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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Gowland
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William Gowland FRAI (16 December 1842 – 9 June 1922) was an English mining engineer who carried out archaeological work at Stonehenge and in Japan. He has been called the "Father of Japanese Archaeology".
Biography
Gowland was born in Sunderland, County Durham, in northern England. He attended the Royal College of Chemistry and Royal School of Mines at South Kensington, specialising in metallurgy, and worked as a chemist and as a metallurgist at the Broughton Copper Company from 1870 to 1872. However, in 1872, at the age of 30, he was recruited by the Meiji government of the Empire of Japan as a foreign engineering advisor at the Osaka Zōheikyoku, the forerunner of the Japan Mint.
In Japan (1872–88)
Gowland began work in Osaka on 8 October 1872 on the three-year contract that was typical of many of the foreigners employed to aid the modernisation of Japan. His contract was repeatedly extended, and he stayed for 16 years, during which time he introduced techniques for the scientific analysis of metals, the production of bronze and copper alloys for coinage, and modern technologies such as the reverberatory furnace for improving the efficiency of refining copper ores. His expertise extended to areas outside the Japan Mint, and he also served as a consultant to the Imperial Japanese Army, helping to establish the Osaka Arsenal for production of artillery. In 1883, he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun (4th class) by the Japanese government.
During his spare time in Jap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-ase
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The suffix -ase is used in biochemistry to form names of enzymes. The most common way to name enzymes is to add this suffix onto the end of the substrate, e.g. an enzyme that breaks down peroxides may be called peroxidase; the enzyme that produces telomeres is called telomerase. Sometimes enzymes are named for the function they perform, rather than substrate, e.g. the enzyme that polymerizes (assembles) DNA into strands is called polymerase; see also reverse transcriptase.
Etymology
The -ase suffix is a libfix derived from "diastase", the first recognized enzyme. Its usage in subsequently discovered enzymes was proposed by Émile Duclaux, with the intention of honoring the first scientists to isolate diastase.
See also
Amylase
DNA polymerase
References
ase
Biological nomenclature
ase
ase
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20Chemistry%20Chemical%20Physics
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Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research and review articles on any aspect of physical chemistry, chemical physics, and biophysical chemistry. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry on behalf of eighteen participating societies. The editor-in-chief is Anouk Rijs, (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam).
The journal was established in 1999 as the results of a merger between Faraday Transactions and a number of other physical chemistry journals published by different societies.
Owner societies
The journal is run by an Ownership Board, on which all the member societies have equal representation. The eighteen participating societies are:
Canadian Society for Chemistry
Deutsche Bunsen-Gesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie (Germany)
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland
Israel Chemical Society
Kemian Seurat (Finland)
Kemisk Forening (Denmark)
Koninklijke Nederlandse Chemische Vereniging (Netherlands)
Korean Chemical Society
New Zealand Institute of Chemistry
Norsk Kjemisk Selskap (Norway)
Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne (Poland)
Real Sociedad Española de Química (Spain)
Royal Australian Chemical Institute
Royal Society of Chemistry (United Kingdom)
Società Chimica Italiana (Italy)
Svenska Kemisamfundet (Sweden)
Swiss Chemical Society
Türkiye Kimya Dernegi (Turkey)
Article types
The journal publishes the following types of articles
Research Papers, original scientific work that has not been published pre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20Society%20Reviews
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Chemical Society Reviews is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, for review articles on topics of current interest in chemistry. Its predecessors were Quarterly Reviews, Chemical Society (1947–1971) and Royal Institute of Chemistry, Reviews (1968–1971); it maintained its current title since 1971. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 60.615. The current editor-in-chief (chair of editorial board) is Jennifer Love (University of Calgary).
Chemical Society Reviews publishes occasional themed issues on new and emerging areas of research in the chemical sciences. These issues are edited by a guest editor who is a specialist in their field. Since 2005, Chemical Society Reviews has published reviews on topics of broad appeal, termed "social interest" reviews, such as articles on art conservation, forensics, and automotive fuels.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and UGC.
Article types
Chemical Society Reviews publishes "Tutorial reviews" and "Critical reviews". The former are written to be of relevance both to the general research chemist who is new to the field, as well as the expert, whereas the latter aim to provide a deeper understanding of the topic in hand, but retain their accessibility through an introduction written for the general reader.
References
External links
Chemistry journals
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
Bimonthly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20White%20House%20intrusion
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The 1985 White House intrusion occurred on 20 January 1985 when Robert Allen Latta, a 45-year-old water meter reader, successfully entered the White House uninvited.
Background
Latta, of Denver, Colorado, held a master's degree in mechanical engineering and worked as a water meter reader for the Denver water department, where he held the Denver meter-reading record of 600 readings in a single day. Time magazine quoted his supervisor as saying "He is a phenomenon of accuracy and speed."
Intrusion
While on vacation in Washington, D.C., on January 20, 1985 (the day that President Ronald Reagan was sworn in for his second term) Latta gained access to the White House by following the 33 members of the Marine Band past security. While carrying an overnight bag, he was able to wander around the Executive Residence for 14 minutes, but was eventually discovered near the Blue Room and was apprehended by Secret Service agents, who noticed that he had neither a uniform nor an instrument.<ref name="Greene">Greene, David L. "Expect the unexpected at inaugurals." Baltimore Sun. New York Times 19 January 2005.</ref> Latta reportedly did not know he was doing anything illegal, and was quoted as saying "I thought if I wasn't supposed to be there, somebody would stop me" and that "I just wanted to see the ceremony...I'm kind of patriotic."
Aftermath
Secret Service agents brought in dogs to search for explosives and interrogated Latta outside the White House. Later Latta was turned over to th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Fikes
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Richard Earl Fikes (born October 4, 1942) is a computer scientist and Professor (Research) Emeritus in the Computer Science department of Stanford University. He is professionally active as a consultant and expert witness. He led Stanford's Knowledge Systems Laboratory from 1991 to 2006, and has held appointments at Berkeley, Carnegie-Mellon, Price Waterhouse Technology Centre, Xerox PARC, and SRI International.
Early life and education
Fikes was born in Mobile, Alabama, and lived most of his early life in San Antonio, Texas. He graduated from Sam Houston High School (San Antonio, Texas) in 1960, received a B.A. degree in mathematics from the University of Texas at Austin in 1963, and received an M.A. degree in mathematics from the University of Texas at Austin in 1965. Fikes received his Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1968.
Career
Fikes' research activities have primarily been in developing techniques for effectively representing and using knowledge in computer systems—a sub-field of artificial intelligence generally known as knowledge representation and reasoning. He was a co-developer of the STRIPS automatic planning system, the Knowledge Interchange Format language for interchange of logical knowledge bases, the Ontolingua ontology engineering environment, and IntelliCorp's Knowledge Engineering Environment (KEE). He also worked on the Shakey the Robot project at SRI International. Before joining the faculty at Stanford University, he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDR
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MDR may refer to:
Biology
MDR1, an ATP-dependent cellular efflux pump affording multiple drug resistance
Mammalian Diving reflex
Medical device reporting
Multiple drug resistance, when a microorganism has become resistant to multiple drugs
Technology
Managed Detection and Response, a type of computer Managed security service
Massive Data Repository, a data storage facility for the United States' Intelligence Community
Sony MDR-V6, a line of studio headphones designed by Sony
Medical device reprocessing
Memory data register, a hardware register where data to be transferred to/from memory are temporarily stored
Mental dead reckoning
Merchant discount rate, dues, fees, assessments, network charges and mark-ups that merchants are required to pay for accepting credit and debit cards
Metadata registry, a central location in an organization where metadata definitions are stored and maintained in a controlled method.
Metadata repository, a database created to store metadata
Mini D ribbon, a cable connector type
Motion detection radar
Multifactor dimensionality reduction, an algorithm for detecting interactions
Desert Tech MDR, a bullpup rifle
MDR, programming language
Other
The Moldavian Democratic Republic, a state existing between 1917 and 1918, predecessor of modern Moldova
mdr is the ISO 639 language code for the Mandar language
M. D. Ramanathan (1923–1984), Indian singer known as MDR
Mandatory declassification review, part of the process of removing the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20C.%20Michelson
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Robert C. Michelson (born 1951) is an American engineer and academic widely known for inventing the entomopter, a biologically inspired flapping-winged aerial robot, and for having established the International Aerial Robotics Competition. He has received degrees in electrical engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and the Georgia Institute of Technology. Michelson's professional career began at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory where he worked on radar-based ocean surveillance systems. He later became a member of the research faculty at the Georgia Institute of Technology. At the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) he was involved in full-time research, directing over 30 major research programs.
He is the author of three U.S. patents and over 100 journal papers, book chapters and reports. Michelson also developed classes in avionics and taught in the School of Aerospace Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology until his retirement from the University System of Georgia in 2004. Michelson is the recipient of the 1998 AUVSI Pioneer Award and the 2001 Pirelli Award for the diffusion of scientific culture as well as the first Top Pirelli Prize.
During the 1990s, he created a tax-exempt corporation to apply high tech solutions to modern archeology and has organized a number of archeological expeditions into eastern Anatolia. He now heads the engineering consulting company, Millennial Vision, LLC. Since the mid-1990s, Michelson's work has concentr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasitriangular%20Hopf%20algebra
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In mathematics, a Hopf algebra, H, is quasitriangular if there exists an invertible element, R, of such that
for all , where is the coproduct on H, and the linear map is given by ,
,
,
where , , and , where , , and , are algebra morphisms determined by
R is called the R-matrix.
As a consequence of the properties of quasitriangularity, the R-matrix, R, is a solution of the Yang–Baxter equation (and so a module V of H can be used to determine quasi-invariants of braids, knots and links). Also as a consequence of the properties of quasitriangularity, ; moreover
, , and . One may further show that the
antipode S must be a linear isomorphism, and thus S2 is an automorphism. In fact, S2 is given by conjugating by an invertible element: where (cf. Ribbon Hopf algebras).
It is possible to construct a quasitriangular Hopf algebra from a Hopf algebra and its dual, using the Drinfeld quantum double construction.
If the Hopf algebra H is quasitriangular, then the category of modules over H is braided with braiding
.
Twisting
The property of being a quasi-triangular Hopf algebra is preserved by twisting via an invertible element such that and satisfying the cocycle condition
Furthermore, is invertible and the twisted antipode is given by , with the twisted comultiplication, R-matrix and co-unit change according to those defined for the quasi-triangular quasi-Hopf algebra. Such a twist is known as an admissible (or Drinfeld) twist.
See also
Quasi-triangular quasi-H
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton%20Transactions
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Dalton Transactions is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering original (primary) research and review articles on all aspects of the chemistry of inorganic, bioinorganic, and organometallic compounds. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and the editor-in-chief is Russell Morris (University of St Andrews). The journal was named after the English chemist, John Dalton, best known for his work on modern atomic theory. The journal was named a "rising star" in 2006.
Publication history
The journal was established as the Journal of the Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical in 1966. In 1972, the journal was divided into three separate journals: Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (covering inorganic and organometallic chemistry), Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases, and Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 2: Molecular and Chemical Physics. The journal obtained its current name in 2003. In January 2000, Acta Chemica Scandinavica was absorbed.
The Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions was published as 12 issues a year from 1972. As submissions increased, the journal switched to 24 issues a year in 1992 and then to 48 issues a year in 2006.
In 2010, the journal introduced a sequential volume numbering scheme, with one volume per year. While volume numbers were not assigned retro-actively, the first issue of 2010 was assigned volume 39 (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%20knot
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In mathematics, in particular in knot theory, the Conway knot (or Conway's knot) is a particular knot with 11 crossings, named after John Horton Conway.
It is related by mutation to the Kinoshita–Terasaka knot, with which it shares the same Jones polynomial. Both knots also have the curious property of having the same Alexander polynomial and Conway polynomial as the unknot.
The issue of the sliceness of the Conway knot was resolved in 2020 by Lisa Piccirillo, 50 years after John Horton Conway first proposed the knot. Her proof made use of Rasmussen's s-invariant, and showed that the knot is not a smoothly slice knot, though it is topologically slice (the Kinoshita–Terasaka knot is both).
References
External links
Conway knot on The Knot Atlas.
Conway knot illustrated by knotilus.
Prime knots and links
John Horton Conway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkin%20Transactions
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Perkin Transactions is a scientific journal devoted to organic chemistry published from 1997 to 2002 by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It was split into Perkin Transactions I and Perkin Transactions II. The predecessor journals published by the Chemical Society before the merger of that Society with other Societies to form the Royal Society of Chemistry were the Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 and Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2 (1972-1996). They were replaced by Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry. The name honours the chemist Arthur George Perkin.
See also
List of scientific journals in chemistry
List of scientific journals
External links
Royal Society of Chemistry's Website for Perkin 1
Royal Society of Chemistry's Website for Perkin 2
Chemistry journals
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
English-language journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20and%20Biomolecular%20Chemistry
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Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of organic chemistry, including organic aspects of chemical biology, medicinal chemistry, natural product chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, macromolecular chemistry, theoretical chemistry, and catalysis. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. Its predecessor journals were Perkin Transactions I and Perkin Transactions II. The Executive Editor is Richard Kelly.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Chemical Abstracts Service
Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed
Science Citation Index
Current Contents/Life Sciences
Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.890.
See also
Natural Product Reports
MedChemComm
List of scientific journals
List of scientific journals in chemistry
References
External links
Biochemistry journals
Academic journals established in 2003
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
Biweekly journals
English-language journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene%20Saunders
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Irene Saunders is the author of the English-Chinese dictionary The Right Word in Chinese or Hànyǔ Zhǐnán.
Biography
Saunders graduated from West Virginia University with a degree in chemistry. She is married to Lynn C. Saunders, Vice President-Executive Director in the People's Republic of China for Westing House Electric S.A., a company that funded the creation of the dictionary.
The Right Word in Chinese is a dictionary that is the first of its kind with Pinyin romanization of the Putonghua language or Modern-day Standard Mandarin Chinese published in 1985. It evolved from Irene Saunders' experience of working in China while having a limited knowledge of Mandarin Chinese. The proceeds of the dictionary were donated to the China Wildlife Conservation Association (CWCA), particularly for the endangered panda. It later became one of the sources for many modern-day English–Chinese / Chinese–English dictionaries.
References
American lexicographers
Living people
West Virginia University alumni
Women linguists
Women lexicographers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Linguists from the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Dice
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Black Dice is an American experimental noise music band based in Brooklyn, New York and consisting of brothers Bjorn and Eric Copeland along with Aaron Warren. Formed in 1997, the group was initially inspired by hardcore and noise rock, but subsequently shifted toward the extensive use of signal processing, effects units, and electronic instrumentation. They released their debut album Beaches & Canyons in 2002. They have recorded for labels such as DFA, Fat Cat, and Animal Collective's Paw Tracks.
History
Early years
Black Dice formed in spring 1997 soon after guitarist Bjorn Copeland met drummer Hisham Bharoocha and bassist Sebastian Blanck when they were students at the Rhode Island School of Design. Eric Copeland (vocals) was still attending high school in Maine and would visit on weekends. Early shows seldom lasted more than fifteen minutes and were characterized by violent performances where injuries were often sustained by the band and audience alike. Live sets mixed structured songs with improvised sound manipulation, and shows differed from night to night. Later joined by Bjorn's brother Eric Copeland on vocals, their early sound has been described by Tiny Mix Tapes as thrash-influenced noise. They released several 7"s and embarked on a few brief tours before Blanck left the group.
Move to New York
In the summer of 1998 the band relocated to New York City where Eric Copeland was attending college. At an early New York performance the band met current member Aaron W
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden%20subgroup%20problem
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The hidden subgroup problem (HSP) is a topic of research in mathematics and theoretical computer science. The framework captures problems such as factoring, discrete logarithm, graph isomorphism, and the shortest vector problem. This makes it especially important in the theory of quantum computing because Shor's algorithm for factoring in quantum computing is an instance of the hidden subgroup problem for finite abelian groups, while the other problems correspond to finite groups that are not abelian.
Problem statement
Given a group , a subgroup , and a set , we say a function hides the subgroup if for all if and only if . Equivalently, is constant on the cosets of H, while it is different between the different cosets of H.
Hidden subgroup problem: Let be a group, a finite set, and a function that hides a subgroup . The function is given via an oracle, which uses bits. Using information gained from evaluations of via its oracle, determine a generating set for .
A special case is when is a group and is a group homomorphism in which case corresponds to the kernel of .
Motivation
The hidden subgroup problem is especially important in the theory of quantum computing for the following reasons.
Shor's algorithm for factoring and for finding discrete logarithms (as well as several of its extensions) relies on the ability of quantum computers to solve the HSP for finite abelian groups.
The existence of efficient quantum algorithms for HSPs for certain non-abelian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, a variable (from Latin variabilis, "changeable") is a symbol that represents a mathematical object. A variable may represent a number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, or an element of a set.
Algebraic computations with variables as if they were explicit numbers solve a range of problems in a single computation. For example, the quadratic formula solves any quadratic equation by substituting the numeric values of the coefficients of that equation for the variables that represent them in the quadratic formula. In mathematical logic, a variable is either a symbol representing an unspecified term of the theory (a meta-variable), or a basic object of the theory that is manipulated without referring to its possible intuitive interpretation.
History
In ancient works such as Euclid's Elements, single letters refer to geometric points and shapes. In the 7th century, Brahmagupta used different colours to represent the unknowns in algebraic equations in the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta. One section of this book is called "Equations of Several Colours".
At the end of the 16th century, François Viète introduced the idea of representing known and unknown numbers by letters, nowadays called variables, and the idea of computing with them as if they were numbers—in order to obtain the result by a simple replacement. Viète's convention was to use consonants for known values, and vowels for unknowns.
In 1637, René Descartes "invented the conventi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sims%20%28novel%29
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Sims is a science fiction novel by American writer F. Paul Wilson that explores a near-future event where Humanzees (Human-Chimpanzee hybrids) are created as a de facto slave race.
Plot summary
In the near future, there have been amazing advances in genetics research. Through gene therapy, many deadly diseases have been cured. The SimGen Corporation has created a transgenic species called SIMS, creatures that are part chimpanzee and part human, and are treated as slaves. Suddenly a group of sims working as caddies at a golf course decide they want to unionize. They hire lawyer Patrick Sullivan to represent them, and Sullivan begins to ponder whether or not sims are entitled to equal human rights.
During the course of the novel, Patrick meets activist Romy Cadman and a mysterious man called Zero, who are on a crusade to destroy SimGen and stop the creation of sims. While the three of them try to protect the sims, they come close to uncovering a sinister secret within SimGen, a secret the company will stop at nothing to prevent from getting out.
The story touches on a possible future for genetics research, including the idea of primate hybrids with human DNA, and asks the question: Where would such creatures stand in human society, and would they be considered animal or human?
References
2003 American novels
2003 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays%20on%20Philosophical%20Subjects
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Essays on Philosophical Subjects, by the Scottish economist Adam Smith, is a history of astronomy until Smith's own era, plus some thoughts on ancient physics and metaphysics.
This work was published posthumously (after death), in 1795, using material which Smith had intended to publish but had not prepared at the time of his death in 1790. This was done by his literary executors, two old friends from the Scottish academic world; physicist/chemist Joseph Black and pioneering geologist James Hutton. A brief account of their work appears in a section entitled 'Advertisement by the Editors'.
The book consists of three distinct works:
The History of Astronomy
The History of the Ancient Physics
The History of the Ancient Logics and Metaphysics
The History of Astronomy is the largest of these and is thought to have been written in the 1750s, before Smith's major works. The overall understanding is excellent, though the Glasgow Edition of 1976 includes some detailed criticism of his use of sources. It also defends him for calling Newton a philosopher rather than a scientist; the word 'scientist' did not exist before 1839.
It also contains Smith's first mention of the invisible hand:
For it may be observed, that in all Polytheistic religions, among savages, as well as in the early ages of antiquity, it is the irregular events of nature only that are ascribed to the agency and power of the gods. Fire burns, and water refreshes; heavy bodies descend, and lighter substan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merz%20%26%20McLellan
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Merz and McLellan was a leading British electrical engineering consultancy based in Newcastle.
History
The firm was founded by Charles Merz and William McLellan in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1902 when McLellan joined Merz's existing firm established in 1899. The partnership was instrumental in designing the United Kingdom's first three-phase electrical supply network, on Tyneside, and for the next century continued to advise other Commonwealth countries on setting up their own networks.
In the early 1960s, Merz & McLellan started a scheme in the interest of reclaming land owned by the London Brick Company in Peterborough; James Price took up the position of senior resident engineer. This became known as the "Peterborough Dust Disposal Scheme".
In 1995 the partnership merged with the Parsons Brinckerhoff consultancy, and in 2000 the new owners announced that the Merz & McLellan name would be discontinued.
In 2010, Mott MacDonald consultancy announced that it had bought Merz and McLellan South Africa.
Selected contracts
1901: Neptune Bank Power Station
1904: Carville Power Station, Wallsend, UK
1908 & 1912: Electrification of Melbourne suburban railways in Victoria, Australia.
1911: Electrification of North Eastern Railway (UK)
1914-18: Mobile power stations for the battlefield
1921: North Tees Power Station
1925: Report on electrification of the New Zealand suburban systems in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin. (including the Lyttelton railway line betwee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sot
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Sot or SOT may refer to:
Mathematics, science, and technology
Small-outline transistor
Society of Toxicology, U.S.
Sound on tape, in television broadcasting
Strong operator topology, in mathematics
Places
Sot (village), Vojvodina, Serbia
Sodankylä Airfield, Sodankylä, Lapland, Finland, IATA code
Stoke-on-Trent railway station, England, station code
Other uses
Sotho language, a Bantu language of South Africa, ISO 639 code
Special Occupational Taxpayers, some US Firearm Licensees
Gamasot or sot, a Korean cauldron
Gazeta Sot, a daily newspaper in Albania
See also
Sots (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Croswell
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Ken Croswell is an American astronomer and author. His first degree, from Washington University in St. Louis, mixed science and wider interests, majoring in physics and minoring in English literature. He also got a PhD in astronomy from Harvard University for studying the Milky Way's halo.
He is primarily known as a writer on astronomy and space topics. He has written regularly the New Scientist, New York Times and various magazines in the popular science press. He is also the author of six books on astronomy, including The Alchemy of the Heavens and Planet Quest, and often reports on the radio program the John Batchelor Show. Croswell lives in Berkeley, California.
Bibliography
Books
Essays and reporting
References
External links
Ken Croswell's website
20th-century American astronomers
Living people
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Scientific American people
Scientists from California
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Washington University physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American astronomers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20Still%20Life
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Living Still Life (French: Nature Morte Vivante) is a 1956 painting by the artist Salvador Dalí. Dali painted this piece during a period that he called "Nuclear Mysticism". Nuclear Mysticism is composed of different theories that try to show the relationships between quantum physics and the conscious mind. The different theories are composed of elements that range from "Catalan philosophers” to "classicism, pop art, and nuclear physics". The painting, done in 1956, currently resides at the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida.
The name Nature Morte Vivante translates in English to "living still life". It comes from the French nature morte which literally translates to "dead nature". By appending "vivante", which implies "fast moving action and a certain lively quality", Dali was essentially naming this piece "dead nature in movement". This plays into his theme of Nuclear Mysticism which combined elements of art, physics, and science. The theory, as well as the term, "Nuclear Mysticism" was coined by Dali himself. In the late 1940s and early 1950s Dali started to "return to his Catholic roots following World War II". Nuclear mysticism is composed of different theories by Dali that combine science, physics, maths, and art. Post WWII, Dali became fascinated by the atom. Dali stated that after the U.S. dropped the first atomic bomb in Japan that it "shook me [Dali] seismically” and that the atom was his "favorite food for thought".Dali saw the beauty of the atom and w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20mirage
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In physics, a quantum mirage is a peculiar result in quantum chaos. Every system of quantum dynamical billiards will exhibit an effect called scarring, where the quantum probability density shows traces of the paths a classical billiard ball would take. For an elliptical arena, the scarring is particularly pronounced at the foci, as this is the region where many classical trajectories converge. The scars at the foci are colloquially referred to as the "quantum mirage".
The quantum mirage was first experimentally observed by Hari Manoharan, Christopher Lutz and Donald Eigler at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California in 2000. The effect is quite remarkable but in general agreement with prior work on the quantum mechanics of dynamical billiards in elliptical arenas.
Quantum corral
The mirage occurs at the foci of a quantum corral, a ring of atoms arranged in an arbitrary shape on a substrate. The quantum corral was demonstrated in 1993 by Lutz, Eigler, and Crommie using an elliptical ring of iron atoms on a copper surface using the tip of a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope to manipulate individual atoms. The ferromagnetic iron atoms reflected the surface electrons of the copper inside the ring into a wave pattern, as predicted by the theory of quantum mechanics.
Quantum corrals can be viewed as artificial atoms that even show similar chemical bonding properties as real atoms.
The size and shape of the corral determine its quantum states, inc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicity
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Multiplicity may refer to:
In popular culture
Multiplicity (subculture), an online subculture of people who identify as having multiple personalities, some of whom are diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder
In science and the humanities
Multiplicity (chemistry), multiplicity in quantum chemistry is a function of angular spin momentum
Multiplicity (mathematics), the number of times an element is repeated in a multiset
Multiplicity (philosophy), a philosophical concept
Dissociative identity disorder, psychological condition formerly called "multiple personality disorder" where a person exhibits multiple, distinct overlapping identities
Multiplicity (software), a software application which allows a user to control two or more computers from one mouse and keyboard
Multiplicity, a type of relationship in class diagrams for Unified Modeling Language used in software engineering
Multiplicity (statistical mechanics), the number of microstates corresponding to a particular macrostate in a thermodynamic system, symbolized by the Greek letter Ω
Statistical multiplicity, also known as the problem of multiple comparisons.
In the arts
Multiplicity (film), a 1996 comedy film starring Michael Keaton
Multiplicity (album), 2005 studio album by Dave Weckl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter%20Island%20Conference
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The first Shelter Island Conference on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics was held from June 2–4, 1947 at the Ram's Head Inn in Shelter Island, New York. Shelter Island was the first major opportunity since Pearl Harbor and the Manhattan Project for the leaders of the American physics community to gather after the war. As Julian Schwinger would later recall, "It was the first time that people who had all this physics pent up in them for five years could talk to each other without somebody peering over their shoulders and saying, 'Is this cleared?'"
The conference, which cost $850, was followed by the Pocono Conference of 1948 and the Oldstone Conference of 1949. They were arranged with the assistance of J. Robert Oppenheimer and the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Later Oppenheimer deemed Shelter Island the most successful scientific meeting he had ever attended; and as Richard Feynman recalled to Jagdish Mehra in April 1970: "There have been many conferences in the world since, but I've never felt any to be as important as this.... The Shelter Island Conference was my first conference with the big men.... I had never gone to one like this in peacetime."
Organization
The conference was conceived by Duncan A. MacInnes, a electrochemistry researcher at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Once the president of the New York Academy of Sciences, MacInnes had already organized a number of small scientific conferences. However, he believed that the later confere
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Marinoff
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Lou Marinoff is a Canadian-born academic, author, and Commonwealth Scholar. He is Professor of Philosophy and Asian Studies at The City College of New York and founding President of the American Philosophical Practitioners Association.
Education
Marinoff studied theoretical physics at Concordia University and McGill University before earning a doctorate in philosophy of science at University College London. He then went to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem for post-doctoral work followed by a lectureship at the University of British Columbia.
Career
In 1994, he joined The City College of New York where he currently serves as Professor of Philosophy and Asian Studies. He was also President and Executive Director of the American Society for Philosophy Counseling and Psychotherapy. He co-founded the American Philosophical Practitioners Association in 1998 and is the editor of its journal, Philosophical Practice.
Marinoff has also collaborated with institutes and forums such as the Aspen Institute, Biovision, Festival of Thinkers, Horasis, the Institute for Local Government at the University of Arizona, Soka Gakkai International, Strategic Foresight Group, and the World Economic Forum.
Table Hockey
Marinoff is a three -time Canadian Open Table Hockey champion (1978, 79, 80) and US Open Champion (2015).
Films
2010: Changing Our Minds, Living Life Films, San Diego. Directed by David Sousa.
2006: Way of the Puck, Creative Ape Productions, Los Angeles. Directed by Eric Ande
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20acceptable%20rate%20of%20return
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In business and for engineering economics in both industrial engineering and civil engineering practice, the minimum acceptable rate of return, often abbreviated MARR, or hurdle rate is the minimum rate of return on a project a manager or company is willing to accept before starting a project, given its risk and the opportunity cost of forgoing other projects. A synonym seen in many contexts is minimum attractive rate of return.
The hurdle rate is frequently used as a synonym of cutoff rate, benchmark and cost of capital. It is used to conduct preliminary analysis of proposed projects and generally increases with increased risk.
Hurdle rate determination
The hurdle rate is usually determined by evaluating existing opportunities in operations expansion, rate of return for investments, and other factors deemed relevant by management. As an example, suppose a manager knows that investing in a conservative project, such as a bond investment or another project with no risk, yields a known rate of return. When analyzing a new project, the manager may use the conservative project's rate of return as the MARR. The manager will only implement the new project if its anticipated return exceeds the MARR by at least the risk premium of the new project.
A risk premium can also be attached to the hurdle rate if management feels that specific opportunities inherently contain more risk than others that could be pursued with the same resources. A common method for evaluating a hurdle rate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20electrochemistry
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Electrochemistry, a branch of chemistry, went through several changes during its evolution from early principles related to magnets in the early 16th and 17th centuries, to complex theories involving conductivity, electric charge and mathematical methods. The term electrochemistry was used to describe electrical phenomena in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In recent decades, electrochemistry has become an area of current research, including research in batteries and fuel cells, preventing corrosion of metals, the use of electrochemical cells to remove refractory organics and similar contaminants in wastewater electrocoagulation and improving techniques in refining chemicals with electrolysis and electrophoresis.
Background and dawn of electrochemistry
The 16th century marked the beginning of scientific understanding of electricity and magnetism that culminated with the production of electric power and the industrial revolution in the late 19th century.
In the 1550s, English scientist William Gilbert spent 17 years experimenting with magnetism and, to a lesser extent, electricity. For his work on magnets, Gilbert became known as "The Father of Magnetism." His book De Magnete quickly became the standard work throughout Europe on electrical and magnetic phenomena, and made a clear distinction between magnetism and what was then called the "amber effect" (static electricity).
In 1663, German physicist Otto von Guericke created the first electrostatic generator, which produce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program%20comprehension
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Program comprehension (also program understanding or [source] code comprehension) is a domain of computer science concerned with the ways software engineers maintain existing source code. The cognitive and other processes involved are identified and studied. The results are used to develop tools and training.
Software maintenance tasks have five categories: adaptive maintenance, corrective maintenance, perfective maintenance, code reuse, and code leverage.
Theories of program comprehension
Titles of works on program comprehension include
Using a behavioral theory of program comprehension in software engineering
The concept assignment problem in program understanding, and
Program Comprehension During Software Maintenance and Evolution.
Computer scientists pioneering program comprehension include Ruven Brooks, Ted J. Biggerstaff, and Anneliese von Mayrhauser.
See also
Program analysis (computer science)
Program slicing
Computer programming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Chemistry%20%28journal%29
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Green Chemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering every aspect of sustainable chemistry and its implementation in chemical engineering. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and was established in 1999 by James Clark (University of York). Articles published in this journal are intended to be conceptually accessible to a wide audience. The editors-in-chief is Javier Pérez-Ramírez.
Article types
Research papers (which contain original scientific work that has not been published previously)
Communications (original scientific work that is of an urgent nature and that has not been published previously)
Green Chemistry news (an easy-to-read magazine style section)
Abstracting, indexing, and impact factor
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 11.034.
It is indexed in the following bibliographic databases:
Scopus
Web of Science
See also
List of chemistry journals
References
External links
Chemistry journals
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
Academic journals established in 1999
English-language journals
Monthly journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Jones%20%28mathematician%29
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Roger L. Jones is an American mathematician specializing in harmonic analysis and ergodic theory.
Biography
He obtained a B.S. in mathematics in 1971 from University at Albany, SUNY, and a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1974 from Rutgers University, with thesis Inequalities for the Ergodic Maximal Function written under the direction of Richard Floyd Gundy. He has recently retired from a professorship in mathematics at DePaul University in Chicago. There he taught everything from remedial math to graduate-level courses. During his tenure at DePaul, Roger published numerous research papers in math, was awarded an excellence in teaching award, chaired the DePaul University Mathematics Department, and was awarded National Science Foundation grants related to teaching mathematics. He has also worked with the Chicago Public Schools on improving math instruction.
Roger was honored for his research work at the International Conference on Harmonic Analysis and Ergodic theory that was held in the name of Roger and his colleague Marshall Ash.
Roger has since retired from teaching at DePaul and moved to Northern Wisconsin, where he teaches mathematics at Conserve School.
Appointments
1974-1977: DePaul University, Assistant Professor
1977-1984: DePaul University, Associate Professor
1982-1985: DePaul University, Chairman: Department of Mathematics
1984-2004: DePaul University, Professor
2004–present: DePaul University, Professor Emeritus
Professional memberships
Mathematical Associat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris%20Lemche
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Kris Lemche (born 1978 or 1979) is a Canadian actor.
Career
At 17 years old, Lemche answered a newspaper casting call and won a role on the Disney series Flash Forward.
Abandoning plans to study biochemistry in university, Lemche instead moved to Prince Edward Island to work on the CBC series Emily of New Moon. His work on the show earned him a Gemini Award.
In 2015, Lemche was cast as the lead in the drama pilot Tales From The Darkside, a remake of the 1980s horror/fantasy/thriller anthology series; ultimately, the Tales From The Darkside pilot was not picked up by a television network.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Kris Lemche at NorthernStars.ca
1978 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Canadian Screen Award winners
People from Brampton
Male actors from Ontario
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Enskog
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David Enskog (22 April 1884, Västra Ämtervik, Sunne – 1 June 1947, Stockholm) was a Swedish mathematical physicist. Enskog helped develop the kinetic theory of gases by extending the Maxwell–Boltzmann equations.
Biography
After undergraduate studies at Uppsala University he received a licentiate degree in physics in 1911, working on gas diffusion under professor Gustaf Granqvist, who was an experimentalist. Enskog did not wish to continue with experimental physics, however, and transferred to professor Carl Wilhelm Oseen for his Ph.D. From 1913, Enskog worked as a high school teacher in mathematics and physics to support himself and his family, while continuing his research and thesis writing in his free time. In 1917 he completed his thesis on kinetic theory of gases at Uppsala. As his thesis was considered obscure and difficult to grasp, he received a rather mediocre grade on it, which did not qualify him to become a docent, which was the essential next step in a Swedish academic career.
Enskog therefore continued to work as a high school teacher, but contacted Sydney Chapman, who had worked on the same problems as Enskog. Already in 1917, Chapman recognised the importance of Enskog's work. In the 1920s Enskog's contributions to the kinetic theory of gases became more recognised. In 1929, Enskog tried to make a comeback into the academic world by applying for two professorships in Stockholm, one in mechanics and mathematical physics at Stockholm University College and on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20neural%20network
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Quantum neural networks are computational neural network models which are based on the principles of quantum mechanics. The first ideas on quantum neural computation were published independently in 1995 by Subhash Kak and Ron Chrisley, engaging with the theory of quantum mind, which posits that quantum effects play a role in cognitive function. However, typical research in quantum neural networks involves combining classical artificial neural network models (which are widely used in machine learning for the important task of pattern recognition) with the advantages of quantum information in order to develop more efficient algorithms. One important motivation for these investigations is the difficulty to train classical neural networks, especially in big data applications. The hope is that features of quantum computing such as quantum parallelism or the effects of interference and entanglement can be used as resources. Since the technological implementation of a quantum computer is still in a premature stage, such quantum neural network models are mostly theoretical proposals that await their full implementation in physical experiments.
Most Quantum neural networks are developed as feed-forward networks. Similar to their classical counterparts, this structure intakes input from one layer of qubits, and passes that input onto another layer of qubits. This layer of qubits evaluates this information and passes on the output to the next layer. Eventually the path leads to the fin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%20Sundqvist
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Bo Sundqvist (born 21 September 1941) is a Swedish physicist and former rector magnificus of Uppsala University.
Sundqvist was educated at Uppsala University, where he received his PhD in Nuclear Physics. He was appointed professor of Ion physics in 1987, and elected rector magnificus in 1997, a position he held until his retirement on 30 June 2006. He was president of the Association of Swedish Higher Education, a co-operative body for more than 40 institutions of higher education in Sweden, in 2005–2006.
He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and was the president of the academy from 1 July 2006 until 30 June 2009. He is also a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, and the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.
References
Swedish physicists
Rectors of Uppsala University
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1941 births
Living people
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion%20analysis
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Combustion analysis is a method used in both organic chemistry and analytical chemistry to determine the elemental composition (more precisely empirical formula) of a pure organic compound by combusting the sample under conditions where the resulting combustion products can be quantitatively analyzed. Once the number of moles of each combustion product has been determined the empirical formula or a partial empirical formula of
the original compound can be calculated.
Applications for combustion analysis involve only the elements of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) as combustion of materials containing them convert these elements to their oxidized form (CO2, H2O, NO or NO2, and SO2) under high temperature high oxygen conditions. Notable interests for these elements involve measuring total nitrogen in food or feed to determine protein percentage, measuring sulfur in petroleum products, or measuring total organic carbon (TOC) in water.
History
The method was invented by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac. Justus von Liebig studied the method while working with
Gay-Lussac between 1822 and 1824 and improved the method in the following years to a level that it could be used as standard procedure for organic analysis.
Combustion train
A combustion train is an analytical tool for the determination of elemental composition of a chemical compound. With knowledge of elemental composition a chemical formula can be derived. The combustion train allows the determination o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenichi%20Ohmae
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is a Japanese organizational theorist, management consultant, Former Professor and Dean of UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, and author, known for developing the 3C's Model.
Biography
Born in 1943 in Kitakyūshū, Ohmae earned a BS in chemistry in 1966 from Waseda University, an MS in nuclear physics in 1968 from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, and a doctorate in nuclear engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1970.
After graduation, Ohmae subsequently worked as a senior design engineer for Hitachi from 1970 to 1972. From 1972 to 1995 he worked for McKinsey & Company. As a senior partner he ran the company's Japan operations for a number of years. He co-founded its strategic management practice, and served companies in a wide spectrum of industries, including industrial and consumer electronics, finance, telecommunications, food and chemicals. In 1995 he ran for Governor of Tokyo, but lost to Yukio Aoshima.
In 1997 he went to the United States, where he was appointed Dean and Professor of UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs. In 1997 to 1998, he became a Guest professor of Stanford Graduate School of Business, MBA Program.
In 2011, he became a Project director for Team "H2O", and coordinated in preparing the report "What should we learn from the severe accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant?" and submitted it to Goshi Hosono, the Minister of Environment & Minister for the Restoration of Nuclear Accident. In 2012, he became
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders%20Hallberg
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Anders Hallberg (born 29 April 1945 in Vetlanda, Jönköping county (Småland)) is a Swedish pharmaceutical researcher, professor in medicinal chemistry and 2006-2011 Rector Magnificus and Vice Chancellor at Uppsala University.
Biography
Hallberg completed his basic education at Lund University, where he obtained a Master of Science (MSc) in chemistry and physics in 1969. The following year he attended the School of Education in Malmö obtained a BScEd and worked thereafter as a teacher in the junior high school from 1970-1973.
Hallberg returned to Lund University and the Chemical Centre, to conduct research in 1973-1979. In January 1980, he received a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in organic chemistry with the thesis “Methoxythiophenes and Related Systems”. After six months as a researcher at Nobel Chemistry in Karlskoga, he completed the post-doctoral period at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, where he then was promoted to a position as assistant professor at the College of Pharmacy in 1981-1982. On his return to the Chemical Centre in Lund in 1983, he was appointed associate professor (docent).
He received grants from the Swedish Research Council and stayed at Lund University until 1986, when he took up a managerial position within the pharmaceutical company AstraDraco in Lund. Eventually he became Director and Head Medicinal Chemistry and only in 1990 did he leave the company to be installed as a Professor of medicinal chemistry at Uppsala University. During the tw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary%20%28disambiguation%29
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The Tertiary is a geologic period.
Tertiary (from Latin, meaning 'third' or 'of the third degree/order..') may also refer to:
Tertiary (chemistry), a term describing bonding patterns in organic chemistry
In biochemistry, the tertiary structure of a protein is its overall shape, also known as its fold
Tertiary consumer, in ecology
Tertiary feathers or tertials, feathers attached to humerus or inner portion of the wings of birds
Tertiary color, a color made up by mixing one primary color with one secondary color, in a given color space
Tertiary sector of the economy, or the service sector
Tertiary education, educational levels following the completion of secondary education such as university or trade school
Tertiary care, specialized consultative healthcare
Tertiary, a member of a third order religious group
Tertiary source, in research
Tertiary stress, a proposed level of stress in phonetics
See also
Ternary (disambiguation)
Secondary (disambiguation)
Quaternary (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%20number%20%28physics%29
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The Euler number (Eu) is a dimensionless number used in fluid flow calculations. It expresses the relationship between a local pressure drop caused by a restriction and the kinetic energy per volume of the flow, and is used to characterize energy losses in the flow, where a perfect frictionless flow corresponds to an Euler number of 0. The inverse of the Euler number is referred to as the Ruark Number with the symbol Ru.
The Euler number is defined as
where
is the density of the fluid.
is the upstream pressure.
is the downstream pressure.
is a characteristic velocity of the flow.
An alternative definition of the Euler number is given by Shah and Sekulic
where
is the pressure drop
See also
Darcy–Weisbach equation is a different way of interpreting the Euler number
Reynolds number for use in flow analysis and similarity of flows
Cavitation number a similarly formulated number with different meaning
References
Further reading
Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics
Leonhard Euler
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleroboxer
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is a 1995 Virtual Boy video game developed and published by Nintendo. The game is a boxing simulator played in the first-person point of view.
Gameplay and premise
Teleroboxer is set in the 22nd century, when new types of robots called "Telerobotics" were created by humans. These robots can perfectly imitate the movements of humans and have been controlled and designed by them in order to perform tasks that are not normally achievable by humans. By creating a tournament that pits two of these robots against each other in a sport called teleroboxing, Doctor Edward Maki Jr. has found a way to spark interest in telerobotics. Teleroboxing became very popular all over the world after its conception with everyone believing to be the best. This resulted in the creation of a teleroboxing world championship.
Development
Teleroboxer was originally known as Teleroboxing, and was displayed at the 1994 Consumer Electronics Show. Like all other Virtual Boy games, Teleroboxer uses a red-and-black color scheme and uses parallax, an optical trick that is used to simulate a 3D effect.
Reception
Teleroboxer received mixed to positive reviews. On release, Famicom Tsūshin gave the game a score of 23 out of 40. Author Steve L. Kent noted that players of it at an early show were unimpressed with it. He added that these players also complained about headaches, though adding that it made the best use of the 3D capabilities of all the Virtual Boy games shown. It was featured on GamesRadar's list o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capable
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Capable may refer to:
, a World War II minesweeper
, an ocean surveillance ship
the defining property of a member of a capable group in mathematics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20numerical%20simulation
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A direct numerical simulation (DNS) is a simulation in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in which the Navier–Stokes equations are numerically solved without any turbulence model. This means that the whole range of spatial and temporal scales of the turbulence must be resolved. All the spatial scales of the turbulence must be resolved in the computational mesh, from the smallest dissipative scales (Kolmogorov microscales), up to the integral scale , associated with the motions containing most of the kinetic energy. The Kolmogorov scale, , is given by
where is the kinematic viscosity and is the rate of kinetic energy dissipation. On the other hand, the integral scale depends usually on the spatial scale of the boundary conditions.
To satisfy these resolution requirements, the number of points along a given mesh direction with increments , must be
so that the integral scale is contained within the computational domain, and also
so that the Kolmogorov scale can be resolved.
Since
where is the root mean square (RMS) of the velocity, the previous relations imply that a three-dimensional DNS requires a number of mesh points satisfying
where is the turbulent Reynolds number:
Hence, the memory storage requirement in a DNS grows very fast with the Reynolds number. In addition, given the very large memory necessary, the integration of the solution in time must be done by an explicit method. This means that in order to be accurate, the integration, for most discretization
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirori%20Mal%20College
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Kirori Mal College is a constituent college of the University of Delhi. It is ranked 2nd best college for Political Science and 6th best college for Chemistry in India according to India Today 2023 College Ranking . It has also been ranked 9th best college in India ( overall category) according to Central Ministery NIRF ranking 2023 i.e 4th among the top colleges of University Of Delhi. According to NIRF it has invested
Rs 363,30,91,509 (Three Hundred Sixty Three Crore Thirty Lakh
Ninety One Thousand Five Hundred Nine) in year 2021-22 for salaries of teaching and non-teaching staff due to which it has one of the best faculties and facilities all over India. Established in 1954, it is located in the North Campus of the university in New Delhi, India. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in the sciences, humanities, social sciences and commerce. The National Assessment and Accreditation Council accredited it with a CGPA of 3.54 (A++) in 2023, which is the third highest among all Delhi University colleges.
History
The college began as Nirmala College and was located on Delhi Road. Faced with problems relating to the staff in the period following the partition, the management of the college changed hands and the trust founded by Seth Kirori Mal took over. It shifted to its present campus on 1 February 1954. The foundation stones of the college were laid down by the first President of India, Rajendra Prasad in the summer of 1955. The campus infrastructure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemone%20%28disambiguation%29
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Anemone is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae.
Anemone may also refer to:
Biology
Wood anemone, a common name for various flowering plants in genus Anemonoides
Rue anemone, a common name for Thalictrum thalictroides, a flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae
Sea anemone, a type of marine invertebrate
Tube-dwelling anemone, another type of marine invertebrate
Hippolytidae, anemone shrimp
Music
"Anemone", a song by the Brian Jonestown Massacre on their album Their Satanic Majesties' Second Request
"Anemone", a song by L'Arc-en-Ciel on their album Clicked Singles Best 13
"Anemone", a song by ClariS
"Anemone", a song by Band-Maid on their album World Domination
"Anemone", a song by Joywave
Anemone (band), from Montréal, Quebec
Other uses
Anemone, a French radar used in the Super Etendard Modernise and the Dassault-Breguet/Dornier Alpha jet
Anemone (Eureka Seven), one of the characters in the anime series Eureka Seven
Anémone (1950–2019), a French actress
Anémone Marmottan (born 1988), French World Cup alpine ski racer
, the name of more than one US Navy ship
, a steamer used by the Union Navy during the American Civil War
, a US Navy patrol vessel in service from 1917 to 1919
See also
Anemonoides, a genus of "anemone-like" flowering plants
Anemonastrum, a genus of flowering plants that are "somewhat like anemone"
Animal common name disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20tongue
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In mathematics, particularly in dynamical systems, Arnold tongues (named after Vladimir Arnold) are a pictorial phenomenon that occur when visualizing how the rotation number of a dynamical system, or other related invariant property thereof, changes according to two or more of its parameters. The regions of constant rotation number have been observed, for some dynamical systems, to form geometric shapes that resemble tongues, in which case they are called Arnold tongues.
Arnold tongues are observed in a large variety of natural phenomena that involve oscillating quantities, such as concentration of enzymes and substrates in biological processes and cardiac electric waves. Sometimes the frequency of oscillation depends on, or is constrained (i.e., phase-locked or mode-locked, in some contexts) based on some quantity, and it is often of interest to study this relation. For instance, the outset of a tumor triggers in the area a series of substance (mainly proteins) oscillations that interact with each other; simulations show that these interactions cause Arnold tongues to appear, that is, the frequency of some oscillations constrain the others, and this can be used to control tumor growth.
Other examples where Arnold tongues can be found include the inharmonicity of musical instruments, orbital resonance and tidal locking of orbiting moons, mode-locking in fiber optics and phase-locked loops and other electronic oscillators, as well as in cardiac rhythms, heart arrhythmias an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20%28model%20theory%29
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In model theory and related areas of mathematics, a type is an object that describes how a (real or possible) element or finite collection of elements in a mathematical structure might behave. More precisely, it is a set of first-order formulas in a language L with free variables x1, x2,…, xn that are true of a set of n-tuples of an L-structure . Depending on the context, types can be complete or partial and they may use a fixed set of constants, A, from the structure . The question of which types represent actual elements of leads to the ideas of saturated models and omitting types.
Formal definition
Consider a structure for a language L. Let M be the universe of the structure. For every A ⊆ M, let L(A) be the language obtained from L by adding a constant ca for every a ∈ A. In other words,
A 1-type (of ) over A is a set p(x) of formulas in L(A) with at most one free variable x (therefore 1-type) such that for every finite subset p0(x) ⊆ p(x) there is some b ∈ M, depending on p0(x), with (i.e. all formulas in p0(x) are true in when x is replaced by b).
Similarly an n-type (of ) over A is defined to be a set p(x1,…,xn) = p(x) of formulas in L(A), each having its free variables occurring only among the given n free variables x1,…,xn, such that for every finite subset p0(x) ⊆ p(x) there are some elements b1,…,bn ∈ M with .
A complete type of over A is one that is maximal with respect to inclusion. Equivalently, for every either or . Any non-complete type is ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary
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Ternary (from Latin ternarius) or trinary is an adjective meaning "composed of three items". It can refer to:
Mathematics and logic
Ternary numeral system, a base-3 counting system
Balanced ternary, a positional numeral system, useful for comparison logic
Ternary logic, a logic system with the values true, false, and some other value
Ternary plot or ternary graph, a plot that shows the ratios of three proportions
Ternary relation, a finitary relation in which the number of places in the relation is three
Ternary operation, an operation that takes three parameters
Ternary function, a function that takes three arguments
Computing
Ternary signal, a signal that can assume three significant values
Ternary computer, a computer using a ternary numeral system
Ternary tree, a tree data structure in computer science
Ternary search tree, a ternary (three-way) tree data structure of strings
Ternary search, a computer science technique for finding the minimum or maximum of a function
Ternary heap, a data structure in computer science
Ternary Golay code, a perfect [11, 6, 5] ternary linear code
?:, a ternary conditional operator used for basic conditional expressions in several programming languages
Other uses
Ternary complex, a complex formed by the interaction of three molecules
Ternary compound, a type of chemical compound
Ternary form, a form used for structuring music
Ternary name for any taxon below the rank of species
See also
Tertiary (disambiguation)
Bin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INFOCOM
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INFOCOM may refer to:
Infocom, a software company
IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, a computer science conference
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%20Rosenbluth
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Marshall Nicholas Rosenbluth (5 February 1927 – 28 September 2003) was an American plasma physicist and member of the National Academy of Sciences, and member of the American Philosophical Society. In 1997 he was awarded the National Medal of Science for discoveries in controlled thermonuclear fusion, contributions to plasma physics, and work in computational statistical mechanics. He was also a recipient of the E.O. Lawrence Prize (1964), the Albert Einstein Award (1967), the James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics (1976), the Enrico Fermi Award (1985), and the Hannes Alfvén Prize (2002).
Key scientific contributions
During his first post-doctoral position at Stanford University (1949–1950), he derived the Rosenbluth formula, which was the basis of the analysis used by Robert Hofstadter in his Nobel prize-winning experimental investigation of electron scattering. Hofstadter refers to this in his 1961 Nobel Lecture: "This behavior can be understood in terms of the theoretical scattering law developed by M. Rosenbluth in 1950".
In 1953, Rosenbluth derived the Metropolis algorithm, based on generating a Markov chain which sampled fluid configurations according to the Boltzmann distribution. This algorithm was first presented in the paper "Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines", coauthored with his wife Arianna Rosenbluth (who wrote the first computer program to implement the method), Nicholas Metropolis, Augusta H. Teller and Edward Teller. This now
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc%20%C3%89tienne
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Luc Étienne Périn, also known as Luc Étienne, (8 September 1908 – 27 November 1984) was a French writer and a proponent of 'pataphysics. He was born on 8 September 1908, in the small town of Neuflize, in the Ardennes, and died on 27 November 1984, in Reims.
After having studied in Charleville, he went on, in 1945, to teach mathematics and physics in a secondary school in Reims. In 1952, his first 'pataphysical works were published in the books of the College of 'Pataphysics, whose Regent and Chief of Practical Work he later became. He published 'The Art of the Spoonerism' in 1957, and maintained until his death a weekly section of linguistic gaffes in the French satirical newspaper, Le Canard enchaîné. In 1970, he became a member of the equally experimental Oulipo, a loose group of Francophone writers and mathematicians.
Périn is most famed for his avant garde humour, and his interest in many literary facets, such as slang, palindromes, spoonerisms, Bouts-Rimés, and charades.
Bibliography
L'album de la Comtesse Pauvert 1967
L'Art de la charade à tiroirs : petit traité pour en fabriquer soi-même... Livre de poche. 1972. (Jean-Jacques Pauvert 1965)
L'Art du contrepet : petit traité à l'usage des amateurs pour résoudre les contrepèteries proposées et en inventer de nouvelles. Livre de poche. 1972. (Jean-Jacques Pauvert 1957)
La Méthode à Mimile : l'argot sans peine, (a collaboration with Alphonse Boudard) Jeune Parque, 1970.
Les jeux du langage chez Lewis Carroll, Les C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Power
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Philip Patrick Power (born April 1953) is a Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at the University of California, Davis. He has contributed to the synthesis, structure, and physical and chemical characterization of inorganic and organometallic compounds. His research focuses on low-coordinate main group and transition metal compounds. Much of this work hinges on the use of sterically crowded ligands to stabilize unusual geometries.
Education
Philip Power obtained a B.A. from Trinity College Dublin in 1974 and a Ph.D. from University of Sussex in 1977 (under Michael F. Lappert). He was a postdoctoral coworker under Richard H. Holm at Stanford University (1978–1980). In 1981 he was appointed to the faculty of UC Davis, where he is Distinguished Professor.
Awards
Alexander von Humboldt Award, 1992
Faculty Research Lecturer, University of Iowa, 1993
Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of Auckland, New Zealand, 1993
Reilly Lectureship, University of Notre Dame, 1995
Werner Lectureship, Trinity College Dublin, 1996
Membership of Editorial Advisory Board of Organometallics, Inorganic Chemistry, Dalton Transactions, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Heteroatom Chemistry, Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Polyhedron
Ludwig Mond Award Royal Society of Chemistry, 2004
Associate editor, Inorganic Chemistry, 2004
Sloan Foundation Fellow, 1985–1989
F. A. Cotton Award in Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 2005
Fellow of the Royal Society, 2005
ACS Award i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoceanography
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Paleoceanography is the study of the history of the oceans in the geologic past with regard to circulation, chemistry, biology, geology and patterns of sedimentation and biological productivity. Paleoceanographic studies using environment models and different proxies enable the scientific community to assess the role of the oceanic processes in the global climate by the re-construction of past climate at various intervals. Paleoceanographic research is also intimately tied to paleoclimatology.
Source and methods of information
Paleoceanography makes use of so-called proxy methods as a way to infer information about the past state and evolution of the world's oceans. Several geochemical proxy tools include long-chain organic molecules (e.g. alkenones), stable and radioactive isotopes, and trace metals. Additionally, sediment cores can also be useful; the field of paleoceanography is closely related to sedimentology and paleontology.
Sea-surface temperature
Sea-surface temperature (SST) records can be extracted from deep-sea sediment cores using oxygen isotope ratios and the ratio of magnesium to calcium (Mg/Ca) in shell secretions from plankton, from long-chain organic molecules such as alkenone, from tropical corals near the sea surface, and from mollusk shells.
Oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) are useful in reconstructing SST because of the influence temperature has on the isotope ratio. Plankton take up oxygen in building their shells and will be less enriched in their
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple%20Play%20%28FIRST%29
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Triple Play was the name of the 2005 season FIRST Robotics Competition game.
Basic Description
Triple Play was the FIRST Robotics Competition game released on January 8, 2005. This is the first time the game rules PDF files were made available in late December to teams prior to the official release. The files with an alpha numeric password featuring the game's name. The password was 2005tr1pl3pl4y.
This game was the first to feature three robots per alliance. The primary game pieces were called "Tetras" which are tetrahedra made from PVC pipe long. The game was played on a field set up like a tic-tac-toe board, with nine larger goals, also shaped as tetras in three rows of three. The object of the game was to place the scoring tetras on the larger goals, creating rows of three by having a tetra of your alliance’s color at the highest point on the goal. Triple Play was a strategically intensive game, requiring quick thinking on the part of the drivers and operators to optimize the field for their alliance.
Game play
Tetras scored on the top of a goal were worth 3 points, while tetras contained inside the goals were worth 1 point. A goal was "owned" by the alliance whose color tetra highest on or inside the goal. Rows of three owned goals garnered the alliance an additional 10 points per at the end of regulation play. Ten points could also be scored if all three alliance robots were behind the alliance line at their end of the field at the end of the game.
The playing fi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SketchUp
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SketchUp is a suite of subscription products that include SketchUp Pro Desktop, a 3D modeling computer-aided design (CAD) program for a broad range of drawing and design applications — including architectural, interior design, industrial and product design, landscape architecture, civil and mechanical engineering, theater, film and video game development.
Owned by Trimble Inc., the program is currently available as a web-based application, SketchUp Free, and three paid subscriptions, SketchUp Shop, SketchUp Pro, and SketchUp Studio, each with increasing functionality.
The program includes drawing layout functionality, surface rendering in different "styles", and enables placement of its models within Google Earth.
History
@Last Software
SketchUp was developed by startup company @Last Software of Boulder, Colorado, co-founded in 1999 by Brad Schell and Joe Esch. SketchUp was created in August 2000 as a 3D content creation tool and was envisioned as a software program for design professionals. The program won a Community Choice Award at its first tradeshow in 2000. The first macOS release of SketchUp won a "Best of Show" at Macworld in 2002.
Google
Google acquired @Last Software on March 14, 2006, attracted by @Last Software's work developing a plugin for Google Earth. On January 9, 2007, Google announced Google SketchUp 6, a free downloadable version of SketchUp, including integrated tools for uploading content to Google Earth and to the Google 3D Warehouse.
Google S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Rarity
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John G. Rarity is professor of optical communication systems in the department of electrical and electronic engineering at the University of Bristol, a post he has held since 1 January 2003. He is an international expert on quantum optics, quantum cryptography and quantum communication using single photons and entanglement. Rarity is a member of the Quantum Computation and Information group and quantum photonics at the University of Bristol.
Education
Rarity was educated at the University of Sheffield (BSc) and awarded a PhD from the Royal Military College of Science in 1984 for research on spectroscopy applied to coagulating dispersions.
Research and career
Prior to moving to the University of Bristol in 2001, Rarity worked as a physicist at the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) arm of the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom).
Notable early achievements while at DERA included demonstrations of quantum interference and non-locality over large distances, demonstrating a violation of Bell's Inequality over 4 km of optical fibre in 1994. These experiments were followed by work in quantum cryptography, resulting in his team at DERA setting a world record of 1.9 km range for free space secure quantum cryptography. A collaboration with Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich in 2002 successfully demonstrated an open air quantum cryptography experiment over a distance of 23.4 km.
Since moving to the University of Bristol, Rarity has built up a group working in experi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm%20Atheros
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Qualcomm Atheros is a developer of semiconductor chips for network communications, particularly wireless chipsets. The company was founded under the name T-Span Systems in 1998 by experts in signal processing and VLSI design from Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley, and private industry. The company was renamed Atheros Communications in 2000 and it completed an initial public offering in February 2004, trading on the NASDAQ under the symbol ATHR.
On January 5, 2011, it was announced that Qualcomm had agreed to a takeover of the company for a valuation of US$3.7 billion. When the acquisition was completed on May 24, 2011, Atheros became a subsidiary of Qualcomm operating under the name Qualcomm Atheros.
Qualcomm Atheros chipsets for the IEEE 802.11 standard of wireless networking are used by over 30 different wireless device manufacturers.
History
T-Span Systems was co-founded in 1998 by Teresa Meng, professor of engineering at Stanford University and John L. Hennessy, provost at the time and then president of Stanford University through 2016.
The company's first office was a converted house on Encina Avenue, Palo Alto, adjacent to a car wash and Town & Country Village.
In September 1999, the company moved to an office at 3145 Porter Drive, Building A, Palo Alto.
In 2000, T-Span Systems was renamed Atheros Communications and the company moved to a larger office at 529 Almanor Avenue, Sunnyvale. Atheros publicly demonstrated its inaugural chipset, t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallab%20Ghosh
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Pallab Kumar Ghosh (born 1962) is a science correspondent for BBC News.
Early life
Born in India, he came to the United Kingdom in 1963, attended the Hemel Hempstead School, and studied physics at Imperial College, London between 1980 and 1983 where he was subsequently [1983-4] the editor of the student journal Felix (newspaper).
Career
He has been a science journalist since 1984. He won the Media Natura Environment Award, BT's Technology Journalist of the Year and The Press Gazette's Science Journalist of the Year.
He has interviewed notable figures including the first man on the moon, Neil Armstrong; the creator of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners Lee; and cosmologist Stephen Hawking. Ghosh has covered subjects including the human genome project, cloning, stem cell research and genetically modified (GM) crops.
He began his career in the British electronics and computer press before joining New Scientist as the magazine's science news editor. Ghosh joined BBC News in 1989. He worked as a general news producer on BBC Radio 4's The World at One and then went on to become a senior producer on the Today Programme.
As science correspondent, Ghosh has broken several important stories, notably the cloned Dolly the sheep having arthritis, and the abandonment of the construction of a primate research centre by Cambridge University because of fears of attacks from animal rights activists.
GM and the BMA
In 1993 Ghosh reported that the Science Board of the British Medical Associat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricelli%27s%20law
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Torricelli's law, also known as Torricelli's theorem, is a theorem in fluid dynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing from an orifice to the height of fluid above the opening. The law states that the speed of efflux of a fluid through a sharp-edged hole at the bottom of the tank filled to a depth is the same as the speed that a body (in this case a drop of water) would acquire in falling freely from a height , i.e. , where is the acceleration due to gravity. This expression comes from equating the kinetic energy gained, , with the potential energy lost, , and solving for . The law was discovered (though not in this form) by the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli, in 1643. It was later shown to be a particular case of Bernoulli's principle.
Derivation
Under the assumptions of an incompressible fluid with negligible viscosity, Bernoulli's principle states that the hydraulic energy is constant
at any two points in the flowing liquid. Here is fluid speed, is the acceleration due to gravity, is the height above some reference point, is the pressure, and is the density.
In order to derive Torricelli's formula the first point with no index is taken at the liquid's surface, and the second just outside the opening. Since the liquid is assumed to be incompressible, is equal to and ; both can be represented by one symbol . The pressure and are typically both atmospheric pressure, so . Furthermore
is equal to the height of the liquid's surface over the openin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime%20%28disambiguation%29
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Spacetime is a mathematical model in mathematics and physics.
Spacetime, space-time, space time or Space and time may also refer to:
Science and mathematics
Complex spacetime, a theoretical extension of spacetime into complex-valued space and time coordinates
Spacetime diagram, a diagram in the theory of relativity
Space time (chemical engineering), a unit or measure of reaction time
Space and time in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
Computing
SpaceTime (software), 3D search engine software
Space–time tradeoff, a concept in computing
Space–time code (STC), a technique in data transmission
Music
Jonah Sharp or Spacetime Continuum, music producer
"Space Time", a song on The Shamen album Boss Drum
"Space and Time", a song on The Verve album Urban Hymns
"Spacetime", a song by Tinashe from Nightride
"Time and Space", a song by +/- from Let's Build a Fire
Other uses
SpaceTime, a role-playing game
"Space" and "Time", two mini-episodes of the TV series Doctor Who
"Spacetime" (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.), a season 3 episode of the TV series
Space and Time (magazine), a magazine featuring speculative fiction
See also
Time (disambiguation)
Space (disambiguation)
Timespace (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandre%20Dharma-wardana
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Chandre Dharma-wardana is a Sri Lankan-born academic and scientist. A former president of Vidyodaya Campus (now the University of Sri Jayewardenepura), he is currently a professor of theoretical physics at the Université de Montréal. He has retired and continues as a principal research scientist at the National Research Council of Canada.
Education
Educated at Aluthgama Vidyalaya, Ananda College and at Royal College, Colombo Dharma-wardana earned a BSc (Hon.) from the University of Ceylon in 1961, and a doctorate from the University of Cambridge, (Corpus Christi College) for a thesis on quantum calculations on atoms and molecules, and the Heisenberg model of magnetism.
Academic career
Dharma-wardana joined Vidyodaya University in 1969 as a senior lecturer, and was later appointed as professor of chemistry. He was appointed as president of the Vidyodaya Campus by Badi-ud-din Mahmud in 1974. During his tenure as the academic head of the institution Dharma-wardana attempted to move the academic programs to a course unit system, introduce mandatory basic standards in English competency, developed curricula for teaching science in Sinhala to students who had little or no English, and streamline academic departments. Opposition to the latter by older academics, and the opposition of the student unions (led by student leaders S. B. Dissanayake and Mahinda Wijesekera) to mandatory English learning were factors that led to his resignation in 1975. He returned to the University of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20J.%20Davis
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Philip J. Davis (January 2, 1923 – March 14, 2018) was an American academic applied mathematician.
Davis was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He was known for his work in numerical analysis and approximation theory, as well as his investigations in the history and philosophy of mathematics. He earned his degrees in mathematics from Harvard University (SB, 1943; PhD, 1950, advisor Ralph P. Boas, Jr.), and his final position was Professor Emeritus at the Division of Applied Mathematics at Brown University.
He served briefly in an aerodynamics research position in the Air Force in World War II before joining the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology). He became Chief of Numerical Analysis there and worked on the well-known Abramowitz and Stegun Handbook of Mathematical Functions before joining Brown in 1963.
He was awarded the Chauvenet Prize for mathematical writing in 1963 for an article on the gamma function, and won numerous other prizes, including being chosen to deliver the 1991 Hendrick Lectures of the MAA (which became the basis for his book Spirals: From Theodorus to Chaos). He was a frequent invited lecturer and authored several books. Among the best known are The Mathematical Experience (with Reuben Hersh), a popular survey of modern mathematics and its history and philosophy; Methods of Numerical Integration (with Philip Rabinowitz), long the standard work on the subject of quadrature; and Interpolation and Approximat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentadienyl%20radical
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In chemistry, cyclopentadienyl is a radical with the formula C5H5.
The cyclopentadienyl anion (formally related to the cyclopentadienyl radical by one-electron reduction) is aromatic, and forms salts and coordination compounds.
See also
Cyclopentadienyl anion, [C5H5]−
Cyclopentadienyl cation, [C5H5]+
Cyclopentadiene, C5H6
Methyl radical, [CH3]•
References
Free radicals
Five-membered rings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemniscate%20elliptic%20functions
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In mathematics, the lemniscate elliptic functions are elliptic functions related to the arc length of the lemniscate of Bernoulli. They were first studied by Giulio Fagnano in 1718 and later by Leonhard Euler and Carl Friedrich Gauss, among others.
The lemniscate sine and lemniscate cosine functions, usually written with the symbols and (sometimes the symbols and or and are used instead), are analogous to the trigonometric functions sine and cosine. While the trigonometric sine relates the arc length to the chord length in a unit-diameter circle the lemniscate sine relates the arc length to the chord length of a lemniscate
The lemniscate functions have periods related to a number called the lemniscate constant, the ratio of a lemniscate's perimeter to its diameter. This number is a quartic analog of the (quadratic) , ratio of perimeter to diameter of a circle.
As complex functions, and have a square period lattice (a multiple of the Gaussian integers) with fundamental periods and are a special case of two Jacobi elliptic functions on that lattice, .
Similarly, the hyperbolic lemniscate sine and hyperbolic lemniscate cosine have a square period lattice with fundamental periods
The lemniscate functions and the hyperbolic lemniscate functions are related to the Weierstrass elliptic function .
Lemniscate sine and cosine functions
Definitions
The lemniscate functions and can be defined as the solution to the initial value problem:
or equivalently as the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleomorphism%20%28microbiology%29
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In microbiology, pleomorphism (from Ancient Greek , pléō, "more", and , morphḗ, form), also pleiomorphism, is the ability of some microorganisms to alter their morphology, biological functions or reproductive modes in response to environmental conditions. Pleomorphism has been observed in some members of the Deinococcaceae family of bacteria. The modern definition of pleomorphism in the context of bacteriology is based on variation of morphology or functional methods of the individual cell, rather than a heritable change of these characters as previously believed.
Bacteria
In the first decades of the 20th century, the term "pleomorphism" was used to refer to the idea that bacteria change morphology, biological systems, or reproductive methods dramatically according to environmental cues. This claim was controversial among microbiologists of the time, and split them into two schools: the monomorphists, who opposed the claim, and the pleomorphists such as Antoine Béchamp, Ernst Almquist, Günther Enderlein, Albert Calmette, Gastons Naessens, Royal Raymond Rife, and Lida Mattman, who supported the posit. According to a 1997 journal article by Milton Wainwright, a British microbiologist, pleomorphism of bacteria lacked wide acceptance among modern microbiologists of the time.
Monomorphic theory, supported by Louis Pasteur, Rudolf Virchow, Ferdinand Cohn, and Robert Koch, emerged to become the dominant paradigm in modern medical science: it is now almost universally accepted that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence%20%28abstract%20rewriting%29
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In computer science, confluence is a property of rewriting systems, describing which terms in such a system can be rewritten in more than one way, to yield the same result. This article describes the properties in the most abstract setting of an abstract rewriting system.
Motivating examples
The usual rules of elementary arithmetic form an abstract rewriting system.
For example, the expression (11 + 9) × (2 + 4) can be evaluated starting either at the left or at the right parentheses;
however, in both cases the same result is eventually obtained.
If every arithmetic expression evaluates to the same result regardless of reduction strategy, the arithmetic rewriting system is said to be ground-confluent. Arithmetic rewriting systems may be confluent or only ground-confluent depending on details of the rewriting system.
A second, more abstract example is obtained from the following proof of each group element equalling the inverse of its inverse:
This proof starts from the given group axioms A1–A3, and establishes five propositions R4, R6, R10, R11, and R12, each of them using some earlier ones, and R12 being the main theorem. Some of the proofs require non-obvious, or even creative, steps, like applying axiom A2 in reverse, thereby rewriting "1" to "a−1 ⋅ a" in the first step of R6's proof. One of the historical motivations to develop the theory of term rewriting was to avoid the need for such steps, which are difficult to find by an inexperienced human, let alone b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagged%20pointer
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In computer science, a tagged pointer is a pointer (concretely a memory address) with additional data associated with it, such as an indirection bit or reference count. This additional data is often "folded" into the pointer, meaning stored inline in the data representing the address, taking advantage of certain properties of memory addressing. The name comes from "tagged architecture" systems, which reserved bits at the hardware level to indicate the significance of each word; the additional data is called a "tag" or "tags", though strictly speaking "tag" refers to data specifying a type, not other data; however, the usage "tagged pointer" is ubiquitous.
Folding tags into the pointer
There are various techniques for folding tags into a pointer.
Most architectures are byte-addressable (the smallest addressable unit is a byte), but certain types of data will often be aligned to the size of the data, often a word or multiple thereof. This discrepancy leaves a few of the least significant bits of the pointer unused, which can be used for tags – most often as a bit field (each bit a separate tag) – as long as code that uses the pointer masks out these bits before accessing memory. E.g., on a 32-bit architecture (for both addresses and word size), a word is 32 bits = 4 bytes, so word-aligned addresses are always a multiple of 4, hence end in 00, leaving the last 2 bits available; while on a 64-bit architecture, a word is 64 bits = 8 bytes, so word-aligned addresses end in 000, l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portability
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Portability may refer to:
Portability (social security), the portability of social security benefits
Porting, the ability of a computer program to be ported from one system to another in computer science
Software portability, the portability of a piece of software to multiple platforms
Telephone number portability (disambiguation) keeping one telephone number while switching one's account to another telephony provider
Portlet, user interface software components that are managed and displayed in a web portal
Portability of the estate tax exclusion amount regarding Estate tax in the United States
See also
Portable (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Perry
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Malcolm Perry may refer to:
Malcolm Perry (American football) (born 1997), wide receiver for the Miami Dolphins
Malcolm Perry (physician) (1929–2009), American physician, first doctor to attend to President Kennedy at Parkland Memorial Hospital on day of his assassination
Malcolm Perry (physicist) (born 1951), professor of theoretical physics at the University of Cambridge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation%20%28disambiguation%29
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Radiation is a process in which a body emits energy that propagates through a medium or through empty space, but is absorbed by other bodies. Radiation may also refer to:
Physics
Electromagnetic radiation, radiation that takes the form of a self-propagating wave of electric and magnetic fields,
Particular wavelength bands of full electromagnetic spectrum, such as gamma rays, radio waves, visible light
Thermal radiation, electromagnetic radiation that emanates from every object above absolute zero in proportion to the fourth power of its temperature
Synchrotron radiation (also called a synchrotron light source), electromagnetic radiation generated by the acceleration of fast moving charged particles through magnetic fields
Gravitational radiation, radiation that takes the form of gravitational waves, or ripples in the curvature of spacetime.
Ionizing radiation, radiation that is of high enough energy to cause atoms to lose or gain electrons, rendering molecules, such as proteins, incapable of functioning
Nuclear radiation, radiation, especially ionizing radiation, that emanates from nuclear processes such as radioactive decay
Acoustic radiation, which takes the form of mechanical waves in a physical transmission medium, such as ultrasound, sound, and seismic waves
Medicine
Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, a medical treatment that involves exposing part or all of the body to a controlled amount of ionizing radiation
Optic or acoustic radiations, signal p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lability
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Lability refers to something that is constantly undergoing change or is likely to undergo change.
Biochemistry
In reference to biochemistry, this is an important concept as far as kinetics is concerned in metalloproteins. This can allow for the rapid synthesis and degradation of substrates in biological systems.
Biology
Cells
Labile cells refer to cells that constantly divide by entering and remaining in the cell cycle. These are contrasted with "stable cells" and "permanent cells".
An important example of this is in the epithelium of the cornea, where cells divide at the basal level and move upwards, and the topmost cells die and fall off.
Proteins
In medicine, the term "labile" means susceptible to alteration or destruction. For example, a heat-labile protein is one that can be changed or destroyed at high temperatures.
The opposite of labile in this context is "stable".
Soils
Compounds or materials that are easily transformed (often by biological activity) are termed labile. For example, labile phosphate is that fraction of soil phosphate that is readily transformed into soluble or plant-available phosphate. Labile organic matter is the soil organic matter that is easily decomposed by microorganisms.
Chemistry
The term is used to describe a transient chemical species. As a general example, if a molecule exists in a particular conformation for a short lifetime, before adopting a lower energy conformation (structural arrangement), the former molecular structure is s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronecker%27s%20lemma
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In mathematics, Kronecker's lemma (see, e.g., ) is a result about the relationship between convergence of infinite sums and convergence of sequences. The lemma is often used in the proofs of theorems concerning sums of independent random variables such as the strong Law of large numbers. The lemma is named after the German mathematician Leopold Kronecker.
The lemma
If is an infinite sequence of real numbers such that
exists and is finite, then we have for all and that
Proof
Let denote the partial sums of the x'''s. Using summation by parts,
Pick any ε > 0. Now choose N so that is ε-close to s for k > N. This can be done as the sequence converges to s. Then the right hand side is:
Now, let n go to infinity. The first term goes to s, which cancels with the third term. The second term goes to zero (as the sum is a fixed value). Since the b'' sequence is increasing, the last term is bounded by .
References
Mathematical series
Lemmas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Pearson%20Treadwell
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Frederick Pearson Treadwell (1857 in Portsmouth NH – 24 June 1918 in Zürich) was an American analytical chemist working in Switzerland.
Life
F.P. Treadwell studied chemistry in Heidelberg (Germany) under Robert Bunsen. He graduated with a doctoral degree in 1878 and was lecture assistant to Bunsen from 1878-1881. Treadwell became Privatdozent in analytical chemistry at ETH Zürich in 1882, Titularprofessor in 1885, and Ordinarius (full professor) in 1893, a post he held until his sudden death by "heart disease" in 1918. His son William Dupré Treadwell followed him on his position at ETH.
Works
In 1882, he had already published a widely recognized reference work with Victor Meyer (1848–1897), called Tables for Qualitative Analysis. But F.P. Treadwell was especially well known for his textbook of analytical chemistry. The "Treadwell" was in common use in Universities, with editions spanning up to 1949. It was translated into French, Italian, English, Serbo-Croat, and Spanish. Later editions were edited by his son W.D. Treadwell.
Tables for Qualitative Analysis (German:Tabellen zur Qualitativen Analyse). (1882–1947, with V. Meyer) Digital 8th edition from 1918 by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
Analytical Chemistry (German: Kurzes Lehrbuch der analytischen Chemie). (1899–1949, Leipzig and Vienna, Deuticke; 2 volumes)
Kurzes Lehrbuch der analytischen Chemie. Deuticke, Leipzig 1907.
1. Qualitative Analyse. 5., verm. u. verb. Aufl.1907
2. Quantitative Analyse.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladwyn%20Kingsley%20Noble
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Gladwyn Kingsley Noble (September 20, 1894 – December 9, 1940) was an American zoologist who served as the head curator for the department of herpetology and the department of experimental biology at the American Museum of Natural History. Noble received bachelor's and master's degrees from Harvard University in 1917 and 1918, respectively, and a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1922. He joined the herpetology department in 1922 as a research assistant and assistant curator in 1917, and became the chairman of the department in 1924. He later formed the Department of Experimental Biology in 1928, and served as the chairman of both departments until his death on December 9, 1940, from a streptococcal throat infection.
Noble was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1933. He is the taxon author of 20 new species of reptiles. A species of lizard, Anolis noblei, is named in his honor. Also, a subspecies of lizard, Sphaerodactylus darlingtoni noblei, is named in his honor.
Wife
Noble was married to Ruth Cosby. The couple had two sons, G. Kingsley Noble Jr. and Alan Noble. Ruth Crosby Noble died March 15, 1988, at the Allendale (New Jersey) Nursing Home, where she lived. At the time of her death, she was 91 years old. Ruth Noble wrote The Nature of the Beast, a book on animal behavior based on research by her husband.
Parents
Gladwyn Kingsley Noble's father was Gilbert Clifford Noble, one of the founders of what would become Barnes & Noble bookstores and publishing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloalkyne
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In organic chemistry, a cycloalkyne is the cyclic analog of an alkyne (). A cycloalkyne consists of a closed ring of carbon atoms containing one or more triple bonds. Cycloalkynes have a general formula Because of the linear nature of the alkyne unit, cycloalkynes can be highly strained and can only exist when the number of carbon atoms in the ring is great enough to provide the flexibility necessary to accommodate this geometry. Large alkyne-containing carbocycles may be virtually unstrained, while the smallest constituents of this class of molecules may experience so much strain that they have yet to be observed experimentally. Cyclooctyne () is the smallest cycloalkyne capable of being isolated and stored as a stable compound. Despite this, smaller cycloalkynes can be produced and trapped through reactions with other organic molecules or through complexation to transition metals.
Background
Due to the significant geometric constraints imposed by the functionality, cycloalkynes smaller than cyclodecyne () result in highly strained structures. While the cyclononyne () and cyclooctyne () are isolable (though strongly reactive) compounds, cycloheptyne (), cyclohexyne () and cyclopentyne () only exist as transient reaction intermediates or as ligands coordinating to a metal center. There is little experimental evidence supporting the existence of cyclobutyne () or cyclopropyne (), aside from studies reporting the isolation of an osmium complex with cyclobutyne ligands. Ini
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Joseph%20Minard
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Charles Joseph Minard (; ; 27 March 1781 – 24 October 1870) was a French civil engineer recognized for his significant contribution in the field of information graphics in civil engineering and statistics. Minard was, among other things, noted for his representation of numerical data on geographic maps, especially his flow maps.
Early life
Minard was born in Dijon in the Saint Michel parish. He was the son of Pierre Étienne Minard and Bénigne Boiteux. His father was a clerk of the court and an officer of the secondary school. Minard was baptized at Saint Michel on the day of his birth. He was an intelligent child and his father encouraged him to study at an early age. At age four he learned to read and write, and when he was six his father enrolled him in an elementary course in anatomy. He completed his fourth year of study at the secondary school at Dijon early, and then applied himself to studying Latin, literature, and physical and math sciences. At age fifteen, he was admitted to the prestigious École Polytechnique, where he studied from 1796 to 1800. He subsequently studied civil engineering at École nationale des ponts et chaussées (ca. 1800–1803).
Work
Civil engineering
In September 1810 he was sent by the government to Antwerp and then almost immediately to the port of Flushing in Zeeland. There, he solved a critical problem with a cofferdam that was leaking water faster than it could be removed. He solved the problem by using pumps driven by a steam engine, onl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterase
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In biochemistry, an esterase is a class of enzyme that splits esters into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis (and as such, it is a type of hydrolase).
A wide range of different esterases exist that differ in their substrate specificity, their protein structure, and their biological function.
EC classification/list of enzymes
EC 3.1.1: Carboxylic ester hydrolases
Acetylesterase (EC 3.1.1.6), splits off acetyl groups
Cholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase, inactivates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Pseudocholinesterase, broad substrate specificity, found in the blood plasma and in the liver
Pectinesterase (EC 3.1.1.11), clarifies fruit juices
EC 3.1.2: Thiolester hydrolases
Thioesterase
Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
EC 3.1.3: Phosphoric monoester hydrolases
Phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.x), hydrolyses phosphoric acid monoesters into a phosphate ion and an alcohol
Alkaline phosphatase, removes phosphate groups from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids.
Phosphodiesterase (PDE), inactivates the second messenger cAMP
cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5, is inhibited by Sildenafil (Viagra)
Fructose bisphosphatase (3.1.3.11), converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in gluconeogenesis
EC 3.1.4: Phosphoric diester hydrolases
EC 3.1.5: Triphosphoric monoester hydrolases
EC 3.1.6: Sulfuric ester hydrolases (sulfatases)
EC 3.1.7: Diphosphoric monoester hydrolases
EC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20dependent%20vector%20field
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In mathematics, a time dependent vector field is a construction in vector calculus which generalizes the concept of vector fields. It can be thought of as a vector field which moves as time passes. For every instant of time, it associates a vector to every point in a Euclidean space or in a manifold.
Definition
A time dependent vector field on a manifold M is a map from an open subset on
such that for every , is an element of .
For every such that the set
is nonempty, is a vector field in the usual sense defined on the open set .
Associated differential equation
Given a time dependent vector field X on a manifold M, we can associate to it the following differential equation:
which is called nonautonomous by definition.
Integral curve
An integral curve of the equation above (also called an integral curve of X) is a map
such that , is an element of the domain of definition of X and
.
Equivalence with time-independent vector fields
A time dependent vector field on can be thought of as a vector field on where does not depend on
Conversely, associated with a time-dependent vector field on is a time-independent one
on In coordinates,
The system of autonomous differential equations for is equivalent to that of non-autonomous ones for and is a bijection between the sets of integral curves of and respectively.
Flow
The flow of a time dependent vector field X, is the unique differentiable map
such that for every ,
is the integral curve of X that s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales%20Nederland
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Thales Nederland B.V. (formerly Hollandse Signaalapparaten B.V. or in short Signaal) is a subsidiary of the French multinational company Thales Group based in the Netherlands.
The firm was founded as NV Hazemeyer's Fabriek van Signaalapparaten during 1922 by Hazemeyer and Siemens & Halske to produce naval fire-control systems. During the Second World War, the company's factory was captured and pillaged by the German Army; shortly after the conflict's end, the remaining assets were nationalised by the Dutch government, the company being renamed N.V. Hollandsche Signaalapparaten (or Signaal for short). During 1956, the Netherlands-based electronics company Philips became the majority owner of Signaal after buying a large portion of the shares from the government. The firm expanded throughout much the Cold War period, producing various naval electronics and defense systems for a range of customers around the world.
During 1990, the French electronics and defence contractor Thomson-CSF acquired Signaal from Philips; accordingly, Signaal was rebranded as Thomson-CSF Signaal. Following the renaming of Thomson-CSF to Thales in 2000, Thomson-CSF Signaal was renamed Thales Nederland. Presently, the company is primarily involved in naval defence systems, such as sensors, radars and infrared systems. Other areas of business include air defence, communications, optronics, cryogenic cooling systems and navigation products.
History
The company was founded during 1922 in the city of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical%20isomorphism
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In mathematics—more specifically, in differential geometry—the musical isomorphism (or canonical isomorphism) is an isomorphism between the tangent bundle and the cotangent bundle of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold induced by its metric tensor. There are similar isomorphisms on symplectic manifolds. The term musical refers to the use of the symbols (flat) and (sharp).
In the notation of Ricci calculus, it is also known as raising and lowering indices.
Motivation
In linear algebra, a finite-dimensional vector space is isomorphic to its dual space but not canonically isomorphic to it. On the other hand a finite-dimensional vector space endowed with a non-degenerate bilinear form , is canonically isomorphic to its dual, the isomorphism being given by:
An example is where is a Euclidean space, and is its inner product.
Musical isomorphisms are the global version of this isomorphism and its inverse, for the tangent bundle and cotangent bundle of a (pseudo-)Riemannian manifold . They are isomorphisms of vector bundles which are at any point the above isomorphism applied to the (pseudo-)Euclidean space (the tangent space of at point ) endowed with the inner product . More generally, musical isomorphisms always exist between a vector bundle endowed with a bundle metric and its dual.
Because every paracompact manifold can be endowed with a Riemannian metric, the musical isomorphisms allow to show that on those spaces a vector bundle is always isomorphic to its dual (but n
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INP
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INP may stand for:
INP (database), an early database system developed at the University of California, Berkeley
Integrated National Police, a forerunner of the Philippine National Police
Illinois Newspaper Project
Industry and Business Party (Industri- og Næringspartiet), a Norwegian political party
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics
National Polytechnic Institutes (France) ()
Peruvian Navy (ICAO air service code: INP), see List of airline codes (P)
Iñapari language (ISO 639 language code: inp)
Indium phosphide (InP)
InPage (file extension: .inp) a word processor and page layout program
EPANET (file extension: .inp) a geographic information system for modelling water distribution systems
Ice nucleaction particle
See also
INP10, a protein
1-NP (disambiguation)
INPS (disambiguation)
IPN (disambiguation)
NP (disambiguation)
LNP (disambiguation)
nip (disambiguation)
NPI (disambiguation)
PNI (disambiguation)
Pin (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Reid%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Brian Keith Reid (born 1949) is an American computer scientist. He developed an early use of a markup language in his 1980 doctoral dissertation. His other principal interest has been computer networking and the development of the Internet.
Education
Reid received his B.S. in physics from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1970, and then worked in industry for five years before entering graduate school at Carnegie Mellon University, where he was awarded a PhD in computer science in 1980.
His dissertation research developed the Scribe word processing system, for which he received the Association for Computing Machinery's Grace Murray Hopper Award in 1982.
Reid presented a paper describing Scribe in the same conference session in 1981 in which Charles Goldfarb presented Generalized Markup Language (GML), the immediate predecessor of SGML.
Career
From 1980–1987, he was an assistant professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University in the computer systems laboratory.
There he was a recipient of the Presidential Young Investigator Award in 1984, working along with other new faculty such as John L. Hennessy, David R. Cheriton, and Mark Horowitz.
Along with faculty such as Susan Owicki, Forest Baskett, and James H. Clark, his research concerned the connection of Stanford to the Internet, and the development of the SUN workstation.
As the Stanford University Network attracted attacks, he became interested in possible network defenses.
He left Stanford in 1987,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil
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Coil or COIL may refer to:
Geometry
Helix, a space curve that winds around a line
Spiral, a curve that winds around a central point
Science and technology
Coil (chemistry), a tube used to cool and condense steam from a distillation
Coil spring, used to store energy, absorb shock, or maintain a force between two surfaces
Inductor or coil, a passive two-terminal electrical component
Electromagnetic coil, formed when a conductor is wound around a core or form to create an inductor or electromagnet
Induction coil, a type of electrical transformer used to produce high-voltage pulses from a low-voltage direct current supply
Ignition coil, used in internal combustion engines to create a pulse of high voltage for a spark plug
Intrauterine device or coil, a contraceptive device
Chemical oxygen iodine laser, a near–infrared chemical laser
Coil, a binary digit or bit in some communication protocols such as Modbus
COIL, the gene that encodes the protein coilin
Coiled tubing, a long metal pipe which is supplied spooled on a large reel
Music
Coil (band), an English experimental band
Coil (album), a 1997 album by Toad the Wet Sprocket
"Coil", a song by Opeth from Watershed
Fictional entities
The Coil, a fictional organization in the G.I. Joe universe
Magnemite or Coil, a Pokémon character
Coil, a crime lord from the web serial Worm
People with the surname
Liam Mac Cóil, Irish novelist
Other uses
Coil (hieroglyph), an Egyptian hieratic hieroglyph
Coiled basketry,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook%20rearrangement
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In organic chemistry the Brook rearrangement refers to any [1,n] carbon to oxygen silyl migration. The rearrangement was first observed in the late 1950s by Canadian chemist Adrian Gibbs Brook (1924–2013), after which the reaction is named. These migrations can be promoted in a number of different ways, including thermally, photolytically or under basic/acidic conditions. In the forward direction, these silyl migrations produce silyl ethers as products which is driven by the stability of the oxygen-silicon bond.
The silyl substituents can be aliphatic or aromatic, and if the silicon is a center of chirality, the migration occurs with retention at this center. This migration occurs through a transition state where silicon is penta-coordinate and bears a partial negative charge. If a center of chirality is present at the carbon center to which the silyl group is attached, then inversion occurs at this center. As an example, if (trimethylsilyl)methanol where to be deprotonated, a [1,2]-Brook rearrangement would occur.
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism for this rearrangement depends on the conditions employed to affect the rearrangement and the nature of the starting material. Anionic rearrangements are the most common Brook rearrangements observed, and their mechanisms can be broken into two general categories. The first category starts with proton abstraction of a nearby hydroxyl group by a base. This generates an alkoxide which then acts as a nucleophile and attack
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristinn%20Sigmundsson
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Kristinn Sigmundsson (born 1 March 1951) is an Icelandic operatic bass.
Sigmundsson earned a degree in biology from the University of Iceland. He then worked as a teacher before commencing music studies under Guðmundur Jónsson at the Reykjavik Academy of Singing. Later, he studied at the Hochschule für Musik und darstellende Kunst in Vienna, Austria, under Helene Karusso, Christian Möller and Wolfgang Gabriel. His other teachers have included John Bullock. Sigmundsson began his freelance career in 1992.
Sigmundsson has made a number of recordings, including Sarastro in Arnold Östman's version of the Magic Flute, and Commendatore in his version of Don Giovanni. He also sang the role of Christ in Frans Brüggen's recordings of Bach's St John Passion and St Matthew Passion. Other recordings include a set of opera arias with the Iceland Symphony Orchestra and Arnold Östman, and Schubert's Schwanengesang and Winterreise with pianist Jónas Ingimundarson. He has re-recorded Winterreise with pianist Víkingur Ólafsson in 2012. Sigmundsson is featured on the Pentatone of Corigliano's opera The Ghost of Versailles, taken from live performances in 2015.
Sigmundsson is a visiting professor at the Listaháskólai Islands (Iceland University of the Arts). His honours include the Philadelphia Opera Prize, the Íslensku tónlistarverðlaunin (Icelandic Music Prize) for 1995, 2010 and 2011, and he Útflutningsverðlaun Forseta Íslands (Presidential Prize of Iceland) for 2011.
References
Ex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/168%20%28number%29
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168 (one hundred [and] sixty-eight) is the natural number following 167 and preceding 169.
In mathematics
168 is an even number, a composite number, an abundant number, and an idoneal number.
There are 168 primes less than 1000. 168 is the product of the first two perfect numbers.
168 is the order of the group PSL(2,7), the second smallest nonabelian simple group.
From Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem, 168 is the maximum possible number of automorphisms of a genus 3 Riemann surface, this maximum being achieved by the Klein quartic, whose symmetry group is PSL(2,7). The Fano plane has 168 symmetries.
168 is the largest known n such that 2n does not contain all decimal digits.
168 is the fourth Dedekind number.
In astronomy
168P/Hergenrother is a periodic comet in the Solar System
168 Sibylla is a dark Main belt asteroid
In the military
was an Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II
is a United States Navy fleet tugboat
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War I
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy steamer during World War II
was a La Salle-class transport during World War II
In movies
The 168 Film Project in Los Angeles
In transportation
New York City Subway stations
168th Street (New York City Subway); a subway station complex at 168th Street and Broadway consisting of:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancelbot
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A cancelbot is an automated or semi-automated process for sending out third-party cancel messages over Usenet, commonly as a stopgap measure to combat spam.
History
One of the earliest uses of a cancelbot was by microbiology professor Richard DePew, to remove anonymous postings in science newsgroups. Perhaps the most well known early cancelbot was used in June 1994 by Arnt Gulbrandsen within minutes of the first post of Canter & Siegel's second spam wave, as it was created in response to their "Green Card spam" in April 1994. Usenet spammers have alleged that cancelbots are a tool of the mythical Usenet cabal.
Rationale
Cancelbots must follow community consensus to be able to serve a useful purpose, and historically, technical criteria have been the only acceptable criteria for determining if messages are cancelable, and only a few active cancellers ever obtain the broad community support needed to be effective.
Pseudosites are referenced in cancel headers by legitimate cancelbots to identify the criteria on which a message is being canceled, allowing administrators of Usenet sites to determine via standard "aliasing" mechanisms which criteria that they will accept third-party cancels for.
Currently, the generally accepted criteria (and associated pseudosites) are:
By general convention, special values are given in X-Canceled-By, Message-Id and Path headers when performing third-party cancels. This allows administrators to decide which reasons for third-party cancell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harari
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Harari may refer to:
Harari people, Ethiopia
Harari language, an Ethiopian Semitic language
Harari Region, a state in Ethiopia
Harari (surname), of multiple origins
Yuval Noah Harari, an Israeli historian
Harari Rishon Model, a model in physics named after Haim Harari
See also
Mbare, formerly Harari, a township in Zimbabwe
Harari, an Afro-soul band led by Sipho Mabuse ("Hotstix")
Hariri (disambiguation)
Language and nationality disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20F.%20A.%20McManus
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Joseph Forde Anthony McManus, (July 13, 1911 – March 4, 1980) was a Canadian pathologist who is best known for his formulation of one of the most frequently used stains in histopathology; the McManus Periodic acid-Schiff stain. Joe McManus was a pioneer in the field of Histochemistry during its period of expanding growth and application in the 1940s and 1950s. He was, furthermore, an exceptionally observant microscopist. The term he coined "Juxtaglomerular Complex" was used to denote the relationship of the renal tubular macula densa to the arteriolar granular cells. It was derived from his observations that the golgi of the distal tubular cells were reversed to a position beneath the nuclei in the macula densa and that the basement membrane between the macula densa and arteriolar cells was absent. His publications on glomerular obsolescence and late in his career on the dialysis kidney were based upon the same meticulous study of renal morphology.
Education
Dr. J.F.A. McManus was born in Blackville, New Brunswick, Canada on 13 July 1911. After graduating from Fordham University in 1933, he enrolled at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario where he received his MD degree in 1938 and where he also played on the university football team and boxed as a light heavyweight, winning an intercollegiate championship. After graduation from Queens he was accepted as the resident pathologist at Johns Hopkins University and the Cornell University-New York Hospital. He returned to Ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20%28permutation%20group%20theory%29
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In mathematics and group theory, a block system for the action of a group G on a set X is a partition of X that is G-invariant. In terms of the associated equivalence relation on X, G-invariance means that
x ~ y implies gx ~ gy
for all g ∈ G and all x, y ∈ X. The action of G on X induces a natural action of G on any block system for X.
The set of orbits of the G-set X is an example of a block system. The corresponding equivalence relation is the smallest G-invariant equivalence on X such that the induced action on the block system is trivial.
The partition into singleton sets is a block system and if X is non-empty then the partition into one set X itself is a block system as well (if X is a singleton set then these two partitions are identical). A transitive (and thus non-empty) G-set X is said to be primitive if it has no other block systems. For a non-empty G-set X the transitivity requirement in the previous definition is only necessary in the case when |X|=2 and the group action is trivial.
Characterization of blocks
Each element of some block system is called a block. A block can be characterized as a non-empty subset B of X such that for all g ∈ G, either
gB = B (g fixes B) or
gB ∩ B = ∅ (g moves B entirely).
Proof: Assume that B is a block, and for some g ∈ G it's gB ∩ B ≠ ∅. Then for some x ∈ B it's gx ~ x. Let y ∈ B, then x ~ y and from the G-invariance it follows that gx ~ gy. Thus y ~ gy and so gB ⊆ B. The condition gx ~ x also implies x ~ g−1x, and by the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirillov%20character%20formula
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In mathematics, for a Lie group , the Kirillov orbit method gives a heuristic method in representation theory. It connects the Fourier transforms of coadjoint orbits, which lie in the dual space of the Lie algebra of G, to the infinitesimal characters of the irreducible representations. The method got its name after the Russian mathematician Alexandre Kirillov.
At its simplest, it states that a character of a Lie group may be given by the Fourier transform of the Dirac delta function supported on the coadjoint orbits, weighted by the square-root of the Jacobian of the exponential map, denoted by . It does not apply to all Lie groups, but works for a number of classes of connected Lie groups, including nilpotent, some semisimple groups, and compact groups.
The Kirillov orbit method has led to a number of important developments in Lie theory, including the Duflo isomorphism and the wrapping map.
Character formula for compact Lie groups
Let be the highest weight of an irreducible representation , where is the dual of the Lie algebra of the maximal torus, and let be half the sum of the positive roots.
We denote by the coadjoint orbit through and by the -invariant measure on with total mass , known as the Liouville measure. If is the character of the representation, the Kirillov's character formula for compact Lie groups is given by
,
where is the Jacobian of the exponential map.
Example: SU(2)
For the case of SU(2), the highest weights are the positive half
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%20Materials
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Nature Materials is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was launched in September 2002. Vincent Dusastre is the launching and current chief editor.
Aims and scope
Nature Materials is focused on all topics within the combined disciplines of materials science and engineering. Topics published in the journal are presented from the view of the impact that materials research has on other scientific disciplines such as (for example) physics, chemistry, and biology. Coverage in this journal encompasses fundamental research and applications from synthesis to processing, and from structure to composition. Coverage also includes basic research and applications of properties and performance of materials. Materials are specifically described as "substances in the condensed states (liquid, solid, colloidal)", and which are "designed or manipulated for technological ends."
Furthermore, Nature Materials functions as a forum for the materials scientist community. Interdisciplinary research results are published, obtained from across all areas of materials research, and between scientists involved in the different disciplines. The readership for this journal are scientists, in both academia and industry involved in either developing materials or working with materials-related concepts. Finally, Nature Materials perceives materials research as significantly influential on the development of society.
Coverage
Research areas covered in the journal inc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocurvature
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In mathematics in the branch of differential geometry, the cocurvature of a connection on a manifold is the obstruction to the integrability of the vertical bundle.
Definition
If M is a manifold and P is a connection on M, that is a vector-valued 1-form on M which is a projection on TM such that PabPbc = Pac, then the cocurvature is a vector-valued 2-form on M defined by
where X and Y are vector fields on M.
See also
Curvature
Lie bracket
Frölicher-Nijenhuis bracket
Differential geometry
Curvature (mathematics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector-valued%20differential%20form
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In mathematics, a vector-valued differential form on a manifold M is a differential form on M with values in a vector space V. More generally, it is a differential form with values in some vector bundle E over M. Ordinary differential forms can be viewed as R-valued differential forms.
An important case of vector-valued differential forms are Lie algebra-valued forms. (A connection form is an example of such a form.)
Definition
Let M be a smooth manifold and E → M be a smooth vector bundle over M. We denote the space of smooth sections of a bundle E by Γ(E). An E-valued differential form of degree p is a smooth section of the tensor product bundle of E with Λp(T ∗M), the p-th exterior power of the cotangent bundle of M. The space of such forms is denoted by
Because Γ is a strong monoidal functor, this can also be interpreted as
where the latter two tensor products are the tensor product of modules over the ring Ω0(M) of smooth R-valued functions on M (see the seventh example here). By convention, an E-valued 0-form is just a section of the bundle E. That is,
Equivalently, an E-valued differential form can be defined as a bundle morphism
which is totally skew-symmetric.
Let V be a fixed vector space. A V-valued differential form of degree p is a differential form of degree p with values in the trivial bundle M × V. The space of such forms is denoted Ωp(M, V). When V = R one recovers the definition of an ordinary differential form. If V is finite-dimensional, then one
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstein%20ideal
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In mathematics, the Eisenstein ideal is an ideal in the endomorphism ring of the Jacobian variety of a modular curve, consisting roughly of elements of the Hecke algebra of Hecke operators that annihilate the Eisenstein series. It was introduced by , in studying the rational points of modular curves. An Eisenstein prime is a prime in the support of the Eisenstein ideal (this has nothing to do with primes in the Eisenstein integers).
Definition
Let N be a rational prime, and define
J0(N) = J
as the Jacobian variety of the modular curve
X0(N) = X.
There are endomorphisms Tl of J for each prime number l not dividing N. These come from the Hecke operator, considered first as an algebraic correspondence on X, and from there as acting on divisor classes, which gives the action on J. There is also a Fricke involution w (and Atkin–Lehner involutions if N is composite). The Eisenstein ideal, in the (unital) subring of End(J) generated as a ring by the Tl, is generated as an ideal by the elements
Tl − l - 1
for all l not dividing N, and by
w + 1.
Geometric definition
Suppose that T* is the ring generated by the Hecke operators acting on all modular forms for Γ0(N) (not just the cusp forms). The ring T of Hecke operators on the cusp forms is a quotient of T*, so Spec(T) can be viewed as a subscheme of Spec(T*). Similarly Spec(T*) contains a line (called the Eisenstein line) isomorphic to Spec(Z) coming from the action of Hecke operators on the Eisenstein series. The Eisens
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate%20function
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In mathematics — specifically, in large deviations theory — a rate function is a function used to quantify the probabilities of rare events. Such functions are used to formulate large deviation principle. A large deviation principle quantifies the asymptotic probability of rare events for a sequence of probabilities.
A rate function is also called a Cramér function, after the Swedish probabilist Harald Cramér.
Definitions
Rate function An extended real-valued function I : X → [0, +∞] defined on a Hausdorff topological space X is said to be a rate function if it is not identically +∞ and is lower semi-continuous, i.e. all the sub-level sets
are closed in X.
If, furthermore, they are compact, then I is said to be a good rate function.
A family of probability measures (μδ)δ > 0 on X is said to satisfy the large deviation principle with rate function I : X → [0, +∞) (and rate 1 ⁄ δ) if, for every closed set F ⊆ X and every open set G ⊆ X,
If the upper bound (U) holds only for compact (instead of closed) sets F, then (μδ)δ>0 is said to satisfy the weak large deviations principle (with rate 1 ⁄ δ and weak rate function I).
Remarks
The role of the open and closed sets in the large deviation principle is similar to their role in the weak convergence of probability measures: recall that (μδ)δ > 0 is said to converge weakly to μ if, for every closed set F ⊆ X and every open set G ⊆ X,
There is some variation in the nomenclature used in the literature: for example, den Hollande
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20deviations%20theory
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In probability theory, the theory of large deviations concerns the asymptotic behaviour of remote tails of sequences of probability distributions. While some basic ideas of the theory can be traced to Laplace, the formalization started with insurance mathematics, namely ruin theory with Cramér and Lundberg. A unified formalization of large deviation theory was developed in 1966, in a paper by Varadhan. Large deviations theory formalizes the heuristic ideas of concentration of measures and widely generalizes the notion of convergence of probability measures.
Roughly speaking, large deviations theory concerns itself with the exponential decline of the probability measures of certain kinds of extreme or tail events.
Introductory examples
An elementary example
Consider a sequence of independent tosses of a fair coin. The possible outcomes could be heads or tails. Let us denote the possible outcome of the i-th trial by where we encode head as 1 and tail as 0. Now let denote the mean value after trials, namely
Then lies between 0 and 1. From the law of large numbers it follows that as N grows, the distribution of converges to (the expected value of a single coin toss).
Moreover, by the central limit theorem, it follows that is approximately normally distributed for large The central limit theorem can provide more detailed information about the behavior of than the law of large numbers. For example, we can approximately find a tail probability of that is greater th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMBO%20Reports
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EMBO Reports is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research related to biology at a molecular level. It publishes primary research papers, reviews, and essays and opinion. It also features commentaries on the social impact of advances in the life sciences and the converse influence of society on science. A sister journal to The EMBO Journal, EMBO Reports was established in 2000 and was published on behalf of the European Molecular Biology Organization by Nature Publishing Group since 2003. It is now published by EMBO Press.
External links
Molecular biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20Bekolo
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Jean-Pierre Bekolo () is a Cameroon film director.
Background and career
Jean-Pierre Bekolo was born in 1966 in Yaounde, Cameroon. He studied physics at the University of Yaounde in Cameroon from 1984 to 1987. He then studied in the National Institution of Audiovisuals (INA) in Bry-sur-Marne, France, under French film theorist Christian Metz. He returned to Cameroon to work as an editor for Cameroonian television.
Bekolo is currently living across France, the United States, and Cameroon, where he is engaged in many activities like media, education and cinema. He has taught filmmaking at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2001), Virginia Tech (1998), and Duke University (2003). Most notably, he developed a new teaching method called "Author Learning," based on the filmmaking experience to stimulate students who thrive in a learning environment that consists of building instead of classical instruction methods.
He was introduced in the 1992 Cannes Film Festival at 25 years old for his first feature film Quartier Mozart. Bekolo's film tells the audience the story of a young girl magically transformed into a swaggering Casanova nicknamed "My Guy." The movie includes some eccentric side characters like a polygamist police chief whose daughter is seduced by "My Guy" and a witch who can make men's genitals disappear at a simple handshake. This film reimagines folk tales to take place in the setting of today, forming a vision of today's Africa by humorously combinin
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