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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmental%20analysis%20%28biology%29
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Segmental analysis is a method of anatomical analysis for describing the connective morphology of the human body. Instead of describing anatomy in terms of spatial relativity, as in the anatomical position method, segmental analysis describes anatomy in terms of which organs, tissues, etc. connect to each other, and the characteristics of those connections.
Literature
Anderson RH, Becker AE, Freedom RM, et al. Sequential segmental analysis of congenital heart disease. Pediatric Cardiology 1984;5(4):281-7.
Anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20E.%20Evans
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David E. Evans FLSW was born in 1950 at Glanamman, Dyfed, Wales. He is a professor of mathematics at Cardiff University, specialising in knot theory. He has published a number of books, many in collaboration with Yasuyuki Kawahigashi.
He studied at New College, Oxford, and Jesus College, Oxford.
From 1975 to 1976 Evans worked as a scholar and research assistant in the department of theoretical physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. Over the next few years he travelled around the world working as a research fellow at UCLA (1977); Australian National University, Canberra (1982, 1989); Kyoto University (1982-83, 1985); and the University of Ottawa (1983). Between 1987 and 1998 he worked as a professor at Swansea, Wales. Since 1998, he has worked as a professor at Cardiff University.
Awards and honours
Junior Mathematical Prize, 1972
Senior Mathematical Prize, 1975
Johnson Prizes, 1975
Whitehead Prize – London Mathematical Society, 1989.
Elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales, 2011.
Notable published works
Quantum Symmetries on Operator Algebras (David E. Evans and Yasuyuki Kawahigashi, published 21 May 1998) One of the first books to examine post-1981 combinatorial-algebraic developments with respect to operator algebras. Intended for an audience of graduate students and researchers of the field.
Integrable lattice models for conjugate A^(1)_n (David E. Evans and R. E. Behrend, published 2004 in J. Phys. A) Evans's most recently published
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlef%20Quadfasel
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Detlef Rudolf Quadfasel is a professor of Geophysics at Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics at Copenhagen University and Oceanography at the Institut für Meereskunde, Hamburg. He is joint editor of Progress in Oceanography. He is involved in a number of projects, including Climate monitoring - Greenland Sea Convection.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070612072741/http://www.ifm.uni-hamburg.de/~wwwro/quadfasel/publications.html
http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20141126093524/http%3A//www.eu%2Dthor.eu/
Nature N&V quoting Quadfasel
References
"THOR" oder das Überleben des Golfstroms: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/88858_de.html
"NACLIM" North Atlantic Climate: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/105518_en.html
German geophysicists
German oceanographers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorization%20of%20polynomials
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In mathematics and computer algebra, factorization of polynomials or polynomial factorization expresses a polynomial with coefficients in a given field or in the integers as the product of irreducible factors with coefficients in the same domain. Polynomial factorization is one of the fundamental components of computer algebra systems.
The first polynomial factorization algorithm was published by Theodor von Schubert in 1793. Leopold Kronecker rediscovered Schubert's algorithm in 1882 and extended it to multivariate polynomials and coefficients in an algebraic extension. But most of the knowledge on this topic is not older than circa 1965 and the first computer algebra systems:
When the long-known finite step algorithms were first put on computers, they turned out to be highly inefficient. The fact that almost any uni- or multivariate polynomial of degree up to 100 and with coefficients of a moderate size (up to 100 bits) can be factored by modern algorithms in a few minutes of computer time indicates how successfully this problem has been attacked during the past fifteen years. (Erich Kaltofen, 1982)
Nowadays, modern algorithms and computers can quickly factor univariate polynomials of degree more than 1000 having coefficients with thousands of digits. For this purpose, even for factoring over the rational numbers and number fields, a fundamental step is a factorization of a polynomial over a finite field.
Formulation of the question
Polynomial rings over the integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpolung
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In organic chemistry, umpolung () or polarity inversion is the chemical modification of a functional group with the aim of the reversal of polarity of that group. This modification allows secondary reactions of this functional group that would otherwise not be possible. The concept was introduced by D. Seebach (hence the German word for reversed polarity) and E.J. Corey. Polarity analysis during retrosynthetic analysis tells a chemist when umpolung tactics are required to synthesize a target molecule.
Introduction
The vast majority of important organic molecules contain heteroatoms, which polarize carbon skeletons by virtue of their electronegativity. Therefore, in standard organic reactions, the majority of new bonds are formed between atoms of opposite polarity. This can be considered to be the "normal" mode of reactivity.
One consequence of this natural polarization of molecules is that 1,3- and 1,5- heteroatom substituted carbon skeletons are extremely easy to synthesize (Aldol reaction, Claisen condensation, Michael reaction, Claisen rearrangement, Diels-Alder reaction), whereas 1,2-, 1,4-, and 1,6- heteroatom substitution patterns are more difficult to access via "normal" reactivity. It is therefore important to understand and develop methods to induce umpolung in organic reactions.
Examples
The simplest method of obtaining 1,2-, 1,4-, and 1,6- heteroatom substitution patterns is to start with them. Biochemical and industrial processes can provide inexpensive sourc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Indian%20Engineering%20College
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The Royal Indian Engineering College (or RIEC) was a British college of Civil Engineering run by the India Office to train civil engineers for service in the Indian Public Works Department. It was located on the Cooper's Hill estate, near Egham, Surrey. It functioned from 1872 until 1906, when its work was transferred to India.
The college was colloquially referred to as Cooper's Hill and I.C.E. College (I.C.E. being an acronym for Indian Civil Engineering).
History
A Public Works Department was created in India in 1854, with responsibility for the construction of roads, canals and other civil engineering projects. It experienced difficulties in recruiting suitably qualified staff from the United Kingdom, and in 1868 a scheme was proposed for a dedicated training college in England. The chief advocate of this scheme, and effective founder of the college, was Sir George Tomkyns Chesney. The India Office bought the Cooper's Hill estate for £55,000 in 1870; and the college was formally opened on 5 August 1872, with Chesney as its first President.
The college educated about 50 students a year, who paid fees of £150 each. The curriculum included pure and applied mathematics, construction, architectural design, surveying, mechanical drawing, geometry, physics, geology, accounts, Hindustani, and the history and geography of India.
By the late 1870s the college was training more civil engineers than were required in India; but, rather than scaling down its activities, Chesney bro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Livio
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Mario Livio (born June 19, 1945) is an Israeli-American astrophysicist and an author of works that popularize science and mathematics. For 24 years (1991–2015) he was an astrophysicist at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which operates the Hubble Space Telescope. He has published more than 400 scientific articles on topics including cosmology, supernova explosions, black holes, extrasolar planets, and the emergence of life in the universe. His book on the irrational number phi, The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number (2002), won the Peano Prize and the International Pythagoras Prize for popular books on mathematics.
Scientific career
Livio earned a Bachelor of Science degree in physics and mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, a Master of Science degree in theoretical particle physics at the Weizmann Institute, and a Ph.D. in theoretical astrophysics at Tel Aviv University. He was a professor of physics at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology from 1981 to 1991, before moving to the Space Telescope Science Institute.
Livio has focused much of his research on supernova explosions and their use in determining the rate of expansion of the universe. He has also studied so-called dark energy, black holes, and the formation of planetary systems around young stars. He has contributed to hundreds of papers in peer-reviewed journals on astrophysics. Among his prominent contributions, he has authored and co-authored importan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent%20Itti
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Laurent Itti (born December 12, 1970 in Tours, France) is a computational neuroscientist. He received his MS in image processing from the École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Paris in 1994, and a PhD in computation and neural systems from Caltech in 2000. He is currently an associate professor of computer science, psychology, and neuroscience at the University of Southern California, where he has been since 2000.
As a PhD student under the tutelage of Christof Koch, Itti developed a computer model that simulates brain mechanisms involved in the deployment of visual attention. This so-called saliency model has been cited by thousands of peer-reviewed publications. The software implementation of this model is part of the iLab Neuromorphic Vision Toolkit, which is freely distributed under the GNU general public license.
Itti has also been very active in developing computer vision applications, particularly in the context of autonomous vehicles (both terrestrial and underwater) as well as in comparing model simulations to empirical measurements based on a wide spectrum of techniques, including eye tracking, psychophysics, neuroimaging, and electrophysiology.
Itti is credited with authoring several dozens of peer-reviewed publications and 3 image processing patents. He also co-developed the Coregistration for Neuroimaging Systems software package, a suite of image processing tools for analyzing neuroimaging data, which is routinely used by several hospitals and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Fabel
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Karl Fabel (October 20, 1905 in Hamburg – March 3, 1975 in Egenhofen) was a German chess composer.
Fabel received a doctorate in chemistry and worked as a mathematician and civil judge at the federal office of brands and patents in Munich, of which he was also president.
He is considered one of the most ingenious chess composers and one of the fathers of retrograde analysis, frequently collaborating with in this area. He composed around 1250 problems of all varieties. He studied chess problems of a mathematical nature such as the Eight queens puzzle, the Knight's tour and Shannon's number. He was a director of Die Schwalbe.
External links
Fabel problems on PDB Server
Rund um das Schachbrett by Karl Fabel - 1955
The "Ultimate FABEL" (project)
1905 births
1975 deaths
Chess composers
20th-century chess players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20length
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Scale length may refer to:
Length scale (or "scale length"), a significant concept in physics used to define the order of magnitude of a system
Scale height (or "scale length"), a specific parameter in physics denoting the distance over which a quantity decreases by a factor of e
Scale length (string instruments), a measurement of the length of a musical instrument string
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%20Physics%20Information%20Retrieval%20System
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The Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System (SPIRES) is a database management system developed by Stanford University. It is used by universities, colleges and research institutions. The first website in North America was created to allow remote users access to its database.
History
SPIRES was originally developed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in 1969, from a design based on a 1967 information study of physicists at SLAC. The system was designed as a physics database management system (DBMS) to deal with high-energy-physics preprints. Written in PL/I, SPIRES ran on an IBM System/360.
In the early 1970s, an evaluation of this system resulted in the decision to implement a new system for use by faculty, staff and students at Stanford University. SPIRES was renamed the Stanford Public Information Retrieval System. The new development took place under a National Science Foundation grant headed by Edwin B. Parker, principal investigator. SPIRES joined forces with the BALLOTS project to create a bibliographic citation retrieval system and quickly evolved into a generalized information retrieval and data base management system that could meet the needs of a large and diverse computing community.
SPIRES was rewritten in PL360, a block structured programming language designed explicitly for System/360-compatible hardware. The primary authors were Thomas H. Martin, Dick Guertin and Bill Kiefer. John Schroeder was the manager of the SPIRES project during
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20theory
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Shape theory refers to three different theories:
Shape theory in topology
Shape analysis (disambiguation) in mathematics and computer science
Shape theory of olfaction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Wilf
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Herbert Saul Wilf (June 13, 1931 – January 7, 2012) was an American mathematician, specializing in combinatorics and graph theory. He was the Thomas A. Scott Professor of Mathematics in Combinatorial Analysis and Computing at the University of Pennsylvania. He wrote numerous books and research papers. Together with Neil Calkin he founded The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics in 1994 and was its editor-in-chief until 2001.
Biography
Wilf was the author of numerous papers and books, and was adviser and mentor to many students and colleagues. His collaborators include Doron Zeilberger and Donald Knuth. One of Wilf's former students is Richard Garfield, the creator of the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering. He also served as a thesis advisor for E. Roy Weintraub in the late 1960s.
Wilf died of a progressive neuromuscular disease in 2012.
Awards
In 1998, Wilf and Zeilberger received the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research for their joint paper, "Rational functions certify combinatorial identities" (Journal of the American Mathematical Society, 3 (1990) 147–158). The prize citation reads: "New mathematical ideas can have an impact on experts in a field, on people outside the field, and on how the field develops after the idea has been introduced. The remarkably simple idea of the work of Wilf and Zeilberger has already changed a part of mathematics for the experts, for the high-level users outside the area, and the area itself." Their work
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogap
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In condensed matter physics, a pseudogap describes a state where the Fermi surface of a material possesses a partial energy gap, for example, a band structure state where the Fermi surface is gapped only at certain points.
The term pseudogap was coined by Nevill Mott in 1968 to indicate a minimum in the density of states at the Fermi level, N(EF), resulting from Coulomb repulsion between electrons in the same atom, a band gap in a disordered material or a combination of these.
In the modern context pseudogap is a term from the field of high-temperature superconductivity which refers to an energy range (normally near the Fermi level) which has very few states associated with it. This is very similar to a true 'gap', which is an energy range that contains no allowed states. Such gaps open up, for example, when electrons interact with the lattice. The pseudogap phenomenon is observed in a region of the phase diagram generic to cuprate high-temperature superconductors, existing in underdoped specimens at temperatures above the superconducting transition temperature.
Only certain electrons 'see' this gap. The gap, which should be associated with an insulating state, only exists for electrons traveling parallel to the copper-oxygen bonds. Electrons traveling at 45° to this bond can move freely throughout the crystal. The Fermi surface therefore consists of Fermi arcs forming pockets centered on the corner of the Brillouin zone. In the pseudogap phase these arcs gradually di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPCA
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JPCA may refer to:
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, a scientific journal
Japan Photographic Copyright Association a copyright collection society
Japan Postal Chess Association, an ICCF national member federation
Japan Primary Care Association, an academic association for family medicine doctors in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary%20relation
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In mathematics, a ternary relation or triadic relation is a finitary relation in which the number of places in the relation is three. Ternary relations may also be referred to as 3-adic, 3-ary, 3-dimensional, or 3-place.
Just as a binary relation is formally defined as a set of pairs, i.e. a subset of the Cartesian product of some sets A and B, so a ternary relation is a set of triples, forming a subset of the Cartesian product of three sets A, B and C.
An example of a ternary relation in elementary geometry can be given on triples of points, where a triple is in the relation if the three points are collinear. Another geometric example can be obtained by considering triples consisting of two points and a line, where a triple is in the ternary relation if the two points determine (are incident with) the line.
Examples
Binary functions
A function in two variables, mapping two values from sets A and B, respectively, to a value in C associates to every pair (a,b) in an element f(a, b) in C. Therefore, its graph consists of pairs of the form . Such pairs in which the first element is itself a pair are often identified with triples. This makes the graph of f a ternary relation between A, B and C, consisting of all triples , satisfying , , and
Cyclic orders
Given any set A whose elements are arranged on a circle, one can define a ternary relation R on A, i.e. a subset of A3 = , by stipulating that holds if and only if the elements a, b and c are pairwise different and w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log%20probability
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In probability theory and computer science, a log probability is simply a logarithm of a probability. The use of log probabilities means representing probabilities on a logarithmic scale , instead of the standard unit interval.
Since the probabilities of independent events multiply, and logarithms convert multiplication to addition, log probabilities of independent events add. Log probabilities are thus practical for computations, and have an intuitive interpretation in terms of information theory: the negative of the average log probability is the information entropy of an event. Similarly, likelihoods are often transformed to the log scale, and the corresponding log-likelihood can be interpreted as the degree to which an event supports a statistical model. The log probability is widely used in implementations of computations with probability, and is studied as a concept in its own right in some applications of information theory, such as natural language processing.
Motivation
Representing probabilities in this way has several practical advantages:
Speed. Since multiplication is more expensive than addition, taking the product of a high number of probabilities is often faster if they are represented in log form. (The conversion to log form is expensive, but is only incurred once.) Multiplication arises from calculating the probability that multiple independent events occur: the probability that all independent events of interest occur is the product of all these event
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing%20Link
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"Missing link" is a non-scientific term originated from early discussions of human evolution. The term may refer to:
Biology
Missing link (human evolution), a non-scientific term typically referring to transitional fossils
Piltdown Man, a hoax in which bone fragments were presented as the "missing link" between ape and man
Art, entertainment, and media
Films
The Missing Links (1916 film), a 1916 American silent crime film directed by Lloyd Ingraham
The Missing Link (1927 film), an American silent comedy film directed by Charles Reisner
The Missing Link (1980 film), a 1980 Franco-Belgian animated film directed by Picha
Missing Link (1988 film), a 1988 film directed by Carol and David Hughes
Missing Link (2019 film), a 2019 stop-motion animation film directed by Chris Butler
Games and puzzles
Missing Link (puzzle), a 1981 mechanical puzzle
Deus Ex: Human Revolution – The Missing Link, downloadable content for the 2011 video game Deus Ex: Human Revolution
Literature
Missing Link (comics), name of four fictional characters in Marvel Comics
Missing Links, a book by Rick Reilly
The Missing Link, a novel in the Fourth World trilogy by Kate Thompson
Music
Albums
The Missing Link (Fred Anderson album), a 1984 album by American jazz saxophonist Fred Anderson
Missing Links (album), Missing Links Volume Two, or Missing Links Volume Three, a series of compilation albums by The Monkees, released 1987–1996
The Missing Link (Rage album),a 1993 album by heavy metal ban
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotome%20%28mathematics%29
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In the historical study of mathematics, an apotome is a line segment formed from a longer line segment by breaking it into two parts, one of which is commensurable only in power to the whole; the other part is the apotome. In this definition, two line segments are said to be "commensurable only in power" when the ratio of their lengths is an irrational number but the ratio of their squared lengths is rational.
Translated into modern algebraic language, an apotome can be interpreted as a quadratic irrational number formed by subtracting one square root of a rational number from another.
This concept of the apotome appears in Euclid's Elements beginning in book X, where Euclid defines two special kinds of apotomes. In an apotome of the first kind, the whole is rational, while in an apotome of the second kind, the part subtracted from it is rational; both kinds of apotomes also satisfy an additional condition. Euclid Proposition XIII.6 states that, if a rational line segment is split into two pieces in the golden ratio, then both pieces may be represented as apotomes.
References
Mathematical terminology
Euclidean geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Jensen
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Ronald Björn Jensen (born April 1, 1936) is an American mathematician who lives in Germany, primarily known for his work in mathematical logic and set theory.
Career
Jensen completed a BA in economics at American University in 1959, and a Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Bonn in 1964. His supervisor was Gisbert Hasenjaeger. Jensen taught at Rockefeller University, 1969–71, and the University of California, Berkeley, 1971–73. The balance of his academic career was spent in Europe at the
University of Bonn, the University of Oslo, the University of Freiburg, the University of Oxford, and the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, from which he retired in 2001. He now resides in Berlin.
Jensen was honored by the Association for Symbolic Logic as the first Gödel Lecturer in 1990. In 2015, the European Set Theory Society awarded him and John R. Steel the Hausdorff Medal for their paper "K without the measurable".
Results
Jensen's better-known results include the:
Axiomatic set theory NFU, a variant of New Foundations (NF) where extensionality is weakened to allow several sets with no elements, and the proof of NFU's consistency relative to Peano arithmetic;
Fine structure theory of the constructible universe L. This work led to his being awarded in 2003 the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research of the American Mathematical Society for his 1972 paper titled "The fine structure of the constructible hierarchy";
Definitions and proofs of various infinitary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicon
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Replicon may refer to:
Replicon (genetics), a region of DNA or RNA that replicates from a single origin of replication
Replicon (company), a software company providinand expense management software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicon%20%28genetics%29
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A replicon is a region of an organism's genome that is independently replicated from a single origin of replication. A bacterial chromosome contains a single origin, and therefore the whole bacterial chromosome is a replicon. The chromosomes of archaea and eukaryotes can have multiple origins of replication, and so their chromosomes may consist of several replicons. The concept of the replicon was formulated in 1963 by François Jacob, Sydney Brenner, and Jacques Cuzin as a part of their replicon model for replication initiation. According to the replicon model, two components control replication initiation: the replicator and the initiator. The replicator is the entire DNA sequence (including, but not limited to the origin of replication) required to direct the initiation of DNA replication. The initiator is the protein that recognizes the replicator and activates replication initiation.
Sometimes in bacteriology, the term "replicon" is only used to refer to chromosomes containing a single origin of replication and therefore excludes the genomes of archaea and eukaryotes which can have several origins.
Prokaryotes
For most prokaryotic chromosomes, the replicon is the entire chromosome. One notable exception comes from archaea, where two Sulfolobus species have been shown to contain three replicons. Examples of bacterial species that have been found to possess multiple replicons include Rhodobacter sphaeroides (two), Vibrio cholerae, and Burkholderia multivorans (three). The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Garrick
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John Andrew Frank "Jack" Garrick (1928 – August 30, 2018) was a New Zealand ichthyologist. He specialized in elasmobranchs and published many books and articles about shark and ray biology. In 1982, he published a thorough taxonomy on sharks of the genus Carcharhinus, where he identified the smoothtooth blacktip shark as a new species. He is the species authority for several types of sharks, including the New Zealand lanternshark. Garrick was a zoology professor at Victoria University of Wellington, appointed to a personal chair in 1971.
He had a primary interest in the taxonomy of sharks and rays, and carried out the first exploratory deep-sea sampling using specially adapted cone nets, baited traps, and longlines, regularly to depths greater than 2000 m. Many new and rare species were obtained by use of these innovative techniques. He was responsible for the notable discovery of the first New Zealand specimens of orange roughy in 1957 (which subsequently formed the basis of a multimillion-dollar fishery). Jack collected some 721 specimens in 988 lots and deposited them at Te Papa.
Taxon named in his honor
He discovered the first known specimens of the northern river shark, a species that was eventually named after him, and which featured on an episode of the show River Monsters. Garrick's catshark Apristurus garricki was also named in his honour.
Taxon described by him
See :Category:Taxa named by Jack Garrick
References
External links
New Zealand Electronic Text Cent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroics
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In physics, ferroics is the generic name given to the study of ferromagnets, ferroelectrics, and ferroelastics.
Overview
The basis of ferroics is to understand the large changes in physical characteristics that occur over a very narrow temperature range. The changes in physical characteristics occur when phase transitions take place around some critical temperature value, normally denoted by . Above this critical temperature, the crystal is in a nonferroic state and does not exhibit the physical characteristic of interest. Upon cooling the material down below it undergoes a spontaneous phase transition. Such a phase transition typically results in only a small deviation from the nonferroic crystal structure, but in altering the shape of the unit cell the point symmetry of the material is reduced. This breaking of symmetry is physically what allows the formation of the ferroic phase.
In ferroelectrics, upon lowering the temperature below , a spontaneous dipole moment is induced along an axis of the unit cell. Although individual dipole moments can sometimes be small, the effect of unit cells gives rise to an electric field that over the bulk substance that is not insignificant. An important point about ferroelectrics is that they cannot exist in a centrosymmetric crystal. A centrosymmetric crystal is one where a lattice point can be mapped onto a lattice point .
Ferromagnets is a term that most people are familiar with, and, as with ferroelastics, the spontaneou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WormBook
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WormBook is an open access, comprehensive collection of original, peer-reviewed chapters covering topics related to the biology of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). WormBook also includes WormMethods, an up-to-date collection of methods and protocols for C. elegans researchers.
WormBook is the online text companion to WormBase, the C. elegans model organism database. Capitalizing on the World Wide Web, WormBook links in-text references (e.g. genes, alleles, proteins, literature citations) with primary biological databases such as WormBase and PubMed. C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced and is a model organism for studying developmental genetics and neurobiology.
Contents
The content of WormBook is categorized into the sections listed below, each filled with a variety of relevant chapters. These sections include:
Genetics and genomics
Molecular biology
Biochemistry
Cell Biology
Signal transduction
Developmental biology
Post-embryonic development
Sex-determination systems
The germ line
Neurobiology and behavior
Evolution and ecology
Disease models and drug discovery
WormMethods
References
Bioinformatics
Biology books
Cell biology
Caenorhabditis elegans
Proteins
Animal developmental biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Javier%20Gonz%C3%A1lez-Acu%C3%B1a
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Francisco Javier González-Acuña (nickname "Fico") is a mathematician in the UNAM's institute of mathematics and CIMAT, specializing in low-dimensional topology.
Education
He did his graduate studies at Princeton University, obtaining his Ph.D. in 1970. His thesis, written under the supervision of Ralph Fox, was titled On homology spheres.
Research
An early result of González-Acuña is that a group G is the homomorphic image of some knot group if and only if G is finitely generated and has weight at most one. This result (a "remarkable theorem", as Lee Neuwirth called it in his review),
was published in 1975 in Annals of Mathematics. In 1978, together with José María Montesinos, he answered a question posed by Fox, proving the existence of 2-knots whose groups have infinitely many ends.
With Hamish Short, González-Acuña proposed and worked on the cabling conjecture: the only knots in the 3-sphere which admit a reducible Dehn surgery, i.e. a surgery which results in a reducible 3-manifold, are the cable knots.
See also
CIMAT
UNAM
Selected publications
González-Acuña, F., Homomorphs of knot groups, Annals of Mathematics (2) 102 (1975), no. 2, 37–377.
González-Acuña, F., Montesinos, José M., Ends of knot groups, Annals of Mathematics (2) 108 (1978), no. 1, 91–96.
González-Acuña, F., Short, Hamish, Knot surgery and primeness. Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 99 (1986), no. 1, 89–102.
J.C. Gómez-Larrañaga, F.J. González-Acuña, J. Hoste. Minimal Atlases on 3-manifo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indumentum
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In biology, an indumentum (Latin, literally: "garment") is a covering of trichomes (fine "hairs") on a plant or of bristles (rarely scales) of an insect.
In plants, indumentum types include:
pubescent
hirsute
pilose
lanate
villous
tomentose
stellate
scabrous
scurfy
The indumentum on plants can have a wide variety of functions, including as anchorage in climbing plants (e.g., Galium aparine), in transpiration control, in water absorption (Tillandsia), the reflection of solar radiation, increasing water-repellency (e.g., in the aquatic fern Salvinia), in protection against insect predation, and in the trapping of insects (Drosera, Nepenthes, Stylosanthes).
The use of an indumentum on insects can also be pollen-related, as on bees, sensory like whiskers, or for varied other uses including adhesion and poison.
See also
Glossary of botanical terms
References
External links
Indumentum types
Plant anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochen%E2%80%93Specker%20theorem
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In quantum mechanics, the Kochen–Specker (KS) theorem, also known as the Bell–Kochen–Specker theorem, is a "no-go" theorem proved by John S. Bell in 1966 and by Simon B. Kochen and Ernst Specker in 1967. It places certain constraints on the permissible types of hidden-variable theories, which try to explain the predictions of quantum mechanics in a context-independent way. The version of the theorem proved by Kochen and Specker also gave an explicit example for this constraint in terms of a finite number of state vectors.
The theorem is a complement to Bell's theorem (to be distinguished from the (Bell–)Kochen–Specker theorem of this article). While Bell's theorem established nonlocality to be a feature of any hidden variable theory that recovers the predictions of quantum mechanics, the KS theorem established contextuality to be an inevitable feature of such theories.
The theorem proves that there is a contradiction between two basic assumptions of the hidden-variable theories intended to reproduce the results of quantum mechanics: that all hidden variables corresponding to quantum-mechanical observables have definite values at any given time, and that the values of those variables are intrinsic and independent of the device used to measure them. The contradiction is caused by the fact that quantum-mechanical observables need not be commutative. It turns out to be impossible to simultaneously embed all the commuting subalgebras of the algebra of these observables in one co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20resolved%20shear%20stress
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In materials science, critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) is the component of shear stress, resolved in the direction of slip, necessary to initiate slip in a grain. Resolved shear stress (RSS) is the shear component of an applied tensile or compressive stress resolved along a slip plane that is other than perpendicular or parallel to the stress axis. The RSS is related to the applied stress by a geometrical factor, , typically the Schmid factor:
where is the magnitude of the applied tensile stress, is the angle between the normal of the slip plane and the direction of the applied force, and is the angle between the slip direction and the direction of the applied force. The Schmid factor is most applicable to FCC single-crystal metals, but for polycrystal metals the Taylor factor has been shown to be more accurate. The CRSS is the value of resolved shear stress at which yielding of the grain occurs, marking the onset of plastic deformation. CRSS, therefore, is a material property and is not dependent on the applied load or grain orientation. The CRSS is related to the observed yield strength of the material by the maximum value of the Schmid factor:
CRSS is a constant for crystal families. Hexagonal close-packed crystals, for example, have three main families - basal, prismatic, and pyramidal - with different values for the critical resolved shear stress.
Slip systems and resolved shear stress
In crystalline metals, slip occurs in specific directions on crystallogr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas
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Dryas may refer to:
Biology
Dryas (plant), a genus of plants
Dryas, a monotypic genus of butterflies containing the single species Dryas iulia
Dryas monkey (Cercopithecus dryas), a little-known species of guenon found only in the Congo Basin
Geology
Dryas, the name of several climatic periods, named for their abundant dryas flowers:
Oldest Dryas
Older Dryas
Middle Dryas
Younger Dryas
Other uses
Dryas (mythology), several characters in Greek mythology
Drias, Kavala, or Dryas, a village in Greece
See also
Dryad (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reviews%20of%20Modern%20Physics
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Reviews of Modern Physics (abbreviated RMP) is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Physical Society. It was established in 1929 and the current editor-in-chief is Michael Thoennessen. The journal publishes review articles, usually by established researchers, on all aspects of physics and related fields. The reviews are usually accessible to non-specialists and serve as introductory material to graduate students, which survey recent work, discuss key problems to be solved and provide perspectives toward the end.
The journal has published several historically significant papers on quantum foundations, as well as the development of the Standard Model of particle physics.
References
External links
Academic journals established in 1929
Physics review journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
American Physical Society academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden%20sector
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In particle physics, the hidden sector, also known as the dark sector, is a hypothetical collection of yet-unobserved quantum fields and their corresponding hypothetical particles. The interactions between the hidden sector particles and the Standard Model particles are weak, indirect, and typically mediated through gravity or other new particles. Examples of new hypothetical mediating particles in this class of theories include the dark photon, sterile neutrino, and axion.
In many cases, hidden sectors include a new gauge group that is independent from the Standard Model gauge group. The hidden sectors are commonly predicted by the models from string theory. They may be relevant as a source of dark matter and supersymmetry breaking, solving the Muon g-2 anomaly and beryllium-8 decay anomaly.
See also
Fifth force
Dark energy
Dark matter
Dark radiation
Higgs sector
References
Physics beyond the Standard Model
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20hierarchy%20problem
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In particle physics the little hierarchy problem in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is a refinement of the hierarchy problem. According to quantum field theory, the mass of the Higgs boson must be rather light for the electroweak theory to work. However, the loop corrections to the mass are naturally much greater; this is known as the hierarchy problem. New physical effects such as supersymmetry may in principle reduce the size of the loop corrections, making the theory natural. However, it is known from experiments that new physics such as superpartners does not occur at very low energy scales, so even if these new particles reduce the loop corrections, they do not reduce them enough to make the renormalized Higgs mass completely natural. The expected value of the Higgs mass is about 10 percent of the size of the loop corrections which shows that a certain "little" amount of fine-tuning seems necessary.
Particle physicists have different opinions as to whether the little hierarchy problem is serious.
See also
MSSM Higgs mass
Naturalness
mu problem
References
Supersymmetric quantum field theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction-free%20measurement
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In physics, interaction-free measurement is a type of measurement in quantum mechanics that detects the position, presence, or state of an object without an interaction occurring between it and the measuring device. Examples include the Renninger negative-result experiment, the Elitzur–Vaidman bomb-testing problem, and certain double-cavity optical systems, such as Hardy's paradox.
In Quantum Computation such measurements are referred to as Counterfactual Quantum Computation, an idea introduced by physicists Graeme Mitchinson and Richard Jozsa. Examples include Keith Bowden's Counterfactual Mirror Array describing a digital computer that could be counterfactually interrogated to calculate whether a light beam would fail to pass through a maze.
Initially proposed as thought experiments, interaction-free measurements have been experimentally demonstrated in various configurations.
Interaction-free measurements have also been proposed as a way to reduce sample damage in electron microscopy.
Counterfactual quantum communication
In 2012 the idea of counterfactual quantum communication has been proposed and demonstrated. Its first achievement was reported in 2017. According to contemporary conceptions of counterfactual quantum communication, information can thereby be exchanged without any physical particle / matter / energy being transferred between the parties, without quantum teleportation and without the information being the absence of a signal. In 2020 research suggeste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Gillogly
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James J. Gillogly (born 5 March 1946) is an American computer scientist and cryptographer.
Biography
Early life
His interest in cryptography stems from his boyhood, as did his interest in mathematics. By junior high he was inventing his own ciphers and challenging his father, entomologist Lorin Gillogly, to solve them.
Gillogly wrote a chess-playing program in the Fortran programming language in 1970, and in 1977 he ported the code for "Colossal Cave" from Fortran to C.
Education
He graduated from Carnegie Mellon University in 1978, receiving a Ph.D. in computer science. He was advised by Allen Newell, with his dissertation titled "Performance Analysis of the Technology Chess Program".
Career
Gillogly worked as a computer scientist at RAND, specializing in system design and development, and computer security. He has written several articles about technology and cryptography, is currently the editor of the "Cipher Exchange" column for The Cryptogram, and was president of the American Cryptogram Association.
Gillogly was one of the earliest authors of personal computer software, writing utility programs, games and a computerized cookbook published by the Software Toolworks beginning in 1980.
Cryptanalysis
He is best known for his work solving or debunking some of the world's most famous unsolved codes. In 1980 he wrote a paper on unusual strings in the Beale Ciphers, and he received international media attention for being the first person to publicly solve parts 1-3 on t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPRITE%20infrared%20detector
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The SPRITE infrared detector is named after the process of signal integration carried out by "Signal Processing In The Element". The technique was invented at the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment at Malvern by a team of scientists including Tom Elliott.
The detector allows the build up of detected infrared signal in a mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) photoconductor strip, on a sapphire substrate, by applying a bias current through the strip. The detector is used in a scanned thermal imager and the bias voltage is adjusted to force electrons produced by the detected energy at one end of the strip to drift to the far end of the strip in time with the rate of the scanning such that energy from the same response is built up along the full length of the strip. This allows a much simpler way of integrating responses than linking separate detector cells.
This type of detector was used in a series of thermal imagers known as TICM (thermal imaging common modules). These modules were the mainstay of UK forces thermal imagers from the 1980s until their replacement by fully staring, two-dimensional-arrays detectors.
See also
Yellow Duckling
References
Infrared imaging
Malvern, Worcestershire
Military electronics of the United Kingdom
Military sensor technology
Science and technology in Worcestershire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Cryptogram%20Association
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The American Cryptogram Association (ACA) is an American non-profit organization devoted to the hobby of cryptography, with an emphasis on types of codes, ciphers, and cryptograms that can be solved either with pencil and paper, or with computers, but not computer-only systems.
History
The ACA was formed on September 1, 1930. Initially the primary interest was in monoalphabetic substitution ciphers (also known as "single alphabet" or "Aristocrat" puzzles), but this has since extended to dozens of different systems, such as Playfair, autokey, transposition, and Vigenère ciphers.
Since some of its members had belonged to the “National Puzzlers' League”, some of the NPL terminology ("nom," "Krewe," etc.) is also used in the ACA.
Publications and activities
The association has a collection of books and articles on cryptography and related subjects in the library at Kent State University.
An annual convention takes place in late August or early September. Recent conventions have been held in Bletchley Park and Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
There is also a regular journal called “The Cryptogram”, which first appeared in February, 1932, and has grown to a 28-page bimonthly periodical which includes articles and challenge ciphers.
Notable members
H. O. Yardley, who used the nom BOZO, first Vice President in 1933.
Helen Fouché Gaines, member since 1933, who used the nom PICCOLA, editor of the 1939 book Elementary Cryptanalysis.
Rosario Candela, who used the nom ISKANDER, member
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20McNiven%20Garner
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David McNiven Garner (26 November 1928 – 13 May 2016) was notable as a published research physicist, with a focus in physical oceanography and ocean circulation.
History
Garner attended New York University from 1959 to 1962, where he graduated with a PhD in Physics on 22 October 1962. Dr. Garner returned to New Zealand in 1962, joining a team of scientists that founded the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (today known as National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research), then located in Hobson Street, Wellington, New Zealand.
Garner immigrated with his family to Canada in 1968, as a physical oceanographer in the ocean circulation department at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in Nova Scotia, Canada from February 1968 to July 1971, where his topics of research included effects around the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. He worked extensively on the oceanographic research vessels CSS Dawson and CSS Hudson (Canadian Scientific Ship, painted Survey Ship white, and run by the Bedford Institute of Oceanography), which today is the CCGS Hudson. His voyages included a portion of the first ever circumnavigation of North and South America by the CSS Hudson in 1970, on which he was a watch keeper, not a scientist.
Garner returned with his family to New Zealand in 1971, where he was a senior lecturer at the University of Auckland Physics Department from approximately July 1971 to 1974, in Auckland, New Zealand. During his ten
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazur%E2%80%93Ulam%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Mazur–Ulam theorem states that if and are normed spaces over R and the mapping
is a surjective isometry, then is affine. It was proved by Stanisław Mazur and Stanisław Ulam in response to a question raised by Stefan Banach.
For strictly convex spaces the result is true, and easy, even for isometries which are not necessarily surjective. In this case, for any and in , and for any in , write
and denote the closed ball of radius around by . Then is the unique element of , so, since is injective, is the unique element of
and therefore is equal to . Therefore is an affine map. This argument fails in the general case, because in a normed space which is not strictly convex two tangent balls may meet in some flat convex region of their boundary, not just a single point.
See also
Aleksandrov–Rassias problem
References
Normed spaces
Theorems in functional analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/192%20%28number%29
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192 (one hundred [and] ninety-two) is the natural number following 191 and preceding 193.
In mathematics
192 has the prime factorization . Because it has so many small prime factors, it is the smallest number with 14 divisors, namely 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 96, and 192 itself. Because its only prime factors are 2 and 3, it is a 3-smooth number.
192 is the sum of ten consecutive primes (5 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37).
192 is a Leyland number of the second kind.
See also
192 (disambiguation)
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megavolt
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Megavolt may refer to:
One million volts in electronics and physics
Megavolt (Darkwing Duck), a fictional supervillain in the Disney animated series Darkwing Duck.
Megavolt, a villain in the television seriesTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duarte%20Leite
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Duarte Leite Pereira da Silva, GCC (11 August 1864 in Porto – 29 September 1950 in Porto; ), was a Portuguese historian, mathematician, journalist, diplomat and politician. He graduated in Mathematics at the University of Coimbra, in 1885. He taught at the Politecnic Academy of Porto, from 1886 to 1911. Meanwhile, he was also the director of the newspaper diary "A Pátria". As a historian, he published many studies, later compiled in "História dos Descobrimentos" (History of the Discoveries), in 2 volumes.
Political career
After the overthrow of the Portuguese monarchy in 1910, he was Minister of Finance during the Augusto de Vasconcelos government (1911–1912), and succeeded him, as Prime Minister and Minister of Internal Affairs, from 16 June 1912 to 9 January 1913.
From 1914 to 1931 he served as Portuguese ambassador to Brazil. He was a candidate to the Presidency of the Republic in the elections held in the Congress of the Republic, in 1925. Faithful all his life to his left-wing republican principles, he became a member of the 1945–48 Movement of Democratic Unity, which during its brief lifespan functioned as the first form of legalized opposition to Salazar's far-right Estado Novo (New State) regimen.
External links
1864 births
1950 deaths
People from Porto
Portuguese Republican Party politicians
Prime Ministers of Portugal
Finance ministers of Portugal
Government ministers of Portugal
Ambassadors of Portugal to Brazil
Portuguese anti-fascists
20th-century Portuguese
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum%20operator
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In quantum mechanics, the angular momentum operator is one of several related operators analogous to classical angular momentum. The angular momentum operator plays a central role in the theory of atomic and molecular physics and other quantum problems involving rotational symmetry. Such an operator is applied to a mathematical representation of the physical state of a system and yields an angular momentum value if the state has a definite value for it. In both classical and quantum mechanical systems, angular momentum (together with linear momentum and energy) is one of the three fundamental properties of motion.
There are several angular momentum operators: total angular momentum (usually denoted J), orbital angular momentum (usually denoted L), and spin angular momentum (spin for short, usually denoted S). The term angular momentum operator can (confusingly) refer to either the total or the orbital angular momentum. Total angular momentum is always conserved, see Noether's theorem.
Overview
In quantum mechanics, angular momentum can refer to one of three different, but related things.
Orbital angular momentum
The classical definition of angular momentum is . The quantum-mechanical counterparts of these objects share the same relationship:
where r is the quantum position operator, p is the quantum momentum operator, × is cross product, and L is the orbital angular momentum operator. L (just like p and r) is a vector operator (a vector whose components are operators),
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Bedwell
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William Bedwell (1561 – 5 May 1632 near London) was an English priest and scholar, specializing in Arabic and other "oriental" languages as well as in mathematics.
Bedwell was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He served the Church of England as Rector of St Ethelburga's Bishopsgate and Vicar of All Hallows, Tottenham (known at the time as 'Tottenham High Cross') from 1607. He was the author of the first local history of the area, A Briefe Description of the Towne of Tottenham.
He published in quarto an edition of the Epistles of John in Arabic, with a Latin version, printed by the Raphelengius family at Antwerp in 1612. He also left many Arabic manuscripts to the University of Cambridge and a typeface for printing them. According to McClure, it was Bedwell, and not Thomas Van Erpen, who was the first to revive the study of Arabic literature in Europe. His uncompleted preparations for an Arabic lexicon were eclipsed by the publication of a similar work by Jacobus Golius in 1653. He asserted that knowledge of Arabic was necessary to a deeper understanding of ancient Hebrew. Bedwell's manuscripts were loaned, following his death, to the University of Cambridge, where they were consulted by Edmund Castell during the creation of the monumental Lexicon Heptaglotton (1669). Another manuscript, for a dictionary of Persian, was in the possession of William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, and now resides at the Bodleian Library. Besides his Arabic Epistles of John, his best kn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3%20Heller
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Heller László (1907–1980) was a Hungarian professor and mechanical engineer credited with inventing the Heller–Forgó dry cooling tower system for power stations.
Biography
Born in Nagyvárad, Heller took a degree in mechanical engineering in 1931 at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in Zürich.
In the 1940s the first high-pressure industrial power station was built according to his plans. It was around this time that he invented the Heller–Forgó system.
In 1951 he was awarded the Kossuth Prize and moved to the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, aka Technical University of Budapest. He organized its Department of Energetics, where he worked as a professor. He was a large contributor to the domain of statics, and helped establish the concept of entropy for engineering practices.
In 1962 he became a full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Heller–Forgó system
The Heller–Forgó system is named after Heller and László Forgó (1907–1985), the active collaborator in the industrial implementation of the system. It was developed by 1958, and the international sales pitch was set the same year.
Also known as the Indirect Dry Cooling System, it solved an important problem at power stations by utilizing cooling water more efficiently. The main point of their invention was to condense the vacuum steam using an injection of cool water. The still-warm water enters into the fine-gilled heat exchanger, cools down and becomes usable again for when the cycle i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Asimov%27s%20Robots%20in%20Time
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Isaac Asimov's Robots in Time is a series of six science fiction novels featuring Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics. Written by American author William F. Wu as novels for children, they were the first series authorized to use Asimov's fictional universe after his death in 1992.
Plot outline
Set on Earth, it tells the story of the Governors, a series of state-of-the-art administrative robots. Each Governor is physically composed of six smaller units and is responsible for single-handedly directing the operations of a human-inhabited city. When the Governor robots begin to fail mysteriously, Mojave Center (MC) Governor acts to protect his own existence by separating into his components and traveling into the remote past to escape disassembly.
MC Governor is not aware, however, that the time travel method used alters its molecular structure, with the result that his components explode via nuclear blasts when they reach the moment in which they were originally altered. A team composed of three humans and one robot embarks on a series of missions to the past to retrieve the robots before they can alter history. Opposing their efforts are a renegade roboticist and his robot companion, who seek to track down the Governors in order to solve the problem of their mysterious failure before their team can.
Books in the series
Predator (1993) - A new robot named Hunter assembles a team of humans and journeys to the age of dinosaurs to find the first component robot, MC 1, before h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhad%20Ardalan
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Farhad Ardalan (in Persian:فرهاد اردلان, born 1939, Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian High Energy physicist. He is a professor at Sharif University and the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics.
He is known for the proposal of the para-string theory, construction of modular invariant partition functions for WZNW models via the orbifold method, classification of 11-dimensional supergravity solutions with a quotient structure, and discovery of non-commutativity in D-branes of string theory.
He is also known for research work in superstring theory and Yang–Mills theory.
Ardalan and some other prominent Iranian physicists, such as Reza Mansouri and Mehdi Golshani, have been among the main architects of theoretical physics in Iran.
Degrees
His degree history is BA, Columbia College (1963), MA, Columbia University (1966), PhD, Pennsylvania State University (1970).
See also
Higher education in Iran
References
External links
His IPM webpage
1939 births
Living people
Iranian physicists
Academic staff of Sharif University of Technology
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Pennsylvania State University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blotto%20%28biology%29
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In biology, BLOTTO is a blocking reagent made from nonfat dry milk, phosphate buffered saline, and sodium azide. Its name is an almost-acronym of bovine lacto transfer technique optimizer. It constitutes an inexpensive source of nonspecific protein (milk casein) which blocks protein binding sites in a variety of experimental paradigms, notably Southern blots, Western blots, and ELISA. Its use was first reported in 1984 by Johnson and Elder's lab at Scripps. Prior to 1984, partially purified proteins such as bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, or gelatin from various species had been used as blocking reagents but had the disadvantage of being expensive.
References
Immunology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayazi%20syndrome
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Ayazi syndrome (or Chromosome 21 Xq21 deletion syndrome) is a syndrome characterized by choroideremia, congenital deafness and obesity.
Signs and symptoms
The presentation for this condition is as follows:
Mental retardation
Deafness at birth
Obesity
Choroideremia
Impaired vision
Progressive degeneration of the choroid
Genetics
Ayazi syndrome's inheritance pattern is described as x-linked recessive. Genes known to be deleted are CHM and POU3F4, both located on the Xq21 locus.
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
External links
Genetic disorders with no OMIM
Congenital disorders
Syndromes affecting hearing
Syndromes with intellectual disability
Syndromes with obesity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative%20contact%20homology
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In mathematics, in the area of symplectic topology, relative contact homology is an invariant of spaces together with a chosen subspace. Namely, it is associated to a contact manifold and one of its Legendrian submanifolds. It is a part of a more general invariant known as symplectic field theory, and is defined using pseudoholomorphic curves.
Legendrian knots
The simplest case yields invariants of Legendrian knots inside contact three-manifolds. The relative contact homology has been shown to be a strictly more powerful invariant than the "classical invariants", namely Thurston-Bennequin number and rotation number (within a class of smooth knots).
Yuri Chekanov developed a purely combinatorial version of relative contact homology for Legendrian knots, i.e. a combinatorially defined invariant that reproduces the results of relative contact homology.
Tamas Kalman developed a combinatorial invariant for loops of Legendrian knots, with which he detected differences between the fundamental groups of the space of smooth knots and of the space of Legendrian knots.
Higher-dimensional legendrian submanifolds
In the work of Lenhard Ng, relative SFT is used to obtain invariants of smooth knots: a knot or link inside a topological three-manifold gives rise to a Legendrian torus inside a contact five-manifold, consisisting of the unit conormal bundle to the knot inside the unit cotangent bundle of the ambient three-manifold. The relative SFT of this pair is a differential graded al
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20electrical%20engineering
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This article details the history of electrical engineering. The first substantial practical use of electricity was electromagnetism.
Ancient developments
Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by electric catfish and electric rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects. Patients with ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them. Possibly the earliest and nearest approach to the discovery of the identity of lightning, and electricity from any other source, is to be attributed to the Arabs, who before the 15th century had the Arabic word for lightning ra‘ad () applied to the electric ray.
Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletus, an ancient Greek philosopher, writing at around 600 BCE, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Physics%20Olympiad
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The United States Physics Olympiad (USAPhO) is a high school physics competition run by the American Association of Physics Teachers and the American Institute of Physics to select the team to represent the United States at the International Physics Olympiad (IPhO). The team is selected through a series of exams testing their problem solving abilities. The top 20 finalists are invited to a rigorous study camp at the University of Maryland to prepare for the IPhO.
History
The International Physics Olympiad began in 1967 among Eastern European countries; many western countries soon joined in the 1970s. In 1986, the American Association of Physics Teachers led by Jack Wilson organized the United States Physics Team for the first time. The 1986 team was made up of 20 talented high school physics students nominated by their teachers. Five students were selected for the International Physics Olympiad after a rigorous preparation at the University of Maryland. At the 1986 London IPhO, the team brought home three bronze medals.
Since then, the US Physics Team has regularly placed in the top ten nations at the international competition. It has accumulated 66 Gold Medals, 48 Silver Medals, 29 Bronze Medals, and 11 Honorable Mentions at IPhO as of 2019.
Academic directors
Tengiz Bibilashvili (2021–present)
JiaJia Dong (2018–2021)
Paul Stanley (2008–2018)
Robert Shurtz (2006–2008)
Mary Mogge (1998–2006)
Ed Neuenschwander (1996–1998)
Larry D. Kirkpatrick (1988–1996)
Alumni
Ale
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazem%20Vaziri%20Hamaneh
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Seyyed Kazem Vaziri Hamaneh (born 1945) is an Iranian engineer who served as oil minister from 2005 to 2007.
Early life and education
Hamaneh was born in Yazd in 1945. He holds a mechanical engineering degree, which he received from Polytechnique University. He also received a master's degree in management.
Career and activities
Hamaneh served as deputy oil minister and acting oil minister until 2005. He was appointed oil minister when Mahmoud Ahmedinejad became president in the elections of 2005. However, Hamaned was nominated as oil minister only after the first three nominees of Ahmedinejad failed to secure backing from the Majlis. Hamaneh was appointed oil minister on 11 December 2007 with the approval of the Majlis. His tenure lasted until August 2007 when he was removed by Ahmedinejad. Then Hamaneh was named as an advisor to President Ahmedinejad on oil and gas affairs.
On 5 July 2012, Hamaneh said Iran would not face any problem in selling crude oil to its customers despite the sanctions applied to oil industry of Iran. Hamaneh was appointed deputy to the oil minister Bijan Namdar Zanganeh on 3 September 2013.
References
1945 births
Living people
Iranian Vice Ministers
Oil ministers of Iran
Presidential advisers of Iran
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%20polynomial
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In mathematics, Conway polynomial can refer to:
the Alexander–Conway polynomial in knot theory
the Conway polynomial (finite fields)
the polynomial of degree 71 that has Conway's constant as its single positive real root
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation%20%28disambiguation%29
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In mathematics, permutation relates to the act of arranging all the members of a set into some sequence or order.
Permutation may also refer to:
An alteration or transformation of a previous object or concept; see iteration
Permutation, as a mathematical concept
Permutation test in statistics
Permutation (Cryptography), a series of linked mathematical operations used in block cipher algorithms such as AES.
Permutation box, a cryptography method of bit shuffling used to permute or transpose bits across S-boxes.
Permutation (music), as a concept related to musical set theory
Permutation (Amon Tobin album), 1998
Permutation (Bill Laswell album), 1999
"Permutation" (song), an instrumental song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner%E2%80%93Wadsworth%E2%80%93Emmons%20reaction
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The Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) reaction is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry of stabilized phosphonate carbanions with aldehydes (or ketones) to produce predominantly E-alkenes.
In 1958, Leopold Horner published a modified Wittig reaction using phosphonate-stabilized carbanions. William S. Wadsworth and William D. Emmons further defined the reaction.
In contrast to phosphonium ylides used in the Wittig reaction, phosphonate-stabilized carbanions are more nucleophilic but less basic. Likewise, phosphonate-stabilized carbanions can be alkylated. Unlike phosphonium ylides, the dialkylphosphate salt byproduct is easily removed by aqueous extraction.
Several reviews have been published.
Reaction mechanism
The Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction begins with the deprotonation of the phosphonate to give the phosphonate carbanion 1. Nucleophilic addition of the carbanion onto the aldehyde 2 (or ketone) producing 3a or 3b is the rate-limiting step. If R2 = H, then intermediates 3a and 4a and intermediates 3b and 4b can interconvert with each other. The final elimination of oxaphosphetanes 4a and 4b yield (E)-alkene 5 and (Z)-alkene 6, with the by-product being a dialkyl-phosphate.
The ratio of alkene isomers 5 and 6 is not dependent upon the stereochemical outcome of the initial carbanion addition and upon the ability of the intermediates to equilibrate.
The electron-withdrawing group (EWG) alpha to the phosphonate is necessary for the final elimination to occur. In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20hyperbolic%20functions
|
In mathematics, the inverse hyperbolic functions are inverses of the hyperbolic functions, analogous to the inverse circular functions. There are six in common use: inverse hyperbolic sine, inverse hyperbolic cosine, inverse hyperbolic tangent, inverse hyperbolic cosecant, inverse hyperbolic secant, and inverse hyperbolic cotangent. They are commonly denoted by the symbols for the hyperbolic functions, prefixed with arc- or ar-.
For a given value of a hyperbolic function, the inverse hyperbolic function provides the corresponding hyperbolic angle measure, for example and Hyperbolic angle measure is the length of an arc of a unit hyperbola as measured in the Lorentzian plane (not the length of a hyperbolic arc in the Euclidean plane), and twice the area of the corresponding hyperbolic sector. This is analogous to the way circular angle measure is the arc length of an arc of the unit circle in the Euclidean plane or twice the area of the corresponding circular sector. Alternately hyperbolic angle is the area of a sector of the hyperbola Some authors call the inverse hyperbolic functions hyperbolic area functions.
Hyperbolic functions occur in the calculations of angles and distances in hyperbolic geometry. It also occurs in the solutions of many linear differential equations (such as the equation defining a catenary), cubic equations, and Laplace's equation in Cartesian coordinates. Laplace's equations are important in many areas of physics, including electromagnetic the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque%20%28disambiguation%29
|
In physics and engineering, torque is the tendency of a force to rotate an object.
Torque can also refer to:
Places
Torque, a townland in the civil parish of Newtown, barony of Moycashel, County Westmeath, Ireland
Arts, entertainment, and media
Fictional characters
Torque (DC comics), a supervillain
Torque (Marvel Comics), an X-People superhero
Torque, in the television series A Man Called Sloane
Torque, in Freedom Planet
Torque, the protagonist of The Suffering video game series
Kamen Rider Torque, a Kamen Rider Dragon Knight character
Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
Torque (band), an American thrash metal band formed in San Francisco in 1994
Torque (film), a 2004 action movie
Torque (magazine), a monthly motorsport periodical
Torque, a 1970s and 1980s Australian television series about cars, hosted by Peter Wherrett
Technology
Torque (game engine), a game engine
Kyocera Torque, a ruggedized Android smartphone
Torque, an Android Wear application designed by Microsoft
TORQUE Resource Manager, a distributed resource manager
Other uses
Club Atlético Torque, a Uruguayan football club
Torc, or torque, a type of ancient jewelry
See also
Toque, a type of hat
Torc (disambiguation)
Tork (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20robot
|
A mobile robot is an automatic machine that is capable of locomotion. Mobile robotics is usually considered to be a subfield of robotics and information engineering.
Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. Mobile robots can be "autonomous" (AMR - autonomous mobile robot) which means they are capable of navigating an uncontrolled environment without the need for physical or electro-mechanical guidance devices. Alternatively, mobile robots can rely on guidance devices that allow them to travel a pre-defined navigation route in relatively controlled space. By contrast, industrial robots are usually more-or-less stationary, consisting of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and gripper assembly (or end effector), attached to a fixed surface. The joint.
Mobile robots have become more commonplace in commercial and industrial settings. Hospitals have been using autonomous mobile robots to move materials for many years. Warehouses have installed mobile robotic systems to efficiently move materials from stocking shelves to order fulfillment zones. Mobile robots are also a major focus of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs that focus on mobile robot research. Mobile robots are also found in industrial, military and security settings.
The components of a mobile robot are a controller, sensors, actuators and power system. The controller is generally a microprocessor,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer%20Smythe
|
Spencer Smythe () is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an adversary of the superhero Spider-Man as well as the father of Alistair Smythe. A scientist researching robotics and arachnids, he turned to crime to finance his research, and dedicated his life to capturing Spider-Man. He is best known for creating the Spider-Slayers, robots designed specifically to hunt down, capture, or kill the web-slinger.
The character has appeared in several Spider-Man adaptations, including animated series and video games.
Publication history
Spencer Smythe and the Spider-Slayers first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #25 (June 1965) and were created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko.
Fictional character biography
Spencer Smythe is an expert in robotics and arachnids who asked J. Jonah Jameson to fund his projects, having been convinced by Jameson's editorials that Spider-Man was a menace. After watching a demonstration showing that Smythe's robot could sense and track spiders, Jameson hired Smythe to capture Spider-Man. Jameson himself controlled the robot, meaning that Spider-Man was chased by a machine with Jameson's face. However, the web-slinger escaped by leaving the Spider-Man suit wrapped in the robot's tentacles.
Annoyed at his robot's inability to capture Spider-Man, Smythe began to obsess about the web-slinger, turning to crime to finance his research and constantly improving his robots which he dubbed S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotkin%20bound
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In the mathematics of coding theory, the Plotkin bound, named after Morris Plotkin, is a limit (or bound) on the maximum possible number of codewords in binary codes of given length n and given minimum distance d.
Statement of the bound
A code is considered "binary" if the codewords use symbols from the binary alphabet . In particular, if all codewords have a fixed length n,
then the binary code has length n. Equivalently, in this case the codewords can be considered elements of vector space over the finite field . Let be the minimum
distance of , i.e.
where is the Hamming distance between and . The expression represents the maximum number of possible codewords in a binary code of length and minimum distance . The Plotkin bound places a limit on this expression.
Theorem (Plotkin bound):
i) If is even and , then
ii) If is odd and , then
iii) If is even, then
iv) If is odd, then
where denotes the floor function.
Proof of case i
Let be the Hamming distance of and , and be the number of elements in (thus, is equal to ). The bound is proved by bounding the quantity in two different ways.
On the one hand, there are choices for and for each such choice, there are choices for . Since by definition for all and (), it follows that
On the other hand, let be an matrix whose rows are the elements of . Let be the number of zeros contained in the 'th column of . This means that the 'th column contains ones. Each choice of a zero and a one in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed%20Munim%20al-Izmerly
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Prof. Dr. Mohammed Munim al-Izmerly was an Iraqi chemistry professor who allegedly experimented with poisons on prisoners while Saddam Hussein was president of Iraq and died while in US custody in early February 2004, ten months after his arrest.
Alleged role in weapons development
In an October 6, 2005 report by Charles A. Duelfer, a CIA adviser who led the arms-hunting Iraq Survey Group, Izmerly is alleged to have been a key figure in training other Iraqi chemists trying to make poison gas for military use in the 1970s, the leader of the effort to produce mustard gas, and in the 1980s was chief of the chemical section of the Iraq Intelligence Service. According to the report, Izmerly's ex-colleagues told interrogators that al-Izmerly was head of human experiments and tested substances for use on assassination targets by giving poisoned food or injections to about 100 political and other prisoners. The report states that Izmerly admitted giving poison to 20 people as part of the experimental program.
Circumstances of death
The US security forces initially claimed in a note on the body bag containing Izmerly's body, which was delivered to the Baghdad morgue in February 2004, at an estimated two weeks after his death, stating that the death was due to brainstem compression. Prof Izmerly's family stated that three weeks earlier, they had visited him in the US prison at Baghdad airport and that he had seemed in good health.
An autopsy was commissioned by Izmerly's family and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronizer%20%28algorithm%29
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In computer science, a synchronizer is an algorithm that can be used to run a synchronous algorithm on top of an asynchronous processor network, so enabling the asynchronous system to run as a synchronous network.
The concept was originally proposed in (Awerbuch, 1985) along with three synchronizer algorithms named alpha, beta and gamma which provided different tradeoffs in terms of time and message complexity. Essentially, they are a solution to the problem of asynchronous algorithms (which operate in a network with no global clock) being harder to design and often less efficient than the equivalent synchronous algorithms. By using a synchronizer, algorithm designers can deal with the simplified "ideal network" and then later mechanically produce a version that operates in more realistic asynchronous cases.
Available synchronizer algorithms
The three algorithms that Awerbuch provided in his original paper are as follows:
Alpha synchronizer: This has low time complexity but high message complexity.
Beta synchronizer: This has high time complexity but low message complexity.
Gamma synchronizer: This provides a reasonable tradeoff between alpha and beta by providing fairly low time and message complexity.
Since the original paper, other synchronizer algorithms have been proposed in the literature.
References
Distributed algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%20bound
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In applied mathematics, the Johnson bound (named after Selmer Martin Johnson) is a limit on the size of error-correcting codes, as used in coding theory for data transmission or communications.
Definition
Let be a q-ary code of length , i.e. a subset of . Let be the minimum distance of , i.e.
where is the Hamming distance between and .
Let be the set of all q-ary codes with length and minimum distance and let denote the set of codes in such that every element has exactly nonzero entries.
Denote by the number of elements in . Then, we define to be the largest size of a code with length and minimum distance :
Similarly, we define to be the largest size of a code in :
Theorem 1 (Johnson bound for ):
If ,
If ,
Theorem 2 (Johnson bound for ):
(i) If
(ii) If , then define the variable as follows. If is even, then define through the relation ; if is odd, define through the relation . Let . Then,
where is the floor function.
Remark: Plugging the bound of Theorem 2 into the bound of Theorem 1 produces a numerical upper bound on .
See also
Singleton bound
Hamming bound
Plotkin bound
Elias Bassalygo bound
Gilbert–Varshamov bound
Griesmer bound
References
Coding theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasser%20effect
|
The Glasser effect describes the creation of singularities in the flow field of a magnetically confined plasma when small resonant perturbations modify the gradient of the pressure field.
External links
Physics of magnetically confined plasmas
Fusion power
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattarello
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Mattarello is a small town in Trentino, Italy. It has been subsumed into a frazione of the comune of Trento, having previously been an independent comune. It has a population of 6,226.
Mattarello is the site of the interdepartmental research centre CIBIO(Centre for Integrative Biology, part of the University of Trento), which applies cross-disciplinary approaches to the study of basic biological processes and their derangement in disease.
Trento airport is near the town, and adjacent the airport is the Museo dell'Aeronautica Gianni Caproni (Gianni Caproni Museum of Aeronautics), an aeronautical museum named in honour of engineer, aircraft designer and businessman Gianni Caproni, whose company made the first aircraft constructed in Italy.
Mattarello is also the Italian word for rolling pin.
References
Frazioni of Trentino
Trento
Cities and towns in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Former municipalities of Trentino
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrocinium%20Chymicum
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Tyrocinium Chymicum was a published set of chemistry lecture notes started by Jean Beguin in 1610 in Paris, France. It has been cited as the first chemistry textbook (as opposed to that for alchemy). Many of the preparations were pharmaceutical in nature.
References
External links
Antonio Clericuzio, Chemical Textbooks in the Seventeenth Century
Tyrocinium Chymicum (1643)
1610 books
History of chemistry
Chemistry books
1610 in science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20neuroscientists
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Many famous neuroscientists are from the 20th and 21st century, as neuroscience is a fairly new science. However many anatomists, physiologists, biologists, neurologists, psychiatrists and other physicians and psychologists are considered to be neuroscientists as well. This list compiles the names of all neuroscientists with a corresponding Wikipedia biographical article, and is not necessarily a reflection of their relative importance in the field.
See also
History of neuroscience
List of cognitive neuroscientists
List of neurologists and neurosurgeons
List of women neuroscientists
References
Cognitive science lists
History of neurology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonium%20ion
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In chemistry, a carbonium ion is any cation that has a pentacoordinated carbon atom. The name carbonium may also be used for the simplest member of the class, properly called methanium (), where the carbon atom is covalently bonded to five hydrogen atoms.
The next simplest carbonium ions after methanium have two carbon atoms. Ethynium, or protonated acetylene , and ethenium are usually classified in other families. The ethanium ion has been studied as an extremely rarefied gas by infrared spectroscopy. The isomers of octonium (protonated octane, ) have been studied. The carbonium ion has a planar geometry.
In older literature, the name "carbonium ion" was used for what is today called carbenium. The current definitions were proposed by the chemist George Andrew Olah in 1972 and are now widely accepted.
A stable carbonium ion is the complex pentakis(triphenylphosphinegold(I))methanium , produced by Schmidbauer and others.
Preparation
Carbonium ions can be obtained by treating alkanes with very strong acids. Industrially, they are formed in the refining of petroleum during primary thermal cracking (Haag-Dessau mechanism).
See also
Fluxional molecules
More carbonium ions called non-classical ions are found in certain norbornyl systems
Onium compounds
Carbenium ion
References
Reactive intermediates
Carbocations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%20Adelman
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Saul Joseph Adelman (born 18 November 1944, in Atlantic City) is an astronomer at The Citadel's Physics Department in Charleston, South Carolina. Adelman received his bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Maryland in 1966 and his PhD in astronomy from the California Institute of Technology in 1972. He specializes in stellar astronomy. He is a co-author of Bound for the Stars: Travel in the Solar System and Beyond (1981, ). In addition he is the author/co-author of 502 scholarly articles in Astronomy
References
External links
Citadel home page
Loeb family tree
20th-century American astronomers
1944 births
Living people
The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HT-7
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HT-7, or Hefei Tokamak-7, is an experimental superconducting tokamak nuclear fusion reactor built in Hefei, China, to investigate the process of developing fusion power. The HT-7 was developed with the assistance of Russia, and was based on the earlier T-7 tokamak reactor. The reactor was built by the Hefei-based Institute of Plasma Physics under the direction of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The HT-7 construction was completed in May 1994, with final tests accomplished by December of the same year allowing experiments to proceed.
The HT-7 has been superseded by the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) built in Hefei by the Institute of Plasma Physics as an experimental reactor before ITER is completed.
References
Reactor data
Report on the reactor
Tokamaks
Buildings and structures in Hefei
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nuclear power in China
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20DeRisi
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Joseph Lyman DeRisi is an American biochemist, specializing in molecular biology, parasitology, genomics, virology, and computational biology.
Early life and education
DeRisi was raised in Carmichael, California, where he graduated from Del Campo High School. He received a B.A. in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in 1992 from the University of California, Santa Cruz.
DeRisi earned his Ph.D. in biochemistry from Stanford University in 1999. Working in the laboratory of Patrick O. Brown, he developed methods for the production and use of DNA microarrays in molecular biology, and his thesis was a genome-wide expression analysis of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae. Upon graduation, DeRisi accepted a position as a Sandler Fellow at the University of California San Francisco.
Career and research
DeRisi has been a faculty member of the UCSF biochemistry and biophysics department since 1999. As of 2022 he is a professor of biochemistry and biophysics and is also the director of UCSF's Sandler Program for Breakthrough Biomedical Research.
DeRisi is known for printing the first whole-genome expression array, performing the first broad analysis of differential gene expression in cancer cells, profiling gene expression throughout the lifecycle of the malaria-causing protozoan Plasmodium falciparum, genomic characterization of the SARS-CoV-1 virus, and pioneering virus discovery using gene hybridization arrays and DNA sequencing technologies.
In his early career, DeRisi was a pionee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20Automata%20Theory%2C%20Languages%2C%20and%20Computation
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Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation is an influential computer science textbook by John Hopcroft and Jeffrey Ullman on formal languages and the theory of computation. Rajeev Motwani contributed to later editions beginning in 2000.
Nickname
The Jargon File records the book's nickname, Cinderella Book, thusly: "So called because the cover depicts a girl (putatively Cinderella) sitting in front of a Rube Goldberg device and holding a rope coming out of it. On the back cover, the device is in shambles after she has (inevitably) pulled on the rope."
Edition history and reception
The forerunner of this book appeared under the title Formal Languages and Their Relation to Automata in 1968. Forming a basis both for the creation of courses on the topic, as well as for further research, that book shaped the field of automata theory for over a decade, cf. (Hopcroft 1989).
The first edition of Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation was published in 1979, the second edition in November 2000, and the third edition appeared in February 2006. Since the second edition, Rajeev Motwani has joined Hopcroft and Ullman as the third author. Starting with the second edition, the book features extended coverage of examples where automata theory is applied, whereas large parts of more advanced theory were taken out. While this makes the second and third editions more accessible to beginners, it makes it less suited for more advanced courses. The new b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Church%20%28geneticist%29
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George McDonald Church (born August 28, 1954) is an American geneticist, molecular engineer, chemist, serial entrepreneur, and pioneer in personal genomics and synthetic biology. He is the Robert Winthrop Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Professor of Health Sciences and Technology at Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a founding member of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard. Through his Harvard lab Church has co-founded around 50 biotech companies pushing the boundaries of innovation in the world of life sciences and making his lab as a hotbed of biotech startup activity in Boston. In 2018, the Church lab at Harvard made a record by spinning off 16 biotech companies in one year. The Church lab works on research projects that are distributed in diverse areas of modern biology like developmental biology, neurobiology, info processing, medical genetics, genomics, gene therapy, diagnostics, chemistry & bioengineering, space biology & space genetics, and ecosystem. Research and technology developments at the Church lab have impacted or made direct contributions to nearly all "next-generation sequencing (NGS)" methods and companies. In 2017, Time magazine listed him in Time 100, the list of 100 most influential people in the world. In 2022, he was featured among the most influential people in biopharma by Fierce Pharma, and was listed among the top 8 famous geneticists of all time in human history. , Chu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACML
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ACML or variant, may refer to:
AMD Core Math Library (ACML)
Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML)
American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ACML), a type of cutaneous leishmaniasis
Asian Conference on Machine Learning, founded by Zhou Zhi-Hua
Analytical Chemistry & Microscopy Laboratory, Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forestry Service
See also
ACMI (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitting
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Splitting may refer to:
Splitting (psychology)
Lumpers and splitters, in classification or taxonomy
Wood splitting
Tongue splitting
Splitting, railway operation
Mathematics
Heegaard splitting
Splitting field
Splitting principle
Splitting theorem
Splitting lemma
for the numerical method to solve differential equations, see Symplectic integrator
See also
Split (disambiguation)
Splitter (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20F.%20Crow
|
James Franklin Crow (January 18, 1916 – January 4, 2012) was Professor Emeritus of Genetics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and a prominent population geneticist whose career spanned from the modern synthesis to the genomic era.
Some of his most significant peer-reviewed contributions were coauthored with Motoo Kimura, including those leading to the neutral theory of molecular evolution. He also wrote an influential introductory textbook on genetics and a more advanced one with Kimura. His graduate and undergraduate students and postdocs includes Alexey Kondrashov, James Bull, Joe Felsenstein, Russell Lande, Dan Hartl, and Wen-Hsiung Li.
He was a president of both the Genetics Society of America and the American Society of Human Genetics. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, The American Philosophical Society, the World Academy of Art and Science, the National Academy of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS).
Biography
Early life and education
Crow was born in 1916 in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, where his father was a teacher at Ursinus College. The family moved to Wichita, Kansas, two and a half years later, in 1918, where Crow was part of the 1918 flu pandemic. He went to school in Wichita, then to Friends University, at the time a Quaker school, also in Wichita, graduating in 1937.
At school, he enjoyed physics and chemistry, but pursued chemistry more strongly at university. He p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20model
|
Lattice model may refer to:
Lattice model (physics), a physical model that is defined on a periodic structure with a repeating elemental unit pattern, as opposed to the continuum of space or spacetime
Lattice model (finance), a "discrete-time" model of the varying price over time of the underlying financial instrument, during the life of the instrument
Lattice model (mathematics), a regular tiling of a space by a primitive cell
Lattice model (biophysics), a class of Ising-type models for the description of biomacromolecules, their transformations and binding in gene regulation and signal transduction
Lattice-based access control, a complex access control model based on the interaction between any combination of objects and subjects
Lattice models
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-free%20polynomial
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In mathematics, a square-free polynomial is a polynomial defined over a field (or more generally, an integral domain) that does not have as a divisor any square of a non-constant polynomial. A univariate polynomial is square free if and only if it has no multiple root in an algebraically closed field containing its coefficients. This motivates that, in applications in physics and engineering, a square-free polynomial is commonly called a polynomial with no repeated roots.
In the case of univariate polynomials, the product rule implies that, if divides , then divides the formal derivative of . The converse is also true and hence, is square-free if and only if is a greatest common divisor of the polynomial and its derivative.
A square-free decomposition or square-free factorization of a polynomial is a factorization into powers of square-free polynomials
where those of the that are non-constant are pairwise coprime square-free polynomials (here, two polynomials are said coprime is their greatest common divisor is a constant; in other words that is the coprimality over the field of fractions of the coefficients that is considered). Every non-zero polynomial admits a square-free factorization, which is unique up to the multiplication and division of the factors by non-zero constants. The square-free factorization is much easier to compute than the complete factorization into irreducible factors, and is thus often preferred when the complete factorization is not really ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervand%20Kogbetliantz
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Ervand George Kogbetliantz (; February 22, 1888 in Rostov-on-the-Don – 1974 in Paris, France) was an Armenian-American mathematician and the first president of the Yerevan State University. He left Russia in 1918. He received a Doctorate in mathematics from the University of Paris in 1923. His mathematical work was mainly on infinite series, on the theory of orthogonal polynomials, on an algorithm for singular value decomposition which bears his name, on algorithms for the evaluation of elementary functions in computers, and the enumeration of prime elements of the Gaussian integers. He also invented a three-dimensional version of chess. He was working at his death with Bobby Fischer on a game of chess for three people. When he first went to America (1941), he taught Mathematics at Lehigh University. In the early 1950s, he was a consultant for IBM in New York City and taught at Columbia University. Prior to moving back to Paris and retiring, he was a professor at Rockefeller University.
Articles and books
Recherches sur la summabilité des séries ultrasphériques par la méthode des moyennes arithmétiques, J. Math. Pures Appl. 9, 107–187, 1924.
Fundamentals of mathematics from an advanced viewpoint, 4 volumes, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1968.
(with Alice Krikorian) Handbook of first complex prime numbers, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1971.
External links
Life magazine, 9 June 1952, on his three-dimensional chess board
Two photos of Kogbetliantz from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLI
|
BLI may refer to:
Biology
Bio-layer interferometry, a real-time technique to study biomolecular interactions
Bioluminescence imaging, a technology that allows for the noninvasive study of small laboratory animals
Organizations
Bible Lessons International, an American Bible study ministry
BirdLife International, the international conservation organization working to protect the world's birds and their habitats
Other
Bellingham International Airport, a public airport located three miles (5 km) northwest of Bellingham, Whatcom County, Washington
OECD Better Life Index, an interactive tool that allows people to compare countries' performances according to their own preferences
WBLI, an American radio station in Patchogue, New York
BackLog Item, an item in the backlog in Scrum (software development)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig%20Strigeus
|
Ludvig "Ludde" Strigeus (born January 1981) is a Swedish programmer, best known for developing software such as the BitTorrent client μTorrent, OpenTTD, and Spotify.
Early life and education
Strigeus was born in January 1981, and he graduated from Chalmers University of Technology with a master's degree in computer science and engineering.
Career
He currently works as a software engineer at Spotify. In 2005, his development team won PuzzleCrack, a week-long puzzlehunt competition that combines problem-solving with computer hacking.
Ludvig Strigeus was awarded the 2006 John Ericsson (sv) Medal, the 2011 Tenzingpriset, 2015 honorary doctorate, and the 2020 Polhem Prize.
Personal life
He currently resides in Gothenburg, Sweden. Due to a rare muscular disease, Strigeus uses a wheelchair.
Software
μTorrent - small footprint BitTorrent client for Microsoft Windows and OS X (closed-source)
ScummVM - interpreter of adventure game engines, most notably LucasArts's SCUMM
OpenTTD - reverse engineered game engine of Transport Tycoon, led to many ports and game improvements over the original
Ports of Dr. Mario and Kwirk for the TI-89 calculator
"The Idiot" - card game for Windows
WebWorks - a text HTML editor
Spotify - a commercial music streaming service
Spotiamp - a lightweight Spotify Premium client for Windows, created as a tribute to Winamp
TunSafe - VPN client for Windows using the WireGuard protocol
References
External links
SourceForge profile
Patents by Inve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi%20Vaez-Iravani
|
Mehdi Vaez-Iravani is an Iranian scientist, engineer and inventor involved in the invention of "Shear-force microscopy".
Mehdi Vaez-Iravani graduated with a PhD in Electrical engineering from University College London and became a faculty member at Rochester Institute of Technology before joining KLA Tencor.
He has numerous patents and scientific publications in optics, optical engineering and related areas. He attended Alborz High School in Tehran, Iran from 1971 to 1975.
Selected bibliography
References
Iranian electrical engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event%20monitoring
|
In computer science, event monitoring is the process of collecting, analyzing, and signaling event occurrences to subscribers such as operating system processes, active database rules as well as human operators. These event occurrences may stem from arbitrary sources in both software or hardware such as operating systems, database management systems, application software and processors. Event monitoring may use a time series database.
Basic concepts
Event monitoring makes use of a logical bus to transport event occurrences from sources to subscribers, where event sources signal event occurrences to all event subscribers and event subscribers receive event occurrences. An event bus can be distributed over a set of physical nodes such as standalone computer systems. Typical examples of event buses are found in graphical systems such as X Window System, Microsoft Windows as well as development tools such as SDT.
Event collection is the process of collecting event occurrences in a filtered event log for analysis. A filtered event log is logged event occurrences that can be of meaningful use in the future; this implies that event occurrences can be removed from the filtered event log if they are useless in the future. Event log analysis is the process of analyzing the filtered event log to aggregate event occurrences or to decide whether or not an event occurrence should be signalled. Event signalling is the process of signalling event occurrences over the event bus.
Something
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Felsenstein
|
Joseph "Joe" Felsenstein (born May 9, 1942) is a Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Genome Sciences and Biology at the University of Washington in Seattle. He is best known for his work on phylogenetic inference, and is the author of Inferring Phylogenies, and principal author and distributor of the package of phylogenetic inference programs called PHYLIP. Closely related to his work on phylogenetic inference is his introduction of methods for making statistically independent comparisons using phylogenies.
Education
Felsenstein did his undergraduate work at the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he did undergraduate research under James F. Crow. He then did doctoral work under Richard Lewontin in the 1960s, when he was at the University of Chicago, and did a postdoc at the Institute of Animal Genetics in Edinburgh prior to becoming faculty at the University of Washington.
Research
In addition to his work in phylogenetics,
Felsenstein is also noted for his work in theoretical population genetics, including studies on selection, migration, linkage, speciation, and the coalescent.
Awards
Felsenstein is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Darwin-Wallace Medal by the Linnean Society of London in 2008. In 2009 he was awarded the John J. Carty Award from the National Academy of Sciences. In 2013 he was awarded the
International Prize for Biology by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
The moth species Ufeus felsensteini was nam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus
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"Rectus" is the Latin word meaning "straight" and is used in English to refer to multiple topics in the sciences, including:
In molecular chemistry the R in the R & S isomerism stands for "rectus"
In grammar "casus rectus" is a formal term for nominative case
In mathematics sine is also known as "sinus rectus"
In the classification of the animal kingdom it is the systematic taxonomic name of several species, e.g. campylobacter rectus & syllitus rectus
In anatomy it is used to refer to a rectus muscle, primarily e.g. the "rectus abdominis muscle"; in anatomy it can also refer to:
Inferior rectus muscle
Superior rectus muscle
Lateral rectus muscle
Medial rectus muscle
Musculus rectus thoracis
Rectus capitis lateralis muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori%20McCreary
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Lori McCreary is an American film producer. She is CEO of the production company Revelations Entertainment, which she co-founded with actor Morgan Freeman.
Early life
McCreary grew up in Antioch, California. She graduated from Antioch High School in 1979.
McCreary graduated from UCLA with a degree in Computer Science in 1984. While in college, she co-founded the legal software company CompuLaw.
Career
McCreary's appreciation for the stage play Bopha! inspired her to go into motion picture production.
McCreary first met actor Morgan Freeman, who was signed to direct the film adaptation, in Arsenio Hall's office on the Paramount Pictures Lot in 1992.
Later, the pair partnered in the formation of Revelations Entertainment in 1996 with a mission to produce entertainment "that reveals truth". As Revelations CEO, McCreary produced The Magic of Belle Isle, directed by Rob Reiner. Before that, she produced Invictus, directed by Clint Eastwood, with Freeman starring as Nelson Mandela and co-starring Matt Damon.
She is currently Executive Producer of CBS's hit series Madam Secretary starring Téa Leoni. She is also Executive producer of The Story of God with Morgan Freeman, the highest-rated series in NatGeo's history, as well as the expansion series The Story of Us with Morgan Freeman. She was the Executive Producer of Discovery Science's Through the Wormhole With Morgan Freeman.
McCreary's additional producer credits include Mimi Leder's Thick as Thieves with Antonio Banderas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima%20Lozani%C4%87
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Simeon Milivoje Lozanić and Simeon "Sima" Lozanić () (1847 – 1935) was a Serbian chemist, president of the Serbian Royal Academy, the first rector of the University of Belgrade, minister of foreign affairs, minister of industry and diplomat. At the Grandes écoles and later when it transformed into the University of Belgrade he taught chemistry and electrosynthesis.
Early years and education
Simeon Lozanić was born February 24, 1847, in Belgrade, Serbia. He completed legal studies in Belgrade, studied chemistry under Professor Johannes Wislicenus in Zürich and later with Professor August Wilhelm von Hofmann in Berlin. He earned his doctorate degree on March 19, 1870, at the University of Zurich. He was a professor at the "Great School" from 1872 and at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy until 1924.
Career
When the University of Belgrade was founded in 1905, he was among the first eight full-time professors who selected the entire remaining academic staff. Sima Lozanić was then chosen as the first rector of the university. His 1905 opening ceremony words remained recorded as the following:
"Our previous belief that Serbian people will unite not by spelling books but by weapons was disastrous for our people's intellect. I believe the contrary - that education will be the main factor in solving that important question of ours and that it would have already been solved if we had better cared for our education. Therefore, I believe that education is the force that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Briggs%20%28author%29
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John Briggs (born 1945) is an American author and co-author of general audience nonfiction books in the fields of holistic physics; aesthetics in the arts; creativity, creative process, and consciousness studies. Emeritus Distinguished CSU Professor of Writing and Aesthetics at Western Connecticut State University, Briggs lives in Granville, Massachusetts, where he has served as a Selectman and a police officer.
Themes
Holistic approaches to nature, art and indigenous traditions, and reflections on the ways that human consciousness experiences the whole. His early work explored metaphor as a holistic deep structure principle in the arts. More recently, he has linked this metaphor principle to the holistic (holomorphic) mode of consciousness utilized by Native American and other Indigenous cultures. He has advanced the theory that a primal form of ambivalence fulminates at the core of consciousness: the irresolvable paradox between our existence as separate individuals and our existence as inseparable from the whole. His work includes critiques of reductionist assumptions in science, in arts theory, and in anthropocentric thinking generally.
Education and career
Briggs, son of psychiatrist John Briggs, Sr. and psychologist-musician Muriel Ann Briggs, received his B.A. in 1968 from The College of Letters, Wesleyan University, Honors and cum laude; his M.A. in 1972 in literature from New York University, and his Ph.D. in 1981 in aesthetics and psychology from The Union Insti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibonding%20molecular%20orbital
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In theoretical chemistry, an antibonding orbital is a type of molecular orbital that weakens the chemical bond between two atoms and helps to raise the energy of the molecule relative to the separated atoms. Such an orbital has one or more nodes in the bonding region between the nuclei. The density of the electrons in the orbital is concentrated outside the bonding region and acts to pull one nucleus away from the other and tends to cause mutual repulsion between the two atoms. This is in contrast to a bonding molecular orbital, which has a lower energy than that of the separate atoms, and is responsible for chemical bonds.
Diatomic molecules
Antibonding molecular orbitals (MOs) are normally higher in energy than bonding molecular orbitals. Bonding and antibonding orbitals form when atoms combine into molecules. If two hydrogen atoms are initially far apart, they have identical atomic orbitals. However, as the spacing between the two atoms becomes smaller, the electron wave functions begin to overlap. The Pauli exclusion principle prohibits any two electrons (e-) in a molecule from having the same set of quantum numbers. Therefore each original atomic orbital of the isolated atoms (for example, the ground state energy level, 1s) splits into two molecular orbitals belonging to the pair, one lower in energy than the original atomic level and one higher. The orbital which is in a lower energy state than the orbitals of the separate atoms is the bonding orbital, which is more
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20flip
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In organic chemistry, a ring flip (also known as a ring inversion or ring reversal) is the interconversion of cyclic conformers that have equivalent ring shapes (e.g., from a chair conformer to another chair conformer) that results in the exchange of nonequivalent substituent positions. The overall process generally takes place over several steps, involving coupled rotations about several of the molecule's single bonds, in conjunction with minor deformations of bond angles. Most commonly, the term is used to refer to the interconversion of the two chair conformers of cyclohexane derivatives, which is specifically referred to as a chair flip, although other cycloalkanes and inorganic rings undergo similar processes.
Chair flip
As stated above, a chair flip is a ring inversion specifically of cyclohexane (and its derivatives) from one chair conformer to another, often to reduce steric strain. The term, "flip" is misleading, because the direction of each carbon remains the same; what changes is the orientation. A conformation is a unique structural arrangement of atoms, in particular one achieved through the rotation of single bonds. A conformer is a conformational isomer, a blend of the two words.
Cyclohexane
There exist many different conformations for cyclohexane, such as chair, boat, and twist-boat, but the chair conformation is the most commonly observed state for cyclohexanes because it requires the least amount of energy. The chair conformation minimizes both angle st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-y%20method
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In geotechnical civil engineering, the p–y is a method of analyzing the ability of deep foundations to resist loads applied in the lateral direction. This method uses the finite difference method and p-y graphs to find a solution. P–y graphs are graphs which relate the force applied to soil to the lateral deflection of the soil. In essence, non-linear springs are attached to the foundation in place of the soil. The springs can be represented by the following equation:
where '' is the non-linear spring stiffness defined by the p–y curve, is the deflection of the spring, and is the force applied to the spring.
The p–y curves vary depending on soil type.
The available geotechnical engineering software programs for the p–y method include FB-MultiPier by the Bridge Software Institute, DeepFND by Deep Excavation LLC, PileLAT by Innovative Geotechnics, LPile by Ensoft, and PyPile by Yong Technology.
References
Salgado, R. (2007). "The Engineering of Foundations." McGraw-Hill, in press. (1)
Hasani, H., Golafshani, A., Estekanchi, H. Seismic performance evaluation of jacket-type offshore platforms using endurance time method considering soil-pile-superstructure interaction. Scientia Iranica, 2017; 24(4): 1843-1854. doi: 10.24200/sci.2017.4275 http://scientiairanica.sharif.edu/article_4275_f79d8b4fdd0cc8d159b91b1a3b968585.pdf
Soil mechanics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence%20function
|
In mathematics, influence function is used to mean either:
a synonym for a Green's function;
Influence function (statistics), the effect on an estimator of changing one point of the sample
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside%20Health%20System
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Riverside Health System is an integrated, not-for-profit health network serving two million people annually. It has been operating in Eastern Virginia since 1915, and offers a variety of services and programs in the areas of prevention, primary care, diagnostics, neurosciences, oncology, orthopedics, aging-related services, rehabilitation, medical education, home care and hospice.
Riverside headquarters are located in Newport News, Virginia.
Operations
Riverside operates four acute care hospitals and a behavioral health hospital, in addition to a physical rehabilitation hospital and Critical Illness Recovery Hospital in partnership with Select Medical. Riverside Medical Group has more than 700 physicians and advanced practice providers across a broad spectrum of specialties. Riverside Lifelong Health operates six nursing home facilities and three continuing care retirement communities, and home health and hospice services. In addition, Riverside operates the College of Health Careers and four medical residency programs. The company employs more than 9,500 team members throughout Eastern Virginia.
List of Riverside Hospitals
Riverside operates four acute care hospitals and three specialty hospitals:
Riverside Regional Medical Center (Newport News, VA)
Riverside Walter Reed Hospital, (Gloucester, VA)
Riverside Shore Memorial Hospital (Onancock, VA)
Riverside Doctors' Hospital Williamsburg (Williamsburg, VA)
Riverside Rehabilitation Hospital (Yorktown, VA)
Riverside B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok%20Row%20Kavi
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Ashok Row Kavi is an Indian journalist and LGBT rights activist.
Life
He was born in Mumbai on 1 June 1947. He graduated with honours in Chemistry from the University of Bombay. Later, he dropped out of engineering college. Due to his early difficulty in dealing with his homosexuality, he enrolled as a Hindu monk in the Ramakrishna Mission and studied theology. Encouraged by a senior monk, he left the monastery to freely explore and express his homosexuality. He has also studied at the International Institute for Journalism.
Career
In a journalism career spanning 18 years, he worked in various newspapers and magazines, including India's largest circulated newspaper Malayala Manorama (as Western India Bureau-Chief), Sunday Mail and The Daily. For six years he was also senior reporter covering Science and Technology in The Indian Express group of newspapers. His career as a journalist began in 1974 with The Indian Express and was the chief reporter with The Free Press Journal from 1984 to 1989.
In 1971, he started Debonair, with friend Anthony Van Braband and later in 1990, he founded Bombay Dost, India's first gay magazine. He was a representative at the International AIDS Conference in Amsterdam and served as chairman of the Second International Congress on AIDS.
Although he retired from journalism in 1990, he has worked at providing a formal platform for homosexuals to become actively involved in public life and institutions through media, advocacy, co-operation and co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20M.%20Dudley
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Richard Mansfield Dudley (July 28, 1938 – January 19, 2020) was Professor of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Education and career
Dudley was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He earned his BA at Harvard College and received his PhD at Princeton University in 1962 under the supervision of Edward Nelson and Gilbert Hunt. He was a Putnam Fellow in 1958. He was an instructor and assistant professor at University of California, Berkeley between 1962 and 1967, before moving to MIT as a professor in mathematics, where he stayed from 1967 until 2015, when he retired.
He died on January 19, 2020, following a long illness.
Research
His work mainly concerned fields of probability, mathematical statistics, and machine learning, with highly influential contributions to the theory of Gaussian processes and empirical processes. He published over a hundred papers in peer-reviewed journals and authored several books. His specialty was probability theory and statistics, especially empirical processes. He is often noted for his results on the so-called Dudley entropy integral. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Books
References
R. S. Wenocur and R. M. Dudley, "Some special Vapnik–Chervonenkis classes," Discrete Mathematics, vol. 33, pp. 313–318, 1981.
External links
Publications from Google Scholar.
A Conversation with Dick Dudley
1938 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Ameri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake%20number
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In mathematics, the cake number, denoted by Cn, is the maximum of the number of regions into which a 3-dimensional cube can be partitioned by exactly n planes. The cake number is so-called because one may imagine each partition of the cube by a plane as a slice made by a knife through a cube-shaped cake. It is the 3D analogue of the lazy caterer's sequence.
The values of Cn for are given by .
General formula
If n! denotes the factorial, and we denote the binomial coefficients by
and we assume that n planes are available to partition the cube, then the n-th cake number is:
Properties
The only cake number which is prime is 2, since it requires to have prime factorisation where is some prime. This is impossible for as we know must be even, so it must be equal to , , , or , which correspond to the cases: (which has only complex roots), (i.e. ), , and .
The cake numbers are the 3-dimensional analogue of the 2-dimensional lazy caterer's sequence. The difference between successive cake numbers also gives the lazy caterer's sequence.
The fourth column of Bernoulli's triangle (k = 3) gives the cake numbers for n cuts, where n ≥ 3.
The sequence can be alternatively derived from the sum of up to the first 4 terms of each row of Pascal's triangle:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
! !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3
! rowspan="11" style="padding:0;"| !! Sum
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|1
| 1 || — || — || — || 1
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|2
| 1 || 1 || — || —
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Goertz
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Raymond C. Goertz (March 12, 1915 - June 4, 1970) was an American mechanical engineer and an early pioneer in the field of robotics, specifically remote-controlled robots (see telepresence). In 1949, while working for the Atomic Energy Commission at Argonne National Laboratory, Goertz filed a patent for an early master-slave manipulator () in order to handle radioactive material. Goertz recognized the value of electrically coupling manipulators and laid the foundations of modern tele-robotics and bilateral force-reflecting positional servos.
Goertz also performed early research on the degrees of freedom necessary for smooth motion by remote manipulation and developed one of the first head-mounted displays as a prototype for virtual reality. Nautical terms such as pitch, yaw, and roll were incorporated into the lexicon of robotics by Goertz.
Today, the purpose of teleoperation has expanded beyond the scope of nuclear safety and now includes uses such as reaching remote environments in space or in surgical operations, among other uses.
In 1985 the American Nuclear Society established the 'Ray Goertz Award' to recognize and honor members who have made outstanding contributions to the field of remote technology.
Education and early life
Raymond C. Goertz was born in Clearwater, Kansas on March 12, 1915. He was the son of Norma E. and Flora (Saint) Goertz and had a sister, Mrs. Thelma Main and two brothers, Lynn Goertz and Lee Noble. Goertz received his Bachelor of Science de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Homan%20Thorpe
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William Homan Thorpe FRS (1 April 1902 – 7 April 1986) was Professor of Animal Ethology at the University of Cambridge, and a significant British zoologist, ethologist and ornithologist. Together with Nikolaas Tinbergen, Patrick Bateson and Robert Hinde, Thorpe contributed to the growth and acceptance of behavioural biology in Great Britain.
Career
Thorpe grew up at Hastings and Weston-super-Mare. His father Francis Homan was a borough accountant who also worked with the London Missionary Society while his mother took part in the women's suffrage movement and was involved in Christian pacifism. He was taken care of by a nurse Ellen Clara Birt while his parents travelled in the United States. He studied for a while at Clarence School, Weston-super-Mare and was sent at fourteen to Mill Hill School, after which he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1921 to obtain a degree in Agriculture. He had been influenced by a talk by Maxwell Lefroy that there was a growing need for entomologists. In 1925 he began to work in the Department of Agriculture on insect pests. He continued on this line during two years at the University of California as a Rockefeller Fellow. Awarded the PhD from Cambridge in 1929, he then moved to the Imperial Institute of Entomology, returning to Cambridge three years later as a lecturer in Entomology and Fellow of Jesus College. A religious conscientious objector, during World War II he studied insects that preyed on stored food.
In 1943 he published an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20walking
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In combinatorial mathematics, block walking is a method useful in thinking about sums of combinations graphically as "walks" on Pascal's triangle. As the name suggests, block walking problems involve counting the number of ways an individual can walk from one corner A of a city block to another corner B of another city block given restrictions on the number of blocks the person may walk, the directions the person may travel, the distance from A to B, et cetera.
An example block walking problem
Suppose such an individual, say "Fred", must walk exactly k blocks to get to a point B that is exactly k blocks from A. It is convenient to regard Fred's starting point A as the origin, , of a rectangular array of lattice points and B as some lattice point , e units "East" and n units "North" of A, where and both and are nonnegative.
Solution by brute force
A "brute force" solution to this problem may be obtained by systematically counting the number of ways Fred can reach each point where
and
without backtracking (i.e. only traveling North or East from one point to another) until a pattern is observed. For example, the number of ways Fred could go from to or is exactly one; to is two; to or is one; to or is three; and so on. Actually, you could receive the number of ways to get to a particular point by adding up the number of ways you can get to the point south of it and the number of ways you can get to the point west of it.(With the starting point being zero and a
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