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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin%20Hsin%20Hsin
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Lin Hsin Hsin () is an IT inventor, artist, poet and composer from Singapore, deeply rooted in mathematics and information technology.
Early life and education
Lin was born in Singapore. She graduated in mathematics from the University of Singapore and received a postgraduate degree in computer science from Newcastle University, England. She studied music and art in Singapore, printmaking at the University of Ulster, papermaking in Ogawamachi, Japan and paper conservation at the University of Melbourne Conservation Services.
Career
Lin is a digital native. Lin builds paradigm shift & patent-grade inventions.She is an IT visionary some 20 years ahead of time, who pens her IT vision in computing, poems, and paintings.
In 1976, Lin painted "Distillation of an Apple", an oil painting claimed to visualised the construction and usage of Apple computer 7 days before the birth of Apple computer. In 1977, she painted "The Computer as Architect", an oil painting depicting the vision of the power of computer in architecture. Lin claimed she has never seen nor used a Computer-aided design (CAD) system prior to her painting while commercial CAD systems are available since early 1970s.
1988 March organized 1st Artificial Intelligence conference in Singapore
1991 February 1 poem titled "Cellular Phone Galore" predicted mobile phone, & cellular network BEFORE 2G GSM launch, 27 March 1991, p. 54,55, "from time to time"
1992 wanted to build a multimedia museum (letter to National Compu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford%20Stein
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Clifford Seth Stein (born December 14, 1965), a computer scientist, is a professor of industrial engineering and operations research at Columbia University in New York, NY, where he also holds an appointment in the Department of Computer Science. Stein is chair of the Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Department at Columbia University. Prior to joining Columbia, Stein was a professor at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.
Stein's research interests include the design and analysis of algorithms, combinatorial optimization, operations research, network algorithms, scheduling, algorithm engineering and computational biology.
Stein has published many influential papers in the leading conferences and journals in his fields of research, and has occupied a variety of editorial positions including in the journals ACM Transactions on Algorithms, Mathematical Programming, Journal of Algorithms, SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics and Operations Research Letters. His work has been funded by the National Science Foundation and the Sloan Foundation. As of November 1, 2015, his publications have been cited over 46,000 times, and he has an h-index of 42.
Stein is the winner of several prestigious awards including an NSF Career Award, an Alfred Sloan Research Fellowship and the Karen Wetterhahn Award for Distinguished Creative or Scholarly Achievement. He is also the co-author of two textbooks:
Introduction to Algorithms, with T. Cormen, C. Leiserson and R. Rivest, whic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Guillaume%20Audinet-Serville
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Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville (; his name, before the Revolution, included a particle: Audinet de Serville) was a French entomologist, born on 11 November 1775 in Paris. He died on 27 March 1858 in La Ferté-sous-Jouarre.
He was introduced to entomology by Madame de Grostête-Tigny who was fascinated, like her husband, by chemistry and insects. Through her, Audinet-Serville met Pierre André Latreille (1762–1833). Latreille worked with him on the Dictionnaire des Insectes de l’Encyclopédie méthodique ("The Methodical Encyclopedia Dictionary of Insects"). Then, working with Guillaume-Antoine Olivier (1756–1814), he finished the book Faune française ("French Fauna") in 1830.
Audinet-Serville is particularly known for his work on the Orthoptera. He published, Revue méthodique de l’ordre des Orthoptères ("Methodical Review of the Order of Orthoptera") which appeared in Annales des sciences naturelles in 1831. Then, in 1839, in the series of works entitled les Suites à Buffon, a volume on the same order, Histoire naturelle des Insectes Orthoptères ("Natural History of Orthoptera Insects").
He was a friend of Charles Jean-Baptiste Amyot and wrote with him Histoire naturelle des insectes Hemipteres ("Natural History of Hemiptera Insects"). Paris, Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret: 1–675 (1843). and with Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier, comte de Saint-Fargeau he contributed a treatise on Hemiptera to Guillaume-Antoine Olivier's natural history, Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre%20Quintanilha
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Alexandre Tiedtke Quintanilha, GOSE (born August 9, 1945 in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo), Mozambique) is a Portuguese scientist, former director of the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology) of the University of Porto and Professor at ICBAS - Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences.
Biography
Alexandre Tiedtke Quintanilha, GOSE was born in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) Portuguese East Africa on August 9, 1945, at the time a Portuguese colony. His father, Aurélio Quintanilha, was Portuguese, from the Azores islands, and one of the first scientists to study fungi. Aurélio Quintanilha worked in Coimbra, Berlin and Paris. Alexandre Quintanilha's mother was German, from Berlin. The family moved to Mozambique in the 1940s, where Alexandre was born.
Studies
Quintanilha completed his secondary school studies in Lourenço Marques, then went to South Africa to study at university level. He completed his B.Sc. (Hons) in theoretical physics in 1967 (University of the Witwatersrand, in Johannesburg), and his Ph.D. in solid state physics in 1972 (University of Paris).
Work
Quintanilha switched his focus to biology on moving to California in 1972. He worked for nearly 18 years at the University of California, Berkeley, in the US, before returning to Portugal in 1990 and becoming director of the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology) of the University of Porto.
Personal life
Alexandre is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto%20de%20Biologia%20Molecular%20e%20Celular
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The Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular) in Porto, Portugal, was founded in the 1990s as a multidisciplinary research institution in the fields of genetic diseases, infectious diseases and immunology, neuroscience, stress and structural biology.
Most of its investigators are University of Porto's faculty and many work also at the two university's teaching Hospitals, as well as other national biomedical and environmental research institutions, other public and private universities and a couple of enterprises. Bial, a well known Portuguese pharmaceutical company with headquarters in Porto region is one of that associated enterprises.
Its first director and co-founder was Alexandre Quintanilha.
See also
Science and technology in Portugal
External links
Official homepage
University of Porto
Research institutes in Portugal
Molecular biology institutes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Alele-Williams
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Grace Alele-Williams (16 December 1932 – 25 March 2022) was a Nigerian professor of mathematics education, who made history as the first Nigerian woman to receive a doctorate, and the first Nigerian female vice-chancellor at the University of Benin.
Early life and education
Grace Awani Alele was born to Itsekiri parents in Warri, Western Region (present-day Delta State), Nigeria on 16 December 1932. She attended Government School, Warri, Queen's College, Lagos and the University College of Ibadan (now University of Ibadan). She obtained a master's degree in mathematics while teaching at Queen's School, Ede in Osun State in 1957 and her PhD degree in mathematics education at the University of Chicago (U.S.) in 1963, thereby making her the first Nigerian woman to be awarded a doctorate. Grace Alele was married later that year and became known as Grace Alele-Williams. She returned to Nigeria for a couple of years' postdoctoral work at the University of Ibadan before joining the University of Lagos in 1965.
Career
Alele-Williams's teaching career started at Queen's School, Ede, Osun State, where she was a mathematics teacher from 1954 to 1957. She left for the University of Vermont to become a graduate assistant and later assistant professor. From 1963 to 1965, Alele-Williams was a postdoctoral research fellow, department (and institute) of education, University of Ibadan from where she was appointed a professor of mathematics at the University of Lagos in 1976.
She had a s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty%20%28disambiguation%29
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Beauty is an aesthetic characteristic.
Beauty may also refer to:
Science and mathematics
Beauty (quantum number) or bottomness, a flavour quantum number
Mathematical beauty, a mathematical philosophy
Characters
Beauty (Belle), a central character in the fairy tale Beauty and the Beast and adaptations
Beauty, the main character in The Sleeping Beauty Quartet, a series of novels by Anne Rice (writing as A. N. Roquelaure)
Beauty, anime/manga series character from Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo, see list of characters
Film and television
Two 1965 films by Andy Warhol:
Beauty No. 1
Beauty No. 2
Beauty: In the Eyes of the Beheld, a 2008 American documentary by Liza Figueroa Kravinsky
Beauty (2009 film), a Japanese film by Toshio Gotō
Beauty (2011 film), a South African film by Oliver Hermanus
Beauty (2022 film), an American film by Andrew Dosunmu
"Beauty" (Once Upon a Time), a 2017 television episode
Literature
Beauty (Selbourne novel), a 2009 novel by Raphael Selbourne
Beauty (Tepper novel), a 1991 novel by Sheri S. Tepper
Beauty: A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast, a 1978 young-adult novel by Robin McKinley
Beauty, a 1992 novel by Brian D'Amato
Beauty, a 2012 Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter book by Laurell K. Hamilton
"Beauty", a 2003 short story by Sherwood Smith
Music
The Beauties, a Canadian roots/country band
Albums
Beauty (Ryuichi Sakamoto album), 1989
Beauty (Neutral Milk Hotel album), 1992
Beauty?, by Sound of the Blue Heart (2006)
Songs
"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly-Bernoulli%20number
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In mathematics, poly-Bernoulli numbers, denoted as , were defined by M. Kaneko as
where Li is the polylogarithm. The are the usual Bernoulli numbers.
Moreover, the Generalization of Poly-Bernoulli numbers with a,b,c parameters defined as follows
where Li is the polylogarithm.
Kaneko also gave two combinatorial formulas:
where is the number of ways to partition a size set into non-empty subsets (the Stirling number of the second kind).
A combinatorial interpretation is that the poly-Bernoulli numbers of negative index enumerate the set of by (0,1)-matrices uniquely reconstructible from their row and column sums. Also it is the number of open tours by a biased rook on a board (see A329718 for definition).
The Poly-Bernoulli number satisfies the following asymptotic:
For a positive integer n and a prime number p, the poly-Bernoulli numbers satisfy
which can be seen as an analog of Fermat's little theorem. Further, the equation
has no solution for integers x, y, z, n > 2; an analog of Fermat's Last Theorem.
Moreover, there is an analogue of Poly-Bernoulli numbers (like Bernoulli numbers and Euler numbers) which is known as Poly-Euler numbers.
See also
Bernoulli numbers
Stirling numbers
Gregory coefficients
Bernoulli polynomials
Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind
Stirling polynomials
References
.
.
.
.
Integer sequences
Enumerative combinatorics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Halo%20ketone
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In organic chemistry, an α-halo ketone is a functional group consisting of a ketone group or more generally a carbonyl group with an α-halogen substituent. α-Halo ketones are alkylating agents. Prominent α-halo ketones include phenacyl bromide and chloroacetone.
Structure
The general structure is RR′C(X)C(=O)R where R is an alkyl or aryl residue and X any one of the halogens.
The preferred conformation of a halo ketone is that of a cisoid with the halogen and carbonyl sharing the same plane as the steric hindrance with the carbonyl alkyl group is generally larger.
Halo ketone synthesis
Halo ketones and halo carbonyl compounds in general are synthesized by reaction of carbonyl compounds with sources of X+ (X = halogen), which is provided using halogens:
RC(O)CH3 + X2 → RC(O)CH2X + HX
Specialized sources of electrophilic halogenating agents include N-Bromosuccinimide and 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DBDMH). In the Nierenstein reaction an acyl chloride reacts with diazomethane
Asymmetric synthesis
Efforts are reported in asymmetric synthesis of halo carbonyls through organocatalysis. In one study an acid chloride is converted into an α-halo ester with a strong base (sodium hydride), a bromine donor and an organocatalyst based on proline and quinine:
In the proposed reaction mechanism the base first converts the acid chloride to the ketene, the organocatalyst then introduces chirality through its quinonoid tertiary amine, forming a ketene adduct.
Reactions
Il
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisoid
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Cisoid may refer to:
Cisoid (chemistry), form of geometric isomer in chemistry
Cisoid (mathematics), complex sinusoid function
See also
Cisoidal (disambiguation)
Cosinusoid
Sinusoid
Cissoid
Transoid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EVM
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EVM may refer to:
Earned value management in project management
Electronic voting machine
EnviroMission, an Australian energy company
Error vector magnitude, measure of radio transmission/reception
Estonian Open Air Museum (Estonian: )
Ethereum Virtual Machine, cryptocurrency scripting
Ethnoveterinary medicine
Environmental science, academic field
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20C.%20Ashton
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Alan C. Ashton (born May 7, 1942) is the co-founder of WordPerfect Corporation and a former professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Ashton worked for a time with Novell after the company bought WordPerfect, and subsequently founded Thanksgiving Point in Lehi, Utah.
Career
Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, Ashton began his work in computer science at the University of Utah, studying computing and music in the early 1970s. In 1977, Ashton began work on word processing when he created a specification for an improved console-based word processor. His specifications outlined various innovations at the time, including continuous documents, function key shortcuts, modeless editing, and primitive WYSIWYG formatting. Along with his student, Bruce Bastian, Ashton incorporated Satellite Software International, which would later become the WordPerfect Corporation, in September 1979. In 1987, Ashton left BYU to serve full-time as president and chief executive officer of WordPerfect Corporation.
Ashton ran WordPerfect as a triumvirate, along with Bastian and W. E. "Pete" Peterson. Ashton and Bastian each controlled 49.5% of the company, and Peterson controlled 1%. While Ashton was the titular head of WordPerfect, Peterson ran the day-to-day operations, and was frequently misinterpreted as the head of the company by the press. Ashton's management style was hands-off. For a time, the entire development organization of WordPerfect reported directly to him.
In 1990, Ashton was identifie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching%20%28polymer%20chemistry%29
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In polymer chemistry, branching is the regular or irregular attachment of side chains to a polymer's backbone chain. It occurs by the replacement of a substituent (e.g. a hydrogen atom) on a monomer subunit by another covalently-bonded chain of that polymer; or, in the case of a graft copolymer, by a chain of another type. Branched polymers have more compact and symmetrical molecular conformations, and exhibit intra-heterogeneous dynamical behavior with respect to the unbranched polymers. In crosslinking rubber by vulcanization, short sulfur branches link polyisoprene chains (or a synthetic variant) into a multiple-branched thermosetting elastomer. Rubber can also be so completely vulcanized that it becomes a rigid solid, so hard it can be used as the bit in a smoking pipe. Polycarbonate chains can be crosslinked to form the hardest, most impact-resistant thermosetting plastic, used in safety glasses.
Branching may result from the formation of carbon-carbon or various other types of covalent bonds. Branching by ester and amide bonds is typically by a condensation reaction, producing one molecule of water (or HCl) for each bond formed.
Polymers which are branched but not crosslinked are generally thermoplastic. Branching sometimes occurs spontaneously during synthesis of polymers; e.g., by free-radical polymerization of ethylene to form polyethylene. In fact, preventing branching to produce linear polyethylene requires special methods. Because of the way polyamides are forme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans%20effect
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In inorganic chemistry, the trans effect is the increased lability of ligands that are trans to certain other ligands, which can thus be regarded as trans-directing ligands. It is attributed to electronic effects and it is most notable in square planar complexes, although it can also be observed for octahedral complexes. The analogous cis effect is most often observed in octahedral transition metal complexes.
In addition to this kinetic trans effect, trans ligands also have an influence on the ground state of the molecule, the most notable ones being bond lengths and stability. Some authors prefer the term trans influence to distinguish it from the kinetic effect, while others use more specific terms such as structural trans effect or thermodynamic trans effect.
The discovery of the trans effect is attributed to Ilya Ilich Chernyaev, who recognized it and gave it a name in 1926.
Kinetic trans effect
The intensity of the trans effect (as measured by the increase in rate of substitution of the trans ligand) follows this sequence:
F−, H2O, OH− < NH3 < py < Cl− < Br− < I−, SCN−, NO2−, SC(NH2)2, Ph− < SO32− < PR3, AsR3, SR2, CH3− < H−, NO, CO, CN−, C2H4
The classic example of the trans effect is the synthesis of cisplatin and its trans isomer. Starting from PtCl42−, the first NH3 ligand is added to any of the four equivalent positions at random. However, since Cl− has a greater trans effect than NH3, the second NH3 is added trans to a Cl− and therefore cis to the first NH3.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Benazzi
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Mario Benazzi (Cento, August 29, 1902 – Pisa, December 6, 1997) was an Italian zoologist, professor at the Istituto di Zoologia e Anatomia Comparata of the University of Pisa. He published work on platyhelminths and evolutionary cytogenetics.
Benazzi is honoured in the polychaete name Diurodrilus benazzii Gerlach, 1952 and in the copepod name Colobomatus benazzii Delamare Deboutteville & Nunes Ruivo, 1958. In 1971, he was elected a national member of the Accademia dei Lincei.
References
1902 births
1997 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Pisa
20th-century Italian zoologists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20R.%20Davidson
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Ernest R. Davidson, born October 12, 1936, in Terre Haute, Indiana, is a former professor of chemistry, University of Washington (1961–1984, 2002–2020) and Indiana University-Bloomington (1984–2002). He graduated from Wiley High School, Terre Haute and Rose Polytechnic Institute (BS chemical engineering), Terre Haute, and Indiana University (PhD theoretical chemistry), Bloomington, Indiana.
His name is associated with both the Davidson correction and the "Davidson diagonalization" method which he applied to configuration interaction methods. He is the author of over 400 publications, including Reduced Density Matrices in Quantum Chemistry, Academic Press, 1976.
He has been awarded many honors, including Guggenheim fellow in 1974, member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science (1981) and Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1985) and the National Academy of Sciences (1987). In 2001, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.
References
His International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science page
External links
His home page containing all his publications.
1936 births
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Theoretical chemists
Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology alumni
Schrödinger Medal recipients
Computational chemists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-One%20Card%20Trick
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The Twenty-One Card Trick, also known as the 11th card trick or three column trick, is a simple self-working card trick that uses basic mathematics to reveal the user's selected card.
The game uses a selection of 21 cards out of a standard deck. These are shuffled and the player selects one at random. The cards are then dealt out face up in three columns of 7 cards each. The player points to the column containing their card. The cards are picked up and the process is repeated three times, at which point the magician reveals the selected card.
Variations
Minor aspects of the presentation are adjustable, for example the cards can be dealt either face-up or face-down. If they are dealt face-down then the spectator must look through each of the piles until finding which one contains the selected card, whereas if they are dealt face-up then an attentive spectator can immediately answer the question of which pile contains the selected card. Some performers deal the cards into face-up rows or columns instead of piles, which saves more time as all cards are partly visible.
When the same method is applied to three piles of nine cards each, it is called the 27 card trick. It is identical in principle.
Method
The magician begins by handing the spectator the 21-card packet and asking them to look through it and select any one card to remember.
The cards are then dealt into three piles one at a time, like when dealing out hands in a card game. Each time they are dealt out, after the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Brookfield
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John Brookfield, (born 30 May 1955), is a British population geneticist. He is Professor of Evolutionary Genetics at the University of Nottingham, in the School of Biology.
Research summary
Brookfield is interested in how the genome evolves and has recently focussed on the evolution of DNA sequences which control development, particularly in Drosophila, and on the evolution of transposable elements.
Education, appointments and honours
Brookfield received his BA in Zoology from the University of Oxford 1976. He received his Ph.D. in Population Genetics at the University of London in 1980. Following a post as Research Demonstrator in Genetics at the University College of Swansea from 1979 to 1981, he became a visiting fellow in the Laboratory of Genetics at The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, North Carolina from 1981 to 1983. Returning to the UK, he became a lecturer in genetics at the University of Leicester from 1983 to 1986. He is now Professor of evolutionary genetics at the University of Nottingham.
Brookfield is an invited Fellow of the Society of Biology was appointed Fellow of the Institute of Biology in 2009, and has served as vice-president (External Relations) of the Genetics Society.
He served on the UK RAE panel for the assessment of Biological Sciences in both 2001 and 2008.
Popular Science
In 2006, Brookfield was invited to comment on the Chicken or the egg controversy, along with a number of others. All parties came down on the egg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achim%20M%C3%BCller
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Achim Müller (born 14 February 1938 in Detmold) is a German chemist. He is Professor Emeritus at the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld.
His research involves mainly the chemistry of transition metals, especially with relation to nanochemistry.
His current research relates mainly to the synthesis of spherical porous metal oxide nanocapsules Mo132 Keplerates. Müller has also worked on simple transition metal sulphur compounds, including related hydrodesulfurization catalysis and a new type of host guest chemistry based on polyoxovanadates He has also strong interest in history and philosophy of science.
Academic career
Achim Müller studied chemistry and physics at the University of Göttingen and received there his PhD degree (1965) and the Habilitation (1967). In 1971, he became professor at the University of Dortmund and in 1977 professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Bielefeld. In 2006 he was awarded the Manchot-Forschungsprofessur of the Technische Universität München.
Achim Müller is a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, Polish Academy of Sciences, The Indian National Science Academy, National Academy of Exact Physical and Natural Sciences in Argentina, and Academia Europaea. He has received honorary degrees from the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris as well as the “Profesor Honorario“ of the National University of La Plata. He has also received the Alfred Stock Memorial Pri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%20condensation%20test
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In mathematics, the Cauchy condensation test, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a standard convergence test for infinite series. For a non-increasing sequence of non-negative real numbers, the series converges if and only if the "condensed" series converges. Moreover, if they converge, the sum of the condensed series is no more than twice as large as the sum of the original.
Estimate
The Cauchy condensation test follows from the stronger estimate,
which should be understood as an inequality of extended real numbers. The essential thrust of a proof follows, patterned after Oresme's proof of the divergence of the harmonic series.
To see the first inequality, the terms of the original series are rebracketed into runs whose lengths are powers of two, and then each run is bounded above by replacing each term by the largest term in that run. That term is always the first one, since by assumption the terms are non-increasing.
To see the second inequality, these two series are again rebracketed into runs of power of two length, but "offset" as shown below, so that the run of which begins with lines up with the end of the run of which ends with , so that the former stays always "ahead" of the latter.
Integral comparison
The "condensation" transformation recalls the integral variable substitution yielding .
Pursuing this idea, the integral test for convergence gives us, in the case of monotone , that converges if and only if converges. The substitution yields t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remainder%20%28disambiguation%29
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Remainder is the amount "left over" when dividing two integers.
Remainder may also refer to:
Remaindered book, a publisher liquidating the remaining unsold copies of a book
Remainder (law), in property law, a future interest created in a transferee
Remainder term, in mathematics, when approximating a value by a series, is the error (the amount "left over") of an approximation, such that true value = series approximation + remainder term
Remainder (novel), a novel by Tom McCarthy
Remainder (film), a 2015 British film, based on the novel
In remainder, relative to an aristocratic title, is being capable of inheriting it.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw%20Strzemi%C5%84ski
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Władysław Strzemiński (21 November 1893 – 26 December 1952) was a Polish avant-garde painter of international renown.
Life and work
Strzemiński was born in Minsk to an ethnic Polish family. In 1914, he graduated from the Military School of Civil Engineering. During World War I he served as second lieutenant at the Osowiec Fortress. In 1915, he was severely wounded in the Attack of the Dead Men. In 1920, he married Katarzyna Kobro.
In 1922, he moved to Wilno (now Vilnius), and in the following year supported Vytautas Kairiūkštis in creating the first avant-garde art exhibition in what is now the territory of Lithuania (then under Polish rule).
In November 1923, he moved to Warsaw, where with Henryk Berlewi he founded the constructivist group Blok.
During the 1920s, he formulated his theory of Unism (Unizm in Polish). His paintings inspired the musical compositions of the Polish composer Zygmunt Krauze. He is an author of a revolutionary book titled "The theory of vision". He was co creator of unique avant-garde art collection in Łódź gathered together thanks to the enthusiasm of members of the "a.r." group as Katarzyna Kobro and Henryk Stażewski (the artists) and Julian Przyboś and Jan Brzękowski (the poets).
In postwar Łódź he was an instructor at the Higher School of Plastic Arts and Design Neoplastic Room in Muzeum Sztuki in Łódź, where one of his students was Halina Ołomucki, survivor of the Nazi concentration camps. His Neoplastic Room was installed in the Muzeum Szt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic%20graph
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In mathematics, a cyclic graph may mean a graph that contains a cycle, or a graph that is a cycle, with varying definitions of cycles. See:
Cycle (graph theory), a cycle in a graph
Forest (graph theory), an undirected graph with no cycles
Biconnected graph, an undirected graph in which every edge belongs to a cycle
Directed acyclic graph, a directed graph with no cycles
Strongly connected graph, a directed graph in which every edge belongs to a cycle
Aperiodic graph, a directed graph in which the cycle lengths have no nontrivial common divisor
Pseudoforest, a directed or undirected graph in which every connected component includes at most one cycle
Cycle graph, a graph that has the structure of a single cycle
Pancyclic graph, a graph that has cycles of all possible lengths
Cycle detection (graph theory), the algorithmic problem of finding cycles in graphs
Other similarly-named concepts include
Cycle graph (algebra), a graph that illustrates the cyclic subgroups of a group
Circulant graph, a graph with an automorphism which permutes its vertices cyclically.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Adams%20%28mathematician%29
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Colin Conrad Adams (born October 13, 1956) is a mathematician primarily working in the areas of hyperbolic 3-manifolds and knot theory. His book, The Knot Book, has been praised for its accessible approach to advanced topics in knot theory. He is currently Francis Christopher Oakley Third Century Professor of Mathematics at Williams College, where he has been since 1985. He writes "Mathematically Bent", a column of math for the Mathematical Intelligencer. His nephew is popular American singer Still Woozy.
Academic career
Adams received a B.Sc. from MIT in 1978 and a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1983. His dissertation was entitled "Hyperbolic Structures on Link Complements" and supervised by James Cannon.
In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Work
Among his earliest contributions is his theorem that the Gieseking manifold is the unique cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold of smallest volume. The proof utilizes horoball-packing arguments. Adams is known for his clever use of such arguments utilizing horoball patterns and his work would be used in the later proof by Chun Cao and G. Robert Meyerhoff that the smallest cusped orientable hyperbolic 3-manifolds are precisely the figure-eight knot complement and its sibling manifold.
Adams has investigated and defined a variety of geometric invariants of hyperbolic links and hyperbolic 3-manifolds in general. He developed techniques for working with volumes of special
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fourth%20Dimension%20%28book%29
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The Fourth Dimension: Toward a Geometry of Higher Reality (1984) is a popular mathematics book by Rudy Rucker, a Silicon Valley professor of mathematics and computer science. It provides a popular presentation of set theory and four dimensional geometry as well as some mystical implications. A foreword is provided by Martin Gardner and the 200+ illustrations are by David Povilaitis.
The Fourth Dimension: Toward a Geometry of Higher Reality was reprinted in 1985 as the paperback The Fourth Dimension: A Guided Tour of the Higher Universes. It was again reprinted in paperback in 2014 by Dover Publications with its original subtitle.
Like other Rucker books, The Fourth Dimension is dedicated to Edwin Abbott Abbott, author of the novella Flatland.
Synopsis
The Fourth Dimension teaches readers about the concept of a fourth spatial dimension. Several analogies are made to Flatland; in particular, Rucker compares how a square in Flatland would react to a cube in Spaceland to how a cube in Spaceland would react to a hypercube from the fourth dimension.
The book also includes multiple puzzles.
Reception
Kirkus Reviews called it "animated, often amusing", and a "rare treat", but noted that the book eventually leaves mathematical topics behind to focus instead on "mysticism of the all-is-one-one-is-all thinking of an Ouspensky." The Quarterly Review of Biology declared it to be "nice", and "at times (...) enchanting", comparing it to The Tao of Physics.
See also
Hiding in the Mir
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20expression
|
Rational expression may refer to:
A mathematical expression that may be rewritten to a rational fraction, an algebraic fraction such that both the numerator and the denominator are polynomials.
A regular expression, also known as rational expression, used in formal language theory (computer science)
See also
rational number
rational (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed%20Ghanbari
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Mohammed Ghanbari () is an emeritus professor in the Department of Electronic Systems Engineering focused in the areas of Video Networking at the University of Essex.
He graduated from Aryamehr University of Technology in Tehran, Iran, with a BSc degree in electrical engineering in 1970, an MSc in telecommunications, and a PhD in electronics from the University of Essex, England in 1976 and 1979 respectively. After ten years of work in radio and television broadcasting, he started his academic career in 1986 as a Research Fellow working on video coding for Packet Networks. He was then appointed as a Lecturer at the Department of Electronic Systems Engineering at Essex in 1988 and promoted to senior lecturer then reader in 1993 and 1995, respectively. He was appointed a personal chair in 1996.
He is best known for his pioneering work on two-layer video coding for ATM networks (which earned him IEEE Fellowship in 2001), now is known as SNR scalability in the standard video codecs. He has registered for eleven international patents on various aspects of video networking. Mohammed was the co-recipient of A.H. Reeves prize for the best paper published in the 1995 proceedings of IEE in the theme of digital coding. He is the co-author of Principles of Performance Engineering, book published by IEE press in 1997, the author of Video coding: an introduction to standard codecs, book also published by IEE press in 1999, which received the year 2000 best book award by IEE, and the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20relative%20accommodation
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Positive relative accommodation (PRA) in biology, is a measure of the maximum ability to stimulate eye accommodation while maintaining clear, single binocular vision. This measurement is typically obtained by an orthoptist, ophthalmologist or optometrist during an eye examination using a phoropter. After the patient's distance correction is established, she or he is instructed to view small letters on a card 40 cm from the eyes. The examiner adds lenses in −0.25 diopter increments until the patient first reports that they become blurry. The total value of the lenses added to reach this point is the PRA value.
High PRA values (>= 3.50 diopters) are considered to be diagnostic of disorders involving accommodative excess. Those with accommodative insufficiency typically have PRA values below −1.50 diopters.
See also
Accommodation in fish
Adaptation (eye)
Amplitude of accommodation
Convergence insufficiency
Mandelbaum effect
Negative relative accommodation
References
Ophthalmology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident%20of%20birth
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Accident of birth is a phrase pointing out that no one has any control of, or responsibility for, the circumstances of their birth or parentage. With a modern scientific understanding of genetics, one can reasonably call any human being's entire genome an accident of birth. The place of birth of a baby has an effect in immigration law of many nations, so that an "accidental" birth in an airport lounge may entitle a person to a passport in later life.
More broadly, gender, family circumstances, cultural background, access to education, career opportunities, inheritance rights, are all examples of accidents of birth.
See also
Accident (philosophy)
Original position
Family
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous%20pipe
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In computer science, an anonymous pipe is a simplex FIFO communication channel that may be used for one-way interprocess communication (IPC). An implementation is often integrated into the operating system's file IO subsystem. Typically a parent program opens anonymous pipes, and creates a new process that inherits the other ends of the pipes, or creates several new processes and arranges them in a pipeline.
Full-duplex (two-way) communication normally requires two anonymous pipes.
Pipelines are supported in most popular operating systems, from Unix and DOS onwards, and are created using the "|" character in many shells.
Unix
Pipelines are an important part of many traditional Unix applications and support for them is well integrated into most Unix-like operating systems. Pipes are created using the pipe system call, which creates a new pipe and returns a pair of file descriptors referring to the read and write ends of the pipe. Many traditional Unix programs are designed as filters to work with pipes.
Microsoft Windows
Like many other device IO and IPC facilities in the Windows API, anonymous pipes are created and configured with API functions that are specific to the IO facility. In this case CreatePipe is used to create an anonymous pipe with separate handles for the read and write ends of the pipe. Read and write IO operations on the pipe are performed with the standard IO facility API functions ReadFile and WriteFile.
On Microsoft Windows, reads and writes to ano
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Peter%20Ratzel
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Max-Peter Ratzel (born in 1949 in Dillingen/Saar, Germany) is a German law enforcement officer, and a former Director of Europol, the European Union law enforcement agency that handles criminal intelligence.
Education
Director Ratzel studied mathematics and physics in the University of Saarbrücken and served in the German Air Force.
Career
The career of Director Ratzel started in the Bundeskriminalamt (Federal Criminal Police Office, Wiesbaden, Germany) in 1976, as the Head of the Organised and General Crime Department. His unit which was specialised in combating child pornography, Internet crime, counterfeit money and human trafficking, had over 850 police officers under his supervision.
Europol
On February 24, 2005, the Justice and Home Affairs Council selected Director Ratzel as the successor of Director Storbeck as the General Director of Europol. He took up his position on April 16, 2005.
In April 2009, he was succeeded by Director Wainwright.
After retiring as a civil servant Ratzel founded a security company.
See also
B.K.A.
Europol
External links
Biography of Director Ratzel from germany-info.org
Director Ratzel in the Scotsman
Press Conference with Director Ratzel in Washington, DC
Director Ratzel in the European Serious Organised Crime Conference
Director Ratzel in the 2011 Conference for Police and Law Enforcement Officers in Canada
Director Ratzel in Deutsche Welle
Director Ratzel in Spiegel Magazine
Resume of Director Ratzel
Police detectiv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gibb
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Brigadier-General Sir Alexander Gibb (12 February 1872 – 21 January 1958) was a Scottish civil engineer. After serving as Civil Engineer-in-Chief to the Admiralty and Director-General of Civil Engineering at the Ministry of Transport, he established the engineering consultancy firm Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners.
Early life and military service
Gibb was born in Broughty Ferry, Forfarshire, the son of civil engineer Alexander Easton Gibb and his wife, Hope Brown Paton. He was the great-grandson of John Gibb, an early member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and a colleague of its first President, Thomas Telford.
He was educated at the High School of Dundee, the Abbey School in Beckenham, Rugby School and University College London, although he left the latter after a year to become articled to the prominent civil engineers John Wolfe Barry and Henry Marc Brunel.
Having completed his training, he became resident engineer on the Metropolitan District Railway's Whitechapel and Bow Railway extension. He joined his father's company, Easton, Gibb & Son, in 1900 when they were building the King Edward VII Bridge at Kew.
That same year (1900), Gibb married Norah Isobel Monteith (1879-1940), daughter of Fleet Surgeon John Lowry Monteith RN, and they had three sons, including Lieutenant Colonel Alistair Monteith Gibb.
Gibb later worked on the construction of the Rosyth naval dockyard where he is credited with accelerating the programme so that it was brought into use during t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boe-Bot
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BOE–Bot is short for Board of Education robot. It is the trade name of a robot kit that is used in junior high, high school and college robotics classes. It consists of a main circuit board (the Board of Education) and breadboard, a plug–in BASIC Stamp microcontroller, two servo motors to drive the wheels, and an aluminum chassis that the parts bolt onto. Students can use Erector set parts, Lego blocks, and additional servos to build custom projects. The BOE-bot has been manufactured and sold by Parallax Inc since 1998.
Main components
The green detachable main circuit, mounted on the top of the robot is called the Board of Education. The microcontroller which plugs into a socket on the green circuit board is called the BASIC Stamp . The BASIC Stamp is programmed in PBASIC. The rear wheel is a drilled polyethylene ball held in place with a cotter pin. Wheels are machined to fit on the servo spline and held in place with a screw. The BASIC Stamp is easy to program. The Boe–Bot is small, approximately four inches wide, and runs on four AA batteries. There is no soldering required for construction.
Features
The Boe–Bot is a robot that can be used in a variety of ways including combining Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio software with the Boe–Bot to control the robot's movements. The BOE–Bot is programmed using the PBASIC language.
References
External links
Parallax homepage
Official Boe–Bot information page
Parallax, Inc. products
Entertainment robots
Robot kits
Rolling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru%20Marin
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Alexandru Adalbert "Alex" Marin (June 25, 1945 – November 14, 2005) was an American experimental particle physicist, a professor of physics at MIT, Boston University and Harvard University, and a researcher at CERN and JINR.
Marin was born in France and arrived in Romania at 3 months, with his father Gaston Marin, who was Jewish.
He received his Ph.D. in physics from the Central Institute for Physics in Bucharest in 1977. Before moving to the United States in 1983, he worked on high energy physics and astrophysics experiments in Romania, the Soviet Union and CERN. He was Principal Investigator for experiments carried out at CERN and at Dubna from 1974 to 1979, and from 1974 to 1983 was Principal Investigator for the Transition Radiation Experiment on the Intercosmos 17 satellite, and the ASTRO1 and ASTRO2 experiments on the Romanian Astronaut flight.
After moving to the United States, Marin played leading roles in several large international experiments. He designed and built a laser calibration system for MACRO, a search for magnetic monopoles and other exotic hypothetical particles. He worked on the PBAR and EXAM anti-matter balloon experiments, which contributed to the design of the AMS magnetic spectrometer that was later flown on the Space Shuttle. For LIGO, the sensitive gravity wave experiment, Marin designed and built environmental monitoring systems.
At CERN, Marin designed and built the radiation monitor for the silicon tracker of the L3 experiment on LEP.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim%20Brovender
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Chaim Brovender (born 1941) is an Israeli Modern Orthodox and Religious Zionist rabbi.
Biography
Brovender was born in 1941 in Brooklyn, New York. He attended Yeshivah of Flatbush, a coeducational Modern Orthodox day school. He later graduated from Yeshiva University with a BA in mathematics and rabbinical ordination from Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik.
In 1965, he and his wife made moved to Jerusalem, Israel. Until 1967, he studied in the Kollel of Yeshivas Itri (the Israel Torah Research Institute) under Rabbi Mordechai Elefant. In 1974, Brovender completed a doctorate in Semitic languages from Hebrew University.
In 1967, on the advice of Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, Brovender founded Hartman College in Romema, Jerusalem (under the aegis of the Israel Torah Research Institute). Its purpose was to serve as a yeshiva for American students who wanted to study in Israel.
In 1976, Rabbi Brovender founded Yeshivat HaMivtar in French Hill, Jerusalem. That same year, Brovender established Midreshet Lindenbaum, originally named Michlelet Bruria, as the women's component of Yeshivat Hamivtar. Brovender successfully ran Yeshivat HaMivtar alone until 1985, when he merged it with the network of educational institutions founded by Rabbi Shlomo Riskin called Ohr Torah Stone.
In 2007, Rabbi Brovender launched WebYeshiva.org, the first live and fully interactive online yeshiva.
Rabbi Brovender served as a Rav Tzavai (army rabbi) for more than 20 years.
2000 beating incident
In October
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Huchra
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John Peter Huchra ( ; December 23, 1948 – October 8, 2010) was an American astronomer and professor. He was the Vice Provost for Research Policy at Harvard University and a Professor of Astronomy at the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian. He was also a former chair of the United States National Committee for the International Astronomical Union. and past president of the American Astronomical Society.
Huchra was born on December 23, 1948, in Jersey City, New Jersey, to a father who was a train conductor and a mother who was a housewife. He was raised in Ridgefield Park, New Jersey and graduated from Ridgefield Park High School as part of the class of 1966. He developed an interest in reading books about cosmology and science fiction. He was a member of the wrestling team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned his undergraduate degree in 1970 with a major in physics. He went on to the California Institute of Technology, where he was awarded a Ph.D. in astronomy. He took on a postdoctoral fellowship at the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian in 1976 and remained there for the rest of his career.
Together with fellow astronomers Marc Aaronson and Jeremy Mould, Huchra announced that based on their analysis of the brightness and rotational speed of certain spiral galaxies that the universe was nine billion years old, half the age that most astronomers had previously thought.
In 1986, Valérie de Lapparent, Margaret Geller and Huchra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Geller
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Margaret J. Geller (born December 8, 1947) is an American astrophysicist at the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian. Her work has included pioneering maps of the nearby universe, studies of the relationship between galaxies and their environment, and the development and application of methods for measuring the distribution of matter in the universe.
Career
Geller made pioneering maps of large-scale structure in the universe. Geller received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Physics at the University of California, Berkeley (1970) and a Ph.D. in Physics from Princeton (1974). Geller completed her doctoral dissertation, titled "Bright galaxies in rich clusters: a statistical model for magnitude distributions", under the supervision of James Peebles. Although Geller was thinking about studying solid state physics in graduate school, Charles Kittel suggested she go to Princeton to study astrophysics.
After research fellowships at the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian and the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge, England, she became an assistant professor of Astronomy at Harvard University (1980-1983). She then joined the permanent scientific staff of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, a partner in the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian.
Geller is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a Fellow of the American Physical Society. In 1990, she was elected as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20de%20Recherches%20Math%C3%A9matiques
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The Centre de recherches mathématiques (CRM) is the first mathematical research institute in Canada, located at the Université de Montréal.
The CRM has ten research laboratories, one in each of: mathematical analysis, number theory and symbolic computation, differential geometry and topology, discrete mathematics and combinatorics, applied mathematics, neuroimaging, mathematical physics, statistics, probability theory and quantum computing.
Each year it awards four of the main mathematical sciences prizes in Canada: the CRM–Fields–PIMS prize, which is the most prestigious award given in Canada in mathematics; the Aisenstadt Prize, awarded to a young outstanding Canadian mathematician; the CRM–SSC Prize, awarded in collaboration with the Statistical Society of Canada to an exceptional young Canadian statistician; and the CAP–CRM Prize in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics awarded in collaboration with the Canadian Association of Physicists in recognition of exceptional achievements in theoretical and mathematical physics.
References
External links
Old Website
Université de Montréal
Research institutes in Canada
Mathematical institutes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology%20Field%20Laboratory
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The Astrobiology Field Laboratory (AFL) (also Mars Astrobiology Field Laboratory or MAFL) was a proposed NASA rover that would have conducted a search for life on Mars. This proposed mission, which was not funded, would have landed a rover on Mars in 2016 and explore a site for habitat. Examples of such sites are an active or extinct hydrothermal deposit, a dry lake or a specific polar site.
Had it been funded, the rover was to be built by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, based upon the Mars Science Laboratory rover design, it would have carried astrobiology-oriented instruments, and ideally, a core drill. The original plans called for a launch in 2016, however, budgetary constraints caused funding cuts.
Mission
The rover could have been the first mission since the Viking program landers of the 1970s to specifically look for the chemistry associated with life (biosignatures), such as carbon-based compounds along with molecules involving both sulfur and nitrogen. The mission strategy was to search for habitable zones by "following the water" and "finding the carbon." In particular, it was to conduct detailed analysis of geologic environments identified by the 2012 Mars Science Laboratory as being conducive to life on Mars and biosignatures, past and present. Such environments might include fine-grained sedimentary layers, hot spring mineral deposits, icy layers near the poles, or sites such as gullies where liquid water once flowed or may continue to seep into soils from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%20Martinec
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Emil John Martinec (born 1958) is an American string theorist, a physics professor at the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago, and director of the Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics. He was part of a group at Princeton University that developed heterotic string theory in 1985.
Early life and education
Martinec was born October 4, 1958, in Downers Grove, Illinois. He graduated from Northwestern University in 1979 and earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1984, with a dissertation titled, Quantum Mechanics Versus General Covariance In Gravity And String Models, advised by Michael Peskin. He worked the last two years of his graduate education at SLAC, following Peskin's move there.
Career
Early in his career, Martinec worked at Princeton University, where he was part of a research group known as the "Princeton string quartet" that also included physicists David Gross, Jeffrey A. Harvey and Ryan Rohm. The group developed heterotic string theory in 1985. As its name suggests, heterotic string theory combines elements of multiple versions of string theory to attempt to create a more realistic explanation of elementary particle physics. This work was part of a series of advances that forestalled the predicted merger of cosmology and fundamental physics.
He is currently a professor at the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago. He directs the university's Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics.
Selected publications
Martinec is co-author
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper-convected%20time%20derivative
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In continuum mechanics, including fluid dynamics, an upper-convected time derivative or Oldroyd derivative, named after James G. Oldroyd, is the rate of change of some tensor property of a small parcel of fluid that is written in the coordinate system rotating and stretching with the fluid.
The operator is specified by the following formula:
where:
is the upper-convected time derivative of a tensor field
is the substantive derivative
is the tensor of velocity derivatives for the fluid.
The formula can be rewritten as:
By definition, the upper-convected time derivative of the Finger tensor is always zero.
It can be shown that the upper-convected time derivative of a spacelike vector field is just its Lie derivative by the velocity field of the continuum.
The upper-convected derivative is widely used in polymer rheology for the description of the behavior of a viscoelastic fluid under large deformations.
Examples for the symmetric tensor A
Simple shear
For the case of simple shear:
Thus,
Uniaxial extension of incompressible fluid
In this case a material is stretched in the direction X and compresses in the directions Y and Z, so to keep volume constant.
The gradients of velocity are:
Thus,
See also
Upper-convected Maxwell model
References
Notes
Multivariable calculus
Fluid dynamics
Non-Newtonian fluids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motive%20power
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Motive power may refer to:
In thermodynamics, natural agents such as water or steam, wind or electricity, that do work
In mechanics, the mechanical energy associated with the motion and position of an object
In physics, a synonym for power
In mechanical engineering, the source of mechanical power of a propulsion system
It may also refer to:
Motive power, a colloquial term for a railway locomotive
Motive Power, an Australian railway magazine
Motive power depot, a railway running shed
Electric Motive Power, an English electric car
MotivePower, a subsidiary of Wabtec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOLCAS
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MOLCAS is an ab initio computational chemistry program, developed as a joint project by a number of international institutes. MOLCAS is developed by scientists to be used by scientists. It is not primarily a commercial product and it is not sold in order to produce a fortune for its owner (the Lund University).
Focus in the program is placed on methods for calculating general electronic structures in both ground and excited states. MOLCAS contains codes for general and effective multiconfigurational SCF calculations at the Complete Active Space (CASSCF) level, but also employing more restricted MCSCF wave functions (RASSCF). It is also possible, at this level of theory, to optimize geometries for equilibrium and transition states using gradient techniques and to compute force fields and vibrational energies. MOLCAS also contains second order perturbation theory codes CASPT2 and RASPT2.
History
MOLCAS code has been created at the late 1980s by the group of Prof. Björn O. Roos at Lund University. The name of the program is a combination of Molecule (integral code by Jan Almlöf) and CAS (Complete Active Space program developed by Björn O. Roos).
MOLCAS 2 has been released at 1992. It was distributed on a tape for IBM VM/XA. It contains new configuration interaction code (written by Jeppe Olsen), new integral code (written by Roland Lindh) and coupled cluster code (written at Comenius University). MOLCAS 4 (1999) was a first release, which runs on any Unix or Linux operating
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRCI
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MRCI may refer to:
Microsoft Realtime Compression Interface, an optional hardware interface for Microsoft DoubleSpace/DriveSpace
Multireference configuration interaction, a method in quantum chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton%20Gibb%20%26%20Son
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Easton Gibb & Son was a Scottish civil engineering firm, specialising in public works projects, founded by (Alexander) Easton Gibb.
In 1900, Alexander Gibb, Easton Gibb's son, became the firm's chairman and managing director, taking over from his father. Under his chairmanship, it was responsible for the construction of Rosyth Naval Dockyard, beginning before the outbreak of the First World War.
References
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christos%20Papadimitriou
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Christos Charilaos Papadimitriou (; born August 16, 1949) is a Greek theoretical computer scientist and the Donovan Family Professor of Computer Science at Columbia University.
Education
Papadimitriou studied at the National Technical University of Athens, where in 1972 he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in electrical engineering. He then pursued graduate studies at Princeton University, where he received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering and computer science in 1976 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "The complexity of combinatorial optimization problems."
Career
Papadimitriou has taught at Harvard, MIT, the National Technical University of Athens, Stanford, UCSD, University of California, Berkeley and is currently the Donovan Family Professor of Computer Science at Columbia University.
Papadimitriou co-authored a paper on pancake sorting with Bill Gates, then a Harvard undergraduate. Papadimitriou recalled "Two years later, I called to tell him our paper had been accepted to a fine math journal. He sounded eminently disinterested. He had moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico to run a small company writing code for microprocessors, of all things. I remember thinking: 'Such a brilliant kid. What a waste.'" The company was Microsoft.
Papadimitriou co-authored "The Complexity of Computing a Nash Equilibrium" with his students Constantinos Daskalakis and Paul W. Goldberg, for which they received the 2008 Kalai Game Theory and Computer Science Prize from the Ga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%20Blade
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Stanford Blade is a Canadian agronomist and academic administrator. He is the dean of the faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences (ALES) at the University of Alberta. Blade is a fellow of the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry.
Early life and education
Blade was born in Alberta where he was raised on a dairy and grain farm. He attended the University of Alberta for his first degree (B.Sc.) in genetics. He obtained his M.Sc. (Crop Science) from the University of Saskatchewan for a breeding/physiology study on wheat. Blade’s doctorate was awarded by McGill University in Montreal for work done at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture on a Canadian International Development Agency Ph.D. Scholarship. The thesis topic was a plant breeding/farming systems approach to improving an indigenous grain legume (Vigna unguiculata L.) for use within the complex cereal-legume cropping systems of the West African savanna.
Career
Blade was the executive director (2006–2009) of the Alberta Agricultural Research Institute. He was previously employed as the deputy director general research for the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Blade is a Trustee on the Board of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and previously served as vice-chair on the board of the African Agricultural Technology Foundation.
Blade’s research has included the development and release of the high-performing Cutlass field pea. Blade has
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20and%20Reservoir%20Plan
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The Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (abbreviated TARP and more commonly known as the Deep Tunnel Project or the Chicago Deep Tunnel) is a large civil engineering project that aims to reduce flooding in the metropolitan Chicago area, and to reduce the harmful effects of flushing raw sewage into Lake Michigan by diverting storm water and sewage into temporary holding reservoirs. The megaproject is one of the largest civil engineering projects ever undertaken in terms of scope, cost and timeframe. Commissioned in the mid-1970s, the project is managed by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Completion of the system is not anticipated until 2029, but substantial portions of the system have already opened and are currently operational. Across 30 years of construction, over $3 billion has been spent on the project.
History
19th century
The Deep Tunnel Project is the latest in a series of civil engineering projects dating back to 1834. Many of the problems experienced by the city of Chicago are directly related to its low level topography and the fact that the city is largely built upon marsh or wet prairie. This combined with a temperate wet climate and the human development of open land, leads to substantial water runoff. Lake Michigan was ineffective in carrying sewage away from the city, and in the event of a rainstorm, the water pumps that provided drinking water to Chicagoans became contaminated with sewage. Though no epidemics were caused by this system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20H.%20Crabtree
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Robert Howard Crabtree (born 17 April 1948) is a British-American chemist. He is serving as Conkey P. Whitehead Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Yale University in the United States. He is a naturalized citizen of the United States. Crabtree is particularly known for his work on "Crabtree's catalyst" for hydrogenations, and his textbook on organometallic chemistry.
Education
Robert Howard Crabtree studied at Brighton College (1959–1966), and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Oxford where he was a student at New College, Oxford in 1970, studying under Malcolm Green. He received his PhD from the University of Sussex in 1973, supervised by Joseph Chatt.
Career
After his PhD, he was a postdoctoral researcher with Hugh Felkin at the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles at Gif-sur-Yvette, near Paris. He was a postdoctoral fellow (1973–1975) and then attaché de recherche (1975–1977). At the end of that time he was chargé de recherche. In 1977 Crabtree took an assistant professorship in Inorganic Chemistry at Yale University. He served as associate professor from 1982 to 1985, and as full professor from 1985 to 2021. In retirement, he now serves as an emeritus professor of chemistry.
Editorial positions and published works
The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals (7 editions) ()
Inorganic Chemistry Section (editor) Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry (1992–1994)
Associate Editor of New Journal of Chemistry (1998–2003)
Editor-in-chief o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC%2061499
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The international standard IEC 61499, addressing the topic of function blocks for industrial process measurement and control systems, was initially published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2005. The specification of IEC 61499 defines a generic model for distributed control systems and is based on the IEC 61131 standard. The concepts of IEC 61499 are also explained by Lewis and Zoitl as well as Vyatkin.
Part 1: Architecture
IEC 61499-1 defines the architecture for distributed systems. In IEC 61499 the cyclic execution model of IEC 61131 is replaced by an event driven execution model. The event driven execution model allows an explicit specification of the execution order of function blocks. If necessary, periodically executed applications can be implemented by using the E_CYCLE function block for the generation of periodic events as described in Annex A of IEC 61499-1.
IEC 61499 enables an application-centric design, in which one or more applications, defined by networks of interconnected function blocks, are created for the whole system and subsequently distributed to the available devices. All devices within a system are described within a device model. The topology of the system is reflected by the system model. The distribution of an application is described within the mapping model. Therefore, applications of a system are distributable but maintained together.
IEC 61499 is strongly influenced by Erlang, with its shared-nothing model and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Muir
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Francis Muir (born April 27, 1926) is a former research associate at the Geophysics Department of Stanford University. Muir graduated from Oxford University in 1950 with an MA degree in mathematics.
He worked as a research and field exploration seismologist with Seismograph Service from 1954 through 1962, and then with West Australian Petroleum as a field supervisor until 1967. He then transferred to the Chevron Oilfield Research Company, which he left in 1983 as senior research associate. Since then he has held an appointment as consulting professor in the Geophysics Department at Stanford University, first with Jon Claerbout's SEP group and more recently with Amos Nur's SRB Project.
Muir consults with industry, particularly on applications of velocity anisotropy to oilfield development, and is a co-investigator on a project on Anisotropy for the DOE. He is a member of the SEG Research Committee, an erstwhile fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and an active participant in the Web-based "anisotropists" list. The asteroid 95802 Francismuir commemorates Muir in his capacities as the mentor and advisor of its discoverer. He retired from Stanford in 2005.
Publications
Claerbout, J. F.; and Muir, F.; 1973 "Robust modeling with erratic data", Geophysics, 38, 826–844.
Dellinger, J.; and Muir, F.; 1988, Imaging reflections in elliptically anisotropic media (Short Note), Geophysics, Vol 53.12, 1616–1618.
Schoenberg, M.; and Muir, F.; 1989, A calculus for finely layered
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%20functional
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In mathematics, in the field of functional analysis, a Minkowski functional (after Hermann Minkowski) or gauge function is a function that recovers a notion of distance on a linear space.
If is a subset of a real or complex vector space then the or of is defined to be the function valued in the extended real numbers, defined by
where the infimum of the empty set is defined to be positive infinity (which is a real number so that would then be real-valued).
The set is often assumed/picked to have properties, such as being an absorbing disk in that guarantee that will be a real-valued seminorm on
In fact, every seminorm on is equal to the Minkowski functional (that is, ) of any subset of satisfying (where all three of these sets are necessarily absorbing in and the first and last are also disks).
Thus every seminorm (which is a defined by purely algebraic properties) can be associated (non-uniquely) with an absorbing disk (which is a with certain geometric properties) and conversely, every absorbing disk can be associated with its Minkowski functional (which will necessarily be a seminorm).
These relationships between seminorms, Minkowski functionals, and absorbing disks is a major reason why Minkowski functionals are studied and used in functional analysis.
In particular, through these relationships, Minkowski functionals allow one to "translate" certain properties of a subset of into certain properties of a function on
The Minkowski functio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Christiansen%20%28physicist%29
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Christian Christiansen (9 October 1843 in Lønborg, Denmark – 28 November 1917 Frederiksberg) was a Danish physicist.
Christiansen first taught at the local polytechnical school. In 1886, he was appointed to a chair for physics at the University of Copenhagen.
He mainly studied radiant heat and optical dispersion, discovering the Christiansen effect (Christiansen filter). Around 1917, he discovered the anomalous dispersion of numerous dyes, including aniline red (fuchsine), by recording absorption spectra.
In 1884, he confirmed the Stefan–Boltzmann law.
Christiansen was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1902.
He was doctoral advisor to Niels Bohr. In 1912, he retired and Martin Knudsen became professor.
Citations
C. Christiansen, Lærebog i fysik, Copenhagen, 1892
C. Christiansen, Indledning til den mathematiske Fysik, 2 Bde, 1887-1889
C. Christiansen, Untersuchungen über die optischen Eigenschaften von fein vertheilten Körpern - Erste Mittheilung, Ann. Phys., Vol. 23, pp. 298–306, 1884
C. Christiansen, Untersuchungen über die optischen Eigenschaften von fein vertheilten Körpern - Zweite Mittheilung, Ann. Phys., vol. 24, pp. 439–446, 1885
C. Christiansen Elements of Theoretical Physics translated into English by W. F. Magie from the German translation of Johannes Julius Christoph Müller (London, McMillan, 1897)
References
External links
Physics Tree: Christian Christiansen Details
Christiansen effect
Danish physicists
Optical physicist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTRUSign
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NTRUSign, also known as the NTRU Signature Algorithm, is an NTRU public-key cryptography digital signature algorithm based on the GGH signature scheme. The original version of NTRUSign was Polynomial Authentication and Signature Scheme (PASS), and was published at CrypTEC'99. The improved version of PASS was named as NTRUSign, and was presented at the rump session of Asiacrypt 2001 and published in peer-reviewed form at the RSA Conference 2003. The 2003 publication included parameter recommendations for 80-bit security. A subsequent 2005 publication revised the parameter recommendations for 80-bit security, presented parameters that gave claimed security levels of 112, 128, 160, 192 and 256 bits, and described an algorithm to derive parameter sets at any desired security level. NTRU Cryptosystems, Inc. have applied for a patent on the algorithm.
NTRUSign involves mapping a message to a random point in 2N-dimensional space, where N is one of the NTRUSign parameters, and solving the closest vector problem in a lattice closely related to the NTRUEncrypt lattice. NTRUSign is claimed to be faster than those algorithms at low security levels, and considerably faster at high security levels. However, analysis had shown that original scheme is insecure and would leak knowledge of private key.
A redesigned pqNTRUSign had been submitted to the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization competition. It is based on "hash-and-sign" (contrasting Fiat–Shamir transformation) methodolog
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Husband
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Sir Henry Charles Husband (30 October 1908 – 7 October 1983), often known as H. C. Husband, was a leading British civil and consulting engineer from Sheffield, England, who designed bridges and other major civil engineering works. He is particularly known for his work on the Jodrell Bank radio telescopes; the first of these was the largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world on its completion in 1957. Other projects he was involved in designing include the Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station's aerials, one of the earliest telecobalt radiotherapy units, Sri Lanka's tallest building, and the rebuilding of Robert Stephenson's Britannia Bridge after a fire. He won the Royal Society's Royal Medal and the Wilhelm Exner Medal.
Early life and education
Husband was born in Sheffield in 1908 to Ellen Walton Husband, née Harby, and her husband, Joseph (1871–1961), a civil engineer who had founded Sheffield Technical School's civil engineering department and subsequently served as the University of Sheffield's initial professor in the discipline. Charles Husband attended the city's King Edward VII School and gained an engineering degree at Sheffield University in 1929.
Career
His first job was with Barnsley Water Board. He then worked under the civil engineer Sir Owen Williams in 1931–33, before spending three years on various major English and Scottish residential projects with the First National Housing Trust. In 1936, with Joseph Husband and Antony Clark, he founded the cons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20F.%20Stephens
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Clarence Francis Stephens (July 24, 1917 – March 5, 2018) was the ninth African American to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics. He is credited with inspiring students and faculty at SUNY Potsdam to form the most successful United States undergraduate mathematics degree programs in the past century. Stephens was recognized by Mathematically Gifted & Black as a Black History Month 2018 Honoree.
Early life
The fifth of six children, he was orphaned at the age of eight. For his early education, he attended Harbison Agricultural and Industrial Institute, a boarding school for African-Americans in Irmo, South Carolina under Dean R. W. Bouleware and later President Rev John G. Porter.
Stephens graduated from Johnson C. Smith University in 1938 with a B.S. degree in mathematics. He received his M.S. (1939) and his Ph.D. (1944) from the University of Michigan. He was the 9th African American to receive a Ph.D in mathematics––for a thesis on Non-Linear Difference Equations Analytic in a Parameter under James Nyswander.
After serving in the U.S. Navy (1942–1946) as a Teaching Specialist, Dr. Stephens joined the mathematics faculty of Prairie View A&M University. The next year (1947) he was invited to join the mathematics faculty at Morgan State University.
From research to teaching
As a Mathematics Association of America (MAA) biography explains, “Dr. Stephens' focus was on being a research mathematician, so he accepted the position in part because he would be near a research library a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFF
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MFF may refer to:
Football
Malmö FF, a Swedish football club
Mongolian Football Federation, governs football in Mongolia
Myanmar Football Federation, governs football in Myanmar
Science and technology
MAC-Forced Forwarding (also known as MACFF), a networking technology
Molecular Frontiers Foundation, a non-profit chemistry organization
MFF (gene), encodes the protein mitochondrial fission factor
MFF SIM, SIM cards for machine use
Other meanings
Maryland Film Festival, Baltimore, United States
Midwest FurFest, a furry convention in Chicago
Minffordd railway station, Wales (station code)
Minnesota Freedom Fund, a non-profit for bail fund
Military Freefall Parachutist Badge, a badge of the U.S. Army
Multiannual Financial Framework, a budget plan of the European Union
Male-female-female, a threesome with one male and two females
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Union%20of%20Biochemistry%20and%20Molecular%20Biology
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The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) is an international non-governmental organisation concerned with biochemistry and molecular biology. Formed in 1955 as the International Union of Biochemistry (IUB), the union has presently 79 member countries and regions (as of 2020). The Union is devoted to promoting research and education in biochemistry and molecular biology throughout the world, and gives particular attention to localities where the subject is still in its early development.
History
The first Congress of Biochemistry was held in 1949 in Cambridge, UK, and was inspired by German-born British biochemist Sir Hans Adolf Krebs as a means of bringing together biochemists who had been separated by World War II from collaborating. At the time, biochemistry was blossoming as a discipline and was seeking its own recognition as a Union within the International Council for Science (ICSU). The Congress was a first step to recognize Biochemistry as a separate discipline and entity. At the final session of this congress, the International Committee of Biochemistry was set up with 20 members from 14 countries with the goal obtaining from the ICSU ‘recognition as the international body representative of biochemistry, with a view to the formal constitution of an International Union of Biochemistry as soon as possible’. Discussions continued over the next few years, and by the third Congress of Biochemistry, which took place in Brussels in 1955, the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Research%20Center%20for%20Information%20Systems
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The European Research Center for Information Systems (ERCIS) was founded in 2004 at the University of Münster in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The objective of ERCIS is connecting research in Information systems with Business, Computer Science, Communication Sciences, Law, Management and Mathematics. The ERCIS consists of leading national and international universities and companies in the field of Information Systems.
Associated Member Institutions
Associated member institutions of the European Research Center for Information Systems are:
Advisory board
arvato Supply Chain Solutions
Bison Deutschland GmbH
Christ Juweliere und Uhrmacher seit 1863 GmbH
CLAAS
cronos Unternehmensberatung GmbH
DMI Archivierung
Hilti Corporation
Informationsfabrik
IQ-optimize
Lidl
PICTURE GmbH
Provinzial
SAP AG
viadee IT-Unternehmensberatung
Westfalen Group
Zeb.rolfes.schierenbeck.associates gmbh
References
External links
European Research Center for Information Systems (ERCIS)
Department of Information Systems at the University of Muenster
Information technology organizations based in Europe
Information systems
Information technology management
Management organizations
University of Münster
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Brennan%20%28civil%20servant%29
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Joseph Brennan (18 November 1887 – 19 March 1976) was an Irish economist and senior Irish civil servant who served as the Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland from 1943 to 1953.
Brennan was born in Cork in 1887, but was a native of Bandon, County Cork. In 1909, he entered Christ Church, Cambridge, where he studied Mathematics and then switched to classics. In successive years he obtained a first in Latin and Greek. In 1911, he entered the Civil Service and was assigned to the Board of Customs and Excise and a year later transferred to the finance division of the Chief Secretary's office in Dublin Castle.
During the July 1921 Truce, he was introduced to Michael Collins and later became a financial advisor to the team negotiating the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
In April 1922, he became the Irish Free State's first Comptroller and Auditor General and in April of the following year he was appointed Secretary of the Department of Finance, a post he held until his retirement from the Civil Service in 1927. Later that year he was appointed Chairman of the Currency Commission.
In 1925, his lengthy note on the Free State's financial position was helpful in concluding the Irish Boundary Commission negotiations.
When the Currency Commission was dissolved in 1943, he became the first Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland. From 1928 until his retirement in 1953 his signature appeared on all Irish Banknotes.
In 1938, Joseph Brennan was conferred with an Honorary LLD by the National Uni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochre%20%28disambiguation%29
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Ochre is a natural pigment and associated color.
Ochre or Ocher may also refer to:
Ochre (musician) (born 1979), an artist
Mariya Ocher (born 1986), Russian singer-songwriter
Ochre River, Manitoba, in Canada
Ochre, a type of genetics stop codon
Ocher, alternative spelling of Ochyor, a town in Perm Krai, Russia
See also
Ogre (disambiguation)
Ocre, town in Italy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selman%20v.%20Cobb%20County%20School%20District
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Selman v. Cobb County School District, 449 F.3d 1320 (11th Cir. 2006), was a United States court case in Cobb County, Georgia involving a sticker placed in public school biology textbooks. The sticker was a disclaimer stating that "Evolution is a theory, not a fact, concerning the origin of living things." The plaintiffs were parents of children in Cobb County schools who claimed the sticker violated both the Establishment Clause of the United States Constitution and the separation of church and state clause in the Georgia State Constitution because its purpose and effect was to cast doubt on the scientific consensus regarding evolutionary theory in order to promote religious beliefs in the schools.
Trial was held in November 2004. In January 2005, Federal District Judge Clarence Cooper decided in favor of the plaintiffs and against the Cobb County School District, finding the stickers violated both the U.S. and Georgia constitutions. He ordered a permanent injunction against schools from disseminating the stickers in the textbooks or any other form. The decision was appealed in the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals which found that they could not assess the lower court case due to gaps and rampant confusion about the evidence apparent in the case record, thus preventing proper appellate review of the constitutional issues. The original decision, in May 2006, was remanded back to the lower district court for new evidentiary inquiry and factfindings. The case was ultimately sett
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopCo
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PopCo is a 2004 novel by British author Scarlett Thomas. The book addresses several mathematical topics.
Plot
It tells a story of twenty-nine-year-old Alice Butler, a quirky, fiercely intelligent loner with an affinity for secret codes and mathematics. She works for the huge toy company named PopCo, where she creates snooping kids' kits - KidSpy, KidTec and KidCracker. At the company conference Alice and her colleagues are brought into developing the ultimate product for the teenage girls.
Reception
The novel has been compared to Cryptonomicon by Neal Stephenson, with similarities including a buried treasure subplot and flashbacks to Bletchley Park.
A review in the journal of the American Mathematical Society praised its "subversive and lively style". A review in The Independent praised "the weight of ideas and downright chutzpah crammed into this book." Another review in The Independent described it as "a big, zeitgeisty novel that free-associates in the way that only cyberpunk science-fiction used to be able to do. It is such enormous fun, and so peppered with sharp observations and satirical jabs, that it gets away with editorialising patches [and] a certain hastiness of composition". A review in The Guardian described it as "awkward" but ultimately enjoyable.
However, another review in The Guardian found it "clumsy", writing "Thomas cannot decide whether she is writing a boarding-school adventure or a dystopic tale of global corporations." A review in the Daily Tele
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Niemann
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Gustav Niemann (Rheine, 9 February 1899 – Munich, 1 January 1982) was a mechanical engineering professor who is regarded as an expert in machine elements.
Biography
Niemann studied mechanical engineering at the Technische Universität Darmstadt from 1919 to 1923. In 1928 he was promoted at the Technische Hochschule Berlin with the doctoral dissertation Über Wippkrane mit wagrechtem Lastwippweg (On Tower Cranes with Horizontal Load Yield). He taught at the Braunschweig University of Technology from 1934 to 1950, and at the Technische Universität München from 1951 to 1968. He was a recipient of the Grashof medal from the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure and the E. P. Connell medal from the American Gear Manufacturers Association, and was also an honorary member of the Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers. Niemann was married to Marie-Luise (née Plaßmann, 1910 – 1987); the couple did not have any children.
Bibliography
Niemann, Gustav; Hirt, Manfred: Maschinenelemente. Springer, Berlin 1975, 1983. .
Volume 1: Konstruktion und Berechnung von Verbindungen, Lagern, Wellen
Volume 2: Getriebe allgemein, Zahnradgetriebe - Grundlagen, Stirnradgetriebe
Volume 3: Schraubrad-, Kegelrad-, Schnecken-, Ketten-, Riemen-, Reibradgetriebe, Kupplungen, Bremsen, Freiläufe
References
External links
1899 births
1982 deaths
People from Rheine
People from the Province of Westphalia
Mechanical engineers
Technical University of Berlin alumni
Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT%20Department%20of%20Mathematics
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The Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (also known as Course 18) is one of the premier mathematics departments both in the U.S. and the world. In the 2023 U.S. News & World Report rankings of the U.S. graduate programs for mathematics, MIT's program is ranked in the first place, tied only with that of Princeton University, and thereafter it is a three-way tie between Harvard University, Stanford University, and the University of California, Berkeley.
The current faculty of around 50 members includes Wolf Prize winner Michael Artin, Shaw Prize winner George Lusztig, Gödel Prize winner Peter Shor, and numerical analyst Gilbert Strang.
History
Originally under John Daniel Runkle, mathematics at MIT was regarded as service teaching for engineers. Harry W Tyler succeeded Runkle after his death in 1902, and continued as its head until 1930. Tyler had been exposed to modern European mathematics and was influenced by Felix Klein and Max Noether.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMvcfEYr6tsC&pg=PA229|author=Parshall, Karen|author-link=Karen Parshall|author2=Rowe, David E.|author-link2=David E. Rowe|title=The Emergence of the American Mathematical Research Community 1876–1900: J. J. Sylvester, Felix Klein, and E. H. Moore|series=AMS/LMS History of Mathematics 8|location= Providence/London|year=1994|pages=229–230|isbn=9780821809075}}</ref> Much of the early work was on geometry.
Norbert Wiener, famous for his contribution to t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram%20Kostant
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Bertram Kostant (May 24, 1928 – February 2, 2017) was an American mathematician who worked in representation theory, differential geometry, and mathematical physics.
Early life and education
Kostant grew up in New York City, where he graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1945. He went on to obtain an undergraduate degree in mathematics from Purdue University in 1950. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1954, under the direction of Irving Segal, where he wrote a dissertation on representations of Lie groups.
Career in mathematics
After time at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, and the University of California, Berkeley, he joined the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he remained until his retirement in 1993. Kostant's work has involved representation theory, Lie groups, Lie algebras, homogeneous spaces, differential geometry and mathematical physics, particularly symplectic geometry. He has given several lectures on the Lie group E8. He has been one of the principal developers of the theory of geometric quantization. His introduction of the theory of prequantization has led to the theory of quantum Toda lattices. The Kostant partition function is named after him. With Gerhard Hochschild and Alex F. T. W. Rosenberg, he is one of the namesakes of the Hochschild–Kostant–Rosenberg theorem which describes the Hochschild homology of some algebras.
His students include James Harris Simons, James Lepowsky, Moss
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin%20Hochster
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Melvin Hochster (born August 2, 1943) is an American mathematician working in commutative algebra. He is currently the Jack E. McLaughlin Distinguished University Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the University of Michigan.
Education
Hochster attended Stuyvesant High School, where he was captain of the Math Team, and received a B.A. from Harvard University. While at Harvard, he was a Putnam Fellow in 1960. He earned his Ph.D. in 1967 from Princeton University, where he wrote a dissertation under Goro Shimura characterizing the prime spectra of commutative rings.
Career
He held positions at the University of Minnesota and Purdue University before joining the faculty at Michigan in 1977.
Hochster's work is primarily in commutative algebra, especially the study of modules over local rings. He has established classic theorems concerning Cohen–Macaulay rings, invariant theory and homological algebra. For example, the Hochster–Roberts theorem states that the invariant ring of a linearly reductive group acting on a regular ring is Cohen–Macaulay. His best-known work is on the homological conjectures, many of which he established for local rings containing a field, thanks to his proof of the existence of big Cohen–Macaulay modules and his technique of reduction to prime characteristic. His most recent work on tight closure, introduced in 1986 with Craig Huneke, has found unexpected applications throughout commutative algebra and algebraic geometry.
He has had more than
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal%E2%80%93isobaric%20ensemble
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The isothermal–isobaric ensemble (constant temperature and constant pressure ensemble) is a statistical mechanical ensemble that maintains constant temperature and constant pressure applied. It is also called the -ensemble, where the number of particles is also kept as a constant. This ensemble plays an important role in chemistry as chemical reactions are usually carried out under constant pressure condition. The NPT ensemble is also useful for measuring the equation of state of model systems whose virial expansion for pressure cannot be evaluated, or systems near first-order phase transitions.
In the ensemble, the probability of a microstate is , where is the partition function, is the internal energy of the system in microstate , and is the volume of the system in microstate .
The probability of a macrostate is , where is the Gibbs free energy.
Derivation of key properties
The partition function for the -ensemble can be derived from statistical mechanics by beginning with a system of identical atoms described by a Hamiltonian of the form and contained within a box of volume . This system is described by the partition function of the canonical ensemble in 3 dimensions:
,
where , the thermal de Broglie wavelength ( and is the Boltzmann constant), and the factor (which accounts for indistinguishability of particles) both ensure normalization of entropy in the quasi-classical limit. It is convenient to adopt a new set of coordinates defined by such that the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20H.%20Price
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Richard H. Price (born March 1, 1943) is an American physicist specializing in general relativity.
Price graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1960, and went on to earn a dual degree in physics and engineering from Cornell University in 1965. He earned his PhD in 1971 from Caltech under the supervision of Kip Thorne. He spent his career from 1971 to 2004 at the University of Utah, where he holds the title of emeritus professor. In 2004, he joined the Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy at the University of Texas at Brownsville. As of 2015, he became senior lecturer in physics at MIT. He is also on the adjunct faculty at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth.
In 2017, Price became the editor of the American Journal of Physics.
Price is probably best known for a 1972 result now known as Price's theorem. This is usually informally stated as follows: any inhomogeneities in the spacetime geometry outside a black hole will be radiated away. (Any such inhomogeneities can be quantified as nonzero higher multipole moments.) Price's theorem explains how the no hair theorem is enforced.
Price also made pioneering numerical simulations which established (nonrigorously) a precise scenario for the emission of gravitational radiation during the merger of two compact objects (such as two black holes). Subsequent work has largely confirmed the scenario which was first developed in his work. These simulations have provided a major impetus for the development of gravitational wav
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaustion%20by%20compact%20sets
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In mathematics, especially general topology and analysis, an exhaustion by compact sets of a topological space is a nested sequence of compact subsets of (i.e. ), such that is contained in the interior of , i.e. for each and . A space admitting an exhaustion by compact sets is called exhaustible by compact sets.
For example, consider and the sequence of closed balls
Occasionally some authors drop the requirement that is in the interior of , but then the property becomes the same as the space being σ-compact, namely a countable union of compact subsets.
Properties
The following are equivalent for a topological space :
is exhaustible by compact sets.
is σ-compact and weakly locally compact.
is Lindelöf and weakly locally compact.
(where weakly locally compact means locally compact in the weak sense that each point has a compact neighborhood).
The hemicompact property is intermediate between exhaustible by compact sets and σ-compact. Every space exhaustible by compact sets is hemicompact and every hemicompact space is σ-compact, but the reverse implications do not hold. For example, the Arens-Fort space and the Appert space are hemicompact, but not exhaustible by compact sets (because not weakly locally compact), and the set of rational numbers with the usual topology is σ-compact, but not hemicompact.
Every regular space exhaustible by compact sets is paracompact.
Notes
References
Leon Ehrenpreis, Theory of Distributions for Locally Compact Space
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P300%20%28neuroscience%29
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The P300 (P3) wave is an event-related potential (ERP) component elicited in the process of decision making. It is considered to be an endogenous potential, as its occurrence links not to the physical attributes of a stimulus, but to a person's reaction to it. More specifically, the P300 is thought to reflect processes involved in stimulus evaluation or categorization.
It is usually elicited using the oddball paradigm, in which low-probability target items are mixed with high-probability non-target (or "standard") items. When recorded by electroencephalography (EEG), it surfaces as a positive deflection in voltage with a latency (delay between stimulus and response) of roughly 250 to 500 ms. In the scientific literature a differentiation is often made in the P3, which is divided according to time: Early P3 window (300-400 ms) and Late P3 window (380-440 ms).
The signal is typically measured most strongly by the electrodes covering the parietal lobe. The presence, magnitude, topography and timing of this signal are often used as metrics of cognitive function in decision-making processes. While the neural substrates of this ERP component still remain hazy, the reproducibility and ubiquity of this signal makes it a common choice for psychological tests in both the clinic and laboratory.
History
Early observations of the P300 (more specifically, the component that would later be named the P3b) were reported in the mid-1960s. In 1964, researchers Chapman and Bragdon found th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Marquardt
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Donald W. Marquardt (March 13, 1929, New York City – July 5, 1997, New Castle, Delaware) was an American statistician, the rediscoverer of the Levenberg–Marquardt nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm.
Marquardt was educated at Columbia University with bachelor's degree in 1950 in physics and mathematics and at the University of Delaware with master's degree in 1956 in mathematics and statistics. Marquardt joined DuPont in 1953 and worked there for 39 years. He also founded and managed the DuPont Quality Management & Technology Center. In 1963 he published his famous paper "algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear problems" in SIAM journal. Marquardt developed his algorithm to solve fitting nonlinear chemical models to laboratory data. In 1975 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.
As manager of the DuPont Applied Statistics Group, he led development of the Product Quality Management methodology and computer systems that implemented the company's continuous improvement initiatives from the mid-1970s to the late 1990s. He won the Shewhart Medal in 1986.
In 1991, he established his own company, Donald W. Marquardt and Associates, which provides consulting and training in quality management, quality assurance, ISO 9000 standards, applied statistics, strategic planning and organizational change.
He died from a heart attack at the age of 68.
Awards and achievements
President of the American Statistical Association (1986)
Elected
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croton
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Croton may refer to:
Biology
Crotoneae, a tribe of the flowering plant subfamily Crotonoideae
Croton (plant), a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae
Croton capitatus, also known as the woolly croton
Croton hancei, a species of Croton endemic to Hong Kong
Caperonia, a genus of plants of the family Euphorbiaceae commonly known as "false croton"
Codiaeum variegatum, an ornamental plant in the genus Codiaeum, formerly classified in the genus Croton, and commonly called "croton"
German cockroach (Blattella germanica), known as the Croton bug
Places
In Italy
Croton or Kroton, ancient Crotone, a city in Calabria
Crotone Airport, an airport serving the above city
Province of Crotone, a province in Calabria
In the United States
In New York
Croton-on-Hudson, New York, a village in Westchester County
Croton–Harmon (Metro-North station)
Croton North Railroad Station
Croton Point, a peninsula in the Hudson River
Croton Falls, a hamlet in North Salem, New York
Croton Falls (Metro-North station)
New Croton reservoir, in Westchester County
New Croton Dam, the dam creating the above reservoir
New Croton aqueduct, a water distribution system constructed for New York City
Old Croton Aqueduct, a water distribution system constructed for New York City which was replaced by the above aqueduct
Old Croton Trail, following the path of the Old Croton Aqueduct
Old Croton Dam, a historic dam that the above dam has replaced
Croton Gorge Park, in Westchester County
Croton River, a tributary of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMD
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XMD is a classical molecular dynamics software designed to
simulate problems related to materials science. The code was
developed by Jon Rifkin of University of Connecticut and is being
distributed under GNU General Public License.
Source code is available in C and can be compiled using POSIX thread
functions to take advantage of multi-CPU computers.
See also
Molecular design software
External links
XMD Homepage
Molecular dynamics software
Free science software
Free software programmed in C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular%20function
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A triangular function (also known as a triangle function, hat function, or tent function) is a function whose graph takes the shape of a triangle. Often this is an isosceles triangle of height 1 and base 2 in which case it is referred to as the triangular function. Triangular functions are useful in signal processing and communication systems engineering as representations of idealized signals, and the triangular function specifically as an integral transform kernel function from which more realistic signals can be derived, for example in kernel density estimation. It also has applications in pulse-code modulation as a pulse shape for transmitting digital signals and as a matched filter for receiving the signals. It is also used to define the triangular window sometimes called the Bartlett window.
Definitions
The most common definition is as a piecewise function:
Equivalently, it may be defined as the convolution of two identical unit rectangular functions:
The triangular function can also be represented as the product of the rectangular and absolute value functions:
Note that some authors instead define the triangle function to have a base of width 1 instead of width 2:
In its most general form a triangular function is any linear B-spline:
Whereas the definition at the top is a special case
where , , and .
A linear B-spline is the same as a continuous piecewise linear function , and this general triangle function is useful to formally define as
where for all
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custodial%20symmetry
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In particle physics, a symmetry that remains after spontaneous symmetry breaking that can prevent higher-order radiative corrections from spoiling some property of a theory is called a custodial symmetry.
Motivation
In the Standard Model of particle physics, the custodial symmetry is a residual global SU(2) symmetry of the Higgs potential beyond the basic SU(2)×U(1) gauge symmetry of the Weak Interaction that prevents higher-order radiative-corrections from driving the Standard Model parameter away from ≈ 1 after spontaneous symmetry breaking.
(Note: is a ratio involving the masses of the weak bosons and the Weinberg angle).
With one or more electroweak Higgs doublets in the Higgs sector, the effective action term which generically arises with physics beyond the Standard Model at the scale Λ contributes to the Peskin–Takeuchi parameter T.
Current precision electroweak measurements restrict Λ to more than a few TeV. Attempts to solve the gauge hierarchy problem generically require the addition of new particles below that scale, however.
What is custodial symmetry?
Before electroweak symmetry breaking there was a global SU(2)xSU(2) symmetry in the Higgs potential, which is broken to just SU(2) after electroweak symmetry breaking. This remnant symmetry is called custodial symmetry. The total standard model lagrangian would be custodial symmetric if the yukawa couplings are the same, i.e. Yu=Yd and hypercharge coupling is zero. It is very important to see beyond the stan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20charge
|
In theoretical physics, a central charge is an operator Z that commutes with all the other symmetry operators. The adjective "central" refers to the center of the symmetry group—the subgroup of elements that commute with all other elements of the original group—often embedded within a Lie algebra. In some cases, such as two-dimensional conformal field theory, a central charge may also commute with all of the other operators, including operators that are not symmetry generators.
Overview
More precisely, the central charge is the charge that corresponds, by Noether's theorem, to the center of the central extension of the symmetry group.
In theories with supersymmetry, this definition can be generalized to include supergroups and Lie superalgebras. A central charge is any operator which commutes with all the other supersymmetry generators. Theories with extended supersymmetry typically have many operators of this kind. In string theory, in the first quantized formalism, these operators also have the interpretation of winding numbers (topological quantum numbers) of various strings and branes.
In conformal field theory, the central charge is a c-number (commutes with every other operator) term that appears in the commutator of two components of the stress–energy tensor. As a result, conformal field theory is characterized by a representation of Virasoro algebra with central charge .
See also
Charge (physics)
Conformal anomaly
Two-dimensional conformal field theory
Vertex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organotroph
|
An organotroph is an organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates. This term is used in microbiology to classify and describe organisms based on how they obtain electrons for their respiration processes. Some organotrophs such as animals and many bacteria, are also heterotrophs. Organotrophs can be either anaerobic or aerobic.
Antonym: Lithotroph, Adjective: Organotrophic.
History
The term was suggested in 1946 by Lwoff and collaborators.
See also
Autotroph
Chemoorganotroph
Primary nutritional groups
References
Michael Allaby. "organotroph." A Dictionary of Zoology. 1999, Retrieved 2012-03-30 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-organotroph.html
The Prokaryotes - A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria 3rd Ed., Vol 1, CHAPTER 1.4, Prokaryote Characterization and Identification 7, Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/doc/9724380/1The-Prokaryotes-A-Handbook-on-the-Biology-of-Bacteria-3rd-Ed-Vol-1
Respiration in aquatic ecosystems Paul A. Del Giorgio, Peter J. leB. Williams, Science, 2005, Retrieved 2012-04-24 from https://books.google.com/books?id=pD5RUDW1m7IC&pg=PP1
External links
Hydrogen biology
Molecular biology
Biochemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20resonance%20model
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In theoretical physics, a dual resonance model arose during the early investigation (1968–1973) of string theory as an S-matrix theory of the strong interaction.
Overview
The dual resonance model was based upon the observation that the amplitudes for the s-channel scatterings matched exactly with the amplitudes for the t-channel scatterings among mesons and also the Regge trajectory. It began with the Euler beta function model of Gabriele Veneziano in 1968 for a 4-particle amplitude which has the property that it is explicitly s–t crossing symmetric, exhibits duality between the description in terms of Regge poles or of resonances, and provides a closed-form solution to non-linear finite-energy sum rules relating s- and t- channels.
The Veneziano formula was quickly generalized to an equally consistent N-particle amplitude for which Yoichiro Nambu, Holger Bech Nielsen, and Leonard Susskind provided a physical interpretation in terms of an infinite number of simple harmonic oscillators describing the motion of an extended one-dimensional string, hence came the name "string theory."
The study of dual resonance models was a relatively popular subject of study between 1968 and 1973. It was even taught briefly as a graduate level course at MIT, by Sergio Fubini and Veneziano, who co-authored an early article. It fell rapidly out of favor around 1973 when quantum chromodynamics became the main focus of theoretical research (mainly due to the theoretical appeal of its asymptotic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20quantum%20field%20theory
|
In theoretical physics, thermal quantum field theory (thermal field theory for short) or finite temperature field theory is a set of methods to calculate expectation values of physical observables of a quantum field theory at finite temperature.
In the Matsubara formalism, the basic idea (due to Felix Bloch) is that the expectation values of operators in a canonical ensemble
may be written as expectation values in ordinary quantum field theory where the configuration is evolved by an imaginary time . One can therefore switch to a spacetime with Euclidean signature, where the above trace (Tr) leads to the requirement that all bosonic and fermionic fields be periodic and antiperiodic, respectively, with respect to the Euclidean time direction with periodicity (we are assuming natural units ). This allows one to perform calculations with the same tools as in ordinary quantum field theory, such as functional integrals and Feynman diagrams, but with compact Euclidean time. Note that the definition of normal ordering has to be altered.
In momentum space, this leads to the replacement of continuous frequencies by discrete imaginary (Matsubara) frequencies and, through the de Broglie relation, to a discretized thermal energy spectrum . This has been shown to be a useful tool in studying the behavior of quantum field theories at finite temperature.
It has been generalized to theories with gauge invariance and was a central tool in the study of a conjectured deconfining phase t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunaura%20Taylor
|
Sunaura "Sunny" Taylor (born March 21, 1982) is an American academic, painter, writer and activist for disability and animal rights. She currently resides in Oakland, California, and is assistant professor in the department of environmental science, policy and Management at the University of California, Berkeley.
Biography
A professor at UC Berkeley, Taylor earned her PhD in American Studies from New York University. Her book, Beats of Burden: Animal and Disability Liberation won the 2018 American Book Award. She has published in both academic and popular outlets.
Taylor's work has been displayed in the Smithsonian and in other important galleries across the United States. She is the recipient of a 2008 Joan Mitchell Foundation Award. In 2004, she received the Grand Prize in the VSA arts Driving Force juried exhibition for emerging disabled artists. A portion of her work deals with animal rights issues, as Taylor is an abolitionist vegan.
Taylor was born with arthrogryposis, and uses a wheelchair. She is active in the Society for Disability Studies and has participated in marches for disability rights. Her work on the disability rights movement has appeared in the Marxist magazine Monthly Review, and her Self Portrait with TCE was the first full-color image ever printed in the publication's long history. She has been featured on All Things Considered on National Public Radio, and the Georgia Public Television series State of the Arts. Her work has also been featured fre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiberg%E2%80%93Witten%20theory
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In theoretical physics, Seiberg–Witten theory is an supersymmetric gauge theory with an exact low-energy effective action (for massless degrees of freedom), of which the kinetic part coincides with the Kähler potential of the moduli space of vacua. Before taking the low-energy effective action, the theory is known as supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory, as the field content is a single vector supermultiplet, analogous to the field content of Yang–Mills theory being a single vector gauge field (in particle theory language) or connection (in geometric language).
The theory was studied in detail by Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten .
Seiberg–Witten curves
In general, effective Lagrangians of supersymmetric gauge theories are largely determined by their holomorphic (really, meromorphic) properties and their behavior near the singularities. In gauge theory with extended supersymmetry, the moduli space of vacua is a special Kähler manifold and its Kähler potential is constrained by above conditions.
In the original approach, by Seiberg and Witten, holomorphy and electric-magnetic duality constraints are strong enough to almost uniquely
constrain the prepotential (a holomorphic function which defines the theory), and therefore the metric of the moduli space of vacua, for theories with SU(2) gauge group.
More generally, consider the example with gauge group SU(n). The classical potential is
where is a scalar field appearing in an expansion of superfields in the theory. The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Waerden%20notation
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In theoretical physics, Van der Waerden notation refers to the usage of two-component spinors (Weyl spinors) in four spacetime dimensions. This is standard in twistor theory and supersymmetry. It is named after Bartel Leendert van der Waerden.
Dotted indices
Undotted indices (chiral indices)
Spinors with lower undotted indices have a left-handed chirality, and are called chiral indices.
Dotted indices (anti-chiral indices)
Spinors with raised dotted indices, plus an overbar on the symbol (not index), are right-handed, and called anti-chiral indices.
Without the indices, i.e. "index free notation", an overbar is retained on right-handed spinor, since ambiguity arises between chirality when no index is indicated.
Hatted indices
Indices which have hats are called Dirac indices, and are the set of dotted and undotted, or chiral and anti-chiral, indices. For example, if
then a spinor in the chiral basis is represented as
where
In this notation the Dirac adjoint (also called the Dirac conjugate) is
See also
Dirac equation
Infeld–Van der Waerden symbols
Lorentz transformation
Pauli equation
Ricci calculus
Notes
References
Spinors in physics
Spinors
Mathematical notation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source%20field
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In theoretical physics, a source field is a background field coupled to the original field as
.
This term appears in the action in Feynman's path integral formulation and responsible for the theory interactions. In Schwinger's formulation the source is responsible for creating or destroying (detecting) particles. In a collision reaction a source could the other particles in the collision. Therefore, the source appears in the vacuum amplitude acting from both sides on Green function correlator of the theory.
Schwinger's source theory stems from Schwinger's quantum action principle and can be related to the path integral formulation as the variation with respect to the source per se corresponds to the field , i.e.
.
Also, a source acts effectively in a region of the spacetime. As one sees in the examples below, the source field appears on the right-hand side of the equations of motion (usually second-order partial differential equations) for . When the field is the electromagnetic potential or the metric tensor, the source field is the electric current or the stress–energy tensor, respectively.
In terms of the statistical and non-relativistic applications, Schwinger's source formulation plays crucial rules in understanding many non-equilibrium systems. Source theory is theoretically significant as it needs neither divergence regularizations nor renormalization.
Relation between path integral formulation and source formulation
In the Feynman's path integral formulation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein%27s%20theorem%20on%20monotone%20functions
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In real analysis, a branch of mathematics, Bernstein's theorem states that every real-valued function on the half-line that is totally monotone is a mixture of exponential functions. In one important special case the mixture is a weighted average, or expected value.
Total monotonicity (sometimes also complete monotonicity) of a function means that is continuous on , infinitely differentiable on , and satisfies
for all nonnegative integers and for all . Another convention puts the opposite inequality in the above definition.
The "weighted average" statement can be characterized thus: there is a non-negative finite Borel measure on with cumulative distribution function such that
the integral being a Riemann–Stieltjes integral.
In more abstract language, the theorem characterises Laplace transforms of positive Borel measures on . In this form it is known as the Bernstein–Widder theorem, or Hausdorff–Bernstein–Widder theorem. Felix Hausdorff had earlier characterised completely monotone sequences. These are the sequences occurring in the Hausdorff moment problem.
Bernstein functions
Nonnegative functions whose derivative is completely monotone are called Bernstein functions. Every Bernstein function has the Lévy–Khintchine representation:
where and is a measure on the positive real half-line such that
References
External links
MathWorld page on completely monotonic functions
Theorems in real analysis
Theorems in measure theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20%28topology%29
|
In mathematics, a rose (also known as a bouquet of n circles) is a topological space obtained by gluing together a collection of circles along a single point. The circles of the rose are called petals. Roses are important in algebraic topology, where they are closely related to free groups.
Definition
A rose is a wedge sum of circles. That is, the rose is the quotient space C/S, where C is a disjoint union of circles and S a set consisting of one point from each circle. As a cell complex, a rose has a single vertex, and one edge for each circle. This makes it a simple example of a topological graph.
A rose with n petals can also be obtained by identifying n points on a single circle. The rose with two petals is known as the figure eight.
Relation to free groups
The fundamental group of a rose is free, with one generator for each petal. The universal cover is an infinite tree, which can be identified with the Cayley graph of the free group. (This is a special case of the presentation complex associated to any presentation of a group.)
The intermediate covers of the rose correspond to subgroups of the free group. The observation that any cover of a rose is a graph provides a simple proof that every subgroup of a free group is free (the Nielsen–Schreier theorem)
Because the universal cover of a rose is contractible, the rose is actually an Eilenberg–MacLane space for the associated free group F. This implies that the cohomology groups Hn(F) are trivial for n ≥
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Arnold%20Carter
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William Arnold Carter (June 27, 1907 – May 18, 1996) was the Governor of the Panama Canal Zone from 1960 to 1962.
Biography
He was born in Corsicana, Texas, on June 27, 1907, to William Arnold Carter and Susan Young.
He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1930. In 1933 he earned a B.S. in civil engineering from the University of California. His World War II service included being chief engineer of the II Corps in the Mediterranean, and chief engineer of the 1st Army during the Normandy Invasion and European Campaign. He served as Panama Canal Zone Governor from 1960 to 1962.
He died on May 18, 1996, in Washington, D.C.
References
United States Military Academy alumni
Governors of the Panama Canal Zone
1907 births
1996 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudospectrum
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In mathematics, the pseudospectrum of an operator is a set containing the spectrum of the operator and the numbers that are "almost" eigenvalues. Knowledge of the pseudospectrum can be particularly useful for understanding non-normal operators and their eigenfunctions.
The ε-pseudospectrum of a matrix A consists of all eigenvalues of matrices which are ε-close to A:
Numerical algorithms which calculate the eigenvalues of a matrix give only approximate results due to rounding and other errors. These errors can be described with the matrix E.
More generally, for Banach spaces and operators , one can define the -pseudospectrum of (typically denoted by ) in the following way
where we use the convention that if is not invertible.
Notes
Bibliography
Lloyd N. Trefethen and Mark Embree: "Spectra And Pseudospectra: The Behavior of Nonnormal Matrices And Operators", Princeton Univ. Press, (2005).
External links
Pseudospectra Gateway by Embree and Trefethen
Numerical linear algebra
Spectral theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry%20%28Angel%29
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"Supersymmetry" is episode 5 of season 4 in the television show Angel. Written by Elizabeth Craft and Sarah Fain and directed by Bill L. Norton, it was originally broadcast on November 3, 2002, on the WB network.
Plot
Fred's article on superstring theory is published in an academic journal, and she is asked to present it at a physics symposium by her old college professor Seidel. Her presentation is interrupted when a dimensional portal opens and snake-like creatures emerge to kill her. Angel had spied Lilah during the speech and at first thinks she is behind it, but she was simply keeping an eye on Wesley.
Gunn and Angel suspect another member of the audience, a comic book fanatic who seemed to be expecting the portal's appearance, but it turns out he's just following stories of strange disappearances and reading about Angel on internet forums.
Fred learns that Professor Seidel is the one responsible and that he was the one who sent Fred into the Pylea dimension six years earlier. He felt Fred and other missing colleagues were competing for his job. Against Angel and Gunn's advice, Fred pursues vengeance against her former mentor. She asks for Wesley's help. When she is almost sucked into a portal opened by a text message from Seidel, Wesley agrees to help.
Meanwhile, Cordelia is staying with Connor at his vast empty loft. He trains her to slay vampires while romance blossoms.
Angel confronts Seidel (largely to protect him from Fred's vengeance), but Seidel releases a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TURBOMOLE
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TURBOMOLE is an ab initio computational chemistry program that implements various quantum chemistry methods. It was initially developed by the group of Prof. Reinhart Ahlrichs at the University of Karlsruhe.
In 2007, TURBOMOLE GmbH, founded by R. Ahlrichs, F. Furche, C. Hättig, W. Klopper, M. Sierka, and F. Weigend, took over the responsibility for the coordination of the scientific development of TURBOMOLE program, for which the company holds all copy and intellectual property rights. In 2018 David P. Tew joined the TURBOMOLE GmbH. Since 1987, this program is one of the useful tools as it involves in many fields of research including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, organic and inorganic chemistry, spectroscopy as well as biochemistry. This can be illustrated by citation records of Ahlrich's 1989 publication which is more than 6700 times as of 18 July 2020. In the year 2014, the second Turbomole article has been published. The number of citations from both papers indicates that the Turbomole's user base is expanding.
General features
Turbomole was developed in 1987 and turned into a mature program system under the control of Reinhart Ahlrichs and his collaborators. Turbomole can perform a large-scale quantum chemical simulations of molecules, clusters, and later periodic solids. Gaussian basis sets are used in Turbomole. The functionality of the program concentrates extensively on the electronic structure methods with effective cost-performance characteristics such
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRYSTAL%20%28software%29
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CRYSTAL is a quantum chemistry ab initio program, designed primarily for calculations on crystals (3 dimensions), slabs (2 dimensions) and polymers (1 dimension) using translational symmetry, but it can also be used for single molecules. It is written by V.R. Saunders, R. Dovesi, C. Roetti, R. Orlando, C.M. Zicovich-Wilson, N.M. Harrison, K. Doll, B. Civalleri, I.J. Bush, Ph. D’Arco, and M. Llunell from Theoretical Chemistry Group at the University of Torino and the Computational Materials Science Group at the Daresbury Laboratory near Warrington in Cheshire, England. The current version is CRYSTAL17. Earlier versions were CRYSTAL88, CRYSTAL92, CRYSTAL95, CRYSTAL98, CRYSTAL03, CRYSTAL06, CRYSTAL09 and CRYSTAL14 (latter was released in June 2014).
Program structure
The program is built of two modules: crystal and properties. The crystal program is dedicated to perform the SCF calculations, the geometry optimizations, and the frequency calculations for the structures given in input. At the end of the SCF process, the program crystal writes information on the crystalline system and its wave function as unformatted sequential data in Fortran unit 9, and as formatted data in Fortran unit 98.
One-electron properties and wave function analysis can be computed from the SCF wave function by running the program properties.
The main advantage of the crystal code is due to the deep and optimized exploitation of symmetry, at all levels of calculation (SCF as well gradients and vibratio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar%20%28software%29
|
Jaguar is a computer software package used for ab initio quantum chemistry calculations for both gas and solution phases. It is commercial software marketed by the company Schrödinger. The program was originated in research groups of Richard Friesner and William Goddard and was initially called PS-GVB (referring to the so-called pseudospectral generalized valence bond method that the program featured).
Jaguar is a component of two other Schrödinger products: Maestro, which provides the graphical user interface to Jaguar, and a QM/MM program QSite, which uses Jaguar as its quantum-chemical engine. The current version is Jaguar 10.4 (2020).
Features
A distinctive feature of Jaguar is its use of the pseudospectral approximation. This approximation can be applied to computationally expensive integral operations present in most quantum chemical calculations. As a result, calculations are faster with little loss in accuracy.
The current version includes the following functionality:
Hartree–Fock (RHF, UHF, ROHF) and density functional theory (LDA, gradient-corrected, dispersion-corrected, and hybrid functionals)
local second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (LMP2)
generalized valence bond perfect-pairing (GVB-PP) and GVB-LMP2 calculations
prediction of excited states using configuration interaction (CIS) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)
geometry optimization and transition state search
solvation calculations based on the Poisson–Boltzmann equat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1NF
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The H-1NF (or H-1 Australian Plasma Fusion Research Facility) was a research institute of the H-1 heliac, a large stellarator device located in the ANU Research School of Physics at Canberra, Australia. It was established when the H-1 heliac was promoted to a national facility in 1996, adopting H-1NF as its facility name ("H-1" from the stellarator and "NF" for National Facility). In 2022 the H-1 heliac was disassembled before being shipped to its new home in China.
H-1 heliac stellarator
The H-1 flexible Heliac is a three field-period helical axis stellarator. Optimisation of the H-1 power supplies for low current ripple allows precise control of the ratio of secondary (helical, vertical) coil to primary (poloidal, toroidal) coil currents, resulting in a finely tunable magnetic geometry. Slight variation in the current ratio between shots (plasma discharges) in a sequence corresponds to a high resolution parameter scan through magnetic configurations (i.e.: rotational transform profile, magnetic well). The programmable control system allows for repetition rates of around 30 shots per hour, limited by data acquisition time and magnet cooling time.
Stated objectives
Provide a high-temperature plasma national facility of international standing on a scale appropriate to Australia's research budget.
Provide a focus for national and international collaborative research, make significant contributions to the global fusion research effort and increase the Australian presence i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discontinuous%20linear%20map
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In mathematics, linear maps form an important class of "simple" functions which preserve the algebraic structure of linear spaces and are often used as approximations to more general functions (see linear approximation). If the spaces involved are also topological spaces (that is, topological vector spaces), then it makes sense to ask whether all linear maps are continuous. It turns out that for maps defined on infinite-dimensional topological vector spaces (e.g., infinite-dimensional normed spaces), the answer is generally no: there exist discontinuous linear maps. If the domain of definition is complete, it is trickier; such maps can be proven to exist, but the proof relies on the axiom of choice and does not provide an explicit example.
A linear map from a finite-dimensional space is always continuous
Let X and Y be two normed spaces and a linear map from X to Y. If X is finite-dimensional, choose a basis in X which may be taken to be unit vectors. Then,
and so by the triangle inequality,
Letting
and using the fact that
for some C>0 which follows from the fact that any two norms on a finite-dimensional space are equivalent, one finds
Thus, is a bounded linear operator and so is continuous. In fact, to see this, simply note that f is linear,
and therefore for some universal constant K. Thus for any
we can choose so that ( and
are the normed balls around and ), which gives continuity.
If X is infinite-dimensional, this proof will fail as there is no gu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Berry
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Steve Berry, Steven Berry or Stephen Berry may refer to:
Stephen Berry
R. Stephen Berry (1931–2020), emeritus chemistry professor at the University of Chicago
Stephen Berry (journalist) (born 1948), American investigative journalist
Stephen Berry (politician) (born 1983), New Zealand politician
Steve Berry
Steve Berry (novelist) (born 1955), American novelist
Steve Berry (footballer) (born 1963), English footballer
Steve Berry (presenter) (born 1964), presenter of BBC TV show Top Gear
Steve Berry (Vermont politician), member of the Vermont House of Representatives
Steven Berry
S. Torriano Berry (Steven Torriano Berry, born 1958), American film producer, writer and director
Steven T. Berry (born 1959), professor of economics at Yale
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimodal
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Multimodal may refer to:
Multimodal distribution, a statistical distribution of values with multiple peaks
Multimodal interaction, a form of human-machine interaction using multiple modes of input/output
Multimodal therapy, an approach to psychotherapy
Multimodal learning, machine learning methods using multiple input modalities
Multimodal transport, a journey involving the use of multiple modes of transport, for example rail and bus
Multimodality, the use of several modes (media) in a single artifact
Multimodal logic modal logic that has more than one primitive modal operator
Evolutionary multimodal optimization, finding all or most of the multiple (at least locally optimal) solutions of a problem
See also
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma
|
Plasma or plasm may refer to:
Science
Plasma (physics), one of the four fundamental states of matter
Plasma (mineral), a green translucent silica mineral
Quark–gluon plasma, a state of matter in quantum chromodynamics
Biology
Blood plasma, the yellow-colored liquid component of blood, in which blood cells are suspended
Cytoplasm, a jelly-like substance that fills cells, suspends and protects organelles
Germ plasm, a zone in the cytoplasm determining germ cells
Germplasm, describes a collection of genetic resources for an organism
Milk plasma or whey, the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained
Nucleoplasm, a highly viscous liquid that surrounds the chromosomes and nucleoli
Plasma cell, white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies
Protoplasm, the entire living substance inside the cell membrane or cell wall
Technology
Plasma (engine), a real-time 3D game engine from Cyan Worlds
Plasma display, a flat-panel electronic visual display technology, commonly used for televisions
Plasma effect, a computer-based animated visual effect, used in graphics demonstrations
KDE Plasma (disambiguation), graphical environments provided by KDE
Arts, entertainment and media
Plasma (Trey Anastasio album), a 2003 live album
Plasma (Perfume album), a 2022 studio album
Plasma Records, a record label
Team Plasma, a fictional villainous organization from Pokémon
See also
Plasma ball (disambiguation)
Plasma cannon (disambiguation)
Plasma gun (
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Iagnemma
|
Karl Iagnemma (born October 19, 1972) is an American writer and research scientist. He is also the CEO of self-driving technology company Motional.
Background
Iagnemma was born in Shelby Township, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. He studied mechanical engineering at the University of Michigan.
He received a PhD in mechanical engineering in 2001 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Career
In 2013, Iagnemma founded NuTonomy. In October 2017, he sold the company to Delphi Automotive for $400 million.
Short fiction
Iagnemma has published a collection of short stories, On the Nature of Human Romantic Interaction (2003), which features many stories about the more human aspects of scientists/mathematicians, where the protagonists are trapped between decisions of the heart and the rational way. His short stories have appeared in the Paris Review, Tin House, and Zoetrope, and have been anthologized in the Best American Short Stories and the Pushcart Prize collections.
He won the Paris Review Discovery Prize for his short story, On the Nature of Human Romantic Interaction - which is also the title short story of his 2003 debut short story collection - and was initially published in the Paris Review and reprinted in The Pushcart Prize 2003: Best of the Small Presses. Iagnemma additionally won the Paris Review Plimpton Prize in 2002. Iagnemma also won the Playboy College Fiction Contest for his short story, A Little Advance, published in the November 1998 issue of Playboy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelmslev%20transformation
|
In mathematics, the Hjelmslev transformation is an effective method for mapping an entire hyperbolic plane into a circle with a finite radius. The transformation was invented by Danish mathematician Johannes Hjelmslev. It utilizes Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky's 23rd theorem from his work Geometrical Investigations on the Theory of Parallels.
Lobachevsky observes, using a combination of his 16th and 23rd theorems, that it is a fundamental characteristic of hyperbolic geometry that there must exist a distinct angle of parallelism for any given line length. Let us say for the length AE, its angle of parallelism is angle BAF. This being the case, line AH and EJ will be hyperparallel, and therefore will never meet. Consequently, any line drawn perpendicular to base AE between A and E must necessarily cross line AH at some finite distance. Johannes Hjelmslev discovered from this a method of compressing an entire hyperbolic plane into a finite circle. The method is as follows: for any angle of parallelism, draw from its line AE a perpendicular to the other ray; using that cutoff length, e.g., AH, as the radius of a circle, "map" the point H onto the line AE. This point H thus mapped must fall between A and E. By applying this process for every line within the plane, the infinite hyperbolic space thus becomes contained and planar. Hjelmslev's transformation does not yield a proper circle however. The circumference of the circle created does not have a corresponding location within
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential%20infimum%20and%20essential%20supremum
|
In mathematics, the concepts of essential infimum and essential supremum are related to the notions of infimum and supremum, but adapted to measure theory and functional analysis, where one often deals with statements that are not valid for all elements in a set, but rather almost everywhere, that is, except on a set of measure zero.
While the exact definition is not immediately straightforward, intuitively the essential supremum of a function is the smallest value that is greater than or equal to the function values everywhere while ignoring what the function does at a set of points of measure zero. For example, if one takes the function that is equal to zero everywhere except at where then the supremum of the function equals one. However, its essential supremum is zero because we are allowed to ignore what the function does at the single point where is peculiar. The essential infimum is defined in a similar way.
Definition
As is often the case in measure-theoretic questions, the definition of essential supremum and infimum does not start by asking what a function does at points (that is, the image of ), but rather by asking for the set of points where equals a specific value (that is, the preimage of under ).
Let be a real valued function defined on a set The supremum of a function is characterized by the following property: for all and if for some we have for all then
More concretely, a real number is called an upper bound for if for all that i
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