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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%E2%80%93tensor%20theory
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In theoretical physics, a scalar–tensor theory is a field theory that includes both a scalar field and a tensor field to represent a certain interaction. For example, the Brans–Dicke theory of gravitation uses both a scalar field and a tensor field to mediate the gravitational interaction.
Tensor fields and field theory
Modern physics tries to derive all physical theories from as few principles as possible. In this way, Newtonian mechanics as well as quantum mechanics are derived from Hamilton's principle of least action. In this approach, the behavior of a system is not described via forces, but by functions which describe the energy of the system. Most important are the energetic quantities known as the Hamiltonian function and the Lagrangian function. Their derivatives in space are known as Hamiltonian density and the Lagrangian density. Going to these quantities leads to the field theories.
Modern physics uses field theories to explain reality. These fields can be scalar, vectorial or tensorial. An example of a scalar field is the temperature field. An example of a vector field is the wind velocity field. An example of a tensor field is the stress tensor field in a stressed body, used in continuum mechanics.
Gravity as field theory
In physics, forces (as vectorial quantities) are given as the derivative (gradient) of scalar quantities named potentials. In classical physics before Einstein, gravitation was given in the same way, as consequence of a gravitational forc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODR
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ODR, or Odr may refer to:
Octal data rate, a technique used in high-speed computer memory
Oculomotor delayed response, a task used in neuroscience.
Óðr
Office for dispute resolution
On Demand Routing
One Day Remains
One Definition Rule
One-drop rule
Online dispute resolution
Operator Driven Reliability - A field maintenance concept which is implemented in ODR programs
Orthogonal distance regression
Outdoor ice rink
Owner-driven reconstruction, in natural disaster recovery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinostratus
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Dinostratus (; c. 390 – c. 320 BCE) was a Greek mathematician and geometer, and the brother of Menaechmus. He is known for using the quadratrix to solve the problem of squaring the circle.
Life and work
Dinostratus' chief contribution to mathematics was his solution to the problem of squaring the circle. To solve this problem, Dinostratus made use of the trisectrix of Hippias, for which he proved a special property (Dinostratus' theorem) that allowed him the squaring of the circle. Due to his work the trisectrix later became known as the quadratrix of Dinostratus as well. Although Dinostratus solved the problem of squaring the circle, he did not do so using ruler and compass alone, and so it was clear to the Greeks that his solution violated the foundational principles of their mathematics. Over 2,200 years later Ferdinand von Lindemann would prove that it is impossible to square a circle using straight edge and compass alone.
Citations and footnotes
References
External links
Ancient Greek mathematicians
Ancient Greek geometers
4th-century BC Greek people
390s BC births
320s BC deaths
4th-century BC mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20competence
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In microbiology, genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, competence is the ability of a cell to alter its genetics by taking up extracellular ("naked") DNA from its environment in the process called transformation. Competence may be differentiated between natural competence, a genetically specified ability of bacteria which is thought to occur under natural conditions as well as in the laboratory, and induced or artificial competence, which arises when cells in laboratory cultures are treated to make them transiently permeable to DNA. Competence allows for rapid adaptation and DNA repair of the cell. This article primarily deals with natural competence in bacteria, although information about artificial competence is also provided.
History
Natural competence was discovered by Frederick Griffith in 1928, when he showed that a preparation of killed cells of a pathogenic bacterium contained something that could transform related non-pathogenic cells into the pathogenic type. In 1944 Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty demonstrated that this 'transforming factor' was pure DNA
. This was the first compelling evidence that DNA carries the genetic information of the cell.
Since then, natural competence has been studied in a number of different bacteria, particularly Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Griffith's "pneumococcus"), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae and members of the Acinetobacter genus. Areas of active research include the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynor%20Johnson
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Raynor Carey Johnson (5 April 1901 – 15 May 1987) was an English-born Australian parapsychologist, physicist and author.
Life and career
Johnson was born in Leeds, England on 5 April 1901 and educated at Bradford Grammar School. He earned an MA at the University of Oxford and, in 1922, a PhD in physics at the University of London. He lectured in natural philosophy at the Queen's University, Belfast between 1923 and 1927. He published scientific works on spectroscopy.
He became increasingly interested in parapsychology and became connected with the Society for Psychical Research in London.
Johnson's religious background led to work in Australia, where he was master of the Methodist Queen's College at the University of Melbourne from 1934 to 1964. By this time he was married with two young daughters; his wife Mary held a Master of Science from the University of London.
Johnson published several books on mysticism and psychical research during the 1950s and 1960s. His beliefs and writings eventually created concern within the Methodist Church and he retired from his university position in 1964. In the early 1960s Johnson visited India, where he met Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and lectured on spirituality. He also met the Indian mystics Vinoba Bhave and Swami Pratyagatmananda.
Johnson was an advocate of Douglas Fawcett's philosophy of Imaginism which he believed could explain God and the purpose of human life.
He owned a property called "Santiniketan" ("abode of peace") at F
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inducer
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In molecular biology, an inducer is a molecule that regulates gene expression. An inducer functions in two ways; namely:
By disabling repressors. The gene is expressed because an inducer binds to the repressor. The binding of the inducer to the repressor prevents the repressor from binding to the operator. RNA polymerase can then begin to transcribe operon genes.
By binding to activators. Activators generally bind poorly to activator DNA sequences unless an inducer is present. Activator binds to an inducer and the complex binds to the activation sequence and activates target gene. Removing the inducer stops transcription.
Because a small inducer molecule is required, the increased expression of the target gene is called induction. The lactose operon is one example of an inducible system.
Function
Repressor proteins bind to the DNA strand and prevent RNA polymerase from being able to attach to the DNA and synthesize mRNA. Inducers bind to repressors, causing them to change shape and preventing them from binding to DNA. Therefore, they allow transcription, and thus gene expression, to take place.
For a gene to be expressed, its DNA sequence must be copied (in a process known as transcription) to make a smaller, mobile molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the instructions for making a protein to the site where the protein is manufactured (in a process known as translation). Many different types of proteins can affect the level of gene expression by promoting or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Edward%20Ruark
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Arthur Edward Ruark (November 9, 1899 – 1979) was an American physicist and academic known for his role in the development of quantum mechanics. He wrote the book Atoms, Molecules, and Quanta with Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold Clayton Urey in 1930, and is the author of numerous scientific papers on quantum physics.
Early life and education
Ruark was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Oliver Miles and Margaret Gordon Ruark (née Smith). He graduated from Towson High School in Maryland and attended Shepherd University. He received a Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, and PhD from Johns Hopkins University.
Career
He was a member of Atomic Structure Section of the National Bureau of Standards from 1922 to 1926. He was assistant professor of physics at Yale University from 1926 to 1927. He was physicist for Gulf Oil and the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research from 1927 to 1929. He was chief of physics division Gulf Research Laboratory in 1930. He was professor of physics at the University of Pittsburgh from 1930 to 1934. He was head of the physics department at University of North Carolina after 1934. One of his doctoral students at UNC was physicist Mary Wilma Hodge.
After World War II, Ruark became the founding director of the graduate physics program of the University of Alabama. Afterwards, he became the senior associate director of research at the United States Atomic Energy Commission from 1961 to 1969. During his time with the commission, Ruark also superv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics%20of%20Morals
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The Metaphysics of Morals () is a 1797 work of political and moral philosophy by Immanuel Kant. It is divided into two sections: the Doctrine of Right, dealing with political rights, and the Doctrine of Virtue, dealing with ethical virtues.
In this work, Kant develops the political and ethical philosophy for which the Groundwork and Critique of Practical Reason provide the foundation.
Summary
The work is divided into two main parts, the Rechtslehre and the Tugendlehre. Mary J. Gregor's translation (1991) explains these German terms as, respectively, the Doctrine of Right, which deals with the rights that people have, and the Doctrine of Virtue, which deals with the virtues they ought to acquire.
Rechtslehre has also been translated as the Science of Right (Hastie) or the Metaphysical Elements of Justice (Ladd). It is grounded in republican interpretation of origins of political community as civil society and establishment of positive law. Published separately in 1797, the Doctrine of Right is one of the last examples of classical republicanism in political philosophy. The Doctrine of Right contains the most mature of Kant's statements on the peace project and a system of law to ensure individual rights.
The Doctrine of Virtue develops Kant's ethical theory, which he had already laid the foundation in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785). Kant particularly emphasizes treating humanity as an end in itself. The duties are analytically treated by Kant, who dis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory%20Dudek
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Gregory L. Dudek is a Canadian computer scientist specializing in robotics, computer vision, and intelligent systems. He is a chaired professor at McGill University where he has led the Mobile Robotics Lab since the 1990s (a role now shared with Prof. Dave Meger). He was formerly the director of McGill's school of computer science and before that director of McGill's center for intelligent machines.
He holds a position as the VP, Research and Lab Head at the Samsung AI Center, Montreal, serves as Director of the NSERC Canadian Robotics Network, and is a co-founder of tech startup Independent Robotics.
During his career, Dudek has co-authored >450 scientific publications on subjects including autonomous navigation, robots that learn, mobile robotics, machine learning, telecommunications, 5G/6G network optimization, robot localization and navigation, information summarization, human-robot interaction, sensor-based robotics, multi-robot systems, computer vision, marine robotics, self-driving vehicles, recognition, RF localization, distributed system design, and biological perception. He has published three books, including a textbook co-authored with Prof. Michael Jenkin on “Computational Principles for Mobile Robotics”.
Research and career
Dudek's early career focused on sensing for robots and the theory of the complexity of robot localization, such as path planning and execution and appearance based visualization of so-called "trash can robots". With his colleagues he produ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%21%21
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‼ (a double exclamation mark, Unicode character U+203C) may refer to:
!! (chess), a brilliant move in chess annotation
Double factorial, an operator in mathematics
Retroflex click, a family of click consonants found only in Juu languages and in the Damin ritual jargon
Double-negation translation, !!p = p.
See also
! (disambiguation)
!!! (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve%20orientation
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In mathematics, an orientation of a curve is the choice of one of the two possible directions for travelling on the curve. For example, for Cartesian coordinates, the -axis is traditionally oriented toward the right, and the -axis is upward oriented.
In the case of a planar simple closed curve (that is, a curve in the plane whose starting point is also the end point and which has no other self-intersections), the curve is said to be positively oriented or counterclockwise oriented, if one always has the curve interior to the left (and consequently, the curve exterior to the right), when traveling on it. Otherwise, that is if left and right are exchanged, the curve is negatively oriented or clockwise oriented. This definition relies on the fact that every simple closed curve admits a well-defined interior, which follows from the Jordan curve theorem.
The inner loop of a beltway road in a country where people drive on the right side of the road is an example of a negatively oriented (clockwise) curve. In trigonometry, the unit circle is traditionally oriented counterclockwise.
The concept of orientation of a curve is just a particular case of the notion of orientation of a manifold (that is, besides orientation of a curve one may also speak of orientation of a surface, hypersurface, etc.).
Orientation of a curve is associated with parametrization of its points by a real variable. A curve may have equivalent parametrizations when there is a continuous increasing monotonic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banesh%20Hoffmann
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Banesh Hoffmann (6 September 1906 – 5 August 1986) was a British mathematician and physicist known for his association with Albert Einstein.
Life
Banesh Hoffmann was born in Richmond, Surrey, on 6 September 1906. He studied mathematics and theoretical physics at the University of Oxford, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree and went on to earn his doctorate at Princeton University.
While at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, Hoffmann collaborated with Einstein and Leopold Infeld on the classic paper Gravitational Equations and the Problem of Motion. Einstein's original work on general relativity was based on two ideas. The first was the equation of motion: that a particle would follow the shortest path in four-dimensions space-time. The second was how matter affects the geometry of space-time. What Einstein, Infeld, and Hoffmann showed was that the equation of motion followed directly from the field equation that defined the geometry (see main article).
In 1937, Hoffmann joined the mathematics department of Queens College, part of the City University of New York, where he remained until the late 1970s. He retired in the 1960s but continued to teach – in the fall a course on classical and quantum mechanics and an advanced math course for students who had taken pre-calculus, solid geometry and advanced algebra before entering college. This course was one semester and was called Math 3: the fusion of the year-long Math 1 and Math 2 courses required by Quee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Sax
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Karl Sax (November 2, 1892 – October 8, 1973) was an American botanist and geneticist, noted for his research in cytogenetics and the effect of radiation on chromosomes.
Early life and education
Sax was born in Spokane, Washington, in 1892. His parents were pioneer farmers and active in civic affairs; his father was the mayor of Colville, Washington. Sax's early education was in the Colville schools, and in 1912 he continued his studies at Washington State College. He majored in agriculture, and his subsequent decision to undertake graduate work was influenced by the botanist and plant breeder Edward Gaines.
In college, he met and married Hally Jolivette, his cytology teacher, and they later had three sons. Following his graduation, Hally accepted a position at Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts, and they moved to the East Coast in 1916. Sax enrolled in the doctoral program at the Bussey Institution Graduate School of Applied Biology at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and completed his MA in 1917.
He went on to do his doctoral work at Harvard University, receiving his D.Sc. in 1922.
He served as a private in the US Army from 1917 to 1918 in World War I.
Scientific career
In 1918, Sax took a job as an instructor in the Department of Genetics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he worked with E. B. Babcock on the genetics of the genus Crepis. In 1920 he took an appointment at the Riverbank Laboratories in Geneva, Illinois, working on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic%20group
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Cubic group can mean:
The octahedral symmetry group — one of the first 5 groups of the 7 point groups which are not in one of the 7 infinite series
cubic space group
Mathematics disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20McTaggart-Cowan
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Patrick Duncan McTaggart-Cowan, (May 31, 1912 – October 11, 1997) was a Canadian meteorologist and the first president of Simon Fraser University.
Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, he moved to North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada with his family in 1913. He received a degree in Mathematics and Physics from the University of British Columbia in 1933. A Rhodes Scholar, he received a Bachelor of Arts in Natural Science from Corpus Christi College, Oxford in 1936.
Returning to Canada, he joined the Meteorological Service of Canada and was an officer in charge of the meteorological service in Newfoundland from 1937 to 1942. During World War II, he was the chief meteorologist for the RAF Ferry Command and was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1944.
After the war, he moved to Ontario and re-joined the Meteorological Service of Canada becoming its director in 1959. He served as president of the Canadian Branch of the Royal Meteorological Society 1959–60.
In 1963, he was appointed the first president of Simon Fraser University and served until 1968. He then became the Executive Director of the Science Council of Canada and served until his retirement in 1975.
In 1979, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for his "internationally recognized achievements in meteorology". He was awarded seven honorary doctorates.
In 1939, he married Margaret Palmer and they had two children: Gillian and James Duncan.
His brother was the naturalist Ian McTaggart-Cowan,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens%20Clausen
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Jens Christen (Christian) Clausen (March 11, 1891 – November 22, 1969) was a Danish-American botanist, geneticist, and ecologist. He is considered a pioneer in the field of ecological and evolutionary genetics of plants.
Biography
Clausen was born in Nr. Eskilstrup, Soderup parish on the island of Zealand, Denmark. He was the son of Christen Augustinus Clausen (1858-1938) and Christine (Christensen) Clausen (1856-1933). His parents were farmers and at age 14 he took responsibility for the family farm and was largely educated at home with the assistance of a local school teacher. He studied Mendel's genetics and Darwinian evolutionary theory. In 1913 he entered the University of Copenhagen, where he studied botany, genetics and ecology. Christen Raunkiær suggested he undertake graduate studies and Clausen chose to study the genetics and ecology of the plant family Violaceae. He studied hybridization patterns across a range of environments and described introgression of genes between species. He completed his master's degree in 1920 and was appointed assistant professor to geneticist Øjvind Winge at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in Copenhagen.
In 1926, Clausen was awarded his Ph.D. for his work on Violaceae; his monograph was one of the first publications that combined systematics, ecology and genetics for any plant group. During 1927-1928, Clausen received a Rockefeller scholarship to study at the University of California, Berkeley where he worked on the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introgression
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Introgression, also known as introgressive hybridization, in genetics is the transfer of genetic material from one species into the gene pool of another by the repeated backcrossing of an interspecific hybrid with one of its parent species. Introgression is a long-term process, even when artificial; it may take many hybrid generations before significant backcrossing occurs. This process is distinct from most forms of gene flow in that it occurs between two populations of different species, rather than two populations of the same species.
Introgression also differs from simple hybridization. Simple hybridization results in a relatively even mixture; gene and allele frequencies in the first generation will be a uniform mix of two parental species, such as that observed in mules. Introgression, on the other hand, results in a complex, highly variable mixture of genes, and may only involve a minimal percentage of the donor genome.
Definition
Introgression or introgressive hybridization is the incorporation (usually via hybridization and backcrossing) of novel genes and/or alleles from one taxon into the gene pool of a second, distinct taxon. This introgression is considered 'adaptive' if the genetic transfer results in an overall increase in the recipient taxon's fitness.
Ancient introgression events can leave traces of extinct species in present-day genomes, a phenomenon known as ghost introgression.
Source of variation
Introgression is an important source of genetic variati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah%E2%80%93Bott%20fixed-point%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Atiyah–Bott fixed-point theorem, proven by Michael Atiyah and Raoul Bott in the 1960s, is a general form of the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem for smooth manifolds M, which uses an elliptic complex on M. This is a system of elliptic differential operators on vector bundles, generalizing the de Rham complex constructed from smooth differential forms which appears in the original Lefschetz fixed-point theorem.
Formulation
The idea is to find the correct replacement for the Lefschetz number, which in the classical result is an integer counting the correct contribution of a fixed point of a smooth mapping
Intuitively, the fixed points are the points of intersection of the graph of f with the diagonal (graph of the identity mapping) in , and the Lefschetz number thereby becomes an intersection number. The Atiyah–Bott theorem is an equation in which the LHS must be the outcome of a global topological (homological) calculation, and the RHS a sum of the local contributions at fixed points of f.
Counting codimensions in , a transversality assumption for the graph of f and the diagonal should ensure that the fixed point set is zero-dimensional. Assuming M a closed manifold should ensure then that the set of intersections is finite, yielding a finite summation as the RHS of the expected formula. Further data needed relates to the elliptic complex of vector bundles , namely a bundle map
for each j, such that the resulting maps on sections give rise to an endomorph
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Anderson
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Edgar Shannon Anderson (November 9, 1897 – June 18, 1969) was an American botanist. He introduced the term introgressive hybridization and his 1949 book of that title was an original and important contribution to botanical genetics. His work on the transfer and origin of adaptations through natural hybridization continues to be relevant.
Anderson was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1934. In 1954, he was an elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was also president of the Botanical Society of America in 1952, and was a charter member of the Society for the Study of Evolution and the Herb Society of America He received the Darwin-Wallace Medal of the Linnean Society in 1958.
Early life and education
Anderson was born in Forestville, New York. When he was three, his family moved to East Lansing, Michigan where his father had accepted a position to teach dairy husbandry.
In 1914 Anderson entered Michigan State College to study botany and horticulture. After completing his degree in 1918, he joined the Naval Reserve and in 1919 he accepted a graduate position at the Bussey Institution of Harvard University. His studies were supervised by geneticist Edward Murray East and Anderson worked on the genetics of self-incompatibility in Nicotiana. He was awarded a master's degree in 1920 and a DSc in agricultural genetics in 1922.
Career
Anderson accepted a position as a geneticist at the Missouri Botanical Garden in 1922. He was app
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry-informative%20marker
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In population genetics, an ancestry-informative marker (AIM) is a single-nucleotide polymorphism that exhibits substantially different frequencies between different populations. A set of many AIMs can be used to estimate the proportion of ancestry of an individual derived from each population.
A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a modification of a single nucleotide base within a DNA sequence. There are an estimated 15 million SNP (Single-nucleotide polymorphism) sites (out of roughly 3 billion base pairs, or about 0.4%) from among which AIMs may potentially be selected. The SNPs that relate to ancestry are often traced to the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA because both of these areas are inherited from one parent, eradicating complexities that come with parental gene recombination. SNP mutations are rare, so sequences with SNPs tend to be passed down through generations rather than altered each generation. However, because any given SNP is relatively common in a population, analysts must examine groups of SNPs (otherwise known as AIMS) to determine someone's ancestry. Using statistical methods such as apparent error rate and Improved Bayesian Estimate, the set of SNPs with the highest accuracy for predicting a specific ancestry can be found.
Examining a suite of these markers more or less evenly spaced across the genome is also a cost-effective way to discover novel genes underlying complex diseases in a technique called admixture mapping or mapping by admixture lin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncy%20Castle%20%28cryptography%29
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Bouncy Castle is a collection of APIs used in cryptography. It includes APIs for both the Java and the C# programming languages. The APIs are supported by a registered Australian charitable organization: Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc.
Bouncy Castle is Australian in origin and therefore American restrictions on the export of cryptography from the United States do not apply to it.
History
Bouncy Castle started when two colleagues were tired of having to re-invent a set of cryptography libraries each time they changed jobs working in server-side Java SE. One of the developers was active in Java ME (J2ME at that time) development as a hobby and a design consideration was to include the greatest range of Java VMs for the library, including those on J2ME. This design consideration led to the architecture that exists in Bouncy Castle.
The project, founded in May 2000, was originally written in Java only, but added a C# API in 2004. The original Java API consisted of approximately 27,000 lines of code, including test code and provided support for J2ME, a JCE/JCA provider, and basic X.509 certificate generation. In comparison, the 1.53 release consists of 390,640 lines of code, including test code. It supports the same functionality as the original release with a larger number of algorithms, plus PKCS#10, PKCS#12, CMS, S/MIME, OpenPGP, DTLS, TLS, OCSP, TSP, CMP, CRMF, DVCS, DANE, EST and Attribute Certificates. The C# API is around 145,000 lines of code and supports most of what
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Vincent
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Colin Angus Vincent, OBE, FRSE, is a British electrochemist with a specific interest in high energy batteries. He attended Oban High School and Glasgow University where he was medallist in Chemistry and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree, a Ph.D. and later a D.Sc. During his academic career he has held posts at the University of Glasgow and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Chiefly, though, he was Master and Deputy Principal at St Andrews University, with a spell as Acting Vice-Chancellor.
Starting his St Andrews career on a one-year research fellowship in 1966, Professor Vincent climbed the ranks to become Head of School of Chemistry from 1990 until 1996. He was Master of the United College at St Andrews from 1996 until his retirement in 2003.
Professor Vincent is a Member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was awarded the Galvani Medal in 1998. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2003 New Year Honours List.
References
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Academics of the University of Glasgow
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Scottish chemists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
People educated at Oban High School
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Adams
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Fred C. Adams (born 1961) is an American astrophysicist who has made contributions to the study of physical cosmology.
Fred Adams is the Ta-You Wu Collegiate Professor of Physics at the University of Michigan, where his main field of research is astrophysics theory focusing on star formation, planet formation, and dynamics. His seminal work on the radiative signature of star formation has provided a foundation for further studies in star formation. In more recent years, he has studied the formation and evolution of planetary systems, including the effect of the stellar birth cluster environment.
Biography
Adams attended Iowa State University, earning a B.S. in 1983. He then earned his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1988. He continued his research at the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian from 1988 to 1991, before joining the faculty at the University of Michigan in 1991. Since 1991, Adams has been a professor of physics at the University of Michigan, earning the Excellence in Education Award from the University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts in 1995 and 1999 and the Faculty Recognition Award in 2002.
Adams works in the general area of theoretical astrophysics with a focus on the study of star formation and cosmology. He is internationally recognized for his work on the radiation signature of the star formation process, the dynamics of circumstellar disks, and the physics of molecular clouds. He has received recogn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Walcher
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Wilhelm Walcher (7 July 1910 in Kaufbeuren – 9 November 2005 in Marburg) was a German experimental physicist. During World War II, he worked on the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club; he worked on mass spectrometers for isotope separation. After the war, he was director of the Institute of Physics at the University of Marburg. He was a president of the German Physical Society and a vice president of the German Research Foundation. He helped found the Society for Heavy Ion Research and the German Electron Synchrotron DESY. He was also one of the 18 signatories of the Göttingen Manifest.
Education
From 1929 to 1935, Walcher studied at the Technische Hochschule München (today, the Technische Universität München) and the Technische Hochschule Berlin (today, the Technische Universität Berlin. At Berlin, he was a teaching assistant to Gustav Hertz, Hans Kopfermann, Wilhelm Heinrich Westphal, and Hans Geiger. In 1933, on the advice of Hertz, he became a member of the Nationalsozialistischer Kraftfahrer Korps (NSKK, National Socialist Motorist Corps). He received his doctorate in 1937, at the Technische Hochschule Berlin, under Kopfermann.
Career
In 1937, Walcher became a teaching assistant to Hans Kopfermann, who had taken an appointment at the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Walcher was his teaching assistant there until 1942. At Kiel, Walcher developed a mass spectrograph for both isotope separation and determination of the degree of enric
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptix%20General%20License
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The Cryptix General License is in use by the Cryptix project, well known for their Java Cryptography Extension. It is a modified version of the BSD license, with similarly liberal terms. The Free Software Foundation states that it is a permissive free software license compatible with the GNU General Public License.
References
External links
Cryptix General License
Cryptix.org
BSD License Template
Free and open-source software licenses
Permissive software licenses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%20curvature
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In mathematics, constant curvature is a concept from differential geometry. Here, curvature refers to the sectional curvature of a space (more precisely a manifold) and is a single number determining its local geometry. The sectional curvature is said to be constant if it has the same value at every point and for every two-dimensional tangent plane at that point. For example, a sphere is a surface of constant positive curvature.
Classification
The Riemannian manifolds of constant curvature can be classified into the following three cases:
elliptic geometry – constant positive sectional curvature
Euclidean geometry – constant vanishing sectional curvature
hyperbolic geometry – constant negative sectional curvature.
Properties
Every space of constant curvature is locally symmetric, i.e. its curvature tensor is parallel .
Every space of constant curvature is locally maximally symmetric, i.e. it has number of local isometries, where is its dimension.
Conversely, there exists a similar but stronger statement: every maximally symmetric space, i.e. a space which has (global) isometries, has constant curvature.
(Killing–Hopf theorem) The universal cover of a manifold of constant sectional curvature is one of the model spaces:
sphere (sectional curvature positive)
plane (sectional curvature zero)
hyperbolic manifold (sectional curvature negative)
A space of constant curvature which is geodesically complete is called space form and the study of space forms is intimatel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Baader
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Franz Baader (15 June 1959, Spalt) is a German computer scientist at Dresden University of Technology.
He received his PhD in Computer Science in 1989 from the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, where he was a teaching and research assistant for 4 years.
In 1989, he went to the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) as a senior researcher and project leader.
In 1993 he became associate professor for computer science at RWTH Aachen, and in 2002 full professor for computer science at TU Dresden.
He received the Herbrand Award for the year 2020 "in recognition of his significant contributions to unification theory, combinations of theories and reasoning in description logics".
Works
References
German computer scientists
Living people
1959 births
People from Roth (district)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20group%20%28disambiguation%29
|
The phrase symmetry group may refer to:
symmetry group, the automorphisms of a mathematical object.
symmetry in physics, symmetry groups which describe physical properties of particles and forces.
symmetries of differential equations which form a Lie Group.
See also
Rotation (disambiguation)
Symmetric group
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20current
|
Dark current may refer to:
Dark current (biochemistry), the depolarizing current, carried by Na+ ions that flows into a photoreceptor cell when unstimulated
Dark current (physics):, the electric current that flows through a photosensitive device when no photons are entering the device
Dark current (chemistry), the constant response produced by a spectrochemical receptor in the absence of radiation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen%20Rider%20X
|
is a Japanese tokusatsu superhero television series. It was broadcast in 1974 on the Mainichi Broadcasting System and NET, now known as TV Asahi. It is the third entry in the Kamen Rider Series of tokusatsu shows. It starred Ryo Hayami in the title role.
Plot summary
Robotics scientist Keitaro Jin and his son Keisuke become caught up in a campaign of terror by an evil organization known as "G.O.D.". They are attacked and the professor's technology gets stolen, but before Keitaro dies, he performs surgery on his son, using the last of his robotics technology to transform Keisuke into the “X-Rider.” To avenge his father's death and ensure the safety of the entire world, Keisuke uses this technology as he battles the monstrous minions of G.O.D.’s Japan branch.
Characters
: The son of Keitaro Jin, Keisuke suffered mortal injuries inflicted by G.O.D when they attacked the Jins. As a result, with his father's final breath, Keisuke was made into an advanced cyborg developed for marine exploration called a named Kamen Rider X. Driven to avenge his father's death and save the world, X battles G.O.D..
: The mentor of the previous Kamen Riders.
: Keisuke's fiancée, Keitaro's assistant, and a G.O.D. member. She and her twin sister Kiriko are Interpol agents investigating G.O.D., Ryoko joining the organization to spy on it while allowing herself to be turned into a cyborg. But Ryoko is forced to expose herself while protecting a child from Strong Arms Atlas and is destroyed by the G.O
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical%20Journal
|
The Biochemical Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which covers all aspects of biochemistry, as well as cell and molecular biology. It is published by Portland Press and was established in 1906.
History
The journal was established in 1906 by Benjamin Moore, holder of the first UK chair of biochemistry at the University of Liverpool, with financial support from Edward Whitley, an heir of the Greenall Whitley brewers. The two served as the first editors and the journal was initially published by the Liverpool University Press. It was acquired by the Biochemical Club (later renamed the Biochemical Society) in October 1912, shortly after the society's foundation; at that time the journal had 170 subscribers. From 1913, it was published in conjunction with Cambridge University Press, with William Bayliss and Arthur Harden chairing the editorial board; the original title of The Bio-Chemical Journal became The Biochemical Journal at that date.
The journal at first appeared at irregular intervals, with between three and twelve issues appearing annually in a single volume. From 1948, two volumes were published annually, with four or five parts per volume, and the frequency increased rapidly over the years, reaching the current frequency of eight volumes in three parts in 1974.
Current journal
Eight volumes are published each year with each volume consisting of three parts (24 issues per year).
To mark the centenary of the journal in 2006, a free online archive back to t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U5
|
U5 or U-5 may refer to:
Biochemistry
U5 spliceosomal RNA
mtDNA haplogroup U5, within Haplogroup U (mtDNA)
Transport
Aviation
USA3000 Airlines (IATA code: U5)
Land transport
U5 (Berlin U-Bahn), a subway line in Germany
U-5, a Munich U-Bahn subway line in Germany
Aiways U5, a 2019 Chinese electric car model
Luxgen U5, a 2017 Taiwanese car model
Utah State Route 5 (disambiguation), one of two American highways
Beijing U5, a Chinese saloon
Submarines
German submarine U-5, one of several boats
the class's lead boat
U-5 class submarine (Austria-Hungary), a class of three built 1908–1911
SM U-5 (Austria-Hungary), the class's lead boat
Other uses
U5, a music partnership between the X5 and Universal labels
U5, an unemployment figure released by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics
Ultima V: Warriors of Destiny, a 1988 computer role-playing game
See also
US (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamization
|
In computer science, dynamization is the process of transforming a static data structure into a dynamic one. Although static data structures may provide very good functionality and fast queries, their utility is limited because of their inability to grow/shrink quickly, thus making them inapplicable for the solution of dynamic problems, where the input data changes. Dynamization techniques provide uniform ways of creating dynamic data structures.
Decomposable search problems
We define problem of searching for the predicate match in the set as . Problem is decomposable if the set can be decomposed into subsets and there exists an operation of result unification such that .
Decomposition
Decomposition is a term used in computer science to break static data structures into smaller units of unequal size. The basic principle is the idea that any decimal number can be translated into a representation in any other base. For more details about the topic see Decomposition (computer science). For simplicity, binary system will be used in this article but any other base (as well as other possibilities such as Fibonacci numbers) can also be utilized.
If using the binary system, a set of elements is broken down into subsets of sizes with
elements where is the -th bit of in binary. This means that if has -th bit equal to 0, the corresponding set does not contain any elements. Each of the subset has the same property as the original static data structure. Operations p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/162%20%28number%29
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162 (one hundred [and] sixty-two) is the natural number between 161 and 163.
In mathematics
Having only 2 and 3 as its prime divisors, 162 is a 3-smooth number. 162 is also an abundant number, since its sum of divisors is greater than it. As the product of numbers three units apart from each other, it is a triple factorial number.
There are 162 ways of partitioning seven items into subsets of at least two items per subset. 16264 + 1 is a prime number.
In religion
Jared was 162 when he became the father of Enoch.
In sports
162 is the total number of baseball games each team plays during a regular season in Major League Baseball.
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/165%20%28number%29
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165 (one hundred [and] sixty-five) is the natural number following 164 and preceding 166.
In mathematics
165 is:
an odd number, a composite number, and a deficient number.
a sphenic number.
a tetrahedral number
the sum of the sums of the divisors of the first 14 positive integers.
a self number in base 10.
a palindromic number in binary (101001012) and bases 14 (BB14), 32 (5532) and 54 (3354).
a unique period in base 2.
In astronomy
165 Loreley is a large Main belt asteroid
165P/LINEAR is a periodic comet in the Solar System
The planet Neptune takes about 165 years to orbit the Sun.
In the military
Caproni Ca.165 Italian fighter aircraft developed before World War II
was a United States Navy tanker, part of the U.S. Reserve Fleet, Beaumont, Texas
was a United States Navy Barracuda-class submarine during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
USS Counsel (AM-165) was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy minesweeper during World War II
was a United States Navy Oxford-class technical research ship following World War II
was a United States Navy during World War I
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy transport and cargo ship during World War II
was a United States Navy yacht during World War I
The 165 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force Air Defence Operations Command, Republic of Singapore Air Force
In transportati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith%20Yang
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Faith Yang Naiwen (; born 2 March 1974) is a Taiwanese musician. She grew up in Sydney, Australia and studied biology and genetics at the University of Sydney. In 2000, Yang won the Golden Melody Award for Best Female Mandarin Singer for the album Silence.
Life and career
After graduating from Sydney University, Yang returned to Taiwan to start a music career. She soon gained recognition at the university and pub circuit in Taiwan while touring with her backing band - Monster. In 1996 she signed with Magicstone records. Her first two albums are heavily influenced by the Australian pub rock style, with a gothic undertone noticeable in tracks such as "Silence", "Fear" and "Monster", while her third album has a lighter pop style, with only hints of the anger evident in the first two recordings. All three albums were major hits in Taiwan and in 2000 Faith won the Taiwan Golden Music awards for Best Female Performer got nominated for Best Album (Silence).
Yang did not renew her contract with Magicstone, claiming the label had become too commercial for her style of music. In 2004 it was reported that she had signed with Sony label Silver Fish Records. Her first album with Silver Fish Records, Continuation (女爵), was released December 2007, with Self-Selected, an album of English-language covers, released in April 2009.
Yang also works as a fashion and cosmetics model for companies such as Rado and Neutrogena, as well as continuing to tour on the Taiwan pub circuit. She has also c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Bianchini
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Giovanni Bianchini (in Latin, Johannes Blanchinus) (1410 – c. 1469) was a professor of mathematics and astronomy at the University of Ferrara and court astrologer of Leonello d'Este. He was an associate of Georg Purbach and Regiomontanus. The letters exchanged with Regiomontanus in 1463–1464 mention works by Bianchini entitled: Primum mobile (astronomical tables included), Flores almagesti, Compositio instrumenti.
Bianchini was the first mathematician in Europe to use decimal positional fractions for his trigonometric tables, at the same time as Al-Kashi in Samarkand. In De arithmetica, part of the Flores almagesti, he uses operations with negative numbers and expresses the Law of Signs.
He was probably the father of the instrument maker Antonio Bianchino.
The crater Blanchinus on the Moon is named after him.
Works
Silvio Magrini (ed.), Joannes de Blanchinis ferrariensis e il suo carteggio scientifico col Regiomontano (1463-64), Zuffi, 1916 — Scientific letters exchanged by Bianchini and Regiomontanus
See also
Giovanni Bianchini should not be confused with two similarly-named Italians with their own lunar craters: Francesco Bianchini (1662–1729) (and the Bianchini crater), and Giuseppe Biancani (1566–1624) (and the Blancanus crater).
External links
Vescovini, Graziella Federici. « Bianchini, Giovanni ». In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
Institute and History of the Museum of Science
Antonio Bianchini
15th-century Italian astronomers
15th-century Itali
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubly%20periodic%20function
|
In mathematics, a doubly periodic function is a function defined on the complex plane and having two "periods", which are complex numbers u and v that are linearly independent as vectors over the field of real numbers. That u and v are periods of a function ƒ means that
for all values of the complex number z.
The doubly periodic function is thus a two-dimensional extension of the simpler singly periodic function, which repeats itself in a single dimension. Familiar examples of functions with a single period on the real number line include the trigonometric functions like cosine and sine, In the complex plane the exponential function ez is a singly periodic function, with period 2πi.
Examples
As an arbitrary mapping from pairs of reals (or complex numbers) to reals, a doubly periodic function can be constructed with little effort. For example, assume that the periods are 1 and i, so that the repeating lattice is the set of unit squares with vertices at the Gaussian integers. Values in the prototype square (i.e. x + iy where 0 ≤ x < 1 and 0 ≤ y < 1) can be assigned rather arbitrarily and then 'copied' to adjacent squares. This function will then be necessarily doubly periodic.
If the vectors 1 and i in this example are replaced by linearly independent vectors u and v, the prototype square becomes a prototype parallelogram that still tiles the plane. The "origin" of the lattice of parallelograms does not have to be the point 0: the lattice can start from any point. In other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Sipser
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Michael Fredric Sipser (born September 17, 1954) is an American theoretical computer scientist who has made early contributions to computational complexity theory. He is a professor of applied mathematics and was the Dean of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Biography
Sipser was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York and moved to Oswego, New York when he was 12 years old. He earned his BA in mathematics from Cornell University in 1974 and his PhD in engineering from the University of California at Berkeley in 1980 under the direction of Manuel Blum.
He joined MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science as a research associate in 1979 and then was a Research Staff Member at IBM Research in San Jose. In 1980, he joined the MIT faculty. He spent the 1985–1986 academic year on the faculty of the University of California at Berkeley and then returned to MIT. From 2004 until 2014, he served as head of the MIT Mathematics department. He was appointed Interim Dean of the MIT School of Science in 2013 and Dean in 2014. He served as Dean until 2020, when he was followed by Nergis Mavalvala. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2015 he was elected as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to complexity theory and for leadership and service to the mathematical community."
He was elected as an ACM Fellow in 2017.
Scientific career
Sipser specializes in algorithms and complexity theory, specifically efficient error corr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic%20number%20theory
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In mathematics, Probabilistic number theory is a subfield of number theory, which explicitly uses probability to answer questions about the integers and integer-valued functions. One basic idea underlying it is that different prime numbers are, in some serious sense, like independent random variables. This however is not an idea that has a unique useful formal expression.
The founders of the theory were Paul Erdős, Aurel Wintner and Mark Kac during the 1930s, one of the periods of investigation in analytic number theory. Foundational results include the Erdős–Wintner theorem and the Erdős–Kac theorem on additive functions.
See also
Number theory
Analytic number theory
Areas of mathematics
List of number theory topics
List of probability topics
Probabilistic method
Probable prime
References
Further reading
Number theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function%20value
|
Function value may refer to:
In mathematics, the value of a function when applied to an argument.
In computer science, a closure.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox%20Reprocessing%20Plant
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The Magnox Reprocessing Plant is a former nuclear reprocessing facility at Sellafield in northern England, which operated from 1964 to 2022. The plant used PUREX chemistry (based on tributyl phosphate (TBP)) to extract plutonium and uranium from used nuclear fuel originating primarily from Magnox reactors. The plant was originally constructed and operated by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), but in 1971 control was transferred to British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL). Since 2005 the plant has been operated by Sellafield Ltd.
Operation
The plant was commissioned in 1964 as both a replacement for the UK's First Generation Reprocessing Plant, and to process spent fuel from the national fleet of Magnox reactors. The First generation Plant was then converted into a pre-handling plant for Magnox reprocessing and was recommissioned in 1969. In 1973, after both plants had been shut down for one year for maintenance, a violent reaction called a "blowback" occurred in the First Generation Plant which contaminated that plant and 34 workers with ruthenium-106. Following this event the First Generation Plant was permanently closed.
Over its lifetime, the Magnox plant handled over 55,000 tons of spent fuel from the UK's fleet of 11 Magnox plants as well as reprocessing Magnox fuel from Italy, Japan, and fast breeder fuel from Dounreay. In total, the plant has returned over 15,000 tons of uranium back into the fuel cycle. As of 2019, all Magnox reactors have now been reti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20type
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In the area of mathematical logic and computer science known as type theory, a unit type is a type that allows only one value (and thus can hold no information). The carrier (underlying set) associated with a unit type can be any singleton set. There is an isomorphism between any two such sets, so it is customary to talk about the unit type and ignore the details of its value. One may also regard the unit type as the type of 0-tuples, i.e. the product of no types.
The unit type is the terminal object in the category of types and typed functions. It should not be confused with the zero or bottom type, which allows no values and is the initial object in this category. Similarly, the Boolean is the type with two values.
The unit type is implemented in most functional programming languages. The void type that is used in some imperative programming languages serves some of its functions, but because its carrier set is empty, it has some limitations (as detailed below).
In programming languages
Several computer programming languages provide a unit type to specify the result type of a function with the sole purpose of causing a side effect, and the argument type of a function that does not require arguments.
In Haskell, Rust, and Elm, the unit type is called () and its only value is also (), reflecting the 0-tuple interpretation.
In ML descendants (including OCaml, Standard ML, and F#), the type is called unit but the value is written as ().
In Scala, the unit type is called Unit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20class
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In computer science, a type class is a type system construct that supports ad hoc polymorphism. This is achieved by adding constraints to type variables in parametrically polymorphic types. Such a constraint typically involves a type class T and a type variable a, and means that a can only be instantiated to a type whose members support the overloaded operations associated with T.
Type classes were first implemented in the Haskell programming language after first being proposed by Philip Wadler and Stephen Blott as an extension to "eqtypes" in Standard ML, and were originally conceived as a way of implementing overloaded arithmetic and equality operators in a principled fashion.
In contrast with the "eqtypes" of Standard ML, overloading the equality operator through the use of type classes in Haskell does not require extensive modification of the compiler frontend or the underlying type system.
Overview
Type classes are defined by specifying a set of function or constant names, together with their respective types, that must exist for every type that belongs to the class. In Haskell, types can be parameterized; a type class Eq intended to contain types that admit equality would be declared in the following way:
class Eq a where
(==) :: a -> a -> Bool
(/=) :: a -> a -> Bool
where a is one instance of the type class Eq, and a defines the function signatures for 2 functions (the equality and inequality functions), which each take 2 arguments of type a and return a boole
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Priest
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Eric Ronald Priest (born 7 November 1943) is Emeritus Professor at St Andrews University, where he previously held the Gregory Chair of Mathematics and a Bishop Wardlaw Professorship.
Career and research
Priest is a recognised authority in solar magnetohydrodynamics (or MHD for short), the study of the subtle, and often nonlinear, interaction between the Sun's magnetic field and its plasma interior or atmosphere, treated as a continuous medium. Priest is an applied mathematician and, along with the other members of his research group at St Andrews, is currently investigating a large number of solar phenomena, including sunspots, coronal heating, wave propagation, magnetic reconnection, magnetic instabilities, magnetic structures and helioseismology. This is done using mathematical modelling techniques and observational data from satellites such as SoHO, Yohkoh and TRACE, or ground-based observatories such as Kitt Peak and Big Bear. In 2000 he was the James Arthur Prize Lecturer at Harvard University. Professor Priest has received a number of academic awards for his research, including Hale Prize of the American Astronomical Society (2002), and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in the same year. He is notable in the solar physics community as something of an evangelist for the importance of magnetic reconnection in driving many solar phenomena, and as an explanation of the solar coronal heating problem.
As an applied mathematician, his research interests involve con
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborat%C3%B3rio%20Nacional%20de%20Luz%20S%C3%ADncrotron
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Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (; LNLS) is the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, a research institution on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences. It is located in the city of Campinas, sub-district of Barão Geraldo, state of São Paulo, Brazil.
The Center, which is operated by the Brazilian Center of Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) under a contract with the National Research Council (CNPq) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Brazil, has the only particle accelerator (a synchrotron) in Latin America, which was designed and built in Brazil by a team of physicists, technicians and engineers.
Currently, the Brazilian Synchrotron has 6 different beamlines in operation for its user community, covering energies ranging from a few electronvolts to tens of kiloelectronvolts. The uses include:
X-Ray Nanoscopy
Coherent and Time-resolsed X-ray Scattering
X-ray Spectroscopy e Diffraction in Extreme Conditions
Infrared Micro and Nanospectroscopy
Resonant Inelastic X-ray scattering and Photoelectron spectroscopy
Macromolecular Micro and Nanocrystallography
These beamlines are part of Sirius, a 3 GeV synchrotron light source. The plan includes an initial 13 beamlines, with a final goal of 40, ranging from 10 eV to 100 keV. It was inaugurated in 2018.
References
External links
Official LNLS Home Page
Lightsources.org
Sirius Project - LNLS
Research institutes in Brazil
Organisations based in Campinas
Synchrotron radiation facilities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20astronomy%20journals
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This is a list of scientific journals publishing articles in astronomy, astrophysics, and space sciences.
A
B
Baltic Astronomy
Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
Bulgarian Astronomical Journal
Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India
C
Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
Classical and Quantum Gravity
Connaissance des Temps
Cosmic Research
E
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Earth, Moon, and Planets
Experimental Astronomy
G
General Relativity and Gravitation
Geophysical Research Letters
I
Icarus
International Astronomical Union Circular
International Journal of Astrobiology
J
L
Living Reviews in Solar Physics
M
Meteoritics & Planetary Science
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
N
Nature Astronomy
Nature Geoscience
New Astronomy
O
The Observatory
Open Astronomy
Open European Journal on Variable Stars (OEJV)
P
Peremennye Zvezdy
Pis’ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal
Planetary and Space Science
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
R
Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics
Research Notes of the AAS
Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica
S
Serbian Astronomical Journal
Solar Physics
Solar System Research
Space Science Reviews
Sternenbote
Astronomy
Journals
Journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett%20Leith
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Emmett Norman Leith (March 12, 1927 in Detroit, Michigan – December 23, 2005 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) was a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Michigan and, with Juris Upatnieks of the University of Michigan, the co-inventor of three-dimensional holography.
Leith received his B.S. in physics from Wayne State University in 1949 and his M.S. in physics in 1952. He received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Wayne State in 1978. Much of Leith's holographic work was an outgrowth of his research on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) performed while a member of the Radar Laboratory of the University of Michigan's Willow Run Laboratory beginning in 1952. Leith joined the University of Michigan as a research assistant and was promoted to graduate research assistant in 1955, research associate in 1956, research engineer in 1960, associate professor in 1965, and full professor in 1968.
Professor Leith and his coworker Juris Upatnieks at the University of Michigan displayed three-dimensional hologram at a conference of the Optical Society of America in 1964.
Honors and awards
He received the 1960 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award and the Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1969. In 1975 he was awarded the William F. Meggers Award by the Optical Society. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter awarded Leith with the National Medal of Science for his research. He was awarded the 1985 Frederic Ives Medal by the OSA.
References
Schwartz, John. "Emmett Leith, 78, a Pion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20chemistry%20journals
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This is a list of scientific journals in chemistry and its various subfields. For journals mainly about materials science, see List of materials science journals.
A
B
Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
Biochemical Journal
Bioconjugate Chemistry
Biomacromolecules
Biomedical Chromatography
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan
C
D
Dalton Transactions
E
Education in Chemistry
Energy and Environmental Science
Energy & Fuels
Environmental Chemistry
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
European Journal of Organic Chemistry
F
Faraday Discussions
Faraday Transactions
G
Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research
Green Chemistry
H
Helvetica Chimica Acta
I
Inorganic Chemistry
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
International Journal of Quantum Chemistry
Ion Exchange Letters
J
L
Lab on a Chip
Langmuir
Liebigs Annalen
M
Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Macromolecules
Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry
Metallomics
Methods in Organic Synthesis
Microchimica Acta
Molbank
Molecular BioSystems
Molecular Diversity
Molecular Physics
Molecules
N
Nano Letters
Natural Product Reports
Nature Chemical Biology
Nature Chemistry
Nature Materials
Nature Protocols
New Journal of Chemistry
O
Open Chemistry
Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry
Organic Letters
Organometallics
P
PeerJ Analytical Chemis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence%20Skog
|
Laurence Edgar Skog (born April 9, 1943) is an American botanist who specializes in the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae.
Laurence Edgar Skog was born in Duluth, Minnesota, the oldest of four children. Skog was a graduate of the University of Minnesota at Duluth from where he received a Bachelor of Arts in botany with a minor in chemistry in (1965). Skog earned his Master of Science in botany at the University of Connecticut at Storrs (1968) and PhD in plant taxonomy from Cornell University in 1972.
From 1973 to 2003 Skog was a curator and research scientist in the Botany Department of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History. Since his retirement in 2003 he has continued to work at the museum as an emeritus curator.
References
External links
Laurence Edgar Skog
International Plant Names Index
1943 births
Living people
20th-century American botanists
21st-century American botanists
American people of Swedish descent
People from Duluth, Minnesota
University of Connecticut alumni
Cornell University alumni
University of Minnesota Duluth alumni
Scientists from Minnesota
Smithsonian Institution people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20physics%20journals
|
This is a list of physics journals with existing articles on Wikipedia. The list is organized by subfields of physics.
By subject
General
Astrophysics
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
European Physical Journal D
Journal of Physics B
Laser Physics
Molecular Physics
Physical Review A
Plasmas
Measurement
Measurement Science and Technology
Metrologia
Review of Scientific Instruments
Nuclear and particle physics
Optics
Computational physics
Computational Materials Science
Computer Physics Communications
International Journal of Modern Physics C (computational physics, physical computations)
Journal of Computational Physics
Physical Review E, section E13
Communications in Computational Physics
Condensed matter and materials science
Low temperature physics
Journal of Low Temperature Physics
Low Temperature Physics
Chemical physics
Chemical Physics Letters
Journal of Chemical Physics
Journal of Physical Chemistry A
Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Journal of Physical Chemistry C
Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Soft matter physics
European Physical Journal E
Journal of Polymer Science Part B
Soft Matter
Medical physics
Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine
BMC Medical Physics
Bioelectromagnetics
Health Physics
Journal of Medical Physics
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Medical Physics
Physics in Medicine and Biology
Biological physics
Annual Review of Biophysics
Biochem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20biology%20journals
|
This is a list of articles about scientific journals in biology and its various subfields.
General
Agriculture
Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science
EuroChoices
Journal of Animal Science
Journal of Dairy Science
Journal of Food Science
Poultry Science
Animal Feed Science and Technology
Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics
Animal Production
Animals
animal
Animal Genetics
Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems
Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science
Anatomy
Microscopy Research and Technique
Biochemistry
Bioengineering
Biomedical Microdevices
Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
International Journal of Computational Biology and Drug Design
Bioinformatics
Biophysics
Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure
Biophysical Journal
FEBS Letters
Structure
Botany
Cell and Molecular
Ecology
Entomology
International Journal of Insect Science
Forestry
Genetics
Healthcare
Immunology
Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
Molecular Imaging and Biology
Nature Immunology
Nature Reviews Immunology
Malacology
Iberus
Microbiology and infectious disease
Advances in Microbial Physiology
African Journal of Infectious Diseases
Annual Review of Microbiology
Canadian Journal of Microbiology
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
Nature Reviews Microbiology
Mycology
Neuroscience
Nutrition
African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development
Applied Physiology, Nutrition,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHT
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CHT or ChT may refer to:
Medicine and biology
Certified Hyperbaric Technologist, a certification of the National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology
Choline transporter (ChT), a protein
Cross-sex hormone therapy
Places
Chatham Islands / Tuuta Airport, in New Zealand, IATA code
Chau Tau station, a proposed station in Lok Ma Chau, Hong Kong, MTR station code
Chittagong Hill Tracts, in Bangladesh
Science and technology
Cylinder Head Temperature gauge, an engine control sensor
Cycloheptatriene, an organic chemical compound
Ford CHT engine, a Compound High Turbulence engine which is an inline four-cylinder internal combustion engine produced during the 1980s and 1990s
Conjugate convective heat transfer, a combination of heat transfer in solids and fluids
Center for Humane Technology (formerly called Time Well Spent), a nonprofit organization working to reimagining the digital infrastructure
Other
Canada Health Transfer
Chunghwa Telecom, NYSE symbol
Cross-Harbour Tunnel, in Hong Kong
Shenzhen Changhong Technology Co., Ltd.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Eisenbud
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David Eisenbud (born 8 April 1947 in New York City) is an American mathematician. He is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley and former director of the then Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI), now known as Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute (SLMath). He served as Director of MSRI from 1997 to 2007, and then again from 2013 to 2022.
Biography
Eisenbud is the son of mathematical physicist Leonard Eisenbud, who was a student and collaborator of the renowned physicist Eugene Wigner. Eisenbud received his Ph.D. in 1970 from the University of Chicago, where he was a student of Saunders Mac Lane and, unofficially, James Christopher Robson. He then taught at Brandeis University from 1970 to 1997, during which time he had visiting positions at Harvard University, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), University of Bonn, and Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). He joined the staff at MSRI in 1997, and took a position at Berkeley at the same time.
From 2003 to 2005 Eisenbud was President of the American Mathematical Society.
Eisenbud's mathematical interests include commutative and non-commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, topology, and computational methods in these fields. He has written over 150 papers and books with over 60 co-authors. Notable contributions include the theory of matrix factorizations for maximal Cohen–Macaulay modules over hypersurface rings, the Eisenbud–Goto conjecture on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-machine%20scheduling
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Single-machine scheduling or single-resource scheduling is an optimization problem in computer science and operations research. We are given n jobs J1, J2, ..., Jn of varying processing times, which need to be scheduled on a single machine, in a way that optimizes a certain objective, such as the throughput.
Single-machine scheduling is a special case of identical-machines scheduling, which is itself a special case of optimal job scheduling. Many problems, which are NP-hard in general, can be solved in polynomial time in the single-machine case.
In the standard three-field notation for optimal job scheduling problems, the single-machine variant is denoted by 1 in the first field. For example, " 1||" is an single-machine scheduling problem with no constraints, where the goal is to minimize the sum of completion times.
The makespan-minimization problem 1||, which is a common objective with multiple machines, is trivial with a single machine, since the makespan is always identical. Therefore, other objectives have been studied.
Minimizing the sum of completion times
The problem 1|| aims to minimize the sum of completion times. It can be solved optimally by the Shortest Processing Time First rule (SPT): the jobs are scheduled by ascending order of their processing time .
The problem 1|| aims to minimize the weighted sum of completion times. It can be solved optimally by the Weighted Shortest Processing Time First rule (WSPT): the jobs are scheduled by ascending order of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20Lady%27s%20Roman%20Catholic%20High%20School%2C%20Royton
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Our Lady's R.C. High School was a Roman Catholic high school and sixth form for 11- to 18-year-olds, located in Royton, in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Greater Manchester, England. The school was a specialist school in Mathematics and Computing, and contained over 80 members of staff, with over 1200 students. The sixth form college offered 19 (as of the 2007/08 academic year) courses.
The school had a dispute in 2010 after Headteacher R. Whittaker was suspended. His Deputy Headteacher, C. Spillaine became Acting Headteacher, but left the school at the end of 2010 after disagreements with the students. The most recent Headteacher was Mr Thornton who left when the school merged with St Augustine of Canterbury RC High School to form Blessed John Henry Newman RC College, a joint Roman Catholic School.
History
The school was founded in 1961 as a secondary modern school with 259 pupils. The first head teacher was Eric Critchley. In 1979, further building took place for the school to become an 11-16 comprehensive school for 700 pupils. In 1985, the school's sixth form college opened, converting the school into an 11-18 comprehensive school. The sixth form then had only 11 students. In 1986, the school was reorganised as part of an Oldham Roman Catholic Schools' reorganisation prompting further building work and raising the school's capacity to 800 pupils.
The school was last inspected by OFSTED in May 2010.
In 2010 Glyn Potts, Head of Public Services at Our Lady's RC Hi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askja%20%28building%29
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Askja () is a building on the campus of the University of Iceland, and named after the volcano Askja. It primarily houses the departments of biology and geosciences. It was designed by architect Maggi Jónsson.
The building's long glass side has influenced the look of downtown Reykjavík as it faces the city hall on the other side of Tjörnin. It took a very long time to build due to funding problems, and has been the subject of severe criticism for what is seen as practical shortcomings and susceptibility to the Icelandic climate.
Address: Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík.
Design and building
In 1994 the design of Askja by architect Maggi Jónsson began.
Construction of the exterior by ÍAV began in August 1997 and finished in May 2001.
In November 2003 the first employees moved in.
In early 2004 the last employees moved in, and teaching began in Askja.
The name Askja was picked from 2534 suggestions, and the person who suggested the name was awarded 100.000 ISK.
References
External links
Photos of Askja by Christopher Lund
December 2015 assessment of Askja (in Icelandic)
Buildings and structures in Reykjavík
University of Iceland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Lynch%20%28geneticist%29
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Michael Lynch (born 1951) is the Director of the Biodesign Institute for Mechanisms of Evolution at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
Biography
He held a Distinguished Professorship of Evolution, Population Genetics and Genomics at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. Besides over 250 papers, especially in population genetics, he has written a two volume textbook with Bruce Walsh. Alongside this textbook he has also published two other books. He promotes neutral theories to explain genomic architecture based on the effects of population sizes in different lineages; he presented this point of view in his 2007 book "The Origins of Genome Architecture". In 2009, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (Evolutionary Biology). Lynch was a Biology undergraduate at St. Bonaventure University and received a B.S. in Biology in 1973. He obtained his PhD from the University of Minnesota (Ecology and Behavioral Biology) in 1977.
Honors and awards
2013: President of the Genetics Society of America
2022: Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal
See also
Drift-barrier hypothesis
References
1951 births
Living people
University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences alumni
Evolutionary biologists
Population geneticists
Indiana University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Neutral theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20stability
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In mathematics, in the theory of differential equations and dynamical systems, a particular stationary or quasistationary solution to a nonlinear system is called linearly unstable if the linearization of the equation at this solution has the form , where r is the perturbation to the steady state, A is a linear operator whose spectrum contains eigenvalues with positive real part. If all the eigenvalues have negative real part, then the solution is called linearly stable. Other names for linear stability include exponential stability or stability in terms of first approximation. If there exist an eigenvalue with zero real part then the question about stability cannot be solved on the basis of the first approximation and we approach the so-called "centre and focus problem".
Examples
Ordinary differential equation
The differential equation
has two stationary (time-independent) solutions: x = 0 and x = 1.
The linearization at x = 0 has the form
. The linearized operator is A0 = 1. The only eigenvalue is . The solutions to this equation grow exponentially;
the stationary point x = 0 is linearly unstable.
To derive the linearization at , one writes
, where . The linearized equation is then ; the linearized operator is , the only eigenvalue is , hence this stationary point is linearly stable.
Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
The nonlinear Schrödinger equation
where and , has solitary wave solutions of the form .
To derive the linearization at a solitary wave, one considers t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault%20pendulum%20vector%20diagrams
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Several vector diagrams are often used to demonstrate the physics underlying the Foucault pendulum.
Diagrams are provided to illustrate a pendulum located at the North Pole, equator, and 45 degrees N to show how the rotation of Earth in relation to the pendulum is observed, or not, at these locations. This is not a rigorous evaluation but is intended to convey information regarding the interaction of the two moving objects, the swinging pendulum and the rotating Earth. One of the great insights by Léon Foucault is that the time to observe a full rotation of the Earth increased by the inverse of the sine of the latitude.
In the examples, the pendulums are of great size to aid in the visualization of the pendulum swing in relation to the Earth (shown as blue circles). The pendulum is drawn so that 90 degrees of pendulum arc sweeps out 90 degrees of arc on the surface of the Earth. Views from the side, the front, and above (right, center, left) are provided to aid in the interpretation of the diagrams and arrows are provided to show the direction of the Earth's rotation. The schematic at the bottom of the each figure represents the range of swing of the pendulum as viewed from above and normalized to a standard orientation. The smaller arrows depict the magnitude of the relative velocity vector for the point on the Earth's surface in-line with the pendulum bob projected to the center of the Earth (the magnitude is shown since the schematic is two-dimensional, not three-dimensi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-isomorphism
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In homological algebra, a branch of mathematics, a quasi-isomorphism or quism is a morphism A → B of chain complexes (respectively, cochain complexes) such that the induced morphisms
of homology groups (respectively, of cohomology groups) are isomorphisms for all n.
In the theory of model categories, quasi-isomorphisms are sometimes used as the class of weak equivalences when the objects of the category are chain or cochain complexes. This results in a homology-local theory, in the sense of Bousfield localization in homotopy theory.
See also
Derived category
References
Gelfand, Sergei I., Manin, Yuri I. Methods of Homological Algebra, 2nd ed. Springer, 2000.
Algebraic topology
Homological algebra
Equivalence (mathematics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex-induced%20vibration
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In fluid dynamics, vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) are motions induced on bodies interacting with an external fluid flow, produced by, or the motion producing, periodic irregularities on this flow.
A classic example is the VIV of an underwater cylinder. How this happens can be seen by putting a cylinder into the water (a swimming-pool or even a bucket) and moving it through the water in a direction perpendicular to its axis. Since real fluids always present some viscosity, the flow around the cylinder will be slowed while in contact with its surface, forming a so-called boundary layer. At some point, however, that layer can separate from the body because of its excessive curvature. A vortex is then formed, changing the pressure distribution along the surface. When the vortex does not form symmetrically around the body (with respect to its midplane), different lift forces develop on each side of the body, thus leading to motion transverse to the flow. This motion changes the nature of the vortex formation in such a way as to lead to a limited motion amplitude (differently, than, from what would be expected in a typical case of resonance). This process then repeats until the flow rate changes substantially.
VIV manifests itself on many different branches of engineering, from cables to heat exchanger tube arrays. It is also a major consideration in the design of ocean structures. Thus, study of VIV is a part of many disciplines, incorporating fluid mechanics, structural mechan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Leroy%20Cochran
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Robert Leroy "Roy" Cochran (January 28, 1886 – February 23, 1963) was an American Democratic politician and the 24th Governor of Nebraska.
Cochran was born in Avoca, Nebraska, and began his education in a sod school house. After graduating from Brady High school, he worked his way through and received a civil engineering degree from the University of Nebraska in 1910. First working for the County Surveyor, he was hired as a surveyor by the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad. In 1912 he was elected County Surveyor and served in that position until 1916. During World War I, he served two years in the Army Artillery Corps and was discharged with the rank of captain in 1919. He was married to Aileen Gant on March 15, 1919, and the couple had two children, Robert Leroy Jr and Mary Aileen.
Political and military career
Cochran served in the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps during World War I, being discharged with the rank of captain. He was commissioned in the Officers Reserve Corps after the war, reaching the rank of colonel and commanding the 515th Coast Artillery Regiment (Antiaircraft) from 1933 to 1941.
Cochran ran for governor of Nebraska and won in 1934, defeating the Republican candidate, Dwight Griswold, by 17,388 votes (50,8% to 47.7%). He was re-elected in 1936, again defeating Griswold, this time by 55.9% to 43.1%. In 1938 he was elected for a third term as governor, defeating the Republican candidate, Charles J. Warner, by 44% to 40.6%; a third candidate, Char
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka%20%28University%20of%20Cambridge%20magazine%29
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Eureka is a journal published annually by The Archimedeans, the mathematical society of Cambridge University. It is one of the oldest recreational mathematics publications still in existence. Eureka includes many mathematical articles on a variety of different topics – written by students and mathematicians from all over the world – as well as a short summary of the activities of the society, problem sets, puzzles, artwork and book reviews.
Eureka has been published 66 times since 1939, and authors include many famous mathematicians and scientists such as Paul Erdős, Martin Gardner, Douglas Hofstadter, G. H. Hardy, Béla Bollobás, John Conway, Stephen Hawking, Roger Penrose, W. T. Tutte (writing with friends under the pseudonym Blanche Descartes), popular maths writer Ian Stewart, Fields Medallist Timothy Gowers and Nobel laureate Paul Dirac.
The journal was formerly distributed free of charge to all current members of the Archimedeans. Today, it is published electronically as well as in print. In 2020, the publication archive was made freely available online.
Eureka is edited by students from the university.
Of the mathematical articles, there is a paper by Freeman Dyson where he defined the rank of a partition in an effort to prove combinatorially the partition congruences earlier discovered by Srinivasa Ramanujan. In the article, Dyson made a series of conjectures that were all eventually resolved.
References
External links
Eureka at the website of The Archimedeans
Ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy%20of%20proteins
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (usually abbreviated protein NMR) is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins, and also nucleic acids, and their complexes. The field was pioneered by Richard R. Ernst and Kurt Wüthrich at the ETH, and by Ad Bax, Marius Clore, Angela Gronenborn at the NIH, and Gerhard Wagner at Harvard University, among others. Structure determination by NMR spectroscopy usually consists of several phases, each using a separate set of highly specialized techniques. The sample is prepared, measurements are made, interpretive approaches are applied, and a structure is calculated and validated.
NMR involves the quantum-mechanical properties of the central core ("nucleus") of the atom. These properties depend on the local molecular environment, and their measurement provides a map of how the atoms are linked chemically, how close they are in space, and how rapidly they move with respect to each other. These properties are fundamentally the same as those used in the more familiar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the molecular applications use a somewhat different approach, appropriate to the change of scale from millimeters (of interest to radiologists) to nanometers (bonded atoms are typically a fraction of a nanometer apart), a factor of a million. This change of scale requires much higher sensitivity of detection and stability for long term measurem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Liddle
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David Liddle is co-founder of Interval Research Corporation, consulting professor of computer science at Stanford University. While at Xerox PARC he was credited with heading development of the Xerox Star computer system. In 1982 he co-founded Metaphor Computer Systems. He has served on the board of many corporations. He was chair of the board of trustees of the Santa Fe Institute from 1994 to 1999. Liddle holds a B.S. in computer science from the University of Michigan, and a Ph.D. in EECS from the University of Toledo, in Ohio.
In January 2012, he joined the board of directors of SRI International.
References
External links
Biography at Stanford
Living people
Directors of SRI International
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
University of Michigan alumni
Santa Fe Institute people
University of Toledo alumni
Scientists at PARC (company)
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volterra%20operator
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In mathematics, in the area of functional analysis and operator theory, the Volterra operator, named after Vito Volterra, is a bounded linear operator on the space L2[0,1] of complex-valued square-integrable functions on the interval [0,1]. On the subspace C[0,1] of continuous functions it represents indefinite integration. It is the operator corresponding to the Volterra integral equations.
Definition
The Volterra operator, V, may be defined for a function f ∈ L2[0,1] and a value t ∈ [0,1], as
Properties
V is a bounded linear operator between Hilbert spaces, with Hermitian adjoint
V is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator, hence in particular is compact.
V has no eigenvalues and therefore, by the spectral theory of compact operators, its spectrum σ(V) = {0}.
V is a quasinilpotent operator (that is, the spectral radius, ρ(V), is zero), but it is not nilpotent.
The operator norm of V is exactly ||V|| = 2⁄π.
References
Further reading
Operator theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20variation
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In applied mathematics and the calculus of variations, the first variation of a functional J(y) is defined as the linear functional mapping the function h to
where y and h are functions, and ε is a scalar. This is recognizable as the Gateaux derivative of the functional.
Example
Compute the first variation of
From the definition above,
See also
Calculus of variations
Functional derivative
Calculus of variations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choquet%20theory
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In mathematics, Choquet theory, named after Gustave Choquet, is an area of functional analysis and convex analysis concerned with measures which have support on the extreme points of a convex set C. Roughly speaking, every vector of C should appear as a weighted average of extreme points, a concept made more precise by generalizing the notion of weighted average from a convex combination to an integral taken over the set E of extreme points. Here C is a subset of a real vector space V, and the main thrust of the theory is to treat the cases where V is an infinite-dimensional (locally convex Hausdorff) topological vector space along lines similar to the finite-dimensional case. The main concerns of Gustave Choquet were in potential theory. Choquet theory has become a general paradigm, particularly for treating convex cones as determined by their extreme rays, and so for many different notions of positivity in mathematics.
The two ends of a line segment determine the points in between: in vector terms the segment from v to w consists of the λv + (1 − λ)w with 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1. The classical result of Hermann Minkowski says that in Euclidean space, a bounded, closed convex set C is the convex hull of its extreme point set E, so that any c in C is a (finite) convex combination of points e of E. Here E may be a finite or an infinite set. In vector terms, by assigning non-negative weights w(e) to the e in E, almost all 0, we can represent any c in C as
with
In any case the w(e) give a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-bridge
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An H-bridge is an electronic circuit that switches the polarity of a voltage applied to a load. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards. The name is derived from its common schematic diagram representation, with four switching elements configured as the branches of a letter "H" and the load connected as the cross-bar.
Most DC-to-AC converters (power inverters),
most AC/AC converters,
the DC-to-DC push–pull converter, isolated DC-to-DC converter
most motor controllers,
and many other kinds of power electronics use H bridges.
In particular, a bipolar stepper motor is almost always driven by a motor controller containing two H bridges.
General
H-bridges are available as integrated circuits, or can be built from discrete components.
The term H-bridge is derived from the typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H-bridge is built with four switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4 (according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage is applied across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches, this voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.
Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at the same time, as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The same applies to the switches S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through.
Com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Tyler%20%28biologist%29
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Albert Tyler (born Albert Titlebaum; June 26, 1906 – November 9, 1968) was an American biologist whose research was focused on reproductive biology and development in marine organisms.
Tyler was born in Brooklyn, New York. He attended Columbia University majoring in chemistry. When he started graduate studies he took interest in the work of Thomas Hunt Morgan. Morgan took Tyler, and several other graduate students and research fellows with him, to the California Institute of Technology when he was hired to establish the new Division of Biology. Tyler completed his Ph.D. studies on reproductive biology and was appointed to the faculty at Caltech.
Tyler's research looked at development and differentiation of embryos from a range of marine organisms. He made early use of immunohistochemical techniques and was one of the first researchers to recognize that maternal messenger RNA present in the ovum could affect differentiation. His research on nucleic acid and protein synthesis in sea urchin eggs was cut short when he died unexpectedly in 1968.
References
Bibliography
Metz, C. B. 1969. An appreciation of Albert Tyler. Biology of Reproduction 1:119
Pauling, L. 1970. Albert Tyler. Developmental Biology 21:3–12
External links
20th-century American biologists
1906 births
1968 deaths
California Institute of Technology faculty
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Scientists from Brooklyn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbouring%20group%20participation
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In organic chemistry, neighbouring group participation (NGP, also known as anchimeric assistance) has been defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) as the interaction of a reaction centre with a lone pair of electrons in an atom or the electrons present in a pi bond contained within the parent molecule but not conjugated with the reaction centre. When NGP is in operation it is normal for the reaction rate to be increased. It is also possible for the stereochemistry of the reaction to be abnormal (or unexpected) when compared with a normal reaction. While it is possible for neighbouring groups to influence many reactions in organic chemistry (e.g. the reaction of a diene such as 1,3-cyclohexadiene with maleic anhydride normally gives the endo isomer because of a secondary effect {overlap of the carbonyl group π orbitals with the transition state in the Diels-Alder reaction}) this page is limited to neighbouring group effects seen with carbocations and SN2 reactions.
NGP by heteroatom lone pairs
In this type of substitution reaction, one group of the substrate participates initially in the reaction and thereby affects the reaction. Due to NGP, the reaction rate gets increased by many folds.
A classic example of NGP is the reaction of a sulfur or nitrogen mustard with a nucleophile, the rate of reaction is much higher for the sulfur mustard and a nucleophile than it would be for a primary or secondary alkyl chloride without a heteroatom.
reac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific%20kinetic%20energy
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Specific kinetic energy is the kinetic energy of an object per unit of mass.
It is defined as .
Where is the specific kinetic energy and is velocity. It has units of J/kg, which is equivalent to m2/s2.
Energy (physics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20for%20High%20Energy%20Physics
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The Centre for High Energy Physics (CHEP) is a federally funded national research institute and a national laboratory site managed by the University of Punjab for the Ministry of Energy (MoE) of the Federal government of Pakistan. CHEP is dedicated towards the scientific advancement and understanding of high energy physics (or particle physics)—a branch of fundamental physics that is concerned with unraveling the ultimate constituents of matter and with elucidating the forces between them.
The site was established in 1982 with efforts by Punjab University with federal funding to support research activities in quantum sciences that started in 1968, and later engaged in the supercomputing that started in 2004.
Overview
The Centre for High Energy Physics (CHEP) was established by the eminent researcher, Dr. Mohammad Saleem, from the federal funding in November 1982. The University of Punjab in Lahore had been engaged in research output in physics in 1968 but the scope was limited to its physics department. CHEP's initial focused was focused and directed towards the advancement of particle physics but began conducting research on supercomputing when it started its teaching program in computational physics in 2004.
CHEP takes participation in Beijing Spectrometer-III (BSE-III) in China and currently hosts a 2.5 GeV linear particle accelerator.
Logo, building and research output
The CHEP's official logo shows a book as a sign of knowledge, and an Arabic verse from the Holy Qu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%20Classical%20Texts
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Oxford Classical Texts (OCT), or Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis, is a series of books published by Oxford University Press. It contains texts of ancient Greek and Latin literature, such as Homer's Odyssey and Virgil's Aeneid, in the original language with a critical apparatus. Works of science and mathematics, such as Euclid's Elements, are generally not represented. Since the books are meant primarily for serious students of the classics, the prefaces and notes have traditionally been in Latin (so that the books are written in the classical languages from the title page to the index), and no translations or explanatory notes are included. Several recent volumes, beginning with Lloyd-Jones and Wilson's 1990 edition of Sophocles, have broken with tradition and feature introductions written in English (though the critical apparatus is still in Latin).
In format, Oxford Classical Texts have always been published in British Crown octavo (7½ by 5¼ inches). Initially they were produced in three formats: Cloth, the standard style, bound in dark blue or black cloth bindings; Interleaved, for scholars and students, where each pair of printed leaves had a blank leaf bound between them for the scholar's notes, also bound in dark blue or black cloth; and India paper, for travellers and readers, printed on strong, thin India paper and bound in dark red cloth bindings. However, by the 1950s, only standard cloth editions were in general issue, though some interleaved copies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20epistemology
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Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological interest. Work in this area spans several academic fields, including philosophy, computer science, economics, and statistics. The focus of formal epistemology has tended to differ somewhat from that of traditional epistemology, with topics like uncertainty, induction, and belief revision garnering more attention than the analysis of knowledge, skepticism, and issues with justification.
History
Though formally oriented epistemologists have been laboring since the emergence of formal logic and probability theory (if not earlier), only recently have they been organized under a common disciplinary title. This gain in popularity may be attributed to the organization of yearly Formal Epistemology Workshops by Branden Fitelson and Sahotra Sarkar, starting in 2004, and the PHILOG-conferences starting in 2002 (The Network for Philosophical Logic and Its Applications) organized by Vincent F. Hendricks. Carnegie Mellon University's Philosophy Department hosts an annual summer school in logic and formal epistemology. In 2010, the department founded the Center for Formal Epistemology.
Bayesian epistemology
Bayesian epistemology is an important theory in the field of formal epistemology. It has its roots in Thomas Bayes' work in the field of probability theory. It is based on the idea that beliefs are held gradually and that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Sankey%20High%20School
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Great Sankey High School (GSHS) is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form with academy status, located in Warrington, Cheshire, England. It is a member of the Omega Multi-Academy Trust (OMAT). The school was first built in the 1970s and extensions have included a mathematics & humanities block and theatre. The school also has a linking leisure centre and arts theatre. GSHS has been awarded, and retained, an Artsmark Gold award, the highest award for the Arts.
GSHS is partnered with South Peninsula High School in Cape Town, South Africa.
In 2010, GSHS was classified as an Outstanding school by Ofsted. The school converted to academy status in January 2013. In October 2017, the school was reclassified by Ofsted as a Good school.
Extensions
A new purpose-built sixth-form college was opened on the school site in September 2011 by Alan Yates (former Headteacher) and Simon Moran (Managing Director of SJM Concerts).
In December 2019, the new PE hall was opened by current headteacher John Shannon on the site of what used to be the neighbouring primary school, Barrow Hall Primary School, along with a diner in use for the Year 7s that was completed in January 2019. The new science block containing 11 laboratories that was built on the same construction site was opened in February 2020. The plans for taking the school’s grounds were confirmed by previous headteacher, Paula Crawley, when Barrow Hall Primary School relocated to a close area.
Specialisms
In 2004, the sch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20California%20Institute%20of%20Technology%20people
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The California Institute of Technology has had numerous notable alumni and faculty.
Notable alumni
Alumni who went on to become members of the faculty are listed only in this category.
Physics and astronomy
Chemistry and chemical engineering
Biology, biological engineering, and medicine
Mathematics and computer science
Engineering and applied science
Geological, environmental, and planetary sciences
Business
Economics, finance, and social science
Government and politics
Other fields
Notable faculty
Members of the faculty are listed under the name of the academic division to which they belong.
Physics, mathematics, and astronomy
Chemistry and chemical engineering
Biology and biological engineering
Engineering and applied science
Geological and planetary sciences
Humanities and social sciences
See also
List of Nobel laureates affiliated with California Institute of Technology
References
Lists of people by university or college in California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyloin
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In organic chemistry, acyloins or α-hydroxy ketones are a class of organic compounds of the general form , composed of a hydroxy group () adjacent to a ketone group (). The name acyloin is derived from the fact that they are formally derived from reductive coupling of carboxylic acyl groups (. They are one of the two main classes of hydroxy ketones, distinguished by the position of the hydroxy group relative to the ketone; in this form, the hydroxy is on the alpha carbon, explaining the secondary name of α-hydroxy ketone.
Synthesis
Classic organic reactions exist for the synthesis of acyloins.
The acyloin condensation is a reductive coupling of esters
The benzoin condensation is condensation reaction between aldehydes catalyzed by a nucleophile
Oxidation of carbonyls is possible with molecular oxygen but not selective
Better alternative is oxidation of corresponding silyl enol ethers with mCPBA in the Rubottom oxidation
MoOPH oxidation of carbonyls is a system with molybdenum peroxide, pyridine and hexamethylphosphoramide.
Enolate oxidation by sulfonyloxaziridines
Enolates can be oxidized by sulfonyloxaziridines. The enolate reacts by nucleophilic displacement at the electron deficient oxygen of the oxaziridine ring.
This reaction type is extended to asymmetric synthesis by the use of chiral oxaziridines derived from camphor (camphorsulfonyl oxaziridine). Each isomer gives exclusive access to one of the two possible enantiomers. This modification is applied in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-multiplication
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In mathematics, specifically in elementary arithmetic and elementary algebra, given an equation between two fractions or rational expressions, one can cross-multiply to simplify the equation or determine the value of a variable.
The method is also occasionally known as the "cross your heart" method because lines resembling a heart outline can be drawn to remember which things to multiply together.
Given an equation like
where and are not zero, one can cross-multiply to get
In Euclidean geometry the same calculation can be achieved by considering the ratios as those of similar triangles.
Procedure
In practice, the method of cross-multiplying means that we multiply the numerator of each (or one) side by the denominator of the other side, effectively crossing the terms over:
The mathematical justification for the method is from the following longer mathematical procedure. If we start with the basic equation
we can multiply the terms on each side by the same number, and the terms will remain equal. Therefore, if we multiply the fraction on each side by the product of the denominators of both sides——we get
We can reduce the fractions to lowest terms by noting that the two occurrences of on the left-hand side cancel, as do the two occurrences of on the right-hand side, leaving
and we can divide both sides of the equation by any of the elements—in this case we will use —getting
Another justification of cross-multiplication is as follows. Starting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dov%20Gabbay
|
Dov M. Gabbay (; born October 26, 1945) is an Israeli logician. He is Augustus De Morgan Professor Emeritus of Logic at the Group of Logic, Language and Computation, Department of Computer Science, King's College London.
Work
Gabbay has authored over four hundred and fifty research papers and over thirty research monographs. He is editor of several international journals, and of many reference works and handbooks of logic, including the Handbook of Philosophical Logic (with Franz Guenthner), the Handbook of Logic in Computer Science] (with Samson Abramsky and T. S. E. Maibaum), and the Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming (with C.J. Hogger and J.A. Robinson).
He is well-known for pioneering work on logic in computer science and artificial intelligence, especially the application of (executable) temporal logics in computer science, in particular formal verification, the logical foundations of non-monotonic reasoning and artificial intelligence, the introduction of fibring logics and the theory of labelled deductive systems.
He is Chairman and founder of several international conferences, executive of the European Foundation of Logic, Language and Information and President of the International IGPL Logic Group. He is founder, and joint President of the International Federation of Computational Logic. He is also one of the four founders and council member for many years of FoLLI, the Association of Logic, Language and Information, from which he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coterie
|
Coterie may refer to:
A clique
The Coterie, a British society
Coterie (band), an Australian-New Zealand band
a family group of black-tailed and Mexican prairie dogs
in computer science, an antichain of sets which are pairwise intersecting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20University%20of%20Western%20Australia%20people
|
The University of Western Australia has seen many notable people pass through its doors over its -year history, both as students and staff.
Notable alumni
Politics
Business
Public service and community
Law
Science, medicine, engineering and mathematics
Arts, literature and religion
Sport and entertainment
Music
Mili Davies, classical guitarist
Sara Macliver, soprano
Tim Minchin, pianist and comedian
Roger Smalley, pianist and composer
Rory Garton-Smith, record producer
Notable administrators
George Alexander Currie, second Vice Chancellor (1941-1952)
Chancellors
The Chancellor of The University of Western Australia is its most senior officer:
Notable faculty
Notable past and present members of faculty include:
Christopher Chantler, physicist
David Indermaur, psychologist
James R. Lawler, foundation professor of French Studies
Jill Milroy, Dean and Winthrop Professor at the University of Western Australia School of Indigenous Studies
Eric Saint, foundation professor of the Medical School
References
Western Australia, University of
University of Western Australia people
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%88%86
|
∆ may refer to:
Triangle (∆), one of the basic shapes in geometry. Many different mathematical equations include the use of the triangle.
Delta (letter) (Δ), a Greek letter also used in mathematics and computer science
ᐃ, a letter of Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
Delta baryon (Δ), one of several Baryons consisting of up and down quarks.
alt-J (Δ), a British indie band
Laplace operator (Δ), a differential operator
Increment operator (∆)
Symmetric difference, in mathematics, the set of elements which are in either of two sets and not in their intersection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20selection
|
Model selection is the task of selecting a model from among various candidates on the basis of performance criterion to choose the best one.
In the context of machine learning and more generally statistical analysis, this may be the selection of a statistical model from a set of candidate models, given data. In the simplest cases, a pre-existing set of data is considered. However, the task can also involve the design of experiments such that the data collected is well-suited to the problem of model selection. Given candidate models of similar predictive or explanatory power, the simplest model is most likely to be the best choice (Occam's razor).
state, "The majority of the problems in statistical inference can be considered to be problems related to statistical modeling". Relatedly, has said, "How [the] translation from subject-matter problem to statistical model is done is often the most critical part of an analysis".
Model selection may also refer to the problem of selecting a few representative models from a large set of computational models for the purpose of decision making or optimization under uncertainty.
In machine learning, algorithmic approaches to model selection include feature selection, hyperparameter optimization, and statistical learning theory.
Introduction
In its most basic forms, model selection is one of the fundamental tasks of scientific inquiry. Determining the principle that explains a series of observations is often linked directly to a mat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptor
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Acceptor may refer to:
Acceptor (accounting), the addressee of a bill of exchange
In the Indian Contract Act of 1872, the acceptor is the person to whom a proposal is made, and who has communicated his or her acceptance of the said proposal
Electron acceptor, in chemistry an atom or compound to which electrons are donated during the formation of a coordinate covalent bond
Acceptor (semiconductors)
Acceptor (finite-state machine), in sequential logic a type of finite-state machine
Medieval English term for a hawk, from the latin accipiter meaning any of several species of hawks, probably from acu-peter, "swift-flying"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%20High
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Aim High was the 2006 game for the FIRST Robotics Competition. The competition involved teams competing to gain points by delivering balls into goals and positioning their robots in certain positions on the playing field. The teams took it in turn to provide defense and attack.
Game description
Aim High was played by two alliances, red and blue, each consisting of three robots. During a 10-second autonomous mode robots were programmed to score into any of the three goals: one raised center goal marked by a green vision target and two corner goals at floor level. At the end of the autonomous period the alliance with the most points would gain a 10-point bonus and would be placed on defense for round two. Rounds two, three and four were each 40 seconds long and were human-controlled rounds. Between rounds two and three the alliances switch from offense to defense or vice versa. At the start of round 4 any alliance could score into the corresponding goals. At the end of the match any alliance could receive bonus points by placing its three robots on a platform below the center goal. The alliance with the most points won with scoring as follows: 3 points for any ball scored in the center goal, 1 point for any ball scored in the corner goals, 10 bonus points for scoring the highest in the autonomous round and 25 points for placing all 3 robots on the platform at the end (10 points for 2 robots and 5 points for 1 robot).
Field layout
The Aim High field had 6 goals and 2 platform
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRE%20Mathematics%20Test
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The GRE subject test in mathematics is a standardized test in the United States created by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), and is designed to assess a candidate's potential for graduate or post-graduate study in the field of mathematics. It contains questions from many fields of mathematics; about 50% of the questions come from calculus (including pre-calculus topics, multivariate calculus, and differential equations), 25% come from algebra (including linear algebra, abstract algebra, and number theory), and 25% come from a broad variety of other topics typically encountered in undergraduate mathematics courses, such as point-set topology, probability and statistics, geometry, and real analysis.
Up until the September 2023 administration, the GRE subject test in Mathematics was paper-based, as opposed to the GRE general test which is usually computer-based. Since then, it's been moved online It contains approximately 66 multiple-choice questions, which are to be answered within 2 hours and 50 minutes. Scores on this exam are required for entrance to most math Ph.D. programs in the United States.
Scores are scaled and then reported as a number between 200 and 990; however, in recent versions of the test, the maximum and minimum reported scores have been 920 and 400, which correspond to the 99th percentile and the 1st percentile, respectively. The mean score for all test takers from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2014 was 659, with a standard deviation of 137.
Prior to Octo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-theoretic%20topology
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In mathematics, set-theoretic topology is a subject that combines set theory and general topology. It focuses on topological questions that are independent of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC).
Objects studied in set-theoretic topology
Dowker spaces
In the mathematical field of general topology, a Dowker space is a topological space that is T4 but not countably paracompact.
Dowker conjectured that there were no Dowker spaces, and the conjecture was not resolved until M.E. Rudin constructed one in 1971. Rudin's counterexample is a very large space (of cardinality ) and is generally not well-behaved. Zoltán Balogh gave the first ZFC construction of a small (cardinality continuum) example, which was more well-behaved than Rudin's. Using PCF theory, M. Kojman and S. Shelah constructed a subspace of Rudin's Dowker space of cardinality that is also Dowker.
Normal Moore spaces
A famous problem is the normal Moore space question, a question in general topology that was the subject of intense research. The answer to the normal Moore space question was eventually proved to be independent of ZFC.
Cardinal functions
Cardinal functions are widely used in topology as a tool for describing various topological properties. Below are some examples. (Note: some authors, arguing that "there are no finite cardinal numbers in general topology", prefer to define the cardinal functions listed below so that they never take on finite cardinal numbers as values; this requires modifying some
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20%28disambiguation%29
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A pattern is an original object used to make copies, or a set of repeating objects in a decorative design and in other disciplines.
Pattern, patterns, or patterning may also refer to:
Mathematics, science, and technology
Computing
Software design pattern, a standard form for a solution to common problems in software design.
Architectural pattern, for software architecture
Interaction design pattern, used in interaction design / human-computer interaction
Pattern recognition, in machine learning
In machine learning, a non-null finite sequence of constant and variable symbols
Regular expression, often called a pattern
Other
Airfield traffic pattern, the traffic flow immediately surrounding a runway
Design pattern, a standard form for a solution to common problems in design
Pattern book, a book of architectural designs
Pattern (architecture), a standard form (pattern language) for a solution to common problems in architecture
Software design pattern (see above)
Pattern formation, the processes and mechanisms by which patterns such as the stripes of animals form; also, a science dealing with outcomes of self-organisation
Pattern language, a structured method of describing good design practices
Pattern theory, a mathematical formalism to describe knowledge of the world as patterns
Patterns in nature, the visible regularities of form found in nature and explained by science
Pedagogical patterns
In ethnomethodology, a (generally non-rigid) routine
Manufacturing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20biomedical%20engineering%20articles
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Articles related specifically to biomedical engineering include:
A
Artificial heart —
Artificial heart valve —
Artificial intelligence —
Artificial limb —
Artificial pacemaker —
Automated external defibrillator —
B
Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering—
Bedsores—
Biochemistry —
Biochemistry topics list —
Bioelectrochemistry—
Bioelectronics—
Bioimpedance —
Bio-implants —
Bioinformatics —
Biology —
Biology topics list —
Biomechanics —
Biomedical engineering —
Biomedical imaging —
Biomedical Imaging Resource —
Bionics —
Biotechnology —
Biotelemetry —
Biothermia —
BMES —
Brain–computer interface —
Brain implant
C
Cell engineering —
Chemistry —
Chemistry topics list —
Clinical engineering —
Cochlear implant —
Corrective lens —
Crutch —
D
Dental implant —
Dialysis machines —
Diaphragmatic pacemaker —
E
Engineering —
F
Functional electrical stimulation
G
Genetic engineering —
Genetic engineering topics —
Genetics —
H
Health care —
Heart-lung machine —
Heart rate monitor —
I
Implant —
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator —
Infusion pump —
Instrumentation for medical devices —
J
K
L
Laser applications in medicine —
M
Magnetic resonance imaging —
Maxillo-facial prosthetics —
Medical equipment —
Medical imaging —
Medical research —
Medication —
Medicine —
Microfluidics —
Molecular biology —
Molecular biology topics —
N
Nanoengineering —
Nano-scaffold —
Nanotechnology —
Neural engineering —
Neurally controlled animat —
Neuroengineering —
Neuroprosthetics —
Neurost
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20chemical%20engineering%20articles
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This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to chemical engineering.
A
Absorption --
Adsorption --
Analytical chemistry --
B
Bioaccumulate --
Biochemical engineering --
Biochemistry --
Biochemistry topics list --
Bioinformatics --
Biology --
Bioprocess Engineering --
Biomolecular engineering --
Bioinformatics --
Biomedical engineering --
Bioseparation --
Biotechnology --
Bioreactor --
Biotite --
C
Catalysis --
Catalytic cracking --
Catalytic reforming --
Catalytic reaction engineering --
Ceramics --
Certified Chartered Chemical Engineers --
Chartered Chemical Engineers --
Chemical engineering --
Chemical kinetics --
Chemical reaction --
Chemical synthesis --
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) --
Chemical solution deposition --
Chemistry --
Chromatographic separation --
Circulating fluidized bed --
Combustion --
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --
Conservation of energy --
Conservation of mass --
Conservation of momentum --
Crystallization processes --
D
Deal-Grove model --
Dehumidification --
Dehydrogenation --
Depressurization --
Desorption --
Desulfonation --
Desulfurization --
Diffusion --
Distillation --
Drag coefficient --
Drying --
E
Electrochemical engineering --
Electrodialysis --
Electrokinetic phenomena --
Electrodeposition --
Electrolysis --
Electrolytic reduction --
Electroplating --
Electrostatic precipitation --
Electrowinning --
Emulsion --
Energy --
Engineering --
Engineering economics --
Enzymatic reaction --
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium%20Mathematics%20Project
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The Millennium Mathematics Project (MMP) was set up within the University of Cambridge in England as a joint project between the Faculties of Mathematics and Education in 1999. The MMP aims to support maths education for pupils of all abilities from ages 5 to 19 and promote the development of mathematical skills and understanding, particularly through enrichment and extension activities beyond the school curriculum, and to enhance the mathematical understanding of the general public. The project was directed by John Barrow from 1999 until September 2020.
Programmes
The MMP includes a range of complementary programmes:
The NRICH website publishes free mathematics education enrichment material for ages 5 to 19. NRICH material focuses on problem-solving, building core mathematical reasoning and strategic thinking skills. In the academic year 2004/5 the website attracted over 1.7 million site visits (more than 49 million hits).
Plus Magazine is a free online maths magazine for age 15+ and the general public. In 2004/5, Plus attracted over 1.3 million website visits (more than 31 million hits). The website won the Webby award in 2001 for the best Science site on the Internet.
The Motivate video-conferencing project links university mathematicians and scientists to primary and secondary schools in areas of the UK from Jersey and Belfast to Glasgow and inner-city London, with international links to Pakistan, South Africa, India and Singapore.
The project has also developed a Hand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20symmetry
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In mathematics, continuous symmetry is an intuitive idea corresponding to the concept of viewing some symmetries as motions, as opposed to discrete symmetry, e.g. reflection symmetry, which is invariant under a kind of flip from one state to another. However, a discrete symmetry can always be reinterpreted as a subset of some higher-dimensional continuous symmetry, e.g. reflection of a 2 dimensional object in 3 dimensional space can be achieved by continuously rotating that object 180 degrees across a non-parallel plane.
Formalization
The notion of continuous symmetry has largely and successfully been formalised in the mathematical notions of topological group, Lie group and group action. For most practical purposes continuous symmetry is modelled by a group action of a topological group that preserves some structure. Particularly, let be a function, and G is a group that acts on X then a subgroup is a symmetry of f if for all .
One-parameter subgroups
The simplest motions follow a one-parameter subgroup of a Lie group, such as the Euclidean group of three-dimensional space. For example translation parallel to the x-axis by u units, as u varies, is a one-parameter group of motions. Rotation around the z-axis is also a one-parameter group.
Noether's theorem
Continuous symmetry has a basic role in Noether's theorem in theoretical physics, in the derivation of conservation laws from symmetry principles, specifically for continuous symmetries. The search for continuous symm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20W.%20Mullins%20Library
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The David W. Mullins Library is the main research library of the University of Arkansas. The University Libraries also include the Robert A. and Vivian Young Law Library, the Fine Arts Library, the Chemistry and Biochemistry Library, and the Physics Library.
Named for University President David Wiley Mullins, Mullins Library was built in 1968 to replace Vol Walker Hall as the main University Library. Mullins Library was renovated and expanded in 1997.
The University Libraries’ combined holdings total more than 2.4 million volumes of books and periodicals, 5.5 million microforms, and 92,600 journal titles. Other resources include 144,000 maps, 21,000 linear feet of manuscripts, 43,000 audio and video recordings, and thousands of music scores. The Libraries’ Special Collections acquires and preserves access to historical manuscripts, University Archives, Arkansas Collection, rare books, historical maps, and the Arkansas Architectural Archives. Select items from these collections are digitized for the online Digital Collections.
See also
Campus of the University of Arkansas
References
Libraries in Arkansas
University of Arkansas buildings
1968 establishments in Arkansas
University and college buildings completed in 1968
University and college academic libraries in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Lehmann%20%28physicist%29
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Otto Lehmann (13 January 1855 in Konstanz, Germany – 17 June 1922 in Karlsruhe) was a German physicist and "father" of liquid crystal.
Life
Otto was the son of Franz Xavier Lehmann, a mathematics teacher in the Baden-Wurtemberg school system, with a strong interest in microscopes. Otto learned to experiment and keep records of this findings. Between 1872 and 1877, Lehmann studied natural sciences at the University of Strassburg and obtained the Ph.D. under crystallographer Paul Groth.
Otto used polarizers in a microscope so that he might watch for birefringence appearing in the process of crystallization.
Initially becoming a school teacher for physics, mathematics and chemistry in Mülhausen (Alsace-Lorraine), he started university teaching at the RWTH Aachen University in 1883. In 1889, he succeeded Heinrich Hertz as head of the Institute of Physics in Karlsruhe.
Lehmann received a letter from Friedrich Reinitzer asking for confirmation of some unusual observations. As Dunmur and Sluckin(2011) say
It was Lehmann's jealously guarded and increasingly prestigious microscope, not yet available off the shelf, which had attracted Reinitzer's attention. With Reinitzer's peculiar double-melting liquid, a problem in search of a scientist had met a scientist in search of a problem.
The article "On Flowing Crystals" that Lehmann wrote for Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie addresses directly the question of phase of matter involved, and leaves in its wake the science of liquid cr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspects%20of%20Physics
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Aspects of Physics is an instrumental experimental music band from San Diego. It was formed in 2000 by ex-members of the enigmatic math rock band Physics. Founding members Jason Soares, JFRE "Robot" Coad, and Thatcher Orbitashi released their debut album Systems of Social Recalibration on July 2, 2002, on San Diego label imputor? They tend to mix indie rock guitar samplings along with minimalist electronic beats and productions.
Thatcher Orbitashi has since left the band, and Aspects of Physics have added additional musicians with Rob Crow on guitars and Arturo Ulloa and Brent Asbury on drums. Their second album titled Marginalized Information Forms 1: Ping, the first in a three part series, was released on October 5, 2004, by imputor? Records.
As a staple of the San Diego electronic music scene, Aspects of Physics has been nominated in the Best Electronic category at the San Diego Music Awards every year from 2002 to 2006. Their popularity has expanded well beyond San Diego, embarking on North American tours with such notable bands as Album Leaf, Pinback, Mates of State, and Plastiq Phantom.
Members
Jason Soares - Programming, Guitars, Electronics (See also: Physics, Rice, Thingy)
Jeff Coad aka JFRE "Robot" Coad - Programming, Guitars, Electronics (See also: Physics)
Rob Crow - Guitars (See also: Physics, Pinback, Thingy, Heavy Vegetable, Optiganally Yours)
Arturo Ulloa - Drums (See also: Chune, Physics)
Brent Asbury - Drums (See also: Thingy)
Matt Lorenz - Visuals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilmanifold
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In mathematics, a nilmanifold is a differentiable manifold which has a transitive nilpotent group of diffeomorphisms acting on it. As such, a nilmanifold is an example of a homogeneous space and is diffeomorphic to the quotient space , the quotient of a nilpotent Lie group N modulo a closed subgroup H. This notion was introduced by Anatoly Mal'cev in 1951.
In the Riemannian category, there is also a good notion of a nilmanifold. A Riemannian manifold is called a homogeneous nilmanifold if there exist a nilpotent group of isometries acting transitively on it. The requirement that the transitive nilpotent group acts by isometries leads to the following rigid characterization: every homogeneous nilmanifold is isometric to a nilpotent Lie group with left-invariant metric (see Wilson).
Nilmanifolds are important geometric objects and often arise as concrete examples with interesting properties; in Riemannian geometry these spaces always have mixed curvature, almost flat spaces arise as quotients of nilmanifolds, and compact nilmanifolds have been used to construct elementary examples of collapse of Riemannian metrics under the Ricci flow.
In addition to their role in geometry, nilmanifolds are increasingly being seen as having a role in arithmetic combinatorics (see Green–Tao) and ergodic theory (see, e.g., Host–Kra).
Compact nilmanifolds
A compact nilmanifold is a nilmanifold which is compact. One way to construct such spaces is to start with a simply connected nilpote
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Molecular%20Biology%20Organization
|
The European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) is a professional, non-profit organization of more than 1,800 life scientists. Its goal is to promote research in life science and enable international exchange between scientists. It co-funds courses, workshops and conferences, publishes five scientific journals and supports individual scientists. The organization was founded in 1964 and is a founding member of the Initiative for Science in Europe. the Director of EMBO is Fiona Watt, a stem cell researcher, professor at King's College London and a group leader at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory.
Conferences and journals
EMBO funds or co-funds over 90 meetings involving more than 11,000 participants every year.
EMBO publishes five peer-reviewed scientific journals: The EMBO Journal, EMBO Reports, Molecular Systems Biology, EMBO Molecular Medicine, and Life Science Alliance,
History
The European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) was launched in July 1964 after a group of European biologists had discussed the idea earlier at a meeting in Ravello. The initial goals of EMBO consisted of creating a central European laboratory for life sciences and increasing scientific interactions between researchers in Europe. At the Ravello meeting, Max Perutz was elected as the first EMBO chairman and John Kendrew as secretary general.
Initially, 140 biologists were elected EMBO members and in 1969, the European Molecular Biology Conference (EMBC) was set up as a politic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20EMBO%20Journal
|
The EMBO Journal is a semi-monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on full-length papers describing original research of general interest in molecular biology and related areas. The editor-in-chief is Facundo D. Batista (Harvard Medical School).
History
The journal was established in 1982 and was published by Nature Publishing Group on behalf of the European Molecular Biology Organization until the launch of EMBO Press in 2013.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 13.783.
See also
EMBO Reports
Molecular Systems Biology
References
External links
(1986–2003 issues from microfilm)
Molecular and cellular biology journals
Semi-monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1982
English-language journals
Delayed open access journals
European Molecular Biology Organization academic journals
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