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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit%20data%20structure
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In computer science, an implicit data structure or space-efficient data structure is a data structure that stores very little information other than the main or required data: a data structure that requires low overhead. They are called "implicit" because the position of the elements carries meaning and relationship between elements; this is contrasted with the use of pointers to give an explicit relationship between elements. Definitions of "low overhead" vary, but generally means constant overhead; in big O notation, O(1) overhead. A less restrictive definition is a succinct data structure, which allows greater overhead.
Definition
An implicit data structure is one with constant space overhead (above the information-theoretic lower bound).
Historically, defined an implicit data structure (and algorithms acting on one) as one "in which structural information is implicit in the way data are stored, rather than explicit in pointers." They are somewhat vague in the definition, defining it most strictly as a single array, with only the size retained (a single number of overhead), or more loosely as a data structure with constant overhead (). This latter definition is today more standard, and the still-looser notion of a data structure with non-constant but small overhead is today known as a succinct data structure, as defined by ; it was referred to as semi-implicit by .
A fundamental distinction is between static data structures (read-only) and dynamic data structures (w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extent%20of%20reaction
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In physical chemistry and chemical engineering, extent of reaction is a quantity that measures the extent to which the reaction has proceeded. Often, it refers specifically to the value of the extent of reaction when equilibrium has been reached. It is usually denoted by the Greek letter ξ. The extent of reaction is usually defined so that it has units of amount (moles). It was introduced by the Belgian scientist Théophile de Donder.
Definition
Consider the reaction
A ⇌ 2 B + 3 C
Suppose an infinitesimal amount of the reactant A changes into B and C. This requires that all three mole numbers change according to the stoichiometry of the reaction, but they will not change by the same amounts. However, the extent of reaction can be used to describe the changes on a common footing as needed. The change of the number of moles of A can be represented by the equation , the change of B is , and the change of C is .
The change in the extent of reaction is then defined as
where denotes the number of moles of the reactant or product and is the stoichiometric number of the reactant or product. Although less common, we see from this expression that since the stoichiometric number can either be considered to be dimensionless or to have units of moles, conversely the extent of reaction can either be considered to have units of moles or to be a unitless mole fraction.
The extent of reaction represents the amount of progress made towards equilibrium in a chemical reaction. Consid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retarder%20%28chemistry%29
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A retarder is a chemical agent that slows down a chemical reaction. For example, retarders are used to slow the chemical reaction hardening of plastic materials such as wallboard, concrete, and adhesives.
Sugar water acts as a retarder for the curing of concrete. It can be used to retard the chemical hardening of the surface, so that the top layer can be washed off to expose the underlying aggregate.
See also
Accelerant
References
Chemical reactions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Shechtman
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Dan Shechtman (; born January 24, 1941) is the Philip Tobias Professor of Materials Science at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, an Associate of the US Department of Energy's Ames National Laboratory, and Professor of Materials Science at Iowa State University. On April 8, 1982, while on sabbatical at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., Shechtman discovered the icosahedral phase, which opened the new field of quasiperiodic crystals.
He was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of quasicrystals, making him one of six Israelis who have won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Biography
Dan Shechtman was born in 1941 in Tel Aviv, in what was then Mandatory Palestine; the city became part of the new state of Israel in 1948. He grew up in Petah Tikva and Ramat Gan in a Jewish family. His grandparents had immigrated to Palestine during the Second Aliyah (1904–1914) and founded a printing house. As a child Shechtman was fascinated by Jules Verne's The Mysterious Island (1874), which he read many times. His childhood dream was to become an engineer like the main protagonist, Cyrus Smith.
Shechtman is married to Prof. Tzipora Shechtman, Head of the Department of Counseling and Human Development at Haifa University, and author of two books on psychotherapy. They have a son Yoav Shechtman (a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of W. E. Moerner) and three daughters: Tamar Finkelstein (an organizational psychologist at the Israeli po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomycology
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Ethnomycology is the study of the historical uses and sociological impact of fungi and can be considered a subfield of ethnobotany or ethnobiology. Although in theory the term includes fungi used for such purposes as tinder, medicine (medicinal mushrooms) and food (including yeast), it is often used in the context of the study of psychoactive mushrooms such as psilocybin mushrooms, the Amanita muscaria mushroom, and the ergot fungus.
American banker Robert Gordon Wasson pioneered interest in this field of study in the late 1950s, when he and his wife became the first Westerners on record allowed to participate in a mushroom velada, held by the Mazatec curandera María Sabina. The biologist Richard Evans Schultes is also considered an ethnomycological pioneer. Later researchers in the field include Terence McKenna, Albert Hofmann, Ralph Metzner, Carl Ruck, Blaise Daniel Staples, Giorgio Samorini, Keewaydinoquay Peschel, John Marco Allegro, Clark Heinrich, John W. Allen, Jonathan Ott, Paul Stamets, Casey Brown and Juan Camilo Rodríguez Martínez.
Besides mycological determination in the field, ethnomycology depends to a large extent on anthropology and philology. One of the major debates among ethnomycologists is Wasson's theory that the Soma mentioned in the Rigveda of the Indo-Aryans was the Amanita muscaria mushroom. Following his example similar attempts have been made to identify psychoactive mushroom usage in many other (mostly) ancient cultures, with varying degrees of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochner%20integral
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In mathematics, the Bochner integral, named for Salomon Bochner, extends the definition of Lebesgue integral to functions that take values in a Banach space, as the limit of integrals of simple functions.
Definition
Let be a measure space, and be a Banach space. The Bochner integral of a function is defined in much the same way as the Lebesgue integral. First, define a simple function to be any finite sum of the form
where the are disjoint members of the -algebra the are distinct elements of and χE is the characteristic function of If is finite whenever then the simple function is integrable, and the integral is then defined by
exactly as it is for the ordinary Lebesgue integral.
A measurable function is Bochner integrable if there exists a sequence of integrable simple functions such that
where the integral on the left-hand side is an ordinary Lebesgue integral.
In this case, the Bochner integral is defined by
It can be shown that the sequence is a Cauchy sequence in the Banach space hence the limit on the right exists; furthermore, the limit is independent of the approximating sequence of simple functions These remarks show that the integral is well-defined (i.e independent of any choices). It can be shown that a function is Bochner integrable if and only if it lies in the Bochner space
Properties
Elementary properties
Many of the familiar properties of the Lebesgue integral continue to hold for the Bochner integral. Particularly useful is Boc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-ol
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The suffix –ol is used in organic chemistry principally to form names of organic compounds containing the hydroxyl (–OH) group, mainly alcohols. The suffix was extracted from the word alcohol.
The suffix also appears in some trivial names with reference to oils (from Latin oleum, oil). Examples of this sense of the suffix include phenol, eugenol, urushiol, and menthol.
Nomenclature
The IUPAC name of alcohols can derive from the following rules:
Identify the longest carbon chain, and number each carbon. Name the base alkane according to the organic nomenclature rules.
Identify the hydroxyl group and which carbon it is on. To be alcohol, the -OH must be bonded to a carbon.
Use the suffix -ol to denote which carbon the alcohol group is on. A three-carbon chain with the -OH on the second carbon would be propan-2-ol. Note that in some instances, common names are better.
If the -OH is on the end of the chain, or the carbon chain is only 1 or 2, use no number.
Use standard Greek prefixes to name molecules with two or more -OH groups (di- for 2, and so on).
Examples
Methanol
Ethanol
Isopropanol
Phenol
Erythritol
Glycol
t-Butyl alcohol
References
External links
ol
Alcohols
English suffixes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-one
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The suffix -one is used in organic chemistry to form names of organic compounds containing the -C(=O)- group: see ketone. Sometimes a number between hyphens is inserted before it to state which atom the =O atom is attached to. This suffix was extracted from the word acetone. The final "-e" disappears if it is followed by another suffix that starts with a vowel.
References
one
English suffixes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical%20pathology
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Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, molecular pathology, and Immunohaematology. This specialty requires a medical residency.
Clinical pathology is a term used in the US, UK, Ireland, many Commonwealth countries, Portugal, Brazil, Italy, Japan, and Peru; countries using the equivalent in the home language of "laboratory medicine" include Austria, Germany, Romania, Poland and other Eastern European countries; other terms are "clinical analysis" (Spain) and "clinical/medical biology (France, Belgium, Netherlands, North and West Africa).
Licensing and subspecialities
The American Board of Pathology certifies clinical pathologists, and recognizes the following secondary specialties of clinical pathology:
Chemical pathology, also called clinical chemistry
Hematopathology
Blood banking - Transfusion medicine
Clinical microbiology
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics pathology.
In some countries other sub specialities fall under certified Clinical Biologists responsibility:
Reproductive biology including Assisted reproductive technology, Sperm bank and Semen analysis
Immunopathology
Organization
Clinical pathologists are often medical doctors. In some countries in South-America, Europe, Africa or Asia, this specialty can be practiced by non-physicians, such a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE%20Systems%20Electronic%20Systems
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BAE Systems Electronic Systems (ES) is one of three operating groups of BAE Systems Inc., the North American subsidiary of the British global defence contractor BAE Systems PLC.
History
BAE Systems acquired Lockheed Martin Aerospace Electronic Systems (AES) and Lockheed Martin Control Systems in 2000.
BAE Systems Electronic Systems was formed in June 2005 by an internal reorganisation of these businesses.
Lockheed had identified AES as a candidate for disposal following a strategic review in 1999. BAE Systems agreed to acquire the group in July and completed its acquisition of AES on 27 November 2000. The group encompassed Sanders Associates, Fairchild Systems and Lockheed Martin Space Electronics & Communications. The purchase of this group by BAE has been described as "precedent setting" given the advanced and classified nature of many of that company's products.
In August 2004 BAE acquired Boeing Commercial Electronics for $66 million (£36m). This was an Irving, Texas-based division of Boeing responsible for the manufacture of electronic components for the company's aircraft. Boeing announced the sale of the division in 2003 as part of a move to outsource component manufacture and "concentrate on the integration and final assembly of commercial aircraft." The Fort Worth Star Telegram said "Boeing has sought to sell several operations that it said are too narrowly focused and costly for the company to manage efficiently."
Businesses
BAE Systems Electronic Systems repor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retarder%20%28mechanical%20engineering%29
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A retarder is a device used to augment or replace some of the functions of primary friction-based braking systems, usually on heavy vehicles. Retarders serve to slow vehicles, or maintain a steady speed while traveling down a hill, and help prevent the vehicle from "running away" by accelerating down the hill. They are not usually capable of bringing vehicles to a standstill, as their effectiveness diminishes as vehicle speed lowers. They are usually used as an additional "assistance" to slow vehicles, with the final braking done by a conventional friction braking system. As the friction brake will be used less, particularly at higher speeds, their service life is increased, and since in those vehicles the brakes are air-actuated helps to conserve air pressure too.
Friction-based braking systems are susceptible to "brake fade" when used extensively for continuous periods, which can be dangerous if braking performance drops below what is required to stop the vehicle – for instance if a truck or bus is descending a long decline. For this reason, such heavy vehicles are frequently fitted with a supplementary system that is not friction-based.
Retarders are not restricted to road motor vehicles, but may also be used in railway systems. The British prototype Advanced Passenger Train (APT) used hydraulic retarders to allow the high-speed train to stop in the same distance as standard lower speed trains, as a pure friction-based system was not viable.
Engine brake
Diesel-po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMBOSS
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EMBOSS is a free open source software analysis package developed for the needs of the molecular biology and bioinformatics user community. The software automatically copes with data in a variety of formats and even allows transparent retrieval of sequence data from the web. Also, as extensive libraries are provided with the package, it is a platform to allow other scientists to develop and release software in true open source spirit. EMBOSS also integrates a range of currently available packages and tools for sequence analysis into a seamless whole.
EMBOSS is an acronym for European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite. The European part of the name hints at the wider scope. The core EMBOSS groups are collaborating with many other groups to develop the new applications that the users need. This was done from the beginning with EMBnet, the European Molecular Biology Network. EMBnet has many nodes worldwide most of which are national bioinformatics services. EMBnet has the programming expertise.
In September 1998, the first workshop was held, when 30 people from EMBnet went to Hinxton to learn about EMBOSS and to discuss the way forward.
The EMBOSS package contains a variety of applications for sequence alignment, rapid database searching with sequence patterns, protein motif identification (including domain analysis), and much more.
The AJAX and NUCLEUS libraries are released under the GNU Library General Public Licence. EMBOSS applications are released under the GNU Gener
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procrustes%20analysis
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In statistics, Procrustes analysis is a form of statistical shape analysis used to analyse the distribution of a set of shapes. The name Procrustes () refers to a bandit from Greek mythology who made his victims fit his bed either by stretching their limbs or cutting them off.
In mathematics:
an orthogonal Procrustes problem is a method which can be used to find out the optimal rotation and/or reflection (i.e., the optimal orthogonal linear transformation) for the Procrustes Superimposition (PS) of an object with respect to another.
a constrained orthogonal Procrustes problem, subject to det(R) = 1 (where R is an orthogonal matrix), is a method which can be used to determine the optimal rotation for the PS of an object with respect to another (reflection is not allowed). In some contexts, this method is called the Kabsch algorithm.
When a shape is compared to another, or a set of shapes is compared to an arbitrarily selected reference shape, Procrustes analysis is sometimes further qualified as classical or ordinary, as opposed to generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA), which compares three or more shapes to an optimally determined "mean shape".
Introduction
To compare the shapes of two or more objects, the objects must be first optimally "superimposed". Procrustes superimposition (PS) is performed by optimally translating, rotating and uniformly scaling the objects. In other words, both the placement in space and the size of the objects are freely adjusted. The aim is t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alk-
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The root alk- is used in organic chemistry to form classification names for classes of organic compounds which contain a carbon skeleton but no aromatic rings. It was extracted from the word alcohol by removing the -ol suffix. See e.g. alkyl, alkane.
Chemistry prefixes
Prefixes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20law
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Chemical laws are those laws of nature relevant to chemistry. The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the law of conservation of mass, which states that there is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during an ordinary chemical reaction. Modern physics shows that it is actually energy that is conserved, and that energy and mass are related; a concept which becomes important in nuclear chemistry. Conservation of energy leads to the important concepts of equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics.
The laws of stoichiometry, that is, the gravimetric proportions by which chemical elements participate in chemical reactions, elaborate on the law of conservation of mass. Joseph Proust's law of definite composition says that pure chemicals are composed of elements in a definite formulation; we now know that the structural arrangement of these elements is also important.
Dalton's law of multiple proportions says that these chemicals will present themselves in proportions that are small whole numbers (i.e. 1:2 O:H in water); although in many systems (notably biomacromolecules and minerals) the ratios tend to require large numbers, and are frequently represented as a fraction. Such compounds are known as non-stoichiometric compounds.
The third stoichiometric law is the law of reciprocal proportions, which provides the basis for establishing equivalent weights for each chemical element. Elemental equivalent weights can then be used to derive atomic weights for each ele
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Shawe-Taylor
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John Stewart Shawe-Taylor (born 1953) is Director of the Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning at University College, London (UK). His main research area is statistical learning theory. He has contributed to a number of fields ranging from graph theory through cryptography to statistical learning theory and its applications. However, his main contributions have been in the development of the analysis and subsequent algorithmic definition of principled machine learning algorithms founded in statistical learning theory. This work has helped to drive a fundamental rebirth in the field of machine learning with the introduction of kernel methods and support vector machines, including the mapping of these approaches onto novel domains including work in computer vision, document classification and brain scan analysis. More recently he has worked on interactive learning and reinforcement learning. He has also been instrumental in assembling a series of influential European Networks of Excellence (initially the NeuroCOLT projects and later the PASCAL networks). The scientific coordination of these projects has influenced a generation of researchers and promoted the widespread uptake of machine learning in both science and industry that we are currently witnessing. He has published over 300 papers with over 42000 citations. Two books co-authored with Nello Cristianini have become standard monographs for the study of kernel methods and support vector machines and toge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus%20Keil
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Klaus Keil (November 15, 1934–February 25, 2022) was a professor at the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. He was the former Director of the Hawaiʻi Institute of Geophysics and Planetology. He was also the former director of the University of New Mexico Institute of Meteoritics. Klaus pioneered the use of the electron microprobe to study meteorite samples. He was one of the co-inventors of the Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer.
In 1988, Klaus won the Leonard Medal, which is awarded by the Meteoritical Society. In 2006, he won the J. Lawrence Smith Medal, which is awarded by the National Academy of Sciences. These awards are for his pioneering quantitative studies of minerals in meteorites and important contributions to understanding the nature, origin, and evolution of their parent bodies.
Asteroid 5054 Keil and the mineral keilite are named after Klaus.
Klaus is the father of professional tennis players Mark Keil and Kathrin Keil.
See also
Glossary of meteoritics
References
1934 births
2022 deaths
German emigrants to the United States
University of Hawaiʻi faculty
Meteorite researchers
American scientists
Scientists from Hamburg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%E2%80%93Seminole%20State%20Park
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Collier–Seminole State Park is a Florida State Park located on US 41, south of Naples, Florida. The park is the home of a National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark, the Bay City Walking Dredge used to build the Tamiami Trail through the Everglades. The park includes of of mangrove swamp, cypress swamps, salt marshes, mangrove river estuaries, and pine flatwoods. Among the wildlife of the park are American alligators, raccoons, ospreys, and American white ibis. brown pelicans, wood storks, bald eagles, red-cockaded woodpeckers, American crocodiles, Florida black bears (Ursus americanus floridanus) and Big Cypress fox squirrels (Sciurus niger avicennia) also inhabit the park.
Activities include picnicking, hiking, bicycling, and canoeing, camping, wildlife viewing, fishing and boating. Amenities include an RV park, four pavilion picnic shelters, a boat ramp, and a full-facility campground with youth, group and primitive campsites. The park has a number of trails. A canoe trail that flows down the Blackwater River through a mangrove forest. A hiking trail runs through the park. A .9-mile nature trail features a boardwalk system and observation platform that overlooks the salt marsh. The park is open from 8:00 am until sundown year-round.
Gallery
References and external links
Collier–Seminole State Park
Florida State Parks – Collier–Seminole State Park
State parks of Florida
Parks in Collier County, Florida
Everglades
Mangroves
Protected areas established in 1947
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des%20MacHale
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Desmond MacHale (born 28 January 1946) is Emeritus Professor of Mathematics at University College Cork, Ireland. He is an author and speaker on several subjects, including George Boole, lateral thinking puzzles, and humour. He has published over 80 books, some of which have been translated into languages including Danish, Italian, Norwegian, Spanish, German, Korean, and Japanese.
Biography
Des MacHale was born in Castlebar, County Mayo. He earned his BSc and MSc in mathematical science at University College Galway in 1967 and 1968, and completed his PhD at the University of Keele in 1972 under Hans Liebeck. Since then he has been at University College Cork, where his research has focussed on group and ring theory, especially Boolean rings.
In 1985 MacHale published George Boole: His Life and Work, the first book length biography of Boole. In 2014, a year ahead of Boole's bicentennial, this was reissued in revised and expanded form as The Life and Work of George Boole: A Prelude to the Digital Age. He is considered the world's leading expert on Boole and in 2018 published another book New Light on George Boole, co-authored with Yvonne Cohen.
MacHale has also authored books on other subjects, including brainteasers and he has written more than 30 books of jokes and discussions of humour. His Comic Sections: The Book of Mathematical Jokes, Humour, Wit and Wisdom is a book which combines two of his interests. He has written over a dozen books of lateral thinking problems wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Fassnacht
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Robert E. Fassnacht (January 14, 1937 – August 24, 1970) was an American physics post-doctoral researcher who was killed by the August 1970 bombing of Sterling Hall on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus, perpetrated as a protest against the Vietnam War.
Fassnacht was a student from South Bend, Indiana, who received a Westinghouse scholarship to attend college. He was at the University of Wisconsin–Madison pursuing post-doctoral research in the field of superconductivity.
Bombing
On the night of August 23 and into the early morning hours of August 24, 1970, Fassnacht was in the lab taking care of unfinished work because he and his family were slated to leave for a vacation in San Diego, California. His lab was located in the basement of Sterling Hall. He was in the process of cooling down his dewar with liquid nitrogen when the explosion occurred. Rescuers found him face down in about a foot of water. The cause of death, determined from the autopsy, was internal trauma.
As a protest against the Vietnam War, the bomb was built and planted by Karleton "Karl" Armstrong, Dwight Armstrong, David Fine, and Leo Burt. The intention was to destroy the Army Mathematics Research Center, but instead destroyed much of the physics department and severely damaged neighboring buildings.
After the bombing
Family
Fassnacht was survived by his wife, Stephanie, and their three children, a three-year-old son, Christopher, and twin daughters, Heidi and Karin who turned one a month aft
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject-matter%20expert%20Turing%20test
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A subject matter expert Turing test is a variation of the Turing test where a computer system attempts to replicate an expert in a given field such as chemistry or marketing. It is also known, as a Feigenbaum test and was proposed by Edward Feigenbaum in a 2003 paper.
The concept is also described by Ray Kurzweil in his 2005 book The Singularity is Near. Kurzweil argues that machines who pass this test are an inevitable consequence of Moore's Law.
See also
Notes
References
, p. 503-505
Further reading
Turing tests
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid%20preparation
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A plasmid preparation is a method of DNA extraction and purification for plasmid DNA, it is an important step in many molecular biology experiments and is essential for the successful use of plasmids in research and biotechnology. Many methods have been developed to purify plasmid DNA from bacteria. During the purification procedure, the plasmid DNA is often separated from contaminating proteins and genomic DNA.
These methods invariably involve three steps: growth of the bacterial culture, harvesting and lysis of the bacteria, and purification of the plasmid DNA. Purification of plasmids is central to molecular cloning. A purified plasmid can be used for many standard applications, such as sequencing and transfections into cells.
Growth of the bacterial culture
Plasmids are almost always purified from liquid bacteria cultures, usually E. coli, which have been transformed and isolated. Virtually all plasmid vectors in common use encode one or more antibiotic resistance genes as a selectable marker, for example a gene encoding ampicillin or kanamycin resistance, which allows bacteria that have been successfully transformed to multiply uninhibited. Bacteria that have not taken up the plasmid vector are assumed to lack the resistance gene, and thus only colonies representing successful transformations are expected to grow.
Bacteria are grown under favourable conditions.
Harvesting and lysis of the bacteria
There are several methods for cell lysis, including alkaline lysis, m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parviz%20Moin
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Parviz Moin ( Parviz Mo'in from Terhan, Iran) is a fluid dynamicist. He is the Franklin P. and Caroline M. Johnson Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University. Moin has been listed as an ISI Highly Cited author in engineering.
Biography
Moin is from Iran, and now lives in California. He received his Bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Minnesota in 1974, his Master's degree in mathematics and his Master's and Ph.D degrees in mechanical engineering from Stanford in 1978. Moin became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1981. He held the posts of National Research Council Fellow, Staff Scientist and Senior Staff Scientist at NASA Ames Research Center. He joined the Stanford faculty in September 1986.
Research
Moin pioneered the use of direct numerical simulation and large eddy simulation techniques for the study of turbulence physics, control and modelling concepts and has written widely on the structure of turbulent shear flows. His current interests include: interaction of turbulent flows and shock waves, aerodynamic noise and hydroacoustics, turbulence control, large eddy simulation and parallel computing.
Moin is the founding director of the Center for Turbulence Research at Stanford and Ames. Established in 1987 as a research consortium between NASA and Stanford, the Center for Turbulence Research is devoted to fundamental studies of turbulent flows.
He has been an Editor of the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics since 2002.
Awards a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicon%20%28physics%29
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In electromagnetism, a helicon is a low-frequency electromagnetic wave that can exist in bounded plasmas in the presence of a magnetic field. The first helicons observed were atmospheric whistlers, but they also exist in solid conductors or any other electromagnetic plasma. The electric field in the waves is dominated by the Hall effect, and is nearly at right angles to the electric current (rather than parallel as it would be without the magnetic field); so that the propagating component of the waves is corkscrew-shaped (helical) – hence the term “helicon,” coined by Aigrain.
Helicons have the special ability to propagate through pure metals, given conditions of low temperature and high magnetic fields. Most electromagnetic waves in a normal conductor are not able to do this, since the high conductivity of metals (due to their free electrons) acts to screen out the electromagnetic field. Indeed, normally an electromagnetic wave would experience a very thin skin depth in a metal: the electric or magnetic fields are quickly reflected upon trying to enter the metal. (Hence the shine of metals.) However, skin depth depends on an inverse proportionality to the square root of angular frequency. Thus a low-frequency electromagnetic wave may be able to overcome the skin depth problem, and thereby propagate throughout the material.
One property of the helicon waves (readily demonstrated by a rudimentary calculation, using only the Hall effect terms and a resistivity term) is that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitting%20circle%20method
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In mathematics, the splitting circle method is a numerical algorithm for the numerical factorization of a polynomial and, ultimately, for finding its complex roots. It was introduced by Arnold Schönhage in his 1982 paper The fundamental theorem of algebra in terms of computational complexity (Technical report, Mathematisches Institut der Universität Tübingen). A revised algorithm was presented by Victor Pan in 1998. An implementation was provided by Xavier Gourdon in 1996 for the Magma and PARI/GP computer algebra systems.
General description
The fundamental idea of the splitting circle method is to use methods of complex analysis, more precisely the residue theorem, to construct factors of polynomials. With those methods it is possible to construct a factor of a given polynomial for any region of the complex plane with a piecewise smooth boundary. Most of those factors will be trivial, that is constant polynomials. Only regions that contain roots of p(x) result in nontrivial factors that have exactly those roots of p(x) as their own roots, preserving multiplicity.
In the numerical realization of this method one uses disks D(c,r) (center c, radius r) in the complex plane as regions. The boundary circle of a disk splits the set of roots of p(x) in two parts, hence the name of the method. To a given disk one computes approximate factors following the analytical theory and refines them using Newton's method. To avoid numerical instability one has to demand that all roots are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMACS
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The Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science (DIMACS) is a collaboration between Rutgers University, Princeton University, and the research firms AT&T, Bell Labs, Applied Communication Sciences, and NEC. It was founded in 1989 with money from the National Science Foundation. Its offices are located on the Rutgers campus, and 250 members from the six institutions form its permanent members.
DIMACS is devoted to both theoretical development and practical applications of discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science. It engages in a wide variety of evangelism including encouraging, inspiring, and facilitating researchers in these subject areas, and sponsoring conferences and workshops.
Fundamental research in discrete mathematics has applications in diverse fields including Cryptology, Engineering, Networking, and Management Decision Support.
Past directors have included Fred S. Roberts, Daniel Gorenstein, András Hajnal, and Rebecca N. Wright.
The DIMACS Challenges
DIMACS sponsors implementation challenges to determine practical algorithm performance on problems of interest. There have been eleven DIMACS challenges so far.
1990-1991: Network Flows and Matching
1992-1992: NP-Hard Problems: Max Clique, Graph Coloring, and SAT
1993-1994: Parallel Algorithms for Combinatorial Problems
1994-1995: Computational Biology: Fragment Assembly and Genome Rearrangement
1995-1996: Priority Queues, Dictionaries, and Multidimensional Point Sets
1998
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez%20Hoodbhoy
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Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy (Urdu: ;;born 11 July 1950) is a Pakistani nuclear physicist and activist who serves as a professor at the Forman Christian College and previously taught physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University. Hoodbhoy is also a prominent activist in particular concerned with promotion of freedom of speech, secularism, scientific temper and education in Pakistan.
Born and raised in Karachi, Hoodbhoy studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for nine years, where he received degrees in electrical engineering, mathematics and solid-state physics, eventually leading to a PhD in nuclear physics. In 1981, Hoodbhoy went on to conduct post-doctoral research at the University of Washington, before leaving to serve as a visiting professor at the Carnegie Mellon University in 1985. While still a professor at the Quaid-e-Azam University, Hoodbhoy worked as a guest scientist at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics from 1986 to 1994. He remained with the Quaid-e-Azam University until 2010, throughout which he held visiting professorships at MIT, University of Maryland and Stanford Linear Collider.
In 2011, Hoodbhoy joined LUMS while also working as a researcher with Princeton University and as copa columnist with the Express Tribune. His contract with LUMS was terminated in 2013 which resulted in a controversy. He is a sponsor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and a member of the monitoring panel on terrorism of the World Federation of Scientists.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goclenius
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Goclenius may refer to:
Conrad Goclenius (1490-1539), German humanist
Rudolph Goclenius the Elder (1547–1628), German scholastic philosopher
Rudolph Goclenius the Younger (1572–1621), German physician and professor of physics, medicine and mathematics; son of the elder Goclenius
Goclenius, a lunar crater named after the younger Goclenius
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunct%20distribution
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In biology, a taxon with a disjunct distribution is one that has two or more groups that are related but considerably separated from each other geographically. The causes are varied and might demonstrate either the expansion or contraction of a species' range.
Range fragmentation
Also called range fragmentation, disjunct distributions may be caused by changes in the environment, such as mountain building and continental drift or rising sea levels; it may also be due to an organism expanding its range into new areas, by such means as rafting, or other animals transporting an organism to a new location (plant seeds consumed by birds and animals can be moved to new locations during bird or animal migrations, and those seeds can be deposited in new locations in fecal matter). Other conditions that can produce disjunct distributions include: flooding, or changes in wind, stream, and current flows, plus others such as anthropogenic introduction of alien introduced species either accidentally or deliberately (agriculture and horticulture).
Habitat fragmentation
Disjunct distributions can occur when suitable habitat is fragmented, which produces fragmented populations, and when that fragmentation becomes so divergent that species movement between one suitable habitat to the next is disrupted, isolated population can be produced. Extinctions can cause disjunct distribution, especially in areas where only scattered areas are habitable by a species; for instance, island chains or spec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariant%20classical%20field%20theory
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In mathematical physics, covariant classical field theory represents classical fields by sections of fiber bundles, and their dynamics is phrased in the context of a finite-dimensional space of fields. Nowadays, it is well known that jet bundles and the variational bicomplex are the correct domain for such a description. The Hamiltonian variant of covariant classical field theory is the covariant Hamiltonian field theory where momenta correspond to derivatives of field variables with respect to all world coordinates. Non-autonomous mechanics is formulated as covariant classical field theory on fiber bundles over the time axis ℝ.
Examples
Many important examples of classical field theories which are of interest in quantum field theory are given below. In particular, these are the theories which make up the Standard model of particle physics. These examples will be used in the discussion of the general mathematical formulation of classical field theory.
Uncoupled theories
Scalar field theory
Klein−Gordon theory
Spinor theories
Dirac theory
Weyl theory
Majorana theory
Gauge theories
Maxwell theory
Yang–Mills theory. This is the only theory in the uncoupled theory list which contains interactions: Yang–Mills contains self-interactions.
Coupled theories
Yukawa coupling: coupling of scalar and spinor fields.
Scalar electrodynamics/chromodynamics: coupling of scalar and gauge fields.
Quantum electrodynamics/chromodynamics: coupling of spinor and gauge fields. Despi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mathematics%20journals
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This is a list of scientific journals covering mathematics with existing Wikipedia articles on them.
Alphabetic list of titles
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
Z
See also
arXiv, an electronic preprint archive
List of computer science journals
List of mathematical physics journals
List of probability journals
List of scientific journals
List of statistics journals
References
External links
A list of formerly only-printed journals, now available in digital form, with links
An essentially complete list of mathematical journals, with abbreviations used by Mathematical Reviews
Lists of academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropos%20scheduler
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In computer science, Atropos is a real-time scheduling algorithm developed at Cambridge University. It combines the earliest deadline first algorithm with a best effort scheduler to make use of slack time, while exercising strict admission control.
External links
The Atropos Scheduler
Scheduling algorithms
Real-time computing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wheater
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John Feather Wheater (born 1958, in London) is a British physicist, and Professor specialising in particle physics at the University of Oxford.
Education
Wheater was educated at the University of Oxford where he read Physics at Christ Church, Oxford, during 1976–79, graduating with a first class degree, also winning the Scott Prize for Physics. He undertook a DPhil degree on electroweak radiative corrections, supervised by Chris Llewellyn Smith during 1979–81.
Career and research
Wheater was a Junior Research Fellow in theoretical physics at Christ Church during 1981–84. In 1984–85, he was a lecturer in theoretical particle physics at Durham University.
In 1985, Wheater joined the academic staff of the Department of Physics at Oxford University, initially as a lecturer. He was also a fellow of University College, Oxford, from 1985 until 2015. During 1990 and later in 2003–4, he was on sabbatical leave spent at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark. In 1993, he was awarded the Maxwell Medal and Prize by the Institute of Physics. He was Head of the Physics Department between 2010 and 2018. In 2015, he was appointed as Professor of Physics. Wheater leads the Particle Theory Group.
During Wheater's term as Head of the Department of Physics, the new Beecroft Building in the department was initiated. It was opened in 2018 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee (who formerly studied physics at Oxford), in the presence of Wheater as Head of department, Professor Louise Richardson (Vice
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-fragment%20complementation%20assay
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Within the field of molecular biology, a protein-fragment complementation assay, or PCA, is a method for the identification and quantification of protein–protein interactions. In the PCA, the proteins of interest ("bait" and "prey") are each covalently linked to fragments of a third protein (e.g. DHFR, which acts as a "reporter"). Interaction between the bait and the prey proteins brings the fragments of the reporter protein in close proximity to allow them to form a functional reporter protein whose activity can be measured. This principle can be applied to many different reporter proteins and is also the basis for the yeast two-hybrid system, an archetypical PCA assay.
Split protein assays
Any protein that can be split into two parts and reconstituted non-covalently to form a functional protein may be used in a PCA. The two fragments however have low affinity for each other and must be brought together by other interacting proteins fused to them (often called "bait" and "prey" since the bait protein can be used to identify a prey protein, see figure). The protein that produces a detectable readout is called "reporter". Usually enzymes which confer resistance to nutrient deprivation or antibiotics, such as dihydrofolate reductase or beta-lactamase respectively, or proteins that give colorimetric or fluorescent signals are used as reporters. When fluorescent proteins are reconstituted the PCA is called Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. The following proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo%20University%20of%20Science
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, formerly "Science University of Tokyo" or TUS, informally or simply is a private research university located in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
History
Tokyo University of Science was founded in 1881 as The Tokyo Academy of Physics by 21 graduates of the Department of Physics in the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo (then the Imperial University). In 1883, it was renamed the Tokyo College of Science, and in 1949, it attained university status and became the Tokyo University of Science. The leading character appearing in Japanese novelist Soseki Natsume's novel Botchan graduated from Tokyo University of Science.
, it is the only private university in Japan that has produced a Nobel Prize winner and the only private university in Asia to produce Nobel Prize winners within the natural sciences field.
Academic rankings
Global university rankings
Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked Tokyo University of Science in equal 13th place in Japan.
Graduate school rankings
Eduniversal ranked Tokyo University of Science second in its rankings of "Top business school with significant international influence" in Japan.
Alumni rankings
In Times Higher Education ranking of CEOs of the world's largest enterprises, it is ranked third for Japanese universities.
Campuses
Tokyo University of Science main campus is located in the Kagurazaka district of Shinjuku. The nearest station is Iidabashi Station.
Apart from the main campus in Shinjuku, there are other campuses around the cou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primality%20certificate
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In mathematics and computer science, a primality certificate or primality proof is a succinct, formal proof that a number is prime. Primality certificates allow the primality of a number to be rapidly checked without having to run an expensive or unreliable primality test. "Succinct" usually means that the proof should be at most polynomially larger than the number of digits in the number itself (for example, if the number has b bits, the proof might contain roughly b2 bits).
Primality certificates lead directly to proofs that problems such as primality testing and the complement of integer factorization lie in NP, the class of problems verifiable in polynomial time given a solution. These problems already trivially lie in co-NP. This was the first strong evidence that these problems are not NP-complete, since if they were, it would imply that NP is subset of co-NP, a result widely believed to be false; in fact, this was the first demonstration of a problem in NP intersect co-NP not known, at the time, to be in P.
Producing certificates for the complement problem, to establish that a number is composite, is straightforward: it suffices to give a nontrivial divisor. Standard probabilistic primality tests such as the Baillie–PSW primality test, the Fermat primality test, and the Miller–Rabin primality test also produce compositeness certificates in the event where the input is composite, but do not produce certificates for prime inputs.
Pratt certificates
The concept of pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanbhai%20Patel
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Ramanbhai B. Patel (19 August 1925 – 19 September 2001) was an Indian chemist who founded the operation, along with school friend I A Modi, that eventually became the Ahmedabad-based pharmaceutical company Cadila Laboratories.
Patel was born at Kathor in South Gujarat and studied chemistry at Gujarat University's L.M. College of Pharmacy before becoming a lecturer there. With Indravadan Modi he founded Cadila Laboratories in 1952.
Among the early achievements of Cadila Laboratories were the production of Isopar, a formulation of the anti-tuberculosis drugs Isoniazid & Para-amino salicylic acid in 1957, and Neuroxin-12, a single-vial mixture of vitamin B1, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, in 1959. In 1973 the firm developed process technology to make the anti-diabetic drug glibenclamide, while in 1977 the firm launched Dexona-20, which was a concentrated form of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.
In 1995, after a disagreement between Patel and Modi, Cadila Laboratories was restructured with the business being split two ways. Cadila Healthcare was set up to take the Patel's share of the business and Cadila Pharmaceutical took Modi's share. Patel was chairman and managing director of Cadila Healthcare until his death. Cadila Healthcare went public on the Bombay Stock Exchange in 2000. His son Pankaj Patel (born 1951) is the current Chairman and Managing Director of Cadila Healthcare.
Dr Raman Bhai Patel hosted Gandhi Mandela Peace Award 2019.
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat%20extract
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Meat extract is highly concentrated meat stock, usually made from beef or chicken. It is used to add meat flavor in cooking, and to make broth for soups and other liquid-based foods.
Meat extract was invented by Baron Justus von Liebig, a German 19th-century organic chemist. Liebig specialised in chemistry and the classification of food and wrote a paper on how the nutritional value of a meat is lost by boiling. Liebig's view was that meat juices, as well as the fibres, contained much important nutritional value and that these were lost by boiling or cooking in unenclosed vessels. Fuelled by a desire to help feed the undernourished, in 1840 he developed a concentrated beef extract, Extractum carnis Liebig, to provide a nutritious meat substitute for those unable to afford the real thing. However, it took 30 kg of meat to produce 1 kg of extract, making the extract too expensive.
Commercialization
Liebig's Extract of Meat Company
Liebig went on to co-found the Liebig's Extract of Meat Company, (later Oxo), in London whose factory, opened in 1865 in Fray Bentos, a port in Uruguay, took advantage of meat from cattle being raised for their hides — at one third the price of British meat. Before that, it was the Giebert et Compagnie (April 1863).
Bovril
In the 1870s, John Lawson Johnston invented 'Johnston's Fluid Beef', later renamed Bovril. Unlike Liebig's meat extract, Bovril also contained flavourings. It was manufactured in Argentina and Uruguay which could provide chea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20science
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Formal science is a branch of science studying disciplines concerned with abstract structures described by formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory, and theoretical linguistics. Whereas the natural sciences and social sciences seek to characterize physical systems and social systems, respectively, using empirical methods, the formal sciences use language tools concerned with characterizing abstract structures described by formal systems. The formal sciences aid the natural and social sciences by providing information about the structures used to describe the physical world, and what inferences may be made about them.
Branches
Principal branches of formal sciences are:
logic (also a branch of philosophy);
mathematics;
and computer science.
Differences from other sciences
Because of their non-empirical nature, formal sciences are construed by outlining a set of axioms and definitions from which other statements (theorems) are deduced. For this reason, in Rudolf Carnap's logical-positivist conception of the epistemology of science, theories belonging to formal sciences are understood to contain no synthetic statements, instead containing only analytic statements.
See also
Philosophy
Science
Rationalism
Abstract structure
Abstraction in mathematics
Abstraction in computer science
Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)
Formal gramma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine%20chemical
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In chemistry, fine chemicals are complex, single, pure chemical substances, produced in limited quantities in multipurpose plants by multistep batch chemical or biotechnological processes. They are described by exacting specifications, used for further processing within the chemical industry and sold for more than $10/kg (see the comparison of fine chemicals, commodities and specialties). The class of fine chemicals is subdivided either on the basis of the added value (building blocks, advanced intermediates or active ingredients), or the type of business transaction, namely standard or exclusive products.
Fine chemicals are produced in limited volumes (< 1000 tons/year) and at relatively high prices (> $10/kg) according to exacting specifications, mainly by traditional organic synthesis in multipurpose chemical plants. Biotechnical processes are gaining ground. Fine chemicals are used as starting materials for specialty chemicals, particularly pharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Custom manufacturing for the life science industry plays a big role; however, a significant portion of the fine chemicals total production volume is manufactured in-house by large users. The industry is fragmented and extends from small, privately owned companies to divisions of big, diversified chemical enterprises. The term "fine chemicals" is used in distinction to "heavy chemicals", which are produced and handled in large lots and are often in a crude state.
Since the late 19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAF
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BAF or Baf may refer to:
Biology
Barrier-to-autointegration factor, a family of proteins
BRG1, or hbrm-associated factors, a family of proteins; see SWI/SNF re BAF complex
Military
Bagram Airfield
Balkan Air Force, a late-World War II Allied air formation
Bangladesh Air Force
Belgian Air Force, previous name of the Belgian Air Component, ICAO code
Benefield Anechoic Facility, installed systems for avionics test programs
Bophuthatswana Air Force, the aviation branch of the military forces of Bophuthatswana
British Armed Forces, the military of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Bulgarian Air Force
Other uses
Baca language (ISO 639:b), a Southern Bantoid language of Cameroon
.baf, a proprietary data format used by Bruker mass spectrometers
Baptistina family, an asteroid family
Barnes Municipal Airport, IATA airport code
Basal area factor, used in forestry to calculate tree cover over land
Belarus Athletic Federation
Brigade d'autodéfense du français (BAF), an activist grouping in Quebec in defense of French language
British Academy of Fencing
British Air Ferries, a former airline
Building a Future, an organization concerned with child poverty in Latin America
Bunker adjustment factor, sea freight charges which represents additions due to oil prices
The Turkish name for Paphos, Cyprus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product%20of%20groups
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In mathematics, a product of groups usually refers to a direct product of groups, but may also mean:
semidirect product
Product of group subsets
wreath product
free product
central product
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo%20algebraically%20closed%20field
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In mathematics, a field is pseudo algebraically closed if it satisfies certain properties which hold for algebraically closed fields. The concept was introduced by James Ax in 1967.
Formulation
A field K is pseudo algebraically closed (usually abbreviated by PAC) if one of the following equivalent conditions holds:
Each absolutely irreducible variety defined over has a -rational point.
For each absolutely irreducible polynomial with and for each nonzero there exists such that and .
Each absolutely irreducible polynomial has infinitely many -rational points.
If is a finitely generated integral domain over with quotient field which is regular over , then there exist a homomorphism such that for each .
Examples
Algebraically closed fields and separably closed fields are always PAC.
Pseudo-finite fields and hyper-finite fields are PAC.
A non-principal ultraproduct of distinct finite fields is (pseudo-finite and hence) PAC. Ax deduces this from the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields.
Infinite algebraic extensions of finite fields are PAC.
The PAC Nullstellensatz. The absolute Galois group of a field is profinite, hence compact, and hence equipped with a normalized Haar measure. Let be a countable Hilbertian field and let be a positive integer. Then for almost all -tuples , the fixed field of the subgroup generated by the automorphisms is PAC. Here the phrase "almost all" means "all but a set of measure zero". (This result is a consequenc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical-map%20hypernetted-chain%20method
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The classical-map hypernetted-chain method (CHNC method) is a method used in many-body theoretical physics for interacting uniform electron liquids in two and three dimensions, and for non-ideal plasmas. The method extends the famous hypernetted-chain method (HNC) introduced by J. M. J van Leeuwen et al. to quantum fluids as well. The classical HNC, together with the Percus–Yevick approximation, are the two pillars which bear the brunt of most calculations in the theory of interacting classical fluids. Also, HNC and PY have become important in providing basic reference schemes in the theory of fluids, and hence they are of great importance to the physics of many-particle systems.
The HNC and PY integral equations provide the pair distribution functions of the particles in a classical fluid, even for very high coupling strengths. The coupling strength is measured by the ratio of the potential energy to the kinetic energy. In a classical fluid, the kinetic energy is proportional to the temperature. In a quantum fluid, the situation is very complicated as one needs to deal with quantum operators, and matrix elements of such operators, which appear in various perturbation methods based on Feynman diagrams. The CHNC method provides an approximate "escape" from these difficulties, and applies to regimes beyond perturbation theory. In Robert B. Laughlin's famous Nobel Laureate work on the fractional quantum Hall effect, an HNC equation was used within a classical plasma analogy.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee%20ring%20effect
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In physics, a "coffee ring" is a pattern left by a puddle of particle-laden liquid after it evaporates. The phenomenon is named for the characteristic ring-like deposit along the perimeter of a spill of coffee. It is also commonly seen after spilling red wine. The mechanism behind the formation of these and similar rings is known as the coffee ring effect or in some instances, the coffee stain effect, or simply ring stain.
Flow mechanism
The coffee-ring pattern originates from the capillary flow induced by the evaporation of the drop: liquid evaporating from the edge is replenished by liquid from the interior. The resulting current can carry nearly all the dispersed material to the edge. As a function of time, this process exhibits a "rush-hour" effect, that is, a rapid acceleration of the flow towards the edge at the final stage of the drying process.
Evaporation induces a Marangoni flow inside a droplet. The flow, if strong, redistributes particles back to the center of the droplet. Thus, for particles to accumulate at the edges, the liquid must have a weak Marangoni flow, or something must occur to disrupt the flow. For example, surfactants can be added to reduce the liquid's surface tension gradient, disrupting the induced flow. Water has a weak Marangoni flow to begin with, which is then reduced significantly by natural surfactants.
Interaction of the particles suspended in a droplet with the free surface of the droplet is important in creating a coffee ring. "Whe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical%20anthropology
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Philosophical anthropology, sometimes called anthropological philosophy, is a discipline dealing with questions of metaphysics and phenomenology of the human person.
Philosophical anthropology is distinct from Philosophy of Anthropology, the study of the philosophical conceptions underlying anthropological work.
History
Plato identified the human essence with the soul, affiriming that the material body is its prison from which the soul yearns for to be liberated because it wants to see, know and contemplate the pure hyperuranic ideas. According to the Phaedrus, after death, souls transmigrate from a body to another. Therefore Plato introduced an irreducible mind–body dualism.
Aristotle defined the man as the union of two substances, the body and the soul, within the socalled theory of hylomorphism. Man is a type of animal with a specific characteristic that makes him superior than any other living entity: it is the rational soul. The soul is not something of extraneous to the body, but it is the principle that organizes, structures, gives life and form to the body's matter. The Aristotelian soul's conception is described in the threaty On the Soul from a theoretical point of view, and in the Politics and Nicomachean Ethics from a practical one.
The Christian thought developed the concept of creatio ex nihilo according to which all what exists is a contingent creature of God, including matter. The Platonic khôra ended to be a region out of the Logos' power.
Time started t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20series%20and%20B%20series
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In metaphysics, the A series and the B series are two different descriptions of the temporal ordering relation among events. The two series differ principally in their use of tense to describe the temporal relation between events and the resulting ontological implications regarding time.
John McTaggart introduced these terms in 1908, in an argument for the unreality of time. They are now commonly used by contemporary philosophers of time.
History
Metaphysical debate about temporal orderings reaches back to the ancient Greek philosophers Heraclitus and Parmenides. Parmenides thought that reality is timeless and unchanging. Heraclitus, in contrast, believed that the world is a process of ceaseless change, flux and decay. Reality for Heraclitus is dynamic and ephemeral. Indeed, the world is so fleeting, according to Heraclitus, that it is impossible to step twice into the same river.
McTaggart's series
McTaggart distinguished the ancient conceptions as a set of relations. According to McTaggart, there are two distinct modes in which all events can be ordered in time.
A series
In the first mode, events are ordered as future, present, and past. Futurity and pastness allow of degrees, while the present does not. When we speak of time in this way, we are speaking in terms of a series of positions which run from the remote past through the recent past to the present, and from the present through the near future all the way to the remote future. The essential characteristic of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Bird%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Richard Simpson Bird (4 February 1943 – 4 April 2022) was an English computer scientist.
Posts
He was a Supernumerary Fellow of Computation at Lincoln College, University of Oxford, in Oxford England, and former director of the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford). Formerly, Bird was at the University of Reading.
Research interests
Bird's research interests lay in algorithm design and functional programming, and he was known as a regular contributor to the Journal of Functional Programming, and as author of several books promoting use of the programming language Haskell, including Introduction to Functional Programming using Haskell, Thinking Functionally with Haskell, Algorithm Design with Haskell co-authored with Jeremy Gibbons, and other books on related topics. His name is associated with the Bird–Meertens formalism, a calculus for deriving programs from specifications in a functional programming style.
Other organisational affilitations
He was a member of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi, which specified, supports, and maintains the programming languages ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68.
References
External links
, laboratory
1943 births
2022 deaths
English computer scientists
English non-fiction writers
Computer science writers
Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
Fellows of Lincoln Col
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Cyberchase%20episodes
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Cyberchase is an animated mathematics series that currently airs on PBS Kids. The show revolves around three Earth children (Jackie, Matt, and Inez), who use mathematics and problem-solving skills in a quest to save Cyberspace from a villain known as The Hacker. The three are transported into Cyberspace by Motherboard, the ruler of this virtual realm. Together with Motherboard's helper, Digit (a robotic bird), the three new friends compose the Cybersquad.
Each animated episode is followed by a live-action For Real interstitial before the credits, hosted by young, comedic actors who explore the episode's math topic in the real world. The show is created by the Thirteen Education division of WNET (channel 13), the PBS station for Greater New York.
After the fifth episode of Season 8 in 2010, Cyberchase went on hiatus. However, on April 3, 2013, it was announced on the show's official Facebook page that it would return for a ninth season during the fall.
On February 10, 2015, Gilbert Gottfried, the voice of Digit, announced that five new episodes were expected to be broadcast in the half of that year as the show's tenth season. In April 2015, the show's Twitter account retweeted a photo indicating that the season would focus on health, math, and the environment.
In January 2017, it was announced that Cyberchase would be returning for an eleventh season, with ten new episodes set to air later in the year. In May, producer Kristin DiQuollo and director Meeka Stuart answered q
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerma%20%28disambiguation%29
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Kerma may refer to:
Kerma (ancient city)
Kerma Basin, a low-lying area by the River Nile in Sudan
Kerma culture, an ancient civilization in modern-day Sudan
Kerma Museum, a museum in northern Sudan
KERMA, a quantity in radiation physics
List of monarchs of Kerma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl
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Vinyl may refer to:
Chemistry
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a particular vinyl polymer
Vinyl cation, a type of carbocation
Vinyl group, a broad class of organic molecules in chemistry
Vinyl polymer, a group of polymers derived from vinyl monomers
Materials
PVC clothing, a fabric
Vinyl composition tile, a type of floor tiling
Vinyl siding, an exterior building cladding
Music
Vinyl records, phonograph records made with polyvinyl chloride
Vinyl (Dramarama album), 1991
Vinyl (William Michael Morgan album), 2016
Vinyl (EP), by Dramarama
Vinyl Solution, a record label
"Vinyl", a song by Kira Kosarin
Film
Vinyl (1965 film), directed by Andy Warhol
Vinyl (2000 film), a documentary directed by Alan Zweig
Vinyl (2012 film), directed by Sara Sugarman about a 2004 musical hoax involving UK band, The Alarm
Television
Vinyl (TV series), a 2016 American television series on HBO
Vinyl Scratch, a background character on My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym%20%28biology%29
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In biology, a homonym is a name for a taxon that is identical in spelling to another such name, that belongs to a different taxon.
The rule in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is that the first such name to be published is the senior homonym and is to be used (it is "valid"); any others are junior homonyms and must be replaced with new names. It is, however, possible that if a senior homonym is archaic, and not in "prevailing usage," it may be declared a nomen oblitum and rendered unavailable, while the junior homonym is preserved as a nomen protectum.
For example:
Cuvier proposed the genus Echidna in 1797 for the spiny anteater.
However, Forster had already published the name Echidna in 1777 for a genus of moray eels.
Forster's use thus has priority, with Cuvier's being a junior homonym.
Illiger published the replacement name Tachyglossus in 1811.
Similarly, the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) specifies that the first published of two or more homonyms is to be used: a later homonym is "illegitimate" and is not to be used unless conserved (or sanctioned, in the case of fungi).
Example: the later homonym Myroxylon L.f. (1782), in the family Leguminosae, is conserved against the earlier homonym Myroxylon J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (1775) (now called Xylosma, in the family Salicaceae).
Parahomonyms
Under the botanical code, names that are similar enough that they are likely to be confused are also considered to be homonym
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibre%20%28disambiguation%29
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Caliber or calibre is the diameter of a gun barrel.
Calibre or caliber may also refer to:
Science and technology
Caliber (artillery), a measure of barrel diameter and length
Caliber (horology), a designation of clockwork movements
Caliber (mathematics), a cardinal κ associated with a topological space
Calibre (software), an ebook manager and editor
Arts, entertainment and media
Calibre (musician) (born Dominick Martin), Northern Irish drum and bass producer
Calibre (film), a 2018 thriller film
Comics
Caliber (Radical Comics), a comic book limited series from Radical Comics
Caliber Comics, an American comic book publisher
Calibre (comics), an Azteca Publications character
Caliber, a Marvel Comics supervillain and enemy of Alpha Flight
Other uses
Caliber 40, an American sailboat design
Dodge Caliber, a model of car
Calibre (menswear), Australian clothing company
See also
Caliper, a measurement device
Kaliber (disambiguation)
Opel Calibra, a car
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum%20map
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In mathematics, specifically in symplectic geometry, the momentum map (or, by false etymology, moment map) is a tool associated with a Hamiltonian action of a Lie group on a symplectic manifold, used to construct conserved quantities for the action. The momentum map generalizes the classical notions of linear and angular momentum. It is an essential ingredient in various constructions of symplectic manifolds, including symplectic (Marsden–Weinstein) quotients, discussed below, and symplectic cuts and sums.
Formal definition
Let M be a manifold with symplectic form ω. Suppose that a Lie group G acts on M via symplectomorphisms (that is, the action of each g in G preserves ω). Let be the Lie algebra of G, its dual, and
the pairing between the two. Any ξ in induces a vector field ρ(ξ) on M describing the infinitesimal action of ξ. To be precise, at a point x in M the vector is
where is the exponential map and denotes the G-action on M. Let denote the contraction of this vector field with ω. Because G acts by symplectomorphisms, it follows that is closed (for all ξ in ).
Suppose that is not just closed but also exact, so that for some function . If this holds, then one may choose the to make the map linear. A momentum map for the G-action on (M, ω) is a map such that
for all ξ in . Here is the function from M to R defined by . The momentum map is uniquely defined up to an additive constant of integration (on each connected component).
An -action on a symplect
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage%20problem
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In mathematics, marriage problem may refer to:
Assignment problem, consisting of finding a maximum weight matching in a weighted bipartite graph
Secretary problem, also called the sultan's dowry or best choice problem, in optimal stopping theory
Stable marriage problem, the problem of finding a stable matching between two equally sized sets of elements given an ordering of preferences for each element
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evans%20Hall%20%28UC%20Berkeley%29
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Evans Hall is the statistics, economics, and mathematics building on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley.
Computer History importance
Evans Hall also served as the gateway for the entire west coast's ARPAnet access during the early stages of the Internet's existence; at the time, the backbone was a 56kbit/s line to Chicago.
Because of its proximity to the engineering school, and the location of both the departments of Computer Science, and Mathematics, Evans Hall was the building in which the original vi text editor was programmed, as well as the birthplace of Berkeley Unix (BSD), and Rogue, which was further developed there by Glenn C Wickman, and Michael Toy. Rogue's origins included the curses library, which Rogue was originally written to test. Additionally, both Ingres and Postgres were originally coded in Evans, under Prof. Michael Stonebraker's direction.
The office of Professor Doug Cooper, who wrote the widely used programming textbook "Oh! Pascal!", was in this building.
Architecture
Construction
Evans Hall is situated at the northeast corner of campus, just east of Memorial Glade. It was built in 1971 and is named after Griffith C. Evans, chairman of mathematics from 1934 to 1949 who combined the fields of mathematics and economics. The architect was Gardner Dailey.
In the 1990s, this building saw significant renovation including seismic retrofits and a new paint job. Today, the building sports a blue-green exterior with orange-red accents.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPTP
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CPTP may refer to:
Civilian Pilot Training Program
Chronic Postvasectomy Testicular Pain
Completely-positive trace preserving map in quantum physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20product%20of%20groups
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In mathematics, specifically in group theory, the direct product is an operation that takes two groups and and constructs a new group, usually denoted . This operation is the group-theoretic analogue of the Cartesian product of sets and is one of several important notions of direct product in mathematics.
In the context of abelian groups, the direct product is sometimes referred to as the direct sum, and is denoted . Direct sums play an important role in the classification of abelian groups: according to the fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups, every finite abelian group can be expressed as the direct sum of cyclic groups.
Definition
Given groups (with operation ) and (with operation ), the direct product is defined as follows:
The resulting algebraic object satisfies the axioms for a group. Specifically:
Associativity The binary operation on is associative.
Identity The direct product has an identity element, namely , where is the identity element of and is the identity element of .
Inverses The inverse of an element of is the pair , where is the inverse of in , and is the inverse of in .
Examples
Let be the group of real numbers under addition. Then the direct product is the group of all two-component vectors under the operation of vector addition:
.
Let be the group of positive real numbers under multiplication. Then the direct product is the group of all vectors in the first quadrant under the operation of component-wise multiplicat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PQS
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PQS can refer to:
Personnel Qualification Standard, a set of tasks and examinations in the United States Navy
Passive Q-switching
Parallel Quantum Solutions, a computational chemistry computer program
The Protein Quaternary Structure Server, an important resource in structural biology
Potential Quadruplex-forming Sequence, in molecular biology a DNA or RNA sequence capable of forming a G-quadruplex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Moresi
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Louis-Noël Moresi (born 30 October 1965) is a Professor of Computational Mathematics & Geophysics at The Australian National University. He has deeply influenced the understanding of the Geophysics community through his own research as well as providing software for the community to use.
Early career
The London-born Moresi began his scientific career at Kodak as a research assistant in 1985 where he worked with Dr John Goddard on the synthesis of stabilizers (anti-oxidants) for yellow dyes in photographic emulsions. In the same year, he began undergraduate studies at Clare College, Cambridge at the University of Cambridge. There he completed a Natural Sciences Tripos in 1988, with final year options in Seismology, Physics of the Earth and Environmental Science, taking classes under Dan McKenzie. In his last year he received the Horn Prize for his results in his final examinations.
From 1988 to 1992, he completed his doctoral studies in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Oxford. He focused his PhD thesis on the influence of mantle convection on surface observables such as Topography and Geoid. His particular emphasis was on the role of temperature-dependent viscosity and partial melting for both Earth and Venus.
Employment
From 1992 to 1995 he worked as a fellow in geophysics at Caltech. There he worked with Mike Gurnis on 3D dynamic models of Subduction in the North West Pacific Ocean as well as mantle convection in Earth and Venus with Slava Solomatov
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Pulay
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Peter Pulay (born September 20, 1941, in Veszprém, Hungary) is a theoretical chemist. He is the Roger B. Bost Distinguished Professor of Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Arkansas, United States.
One of his most important contributions is the introduction of the gradient method in quantum chemistry. This allows the prediction of the geometric structure of a molecule using computational chemical programs to be almost routine. He is the main author of the PQS computational chemistry program.
His work was cited in the official background material for the 1998 Nobel Prize in chemistry.
Among many honors, he was made a Foreign Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1993. He is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.
See also
Direct inversion in the iterative subspace
Pulay stress
References
University of Arkansas Faculty Page for Peter Pulay
Peter Pulay's International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science page
Living people
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
1941 births
Schrödinger Medal recipients
Computational chemists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%20Landgraf
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Günther Landgraf (14 September 1928 in Kryry – 12 January 2006 in Dresden) was a German physicist and, from 1990 till 1994, President of Technische Universität Dresden.
Günther Landgraf was born in Kryry, in Bohemia (now Czech Republic). He came to Dresden in 1938 and studied physics. Landgraf graduated in fatigue strength science at the Technische Hochschule Dresden in 1952 and received his Ph.D. in 1961 and Habilitation at the renamed Technische Universität Dresden in 1969.
1970 he was appointed to Professor for theory of plasticity at the Dresden University of Technology. Landgraf was the first free elected President of the Dresden University of Technology in 1990. He received the status of a full university.
Landgraf did not cease work after his retirement in 1996 and came daily for several hours in the office. He wrote far appraisals and specialized books. In addition he was since 1991 scientific director of the created institute "European Institute for postgraduate Studies at the University of Technology at Dresden" (EIPOS). Up until his illness, Günther Landgraf also took care of over 70 graduate students.
He is buried in the Trinity Cemetery in Dresden.
Honors
1997 honorary senator of the Technische Universität Dresden
1994 Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ("Bundesverdienstkreuz")
1990 honorary doctor of the Chemnitz University of Technology
1978 National Prize of the German Democratic Republic
References
External links
Obituaries TU Dresd
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Rogers
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John A. Rogers (born August 24, 1967) is a physical chemist and a materials scientist. He is currently the Louis Simpson and Kimberly Querrey Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurological Surgery at Northwestern University.
Professional career
Rogers obtained BA and BS degrees in chemistry and in physics from the University of Texas, Austin in 1989, followed by SM degrees in physics and in chemistry from MIT in 1992 and a PhD degree in physical chemistry from MIT in 1995. He was a Junior Fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows from 1995 to 1997, during which time he worked in the laboratory of George M. Whitesides.
He joined the Bell Laboratories as a Member of Technical Staff in the Condensed Matter Physics Research Department in 1997 and served as Director of that department from the end of 2000 through the end of 2002. In 2003 he joined the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign as Founder Professor of Engineering, with appointments in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Department of Chemistry. In 2008 he was named the Flory-Founder Chair in Engineering Innovation, and assumed affiliate appointments with the Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. From 2010-2012 he was Director of the NSF NSEC Center on Nanomanufacturing. In 2012, he was appointed to a Swanlund Chair, the highest chaired position at the university and he assumed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20L.%20DeMarco
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Brian Leeds DeMarco is a physicist and professor of physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In 2005 he placed first in the quantum physics portion of the "Amazing Light" competition honoring Charles Townes, winner of the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics. DeMarco is currently conducting experiments in quantum simulation.
DeMarco earned a bachelor's degree in physics from the State University of New York at Geneseo in 1996. He then earned a PhD in physics from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 2001. As a graduate student, DeMarco worked with Deborah S. Jin to create the first true Fermionic condensate. The journal Science selected this achievement as one of the top ten scientific discoveries of 1999.
From 2001 to 2003, DeMarco was a postdoctoral research fellow at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Boulder), working on quantum computing experiments with trapped atomic ions. He joined the department of physics at the University of Illinois in 2003.
Education
Vestal Senior High School, Vestal NY Class of 1992
SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, NY Class of 1996
University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado Ph.D. in Physics 2001
Honors and awards
Breakthrough of the Year, 1999 - Science magazine - Science 286, 2239-2243 (1999)
JILA Scientific Achievement Award, 2000
American Physical Society DAMOP Dissertation Award, 2002
Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Program Award, 2004
National Science Foundation CAREER Award, 2004
1st Plac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin%20Dubinin
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Valentin Stepanovich Dubinin (; born January 15, 1946) is a deputy of the Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai, Russia, and the krai's former acting governor.
In 1969, Dubinin graduated from Ussuriysk Agricultural Institute, where he specialized in Agricultural Mechanical Engineering, and in 1982—from the Khabarovsk higher party school. His work career started in 1969 in Chernigovka, Primorsky Krai, where he was a director of a creamery in 1970–1971. In the following twenty years he held various Communist party posts in Chernigovsky District administration. He became the head of Anuchinsky District administration in 1991; a post that he held until 1993. In 1993–1995, he served as the first deputy chair of Primorsky Krai administration; after that—as a vice-governor to Governor Yevgeny Nazdratenko.
On February 9, 2001, following Nazdratenko's resignation, Dubinin became acting governor of Primorsky Krai. He was one of the candidates for the governor's seat in May 2001 elections, but did not receive enough votes to make it to the second round, losing to Viktor Cherepkov and Sergey Darkin (who eventually won the election). After having lost the elections, Dubinin was offered and accepted the job at Alfa-Bank, the Far Eastern regional division of which he currently heads.
On October 8, 2006, he was elected a deputy of the Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai as a candidate of the United Russia party.
Valentin Dubinin has two sons. His hobbies include spending time a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet%20Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z
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Ahmet Yıldız (born 1979 in Sakarya, Turkey) is an American Turkish academic. He is currently a professor of physics and molecular cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He has contributed significantly to the understanding of transport within cells, in particular how motor proteins walk along filaments.
He received a B.S. in physics from Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, in 2001, followed by a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 2006. After postdoctoral work with Prof. Ron Vale at UCSF he joined the faculty of University of California, Berkeley in 2008.
In 2003 Yildiz received the Foresight Distinguished Student Award for his study of the motion of the molecular motor myosin V. According to the Foresight Institute: "The Distinguished Student Award recognizes the college graduate or undergraduate student whose work is deemed most notable in advancing the development and understanding of molecular nanotechnology." The award was presented during the Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology, October 10–12, 2003, in San Francisco. The Foresight Institute Distinguished Student Award was created in 1997, and is awarded annually.
Yildiz was awarded the 2005 GE & Science Prize for Young Life Scientists.
Yildiz currently teaches physics at University of California, Berkeley.
References
External links
Foresight Award notice
"Molecular motor Myosin VI moves ’hand over hand’, researchers say" by James E. Kloeppel (accessed 13 January
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20of%20impossibility
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In mathematics, a proof of impossibility is a proof that demonstrates that a particular problem cannot be solved as described in the claim, or that a particular set of problems cannot be solved in general. Such a case is also known as a negative proof, proof of an impossibility theorem, or negative result. Proofs of impossibility often are the resolutions to decades or centuries of work attempting to find a solution, eventually proving that there is no solution. Proving that something is impossible is usually much harder than the opposite task, as it is often necessary to develop a proof that works in general, rather than to just show a particular example. Impossibility theorems are usually expressible as negative existential propositions or universal propositions in logic.
The irrationality of the square root of 2 is one of the oldest proofs of impossibility. It shows that it is impossible to express the square root of 2 as a ratio of two integers. Another consequential proof of impossibility was Ferdinand von Lindemann's proof in 1882, which showed that the problem of squaring the circle cannot be solved because the number is transcendental (i.e., non-algebraic), and that only a subset of the algebraic numbers can be constructed by compass and straightedge. Two other classical problems—trisecting the general angle and doubling the cube—were also proved impossible in the 19th century, and all of these problems gave rise to research into more complicated mathematical struct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20vector%20space
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In mathematics, a super vector space is a -graded vector space, that is, a vector space over a field with a given decomposition of subspaces of grade and grade . The study of super vector spaces and their generalizations is sometimes called super linear algebra. These objects find their principal application in theoretical physics where they are used to describe the various algebraic aspects of supersymmetry.
Definitions
A super vector space is a -graded vector space with decomposition
Vectors that are elements of either or are said to be homogeneous. The parity of a nonzero homogeneous element, denoted by , is or according to whether it is in or ,
Vectors of parity are called even and those of parity are called odd. In theoretical physics, the even elements are sometimes called Bose elements or bosonic, and the odd elements Fermi elements or fermionic. Definitions for super vector spaces are often given only in terms of homogeneous elements and then extended to nonhomogeneous elements by linearity.
If is finite-dimensional and the dimensions of and are and respectively, then is said to have dimension . The standard super coordinate space, denoted , is the ordinary coordinate space where the even subspace is spanned by the first coordinate basis vectors and the odd space is spanned by the last .
A homogeneous subspace of a super vector space is a linear subspace that is spanned by homogeneous elements. Homogeneous subspaces are super vector spaces in t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Kreismann
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Frederick H. Kreismann (August 7, 1869 – November 1, 1944) was an American politician who served as mayor of St. Louis, Missouri from 1909 to 1913. He was a Republican.
Education and background
Kreismann was born in Quincy, Illinois and attended public schools in Quincy and St. Louis.
He worked in civil engineering and surveying, and in 1890, he entered the insurance business, which became his career. In 1902 he married Pauline Whiteman and they had two children.
Kreismann was interested in politics at an early age. In 1905 he ran for the position of City Clerk and was elected. He held this position until he resigned to run for mayor in 1909.
Term as mayor
Kreismann became the thirty-first Mayor of St. Louis in 1909. The city's population was growing rapidly at this time, rising from 575,238 in 1900 to 687,029 in 1910. St. Louis remained the fourth largest city in the United States. Much of Kriesmann's term as mayor was dedicated to policies that would manage this growth. He helped establish a Municipal Testing Laboratory, which went into operation in 1912. An ordinance that same year also gave the city's health commissioner the authority regulate the storage and transportation of food.
Two important public buildings were completed during Kreismann's administration. Construction on the Municipal Courts Buildings began in August 1909 and was completed in 1911 at a cost of $967,000. The Central Library Building of the City's Public Library System was completed and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Shugart
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Alan Field Shugart (September 27, 1930 – December 12, 2006) was an American engineer, entrepreneur and business executive whose career defined the modern computer disk drive industry.
Personal history
Born in Los Angeles, he graduated from the University of Redlands, receiving a degree in engineering physics.
Shugart was the father of three children: Joanne Shugart (1951–1954), Christopher D. Shugart (b. 1953) and Teri L.K. Shugart (b. 1955). Shugart was married to Esther Marrs (née Bell), the mother of his three children, from 1951 until 1973. He was married to Rita Shugart (née Kennedy) from 1981 until his death.
Shugart died on December 12, 2006 in Monterey, California of complications from heart surgery he had undergone six weeks earlier.
Career
He began his career in 1951 as a field engineer at IBM. In 1955, he transferred to the IBM San Jose laboratory where he worked on the IBM 305 RAMAC. He rose through a series of increasingly important positions to become the Direct Access Storage Product Manager, responsible for disk storage products, IBM's most profitable businesses at that time. Among the groups reporting to Shugart was the team that invented the floppy disk.
Shugart joined Memorex in 1969 as Vice President of its Equipment Division and led the development of its 3660 (compatible with IBM 2314) and 3670 (compatible with IBM 3330) disk storage subsystems. His team also developed the Memorex 650, one of the first commercially available floppy disk drives.
He
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Eugene%20Smith
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David Eugene Smith (January 21, 1860 – July 29, 1944) was an American mathematician, educator, and editor.
Education and career
David Eugene Smith is considered one of the founders of the field of mathematics education. Smith was born in Cortland, New York, to Abram P. Smith, attorney and surrogate judge, and Mary Elizabeth Bronson, who taught her young son Latin and Greek. He attended Syracuse University, graduating in 1881 (Ph. D., 1887; LL.D., 1905). He studied to be a lawyer concentrating in arts and humanities, but accepted an instructorship in mathematics at the Cortland Normal School in 1884 where he attended as a young man. While at the Cortland Normal School Smith became a member of the Young Men's Debating Club (today the Delphic Fraternity.) He became a professor at the Michigan State Normal College in 1891 (later Eastern Michigan University), the principal at the State Normal School in Brockport, New York (1898), and a professor of mathematics at Teachers College, Columbia University (1901) where he remained until his retirement in 1926.
Smith became president of the Mathematical Association of America in 1920 and served as the president of the History of Science Society in 1927. He also wrote a large number of publications of various types. He was editor of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society; contributed to other mathematical journals; published a series of textbooks; translated Felix Klein's Famous Problems of Geometry, Fink's History of Mat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural%20network%20software
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Neural network software is used to simulate, research, develop, and apply artificial neural networks, software concepts adapted from biological neural networks, and in some cases, a wider array of adaptive systems such as artificial intelligence and machine learning.
Simulators
Neural network simulators are software applications that are used to simulate the behavior of artificial or biological neural networks. They focus on one or a limited number of specific types of neural networks. They are typically stand-alone and not intended to produce general neural networks that can be integrated in other software. Simulators usually have some form of built-in visualization to monitor the training process. Some simulators also visualize the physical structure of the neural network.
Research simulators
Historically, the most common type of neural network software was intended for researching neural network structures and algorithms. The primary purpose of this type of software is, through simulation, to gain a better understanding of the behavior and the properties of neural networks. Today in the study of artificial neural networks, simulators have largely been replaced by more general component based development environments as research platforms.
Commonly used artificial neural network simulators include the Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator (SNNS), and Emergent.
In the study of biological neural networks however, simulation software is still the only available approach. I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Paul%20Van%20Bendegem
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Jean Paul Van Bendegem (born 28 March 1953 in Ghent) is a mathematician, a philosopher of science, and a professor at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in Brussels.
Career
Van Bendegem received his master's degree in mathematics in 1976. Afterwards, he went to study philosophy. He attended lectures on the philosophy of mathematics from Leo Apostel. He received his master's degree in philosophy in 1979.
Van Bendegem wrote his PhD thesis in philosophy on the subject of finitism under the supervision of Diderik Batens while at Ghent University. He defended his thesis in 1983. The content of the thesis was on notation systems, number theory, analysis, physics and logic in a finite empirical framework.
Van Bendegem was the dean of the faculty of Arts and philosophy, and was until his retirement in September 2018 head of the CLPS (Centre for Logic and Philosophy of Science) at the same university.
He is an honorary chairman of SKEPP (Research Society for Critical Evaluation of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal), an organisation that is prepared to pay 10,000 euros to anyone who can prove the validity of a paranormal claim.
Van Bendegem is the university's representative to the CNRL–NCNL (French: Centre National de Recherches de Logique, Dutch: Nationaal Centrum voor Navorsingen in de Logica, English: National Centre for Investigations in Logic). He is chief editor of their quarterly magazine Logique et Analyse.
In mathematics, he is a strict finitist.
Bibliography
Books
Refer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Block
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Steven M. Block (born 1952) is an American biophysicist and Professor at Stanford University with a joint appointment in the departments of Biology and Applied Physics. In addition, he is a member of the scientific advisory group JASON, a senior fellow of Stanford's Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, and an amateur bluegrass musician. Block received his B.A. and M.A. from Oxford University. He has been elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (2007) and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2000), and is a winner of the Max Delbruck Prize of the American Physical Society (2008), as well as the Single Molecule Biophysics Prize of the Biophysical Society (2007). He served as President of the Biophysical Society during 2005-6. His graduate work was completed in the laboratory of Howard Berg at the University of Colorado and Caltech. He received his Ph.D. in 1983 and went on to do postdoctoral research at Stanford. Since that time, Block has held positions at the Rowland Institute for Science, Harvard University, and Princeton University before returning to Stanford in 1999.
As a graduate student, Block picked apart the adaptation kinetics involved in bacterial chemotaxis. As an independent scientist, Block has pioneered the use of optical tweezers, a technique developed by Arthur Ashkin, to study biological enzymes and polymers at the single-molecule level. Work in his lab has led to the direct observation of the 8 nm steps taken by kinesin and th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium%20nitride
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Magnesium nitride, which possesses the chemical formula Mg3N2, is an inorganic compound of magnesium and nitrogen. At room temperature and pressure it is a greenish yellow powder.
Preparation
By passing dry nitrogen over heated magnesium:
or ammonia:
Chemistry
Magnesium nitride reacts with water to produce magnesium hydroxide and ammonia gas, as do many metal nitrides.
Mg3N2(s) + 6 H2O(l) → 3 Mg(OH)2(aq) + 2 NH3(g)
In fact, when magnesium is burned in air, some magnesium nitride is formed in addition to the principal product, magnesium oxide.
Thermal decomposition of magnesium nitride gives magnesium and nitrogen gas (at 700-1500 °C).
At high pressures, the stability and formation of new nitrogen-rich nitrides (N/Mg ratio equal or greater to one) were suggested and later discovered. These include the Mg2N4 and MgN4 solids which both become thermodynamically stable near 50 GPa. The Mg2N4 is composed of exotic cis-tetranitrogen N44− species with N-N bond orders close to one. This Mg2N4 compound was recovered to ambient conditions, along with the N44− units, marking only the fourth polynitrogen entity bulk stabilized at ambient conditions.
Uses and history
When isolating argon, William Ramsay passed dry air over copper to remove oxygen and over magnesium to remove the nitrogen, forming magnesium nitride.
Magnesium nitride was the catalyst in the first practical synthesis of borazon (cubic boron nitride).
Robert H. Wentorf, Jr. was trying to convert the hexagonal fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Henry%20Hildebrand
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Joel Henry Hildebrand (November 16, 1881 – April 30, 1983) was an American educator and a pioneer chemist. He was a major figure in physical chemistry research specializing in liquids and nonelectrolyte solutions.
Education and professorship
He was born in Camden, New Jersey on November 16, 1881.
Hildebrand graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1903. He served briefly in the faculty before going to the University of California, Berkeley as a chemistry instructor in 1913. Within five years he became an assistant professor. In 1918 he was elevated to associate professor before finally being granted full professorship in 1919.
On August 4, 1919, he was shot and wounded by a chemistry assistant angry at not being recommended for further advancement.
He was the dean of the College of Chemistry from 1949 through 1951 and retired from full-time teaching in 1952. Hildebrand Hall on the Berkeley campus is named for him.
Accomplishments, discoveries, honors
His 1924 monograph on the solubility of non-electrolytes, Solubility, was the classic reference for almost half a century. In 1927, Hildebrand coined the term "regular solution" (to be contrasted with "ideal solution") and discussed their thermodynamic aspects in 1929. A regular solution is one involving no entropy change when a small amount of one of its components is transferred to it from an ideal solution of the same composition, the total volume remaining unchanged. Hildebrand's many scientific papers and chemis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoof%E2%80%93Elkies%E2%80%93Atkin%20algorithm
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The Schoof–Elkies–Atkin algorithm (SEA) is an algorithm used for finding the order of or calculating the number of points on an elliptic curve over a finite field. Its primary application is in elliptic curve cryptography. The algorithm is an extension of Schoof's algorithm by Noam Elkies and A. O. L. Atkin to significantly improve its efficiency (under heuristic assumptions).
Details
The Elkies-Atkin extension to Schoof's algorithm works by restricting the set of primes considered to primes of a certain kind. These came to be called Elkies primes and Atkin primes respectively. A prime is called an Elkies prime if the characteristic equation: splits over , while an Atkin prime is a prime that is not an Elkies prime. Atkin showed how to combine information obtained from the Atkin primes with the information obtained from Elkies primes to produce an efficient algorithm, which came to be known as the Schoof–Elkies–Atkin algorithm. The first problem to address is to determine whether a given prime is Elkies or Atkin. In order to do so, we make use of modular polynomials that parametrize pairs of -isogenous elliptic curves in terms of their j-invariants (in practice alternative modular polynomials may also be used but for the same purpose).
If the instantiated polynomial has a root in then is an Elkies prime, and we may compute a polynomial whose roots correspond to points in the kernel of the -isogeny from to . The polynomial is a divisor of the corresponding divisi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aza-
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The prefix aza- is used in organic chemistry to form names of organic compounds where a carbon atom is replaced by a nitrogen atom. The related term "deaza-" refers to when a nitrogen is removed and, usually, a carbon atom is put in its place. Sometimes a number between hyphens is inserted before it to state which atom the nitrogen atom replaces. It arose by shortening the word azote, which is an obsolete name for nitrogen in the English language and occurs in current French usage (azote), meaning "nitrogen".
This prefix is part of the Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature.
While the above figure gives examples of 4-aza steroids, 6-aza steroids have also been developed by GSK, although none of these compounds, as yet, are available for sale commercially.
See also
IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry
References
Chemistry prefixes
Prefixes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Batten
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James Knox Batten (January 11, 1936 – June 24, 1995) was an American journalist and publisher. He was chief executive officer of Knight-Ridder publishing. A native of Suffolk, Virginia, he studied chemistry and biology at Davidson College and began working as a journalist for the Charlotte Observer in 1957. He joined Knight-Ridder's Washington, D.C. bureau in 1965 and covered the Civil Rights Movement. He became City Editor of the Detroit Free Press in 1971, then returning to Charlotte, N.C. in 1972 as Executive Editor. He moved to the company's corporate headquarters in Miami in 1975, becoming company president in 1982. Batten became chairman of Knight Ridder on October 1, 1989, succeeding Alvah Chapman, Jr.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1994. The same year, he was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor and survived one year. He died in Miami aged 59.
See also
List of notable brain tumor patients
References
External links
The Virginian Pilot
1936 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer in the United States
Davidson College alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American newspaper executives
People from Suffolk, Virginia
Knight Ridder
Detroit Free Press people
The Charlotte Observer people
American male journalists
20th-century American writers
Journalists from Virginia
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAPT
|
IAPT is an initialism that can mean:
International Association for Plant Taxonomy
Indian Association of Physics Teachers
Improving Access to Psychological Therapies - a United Kingdom government policy to improve access to psychological therapies
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COLUMBUS
|
The COLUMBUS PROGRAMS are a computational chemistry software suite for calculating ab initio molecular electronic structures, designed as a collection of individual programs communicating through files. The programs focus on extended multi-reference calculations of atomic and molecular ground and excited states. In addition to standard classes of reference wave functions such as CAS and RAS, calculations can be performed with selected configurations. Some features employ the atomic orbital integrals and gradient routines from the Dalton as well as MOLCAS program suites. COLUMBUS is distributed open-source under the LGPL license.
The COLUMBUS PROGRAMS are frequently used for nonadiabatic problems because of its ability to calculate MRCI nonadiabatic coupling vector analytically.
Brief History
The COLUMBUS PROGRAMS were started in 1980 in the Department of Chemistry of Ohio State University by Isaiah Shavitt, Hans Lischka and Ron Shepard. The programs pioneered the Graphical Unitary Group Approach (GUGA) for configuration interaction calculations, which is now available in many other program suites. The programs are named after Columbus, OH.
Style
The COLUMBUS PROGRAMS maintain a program unique style that distinguish itself from most other quantum chemistry programs.
The program suite is a collection of a number of programs coded in Fortran, each can be executed independently. These programs communicate through files. Perl scripts are provided to prepare input files and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biquadratic%20field
|
In mathematics, a biquadratic field is a number field K of a particular kind, which is a Galois extension of the rational number field Q with Galois group the Klein four-group.
Structure and subfields
Biquadratic fields are all obtained by adjoining two square roots. Therefore in explicit terms they have the form
K = Q(,)
for rational numbers a and b. There is no loss of generality in taking a and b to be non-zero and square-free integers.
According to Galois theory, there must be three quadratic fields contained in K, since the Galois group has three subgroups of index 2. The third subfield, to add to the evident Q() and Q(), is Q().
L-function
Biquadratic fields are the simplest examples of abelian extensions of Q that are not cyclic extensions. According to general theory the Dedekind zeta-function of such a field is a product of the Riemann zeta-function and three Dirichlet L-functions. Those L-functions are for the Dirichlet characters which are the Jacobi symbols attached to the three quadratic fields. Therefore taking the product of the Dedekind zeta-functions of the quadratic fields, multiplying them together, and dividing by the square of the Riemann zeta-function, is a recipe for the Dedekind zeta-function of the biquadratic field. This illustrates also some general principles on abelian extensions, such as the calculation of the conductor of a field.
Such L-functions have applications in analytic theory (Siegel zeroes), and in some of Kronecker's work.
Re
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%20Discussions
|
Faraday Discussions is a scientific journal publishing original research papers presented at a long-running series of conferences on physical chemistry, chemical physics and biophysical chemistry which are also called Faraday Discussions, together with a record of the comments made at the meeting. The journal was originally published by the Faraday Society. The journal has been published by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) since that society merged into the RSC. From 1972 to 1991, it was known as the Faraday Discussions of the Chemical Society. Traditionally there have been three Faraday Discussions a year, however, from 2014 around eight conferences (and therefore eight volumes of the journal) are organised annually.
Philippa Ross is the editor of Faraday Discussions and the present chairman of the Standing Committee on Faraday Conferences is John Seddon (Imperial College London). The journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.394.
History
The majority of Faraday Discussions are held in the United Kingdom, although an increasing number are held overseas, with the first Discussion in China in 2014 and the first in India in 2015. Proofs of the 20-25 invited and contributed selected papers are circulated to participants well in advance of the meeting. Since each paper has been read in advance, the actual meeting is able to concentrate on discussion and debate. The whole of the proceedings is subsequently published including submitted discussion remarks which include those th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case%20analysis
|
Case analysis may refer to
Proof by cases in mathematics
Case study, detailed examination of a subject
The case method used in teaching
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction%20variable
|
In computer science, an induction variable is a variable that gets increased or decreased by a fixed amount on every iteration of a loop or is a linear function of another induction variable.
For example, in the following loop, i and j are induction variables:
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
j = 17 * i;
}
Application to strength reduction
A common compiler optimization is to recognize the existence of induction variables and replace them with simpler computations; for example, the code above could be rewritten by the compiler as follows, on the assumption that the addition of a constant will be cheaper than a multiplication.
j = -17;
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
j = j + 17;
}
This optimization is a special case of strength reduction.
Application to reduce register pressure
In some cases, it is possible to reverse this optimization in order to remove an induction variable from the code entirely. For example:
extern int sum;
int foo(int n) {
int j = 5;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
j += 2;
sum += j;
}
return sum;
}
This function's loop has two induction variables: i and j. Either one can be rewritten as a linear function of the other; therefore, the compiler may optimize this code as if it had been written
extern int sum;
int foo(int n) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
sum += 5 + 2 * (i + 1);
}
return sum;
}
Induction variable substitution
Induction variable substitution is a compiler transformation to recognize vari
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPM%20School%20of%20Cognitive%20Sciences
|
The School of Cognitive Sciences forms part of the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics (IPM) in Tehran, Iran. The school was called the School of Intelligent Systems (SIS) until 2003 when it was renamed to the School of Cognitive Sciences. The research is predominantly focused on cognitive Neuroscience.
The research programs cover diverse areas including cognitive neuroscience, neural modeling, psychophysics, linguistics, neural networks and artificial intelligence. Since its inception the school has been managed by Prof. Caro Lucas (School of ECE, University of Tehran), Prof. Shahin Rouhani (Physics Department, Sharif University of Technology), Prof. Hossein Esteky (Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences) and most recently by Prof. Mojtaba Zarei (Institute for Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University).
The school earned enormous recognition with the publication of the article entitled "Microstimulation of inferotemporal cortex influences face categorization" by Seyed Reza Afraz, Roozbeh Kiani and Hossein Esteky in Nature. The article was published on August 10, 2006.
See also
Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics
External links
IPM School of Cognitive Sciences
Research institutes in Iran
Cognitive science research institutes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Elementary%20Particles
|
The Elementary Particles may refer to:
Elementary particle, concept in particle physics
Atomised, novel by Michel Houellebecq
Atomised (film), German film based on the novel
The Elementary Particles (2021 film), French television film based on the novel
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlev%20Buchholz
|
Detlev Buchholz (born 31 May 1944) is a German theoretical physicist. He investigates quantum field theory, especially in the axiomatic framework of algebraic quantum field theory.
Biography
Buchholz studied physics in Hannover and Hamburg where he acquired his Diplom in 1968. After graduation, he continued his studies in Physics in Hamburg. In 1970–1971 he was at the University of Pennsylvania. After receiving his PhD in 1973 under Rudolf Haag he worked at the University of Hamburg and was in 1974–1975 at CERN. From 1975 to 1978 he worked as a research assistant in Hamburg, where he got his habilitation in 1977. In 1978–1979 he had a Max Kade grant at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1979 he was a professor in Hamburg and changed to the University of Göttingen in 1997. He retired in 2010 as professor emeritus.
Buchholz made contributions to relativistic quantum physics and quantum field theory, especially in the area of algebraic quantum field theory. Using the methods of Tomita–Takesaki theory, he obtained the split property from nuclearity conditions, a strong result about the locality of the theory. His contributions include the concept of infraparticles.
Honors and awards
In 1977 Detlev Buchholz won, together with Gert Strobl, the Physics Prize
of the German Physical Society
(today known as Gustav-Hertz-Preis) and In 1979 the Physics Prize of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. In 1995 Buchholz received the Japanese-German Research Award of the Japan Soci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdS/QCD%20correspondence
|
In theoretical physics, the anti-de Sitter/quantum chromodynamics correspondence is a goal (not yet successfully accomplished) to describe quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in terms of a dual gravitational theory, following the principles of the AdS/CFT correspondence in a setup where the quantum field theory is not a conformal field theory.
History
The discovery of the AdS/CFT correspondence in late 1997 was the culmination of a long history of efforts to relate string theory to nuclear physics. In fact, string theory was originally developed during the late 1960s and early 1970s as a theory of hadrons, the subatomic particles like the proton and neutron that are held together by the strong nuclear force. The idea was that each of these particles could be viewed as a different oscillation mode of a string. In the late 1960s, experimentalists had found that hadrons fall into families called Regge trajectories with squared energy proportional to angular momentum, and theorists showed that this relationship emerges naturally from the physics of a rotating relativistic string.
On the other hand, attempts to model hadrons as strings faced serious problems. One problem was that string theory includes a massless spin-2 particle whereas no such particle appears in the physics of hadrons. Such a particle would mediate a force with the properties of gravity. In 1974, Joël Scherk and John Schwarz suggested that string theory was therefore not a theory of nuclear physics as many theoris
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary%20conformal%20field%20theory
|
In theoretical physics, boundary conformal field theory (BCFT) is a conformal field theory defined on a spacetime with a boundary (or boundaries). Different kinds of boundary conditions for the fields may be imposed on the fundamental fields; for example, Neumann boundary condition or Dirichlet boundary condition is acceptable for free bosonic fields. BCFT was developed by John Cardy.
In the context of string theory, physicists are often interested in two-dimensional BCFTs. The specific types of boundary conditions in a specific CFT describe different kinds of D-branes.
BCFT is also used in condensed matter physics - it can be used to study boundary critical behavior and to solve quantum impurity models.
See also
Conformal field theory
Operator product expansion
Critical point
References
Further reading
Conformal field theory
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergraph
|
In mathematics and physics, the word supergraph has several meanings:
In graph theory, if A is a subgraph of B, then B is said to be a supergraph of A.
In the context of particle physics, a supergraph is a Feynman diagram that calculates scattering amplitudes in a supersymmetric theory using the advantages of the superspace formalism.
Synonym for epigraph, i.e. the set of points lying on or above a function's graph.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted%20sector
|
In theoretical physics, a twisted sector is a subspace of the full Hilbert space of closed string states in a particular theory over a (good) orbifold.
In the first quantized formalism of string theory (or in two-dimensional conformal field theory) the target space is an orbifold M/G if the observables of the string are only defined modulo G. Consequently, the value of the field after one cycle around the closed string need only be the same as its original value modulo some G transformation.
i.e. there exists some such that
For each conjugacy class of G, we have a different superselection sector (wrt the worldsheet). The conjugacy class consisting of the identity gives rise to the untwisted sector and all the other conjugacy classes give rise to twisted sectors. It's easy to see that since the observables are only modulo G, two different g's which are conjugate to each other give rise to the same sector.
In the second quantized formalism, the different sectors give rise to different orbifold projections.
String theory
Conformal field theory
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20distance
|
Angular distance or angular separation, also known as apparent distance or apparent separation, denoted , is the angle between the two sightlines, or between two point objects as viewed from an observer.
Angular distance appears in mathematics (in particular geometry and trigonometry) and all natural sciences (e.g., kinematics, astronomy, and geophysics). In the classical mechanics of rotating objects, it appears alongside angular velocity, angular acceleration, angular momentum, moment of inertia and torque.
Use
The term angular distance (or separation) is technically synonymous with angle itself, but is meant to suggest the linear distance between objects (for instance, a couple of stars observed from Earth).
Measurement
Since the angular distance (or separation) is conceptually identical to an angle, it is measured in the same units, such as degrees or radians, using instruments such as goniometers or optical instruments specially designed to point in well-defined directions and record the corresponding angles (such as telescopes).
Formulation
To derive the equation that describes the angular separation of two points located on the surface of a sphere as seen from the center of the sphere, we use the example of two astronomical objects and observed from the Earth. The objects and are defined by their celestial coordinates, namely their right ascensions (RA), ; and declinations (dec), . Let indicate the observer on Earth, assumed to be located at the center of th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew%20D.%20Perkins
|
Drew D. Perkins (born 1963) is a serial entrepreneur and is co-founder and CEO of Mojo Vision, a company developing Mojo Lens, the first true smart contact lens.
Early life and education
Perkins was born in 1963. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering, computer engineering, and mathematics from Carnegie Mellon University in 1986.
While at Carnegie Mellon, Perkins made several important contributions to the early internet:
Created the popular CMU PC/IP software package for MS-DOS PCs
Lead author of the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and contributor to the standard for IP over IEEE 802 networks (e.g. Ethernet) and BOOTP (predecessor of DHCP)
Began his first "company" and designed what may have been the world’s first Ethernet switch
Career
Entrepreneurial experience
Companies founded or materially developed by Perkins include:
Mojo Vision, a company developing Mojo Lens, the first true smart contact lens.
Gainspeed, which was sold to Nokia in 2016. Founded in 2012, Gainspeed raised $55 million in financing from investors including New Enterprise Associates, Andreessen Horowitz, Shasta Ventures, Technicolor, and Juniper Networks.
Infinera, a public company which was co-founded by Perkins in 2001.
OnFiber Communications, which was sold to Qwest Communications for $107 million in cash in 2006. Other owners of OnFiber Communications included Bear Stearns Merchant Banking (11%) and Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (30%).
Lightera Networks, co-
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Cowan
|
George Arthur Cowan (; February 15, 1920 – April 20, 2012) was an American physical chemist, a businessman and philanthropist.
Education
He conducted early research in the Manhattan Project. George served 39 years at Los Alamos National Laboratory as director of chemistry, associate director of research and senior laboratory fellow. He participated in founding the Santa Fe Opera in 1953. He founded the Los Alamos National Bank in 1963 to provide a means to obtain housing for Los Alamos employees and served for 30 years as its chair. He was also the driving influence in founding the Santa Fe Institute together with Nobel Prize winner Murray Gell-Mann and others in 1984, based upon his recognition of the need for a place where scientists could be offered a broader curriculum for the development of "a kind of twenty-first century Renaissance man" and associated research. A graduate of Worcester Polytechnic Institute (bachelor of science in Chemistry) and Carnegie Institute of Technology (doctorate of science), Princeton University, and the University of Chicago, he worked on the top secret Manhattan Project at Los Alamos during World War II. He received the Enrico Fermi Award for "a lifetime of exceptional achievement in the development and use of energy," the New Mexico Academy of Science Distinguished Scientist Award, the Robert H. Goddard Award, the E.O. Lawrence Award, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory Medal, which is the highest honor the Laboratory bestows upon an in
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Baxter%20equation
|
In physics, the Yang–Baxter equation (or star–triangle relation) is a consistency equation which was first introduced in the field of statistical mechanics. It depends on the idea that in some scattering situations, particles may preserve their momentum while changing their quantum internal states. It states that a matrix , acting on two out of three objects, satisfies
In one-dimensional quantum systems, is the scattering matrix and if it satisfies the Yang–Baxter equation then the system is integrable. The Yang–Baxter equation also shows up when discussing knot theory and the braid groups where corresponds to swapping two strands. Since one can swap three strands two different ways, the Yang–Baxter equation enforces that both paths are the same.
It takes its name from independent work of C. N. Yang from 1968, and R. J. Baxter from 1971.
General form of the parameter-dependent Yang–Baxter equation
Let be a unital associative algebra. In its most general form, the parameter-dependent Yang–Baxter equation is an equation for , a parameter-dependent element of the tensor product (here, and are the parameters, which usually range over the real numbers ℝ in the case of an additive parameter, or over positive real numbers ℝ+ in the case of a multiplicative parameter).
Let for , with algebra homomorphisms determined by
The general form of the Yang–Baxter equation is
for all values of , and .
Parameter-independent form
Let be a unital associative algebra. The pa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysical%20Society
|
The Biophysical Society is an international scientific society whose purpose is to lead the development and dissemination of knowledge in biophysics. Founded in 1958, the Society currently consists of over 7,500 members in academia, government, and industry. Although the Society is based in the United States, it is an international organization. Overseas members currently comprise over one third of the total.
Origins
The Biophysical Society was founded in response to the growth of the field of biophysics after World War Two, as well as concerns that the American Physiological Society had become too large to serve the community of biophysicists. Discussions between prominent biophysicists in 1955 and 1956 led to the planning of the society's first meeting in Columbus, Ohio in 1957, with about 500 attendees. Among the scientists involved in the early effort were Ernest C. Pollard, Samuel Talbot, Otto Schmitt, Kenneth Stewart Cole, W. A. Selle, Max Lauffer, Ralph Stacy, Herman P. Schwan, and Robley C. Williams. This meeting was described by Cole as "a biophysics meeting with the ulterior motive of finding out if there was such a thing as biophysics and, if so, what sort of thing this biophysics might be."
Organization
The Biophysical Society is governed by four officers: the President, President-elect, Past-President Secretary, and Treasurer, as well as by a Council of twelve members in addition to the officers. These offices are elected by the membership of the society.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational%E2%80%93vibrational%20coupling
|
In physics, rotational–vibrational coupling occurs when the rotation frequency of a system is close to or identical to a natural internal vibration frequency. The animation on the right shows ideal motion, with the force exerted by the spring and the distance from the center of rotation increasing together linearly with no friction.
In rotational-vibrational coupling, angular velocity oscillates. By pulling the circling masses closer together, the spring transfers its stored strain energy into the kinetic energy of the circling masses, increasing their angular velocity. The spring cannot bring the circling masses together, since the spring's pull weakens as the circling masses approach. At some point, the increasing angular velocity of the circling masses overcomes the pull of the spring, causing the circling masses to increasingly distance themselves. This increasingly strains the spring, strengthening its pull and causing the circling masses to transfer their kinetic energy into the spring's strain energy, thereby decreasing the circling masses' angular velocity. At some point, the pull of the spring overcomes the angular velocity of the circling masses, restarting the cycle.
In helicopter design, helicopters must incorporate damping devices, because at specific angular velocities, the rotorblade vibrations can reinforced themselves by rotational-vibrational coupling, and build up catastrophically. Without damping, these vibrations would cause the rotorblades to break loo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Louis%20Treadwell
|
Aaron Louis Treadwell, Ph.D. (1866–1947) was a college professor of zoology at Vassar. He was born at Redding, Connecticut, and educated at Wesleyan University (B.S., 1888; M.S., 1890) and at the University of Chicago (Ph.D., 1898). He was a professor of zoology and geology at Miami University (1891-1900), professor of biology at Vassar (1900–14), and afterwards professor of zoology. In addition to his work in the schools, he was instructor at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole. Treadwell published The Cytogeny of Podarke obscura (1901). His writings dealt chiefly with annelid systematics and embryonics.
References
Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names
American zoologists
1866 births
People from Redding, Connecticut
Wesleyan University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
1947 deaths
Miami University faculty
Vassar College faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASF%20reagent
|
The TASF reagent or tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate is a reagent in organic chemistry with structural formula [((CH3)2N)3S]+[F2Si(CH3)3]−. It is an anhydrous source of fluoride and is used to cleave silyl ether protective groups. Many other fluoride reagents are known, but few are truly anhydrous, because of the extraordinary basicity of "naked" F−. In TASF, the fluoride is masked as an adduct with the weak Lewis acid trimethylsilylfluoride (FSi(CH3)3). The sulfonium cation ((CH3)2N)3S+ is unusually non-electrophilic due to the electron-donating properties of the three (CH3)2N substituents.
This compound is prepared from sulfur tetrafluoride:
3 (CH3)2NSi(CH3)3 + SF4 → 2 (CH3)3SiF + [((CH3)2N)3S]+[F2Si(CH3)3]−
The colorless salt precipitates from the reaction solvent, diethyl ether.
Structure
The cation [((CH3)2N)3S]+ is a sulfonium ion. The S-N distances are 1.612 and 1.675 pm. The N-S-N angles are 99.6°. The anion is [F2Si(CH3)3]−. It is trigonal bipyramidal with mutually trans fluorides. The Si-F distances are 176 picometers. The Si-C distances are 188 pm.
References
Reagents for organic chemistry
Fluorides
Dimethylamino compounds
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