source
stringlengths 31
207
| text
stringlengths 12
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner%20Kutzelnigg
|
Werner Kutzelnigg (September 10, 1933 – November 24, 2019 in Bochum) was a prominent Austrian-born theoretical chemist and professor in the Chemistry Faculty, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
Kutzelnigg was born in Vienna. His most significant contributions were in the following fields: relativistic quantum chemistry, coupled cluster methods, theoretical calculation of NMR chemical shifts, explicitly correlated wavefunctions. He was a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.
Life
Werner Kutzelnigg studied chemistry in Bonn and Freiburg i. Br. and was awarded his doctorate in 1960 for his experimental work "Untersuchungen zur Zuordnung der Normalschwingungen und Aufklärung der Struktur organischer Ionen". He then turned to theoretical chemistry and became a postdoc with Bernard Pullman and Gaston Berthier in Paris from 1960 to 1963 and with Per-Olov Löwdin at Uppsala University from 1963 to 1964. In 1967 Kutzelnigg habilitated at the University of Göttingen under Werner A. Bingel. From 1970 to 1973 he was professor at the University of Karlsruhe and then full professor at the Chair of Theoretical Chemistry at the Ruhr University Bochum from 1972 until his retirement in 1998.
Kutzelnigg has published papers on various topics in quantum chemistry: methods of treating electron correlation, magnetic properties of molecules (especially chemical shift), relativistic quantum chemistry, theory of chemical bonding and theory of intermolecular forces.
Kutze
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20Radom
|
Leo Radom (born 13 December 1944) is a computational chemist and Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at the University of Sydney. He attended North Sydney Boys High School. He has a PhD and a DSc from the University of Sydney and carried out postdoctoral research under the late Sir John Pople. Previously, he was Professor at the Research School of Chemistry at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. He has published over 460 papers.
He is fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (1988) and in 2008 was awarded its Craig Medal for contributions of a high order to any branch of chemistry by active researchers. He is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science (1989). Until 2011, he was President of the World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists (WATOC) and organised the WATOC 2008 Conference in Sydney, Australia.
Awards and honours
In 2001, Radom was awarded the Centenary Medal "for service to Australian society and science in computational quantum chemistry". In 2019, Radom was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia "for eminent service to science, particularly to computational chemistry, as an academic, author and mentor, and to international scientific bodies".
References
1944 births
Australian chemists
Living people
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
People educated at North Sydney Boys High School
Companions of the Or
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Yung-Jui
|
Chen Yung-Jui received his BS in Physics from National Tsing Hua University in 1969 and Ph.D. in Physics at the University of Pennsylvania (1976). After a brief postdoctoral period at Penn, he joined the Advanced Microelectronic Laboratory at McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. in 1977. From 1980 to 1987, Dr. Chen conducted fiber optical communications related research at GTE Laboratories. During the ten years in industry, he worked on MOS/MNOS VLSI technology, wafer scale integration, Ultra-fast optical spectroscopy, nonlinear optics of semiconductors and organic polymers, integrated optics and optoelectronic devices. In 1987, he moved to academe and became one of the founding faculty members of the Department of Electrical Engineering at University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
Dr. Chen is currently the UMBC Presidential Research Professor, a full professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering and the Director of Photonics Technology Laboratory. His group's current research interest covers photonic integrated device design, processing, testing, material sciences and physics, WDM broadband optical communications and networking. Dr. Chen is a fellow of Optical Society of America and Photonics Society of Chinese Americans, senior member of IEEE and member of American Physical Society.
External links
Chen Yung-Jui's website
University of Maryland, Baltimore County faculty
Senior Members of the IEEE
Living people
National Tsing Hua University alumni
American pe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trygve%20Helgaker
|
Trygve Helgaker (born August 11, 1953, in Porsgrunn, Norway) is professor of chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Norway.
He is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science, 2005.
He has written more than 200 scientific papers, and the book, Molecular Electronic-Structure Theory (Trygve Helgaker, Poul Jørgensen, and Jeppe Olsen, Wiley, Chichester, 2000). He is one of the main authors of the DALTON program.
References
His International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science page
Living people
1953 births
Norwegian chemists
Theoretical chemists
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
People from Porsgrunn
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney%20J.%20Bartlett
|
Rodney Joseph Bartlett (born March 31, 1944 in Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.) is Graduate Research Professor of Chemistry and Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
Career
He received his B.Sc. degree from Millsaps College in 1966 and Ph.D. from the University of Florida in 1971. Bartlett was an NDEA and IBM predoctoral fellow at the University of Florida under the joint supervision of N. Yngve Öhrn and Per-Olov Löwdin. Bartlett was subsequently an NSF postdoctoral researcher at Aarhus University, Denmark with Jan Linderberg and a postdoctoral researcher at Johns Hopkins University with Robert G. Parr. Bartlett became a staff scientist at Battelle's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and then at Battelle Memorial Institute, Ohio. In 1981, Bartlett returned to Gainesville, as a Professor of Chemistry and Physics, and then in 1988 rose to the rank of Graduate Research Professor.
Bartlett has been widely recognized as a pioneer of rigorous many-body methods for electron correlation, in particular, many-body perturbation and coupled cluster methods, which are today’s central computational tool for accurate electronic structure predictions. Bartlett and his coworkers were the first to formulate and implement coupled cluster theory with all single and double excitation operators (CCSD) in 1982, followed by triple (CCSDT) in 1987, quadruple (CCSDTQ), and even quintuple (CCSDTQP) excitation operators, and also many-body perturbation methods up to the sixth order. He develo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Wright%20%28author%29
|
William Connor Wright Jr. (October 22, 1930 – June 4, 2016) was an American author, editor and playwright. He is best known for his non fiction writing covering a wildly divergent list of subjects: from the April in Paris Ball at the Waldorf-Astoria to genetics and behavior to true crime and grand opera.
The great Harvard naturalist and author, E. O. Wilson, said of Wright's Born that Way, Genes, Behavior, Personality: "It takes an independent writer and free spirit to tell the story straight, and thank God Wright has done it."
In addition to Lillian Hellman, the Image and the Woman, Wright's books include The Von Bulow Affair, and two books with and about Luciano Pavarotti: Pavarotti, My Own Story and Pavarotti, My World.
Biography
Wright was born in Philadelphia, the son of William Connor Wright Sr. and Josephine Hartshorne Wright. He graduated from the Germantown Friends School and earned his B.A. at Yale University. In the U.S. Army, he completed training in Chinese at the Language School in Monterey, California and served as an Army translator and interpreter in Japan, Okinawa and on the . He lived for many years in New York City; and in later years, Key West, Florida. His longtime companion was the writer Barry Raine.
Career
After his Army service, Wright was an editor at Holiday magazine when it was located in Philadelphia and published the likes of John Steinbeck, V.S. Pritchett and Lawrence Durrell. When Holiday became a casualty of the Curtis Publishing
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximate%20string%20matching
|
In computer science, approximate string matching (often colloquially referred to as fuzzy string searching) is the technique of finding strings that match a pattern approximately (rather than exactly). The problem of approximate string matching is typically divided into two sub-problems: finding approximate substring matches inside a given string and finding dictionary strings that match the pattern approximately.
Overview
The closeness of a match is measured in terms of the number of primitive operations necessary to convert the string into an exact match. This number is called the edit distance between the string and the pattern. The usual primitive operations are:
insertion: cot → coat
deletion: coat → cot
substitution: coat → cost
These three operations may be generalized as forms of substitution by adding a NULL character (here symbolized by *) wherever a character has been deleted or inserted:
insertion: co*t → coat
deletion: coat → co*t
substitution: coat → cost
Some approximate matchers also treat transposition, in which the positions of two letters in the string are swapped, to be a primitive operation.
transposition: cost → cots
Different approximate matchers impose different constraints. Some matchers use a single global unweighted cost, that is, the total number of primitive operations necessary to convert the match to the pattern. For example, if the pattern is coil, foil differs by one substitution, coils by one insertion, oil by one deletion, a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerino%20Mazzola
|
Guerino Bruno Mazzola (born 1947) is a Swiss mathematician, musicologist, and jazz pianist, as well as a writer.
Education and career
Mazzola obtained his PhD in mathematics at University of Zürich in 1971 under the supervision of Herbert Groß and Bartel Leendert van der Waerden. In 1980, he habilitated in Algebraic Geometry and Representation Theory. In 2000, he was awarded the medal of the Mexican Mathematical Society. In 2003, he habilitated in Computational Science at the University of Zürich.
Mazzola was an associate professor at Laval University in 1996 and at Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris in 2005. Since 2007, he is professor at the School of Music at the University of Minnesota. From 2007 to 2021 he was the president of the Society for Mathematics and Computation in Music.
Mazzola is well known for his music theory book The Topos of Music. The result has drawn dissent from Dmitri Tymoczko, who said of Mazzola: "If you can't learn algebraic geometry, he sometimes seems to be saying, then you have no business trying to understand Mozart."
Records
Mazzola has recorded several free jazz CDs with musicians like Mat Maneri, Heinz Geisser, Sirone, Jeff Kaiser, Scott Fields, Matt Turner and Rob Brown. His 2010 album Dancing the Body of Time was recorded in concert at the Pit Inn in Tokyo.
Playing style
A reviewer of Dancing the Body of Time mentioned similarities between Mazzola's playing style and that of Cecil Taylor. This was also mentioned by the AllMusic reviewer
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20Thrun
|
Sebastian Thrun (born May 14, 1967) is a German-American entrepreneur, educator, and computer scientist. He is CEO of Kitty Hawk Corporation, and chairman and co-founder of Udacity. Before that, he was a Google VP and Fellow, a Professor of Computer Science at Stanford University, and before that at Carnegie Mellon University. At Google, he founded Google X and Google's self-driving car team. He is also an adjunct professor at Stanford University and at Georgia Tech.
Thrun led development of the robotic vehicle Stanley which won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge, and which has since been placed on exhibit in the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History. His team also developed a vehicle called Junior, which placed second at the DARPA Urban Challenge in 2007. Thrun led the development of the Google self-driving car.
Thrun is also well known for his work on probabilistic algorithms for robotics with applications including robot localization and robotic mapping. In recognition of his contributions, and at the age of 39, he was elected into the National Academy of Engineering and also into the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 2007. The Guardian recognized him as one of 20 "fighters for internet freedom".
Early life and education
Thrun was born in 1967 in Solingen, Germany (former West Germany), the son of Winfried and Kristin (Grüner) Thrun. He completed his Vordiplom (intermediate examination) in computer science, economics, and medicine at the University o
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantar%20Mantar
|
A Jantar Mantar (Hindustani pronunciation: [d͡ʒən̪t̪ər mən̪t̪ər]) is an assembly of stone-built astronomical instruments, designed to be used with the naked eye. There were five Jantar Mantars in India. All were built at the command of the Rajah Jai Singh II, who had a keen interest in mathematics, architecture and astronomy. The largest example is the equinoctial sundial belonging to Jaipur's assembly of instruments, consisting of a gigantic triangular gnomon with the hypotenuse parallel to the Earth's axis. On either side of the gnomon is a quadrant of a circle, parallel to the plane of the equator. The instrument can be used with an accuracy of about 20 seconds by a skilled observer to determine the time of day, and the declination of the Sun and the other heavenly bodies. It is the world's largest stone sundial, and is known as the Samrat Yantra.
The Jaipur Jantar Mantar is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
History
In the early 18th century, Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur constructed five Jantar Mantar in total, in New Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura and Varanasi; they were completed between 1724 and 1735. The Mathura one was 95 per cent destroyed by the Mughals .
The Jantar have like Samrat Yantra, Jai Prakash, Ram Yantra and Niyati Chakra; each of which are used to for various astronomical calculations. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.
List of instruments: Samra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves%20Lavandier
|
Yves Lavandier (born 2 April 1959) is a French film writer and director.
Biography
Yves Lavandier was born on 2 April 1959. After receiving a degree in civil engineering, he studied film at Columbia University, New York, between 1983 and 1985. Miloš Forman, František Daniel, Stefan Sharff, Brad Dourif, Larry Engel and Melina Jelinek were among his teachers. During these two years, he wrote and directed several shorts including Mr. Brown?, The Perverts and Yes Darling. He returned to France in 1985, directed another short, Le scorpion, and embarked on a scriptwriting career mainly for television. He is the creator of an English teaching sitcom called Cousin William.
In addition to his career as scriptwriter, he began to teach screenwriting throughout Europe and published a treatise on the subject titled Writing Drama. For the occasion he founded his own publishing and production company, Le Clown & l'Enfant. Writing Drama is now considered a bible amongst European scriptwriters and playwrights, and Yves Lavandier a renowned script consultant. Among other things, Yves Lavandier is a pitch expert for Dreamago. He is also the author of a screenwriting manual called Constructing a Story.
In March 2015, he launched in English a web series entitled Hats Off to the Screenwriters!, described as a "tribute to the creative people who invent narratives, characters, fictitious worlds, structures and... meaning".
In August and September 2000, he shot his first feature film as writer-d
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Humphreys
|
David Russell Humphreys is an American physicist who advocates for young Earth creationism. He holds a PhD in physics and has proposed a theory for the origin of the universe which allegedly resolves the distant starlight problem that exists in young Earth creationism.
Education and affiliations
Humphreys graduated with a B.S. from Duke University and was awarded his Ph.D in physics from Louisiana State University in 1972. He has worked for General Electric and Sandia National Laboratories where he received a patent and a science award. From 2001 to 2008, he was an associate professor at The Institute for Creation Research. He currently works for Creation Ministries International (USA). Humphreys is a board member of both the Creation Research Society and the Creation Science Fellowship of New Mexico.
Planetary magnetism
In an article published in the Creation Research Society Quarterly in December 1984, Humphreys proposed a creationist model for the origin of planetary magnetic fields. According to the model, the planets were initially created as spheres of water, with the polar magnetic moments of the water molecules largely aligned. Lenz's law predicts that the resulting magnetic field would decay exponentially, and Humphreys fits an exponential decay model to recent observations of the Earth's magnetism to conclude that the magnetic field is 6000 years old. As part of his model, he also made predictions about the magnetic fields of Mercury, Mars, Uranus, Neptune and Plu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infradian%20rhythm
|
In chronobiology, an infradian rhythm is a rhythm with a period longer than the period of a circadian rhythm, i.e., with a frequency of less than one cycle in 24 hours. Some examples of infradian rhythms in mammals include menstruation, breeding, migration, hibernation, molting and fur or hair growth, and tidal or seasonal rhythms. In contrast, ultradian rhythms have periods shorter than the period of a circadian rhythm. Several infradian rhythms are known to be caused by hormone stimulation or exogenous factors. For example, seasonal depression, an example of an infradian rhythm occurring once a year, can be caused by the systematic lowering of light levels during the winter.
See also
Photoperiodicity
References
Chronobiology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order%20arithmetic
|
In mathematical logic, second-order arithmetic is a collection of axiomatic systems that formalize the natural numbers and their subsets. It is an alternative to axiomatic set theory as a foundation for much, but not all, of mathematics.
A precursor to second-order arithmetic that involves third-order parameters was introduced by David Hilbert and Paul Bernays in their book Grundlagen der Mathematik. The standard axiomatization of second-order arithmetic is denoted by Z2.
Second-order arithmetic includes, but is significantly stronger than, its first-order counterpart Peano arithmetic. Unlike Peano arithmetic, second-order arithmetic allows quantification over sets of natural numbers as well as numbers themselves. Because real numbers can be represented as (infinite) sets of natural numbers in well-known ways, and because second-order arithmetic allows quantification over such sets, it is possible to formalize the real numbers in second-order arithmetic. For this reason, second-order arithmetic is sometimes called "analysis".
Second-order arithmetic can also be seen as a weak version of set theory in which every element is either a natural number or a set of natural numbers. Although it is much weaker than Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, second-order arithmetic can prove essentially all of the results of classical mathematics expressible in its language.
A subsystem of second-order arithmetic is a theory in the language of second-order arithmetic each axiom of which is a the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20revolution
|
In the history of chemistry, the chemical revolution, also called the first chemical revolution, was the reformulation of chemistry during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which culminated in the law of conservation of mass and the oxygen theory of combustion.
During the 19th and 20th century, this transformation was credited to the work of the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (the "father of modern chemistry"). However, recent work on the history of early modern chemistry considers the chemical revolution to consist of gradual changes in chemical theory and practice that emerged over a period of two centuries. The so-called scientific revolution took place during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries whereas the chemical revolution took place during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Primary factors
Several factors led to the first chemical revolution. First, there were the forms of gravimetric analysis that emerged from alchemy and new kinds of instruments that were developed in medical and industrial contexts. In these settings, chemists increasingly challenged hypotheses that had already been presented by the ancient Greeks. For example, chemists began to assert that all structures were composed of more than the four elements of the Greeks or the eight elements of the medieval alchemists. The Irish alchemist, Robert Boyle, laid the foundations for the Chemical Revolution, with his mechanical corpuscular philosophy, which in turn relied heavily o
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule-second
|
The joule-second (symbol J⋅s or J s) is the unit of action and of angular momentum in the International System of Units (SI) equal to the product of an SI derived unit, the joule (J), and an SI base unit, the second (s). The joule-second is a unit of action or of angular momentum. The joule-second also appears in quantum mechanics within the definition of the Planck constant. Angular momentum is the product of an object's moment of inertia, in units of kg⋅m2 and its angular velocity in units of rad⋅s−1. This product of moment of inertia and angular velocity yields kg⋅m2⋅s−1 or the joule-second. The Planck constant represents the energy of a wave, in units of joule, divided by the frequency of that wave, in units of s−1. This quotient of energy and frequency also yields the joule-second (J⋅s).
Base units
In SI base units the joule-second becomes kilogram-meter squared-per second or kg⋅m2⋅s−1. Dimensional Analysis of the joule-second yields M L2 T−1. Note the denominator of seconds (s) in the base units.
Confusion with joules per second
The joule-second should not be confused with the joule per second (J/s or watt).
joule per second: In physical processes, when the unit of time appears in the denominator of a ratio, the described process occurs at a rate. For example, in discussions about speed, an object like a car travels a known distance of kilometers spread over a known number of seconds, and the car's speed is measured in the unit kilometer per second (km/s). In phys
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20number%20operator
|
In quantum mechanics, for systems where the total number of particles may not be preserved, the number operator is the observable that counts the number of particles.
The following is in bra–ket notation: The number operator acts on Fock space. Let
be a Fock state, composed of single-particle states drawn from a basis of the underlying Hilbert space of the Fock space. Given the corresponding creation and annihilation operators and we define the number operator by
and we have
where is the number of particles in state . The above equality can be proven by noting that
then
See also
Harmonic oscillator
Quantum harmonic oscillator
Second quantization
Quantum field theory
Thermodynamics
Fermion number operator
(-1)F
References
Second quantization notes by Fradkin
Quantum mechanics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Adams
|
Roger Adams (January 2, 1889 – July 6, 1971) was an American organic chemist who developed the eponymous Adams' catalyst, and helped determine the composition of natural substances such as complex vegetable oils and plant alkaloids. He isolated and identified CBD in 1940. As head of the Chemistry department at the University of Illinois from 1926 to 1954, he influenced graduate education in America, taught over 250 Ph.D. students and postgraduate students, and served in military science during World War I and World War II.
Early life
Adams was born in Boston, Massachusetts to railroad official Austin W. Adams and Lydia Curtis, and grew up in a prosperous neighborhood in South Boston, the last child in a gifted family that included Adams's three older sisters (two went to Radcliffe College and one to Smith College). Adams was part of the prominent Adams family, and was descended from John Adams's grandfather.
Adams attending Boston Latin School and Cambridge Latin High School (now called Cambridge Rindge and Latin). In 1900, the family moved to Cambridge, which was closer to the two colleges.
Adams entered Harvard University in 1905 and completed the requirements for a bachelor's degree in three years. In his first year, he earned a John Harvard Honorary Scholarship by getting four As, and in his last year, he took advanced courses and began research in organic chemistry under H.A. Torrey. His years at Harvard were undistinguished, earning high grades in chemistry (his maj
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20S.%20Engel
|
Michael S. Engel, FLS, FRES (born September 24, 1971) is an American paleontologist and entomologist, notable for contributions to insect evolutionary biology and classification. In connection with his studies he has undertaken field expeditions in Central Asia, Asia Minor, the Levant, Arabia, eastern Africa, the high Arctic, and South and North America, and has published more than 925 papers in scientific journals and over 1000 new living and fossil species. Some of Engel's research images were included in exhibitions on the aesthetic value of scientific imagery.
Career
Engel received a B.Sc. in physiology and cell biology and a B.A. in chemistry from the University of Kansas in 1993, and a Ph.D. in entomology from Cornell University in 1998. He was employed as a research scientist at the American Museum of Natural History from 1998–2000, and then returned to the University of Kansas as assistant professor in the Department of Entomology, assistant professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and assistant curator in the Natural History Museum’s Division of Entomology. He was promoted to full professor and senior curator in 2008, and University Distinguished Professor in 2018. In 2006–2007 Engel resumed regular activity in the American Museum of Natural History while a Guggenheim Fellow, completing work on the geological history of termites and their influence on carbon recycling in paleoenvironments. This period also permitted significant work on
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas%20tree%20%28disambiguation%29
|
A Christmas tree is a festive decoration.
It may also refer to:
Biology
Metrosideros excelsa, the pohutukawa, a New Zealand plant also known as the Christmas tree
Nuytsia floribunda, a West Australian plant of the genus Nuytsia, also known as the Christmas tree
Spirobranchus giganteus, a small, tube-building polychaete worm commonly known as the "Christmas tree worm"
Films
The Christmas Tree (1966 film), British children's film
The Christmas Tree (1969 film), French drama film (L'Arbre de Noël)
The Christmas Tree (1996 film), American drama TV film
Christmas Trees (2010 film), Russian comedy film
Literature
Christmas tree emoji (🎄), found in Unicode Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs.
Christmas tree bill, a political term referring to a bill in the U.S. Congress that attracts many, often unrelated, floor amendments
The Christmas Tree (novel), a 1981 novel by Irish author Jennifer Johnston
Christmas Tree (short stories), a 1933 collection of short stories by British author Eleanor Smith
Music
"Christmas Tree" (V song), a 2021 single by V from Our Beloved Summer
"Christmas Tree" (Lady Gaga song), a 2008 single by Lady Gaga and Space Cowboy
"Christmas Trees", a 2016 song by Major Lazer
“O Christmas Tree”, the English version of the song “O Tannenbaum”
Places
Christmas tree (aviation), a term for alert aprons of the United States Air Force during the Cold War
Christmas Tree Lane, a boulevard in Altadena, California, USA
The Christmas Tree Cluster, a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20current
|
In quantum mechanics, the probability current (sometimes called probability flux) is a mathematical quantity describing the flow of probability. Specifically, if one thinks of probability as a heterogeneous fluid, then the probability current is the rate of flow of this fluid. It is a real vector that changes with space and time. Probability currents are analogous to mass currents in hydrodynamics and electric currents in electromagnetism. As in those fields, the probability current (i.e. the probability current density) is related to the probability density function via a continuity equation. The probability current is invariant under gauge transformation.
The concept of probability current is also used outside of quantum mechanics, when dealing with probability density functions that change over time, for instance in Brownian motion and the Fokker–Planck equation.
Definition (non-relativistic 3-current)
Free spin-0 particle
In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the probability current of the wave function of a particle of mass in one dimension is defined as
where
is the reduced Planck constant;
denotes the complex conjugate of the wave function;
denotes the real part;
denotes the imaginary part.
Note that the probability current is proportional to a Wronskian
In three dimensions, this generalizes to
where denotes the del or gradient operator. This can be simplified in terms of the kinetic momentum operator,
to obtain
These definitions use the position
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSH
|
DSH, Dsh or dsh may refer to:
Biology
Dishevelled (Dsh), a family of proteins
Domestic shorthaired cat, the house cat
Deutscher Schäferhund, German for German Shepherd Dog
Health
Deliberate self-harm, a psychological condition involving self-inflicted injuries
Disproportionate share hospital, a U.S. hospital serving an above-average number of low-income patients
Transport
Deep Space Habitat, a proposed NASA design for crew living quarters in exploration of the solar system
Dunmore railway station, New South Wales, Australia, having station code DSH
Dash Air Charter, a U.S. airline having ICAO code DSH, see Airline codes-D
Languages
ISO 639:dsh or Daasanach language, an African language
Dsh (trigraph), a Latin-script representation of an Irish sound
Education
Deutsche Schule Helsinki, a German- and Finnish-speaking school in Helsinki, Finland
Deutsche Schule Hurghada (German School Hurghada)
Deutsche Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang, a German language proficiency test required to study at German higher education institutions
Other
Deep Space Habitat, 2012 NASA concepts for crewed missions
Dick Smith (retailer), ASX code
Dom Sylvester Houédard, an English poet and theologian known as dsh
A track on Spunge (album)
Subsistence Homesteads Division, a 1930s US agency
See also
DSHS (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salluste%20Duval
|
Clarent-Salluste-Hermycle Duval (February 1852 – July 1917) was a Canadian doctor of medicine, inventor, engineer, organist, musician and professor of Mathematics & Mechanics at Université Laval and at the École Polytechnique de Montréal. Duval is primarily known for his improvements to the organ.
Personal life
Family
Born in Saint-Jean-Port-Joli, Canada East, Duval was the son of Louis-Zepirin Duval, the Notary of the Seigneur in Saint-Jean-Port-Joli, and nephew to Eleonore Verreai, who was the daughter of another notary; Germain-Alexandre Verreau. Throughout Duval's early life he was inspired by his mother's career as an educator, finding himself interested in science, physics, mechanics, and music. Duval was claimed to be a tinkerer as a child and later became an inventor and engineer.
Death
In July 1917, Salluste Duval died in Montreal at his home on Wolfe Street. Duval was buried in Saint-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec.
External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
French Quebecers
Physicians from Quebec
1852 births
1917 deaths
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Miller
|
Victor Miller may refer to:
Victor A. Miller (1916–1984), Attorney General of Wisconsin
Victor J. Miller (1888–1955), mayor of Saint Louis
Victor S. Miller (born 1947), independent co-creator of elliptic curve cryptography
Victor Miller (writer) (born 1940), television and film writer
Victor Miller (Jericho), character from the television series Jericho
Avigdor Miller (1908–2001), American Haredi rabbi whose English name was Victor
Victor Miller, pilot, aircraft collector and founder of AeroGroup
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPL
|
TPL may refer to:
Biology and chemistry
Thromboplastin
Time-Place learning
Companies and organizations
Tallinn French School ()
Terumo Penpol, a subsidiary of Terumo Corp., Japan
Texas Pacific Land Trust
The Trust for Public Land
Toronto Public Library
Touch Paper Lane, a gang located in North London, Great Britain
Computers
Table Producing Language, an IBM mainframe computer program, superseded by TPL Tables
TPL Tables, commercial product that supersedes Table Producing Language
Targeted peripheral list, part of USB On-The-Go
Task Parallel Library, a component of the managed Parallel FX Library from Microsoft
Temporal Process Language
Transportation and logistics
Trasporti Pubblici Luganesi, the public (bus) transportation system in Lugano, Switzerland
Third-party logistics
Towed pinger locator, used in underwater search for missing aircraft
Other uses
Transmission-line pulse
Third party liability (disambiguation)
Third-party logistics, use of third-party businesses to outsource elements of a company's distribution, warehousing, and fulfillment services
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro%20compound
|
In organic chemistry, spiro compounds are compounds that have at least two molecular rings with only one common atom. The simplest spiro compounds are bicyclic (having just two rings), or have a bicyclic portion as part of the larger ring system, in either case with the two rings connected through the defining single common atom. The one common atom connecting the participating rings distinguishes spiro compounds from other bicyclics: from isolated ring compounds like biphenyl that have no connecting atoms, from fused ring compounds like decalin having two rings linked by two adjacent atoms, and from bridged ring compounds like norbornane with two rings linked by two non-adjacent atoms.
Spiro compounds may be fully carbocyclic (all carbon) or heterocyclic (having one or more non-carbon atom). One common type of spiro compound encountered in educational settings is a heterocyclic one— the acetal formed by reaction of a diol with a cyclic ketone. The common atom that connects the two (or sometimes three) rings is called the spiro atom; in carbocyclic spiro compounds like spiro[5.5]undecane (see image at right), the spiro-atom is a quaternary carbon, and as the -ane ending implies, these are the types of molecules to which the name spirane was first applied (though it is now used general of all spiro compounds). Likewise, a tetravalent neutral silicon or positively charged quaternary nitrogen atom (ammonium cation) can be the spiro center in these compounds, and many of these
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Pershan
|
Peter S. Pershan is a prominent American physicist.
Education and career
Peter Pershan earned his B.S. at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in 1956 and his Ph.D. in physics at Harvard University in 1960 for nuclear magnetic resonance under the supervision of Nicolaas Bloembergen. After a short postdoctoral appointment with Bloembergen he was appointed an assistant professor at Harvard University, where he is now a Frank B. Baird, Jr. Professor of Science, at both Physics Department and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
Research
Pershan began his career in nuclear magnetic resonance; however, before
moving on to other things, he and Bloembergen produced some of the first papers on non-linear optics, a field for which Bloembergen later received Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981.
He remained active in this field until the early 1980s when he wrote a book on liquid crystals and moved into the then-new field of synchrotron radiation.
Along with Jens Als-Nielsen, Pershan developed the first synchrotron X-ray reflectometer for the study of the horizontal free surface of a liquid, and carried out the first synchrotron measurements on liquid surfaces at HASYLAB, DESY in 1982. The liquid surface spectrometers now at Advanced Photon Source and the National Synchrotron Light Source are all variations of the HASYLAB instrument.
Since 1982 Pershan has led the field in exploration of such diverse liquid surfaces as superfluid helium, water, and liquid metals. Aside from sabba
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan%20Malygin
|
Stepan Gavrilovich Malygin () (unknown-1 August 1764) was a Russian Arctic explorer.
Malygin studied at the Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation from 1711 to 1717. After his graduation, Malygin began his career as a naval cadet and was then promoted to the rank of lieutenant four years later. He served in the Baltic Fleet until 1735.
Malygin wrote the first Russian manual on navigation, titled Сокращённая навигация по карте де-Редукцион (1733). In early 1736, Malygin was appointed leader of the western unit of the Second Kamchatka Expedition. In 1736–1737, two boats Perviy (First) and Vtoroy (Second) under the command of Malygin and A. Skuratov undertook a voyage from Dolgiy Island in the Barents Sea to the mouth of the Ob River. Malygin explored this part of the Russian Arctic coastline on the trip and made a map of the area between the Pechora and Ob Rivers.
Between 1741 and 1748, Malygin was placed in charge of preparing navigators for the Russian Navy. In 1762, he was appointed head of the Admiralty office in Kazan.
Explorers from the Russian Empire
Explorers of the Arctic
1764 deaths
Imperial Russian Navy personnel
18th-century people from the Russian Empire
Great Northern Expedition
Year of birth unknown
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifid
|
Bifid refers to something that is split or cleft into two parts. It may refer to:
Bifid, a variation in the P wave, R wave, or T wave in an echocardiogram in which a wave which usually has a single peak instead has two separate peaks
Bifid cipher, a type of cipher in cryptography
Bifid penis
Bifid nose, a split nose that can even look like two noses; a fairly common trait in some dog varieties, especially the and its descendants
Bifid rib, a congenital abnormality of the human anatomy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray%20reflectivity
|
X-ray reflectivity (sometimes known as X-ray specular reflectivity, X-ray reflectometry, or XRR) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used in chemistry, physics, and materials science to characterize surfaces, thin films and multilayers. It is a form of reflectometry based on the use of X-rays and is related to the techniques of neutron reflectometry and ellipsometry.
The basic principle of X-ray reflectivity is to reflect a beam of X-rays from a flat surface and to then measure the intensity of X-rays reflected in the specular direction (reflected angle equal to incident angle). If the interface is not perfectly sharp and smooth then the reflected intensity will deviate from that predicted by the law of Fresnel reflectivity. The deviations can then be analyzed to obtain the density profile of the interface normal to the surface.
History
The technique appears to have first been applied to X-rays by Lyman G. Parratt in 1954. Parratt's initial work explored the surface of copper-coated glass, but since that time the technique has been extended to a wide range of both solid and liquid interfaces.
Approximation
When an interface is not perfectly sharp, but has an average electron density profile given by , then the X-ray reflectivity can be approximated by:
Here is the reflectivity, , is the X-ray wavelength (typically copper's K-alpha peak at 0.154056 nm), is the density deep within the material and is the angle of incidence. Below the critical angle (derived
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20permutation%20topics
|
This is a list of topics on mathematical permutations.
Particular kinds of permutations
Alternating permutation
Circular shift
Cyclic permutation
Derangement
Even and odd permutations—see Parity of a permutation
Josephus permutation
Parity of a permutation
Separable permutation
Stirling permutation
Superpattern
Transposition (mathematics)
Unpredictable permutation
Combinatorics of permutations
Bijection
Combination
Costas array
Cycle index
Cycle notation
Cycles and fixed points
Cyclic order
Direct sum of permutations
Enumerations of specific permutation classes
Factorial
Falling factorial
Permutation matrix
Generalized permutation matrix
Inversion (discrete mathematics)
Major index
Ménage problem
Permutation graph
Permutation pattern
Permutation polynomial
Permutohedron
Rencontres numbers
Robinson–Schensted correspondence
Sum of permutations:
Direct sum of permutations
Skew sum of permutations
Stanley–Wilf conjecture
Symmetric function
Szymanski's conjecture
Twelvefold way
Permutation groups and other algebraic structures
Groups
Alternating group
Automorphisms of the symmetric and alternating groups
Block (permutation group theory)
Cayley's theorem
Cycle index
Frobenius group
Galois group of a polynomial
Jucys–Murphy element
Landau's function
Oligomorphic group
O'Nan–Scott theorem
Parker vector
Permutation group
Place-permutation action
Primitive permutation group
Rank 3 permutation group
Representation theory of the symmetric group
Schreier vector
Strong generating
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity%20theorem
|
In real analysis and complex analysis, branches of mathematics, the identity theorem for analytic functions states: given functions f and g analytic on a domain D (open and connected subset of or ), if f = g on some , where has an accumulation point in D, then f = g on D.
Thus an analytic function is completely determined by its values on a single open neighborhood in D, or even a countable subset of D (provided this contains a converging sequence together with its limit). This is not true in general for real-differentiable functions, even infinitely real-differentiable functions. In comparison, analytic functions are a much more rigid notion. Informally, one sometimes summarizes the theorem by saying analytic functions are "hard" (as opposed to, say, continuous functions which are "soft").
The underpinning fact from which the theorem is established is the expandability of a holomorphic function into its Taylor series.
The connectedness assumption on the domain D is necessary. For example, if D consists of two disjoint open sets, can be on one open set, and on another, while is on one, and on another.
Lemma
If two holomorphic functions and on a domain D agree on a set S which has an accumulation point in , then on a disk in centered at .
To prove this, it is enough to show that for all .
If this is not the case, let be the smallest nonnegative integer with . By holomorphy, we have the following Taylor series representation in some open neighborhood U
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakurai%20Prize
|
The J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics, is presented by the American Physical Society at its annual April Meeting, and honors outstanding achievement in particle physics theory. The prize consists of a monetary award (US$10,000), a certificate citing the contributions recognized by the award, and a travel allowance for the recipient to attend the presentation. The award is endowed by the family and friends of particle physicist J. J. Sakurai. The prize has been awarded annually since 1985.
Prize recipients
The following have won this prize:
2023 Heinrich Leutwyler: "For fundamental contributions to the effective field theory of pions at low energies, and for proposing that the gluon is a color octet."
2022 Nima Arkani-Hamed: "For the development of transformative new frameworks for physics beyond the standard model with novel experimental signatures, including work on large extra dimensions, the little Higgs, and more generally for new ideas connected to the origin of the electroweak scale."
2021 Vernon Barger: "For pioneering work in collider physics contributing to the discovery and characterization of the W boson, top quark, and Higgs boson, and for the development of incisive strategies to test theoretical ideas with experiments."
2020 Pierre Sikivie: "For seminal work recognizing the potential visibility of the invisible axion, devising novel methods to detect it, and for theoretical investigations of its cosmological implications."
2019 Lisa Ran
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation%20of%20options
|
In finance, a price (premium) is paid or received for purchasing or selling options. This article discusses the calculation of this premium in general. For further detail, see: for discussion of the mathematics; Financial engineering for the implementation; as well as generally.
Premium components
This price can be split into two components: intrinsic value, and time value (also called "extrinsic value").
Intrinsic value
The intrinsic value is the difference between the underlying spot price and the strike price, to the extent that this is in favor of the option holder. For a call option, the option is in-the-money if the underlying spot price is higher than the strike price; then the intrinsic value is the underlying price minus the strike price. For a put option, the option is in-the-money if the strike price is higher than the underlying spot price; then the intrinsic value is the strike price minus the underlying spot price. Otherwise the intrinsic value is zero.
For example, when a DJI call (bullish/long) option is 18,000 and the underlying DJI Index is priced at $18,050 then there is a $50 advantage even if the option were to expire today. This $50 is the intrinsic value of the option.
In summary, intrinsic value:call option
= current stock price − strike price (call option)
= strike price − current stock price (put option)
Extrinsic (Time) value
The option premium is always greater than the intrinsic value up to the expiration event. This extra money is for
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak%20solution
|
In mathematics, a weak solution (also called a generalized solution) to an ordinary or partial differential equation is a function for which the derivatives may not all exist but which is nonetheless deemed to satisfy the equation in some precisely defined sense. There are many different definitions of weak solution, appropriate for different classes of equations. One of the most important is based on the notion of distributions.
Avoiding the language of distributions, one starts with a differential equation and rewrites it in such a way that no derivatives of the solution of the equation show up (the new form is called the weak formulation, and the solutions to it are called weak solutions). Somewhat surprisingly, a differential equation may have solutions which are not differentiable; and the weak formulation allows one to find such solutions.
Weak solutions are important because many differential equations encountered in modelling real-world phenomena do not admit of sufficiently smooth solutions, and the only way of solving such equations is using the weak formulation. Even in situations where an equation does have differentiable solutions, it is often convenient to first prove the existence of weak solutions and only later show that those solutions are in fact smooth enough.
A concrete example
As an illustration of the concept, consider the first-order wave equation:
where u = u(t, x) is a function of two real variables. To indirectly probe the properties of a poss
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalisation%20%28genetics%29
|
Canalisation is a measure of the ability of a population to produce the same phenotype regardless of variability of its environment or genotype. It is a form of evolutionary robustness. The term was coined in 1942 by C. H. Waddington to capture the fact that "developmental reactions, as they occur in organisms submitted to natural selection...are adjusted so as to bring about one definite end-result regardless of minor variations in conditions during the course of the reaction". He used this word rather than robustness to consider that biological systems are not robust in quite the same way as, for example, engineered systems.
Biological robustness or canalisation comes about when developmental pathways are shaped by evolution. Waddington introduced the concept of the epigenetic landscape, in which the state of an organism rolls "downhill" during development. In this metaphor, a canalised trait is illustrated as a valley (which he called a creode) enclosed by high ridges, safely guiding the phenotype to its "fate". Waddington claimed that canals form in the epigenetic landscape during evolution, and that this heuristic is useful for understanding the unique qualities of biological robustness.
Genetic assimilation
Waddington used the concept of canalisation to explain his experiments on genetic assimilation. In these experiments, he exposed Drosophila pupae to heat shock. This environmental disturbance caused some flies to develop a crossveinless phenotype. He then selected
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Jastrow
|
Joseph Jastrow (January 30, 1863 – January 8, 1944) was a Polish-born American psychologist notorious for inventions in experimental psychology, design of experiments, and psychophysics. He also worked on the phenomena of optical illusions, and a number of well-known optical illusions (notably the Jastrow illusion) that were either first reported in or popularized by his work. Jastrow believed that everyone had their own, often incorrect, preconceptions about psychology. One of his ultimate goals was to use the scientific method to identify truth from error, and educate the layperson, which Jastrow accomplished through speaking tours, popular print media, and the radio.
Biography
Jastrow was born in Warsaw, Poland. A son of Talmud scholar Marcus Jastrow, Joseph Jastrow was the younger brother of the orientalist, Morris Jastrow, Jr. Joseph Jastrow came to Philadelphia in 1866 and received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Pennsylvania. During his doctoral studies at Johns Hopkins University, Jastrow worked with C. S. Peirce on experiments in psychophysics that introduced randomization and blinding for a repeated measures design. Though Peirce had to leave the university due to a personal scandal, Jastrow continued to work towards his developments. From 1888 until his retirement in 1927, Jastrow was a professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he advised Clark L. Hull. He was a lecturer at the New School of Social Research from 1927 to 1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20College%20of%20Engineering%20%28Pakistan%29
|
The Military College of Engineering (MCE) is an engineering college located at Risalpur in Nowshera District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It was established by Pakistan Army. MCE conducts courses for officers which includes civil engineering, Transportation engineering, Structural engineering, Geotechnical engineering, Construction management, Mining engineering, Disaster Emergency Management, Water Resources Engineering & Water resource management degree for officers, technical cadets and civil students. College also offers Combat & other Military education and training courses for authorized personnel.
About the college
Military College of Engineering (MCE), Risalpur is a constituent college of National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan (NUST). It is one of the institutes offering civil engineering in Pakistan. Its students, upon graduation, serve in Pakistan Army Engineering Corps plus also many civilian students are hired by some of the well known construction and engineering firms in Pakistan and the world. College offers both undergraduate & postgraduate courses. Certain courses are also offered to officers of allied countries. These are Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Oman, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Malaysia and Myanmar.
To further the cause of knowledge, the College sought collaboration with reputed universities abroad apart from qualifying its students in various civil engineering disciplines from a number of universities in USA.
History
A ye
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridity
|
Hybridity, in its most basic sense, refers to mixture. The term originates from biology and was subsequently employed in linguistics and in racial theory in the nineteenth century. Its contemporary uses are scattered across numerous academic disciplines and is salient in popular culture. Hybridity is used in discourses about race, postcolonialism, identity, anti-racism and multiculturalism, and globalization, developed from its roots as a biological term.
In biology
As racial mixing
Hybridity is a cross between two separate races, plants or cultures. A hybrid is something that is mixed, and hybridity is simply mixture. Hybridity is not a new cultural or historical phenomenon. It has been a feature of all civilizations since time immemorial from the Sumerians through the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans to the present. Both ancient and modern civilizations have, through trade and conquests, borrowed foreign ideas, philosophies, and sciences, thus producing hybrid cultures and societies. The term hybridity itself is not a modern coinage. It was common among the Greeks and Romans.
In Latin, hybrida`, or ibrida, refers to "the offspring of a tame sow and a wild boar" and, by extension, to the progeny of a Roman and a non-Roman. The word hybridity was in use in English since the early 17th century and gained popular currency in the 19th century. Charles Darwin used the term in 1837 in reference to his experiments in cross-fertilization in plants.
The concept of hybridity has been
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boicho%20Kokinov
|
Boicho Kokinov (, 27 December 1960 – 10 May 2013) was an associate professor in cognitive science and computer science at the New Bulgarian University and the director of the Central and East European Center for Cognitive Science.
He was the main organizer of the series of the Annual Summer Schools in Cognitive Science from 1994 until his death.
Early life and education
Kokinov received his PhD at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia.
Research interests
His research interests included understanding human thinking and memory: analogy-making, problem solving, decision-making, judgment, context, constructive memory, memory distortions, blending of episodes. He developed the DUAL Cognitive Architecture and a number of models based on it: AMBR (a model of analogy-making and memory) together with Alexander Petrov, Maurice Grinberg, Georgi Petkov, and Ivan Vankov; JUDGEMAP (a model of judgment) together with Georgi Petkov. Experimental data has been collected in support of these models: dissimilar episodes can be blended as result of a double analogy with a third episode (with Neda Zareva); analogical episodes are easier to blend than superficially similar ones (with Veselina Feldman); analogy helps children to do relational mapping and transitive inference (with Milena Mutafchieva); simple analogies are done automatically and without awareness (with Penka Hristova); comparing relations in analogy requires parallel mental simulations of body actions (with Ivan Vankov); anx
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20and%20East%20European%20Center%20for%20Cognitive%20Science
|
The Central and East European Center for Cognitive Science (also as CEEC of Cognitive Science ) at the New Bulgarian University undertakes research in fundamental and applied cognitive science. Research topics include: memory, thinking, language, learning, perception, context, applications to robotics, AI, and cognitive systems, cognitive economics, human factors and usability, education and learning methods. The center is co-directed by Boicho Kokinov and Jeff Elman.
The CEEC of Cognitive Science grants M.Sc., Ph.D. degrees in cognitive science and organizes annually summer school.
References
External links
Page @ NBU site
New Bulgarian University
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUST%20School%20of%20Electrical%20Engineering%20and%20Computer%20Science
|
NUST School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (NUST-SEECS), formerly NUST Institute of Information Technology, is a constituent school in Islamabad, Pakistan. It was created on a self-financed basis in April 1999 as a constituent college of National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan (NUST). The formation of NUST was prompted by the growing need for high-caliber IT instruction in the country and the necessity for the institution to establish its own IT division.
Degree programs
The school is split into two departments offering programs in both graduate and undergraduate levels.
Department of Electrical Engineering
Bachelor's in Electrical Engineering
Master's in Communication and Computer Security
MS/Ph.D in Electrical Engineering
Department of Computing
Bachelors in Software Engineering
Bachelors in Computer Science
MS/Ph.D in Computer Science
MS in Information Security
Master's in Information Technology
Ph.D in Information Technology
Research Groups and Labs
Information Processing and Transmissions Lab (IPT)
IPT Lab focuses on the intersectional areas of communications theory, signal processing theory and applied mathematics. The current focus of the IPT lab is the design of 5G/6G Wireless communication algorithms with a variety of allied areas such as IOT, networking, statistical signal processing and estimations & detection etc.
System Analysis and Verification Lab (SAVe)
System Analysis and Verification Lab, SAVe, focuses rese
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis%20Callan
|
Curtis Gove Callan Jr. (born October 11, 1942) is an American theoretical physicist and the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Physics at Princeton University. He has conducted research in gauge theory, string theory, instantons, black holes, strong interactions, and many other topics. He was awarded the Sakurai Prize in 2000 ("For his classic formulation of the renormalization group, his contributions to instanton physics and to the theory of monopoles and strings") and the Dirac Medal in 2004.
Biography
Callan received his B.Sc. in physics from Haverford College. He then pursued graduate studies in physics at Princeton University, where he was a student under Sam Treiman. Callan received his Ph.D. in physics in 1964 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "Spherically symmetric cosmological models."
His Ph.D. students include Vijay Balasubramanian, William E. Caswell, Peter Woit, Igor Klebanov and Juan Maldacena.
Callan is best known for his work on broken scale invariance (Callan–Symanzik equation) and has also made leading contributions to quantum field theory and string theory in the areas of dyon-fermion dynamics, string solitons and black holes.
Callan has been a member of the JASON defense advisory group since 1968, and was chair of the group from 1990 to 1995. He served as president of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2010. He was elected a Fellow of the APS in 1971.
Callan was elected as a member of the American Academy of A
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Streater
|
Raymond Frederick Streater (born 1936) is a British physicist, and professor emeritus of Applied Mathematics at King's College London. He is best known for co-authoring a text on quantum field theory, the 1964 PCT, Spin and Statistics and All That.
Life
Ray Streater was born on 21 April 1936 in Three Bridges in the parish of Worth, Sussex, England, United Kingdom, the second son of Frederick Arthur Streater (builder) (1905-1965) and Dorothy Beatrice Streater, née Thomas (17 December 1907 - 16 December 1994). He married Mary Patricia née Palmer on 19 September 1962, and they had three children: Alexander Paul (1963); Stephen Bernard (1965); Catherine Jane Mary (1967).
Professor Streater's career may be summarised as follows.
Jan.-Sep. 1960 – Research Fellow, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
1960-1961 – Instructor in Physics, Princeton University, NJ, USA
1961-1964 – Assistant Lecturer in Physics, Imperial College, London
1964-1967 – Lecturer in Physics, Imperial College, London
1967-1969 – Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Imperial College, London
1969-1984 – Professor of Applied Mathematics, Bedford College, London
1984-2001 – Professor of Applied Mathematics, King's College London
Oct. 2001 on – Emeritus Professor, King's College London
Works
Streater co-authored a classic text on mathematical quantum field theory, reprinted as
PCT, Spin and Statistics and All That (written jointly with Wightman, A. S.), 2000, Princeton University Press, Landmarks in Mathematics a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background%20field%20method
|
In theoretical physics, background field method is a useful procedure to calculate the effective action of a quantum field theory by expanding a quantum field around a classical "background" value B:
.
After this is done, the Green's functions are evaluated as a function of the background. This approach has the advantage that the gauge invariance is manifestly preserved if the approach is applied to gauge theory.
Method
We typically want to calculate expressions like
where J(x) is a source, is the Lagrangian density of the system, d is the number of dimensions and is a field.
In the background field method, one starts by splitting this field into a classical background field B(x) and a field η(x) containing additional quantum fluctuations:
Typically, B(x) will be a solution of the classical equations of motion
where S is the action, i.e. the space integral of the Lagrangian density. Switching on a source J(x) will change the equations into
.
Then the action is expanded around the background B(x):
The second term in this expansion is zero by the equations of motion. The first term does not depend on any fluctuating fields, so that it can be brought out of the path integral. The result is
The path integral which now remains is (neglecting the corrections in the dots) of Gaussian form and can be integrated exactly:
where "det" signifies a functional determinant and C is a constant. The power of minus one half will naturally be plus one for Grassmann fields.
The abov
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion%20decay%20constant
|
In particle physics, the pion decay constant is the square root of the coefficient in front of the kinetic term for the pion in the low-energy effective action. It is dimensionally an energy scale and it determines the strength of the chiral symmetry breaking. The values are:
Beware: There are several conventions which differ by factors of . The textbook by Weinberg uses the value 184 MeV. The textbook by Peskin and Schroeder uses the value 93 MeV.
According to Brown–Rho scaling, the masses of nucleons and most light mesons decrease at finite density as the ratio of the in-medium pion decay rate to the free-space pion decay constant. The pion mass is an exception to Brown-Rho scaling because the pion's mass is protected by its Goldstone boson nature.
References
Particle Data Group: Decay constants of charged pseudoscalar mesons
External links
Particle Data Group & WWW edition of Review of Particle Physics
Quantum chromodynamics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%20Warburg
|
Emil Gabriel Warburg (; 9 March 1846 – 28 July 1931) was a German physicist who during his career was professor of physics at the Universities of Strassburg, Freiburg and Berlin. He was president of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft 1899–1905. His name is notably associated with the Warburg element of electrochemistry.
Among his students were James Franck (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1925), Eduard Grüneisen, Robert Pohl, Erich Regener and Hans von Euler-Chelpin (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1929). He carried out research in the areas of kinetic theory of gases, electrical conductivity, gas discharges, heat radiation, ferromagnetism and photochemistry.
He was a member of the Warburg family, and the father of Otto Heinrich Warburg (Nobel Prize in Physiology, 1931). He was a friend of Albert Einstein.
See also
Magnetic refrigeration
References
External links
1846 births
1931 deaths
German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War
20th-century German physicists
German Lutherans
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Jewish physicists
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
People from Altona, Hamburg
Academic staff of the University of Freiburg
Heidelberg University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
Emil Warburg
Converts to Protestantism from Judaism
Prussian Army personnel
19th-century German physicists
Military personnel from Hamburg
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral%20symmetry%20breaking
|
In particle physics, chiral symmetry breaking generally refers to the dynamical spontaneous breaking of a chiral symmetry associated with massless fermions. This is usually associated with a gauge theory such as quantum chromodynamics, the quantum field theory of the strong interaction, and it also occurs through the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism in the electroweak interactions of the standard model. This phenomenon is analogous to magnetization and superconductivity in condensed matter physics. The basic idea was introduced to particle physics by Yoichiro Nambu, in particular, in the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model, which is a solvable theory of composite bosons that exhibits dynamical spontaneous chiral symmetry when a 4-fermion coupling constant becomes sufficiently large. Nambu was awarded the 2008 Nobel prize in physics "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics."
Overview
Quantum chromodynamics
Massless fermions in 4 dimensions are described by either left or right-handed spinors
that each have 2 complex components. These have spin either aligned (right-handed chirality), or counter-aligned (left-handed chirality), with their momenta. In this case the chirality is a conserved quantum number of the given fermion, and the left and right handed spinors can be independently phase transformed. More generally they can form multiplets under some symmetry group .
A Dirac mass term explicitly breaks the chiral symmetry. In quantum
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoscalar
|
In particle physics, isoscalar refers to the scalar transformation of a particle or field under the SU(2) group of isospin. Isoscalars are a singlet state, with total isospin 0 and the third component of isospin 0, much like a singlet state in a 2-particle addition of spin. Mesons which have all flavor quantum numbers equal to zero, are known as isoscalars.
See also
Isovector
References
Bosons
Subatomic particles with spin 0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovector
|
In particle physics, isovector refers to the vector transformation of a particle under the SU(2) group of isospin. An isovector state is a triplet state with total isospin 1, with the third component of isospin either 1, 0, or -1, much like a triplet state in the two-particle addition of Spin.
See also
Isoscalar
References
Bosons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staggered%20conformation
|
In organic chemistry, a staggered conformation is a chemical conformation of an ethane-like moiety abcX–Ydef in which the substituents a, b, and c are at the maximum distance from d, e, and f; this requires the torsion angles to be 60°. It is the opposite of an eclipsed conformation, in which those substituents are as close to each other as possible.
Such a conformation exists in any open chain single chemical bond connecting two sp3-hybridised atoms, and is normally a conformational energy minimum. For some molecules such as those of n-butane, there can be special versions of staggered conformations called gauche and anti; see first Newman projection diagram in Conformational isomerism.
Staggered/eclipsed configurations also distinguish different crystalline structures of e.g. cubic/hexagonal boron nitride, and diamond/lonsdaleite.
See also
Alkane stereochemistry
Eclipsed conformation
References
Stereochemistry
de:Konformation
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard%20M.%20Sessler
|
Gerhard M. Sessler (born 15 February 1931 in Rosenfeld, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) is a German inventor and scientist. He is Professor emeritus at the Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology of the Technische Universität Darmstadt.
Together with James E. West, he co-invented the foil electret microphone at Bell Laboratories in 1962 and together with Dietmar Hohm the silicon microphone in 1983.
Life
From 1950 to 1959, Sessler studied physics at Universities of Freiburg, Munich, and Göttingen. He received his diploma in 1957 and his Ph.D. from the University of Göttingen in 1959. After working in the United States at Bell Labs until 1975, he returned to the academia in Germany. From 1975 to 2000, he worked as a professor of electrical engineering at the Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology of the Technische Universität Darmstadt where he invented the silicon microphone. In 1999, Sessler was named Professor emeritus at the same university.
He holds over 100 international patents, among them 18 US-patents. The first one, US 3,118,022, with James E. West, was issued on 14 January 1964.
Sessler is the author/editor of several books on electrets and acoustics. In 2014, together with Ning Xiang, he co-edited a memorial book on Manfred R. Schroeder published by Springer. Furthermore, he is well known for his over 300 scientific papers in prestigious international magazines and journals.
Gerhard Sessler was married to Renate Se
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20%26%20Justice
|
Science & Justice is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of forensics published by Elsevier on behalf of the Forensic Science Society and the International Society for Forensic Genetics. The journal was established in 1960 as the Journal of the Forensic Science Society and obtained its current name in 1995.
One notable article was an analysis of the assassination of John F. Kennedy, which disputed the conclusion of the 1982 United States National Academy of Sciences report that the House Select Committee on Assassinations finding of a fourth shot in acoustical evidence was incorrect. A later article re-analyzed the acoustic synchronization evidence, rebutting this argument as well as correcting errors in the 1982 report, while supporting its finding that the sounds alleged to be gunshots occurred about a minute after the assassination. Follow-up Science & Justice articles have been published, too.
References
External links
Forensic Science Society
International Society for Forensic Genetics
Criminology journals
Elsevier academic journals
Quarterly journals
Academic journals established in 1960
English-language journals
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO%2031-8
|
ISO 31-8 is the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines names and symbols for quantities and units related to physical chemistry and molecular physics.
Quantities and units
Notes
In the tables of quantities and their units, the ISO 31-8 standard shows symbols for substances as subscripts (e.g., cB, wB, pB). It also notes that it is generally advisable to put symbols for substances and their states in parentheses on the same line, as in c(H2SO4).
Normative annexes
Annex A: Names and symbols of the chemical elements
This annex contains a list of elements by atomic number, giving the names and standard symbols of the chemical elements from atomic number 1 (hydrogen, H) to 109 (unnilennium, Une).
The list given in ISO 31-8:1992 was quoted from the 1998 IUPAC "Green Book" Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry and adds in some cases in parentheses the Latin name for information, where the standard symbol has no relation to the English name of the element. Since the 1992 edition of the standard was published, some elements with atomic number above 103 have been discovered and renamed.
Annex B: Symbols for chemical elements and nucleides
Symbols for chemical elements shall be written in roman (upright) type. The symbol is not followed by a full-stop.
Examples:
H He C Ca
Attached subscripts or superscripts specifying a nucleotide or molecule have the following meanings and positions:
The nucleon number (mass number) is shown in the left superscript p
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi%20Hasegawa
|
Takashi Hasegawa is an electrical engineer and programmer, who works at the Optoelectronic System Laboratory of Hitachi Cable, Ltd.
Hasegawa graduated with a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Nagoya University. As a student, he created MLVWM, or Macintosh-Like Virtual Window Manager and released the code to the public back in 1998.
He was one of five developers who created the 10 Gigabit Ethernet Media Converter, in support of 10GEA's effort to standardize 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
External links
August 2003 Hitachi Cable Review article on 10 Gigabit Ethernet Media Converter
December 2000 LinuxPlanet MLVWM Review
Japanese electrical engineers
Living people
Nagoya University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munish%20Chander%20Puri
|
Munish Chander Puri (15 August 1939 – 28 December 2005) was Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at IIT Delhi. He was Organizing Chair, Asia Pacific Operational Research Societies (APORS). He was killed in Bangalore in the 2005 Indian Institute of Science shooting.
Career
Puri did his B.Sc (Hons.) mathematics in 1960, M.Sc. mathematics in 1962 (first position) and Ph.D. in operations research in 1972 from Delhi University. He served at Hans Raj College in Delhi University until 1984 and then served at IITD until 2004. He had supervised thirteen PhD theses, nine MPhil dissertations, six MTech projects and eleven M.Sc. projects. He had written many research articles in various journals of international repute. His area of specialization, included combinatorial optimization, fractional programming, linear programming and network flow problems. He had been in the editorial board of Opsearch, an official journal of ORSI.
He was one of the founder members of the "Mathematical Programming Group (MPG)" which was started by retired Prof. R. N. Kaul, Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi in 1972. This group of researchers from various colleges of Delhi University, IITD and Indian Institute of Science Bangalore meets every Wednesday from 3 4 p.m at Delhi University to attend the seminar by some invited speakers or one of the researchers of the group. Professor Puri was one of the members who attended this weekly seminar since its inception.
Puri published 78 papers during
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Eliava%20Institute
|
The George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology (aka Tbilisi Institute) has been active since the 1930s in the field of phage therapy, which is used to combat microbial infection (cf. antibiotic-resistant strains).
History
The institute was opened in Tbilisi, Georgia in 1923, and was a bacteriology laboratory. Its founder, Prof. George Eliava, was not aware of bacteriophages until 1919–1921. In those years he met Felix d'Herelle during a visit to the Pasteur Institute in Paris. There, Eliava was enthusiastic about the potential of phages in the curing of bacterial disease, and invited d'Herelle to visit his laboratory in Georgia.
D'Herelle visited Tbilisi twice in 1933–34, and agreed to work with Prof. Eliava. It has been suggested that d'Herelle became enamored of the communist idea. In 1934, Joseph Stalin invited d'Herelle to the institute in Tbilisi; he accepted and worked there for about 18 months. D'Herelle dedicated one of his books to Stalin, The Bacteriophage and the Phenomenon of Cure, written and published in Tbilisi in 1935.
However, the collaboration between the two scientists was not to be. Around the time d'Herelle was to take up residence, in 1937 George Eliava was executed and denounced as an enemy of the people. D'Herelle returned to France. He never was allowed to come back to Georgia by the Soviets. D'Herelle's book was also banned from distribution.
In spite of this development, the institute did not change its practical specia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20P.%20McCahill
|
Mark Perry McCahill (born February 7, 1956) is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer. He has developed and popularized a number of Internet technologies since the late 1980s, including the Gopher protocol, Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), and POPmail.
Career
Mark McCahill received a BA in chemistry at the University of Minnesota in 1979, spent one year doing analytical environmental chemistry, and then joined the University of Minnesota Computer Center as a programmer.
Internet pioneer
In the late 1980s, McCahill led the team at the University of Minnesota that developed POPmail, one of the first popular Internet e-mail clients. At about the same time as POPmail was being developed, Steve Dorner at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign developed Eudora, and the user interface conventions found in these early efforts are still used in modern-day e-mail clients.
In 1991, McCahill led the original Gopher development team, which invented a simple way to navigate distributed information resources on the Internet. Gopher's menu-based hypermedia combined with full-text search engines paved the way for the popularization of the World Wide Web and was the de facto standard for Internet information systems in the early to mid 1990s.
Working with other pioneers such as Tim Berners-Lee, Marc Andreessen, Alan Emtage and Peter J. Deutsch (creators of Archie) and Jon Postel, McCahill was involved in creating and codifying the standard for Uniform Resource Locat
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware%20architect
|
(In the automation and engineering environments, the hardware engineer or architect encompasses the electronics engineering and electrical engineering fields, with subspecialities in analog, digital, or electromechanical systems.)
The hardware systems architect or hardware architect is responsible for:
Interfacing with a systems architect or client stakeholders. It is extraordinarily rare nowadays for sufficiently large and/or complex hardware systems that require a hardware architect not to require substantial software and a systems architect. The hardware architect will therefore normally interface with a systems architect, rather than directly with user(s), sponsor(s), or other client stakeholders. However, in the absence of a systems architect, the hardware systems architect must be prepared to interface directly with the client stakeholders in order to determine their (evolving) needs to be realized in hardware. The hardware architect may also need to interface directly with a software architect or engineer(s), or with other mechanical or electrical engineers.
Generating the highest level of hardware requirements, based on the user's needs and other constraints such as cost and schedule.
Ensuring that this set of high level requirements is consistent, complete, correct, and operationally defined.
Performing cost–benefit analyses to determine the best methods or approaches for meeting the hardware requirements; making maximum use of commercial off-the-shelf or already
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain%20termination
|
In polymer chemistry, chain termination is any chemical reaction that ceases the formation of reactive intermediates in a chain propagation step in the course of a polymerization, effectively bringing it to a halt.
Mechanisms of termination
In polymer chemistry, there are several mechanisms by which a polymerization reaction can terminate depending on the mechanism and circumstances of the reaction. A method of termination that applies to all polymer reactions is the depletion of monomer. In chain growth polymerization, two growing chains can collide head to head causing the growth of both of the chains to stop. In the case of radical or anionic polymerization, chain transfer can occur where the radical at the end of the growing chain can be transferred from the chain to an individual monomer unit causing a new chain to start growing and the previous chain to stop growing. With step-growth polymerization, the reaction can be terminated by adding a monofunctional species containing the same functionality as one or more of the types of monomer used in the reaction. For example, an alcohol can be used to stop a reaction between a polyisocyanate and a polyol because it will react with the isocyanate functionality to produce which is then no longer reactive with the polyol.
Termination of radical polymerization
The termination steps of free radical polymerization steps are of two types: recombination and disproportionation. In a recombination step, two growing chain radica
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concave
|
Concave or concavity may refer to:
Science and technology
Concave lens
Concave mirror
Mathematics
Concave function, the negative of a convex function
Concave polygon, a polygon which is not convex
Concave set
The concavity of a function, determined by its second derivative
See also
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Thibaut
|
George Frederick William Thibaut (March 20, 1848 – 1914) was a German Indologist notable for his contributions to the understanding of ancient Indian mathematics and astronomy.
Life
Thibaut was born in Germany, worked briefly in England, and then in 1875, was appointed Professor at the Government Sanskrit College, Varanasi in northern India. From 1888 to 1895, he was professor at Muir Central College in Allahabad.
On 6 November 2014, in its column "100 Years Ago" The Statesman reprinted the following obituary on the late Dr. Thibaut:
The death is reported at Heidelberg Hospital, Germany of Dr George Thibaut, C.I.E., Ph.D., D.Sc., who recently retired from the Education Service as Registrar of the Calcutta University. Dr. Thibaut who took part in Franco-German War of 1870 as a noncommissioned officer joined the Muir Central College, Allahabad some 22 years ago as Professor of Philosophy. He rose to be the Principal of the College and was appointed Registrar of the Allahabad University, afterwards being transferred to Calcutta. Besides being a well-known student of philosophy Eastern and Western, the late Dr. Thibaut was an eminent Sanskrit scholar.
He was appointed CIE in the 1906 New Year Honours.
Works
Between 1875 and 1878 Thibaut published a detailed essay on the Śulba sūtras, together with a translation of the Baudhāyana Śulba sūtra; he later translated the Pañca Siddhāntikā which he co-edited with Pandit Sudhakar Dwivedi (the latter added a Sanskrit commentary). He
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai%20Zhen
|
Dai Zhen (, January 19, 1724 – July 1, 1777) was a Chinese philosopher of the Qing dynasty. Hailing from Xiuning, Anhui Dai was a versatile scholar who made great contributions to mathematics, geography, phonology and philosophy. His philosophical and philological critiques of Neo-Confucianism continue to be influential. In 1733, Dai was recruited by scholar Ji Yun to be one of the editors of the official encyclopedia and collection of books, Siku Quanshu.
Dai's philosophical contributions included those to the Han Learning school of Evidential Learning (Evidentialism) which criticized the Song Learning school of Neo-Confucianism. In particular, two criticisms that Dai made were: First, Neo-Confucianism focused too much on introspective self-examination whereas truth was to be found in investigation of the external world.
Second, he criticized the Neo-Confucian drive to eliminate human desire as an obstacle to rational investigation. Dai argued that human desire was a good and integral part of the human experience, and that eliminating human desire from philosophy had the bad effect of making it difficult to understand and control one's emotions as well as making it impossible to establish empathy with others.
Famous works
Faxianglun (On images and patterns)
Yuanshan (Tracing the origin of goodness) in three paragraphs
Du Yi Xici lun xing (Reading “Appended Words” in The Book of Changes on human nature)
Du Meng Zi lun xing (Reading Mencius about human nature)
Yuanshan (T
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Cryonics%20Society
|
The American Cryonics Society (ACS), also known as the Cryonics Society of America, is a member-run, California-based, 501(c)(3) tax-exempt nonprofit organization that supports and promotes research and education into cryonics and cryobiology. Cryonics is the low-temperature freezing (usually at ) and storage of a human corpse or severed head, with the speculative hope that resurrection may be possible in the future.
The American Cryonics Society is the oldest cryonics organization still in existence.
History
The American Cryonics Society was first incorporated in 1969 in San Francisco as the Bay Area Cryonics Society (BACS); its name was changed to the American Cryonics Society in 1985. The founding of the company followed over two years of organizational meetings by cryonics activists. Signers of the founding charter included two well-known Bay Area physicians, Dr. M. Coleman Harris, and Dr. Grace Talbot. The 1969 incorporation date makes it the oldest cryonics society still in existence. The Immortalist Society (IS), with which the American Cryonics Society works closely, is a successor to the Cryonics Society of Michigan whose founding predates that of the American Cryonics Society.
In 1978, the Cryonics Society of America researchers collaborated with Jerry Leaf of Cryovita Laboratories in experiments that would apply the methodology to cryonic suspensions that were then in use as surgical procedures to treat patients with heart disease. Thus a team led by a thora
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26A
|
A&A may refer to:
Computing, science and technology
Astronomy and Astrophysics, a scientific journal
Anesthesia & Analgesia, a medical journal
Entertainment
Several related games within the "Axis & Allies" franchise which all deal with World War II combat:
Axis & Allies, a series of strategy board games
Axis & Allies (2004 video game)
Axis & Allies Miniatures, a miniature wargaming system
Angels & Airwaves, an alternative rock band
Austin & Ally, a Disney Channel sitcom
Other uses
A&A Records, a defunct Canadian record store chain
See also
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20physics%20and%20representation%20theory
|
There is a natural connection between particle physics and representation theory, as first noted in the 1930s by Eugene Wigner. It links the properties of elementary particles to the structure of Lie groups and Lie algebras. According to this connection, the different quantum states of an elementary particle give rise to an irreducible representation of the Poincaré group. Moreover, the properties of the various particles, including their spectra, can be related to representations of Lie algebras, corresponding to "approximate symmetries" of the universe.
General picture
Symmetries of a quantum system
In quantum mechanics, any particular one-particle state is represented as a vector in a Hilbert space . To help understand what types of particles can exist, it is important to classify the possibilities for allowed by symmetries, and their properties. Let be a Hilbert space describing a particular quantum system and let be a group of symmetries of the quantum system. In a relativistic quantum system, for example, might be the Poincaré group, while for the hydrogen atom, might be the rotation group SO(3). The particle state is more precisely characterized by the associated projective Hilbert space , also called ray space, since two vectors that differ by a nonzero scalar factor correspond to the same physical quantum state represented by a ray in Hilbert space, which is an equivalence class in and, under the natural projection map , an element of .
By definition of a s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRP
|
HRP may refer to:
Political parties
Happiness Realization Party, a Japanese political party
Haryana Republican Party, a political party in Haryana, India
Human Rights Party (disambiguation)
Science, technology, and medicine
Horseradish peroxidase, an enzyme used as a marker
HRP Rescuer, an American helicopter
Humanoid Robotics Project
Human Research Program, a NASA program
Special Programme on Human Reproduction (HRP), a World Health Organization endeavor
Other uses
Halifax Regional Police, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Hard Rock Park, now the Freestyle Music Park in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, United States
The Harvard Review of Philosophy
Haute Randonnée Pyrénéenne, a hiking trail in France
Historic Royal Palaces
Human remains pouch, or body bag
Human resource planning
Hutchinson River Parkway and Expressway in New York City.
Yandruwandha language, an Australian Aboriginal language
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevremovac
|
The Jevremovac Botanical Garden () is the botanical garden of the University of Belgrade and also a surrounding urban neighborhood of Belgrade, Serbia. The garden is located in Belgrade's municipality of Stari Grad and is an administered by the University of Belgrade's Biology School.
It has been declared a natural monument in 1995 and a cultural monument in 2007.
Location
Jevremovac is located in the westernmost part of the Palilula neighborhood, but after the changes of the municipal administrative borders in 1952, 1955 and 1957, it didn't become part of the municipality of Palilula but of Stari Grad. It is bounded by the Boulevard of despot Stefan and the streets of Takovska, Dalmatinska, Palmotićeva and Vojvode Dobrnjca.
Botanical garden
History
The botanical garden was founded in 1874 by the decree of the Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of Serbia, at the suggestion of the botanist Josif Pančić, who also became its first manager. Original lot assigned to Pančić was on the bank of the Danube, in the neighborhood of Dorćol, at the end of the Dunavska Street. Lots were abandoned by the ethnic Turks who left Belgrade after Turkish military garrison left the city, too, in 1867. City donated 1,400 ducats and Pančić arranged it, bit by bit. Terrain was adapted, and an embankment on the Danube was constructed. Pančić was pleased that the lot was in the vicinity of the downtown and the Kalemegdan Park, so that Belgraders can visit the garden with ease. The lot was parc
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescence%20%28physics%29
|
Coalescence is the process by which two or more droplets, bubbles, or particles merge during contact to form a single daughter droplet, bubble, or particle. Coalescence manifests itself from a microscopic scale in meteorology to a macroscopic scale in astrophysics. For example, it is seen in the formation of raindrops as well as planetary and star formation.
In meteorology, its role is crucial in the formation of rain. As droplets are carried by the updrafts and downdrafts in a cloud, they collide and coalesce to form larger droplets. When the droplets become too large to be sustained on the air currents, they begin to fall as rain. Adding to this process, the cloud may be seeded with ice from higher altitudes, either via the cloud tops reaching , or via the cloud being seeded by ice from cirrus clouds.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in medicine applies microscopic bubbles for imaging and therapy. Coalescence of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles is studied to prevent embolies or to block tumour vessels. Microbubble coalescence has been studied with the aid of high-speed photography.
In cloud physics the main mechanism of collision is the different terminal velocity between the droplets. The terminal velocity is a function of the droplet size. The other factors that determine the collision rate are the droplet concentration and turbulence.
See also
Accretion (astrophysics)
Accretion (meteorology)
Bergeron process
Coalescer
References
External links
American Mete
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion%20group
|
In group theory, a branch of mathematics, a torsion group or a periodic group is a group in which every element has finite order. The exponent of such a group, if it exists, is the least common multiple of the orders of the elements.
For example, it follows from Lagrange's theorem that every finite group is periodic and it has an exponent that divides its order.
Infinite examples
Examples of infinite periodic groups include the additive group of the ring of polynomials over a finite field, and the quotient group of the rationals by the integers, as well as their direct summands, the Prüfer groups. Another example is the direct sum of all dihedral groups. None of these examples has a finite generating set. Explicit examples of finitely generated infinite periodic groups were constructed by Golod, based on joint work with Shafarevich (see Golod–Shafarevich theorem), and by Aleshin and Grigorchuk using automata. These groups have infinite exponent; examples with finite exponent are given for instance by Tarski monster groups constructed by Olshanskii.
Burnside's problem
Burnside's problem is a classical question that deals with the relationship between periodic groups and finite groups, when only finitely generated groups are considered: Does specifying an exponent force finiteness? The existence of infinite, finitely generated periodic groups as in the previous paragraph shows that the answer is "no" for an arbitrary exponent. Though much more is known about which expo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash%20trie
|
In computer science, hash trie can refer to:
Hash tree (persistent data structure), a trie used to map hash values to keys
A space-efficient implementation of a sparse trie, in which the descendants of each node may be interleaved in memory. (The name is suggested by a similarity to a closed hash table.)
A data structure which "combines features of hash tables and LC-tries (Least Compression tries) in order to perform efficient lookups and updates"
See also
Hash array mapped trie
Hashed array tree
Merkle tree
References
Trees (data structures)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent%20Hailpern
|
Brent Hailpern is a computer scientist retired from IBM Research. His research work focused on programming languages, software engineering, and concurrency.
Education
Dr. Hailpern received his B.S. degree, summa cum laude, in Mathematics from the University of Denver (Denver, Colorado) in 1976, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from Stanford University (Stanford, California) in 1978 and 1980 respectively. His thesis was titled, "Verifying Concurrent Processes Using Temporal Logic".
Career at IBM
Dr. Hailpern joined the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center (Yorktown Heights, New York) as a Research Staff Member in 1980. He worked on and managed various projects relating to issues of concurrency and programming languages. In 1987, he founded the Programming Languages and Foundations Department as its senior manager. In 1989, he became the senior manager of Research's Software Environments Department. In 1990, Dr. Hailpern joined the Technical Strategy Development Staff in IBM Corporate Headquarters (Armonk, New York) returning to the Research Division in 1991, where he served as Senior Technical Consultant to the Research Division Vice President for Systems and Software.
In 1992, he became Program Director and Senior Manager, Operating Systems Structures Department, where he coordinated the Research Division's joint programs with IBM's AS/400 Division and Personal Software Products Division. The department he managed researched issues of operating systems princ
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20Research%20Laboratory
|
The Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL; Hindi: भौतिक अनुसंधान प्रयोगशाला, IAST: Bhoutik Anusandhan Prayogashala) is a National Research Institute for space and allied sciences, supported mainly by Department of Space, Government of India. This research laboratory has ongoing research programmes in astronomy and astrophysics, atmospheric sciences and aeronomy, planetary and geosciences, Earth sciences, Solar System studies and theoretical physics. It also manages the Udaipur Solar Observatory and Mount Abu InfraRed Observatory. The PRL is located in Ahmedabad.
The Physical Research Laboratory was founded on 11 November 1947 by Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. The laboratory had a modest beginning at his residence, with research on cosmic rays.
The institute was formally established at the M.G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad, with support from the Karmkshetra Educational Foundation and the Ahmedabad Education Society. Prof. K. R. Ramanathan was the first Director of the institute. The initial focus was research on cosmic rays and the properties of the upper atmosphere. Research areas were expanded to include theoretical physics and radio physics later with grants from the United States Atomic Energy Commission.
PRL is involved in research, related to five major fields of science. PRL is also instrumental in the PLANEX planetary science and exploration programme.
In June 2018, PRL scientists discovered exoplanet EPIC 211945201b or K2-236b, located 600 light years away from the Earth.
The
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-linking%20immunoprecipitation
|
Cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP, or CLIP-seq) is a method used in molecular biology that combines UV crosslinking with immunoprecipitation in order to identify RNA binding sites of proteins on a transcriptome-wide scale, thereby increasing our understanding of post-transcriptional regulatory networks. CLIP can be used either with antibodies against endogenous proteins, or with common peptide tags (including FLAG, V5, HA, and others) or affinity purification, which enables the possibility of profiling model organisms or RBPs otherwise lacking suitable antibodies.
Workflow
CLIP begins with the in-vivo cross-linking of RNA-protein complexes using ultraviolet light (UV). Upon UV exposure, covalent bonds are formed between proteins and nucleic acids that are in close proximity (on the order of Angstroms apart). The cross-linked cells are then lysed, RNA is fragmented, and the protein of interest is isolated via immunoprecipitation. In order to allow for priming of reverse transcription, RNA adapters are ligated to the 3' ends, and RNA fragments are labelled to enable the analysis of the RNA-protein complexes after they have been separated from free RNA using gel electrophoresis and membrane transfer. Proteinase K digestion is then performed in order to remove protein from the crosslinked RNA, which leaves a few amino acids at the crosslink site. This often leads to truncation of cDNAs at the crosslinked nucleotide, which is exploited in variants such as iCLIP to incr
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%27s%20theorem
|
Wigner's theorem, proved by Eugene Wigner in 1931, is a cornerstone of the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics. The theorem specifies how physical symmetries such as rotations, translations, and CPT are represented on the Hilbert space of states.
The physical states in a quantum theory are represented by unit vectors in Hilbert space up to a phase factor, i.e. by the complex line or ray the vector spans. In addition, by the Born rule the absolute value of the unit vectors inner product, or equivalently the cosine squared of the angle between the lines the vectors span, corresponds to the transition probability. Ray space, in mathematics known as projective Hilbert space, is the space of all unit vectors in Hilbert space up to the equivalence relation of differing by a phase factor. By Wigner's theorem, any transformation of ray space that preserves the absolute value of the inner products can be represented by a unitary or antiunitary transformation of Hilbert space, which is unique up to a phase factor. As a consequence, the representation of a symmetry group on ray space can be lifted to a projective representation or sometimes even an ordinary representation on Hilbert space.
Rays and ray space
It is a postulate of quantum mechanics that vectors in Hilbert space that are scalar nonzero multiples of each other represent the same pure state. A ray belonging to the vector is the complex line through the origin
.
Two nonzero vectors define the same ray, if an
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socle
|
Socle may refer to:
Socle (mathematics), an algebraic object generated by minimal subobjects or by an eigenspace of an automorphism
Socle (architecture), a plinth that supports a pedestal, statue, or column
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socle%20%28mathematics%29
|
In mathematics, the term socle has several related meanings.
Socle of a group
In the context of group theory, the socle of a group G, denoted soc(G), is the subgroup generated by the minimal normal subgroups of G. It can happen that a group has no minimal non-trivial normal subgroup (that is, every non-trivial normal subgroup properly contains another such subgroup) and in that case the socle is defined to be the subgroup generated by the identity. The socle is a direct product of minimal normal subgroups.
As an example, consider the cyclic group Z12 with generator u, which has two minimal normal subgroups, one generated by u4 (which gives a normal subgroup with 3 elements) and the other by u6 (which gives a normal subgroup with 2 elements). Thus the socle of Z12 is the group generated by u4 and u6, which is just the group generated by u2.
The socle is a characteristic subgroup, and hence a normal subgroup. It is not necessarily transitively normal, however.
If a group G is a finite solvable group, then the socle can be expressed as a product of elementary abelian p-groups. Thus, in this case, it is just a product of copies of Z/pZ for various p, where the same p may occur multiple times in the product.
Socle of a module
In the context of module theory and ring theory the socle of a module M over a ring R is defined to be the sum of the minimal nonzero submodules of M. It can be considered as a dual notion to that of the radical of a module. In set notation,
Equivalentl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsallis%20entropy
|
In physics, the Tsallis entropy is a generalization of the standard Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy.
Overview
The concept was introduced in 1988 by Constantino Tsallis as a basis for generalizing the standard statistical mechanics and is identical in form to Havrda–Charvát structural α-entropy, introduced in 1967 within information theory. In scientific literature, the physical relevance of the Tsallis entropy has been debated. However, from the years 2000 on, an increasingly wide spectrum of natural, artificial and social complex systems have been identified which confirm the predictions and consequences that are derived from this nonadditive entropy, such as nonextensive statistical mechanics, which generalizes the Boltzmann–Gibbs theory.
Among the various experimental verifications and applications presently available in the literature, the following ones deserve a special mention:
The distribution characterizing the motion of cold atoms in dissipative optical lattices predicted in 2003 and observed in 2006.
The fluctuations of the magnetic field in the solar wind enabled the calculation of the q-triplet (or Tsallis triplet).
The velocity distributions in a driven dissipative dusty plasma.
Spin glass relaxation.
Trapped ion interacting with a classical buffer gas.
High energy collisional experiments at LHC/CERN (CMS, ATLAS and ALICE detectors) and RHIC/Brookhaven (STAR and PHENIX detectors).
Among the various available theoretical results which clarify the physical condi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassan%20Andoni
|
Ghassan Andoni () (born 1956) is a native of Beit Sahour in the Bethlehem area. He is a professor of physics at Bir Zeit University, and a Palestinian Christian leader who advocates nonviolent resistance in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Andoni is co-founder of the International Solidarity Movement (ISM), founder of the International Middle East Media Centre and director of the Palestinian Center for Rapprochement between Peoples (PCR).
During the First Intifada Andoni was imprisoned for being involved in Beit Sahour’s tax revolt. In 2006, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by the American Friends Service Committee along with Jeff Halper of the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (ICAHD).
See also
Palestinian Christians
List of peace activists
References
External links
The International Middle East Media Centre
Ghassan Andoni of the Palestinian Center for Rapprochement provides a history of Zionism and his organizations efforts to use nonviolent direct action to end the Israel's occupation.
On the situation in Palestine After Arafat - 2004-11-18
Sharon under Pressure: Analysis by Ghassan Andoni - 2004-11-25
1956 births
Living people
Nonviolence advocates
Palestinian activists
Palestinian Christians
People from Beit Sahour
Tax resisters
Academic staff of Birzeit University
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namihei%20Odaira
|
was a Japanese entrepreneur and philanthropist who founded Hitachi.
Life
Odaira was born on January 15, 1874, in Ienaka, Shimotsuga, Tochigi Prefecture (present-day Tsugamachi Kassenba, Tochigi), the second son of Odaira Sōhachi and Chiyo.
In 1900, he graduated from the electrical engineering department of Tokyo Imperial University. Following his graduation, he joined a mining company as an engineer in its power plant. From there, he went on to several electric power companies.
In 1906, he joined the Kuhara Mining Company at its Hitachi copper mine as an engineering section chief. Although his main duties at the mine were to ensure a stable supply of electricity and to maintain the mine's electrical equipment, he and his colleagues began working on the manufacture of a five-horsepower electric motor. This marked the beginning of the development that would become Hitachi, which was founded by Odaira in 1910. However, because it was started as an in-house venture of the Kuhara Mining Company, the owner of Hitachi was Fusanosuke Kuhara, the president of the mining company, not Odaira.
Hitachi Ltd. was incorporated as an independent company in 1920. Odaira acted as the managing director of Hitachi from 1910 to 1929 and the president from 1929 to 1947.
In 1947, Odaira was ordered out of this position by the U.S. occupation authorities. In 1951, this order was lifted, and he returned to the company as chairman emeritus. Almost immediately after his return, he died on October
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YNE
|
YNE, or similar, may refer to:
-yne, a suffix used in organic chemistry for names of alkynes
Lang'e language, a Loloish language of Yunnan, China
Norway House Airport, Norway House, Manitoba, Canada
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baire%20function
|
In mathematics, Baire functions are functions obtained from continuous functions by transfinite iteration of the operation of forming pointwise limits of sequences of functions. They were introduced by René-Louis Baire in 1899. A Baire set is a set whose characteristic function is a Baire function.
Classification of Baire functions
Baire functions of class α, for any countable ordinal number α, form a vector space of real-valued functions defined on a topological space, as follows.
The Baire class 0 functions are the continuous functions.
The Baire class 1 functions are those functions which are the pointwise limit of a sequence of Baire class 0 functions.
In general, the Baire class α functions are all functions which are the pointwise limit of a sequence of functions of Baire class less than α.
Some authors define the classes slightly differently, by removing all functions of class less than α from the functions of class α. This means that each Baire function has a well defined class, but the functions of given class no longer form a vector space.
Henri Lebesgue proved that (for functions on the unit interval) each Baire class of a countable ordinal number contains functions not in any smaller class, and that there exist functions which are not in any Baire class.
Baire class 1
Examples:
The derivative of any differentiable function is of class 1. An example of a differentiable function whose derivative is not continuous (at x = 0) is the function equal to when x ≠ 0,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20Neil%20Davis
|
Thomas Neil Davis (February 1, 1932 – December 10, 2016) was a professor of geophysics from the University of Alaska Fairbanks and the author of several books. Born in Greeley, Colorado, Davis received his B.S in geophysics from University of Alaska Fairbanks in 1955, an M.S. in geophysics from California Institute of Technology in 1957, and a Ph.D. in geophysics from University of Alaska Fairbanks in 1961. Davis spent most of his working career at the Geophysical Institute, pioneering the use of all-sky and low-level light cameras for the study of the aurora borealis and conducting rocket studies of the aurora. With Masahisa Sugiura (while both were at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) he introduced the AE (auroral electrojet) index now commonly used as a measure of solar-terrestrial interaction. A student of Beno Gutenberg and Charles Richter at Caltech, he also has done work in observational seismology.
Books and publications
Fiction
2004. The Great Alaska Zingwater Caper. McRoy & Blackburn, Publishers.
1997. Battling Against Success. McRoy & Blackburn, Publishers.
1994. Caught in the Sluice. McRoy & Blackburn, Publishers.
Nonfiction
2011. The Painting on the Window Blind: the story of an unknown artist and a daring Civil War spy. IUniverse.
2008. Mired in the Health Care Morass: An Alaskan Takes on America's Dysfunctional Medical System for his Uninsured Daughter. Alaska-Yukon Press and Ester Republic Press.
2006. Rockets Over Alaska: The Genesis of Poker Flat. A
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBP
|
KBP can mean:
Kabye language, ISO 639-3 code
Knowledge-based_processor, used for processing packets in computer networks
Kilo-base pair (kb or kbp), a unit of measurement of DNA or RNA length used in genetics
Boryspil International Airport, its IATA airport code
KBP Instrument Design Bureau, a weapons manufacturer
Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (Association of Broadcasters in the Philippines), the independent and self-regulatory association of radio and television stations and broadcasters in the Philippines.
Kappa Beta Pi, a legal association and former sorority.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Sussman
|
Joel L. Sussman (born September 24, 1943) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for his studies on acetylcholinesterase, a key protein involved in transmission of nerve signals. He is the Morton and Gladys Pickman Professor of Structural Biology at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot and its director of the Israel Structural Proteomics Center.
Early life and education
Sussman was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
In 1965, Sussman received his B.A. at Cornell University in math and physics. He received his PhD from MIT in biophysics in 1972, having worked with Cyrus Levinthal. Sussman conducted postdoctoral research in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1972, with Yehuda Lapidot, and in the Duke University in 1973 with Sung-Hou Kim.
Appointments and positions held
Sussman has been a Professor at the Weizmann Institute of Science since 1976.
1984–85 – Head, Department of Structural Chemistry
1988–89 – Head, Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly
2002–14 – Incumbent of the Morton and Gladys Pickman Chair of Structural Biology
2016-now – Professor Emeritus
In 1994–99, he was also the director of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Scientific interests and contributions
Sussman was a pioneer of macromolecular refinement, developing CORELS and applying it to yeast tRNAphe. He subsequently determined the structures of 'bulge'-containing DNA fragments as models for insertion mutations.
Sussman's current
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojka%20Pavilion
|
Sojka Pavilion is a 4,000-seat multi-purpose arena in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. It was built in 2003 and is home to the Bucknell University Bison basketball teams, replacing nearby Davis Gym. It is named for Dr. Gary Allan Sojka, a former president of the university who remained at the university as a professor of biology after the end of his term, until his retirement in 2006. It features locker rooms, a hardwood playing surface, concession stands, LED video boards, a team store, and a Jumbotron.
In 2006, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017 and 2018, Sojka Pavilion hosted the Patriot League men's basketball tournament championship final game.
See also
List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas
References
External links
Official website
College basketball venues in the United States
Sports venues in Pennsylvania
Indoor arenas in Pennsylvania
Basketball venues in Pennsylvania
Bucknell Bison men's basketball
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner%27s%20disease
|
Wagner's disease is a familial disease of the eye that can cause reduced visual acuity. Wagner's disease was originally described in 1938. This disorder was frequently confused with Stickler syndrome, but lacks the systemic features and high incidence of retinal detachments. Inheritance is autosomal dominant.
Genetics
Wagner's syndrome has for a long time been considered a synonym for Stickler's syndrome. However, since the gene that is responsible for Wagner disease (and Erosive Vitreoretinopathie) is known (2005), the confusion has ended. For Wagner disease is the Versican gene (VCAN) located at 5q14.3 is responsible.
For Stickler there are 4 genes are known to cause this syndrome: COL2A1 (75% of Stickler cases), COL11A1 (also Marshall syndrome), COL11A2 (non-ocular Stickler) and COL9A1 (recessive Stickler).
The gene involved helps regulate how the body makes collagen, a sort of chemical glue that holds tissues together in many parts of the body. This particular collagen gene only becomes active in the jelly-like material that fills the eyeball; in Wagner's disease this "vitreous" jelly grabs too tightly to the already weak retina and pulls it away.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on fundus examination that reveals an empty vitreous with vitreoretinal degeneration in similar picture to stickler's syndrome but with no systemic associations.
Treatment
Most people with the disease need laser repairs to the retina, and about 60 per cent need further surgery.
History
In 193
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Indiana%20College%20Mathematics%20Competition
|
The Indiana College Mathematics Competition, originally The Friendly Mathematics Competition, is held each year by the Indiana Section of the Mathematical Association of America.
History
"The Friendly Mathematics Competition" was founded at Wabash College in 1965 by Professor Paul T. Mielke. Today it is known as "The Indiana College Mathematics Competition."
The Competition has emphasized collegiality and teamwork from the very beginning, earning its sobriquet "The Friendly Exam" because of the (relatively) noncompetitive ambience created during the contest. Students within a team cooperate and the teams submit one solution per question. Each team determines how to manage its work and time: Some teams are truly collaborative, whereas others carry out a divide and conquer strategy, with different members working on different problems. The number of problems varies from six to eight per year, and no calculators are allowed. Since 1978, the competition has been a part of the spring meeting of the Indiana Section of the MAA.
As is consistent with the "friendly" nature of the competition, each year's problems include "some problems everyone should be able to do," along with those that challenge and allow for distinguishing among the problem solvers. (One problem statement on the 1968 exam was false!) Many problems are classics borrowed from various sources.
Early Competitions
Exam #1 - 1966
The first "friendly competition" was held at Wabash College, located in Crawfordsville
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Shigo
|
Alex L. Shigo (May 8, 1930 – October 6, 2006) was a biologist, plant pathologist with the United States Forest Service whose studies of tree decay resulted in many improvements to standard arboricultural practices. He travelled and lectured widely to promote understanding of tree biology among arborists and foresters. His large body of primary research serves as a broad foundation for further research in tree biology.
Biography
Shigo was born in Duquesne, Pennsylvania. He served as a clarinetist with the United States Air Force Band in Washington DC for four years during the Korean War. After his service, he earned a Bachelor of Biological Science degree at Waynesburg College in Pennsylvania, then a PhD in Plant Pathology at West Virginia University in 1960.
He joined the U.S. Forest Service as a tree pathologist. He served there as Chief Scientist for 25 years and retired in 1985. Shigo was known for his digressive and philosophical style when writing and speaking, and for his trademarked phrase, “touch trees,” with which he autographed his books.
Research
Early in his career, the first one-man chainsaws became available. These enabled him to prepare longitudinal sections of trees, which allowed him to study the longitudinal spread of decay organisms within them. A major discovery from this work was that trees have ways of walling off decaying tissues, which he named Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees (CODIT). This led to reassessment of arboricultural pra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-unit%20recording
|
In neuroscience, single-unit recordings (also, single-neuron recordings) provide a method of measuring the electro-physiological responses of a single neuron using a microelectrode system. When a neuron generates an action potential, the signal propagates down the neuron as a current which flows in and out of the cell through excitable membrane regions in the soma and axon. A microelectrode is inserted into the brain, where it can record the rate of change in voltage with respect to time. These microelectrodes must be fine-tipped, impedance matching; they are primarily glass micro-pipettes, metal microelectrodes made of platinum, tungsten, iridium or even iridium oxide. Microelectrodes can be carefully placed close to the cell membrane, allowing the ability to record extracellularly.
Single-unit recordings are widely used in cognitive science, where it permits the analysis of human cognition and cortical mapping. This information can then be applied to brain–machine interface (BMI) technologies for brain control of external devices.
Overview
There are many techniques available to record brain activity—including electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)—but these do not allow for single-neuron resolution. Neurons are the basic functional units in the brain; they transmit information through the body using electrical signals called action potentials. Currently, single-unit recordings provide the most precise
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Stoneham
|
Thomas William Charles Stoneham is a British philosopher. He has published on a range of topics in metaphysics, epistemology, philosophical logic, and the philosophy of George Berkeley. Currently, Stoneham is Professor of Philosophy at the University of York (since August 2008) and Head of the Department of Philosophy at York (since September 2020). He is Honorary Treasurer of the UK Council for Graduate Education (July 2018–present), an Editorial Board member of White Rose University Press, and a member of the AHRC Peer Review College (June 2014–present).
Early life and education
Stoneham was privately educated at St Edmund's Preparatory School (1977–80) and Rugby School (1980–85), before going up to Oriel College, Oxford to read PPE (1986–89). Stoneham graduated from Oxford with a BA (MA) in 1989 and went on to complete an M.Phil (1991) and Ph.D (1995) at Birkbeck College, London. At Birkbeck, Stoneham's doctoral thesis ('On Knowing What I am Thinking') was supervised by Barry C. Smith.
Career
Stoneham has held academic appointments at the University of Oxford (1994–2000) and the University of York (2000–present), as well as visiting posts at the Catholic University of Lublin (1999), Rhodes University (2001), the Centre for the Study of Mind in Nature (CSMN) at the University of Oslo (2010), and the Shanghai University of Finance and Economics (2014).
Stoneham started as a Junior Lecturer in the sub-faculty of Philosophy at Oxford in 1994. From 1996, he was a Fellow a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak%20Pomeranchuk
|
Isaak Yakovlevich Pomeranchuk ( (Polish spelling: Isaak Jakowliewicz Pomieranczuk); 20 May 1913, Warsaw, Russian Empire – 14 December 1966, Moscow, USSR) was a Soviet physicist of Polish origin in the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons. His career in physics spent mostly studying the particle physics (including thermonuclear weapons), quantum field theory, electromagnetic and synchrotron radiation, condensed matter physics and the physics of liquid helium.
The Pomeranchuk instability, the pomeron, and a few other phenomena in particle and condensed matter physics are named after him.
Life and career
Pomeranchuk's mother was a medical doctor and his father a chemical engineer. The family moved from his birthplace, Warsaw, first to Rostov-on-Don in 1918 and then Donbas in the town of Rubizhne in 1923, where his father worked at a chemical plant. He graduated from school in 1927 and from a factory and workshop school in 1929. From 1929-31, he also worked at a chemical plant. In 1931, he left for the Ivanovo Institute of Chemical Technology and then in 1932 joined the Department of Physics and Mechanics of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute under Alexander Shalnikov, specialising in chemical physics and graduating in 1936. He had begun working at the Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology under Lev Landau the previous year, and remained a devoted collaborator with Landau. His first paper, in Nature, was published with Landau and Aleksander Akhiezer, entitled 'Scat
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEP
|
ASEP may mean:
Asep, a male given name from Sundanese
American Society of Exercise Physiologists
Asymmetric simple exclusion process, in statistical physics
Australasian Society for Experimental Psychology
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc
Supreme Council for Personnel Selection (Anótato Symvoúlio Epilogís Prosopikoú ), an independent commission tasked with the selection of personnel for work for the Greek public sector
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shou-Wu%20Zhang
|
Shou-Wu Zhang (; born October 9, 1962) is a Chinese-American mathematician known for his work in number theory and arithmetic geometry. He is currently a Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University.
Biography
Early life
Shou-Wu Zhang was born in Hexian, Ma'anshan, Anhui, China on October 9, 1962. Zhang grew up in a poor farming household and could not attend school until eighth grade due to the Cultural Revolution. He spent most of his childhood raising ducks in the countryside and self-studying mathematics textbooks that he acquired from sent-down youth in trades for frogs. By the time he entered junior high school at the age of fourteen, he had self-learned calculus and had become interested in number theory after reading about Chen Jingrun's proof of Chen's theorem which made substantial progress on Goldbach's conjecture.
Education
Zhang was admitted to the Sun Yat-sen University chemistry department in 1980 after scoring poorly on his mathematics entrance examinations, but he later transferred to the mathematics department after feigning color blindness and received his bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1983. He then studied under analytic number theorist Wang Yuan at the Chinese Academy of Sciences where he received his master's degree in 1986. In 1986, Zhang was brought to the United States to pursue his doctoral studies at Columbia University by Dorian M. Goldfeld. He then studied under Goldfeld, Hervé Jacquet, Lucien Szpiro, and Gerd Faltings, and then compl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taubes
|
Taubes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Clifford Taubes (born 1954), professor of mathematics at Harvard
Taubes's Gromov invariant, mathematical concept named after Clifford Taubes
Jacob Taubes (1923-1987), religion sociologist, philosopher and studied Judaism
Gary Taubes, science journalist and author of Good Calories, Bad Calories
Susan Taubes (1928-1969), writer and religion sociologist, wife of Jacob Taubes
See also
Daub (surname)
Taube (surname)
Taube family
Patronymic surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%20State%20University%20Agricultural%20Technical%20Institute
|
The Ohio State University Agricultural Technical Institute (Ohio State ATI) is a satellite campus of Ohio State University in Wooster, Ohio. It grants associate degrees from the university's College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences. The institute practices open admissions. The curriculum includes general and basic studies that are applied and technical courses, and a paid industry internship. Ohio State ATI is the largest institution of its kind in the U.S., enrolling approximately 500 students and offering 24 programs of study. Ohio State ATI is part of the College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences and on the college's Wooster campus.
Ohio State ATI awarded the most associate degrees in agricultural and related sciences in the nation among two-year institutions in 2011–2012.
Academics
Ohio State ATI offers Certificates of Competency, Associate of Applied Science, and Associate of Science degrees.
References
External links
Official website
Colleges, schools, and departments of Ohio State University
Ohio State University campuses
Education in Wayne County, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Wayne County, Ohio
Two-year colleges in the United States
Satellite campuses
1969 establishments in Ohio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%20Agricultural%20Research%20and%20Development%20Center
|
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) is the research institution of the Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences. The center is home to research projects ranging from plant and animal sciences to human ecology and medicine, and includes branches across the state covering a total of over 7,000 acres (28 km²).
History
The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station was founded in 1882 in Columbus and moved to Wooster ten years later. The station grew at Wooster, focusing on crops commonly raised in Ohio, such as corn, wheat, livestock husbandry and nutrition, and expanding into other departments such as entomology. It was renamed the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center in 1965 and entered a period in which it thrived with increased funding and new breakthroughs, such as Lowell "Skip" Nault's immensely important discovery of a teosinte in Mexico that could be crossed with corn to make it more resistant to disease in 1979.
This golden age was cut off shortly afterwards, though, as the OARDC suffered from the state's need to cut expenditures and merged with the Ohio State University in 1982 due to funding problems. After a decade of continued financial woes, the OARDC experienced a resurgence in the 1990s with the help of new director, Thomas Payne, and new funding.
Research and projects
The OARDC has pioneered research in aerial pesticide application, round hay bales, new apple cultivars, Phytophthora sojae o
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream%20%28Quiet%20Sun%20album%29
|
Mainstream is the only album of the UK band Quiet Sun.
The band had originally split up in 1972. Phil Manzanera joined Roxy Music, Bill MacCormick joined Matching Mole, Charles Hayward joined This Heat and Dave Jarrett became a mathematics teacher.
In 1975, Manzanera booked a studio for 26 days to record his first solo album Diamond Head and got Quiet Sun together again to record a studio album from their previously composed material at the same time. The result Mainstream was critically acclaimed and became the New Musical Express' album of the month, apparently Island Records' fourth or fifth biggest seller at the time, close up to Bad Company and Cat Stevens.
Reworked versions of three tracks from Mainstream – "Mummy was an Asteroid, Daddy was a Small Non-Stick Kitchen Utensil" (merged with Manzanera's track from Diamond Head "East of Echo," and rechristened "East of Asteroid"), "Rongwrong," and the intro portion of "Sol Caliente" (which also appeared on Diamond Head as "Lagrima") – were performed by Manzanera's 801 project during 1976 and featured on their acclaimed LP 801 Live.
A CD release of Mainstream was released in 1997 on Manzanera's label, Expression Records.
Track listings
Original version
"Sol Caliente" (Phil Manzanera) – 8:02
"Trumpets with Motherhood" (Charles Hayward) – 1:30
"Bargain Classics" (Dave Jarrett) – 5:37
"R.F.D." (Jarrett) – 3:09
"Mummy was an Asteroid, Daddy was a Small Non-Stick Kitchen Utensil" (Bill MacCormick) – 6:09
"Trot" (Manzanera) –
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%20Harris%20Walker
|
Evan Harris Walker (1935 – August 17, 2006), was an American physicist and parapsychologist.
Biography
Walker was born in Birmingham, Alabama. He received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Maryland in 1964. He received over a dozen patents and published more than a hundred papers in scientific journals.
Walker said he had undergone a Zen enlightenment experience in 1966 while walking in a field at the University of Maryland. This led him to reassess quantum mechanics, finding its indeterminacy incomplete.
He worked at the Ballistic Research Laboratories of the US Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. He wrote several articles which appeared in the Journal of Arthur M. Young's "Institute for the Study of Consciousness" ( founded in Berkeley in 1972). These papers greatly interested Nick Herbert and Saul-Paul Sirag, who invited him to talk to the Fundamental Fysiks Group in the mid-70s.
In 1981, Walker founded the Walker Cancer Research Institute, a nonprofit organization based in Aberdeen, Maryland, which funds public awareness of the risk of cancer and research for a cure.
Evan Harris Walker died, aged 70, on August 17, 2006, at Harford Memorial Hospital in Havre de Grace, Maryland.
Writings
Walker promoted the charge that Albert Einstein "stole" special relativity from his first wife, Mileva Marić. (This claim has not been accepted by mainstream historians of science.) [Pais (1994), pp. 1–29; Holton (1996), pp. 177–193; Stachel (2002), p. 26-38; 39-55;
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysorbate%2080
|
Polysorbate 80 is a nonionic surfactant and emulsifier often used in pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics. This synthetic compound is a viscous, water-soluble yellow liquid.
Chemistry
Polysorbate 80 is derived from polyethoxylated sorbitan and oleic acid. The hydrophilic groups in this compound are polyethers also known as polyoxyethylene groups, which are polymers of ethylene oxide. In the nomenclature of polysorbates, the numeric designation following polysorbate refers to the lipophilic group, in this case, the oleic acid (see polysorbate for more detail).
The full chemical names for polysorbate 80 are:
Polyoxyethylene (80) sorbitan monooleate
(x)-sorbitan mono-9-octadecenoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)
The critical micelle concentration of polysorbate 80 in pure water is reported as 0.012 mM.
Other names
E number: E433
Brand names:
Kolliphor PS 80 - Kolliphor is a registered trademark of BASF
Alkest TW 80
Scattics
Canarcel
Poegasorb 80
Montanox 80 – Montanox is a registered trademark of Seppic
Tween 80 – Tween is a registered trademark of Croda Americas, Inc.
Kotilen-80 - Kotilen is a registered trademark of Kolb AG
Uses
Food
Polysorbate 80 is used as an emulsifier in foods, though research suggests it may "profoundly impact intestinal microbiota in a manner that promotes gut inflammation and associated disease states."
For example, in ice cream, polysorbate is added up to 0.5% (v/v) concentration to make the ice cream smoother and easier to handle, as well as incr
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.