad. Roum. Bull. Sect. Sci. 24 (1943), 96–105.
External links
Emanoil Bacaloglu în Galeria personalităților – Muzeul Virtual al Științei și Tehnicii Românești
Emanoil Bacaloglu - Biography.name
Short bio
Short history, at the Polytechnic University of Bucharest
19th-century Romanian mathematicians
Romanian physicists
Romanian chemists
Titular members of the Romanian Academy
People of the Revolutions of 1848
Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
Scientists from Bucharest
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae%20Vasilescu-Karpen
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Nicolae Vasilescu Karpen (December 10 (O.S.)/December 22 (N.S.), 1870, Craiova – March 2, 1964, Bucharest) was a Romanian engineer and physicist, who worked in telegraphy and telephony and had achievements in mechanical engineering, elasticity, thermodynamics, long-distance telephony, electrochemistry, and civil engineering.
Life
After studying at the Carol I High School in Craiova, he went to the School of Bridges, Roads and Mines in Bucharest. After graduating in 1891, he worked as a civil engineer for three years. He went to France to study physics at the University of Paris. In 1904 he was awarded a PhD in physics for his thesis Recherches sur l'effet magnétique des corps electrisés en mouvement (Research on the magnetic effect of electrified bodies in motion). After a year as a professor at the University of Lille, he returned to Romania to teach at the School of Bridges, Roads and Mines, where he was appointed director in February 1920. As a result of his efforts, the School was transformed later that year into the Polytechnic University of Bucharest. Vasilescu Karpen was the first rector of this university, serving in that capacity until 1940.
In 1908(?) he is said to have invented the . He was the engineer who introduced a permanent wire telecom bridge between Brașov and Bucharest. He introduced electrically transmitted "wired telegrams" in the Romanian Old Kingdom by 1920. He became a titular member of the Romanian Academy in 1923; stripped of membership by the n
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moo-Young%20Han
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Moo-Young Han (November 30, 1934 – May 15, 2016) was a South Korean-born American physicist. He was a professor of physics at Duke University. Along with Yoichiro Nambu of the University of Chicago, he is credited with introducing the SU(3) symmetry of quarks, today known as the color charge. The color charge is the basis of the strong force as explained by quantum chromodynamics.
Early life and career
Han was born in Seoul, Korea. He emigrated to the US after the Korean War to attend Carroll College. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Rochester in 1964 and joined the physics faculty at Duke University, Durham NC in 1967. He is survived by his wife, Chang Ki, three children, Grace Hewon, Christopher Su-Young, and Anthony Suh-Young, and an array of grandchildren.
Career
Han received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1964 from the University of Rochester. Han's research specialty is in the field of theoretical particle physics, with an emphasis on the symmetry principles of elementary particle physics. Han and Yoichiro Nambu of the University of Chicago first introduced a new hidden symmetry among quarks in 1965. This is the origin of the color SU(3) symmetry, distinct from the symmetry among hadrons which is the flavor SU(3). This SU(3) symmetry is the basis for the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which is now the standard theory for the strong nuclear force sector of the Standard Model. Nambu shared 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for a related work on applying the me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20Barbu
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Ion Barbu (, pen name of Dan Barbilian; 18 March 1895 –11 August 1961) was a Romanian mathematician and poet. His name is associated with the Mathematics Subject Classification number 51C05, which is a major posthumous recognition reserved only to pioneers of investigations in an area of mathematical inquiry.
Early life
Born in Câmpulung-Muscel, Argeș County, he was the son of Constantin Barbilian and Smaranda, born Șoiculescu. He attended elementary school in Câmpulung, Dămienești, and Stâlpeni, and for secondary studies he went to the Ion Brătianu High School in Pitești, the Dinicu Golescu High School in Câmpulung, and finally the Gheorghe Lazăr High School and the Mihai Viteazul High School in Bucharest. During that time, he discovered that he had a talent for mathematics, and started publishing in Gazeta Matematică; it was also then that he discovered his passion for poetry. Barbu was known as "one of the greatest Romanian poets of the twentieth century and perhaps the greatest of all" according to Romanian literary critic Alexandru Ciorănescu. As a poet, he is known for his volume Joc secund ("Mirrored Play").
He was a student at the University of Bucharest when World War I caused his studies to be interrupted by military service. He completed his degree in 1921. He then went to the University of Göttingen to study number theory with Edmund Landau for two years. Returning to Bucharest, he studied with Gheorghe Țițeica, completing in 1929 his thesis, Canonical represent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oded%20Goldreich
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Oded Goldreich (; b. 1957) is a professor of computer science at the faculty of mathematics and computer science of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. His research interests lie within the theory of computation and are, specifically, the interplay of randomness and computation, the foundations of cryptography, and computational complexity theory. He won the Knuth Prize in 2017 and was selected in 2021 to receive the Israel Prize in mathematics.
Biography
Goldreich received a DSc in computer science at Technion in 1983 under Shimon Even.
Goldreich has contributed to the development of pseudorandomness,
zero knowledge proofs, secure function evaluation, property testing,
and other areas in cryptography and computational complexity.
Goldreich has also authored several books including: Foundations of Cryptography which comes in two volumes (volume 1 in 2001 and volume 2 in 2004), Computational Complexity: A Conceptual Perspective (2008), and Modern Cryptography, Probabilistic Proofs and Pseudorandomness (1998).
Awards
Goldreich received the Knuth prize in 2017 for "fundamental and lasting contributions to theoretical computer science in many areas including cryptography, randomness, probabilistically checkable proofs, inapproximability, property testing as well as complexity theory in general. Goldreich has, in addition to his outstanding research contributions, advanced these fields through many survey articles and several first class textbooks. He has contributed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venki%20Ramakrishnan
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Venkatraman "Venki" Ramakrishnan (born 1952) is a British-American structural biologist. He shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada Yonath for research on the structure and function of ribosomes.
Since 1999, he has worked as a group leader at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, UK and is a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. He served as President of the Royal Society from 2015 to 2020.
Education and early life
Ramakrishnan was born in 1952 in Chidambaram in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, India.
His parents, Prof. C. V. Ramakrishnan and Prof. Rajalakshmi Ramakrishnan were both scientists, and his father was head of the department of biochemistry at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. At the time of his birth, Ramakrishnan's father was away from India doing postdoctoral research with David E. Green at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the US. Venki's mother obtained a PhD in psychology from McGill University in 1959. completing it in only 18 months, and was mentored, among others, by Donald O. Hebb.
Venki has one sibling, his younger sister Lalita Ramakrishnan, who is professor of immunology and infectious diseases at the department of medicine, University of Cambridge, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
Ramakrishnan moved to Vadodara (previously also known as Baroda) in Gujarat at the age of three, where he had his entire schooling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction%20of%20order
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Reduction of order (or d’Alembert reduction) is a technique in mathematics for solving second-order linear ordinary differential equations. It is employed when one solution is known and a second linearly independent solution is desired. The method also applies to n-th order equations. In this case the ansatz will yield an (n−1)-th order equation for .
Second-order linear ordinary differential equations
An example
Consider the general, homogeneous, second-order linear constant coefficient ordinary differential equation. (ODE)
where are real non-zero coefficients. Two linearly independent solutions for this ODE can be straightforwardly found using characteristic equations except for the case when the discriminant, , vanishes. In this case,
from which only one solution,
can be found using its characteristic equation.
The method of reduction of order is used to obtain a second linearly independent solution to this differential equation using our one known solution. To find a second solution we take as a guess
where is an unknown function to be determined. Since must satisfy the original ODE, we substitute it back in to get
Rearranging this equation in terms of the derivatives of we get
Since we know that is a solution to the original problem, the coefficient of the last term is equal to zero. Furthermore, substituting into the second term's coefficient yields (for that coefficient)
Therefore, we are left with
Since is assumed non-zero and is an exponential
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traian%20Lalescu
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Traian Lalescu (; 12 July 1882 – 15 June 1929) was a Romanian mathematician. His main focus was on integral equations and he contributed to work in the areas of functional equations, trigonometric series, mathematical physics, geometry, mechanics, algebra, and the history of mathematics.
Life
He went to the Carol I High School in Craiova, continuing high school in Roman, and graduating from the Boarding High School in Iași. After entering the University of Iași, he completed his undergraduate studies in 1903 at the University of Bucharest.
He earned his Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Paris in 1908. His dissertation, Sur les équations de Volterra, was written under the direction of Émile Picard. In 1911, he published Introduction to the Theory of Integral Equations, the first book ever on the subject of integral equations.
After returning to Romania in 1909, he first taught Mathematics at the Ion Maiorescu Gymnasium in Giurgiu. From 1909 to 1910, he was a teaching assistant at the School of Bridges and Highways, in the department of graphic statistics.
He was a professor at the University of Bucharest, the Polytechnic University of Timișoara (where he was the first rector, in 1920), and the Polytechnic University of Bucharest.
The Lalescu sequence
Legacy
There are several institutions bearing his name, including Colegiul Naţional de Informatică Traian Lalescu in Hunedoara and Liceul Teoretic Traian Lalescu in Reşiţa. There is also a Traian Lalescu Street
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20D.%20White
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Tim D. White (born August 24, 1950) is an American paleoanthropologist and Professor of Integrative Biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is best known for leading the team which discovered Ardi, the type specimen of Ardipithecus ramidus, a 4.4 million-year-old likely human ancestor. Prior to that discovery, his early career was notable for his work on Lucy as Australopithecus afarensis with discoverer Donald Johanson.
Career
Timothy Douglas White was born on August 24, 1950, in Los Angeles County, California and raised in Lake Arrowhead in neighboring San Bernardino County. He majored in biology and anthropology at the University of California, Riverside. He received his Ph.D. in physical anthropology from the University of Michigan. White took a position in the Department of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley in 1977, later moving to the university's Department of Integrative Biology. White taught courses on human paleontology and human osteology. He is a professor emeritus having retired in the spring of 2022.
He is director of the Human Evolution Research Center and co-director, with Berhane Asfaw, Yonas Beyene, and Giday WoldeGabriel, of the Middle Awash Research Project.
White has taught and mentored many paleoanthropologists who have subsequently gone on to prominence in the field, including Berhane Asfaw, William Henry Gilbert, Yohannes Haile-Selassie, and Gen Suwa and thousands of undergraduate and graduate students at the Unive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt%20Roux
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Benoît Roux is an Amgen Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics at the University of Chicago. He has previously taught at University of Montreal and Weill Medical College of Cornell University. Benoît Roux was a recipient of the 1998 Rutherford Memorial Medal in Chemistry, awarded by the Royal Society of Canada.
Life and career
Roux obtained B.Sc. and M.Sc. in physics from the University of Montreal in 1981 and 1984 respectively. He completed his Ph.D. at Harvard University under the supervision of Martin Karplus, graduating in 1990. He served at the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission from 1991 to 1992 and was a Foreign Research Fellow at the Centre D’Etudes. He was a faculty member in the department of physics at the Université de Montréal until 1999, when he relocated to Weill Cornell Medicine. He relocated to the department of biochemistry and molecular biology at the University of Chicago in 2005. He also serves as a research scientist at the Center for Nanoscale Materials, a department of the Argonne National Laboratory. He is an accomplished classical pianist, specializing in the work of Frédéric Chopin.
Research
His laboratory at the University of Chicago mostly uses theoretical techniques, such as classical molecular dynamics, to understand the functioning of biological systems at the molecular level. His research has investigated structure, dynamics, and the function of biological macromolecular systems such as ion channels, recepto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford%20Memorial%20Medal
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The Rutherford Memorial Medal is an award for research in the fields of physics and chemistry by the Royal Society of Canada. It was dedicated to the memory of Ernest Rutherford. It is awarded once for physics and once for chemistry each year, "for outstanding research", when there is a suitable candidate.
Recipients
Source: Royal Society of Canada
Chemistry
2022 : Aiping Yu
2021 : Fiorenzo Vetrone
2020 : Erin Johnson
2019 : Dwight Seferos
2018 : Tomislav Friscic
2017 : Zhongwei Chen
2016 : Curtis Berlinguette
2015 : Robert Campbell
2014 : Paul Ayers
2013 : Mark J. Maclachlan
2012 :
2011 : Federico Rosei
2010 : Andrei Yudin
2009 : Dennis Hall and Keith Fagnou (posthumously)
2008 : Peter Tieleman
2007 : Gregory D. Scholes
2006 : Molly Shoichet
2005 : Jillian M. Buriak
2004 : Andrew Woolley
2003 : Liang Li
2002 :
2001 :
2000 : Suning Wang
1999 : Daniel D. M. Wayner
1998 : Benoît Roux
1997 : R. J. Dwayne Miller
1996 :
1995 :
1994 : Mark Lautens
1993 :
1992 : James D. Wuest
1991 : Robert H. Morris
1990 :
1989 : Peter Hackett
1988 :
1987 : Grenfell N. Patey
1986 : David Griller
1985 : Stephen C. Wallace
1984 : Robert J. LeRoy
1983 : Juan C. Scaiano
1982 : Geoffrey Ozin
1981 : Diethard K. Böhme
1980 : G. Michael Bancroft
Physics
2022 : Daryl Haggard
2021 : Jo Bovy
2020 : Jens Dilling
2019 : Paul François
2018 : Alexandre Blais
2017 : Ingrid Stairs
2016 : François Légaré
2015 : Aashish Clerk
2014 : Sara Ellison
2013
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing%20%28materials%20science%29
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In metallurgy and materials science, annealing is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness, making it more workable. It involves heating a material above its recrystallization temperature, maintaining a suitable temperature for an appropriate amount of time and then cooling.
In annealing, atoms migrate in the crystal lattice and the number of dislocations decreases, leading to a change in ductility and hardness. As the material cools it recrystallizes. For many alloys, including carbon steel, the crystal grain size and phase composition, which ultimately determine the material properties, are dependent on the heating rate and cooling rate. Hot working or cold working after the annealing process alters the metal structure, so further heat treatments may be used to achieve the properties required. With knowledge of the composition and phase diagram, heat treatment can be used to adjust from harder and more brittle to softer and more ductile.
In the case of ferrous metals, such as steel, annealing is performed by heating the material (generally until glowing) for a while and then slowly letting it cool to room temperature in still air. Copper, silver and brass can be either cooled slowly in air, or quickly by quenching in water. In this fashion, the metal is softened and prepared for further work such as shaping, stamping, or forming.
Many other materials, including glass and p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel%20method
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In machine learning, kernel machines are a class of algorithms for pattern analysis, whose best known member is the support-vector machine (SVM). These methods involve using linear classifiers to solve nonlinear problems. The general task of pattern analysis is to find and study general types of relations (for example clusters, rankings, principal components, correlations, classifications) in datasets. For many algorithms that solve these tasks, the data in raw representation have to be explicitly transformed into feature vector representations via a user-specified feature map: in contrast, kernel methods require only a user-specified kernel, i.e., a similarity function over all pairs of data points computed using inner products. The feature map in kernel machines is infinite dimensional but only requires a finite dimensional matrix from user-input according to the Representer theorem. Kernel machines are slow to compute for datasets larger than a couple of thousand examples without parallel processing.
Kernel methods owe their name to the use of kernel functions, which enable them to operate in a high-dimensional, implicit feature space without ever computing the coordinates of the data in that space, but rather by simply computing the inner products between the images of all pairs of data in the feature space. This operation is often computationally cheaper than the explicit computation of the coordinates. This approach is called the "kernel trick". Kernel functions ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Treatise%20on%20the%20Binomial%20Theorem
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A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem is a fictional work of mathematics by the young Professor James Moriarty, the criminal mastermind and archenemy of the detective Sherlock Holmes in the fiction of Arthur Conan Doyle. The actual title of the treatise is never given in the stories; Holmes simply refers to "a treatise upon the Binomial Theorem". The treatise is mentioned in the 1893 short story "The Final Problem", when Holmes, speaking of Professor Moriarty, states:
Moriarty was a versatile mathematician as well as a criminal mastermind. In addition to the Treatise, he wrote the book The Dynamics of an Asteroid, containing mathematics so esoteric that no one could even review it. This is a very different branch of mathematics from the Binomial Theorem, further reflecting Moriarty's impressive intellectual prowess.
Review and discussion
Doyle, in his works, never describes the contents of the treatise. This has not stopped people from speculating on what it might have contained. Mathematician Harold Davis, in the book The Summation of Series, attributes certain binomial identities to Moriarty. These have been expanded on in further work, tying the Treatise into the standard mathematical literature. Less formal depictions of the content are also available. For example, in 1955 science fiction writer Poul Anderson wrote about the treatise for The Baker Street Journal.
The Treatise is sometimes used when a reference is needed to a non-specific example of a scientific pap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb%20operator
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The Coulomb operator, named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, is a quantum mechanical operator used in the field of quantum chemistry. Specifically, it is a term found in the Fock operator. It is defined as:
where
is the one-electron Coulomb operator defining the repulsion resulting from electron j,
is the one-electron wavefunction of the electron being acted upon by the Coulomb operator,
is the one-electron wavefunction of the electron,
is the distance between electrons and .
See also
Core Hamiltonian
Exchange operator
References
Quantum chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Computational chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange%20operator
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In quantum mechanics, the exchange operator , also known as permutation operator, is a quantum mechanical operator that acts on states in Fock space. The exchange operator acts by switching the labels on any two identical particles described by the joint position quantum state . Since the particles are identical, the notion of exchange symmetry requires that the exchange operator be unitary.
Construction
In three or higher dimensions, the exchange operator can represent a literal exchange of the positions of the pair of particles by motion of the particles in an adiabatic process, with all other particles held fixed. Such motion is often not carried out in practice. Rather, the operation is treated as a "what if" similar to a parity inversion or time reversal operation. Consider two repeated operations of such a particle exchange:
Therefore, is not only unitary but also an operator square root of 1, which leaves the possibilities
Both signs are realized in nature. Particles satisfying the case of +1 are called bosons, and particles satisfying the case of −1 are called fermions. The spin–statistics theorem dictates that all particles with integer spin are bosons whereas all particles with half-integer spin are fermions.
The exchange operator commutes with the Hamiltonian and is therefore a conserved quantity. Therefore, it is always possible and usually most convenient to choose a basis in which the states are eigenstates of the exchange operator. Such a state i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20%28Ayumi%20Hamasaki%20song%29
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"You" is the second single by Ayumi Hamasaki. It was released on June 10, 1998.
Track listing
"You"
"You" (acoustic version)
"You" (instrumental)
Re-release
This single was re-released on February 28, 2001, featuring four new songs.
Track listing
"You"
"You" (acoustic version)
"Wishing" (Taku's Chemistry mix)
"You" (Masters of Funk R&B remix)
"You" (Orienta-Rhythm club mix)
"You" (Dub's Uplifting mix)
"You" (instrumental)
Live performances
June 6, 1998 - Utaban - You
June 19, 1998 - Music Station - You
June 20, 1998 - Pop Jam - You
December 25, 1998 - Music Station - You
December 14, 2002 - Ayuready? - You
Music video
The music video for "You" was directed by Takeishi Wataru. The video shows Hamasaki in different colored rooms. In each room something different is happening such as apples falling to the floor, Hamasaki playing a miniature piano, and her eating spaghetti. At the end of the video Hamasaki walks outside revealing a large house on the beach.
Chart positions
1Original version
²Re-release version
Certification: Gold
Oricon sales: 78,260 (original version)
References
External links
"You" information at Avex Network.
"You" re-release information at Avex Network.
"You" information at Oricon.
"You" re-release information at Oricon.
Ayumi Hamasaki songs
1998 singles
2001 singles
Songs written by Ayumi Hamasaki
1998 songs
Avex Trax singles
Song recordings produced by Max Matsuura
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%20Guertin%20High%20School
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Bishop Guertin (BG) is a college preparatory independent private Roman Catholic high school in Nashua, New Hampshire. Named for Bishop George Albert Guertin (1869-1931), it was founded by the Brothers of the Sacred Heart in 1963.
Scholastics
Subjects are divided into nine departments: English, Social Studies, Computer Science, World Languages, Science, Mathematics, Health and Fitness, Fine Arts, and Religious Studies. Guertin students are able to take courses in these departments at the "College Preparatory", "Honors", or "Advanced Placement" level. Guertin teachers are also available for personal help and tutoring before and after school.
World Languages at Guertin are currently Latin, French, and Spanish (including 5th year of language and/or AP language); in addition to these language foundations, Ancient Greek has been recently added to the curriculum as a semester-long "Honors" elective.
Bishop Guertin offers six class periods a day, starting at 7:45 am until 2:30 pm. The class schedule varies from day to day. There is an eight-day cycle with six periods each day. For example, Day A would consist of periods A, B, C, D, E, and F. Lunch is a 30 minute block lunch during the 4th period of the day. There are 5 lunches, with 1st lunch starting the earliest at 11:00 AM, and 5th lunch starting the latest at 11:55 AM, both on a regular school day. The next day (called "Day G" due to the fact that class period G starts that day) would begin with period G and continue with per
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Prize%20for%20Biology
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The is an annual award for "outstanding contribution to the advancement of research in fundamental biology." The Prize, although it is not always awarded to a biologist, is one of the most prestigious honours a natural scientist can receive. There are no restrictions on the nationality of the recipient.
Past laureates include John B. Gurdon, Motoo Kimura, Edward O. Wilson, Ernst Mayr, Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Yoshinori Ohsumi and many other great biologists in the world.
Information
The International Prize of Biology was created in 1985 to commemorate the 60-year reign of Emperor Shōwa of Japan and his longtime interest in and support of biology. The selection and award of the prize is managed by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The laureate is awarded a beautiful medal, 10 million yen, and an international symposium on the scientist's area of research is held in Tokyo. The prize ceremony is held in the presence of Emperor of Japan.
The first International Prize for Biology was awarded to E. J. H. Corner, who was a prominent scientist in the field of systematic biology, because Emperor Shōwa was interested in and worked on this field for long time.
Criteria
The Prize is awarded in accordance with the following criteria:
The Prize shall be made by the Committee every year, commencing in 1985.
The Prize shall consist of a medal and a prize of ten million (10,000,000) yen.
There shall be no restrictions on the nationality of the recipient.
The Prize shall be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20quantum%20chemistry
|
Direct quantum chemistry covers a set of quantum chemical methods not using the Born-Oppenheimer representation. Direct quantum chemistry considers the motion of the nuclei and the electrons on the same time scales. The method therefore considers the molecular Hamiltonian as a whole without trying to solve separately the Schrödinger equation associated to the electronic molecular Hamiltonian. Though the method is non-adiabatic it is distinguishable from most non-adiabatic methods for treating the molecular dynamics, which typically use the Born-Oppenheimer representation, but become non-adiabatic by considering vibronic coupling explicitly.
Direct quantum chemistry is applied in the modelling of high-speed atomic collisions, where the nuclear motion may be comparable or faster than the electronic motion.
The group of Yngve Öhrn in Gainesville, Florida, has been a pioneer in this field. He applied the method to the collision between two hydrogen atoms.
Quantum chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density%20on%20a%20manifold
|
In mathematics, and specifically differential geometry, a density is a spatially varying quantity on a differentiable manifold that can be integrated in an intrinsic manner. Abstractly, a density is a section of a certain line bundle, called the density bundle. An element of the density bundle at x is a function that assigns a volume for the parallelotope spanned by the n given tangent vectors at x.
From the operational point of view, a density is a collection of functions on coordinate charts which become multiplied by the absolute value of the Jacobian determinant in the change of coordinates. Densities can be generalized into s-densities, whose coordinate representations become multiplied by the s-th power of the absolute value of the jacobian determinant. On an oriented manifold, 1-densities can be canonically identified with the n-forms on M. On non-orientable manifolds this identification cannot be made, since the density bundle is the tensor product of the orientation bundle of M and the n-th exterior product bundle of TM (see pseudotensor).
Motivation (densities in vector spaces)
In general, there does not exist a natural concept of a "volume" for a parallelotope generated by vectors in a n-dimensional vector space V. However, if one wishes to define a function that assigns a volume for any such parallelotope, it should satisfy the following properties:
If any of the vectors vk is multiplied by , the volume should be multiplied by |λ|.
If any linear combinat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillclimbing%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Hillclimbing is a motorsport
Hillclimbing may also refer to:
Hillclimbing (cycling)
Hillclimbing (railway)
Hill climbing, an optimization algorithm in mathematics
See also
Hillwalking
Mountaineering
Hilcrhyme, a Japanese hip-hop duo
Newport Antique Auto Hill Climb, a racing event in Newport, Indiana
Hill Climb Racing (video game), video game
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1ri%20Stef%C3%A1nsson
|
Kári Stefánsson (or Kari Stefansson; born 6 April 1949) is an Icelandic neurologist and founder and CEO of Reykjavik-based biopharmaceutical company deCODE genetics. In Iceland he has pioneered the use of population-scale genetics to understand variation in the sequence of the human genome. His work has focused on how genomic diversity is generated and on the discovery of sequence variants impacting susceptibility to common diseases. This population approach has served as a model for national genome projects around the world and contributed to the realization of several aspects of precision medicine.
Biography
Kari Stefansson was born in 1949 in Reykjavik, Iceland. He was the second youngest of the five children of Sólveig Halldórsdóttir and Stefán Jónsson, a radio personality, writer and democratic socialist member of parliament. He completed his secondary education at Reykjavik Junior College and received his M.D. in 1976 and his Dr. med. in 1986 from the University of Iceland. He was married to Valgerður Ólafsdóttir from 1970 until her death on 11 November 2021. In June 2012, his daughter, Sólveig "Sóla" Káradóttir, married Dhani Harrison, son of the late George Harrison and his wife, Olivia Harrison. Stefansson says that he owes much to his brother, who suffers from schizophrenia. He initially thought of becoming a writer, and attests to being a voracious reader. His favorite author is Isaac Bashevis Singer.
Academic career
Following his internship at the National Hos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20William%20Edmondson
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Thomas William Edmondson, Ph. D., (1869– 5 November 1938) was an Anglo-American mathematician, born at Skipton-in-Craven, Yorkshire, England. He graduated from the University of London, studied at Cambridge, and also at Clark University, Worcester, Mass. He was an associate professor at NYU from 1896 to 1905, and a professor of mathematics afterwards. He wrote mathematical textbooks; his publications include:
Worked Examples in Coördinate Geometry (1891)
Mensuration and Spherical Geometry (1893), with W. Briggs
Deductions in Euclid (1901)
He married the former Minnie Ramsden in 1897 in Perth, Ontario.
References
.
1869 births
1938 deaths
19th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
American textbook writers
American male non-fiction writers
Clark University alumni
People from Skipton
19th-century American male writers
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
New York University faculty
British emigrants to the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Nasmyth
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Kim Ashley Nasmyth (born 18 October 1952) is an English geneticist, the Whitley Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Oxford, a Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, former scientific director of the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), and former head of the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford. He is best known for his work on the segregation of chromosomes during cell division.
Early life and education
Nasmyth was born in London in 1952 of James Ashley (Jan) Nasmyth and Jenny Hughes. His father Jan was doubly descended from King Charles II and founder of the billion dollar publishing company Argus Media. He attended Eton College, Berkshire, then the University of York, where he studied Biology. Nasmyth went on to complete his graduate studies in the group of Murdoch Mitchison at the University of Edinburgh. Here he worked on the cell cycle alongside Paul Nurse and his PhD thesis focused on the control of DNA replication in fission yeast. In Mitchison's lab he made substantial contributions to the study of the cell cycle in fission yeast isolating and characterising cell cycle mutants and the first identification of a gene product (DNA ligase) in these mutants.
Career and research
Nasmyth joined Ben Hall's lab in Seattle as a postdoctoral researcher where he developed ways of cloning genes by complementation in yeast and, in collaboration with Steve Reed, cloned the CDC28 gene from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
As a group lea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20W.%20Bonner%20Prize
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The Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics is an annual prize awarded by the American Physical Society's Division of Nuclear Physics. Established in 1964, and currently consisting of $10,000 and a certificate, the Bonner Prize was founded in memory of physicist Tom W. Bonner. The aim of the prize, as stated by the American Physical Society is:
To recognize and encourage outstanding experimental research in nuclear physics, including the development of a method, technique, or device that significantly contributes in a general way to nuclear physics research.
The Bonner Prize is generally awarded for individual achievement in experimental research, but can be awarded for exceptional theoretical work and to groups who have contributed to a single accomplishment.
Recipients
See also
List of physics awards
References
Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics, American Physical Society
External links
APS Division of Nuclear Physics
Awards of the American Physical Society
Nuclear physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHC
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IHC may refer to:
Medicine
Immunohistochemistry
Intrahepatic cholestasis
Science and technology
Indirectly Heated Cathode, a type of hot cathode used in vacuum electronics tubes
Intelligent Home Control, home automation and control system
FAT IHC OEM label, a Windows 9x signature in OEM labels of FAT volumes
Transport
Inhaca Airport, Mozambique (by IATA code)
Organisations
IHC New Zealand, a national organisation for the support of intellectually disabled persons
Immigration Holding Centres, Canadian immigration detention facilities
India Habitat Centre
Interagency Hotshot Crew, a Type 1 handcrew of wildland firefighters
Interchurch Holiness Convention, an ecumenical organization of Wesleyan-Arminian denominations
Intermountain Healthcare, a healthcare network in Utah, United States
International Harvester Corporation
International Humanitarian City
International Hat Company
Islamabad High Court, a court in Islamabad, Pakistan
Other
IHC (), a Christogram
Institute for Human Continuity, a viral marketing campaign for the film 2012
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen%20%28anatomy%29
|
In biology, a lumen (: lumina) is the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine. It comes .
It can refer to:
the interior of a vessel, such as the central space in an artery, vein or capillary through which blood flows
the interior of the gastrointestinal tract
the pathways of the bronchi in the lungs
the interior of renal tubules and urinary collecting ducts
the pathways of the female genital tract, starting with a single pathway of the vagina, splitting up in two lumina in the uterus, both of which continue through the fallopian tubes
In cell biology, a lumen is a membrane-defined space that is found inside several organelles, cellular components, or structures, including thylakoid, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, mitochondrion, and microtubule.
Transluminal procedures
Transluminal procedures are procedures occurring through lumina, including:
natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery in the lumina of, for example, the stomach, vagina, bladder, or colon
procedures through the lumina of blood vessels, such as various interventional radiology procedures:
percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
percutaneous transluminal commissurotomy
See also
Foramen, any anatomical opening
References
Anatomy
Blood
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine%20oxide
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In chemistry, an amine oxide, also known as an amine N-oxide or simply N-oxide, is a chemical compound that contains the functional group , a nitrogen-oxygen coordinate covalent bond with three additional hydrogen and/or substituent-group side chains attached to N. Sometimes it is written as →O or, alternatively, as .
In the strict sense, the term amine oxide applies only to oxides of tertiary amines. Sometimes it is also used for the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines.
Examples of amine oxides include pyridine-N-oxide, a water-soluble crystalline solid with melting point 62–67 °C, and N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, which is an oxidant.
Applications
Amine oxides are surfactants commonly used in consumer products such as shampoos, conditioners, detergents, and hard surface cleaners. Alkyl dimethyl amine oxide (chain lengths C10–C16) is the most commercially used amine oxide. They are considered a high production volume class of compounds in more than one member country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); with annual production over in the US, Europe, and Japan, respectively. In North America, more than 95% of amine oxides are used in home cleaning products. They serve as stabilizers, thickeners, emollients, emulsifiers, and conditioners with active concentrations in the range of 0.1–10%. The remainder (< 5%) is used in personal care, institutional, commercial products a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMN
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Amn or AMN may refer to:
Biology
Alpha motor neuron (α-MNs), large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord
Amnionless, a gene for a protein necessary for efficient absorption of vitamin B12
Adrenoleukodystrophy, a rare X-linked genetic disease
Media companies
AMN (TV station), in Griffith, New South Wales, Australia
Access Media Network, a communications media company
Al-Masdar News, a multilingual news website
All Media Network, a former music, movie and game database company acquired by RhythmOne
Military and politics
Afghanistan Mission Network, a coalition network for NATO led missions in Afghanistan
Airman, a low-grade enlisted rank in the US armed forces
Directorate of General Security, Arabic name of former Iraqi intelligence agency
Alianţa Moldova Noastră, a former social-liberal political party in Moldova
Other uses
Amn (Forgotten Realms), a fictional country in Dungeons & Dragons
Ahli Mangku Negara, a Malaysian honour
Ainsley Maitland-Niles, a professional footballer
Gratiot Community Airport, Alma, Michigan, US (IATA code AMN)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ertl
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Ertl may refer to:
People
Alayna Ertl (2010–2016), kidnapping and murder victim
Gerhard Ertl (born 1936), the 2007 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Hans Ertl (cameraman) (1908–2000), German cameraman active during the 1930s
Hans Ertl (ice hockey) (1909– ?), Austrian ice hockey player
Harald Ertl (1948–1982), Austrian motorsport journalist and driver
Johannes Ertl (born 1982), Austrian football player
Josef Ertl (1925–2000), German politician
Monika Ertl (1937–1973), German-born guerrilla fighter in Bolivia
Other uses
Ertl Company, an American toy maker
Ertl, Lower Austria, a municipality in the Amstetten district of Austria
See also
Ertel (disambiguation)
German-language surnames
Surnames of Austrian origin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijke%20Vos
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Maria Bernadina (Marijke) Vos (born 4 May 1957 in Leidschendam) is a Dutch politician.
Career
Pre-political career
Vos's father was a judge in 's-Hertogenbosch. Her grandfather, A.H.J. Engels was member of parliament for the Roman-Catholic RKSP.
After finishing gymnasium-b in 's-Hertogenbosch in 1975, Vos went on to study biology at the University of Wageningen, graduating in 1983. During her study she was active in the students movement, the peace movement and the campaign against nuclear energy. In 1984 she worked as teacher and campaigner for an environmental organisation, 'Milieudefensie' ('Defense of the Environment'). In 1990 she began to teach ecology at the Centre of Ecology of the University of Leiden until 1992. In 1989 she became a member of the GreenLeft and almost immediately entered its temporary board, that would oversee the merger of the four parties that would form the GreenLeft. She was elected party chairperson in 1990. In 1992 this office became a paid function and she left the university.
Political career
In 1994 she stood for the GreenLeft in 1994 general elections. She was elected into the House of Representatives. Between 1995 and 1996 Vos was chairperson of the parliamentary commission on climate change. In 1997 she was elected animal rights protector of the year. Since 1998 Vos has been deputy party leader. In 2003 she was interim party leader, when Femke Halsema gave birth to twins. Between 2001 and 2003 she was chairperson of the parliamentary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC%2061131
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IEC 61131 is an IEC standard for programmable controllers. It was first published in 1993; the current (third) edition dates from 2013. It was known as IEC 1131 before the change in numbering system by IEC. The parts of the IEC 61131 standard are prepared and maintained by working group 7, programmable control systems, of subcommittee SC 65B of Technical Committee TC65 of the IEC.
Sections of IEC 61131
Standard IEC 61131 is divided into several parts:
Part 1: General information. It is the introductory chapter; it contains definitions of terms that are used in the subsequent parts of the standard and outlines the main functional properties and characteristics of PLCs.
Part 2: Equipment requirements and tests - establishes the requirements and associated tests for programmable controllers and their peripherals. This standard prescribes: the normal service conditions and requirements (for example, requirements related with climatic conditions, transport and storage, electrical service, etc.); functional requirements (power supply & memory, digital and analog I/Os); functional type tests and verification (requirements and tests on environmental, vibration, drop, free fall, I/O, power ports, etc.) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements and tests that programmable controllers must implement. This standard can serve as a basis in the evaluation of safety programmable controllers to IEC 61508.
Part 3: Programming languages
Part 4: User guidelines
Part 5: Commun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypus%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Platypus is the English common name of the Australian egg-laying mammal of action which in science language is called the Ornithorhynchus anatinus.
Platypus may also refer to:
Biology
Platypus (beetle), a genus of ambrosia beetle in the subfamily Platypodinae of the weevil family Curculionidae
Platypus, a taxonomic synonym of the orchid genus Eulophia
Zacco platypus, the pale chub, a freshwater fish indigenous to China
Music
Platipus Records, a record label
Platypus (band), a progressive rock / jazz-fusion supergroup
Flobots Present... Platypus, an album
Platypus (I Hate You), a song by Green Day
"Platypus", a song from the album Disco Volante, by the band Mr. Bungle
The Subways, an English indie rock band (earlier name)
Other
Platypus Man, a 1995 American sitcom
Platypus (video game), a horizontal shoot-em-up game and its sequel
Perry the Platypus, a fictional character as featured in Phineas and Ferb
Platypus Trophy, a trophy awarded to the winner of the Oregon–Oregon State college football game
PLATYPUS, a neutron beam reflectometer
Platypus (glider), the Australian-designed Schneider ES-65 glider
Sukhoi Su-34, a Russian 2-seat fighter-bomber (nickname)
Platypus (bullion coin), an Australian platinum bullion coin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six%20Arts
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The Six Arts formed the basis of education in ancient Chinese culture. These were made and practiced by the Confucians.
History
During the Zhou dynasty (1122–256 BCE), students were required to master the "liù yì" (六藝) (Six Arts):
Rites (禮)
Music (樂)
Archery (射)
Chariotry or Equestrianism (御)
Calligraphy (書)
Mathematics (數)
Men who excelled in these six arts were thought to have reached the state of perfection, becoming a perfect gentleman.
The Six Arts were practiced by scholars and existed before Confucius, but became a part of Confucian philosophy. As such, Xu Gan (170–217 CE) discusses them in the Balanced Discourses.
The Six Arts were practiced by the 72 disciples of Confucius.
The Six Arts concept developed during the pre-imperial period. It incorporated both military and civil components. The civil side was later associated with the four arts (qin playing, chess, calligraphy and painting). However, the latter was more of a leisure characteristic for the late imperial time. It evidently overlaps with the Six Arts, since the qin epitomized music, chess (Go, a board-game known by its Japanese name) related to military strategy, while calligraphy dealt with the aesthetics of writing and character cultivation (the rites).
Influence
The emphasis on the Six Arts bred Confucian gentlemen, or Junzi, who knew more than just canonical scholarship. The requirement of students to master the Six Arts parallels the Western concept of the Renaissance man. The classical i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective%20sensation
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Affective sensation is an occurrence of sensation accompanied with a strong compulsion to act on it. It refers, mostly in neuroscience, to the emotional sensibility in response to affective stimuli of a particular valence. It is transmitted via the spinothalamic tract through the spinal cord, and can be associated with reflex actions such as the scratch, gag, and withdrawal reflexes. Sensory processing in the brain interacts with behavioral choices, such as decisions to eat or to stop eating, in both healthy individuals and those with eating disorders.
Background and mechanism
Affective sensory information is transmitted via the spinothalamic tract. The sensation information is then accompanied by a compulsion to act. For instance, the bottom-up approach would have an itch accompanied by the need to scratch, and a painful stimulus inducing the desire to withdraw from the pain.
The location of the spinothalamic tract is important clinically due of the characteristic sensory deficits that follow certain spinal cord injuries. For instance, a unilateral spinal lesion will produce sensory loss of touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception below the lesion on the same side. The pathways for pain and temperature, however, cross the spinal cord midline to ascend on the opposite side of the cord. Therefore, diminished sensation of pain below the lesion will be observed on the side opposite the mechanosensory loss and the lesion.
Affect
Affective sensation deals with response-em
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe%20David%20Tendler
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Moshe David Tendler (August 7, 1926September 28, 2021) was an American rabbi, professor of biology and expert in medical ethics. He served as chairman of the biology department at Yeshiva University.
Biography
Moshe David Tendler was born in the Lower East Side neighborhood of New York City on August 7, 1926. He received his B.A. degree from New York University in 1947 and a master's degree in 1950. He was ordained at the Yeshiva University-affiliated Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS) in 1949, and earned a Ph.D. in microbiology from Columbia University in 1957.
In 1951, Yeshiva University's Samuel Belkin encouraged Tendler to lead the Great Neck Synagogue for one year as an intern, thereby becoming the community's first rabbi. He later became the long-time rabbi of the Community Synagogue of Monsey, New York.
Tendler served as a senior rosh yeshiva (dean) at RIETS, and the Rabbi Isaac and Bella Tendler Professor of Jewish Medical Ethics and Professor of Biology at Yeshiva College. He was noted as an expert on Jewish medical ethics and their relationship to halakha (Jewish law).
Tendler was the son-in-law of Moshe Feinstein, a world-renowned posek. Some of Feinstein's "Iggerot Mosheh" responsa are addressed to his son-in-law. His wife, Shifra, died in October 2007. Tendler died on September 28, 2021, in Rochelle Park, New Jersey.
Medical ethics
Tendler wrote and lectured widely on medical ethics. He translated various medical oriented responsa of Feinste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%2C%20technology%2C%20engineering%2C%20and%20mathematics
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Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is an umbrella term used to group together the distinct but related technical disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The term is typically used in the context of education policy or curriculum choices in schools. It has implications for workforce development, national security concerns (as a shortage of STEM-educated citizens can reduce effectiveness in this area), and immigration policy, with regard to admitting foreign students and tech workers.
There is no universal agreement on which disciplines are included in STEM; in particular, whether or not the science in STEM includes social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, economics, and political science. In the United States, these are typically included by organizations such as the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of Labor's O*Net online database for job seekers, and the Department of Homeland Security. In the United Kingdom, the social sciences are categorized separately and are instead grouped with humanities and arts to form another counterpart acronym HASS (Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences), rebranded in 2020 as SHAPE (Social Sciences, Humanities and the Arts for People and the Economy). Some sources also use HEAL (health, education, administration, and literacy) as the counterpart of STEM.
Terminology
History
Previously referred to as SMET by the NSF, in the early 1990s the acronym STEM was used by a variety
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-module
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In mathematics, a D-module is a module over a ring D of differential operators. The major interest of such D-modules is as an approach to the theory of linear partial differential equations. Since around 1970, D-module theory has been built up, mainly as a response to the ideas of Mikio Sato on algebraic analysis, and expanding on the work of Sato and Joseph Bernstein on the Bernstein–Sato polynomial.
Early major results were the Kashiwara constructibility theorem and Kashiwara index theorem of Masaki Kashiwara. The methods of D-module theory have always been drawn from sheaf theory and other techniques with inspiration from the work of Alexander Grothendieck in algebraic geometry. The approach is global in character, and differs from the functional analysis techniques traditionally used to study differential operators. The strongest results are obtained for over-determined systems (holonomic systems), and on the characteristic variety cut out by the symbols, which in the good case is a Lagrangian submanifold of the cotangent bundle of maximal dimension (involutive systems). The techniques were taken up from the side of the Grothendieck school by Zoghman Mebkhout, who obtained a general, derived category version of the Riemann–Hilbert correspondence in all dimensions.
Introduction: modules over the Weyl algebra
The first case of algebraic D-modules are modules over the Weyl algebra An(K) over a field K of characteristic zero. It is the algebra consisting of polynomials in t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue-class-wise%20affine%20group
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In mathematics, specifically in group theory, residue-class-wise affine
groups are certain permutation groups acting on
(the integers), whose elements are bijective
residue-class-wise affine mappings.
A mapping is called residue-class-wise affine
if there is a nonzero integer such that the restrictions of
to the residue classes
(mod ) are all affine. This means that for any
residue class there are coefficients
such that the restriction of the mapping
to the set is given by
.
Residue-class-wise affine groups are countable, and they are accessible
to computational investigations.
Many of them act multiply transitively on or on subsets thereof.
A particularly basic type of residue-class-wise affine permutations are the
class transpositions: given disjoint residue classes
and , the corresponding class transposition is the permutation
of which interchanges and
for every and which
fixes everything else. Here it is assumed that
and that .
The set of all class transpositions of generates
a countable simple group which has the following properties:
It is not finitely generated.
Every finite group, every free product of finite groups and every free group of finite rank embeds into it.
The class of its subgroups is closed under taking direct products, under taking wreath products with finite groups, and under taking restricted wreath products with the infinite cyclic group.
It has finitely generated subgroups which do not have finite presentations.
It has fini
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCC%20%28company%29
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NCC AB is a Swedish construction company, one of the largest in the Nordic region with annual revenues (2022) of 54 billion SEK and about 12 500 employees.
NCC builds residential properties, industrial facilities and public buildings, roads, civil engineering structures and other types of infrastructure. NCC also offers input materials used in construction, such as aggregates and asphalt, and conducts paving. Operations also include commercial property development.
NCC conducts operations in the Nordic region. Among its biggest competitors are AF Gruppen, Skanska, Peab, Per Aarsleff, Veidekke and YIT.
Alf Göransson is Chairman of the Board of NCC and Tomas Carlsson is President and CEO since 2018.
History
The origins of NCC Construction go back to 1890 when Axel Johnson, a Swedish businessman, established "Nordstjernan" - the North Star. Later, this company became one of the leading Nordic shipping companies.
In late 1987, Nordstjernan AB began acquiring shares in the listed construction company Armerad Betong Vägförbättringar (ABV). At the time, Nordstjernan had its own construction company called Johnson Construction Company (JCC).
In spring 1988, Nordstjernan increased its shareholding in the company and, by May 21, 1988, ABV was considered a Nordstjernan subsidiary. At the company's Annual General Meeting on June 8, then President of JCC, Torsten Eriksson, was also appointed President of ABV.
On June 9, 1988, the President sent a letter containing information abou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiunitary%20operator
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In mathematics, an antiunitary transformation is a bijective antilinear map
between two complex Hilbert spaces such that
for all and in , where the horizontal bar represents the complex conjugate. If additionally one has then is called an antiunitary operator.
Antiunitary operators are important in quantum theory because they are used to represent certain symmetries, such as time reversal. Their fundamental importance in quantum physics is further demonstrated by Wigner's theorem.
Invariance transformations
In quantum mechanics, the invariance transformations of complex Hilbert space leave the absolute value of scalar product invariant:
for all and in .
Due to Wigner's theorem these transformations can either be unitary or antiunitary.
Geometric Interpretation
Congruences of the plane form two distinct classes. The first conserves the orientation and is generated by translations and rotations. The second does not conserve the orientation and is obtained from the first class by applying a reflection. On the complex plane these two classes correspond (up to translation) to unitaries and antiunitaries, respectively.
Properties
holds for all elements of the Hilbert space and an antiunitary .
When is antiunitary then is unitary. This follows from
For unitary operator the operator , where is complex conjugate operator, is antiunitary. The reverse is also true, for antiunitary the operator is unitary.
For antiunitary the definition of the adjoint o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt%20Ovrut
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Burt Ovrut is an American theoretical physicist best known for his work on heterotic string theory. He is currently Professor of Theoretical High Energy Physics at the University of Pennsylvania.
Ovrut earned his Ph.D. in physics at the University of Chicago in 1978. His doctoral advisors were Benjamin W. Lee and Yoichiro Nambu, and his thesis was on an Sp(4) x U(1) Theory of the Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions.
Ovrut is one of those who pioneered the use of M-theory to explain the Big Bang without the presence of a singularity. Together with Justin Khoury, Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok, he introduced the notion of
the Ekpyrotic Universe, "... a cosmological model in which the hot big bang universe is produced by the collision of a brane in the bulk space with a bounding orbifold plane, beginning from an otherwise cold, vacuous, static universe".
Recently Burt Ovrut and his collaborators constructed a Calabi-Yau compactification that reproduces the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model without any exotics.
Ovrut was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2000.
References
External links
Professor Burt Ovrut University of Pennsylvania Home Page
A discussion of Burt Ovrut's recent work that reproduces the MSSM
Membrane Theory
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American physicists
University of Chicago alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
American string theorists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique%20identifier
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A unique identifier (UID) is an identifier that is guaranteed to be unique among all identifiers used for those objects and for a specific purpose. The concept was formalized early in the development of computer science and information systems. In general, it was associated with an atomic data type.
In relational databases, certain attributes of an entity that serve as unique identifiers are called primary keys.
In mathematics, set theory uses the concept of element indices as unique identifiers.
Classification
There are some main types of unique identifiers, each corresponding to a different generation strategy:
serial numbers, assigned incrementally or sequentially, by a central authority or accepted reference.
random numbers, selected from a number space much larger than the maximum (or expected) number of objects to be identified. Although not really unique, some identifiers of this type may be appropriate for identifying objects in many practical applications and are, with informal use of language, still referred to as "unique"
Hash functions: based on the content of the identified object, ensuring that equivalent objects use the same UID.
Random number generator: based on random process.
names or codes allocated by choice which are forced to be unique by keeping a central registry such as the EPC Information Services.
names or codes allocated using a regime involving multiple (concurrent) issuers of unique identifiers that are each assigned mutually exclusiv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSC
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FRSC can refer to:
Federal Road Safety Corps of Nigeria
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Free Radio Santa Cruz
Fuel-rich staged combustion
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