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The Capitol Theater, at 206 East Fifth Avenue in downtown Olympia, Washington, was built in 1924. It was designed by architect Joseph Wohleb and has a capacity of 1,500. Since 1986, the Olympia Film Society operates the theater.
The theater suffered major plaster damage to the ceiling during the 2001 Nisqually earthquake, but has since undergone repair and has re-opened. The marquee, a 1940 addition, was removed in January 2008.
The theater played host to the International Pop Underground Convention, a punk and indie rock music festival in 1991, as well as the similarly themed Yoyo A Go Go in 1994, 1997, 1999, and 2001.
References
External links
Puget Sound Theater Organ Society, which has some photographs of the theater
Olympia Film Society official site. Includes schedules for the theater.
The Olympian (newspaper) photo gallery of marquee removal
Buildings and structures in Olympia, Washington
Theatres in Washington (state)
Tourist attractions in Olympia, Washington
Theatres completed in 1924
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol%20Theater%20%28Olympia%29
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Lillian Vernon Corporation is an American catalog merchant and online retailer that sells household, children's and fashion accessory products. Founded in 1951 by Lillian Vernon (a/k/a Lillian Menasche), out of her Mount Vernon, New York, apartment; the business name is a combination of her first name and her hometown.
History
Lillian Vernon was started by Lillian Menasche at the age of twenty-four, by placing advertisements in Seventeen magazine for personalized purses and belts. As a result of this success, the Vernon Specialties Company became focused on products for young women by advertising in magazines focused on that emergent market. The Lillian Vernon Catalog, which the company launched in 1956, became an iconic shopping resource for American women, much like its competitor, the Sears catalog. Produced monthly, the catalog was typically 120 pages and usually featured 750 items. In response to a catalog and shopping mall boom in the United States in the 1980s, the company produced a number of specialty catalogs in order to broaden its market, including ones targeted for children and homemakers.
The Lillian Vernon Corporation, founded in 1965, went public in 1987. It was the first company founded by a woman to be publicly traded on the American Stock Exchange.
Responding to the increasingly important online market in the early 1990s, the Lillian Vernon Corporation opened a storefront on AOL in 1995 and followed with an online catalog and website. However, by the end of the 1990s, the company began to struggle to meet online needs, especially after the collapse of the Dot-com bubble. After Fred and David Hochberg both declined to take over running their mother's company, Vernon sold it to ZelnickMedia in 2003, but retained the symbolic title of non-executive chairman. The company has since changed hands a number of times including emerging from a bankruptcy process in 2008. In October 2015 Lillian Vernon was purchased by Regent, a Beverly Hills-based private equity firm controlled by investor Michael Reinstein.
Several Hollywood celebrities began their careers as Lillian Vernon models including Jason Biggs, Monica Potter and Marla Maples.
Pop culture references
Funny products from the similarly named but imaginary Lillian Verner company are featured in The Lillian Verner Game Show, which was a recurring game show spoof on Mad TV.
In the musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch, the song "Sugar Daddy" includes a lyric in which Hedwig tells her American military boyfriend that "I want all the luxuries of the modern age, / Every item on every page / Of the Lillian Vernon catalogue".
Awards and honors
Lillian Vernon was a recipient of numerous awards, including the Project Sunshine Award for Philanthropic Leadership and The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence. She was also a board member of Citymeals-on-Wheels.
References
External links
www.lillianvernon.com—Lillian Vernon site
1951 establishments in New York (state)
American companies established in 1951
Companies based in New York (state)
Online retailers of the United States
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2008
Retail companies established in 1951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian%20Vernon%20%28company%29
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Huffman is an unincorporated community of northeastern Harris County, Texas within the Greater Houston metropolitan area.
Location
The Huffman community is centered on Farm to Market Roads 2100 and 1960, northeast of Downtown Houston in the piney woods of southeastern Texas. David Huffman, a native of Louisiana, came to Texas to fight against Mexico during the Texas Revolution.
In the early years, the economy was driven by farming with primary crops being cotton, rice, and corn as well as ranching and logging. A post office was established in the community in 1888, and two blacksmith shops were operating by 1892. The Beaumont, Sour Lake and Western Railway came through the community in the early 1900s. By 1914, the town reported two general stores and a population of 250. The construction and operation of the Sinclair Oil pump station in 1921 added to the economy. The 1936, the county highway map showed a church and cemetery at the townsite. In 1953, Lake Houston was opened as a water reservoir serving The City of Houston and serves as a recreational lake in the area today with boating, water skiing, jetting, fishing, and sailing.
Huffman covers about and houses approximately 12,000 citizens. Huffman is a community consisting largely of subdivisions, scattered farms, apartments, and small businesses.
Media
Huffman has two community newspapers: The Tribune and The Lake Houston Observer. The metro newspaper is the Houston Chronicle.
Education
Primary and secondary public schools
The Huffman Independent School District is named after the community and, up to 2007, served the area with four schools: Ben Bowen Elementary, Copeland Intermediate, Falcon Ridge Elementary, Huffman Middle School, and Hargrave High School. Since the construction of a new Hargrave High School campus and the renovations of the old middle school, which moved to the old high school campus, the five schools were renamed as follows:
Ben Bowen Early Childhood Center
Huffman Elementary School
Falcon Ridge Elementary School
Huffman Middle School
Willie J. Hargrave High School
Public libraries
Harris County Public Library operates the nearby Atascocita Library.
Community college
Residents of Huffman ISD are zoned to Lee College.
Subdivisions
The Commons Of Lake Houston
Fairway crossings
Idleloch
River Terrace
Cypress point
Huffman Hills
WildWood Hilltop
Tayme Ranchettes
Plantation
Rolling Creek Acres
Pine Way Estates
Fairway Crossing At Lake Houston
Lazy Pines
Lochshire
Last Stand
Huffman Hollow
Lake Houston
Forest Manor
Spanish Cove
Saddle Creek Farms
Lakewood Heights
Woodland Lakes
Government and infrastructure
The United States Postal Service operates the Huffman Post Office at 24936 Farm to Market Road 2100 The Mayor of Huffman TX is Blake R. Scarborough. The Secretary of the Office of Foreign Relations is Breck A. Machala. The Keeper of The Peace, Brenden J. Dagley. The CEO of The Office for City Management is Grey C. Soileau. The Assistant Director for Public Sanitation is Cody M. Phillips. The Director of Maritime Trade is Magnus V. Brown.
Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated E.A. "Squatty" Lyons Medical Center in Humble for ZIP code 77336. The nearest public hospital is Lyndon B. Johnson Hospital in northeast Houston.
Parks and recreation
Harris County Precinct 2 operates the I.T. May Park at 2100 Wolf Road. The park includes eight lighted baseball fields, two lighted American football fields, concession stands, barbecue pits, picnic areas, two playgrounds, a paved quarter-mile walking trail, and restroom facilities. The park also includes the May Community Center.
Historic
Huffman is the home to a 347-year-old Heritage Live Oak tree. The Huffman Heritage Live Oak reached 75 feet tall with a crown spread of 135 feet in 1989, surpassing the Texas State Forestry Champion Live Oak at Goose Island State Park at Rockport in two of the three criteria. (Goose Island Oak is larger in girth of the trunk). The Texas Forestry Service determined the Huffman Heritage Live Oak to be 314 years in 1989, verifying its witness to hundreds of years of Texas history.
References
External links
Unincorporated communities in Harris County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffman%2C%20Texas
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ITEC is an acronym or abbreviation with several meanings:
Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme, India's foreign aid development program
Induced thymic epithelial cell, a type of stem cell
International Therapy Examination Council, an international examination board offering a variety of qualifications worldwide
International Turbine Engine Corporation, a joint venture company between Honeywell and Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation
Inter-Tribal Environmental Council, a consortium of over 40 Native American tribes in Oklahoma, New Mexico and Texas
Into the Electric Castle, an album by progressive metal musical project Ayreon
ITEC Kasaragod, the Information Technology Education Centre, affiliated with Kannur University, Kannur, India
Indigenous People's Technology and Education Center, a not-for-profit organization in Dunnellon, Florida
International Tuba Euphonium Conference
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITEC
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The State of Superior (or State of Ontonagon) is a proposed "51st state" that would be created by the secession of the Upper Peninsula from the rest of Michigan, named for adjacent Lake Superior. Some proposals would also incorporate territory from the northern Lower Peninsula, northern Wisconsin, and even Minnesota. The proposals are spurred by cultural differences, geographic separation from Lower Michigan, and a belief that the problems of the "Superior Region" are ignored by distant state governments. When the Northwest Territory was being organized by the fledgling U.S. government, Thomas Jefferson proposed a state which he named Sylvania, including the Upper Peninsula and territory that is now northern Wisconsin and northeastern Minnesota. The idea has gained serious attention at times, but faces substantial practical obstacles.
Issues
The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, and was not included in initial proposals to form the state of Michigan, but rather added by the federal government in the settlement of the Toledo War with Ohio. The Lower Peninsula developed an economy based on agriculture and manufacturing, while the Upper Peninsula's became based on forestry and mining. Travel between the two peninsulas remained difficult (especially in winter), and the people of the Upper Peninsula developed a distinct cultural identity as "Yoopers" (derived from "U.P.-ers"). Later, as the mining industry declined, Yoopers came to feel that their concerns were ignored by the state government, which was dominated by the populous cities of southern Lower Michigan.
The construction of the Mackinac Bridge in 1957 created a direct highway connection to the rest of the state, and tourism by Lower Michigan residents has grown substantially, creating greater economic and social connection. Secession from Michigan would require approval from the state legislature, and there is little support for it in the Lower Peninsula. There are also questions about Superior's viability as a separate state. The region receives a large amount of funding from the Michigan government based on tax revenue from the Lower Peninsula. If it were just the Upper Peninsula, it would have a smaller population than any other state, with its 311,361 residents representing only 60 percent of Wyoming's population. It would rank 40th in land area, slightly larger than Maryland. Its most-populous city, Marquette, has a population of about 21 thousand; the largest cities of existing states range from 43 thousand (Burlington, Vermont) to 8.8 million (New York, New York).
History
The state of Michigan was admitted to the Union in 1837, incorporating both the Upper and Lower Peninsulas. Efforts for the U.P. to secede and form a new state date to 1858, when a convention was held in Ontonagon, Michigan, for the purpose of combining the Upper Peninsula, northern Wisconsin, and northeast Minnesota into a new state to be called either Superior or Ontonagon. At the time, The New York Times editorialized:
Unless Congress should interpose objections, which cannot reasonably be apprehended, we see no cause why the new "State of Ontonagon" should not speedily take her place as an independent member of the union.
In 1897, another proposal for creating a state of Superior included areas in the Upper Peninsula along with portions of Wisconsin.
In 1959, following the statehood of Alaska and Hawaii, Ironwood, Michigan resident Ted Albert sued for "divorce" between the two peninsulas.
In 1962, an Upper Peninsula Independence Association was founded to advocate for the formation of a state of Superior. A secession bill was submitted to the Michigan Legislature, and 20,000 petition signatures were collected—36,000 short of the number needed—for a ballot referendum on separation.
Efforts continued into the mid-1970s (one bumper sticker suggested naming the 51st state "North Michigan"), when residents of the Upper Peninsula and northern Wisconsin, each resentful of perceived tax drains and other slights from their downstate cousins, and fears that environmental regulations would harm their economies, worked together to pursue the desired legislation. Several prominent legislators, including Upper Peninsula politician Dominic Jacobetti, attempted enacting such legislation in the 1970s, with no success.
Some support for statehood still exists in the region, although no organized movement was active as of 2012.
References
Further reading
External links
Remembering the UP’s break-away movement
"'State of Superior' sees political unrest"
"Lost States: A Superior review"
"A 51st State In...Michigan?"
Politics of Michigan
Politics of Wisconsin
Proposed states and territories of the United States
Upper Peninsula of Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20%28proposed%20U.S.%20state%29
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Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk (July 15, 1791, New York City – April 30, 1861, New York) was the Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York from 1830 to 1861.
Early years
A member of a prominent Hempstead family, Onderdonk graduated from Columbia College, now Columbia University, where he was president of the Philolexian Society. He studied theology under Bishop John Henry Hobart and was a member of the Episcopal Theological Society between 1810 and 1811.
He married Elizabeth Handy Moscrop, daughter of Rev. Henry Moscrop and Elizabeth Handy.
He presided over the Diocese during a period of expansion and was instrumental in the creation of numerous parishes, but is best remembered as one of the most controversial figures in the history of the Episcopal Church of the United States. He served as the officiant at the wedding of President John Tyler and Julia Gardiner at the Church of the Ascension in 1844.
Consecrators
William White, Bishop of Pennsylvania, Presiding Bishop of the ECUSA
Thomas Church Brownell, Bishop of Connecticut
Henry U. Onderdonk, Bishop of Pennsylvania, older brother of Benjamin Tredwell Onderdonk
The Carey Affair
A strong supporter of the Oxford Movement, Onderdonk became embroiled in a controversy surrounding the ordination of Arthur Carey. Carey, a candidate for the ministry acknowledged even by his detractors as being of superb intellect and dedication, and also of an excellent Christian character, was like Onderdonk greatly influenced by the Oxford Movement.
As his ordination approached, Carey was examined by the Rev. Dr. Hugh Smith, Rector of St. Peter's, New York (where he had been assigned). During this interview, Carey professed views that were sympathetic to Roman Catholicism, and thereafter Smith and some other clergy and laymen opposed Carey's ordination. At Smith's insistence, Onderdonk conducted an inquiry, which ultimately found Carey to be suitable for ordination, which was celebrated in 1843. The dispute did not end there, and a number of letters were published accusing Carey and ultimately Onderdonk of being overly sympathetic to Roman Catholicism. This controversy spread beyond the Diocese, and at least one other Diocese, that of Ohio, adopted a resolution condemning Onderdonk.
Allegations of misconduct
As the Carey controversy was ongoing, William Meade, Bishop of Virginia (later the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America) received a number of affidavits of women who alleged that Onderdonk had made improper advances towards them and had engaged in improper touching. This eventually resulted in a trial before the House of Bishops. Throughout, Onderdonk maintained his innocence. By all accounts the trial was a bitter affair, with Onderdonk making accusations of a secret conspiracy to remove him due to his theological views by falsifying charges and Meade accusing the Onderdonk faction of witness intimidation. The trial resulted in the suspension of Onderdonk.
Whether the trial was an appropriate act to punish a Bishop for improper behavior or a conspiracy to silence a proponent of the Oxford Movement may be ultimately unknowable. The debate continued in published letters throughout Onderdonk's life and indeed continues today. What is clear though, as William Manross notes in A History of the American Episcopal Church (1935), was that the verdict against Onderdonk reflects "the bitter party feeling which prevailed at the time, especially as the voting throughout the trial was pretty much along party lines, all of the evangelicals voting to condemn Bishop Onderdonk and most, though not all, of the High Churchmen voting to acquit him."
Following his suspension, Onderdonk remained Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York but was suspended from performing his duties. Provisional Bishops were consecrated to fill his duties. They were Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright I, consecrated to serve as Provisional Bishop in place of Bishop Onderdonk, 1852–1854 and Horatio Potter consecrated in 1854 to serve as Provisional Bishop in place of Onderdonk; became diocesan in 1861. His brother, Henry Ustick Onderdonk, Bishop of Pennsylvania, was also suspended upon allegations of intemperance during the same time period.
Death
Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk died at age 69 in 1861. His sarcophagus, now ensconced at Trinity Church in New York City, depicts him lying in repose yet crushing a serpent labeled "Scandal" beneath his heel.
Bibliography
Online documents connected with B.T. Onderdonk
Charles Wells Hayes, The Diocese of Western New York: History and Recollections, 2nd ed., vol. I, p. 174.
Cohen, Patricia Cline. "Ministerial Misdeeds: The Onderdonk Trial and Sexual Harassment in the 1840s." (1996)
Juster, Susan & MacFarlane, Lisa. (Eds.). A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, (1995)
William Manross, A History of the American Episcopal Church (1935)
References
1791 births
1861 deaths
Episcopal bishops of New York
American people of Dutch descent
Columbia College (New York) alumni
People from Hempstead (village), New York
19th-century Anglican bishops in the United States
General Theological Seminary faculty
19th-century Anglican theologians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20T.%20Onderdonk
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John Greeley Jenkins (8 September 1851 – 22 February 1923) was an American-Australian politician. He was Premier of South Australia from 1901 to 1905. He had previously served as Minister for Education and the Northern Territory and Commissioner for Public Works under Thomas Playford II, Commissioner of Public Works under Charles Kingston and Chief Secretary under Frederick Holder. He was subsequently Agent-General for South Australia from 1905 to 1908.
Background and early career
Jenkins was born in Pennsylvania, the fourth son of Evan Jenkins and Mary Davis of South Wales. He was educated at the Wyoming Seminary, Pennsylvania, and after working on his father's farm, became in 1872 a traveller for a publishing company. He came to South Australia in 1878 as a representative of this company, but presently began importing both American and English books. He was for a time manager in South Australia for the Picturesque Atlas of Australasia, and afterwards was partner with C. G. Gurr in an estate agency and auctioneering business at Adelaide.
Political career
In June 1886 he was elected a member of the South Australian House of Assembly for East Adelaide and in 1887 transferred to Sturt. In March 1891 he became minister of education in the second Playford ministry, and exchanged this for the portfolio of commissioner of public works in January 1892. The ministry resigned in June 1892 and on 20 April 1894 Jenkins was again given this position in the Kingston ministry which remained in office until 1 December 1899. A week later the second liberal Holder ministry was formed with Jenkins as chief secretary, and when Holder went into federal politics in May 1901, Jenkins became premier, chief secretary, and minister controlling the Northern Territory, forming government with the support of none other than the Australasian National League (formerly National Defence League). He was ridiculed from inside and outside of the party, with one critic describing Jenkins as a "political acrobat". As premier he took an important share of the work connected with ministerial bills, and among the acts he was responsible for were those providing free education, the Happy Valley water-supply system for Adelaide, and the transcontinental railway. He also played a major role in an agreement between the States about the River Murray, and in continuing attempts to develop the Northern Territory. As chief secretary in Holder's government, he was also minister for defence and had responsibility for the four South Australian contingents to the South African War. Taking over from Holder, Jenkins was premier from 1901 to 1905 and through the 1902 election, and was succeeded as liberal leader by Archibald Peake, who would allow Labor to form government at the 1905 election. Peake would form the Liberal and Democratic Union for the 1906 election.
Post-political career
On 1 March 1905 he resigned to become agent-general for South Australia at London. He gave up the position in 1908 on account of a disagreement with the Price government on the question of a loan. He remained in London and was active in connection with international trade congresses but retained his interest in Australia. He was once described as "Australia's Unofficial High Commissioner". In 1918 he stood for Putney in an election for the British House of Commons, on behalf of the short-lived right-wing National Party, but was defeated. He had a good standing in the city of London, and when the chamber of commerce sent a delegation to the United States of America, Jenkins was the chief spokesman. He also revisited Australia with a project for the development of Papua. He died in London, following an operation. He married Jeannie Mary, daughter of W. H. Charlton of Adelaide, who survived him with a son and a daughter.
He published pamphlets on Australian Products, and Social Conditions of Australia, and also edited the Australasian section of the Encyclopaedia Americana.
He was an active member of the South Australian Literary Societies' Union and in 1884 the first Premier of the associated Union Parliament.
See also
Hundred of Jenkins
References
External links
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1851 births
1923 deaths
Premiers of South Australia
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
American emigrants to Australia
Australian expatriates in England
Australian auctioneers
Foreign born Australian politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Jenkins%20%28Australian%20politician%29
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WAEG (92.3 FM) is a commercial smooth jazz radio station in Evans, Georgia, broadcasting to the Augusta, Georgia area. The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 6 kW. The station's studios (which are shared with its other sister stations) are located at the aptly named intersection of Broadcast Drive and Radio Station Road in North Augusta, South Carolina, while a transmitter tower is located northwest of Evans.
History
92.3 FM signed on in mid-1992 as WAFJ, as a simulcast of Bible Broadcasting Network's 100.9 WYFA Waynesboro. In June 1994, both stations were sold and switched to an urban contemporary format as "The New 92.3 and 100.9 The Beat" with 92.3 picking up the WAEG call letters.
Radio One acquired the simulcast in 2001 and switched it to CHR format while still using "The Beat" brand. By 2002, the station simulcast was broken off causing 100.9 to drop from the air. Within a year, 92.3 switched formats to Modern Rock while 100.9 was launched as WTHB-FM, a gospel station.
In August 2007, Perry Broadcasting acquired Radio One's cluster of Augusta stations. Immediately after, WAEG's format was changed to Smooth Jazz. This move left Augusta without a modern rock station, except for the wide variety of rock that plays on WGAC-FM 95.1, or the very few that play on WHHD 98.3.
WAEG, which features programming from the Smooth Jazz Network, is one of the few terrestrial smooth jazz stations remaining on analog radio in the United States.
See also
Media in Augusta, Georgia
External links
WAEG official website
AEG
Smooth jazz radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1991
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAEG
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Joseph Pellerin (1684–1783) was a French Intendant-General of the Navy, first Commissioner of the Navy as well as a celebrated numismatic pioneer.
Pellerin was born at Marly, near Versailles 27 April 1684 and died 2 August 1783 at his château of Plainville in Picardy.
Youth and career
In his youth his principal studies were in the modern and classical languages, which included French, English, Spanish, Italian, Arabic, Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Syriac as well as others, and it was to his precocious expertise in these that he owed his admission to the offices of the Ministry of the Marine (as the Navy was called in France) in 1706, where he became employed in correspondence. Having in 1709 succeeded (despite the previous failure of trained cryptographers) to decipher some coded letters seized from a Spanish frigate concerning the Archduke Charles of Austria (one of the pretenders to the Spanish throne, the other being Louis XIV's nephew the Duke of Anjou; this being the cause of the ongoing Wars of the Spanish Succession), by this astonishing feat he caught the attention of then Naval Minister Pontchartrain who named him cabinet secretary.
He enjoyed similar favour in the succeeding ministries: under Louis XIV's legitimated son the Count of Toulouse he was named Commissioner of the Navy in 1718, and Maurepas elevated him to General Commissioner, and then First Commissioner. His detailed plans for the invasion of Britain to restore Bonnie Prince Charlie to the throne (and thus occupy British forces which were greatly hampering French colonial affairs), though supported by Maurepas went unexecuted by Louis XV (whether out of disregard, pique against Maurepas, personally, or for another reason remains in debate). They may be consulted in the Maurepas Papers at Cornell University.
After a very successful career he sought an early retirement in 1745 citing health problems due to overwork. In fact he remained on as a greatly valued expert consultant for several years afterwards, his positions having gradually been formally assumed by his son Joseph Jr., who received letters-patent of nobility in recognition of two generations' of his family's service to the crown in 1740.
Pioneer of numismatics
Pellerin Sr. thus eventually became free to follow his true passion, which was the study of ancient (principally Greek) coins. Tradition has it that he encouraged the sailors of the French Mediterranean Fleet to buy up such ancient coins as they found on offer throughout their range, which he guaranteed to buy back from them at double the purchase price. In this way he gradually accumulated what became the largest and most valuable collection of ancient Greek coins ever to be held in private hands to that date, amounting to 33,500 coins which he ultimately sold to Louis XVI in 1776 for £300,000 . This notable collection, housed in massive original marquetry and ormolu cases in the Louis Quinze style, still forms a nucleus of the collection of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France and may be viewed in the old buildings on the Rue de Richelieu in Paris to this day.
Pellerin's study brought great advances to the science of numismatics. Through the publication of his enormous ten-volume catalogue of ancient Greek coins (Paris: Chez H. L. Guerin & L. F. Delatour, 1762–1778, 10 vol. in-4º. pl), which were in fact a catalogue raisonné of his own immense collection, he brought clarity to this muddied field by being the first to arrange the many thousands of issues geographically as well as chronologically. His identification of many puzzling pieces were a testimony to his rare powers of observation and perspicacity. He could be said to have cleared a path for the famous Eckhel. Such errors that slipped into his great work were later caught by Khell, Barthélemy (who was to negotiate the purchase of the collection for the King), Swinton and the Abbé Leblond.
He grew progressively more blind from the time of his retirement from public service and was almost completely blind at the time of his death, a near-centenarian in 1782. He found, however, a way to turn this handicap to profit, working on the succeeding volumes of his opus by day as easily as by night, writing his text on a thin ribbon of paper that he pulled off one spool only to be wound back up onto another to be later transcribed by his secretary. His sense of touch became phenomenally acute and he was able to identify minor variants of certain coins by subtle tactile differences alone. The portrait displayed on the upper right side of this page, from the frontispiece to one of the volumes of his work shows him surrounded by some of his favourite coins and antiquities in 1780, when he was already over 98 years of age.
Family and legacy
Pellerin married into another Versailles family in 1714 when he wed Marie-Anne, niece of Michel-Richard Delalande, court composer to Louis XIV and one of the great exponents of the French baroque motet, among his many other masterpieces. His daughter, also called Marie-Anne, married Arnaud I de La Porte (or De Laporte) in 1737 who later inherited the Pellerin offices after the premature death of Joseph Jr. The La Porte brothers were to prove very influential in the development of French colonial policy, particularly towards New France (Quebec), Arnaud's younger brother Jean-Baptiste de La Porte-Lalanne being named special envoy to Quebec to look into the civil administration and to check into some alleged financial irregularities there. He later went on to become Commissioner of the French Leeward Islands, and Saint Domingue (Haiti).
Pellerin's grandson, Arnaud II de La Porte, after a brief stint as Minister of the Navy in 1789 became intendant of the Civil List in 1790. A close confidant of the beleaguered king, Louis XVI entrusted him with great sums of private money to be distributed toward the moderation of the rapidly radicalising revolutionary fervour. Despite a close collaboration with Mirabeau, and especially due to the latter's premature death, La Porte's efforts proved to be in vain, and he was arrested and convicted of treason against the Revolution becoming, on 23 August 1793 the second political victim of the guillotine. In a macabre gesture, his severed head was then presented to the King, imprisoned in the Temple, as a grisly birthday gift. His services and ultimate sacrifice were recalled during the restoration by the King's younger brother who had been crowned as Louis XVIII, and Pellerin's great-grandson Arnaud III de La Porte was created a baron in recognition, in 1822. That title remains in the family to this day.
Sources
Based on the Dictionnaire Biographique Universel, article by Louis-Mayeul Chaudon and Antoine-François Delandine, translated with background interpolations and additions by R. Sekulovich.
French numismatists
1684 births
1782 deaths
People from Marly-le-Roi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Pellerin
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Michael Allen King (born June 30, 1969 in Washington, D.C., U.S.) is an "Old School/Mid School" former professional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1984 to 1998 and is also a former Mountain Bike (MTB) racer who prime competitive years in that discipline were 1993 to 2004.
Biography
Mike King is the younger sibling of one of the most respected brother combinations of BMX racing: Eddy & Mike King. Of the two King Brothers, Mike had a more dominating career in terms of national titles he won as an amateur and professional. As with most brother combinations the younger brother often live in the shadow of the elder and Eddy King was a well-respected rider with a long career. Mike came out of his brother's shadow when he won his first national title when he became the American Bicycle Association's national number one amateur for 1984 and again in 1987. Mike turned to the pro class in 1988 and earned the Rookie of Year honor and the National number one pro title. Still without a nickname at the time, although he was also known as "Mikey" by many, he became known as "The Snake" by his competitors for his relentless ability to pass riders during a race. In 1993, Mike took to mountain bike racing and instantly found success in his rookie year by winning the National Off-Road Bicycle Association’s Dual Slalom National Championships and the coveted Union Cycliste Internationale Downhill Mountain Bike World Championship title in Métabief, France. After multiple international and domestic victories, world cup wins, and national championships, Mike retired from professional cycling in 2005.
In 2006, Mike was hired by USA Cycling as the BMX program director and lead Team USA at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China and 2012 Summer Olympics in London, England. During that time, Team USA brought home three Olympic medals to BMX.
Mike was inducted into the National BMX Hall of Fame in 1999 and the U.S. Bicycling Hall of Fame in 2013. Currently, Mike works for the City of Rock Hill, SC as the BMX Supervisor of the Novant Health BMX Supercross facility as well consulting and brand ambassador roles in the bicycle industry with companies Vee Tire Co, Felt Bicycles, Turbine, and XRCEL.
Racing career milestones
Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated.
Started racing: June 29, 1975, one day shy of his sixth birthday and approximately six and a half months after his elder brother Eddy started racing on January 15, 1975 at the Silver Wing BMX track in San Diego, California. Went on a one and a half year hiatus from National racing for most of the 1981 season (he raced at least in one national event, the National Bicycle Motocross Association (NBmxA) 1981 Rancho National near El Cajon, California on August 16) and into the first half of 1982 sticking to only racing on the local level. He returned to National level racing during the 1982 season. Dropped out briefly again for six months in 1983 but returned permanently for the November 1983 ABA Fall Nationals. After his hiatus from racing BMX nationals he came back with renewed commitment stating:"When I was 13 I decided I wanted to make BMX my career!"--Mike King, American BMXer July 1985
Career factory and major bicycle shop sponsors
Note: This listing only denotes the racer's primary sponsors. At any given time a racer could have numerous co-sponsors. Primary sponsorships can be verified by BMX press coverage and sponsor's advertisements at the time in question. When possible exact dates are given.
Amateur
Wheels 'n' Things: 1979-December 1979
Torker Inc. (Johnson Engineering): January 1980-December 1981
Bicycle Parts Pacific/Dirt Slinger: November 1983-March 1984
Redline Engineering: March 3 to March 10, 1984. Very briefly with Redline and only on the support team at this time. He never got a chance to wear the Redline uniform however before accepting a better offer from Huffy Corporation.
Huffy Corporation: March 11, 1984-April 1986
Haro Designs/Bicycles: April 1986-November 30, 1990. Mike King would turn pro with this sponsor.
Professional
Haro Designs/Bicycles: April 1986-November 30, 1990. Left under very bad circumstances. It even got personal with Bob Haro himself beginning in May 1990. He even contemplated quitting BMX after the 1990 ABA Grand National. However, by 2000 he would mend fences with Bob Haro and would be sponsored by them again by then.
Redline Engineering: January 1, 1991-December 1992
Balance Cycles: January 1993-December 1993
GT (Gary Turner) Bicycles: 1994-1999
Haro Designs/Lee Pipes: 1999-2001
Career bicycle motocross titles
Note: Listed are District, State/Provincial, Regional, National, and International titles in italics. "Defunct" refers to the fact of that sanctioning body in question no longer existing at the start of the racer's career or at that stage of his/her career. Depending on point totals of individual racers, winners of Grand Nationals do not necessarily win National titles. Series and one off Championships are also listed in block.
Amateur
National Bicycle Association (NBA)
Bicycle Motocross Association of San Diego (BMXAOSD)
1976 No.2
1984 14 Expert Tijuana BMX Cup Champion
*The Tijuana BMX Cup was a one time event held in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico, and sponsored by the International Cycling Organization, Coca-Cola, Carta Blanca, and the State Secretary of Tourism of Baja California. The BMX Association of San Diego after the major BMX governing bodies, the NBL and ABA, declined to sanction the event, ran it. As a result, while heavily promoted it had sparse participation with only 200 racers comprising about 22 motos (including 13 professionals from the United States) out of the hoped for 6000 tourist. A promoter of the race Phil Bartel had anticipated making enough money to build three or four tracks in Tijuana. He instead lost US$5,000. The reason for the low turn out are attributed to the lack of ABA and NBL points for racers touring those circuits, negating an important motivation to attend. A further disincentive was the high entrance fees of $20 and the mere fact that it was in Mexico, a nation with foreign (to Americans) standards of culture and law, even though it was held only a half mile from the border inside Mexico. In May 1984 the BMXA of San Diego merged with the ABA.
National Bicycle League (NBL)
1984 15 Expert National No.1
1985 16 Expert Grandnational Champion
1985 16 Expert National No.1
1986 17 Expert Grandnational Champion
1986 17 Expert National No.1
1987 18 & Over Expert and 16 & Over Open Grandnational Champion
1987 18 & Over Expert National No.1.
American Bicycle Association (ABA)
1984 15 Expert Grandnational Champion
1984 National No.1
1985 15 Expert Winter Season California District 21 (CA-21) District Age Group (DAG) No.1
1985 16 Expert National No.1*
1987 17 & Over Expert U.S. Gold Cup West Champion.
1987 15 & Over Boys Honda East Vs. West Shootout "Future Pro" Champion.
1987 17 & Over Grandnational Champion
1987 National 17 & Over Expert No. 1 & Overall National No.1 Amateur. He won a Gaston speed boat as a prize.
*Beginning in the 1985 season the ABA made it possible to earn an amateur national no.1 plate in the age group of the racer, similar to NBL practice. However, the ABA still had an overall National no.1 amateur, which in 1985 was Brent Romero.
International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF)
1981 11 Expert International Champion
1985 15 Expert Murray World Cup IV Champion.
1986 16 Expert Murray World Cup V Champion.
1987 17 Expert Vision Street Wear World Cup* Champion
1987 Supercross World Champion**
*The Vision Street Wear World Cup was the direct descendant of the Murry World Cup. Murray stopped sponsoring the World Cup after the fifth 1986 edition due to the failure of Murray of Ohio bicycle company and the NBL to come to an agreement about the sponsorship fee Murray would have had to pay the NBL. If Murray continued its sponsor ship, the 1987 addition would have been the sixth (VI) in the series.
**In Europe, Supercross is a pro/am class in which amateurs could win a limited amount of money but still retain their amateur status. Eddy King's amateur status in the NBL and ABA was unaffected in part because no prize money was awarded. However, this class is different from the Pro World Championship which was held by Gary Ellis in 1987.
Independent Events and Series
1983 14 Expert Third Place Jag BMX World Superbowl Championship Champion
Professional
National Bicycle Association (NBA)
None
National Bicycle League (NBL)
1989 "A" Pro Grandnational Champion
American Bicycle Association (ABA)
1988 National No.1 Pro
1988 Pro Gold Cup West Champion
1994 Pro Cruiser Grandnational Champion
1995 Pro Cruiser Grandnational Champion
United States Bicycle Motocross Association (USBA)
None
International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF)
None
Pro Series Championships and Invitationals
1988 Bicross International de Paris Bercy Champion (King of Bercy).
The International BMX Race of Bercy Paris was an invitational race sponsored by the Association Francaise de Bi-Crossing (AFB), the French BMX sanctioning body and was held in Bercy an eastern area in the city of Paris, France north of the river Seine. It was sponsored by the Yoplait Yogurt company. As such it was also known as the Bicross de Paris Challenge Yop Champion (The Paris Yoplait BMX Challenge) in which American and English pros as well as French pros were brought together to compete in a single race. As with the 1985 addition, which Tommy Brackens won, it was a hit in France with tickets sold out three months in advance.
Notable accolades
Named the fifth (5) of the 25 Hottest amateurs in BMX racing by a 1984 survey conducted by BMX Plus! for the opinions of four prominent figures in BMX: Two racers, Brent Patterson and Mike Poulson; and two team officials: Dr. Gary Scofield of GT, Howard Wharthon of Diamond Back.
Named one of eight top amateurs deemed top "Pros of the Future" by Super BMX & Freestyle magazine along with Billy Griggs, Eric Carter Doug Davis, Matt Hadan Brent Romero, Darwin Griffin and Brad Birdwell.
Named one of the new BMX Action's "Terrible Ten" top amateurs and future professionals for 1986.
Named number three of BMX Action magazine's "The Terrible Ten" of 1987 of top amateurs and future professionals.
Named BMX Action's Rookie of the Year (ROY) for 1988 due to his outstanding first professional season in 1988.
Mike King is a 1999 ABA BMX Hall of Fame Inductee. His brother Eddy King is a 1989 Inductee.
Significant injuries
Broke right ankle and tore ligaments in a Pro Open main crash at the end of the second straight at the 1988 ABA Grand Nationals in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on November 27, 1988. He was able to continue racing and come in second in the third and final AA pro main and win the Pro National No.1 plate. Recovering, he missed the NBL Christmas Classic National in late December.
Broke two fingers on his right hand on Saturday, March 16 at the 1991 ABA Supernationals in El Paso, Texas in his first Pro Open moto. He had veered into the fence besides the track after his jersey was caught on his handlebars, causing him to lose control. Said he would return to racing at the ABA US Nationals in Lemoore, California race four weeks later. He was.
Injured right knee on June 19 at the 1991 European Challenge Cup VIII in Slagharen, the Netherlands. Laid up for three weeks.
Broke ankle at the 1992 ABA Supernationals.
Miscellaneous
Named number three on the list of the "Dirtiest Riders in BMX" in the history of BMX in the June 1992 issue of BMX Plus!
Introduction of clipless pedals
Mike King, along with fellow racer Brian Lopes, is credited with starting the Mountain Bike racing SPD clipless pedals trend in BMX racing starting in the mid-1990s, moving away from the then standard platform and cage pedals for racing. They both raced with them at the ABA Fall Nationals in Burbank, California on October 22, 1994. There is controversy in BMX over the use of clipless pedals, including that rider can not maneuver their feet off and on the pedals in turns when the racer wants to set up for a pass, or stabilize his or her bicycle in a low-speed, tight turn. This reduces the opportunity to pass riders in the turns, as was commonplace in the 1980s when cage and platform pedals were the norm. Some say that clipless pedals reduce the excitement of BMX races, with the racers "following the leader" and only having the ability to pass on straights. Despite the respect given by the BMX world to Mike King and Brian Lopes, clipless pedals were not used by the majority of pro or amateur racers until the end of the year 2000. It was the late Mario Soto, a young and highly talented rookie pro who broke into the Senior pro ranks and started immediately doing very well despite his comparatively small size and being totally new to the senior pro ranks, that prompted the move. He attributed part of his success to his use of clipless pedals. Today clipless pedals are the norm in BMX racing. Wade Bootes a highly respected Senior Pro was an early adopter of clipless pedals and helped with the move to them.
Another criticism of clipless pedals is that they lead to more injuries since the feet can not be readily be freed from the pedals despite their quick release feature. The racer is prevented from either stabilizing his bike by placing one foot on the ground to prevent a crash or brace himself quickly if a crash is inevitable, leading to more frequent and serious crashes involving leg and foot injury. On August 20, 2007 professional BMX racer Bubba Harris completely dislocated ankle at the talus bone in Beijing, China on the official Olympic BMX racing track during the first run of his Time Trial in the "rhythm section", a series of closely but evenly spaced jumps that you use gravity and "body English" to navigate and maintain speed. He was launched sideways by his momentum into the air, coming down on the back side of a jump with his foot still clipped into an SPD pedal. Doctors almost amputated his foot. With platform pedals his feet would have not been tied to the bicycle which acted like an anchor. As of this time he is still recovering. He expects to race the NBL Christmas Classic BMX race at the end of December 2007. He was able to fulfill that expectation, but he did not make the mains. Mishaps like this, though usually much less catastrophic, have ignited debate in the BMX racing community. This is particularly true among "Old School" veterans of the 1970s and 1980s who raced with caged and platform pedals. Generally the only danger with pedals of these types was that if the rider slipped a pedal, the teeth of the pedal could gouge his shin, thigh or ankle, unless the rider has protective padding.
In a January 7, 2009 interview with Gary Haselhorst on the BMX discussion site "BMX Action Online" Mike King said he went to clipless pedals because, "My motivation to use SPD pedals/shoes had to do with the ABA introducing a pro time trial in 1995. Then it helped me when I was racing mountain bikes. However, I think the clip debate is overrated. I don’t think kids under 10 years old should be racing in them and I believe this has affected how tracks are designed today. They are too many cookie cutter type tracks in this country and this has slowed the progression of the sport.
Racing habits and traits
Other significant sibling combinations in BMX
Ronnie & Richie Anderson
Brent & Brian Patterson
Eric & Robby Rupe
Gary & Richard Houseman
Alan & Brian Foster
BMX press magazine interviews and articles
"Torker Team" BMX Plus! May 1980 Vol.3 No.5 pg.20 Joint interview with his brother Eddy King, Clint Miller, Mike Agueilera, and Jason Jensen; his teammates on the Torker BMX racing team.
"NBL National Number 1's" Bicycles Today January 1985 Vol.7 No.1 pg.16 Short biographical blurb in sanctioning body newspaper for becoming NBL National No.1 15 Expert in 1984.
"Mike King: From BMX dropout to ABA National Number One." BMX Plus! March 1985 Vol.8 No.3 pg.50
"On Top! A look at being #1" American BMXer July 1985 Vol.7 No.5 pg.16 a photo caption montage of Huffy's Mike King and Hutch's Jason Johnson.
"Two of a Kind" Super BMX & Freestyle November 1985 Vol.12 No.11 pg.30 A duel interview with Huffy teammate Brent Romero.
"Bros. Eddy & Mike" BMX Action January 1988 Vol.13 No.1 pg.30 Joint interview with his brother Eddy King.
"The Champs: Mike King" BMX Plus! April 1988 Vol.11 No.4 pg.32 One of six mini articles of the six ABA National No.1 winners of 1987.
"Mike King #1 Amateur: The Best BMXer ever?" American BMXer December 1988 Vol.10 No.11 pg.22
"Mike King: ROY" BMX Action February 1989 Vol.14 No.2 pg.40 Interview on Mike King becouming BMX Action's professional Rookie of the Year for 1988.
"Mikey's Ride" BMX Plus! June 1989 Vol.12 No.6 pg.75 Description of Mike King's BMX racing bicycle as well as brief biograph.
"On the Cover: Mike King" BMX Action August 1989 Vol.14 No.8 pg.52
"Fast Talk: Mike King" BMX Plus! October 1989 Vol.12 No.9 pg.61 Mini two question interview on the differences between the amateur and professional classes.
"Numero Uno, Mike King" American BMXer November 1989 Vol.11 No.10 pg.36
"Trading Places: Mikey King and Billy Griggs tell all!"BMX Plus! June 1991 Vol.14 No.6 pg.62 A joint interview with Billy Griggs.
"Faster Talk: Redline Pro Mike King" BMX Plus! June 1992 Vol.15 No.6 pg.21 Short sidebar interview about his training and a new Redline suspension bicycle.
BMX magazine covers
Bicycle Motocross News:
None
Minicycle/BMX Action & Super BMX:
November 1985 Vol.12 No.11 with teammate Brent Romero. In inset Eddie Fiola. (SBMX&F)
November 1988 Vol.15 No.11 with teammate Pete Loncarevich in insert. In separate inserts Eric Carter; Jeff Donnell & Charlie Davidson; freestyler Eddie Fiola. (SBMXF)
Bicycle Motocross Action & Go:
May 1986 Vol.11 No.5 (BMXA)
September 1988 Vol.13 No.9 with Rick Palmer, Greg Hill & unidentified on the gate. (BMXA)
August 1989 Vol.14 No.8 (BMXA)
February 1990 Vol.1 No.1 (Go) (Official Preimer Issue)
November 1990 Vol.2 Iss.1 behind Steve Veltman, Billy Griggs and Traves Chipres. In insert John Paul Rogers (Go).
May 1991 Vol.2 No.7 with Billy Griggs (Go).
BMX Plus!:
November 1986 Vol.9 No.11 in right insert. In septate inserts: Freestylers Randy Tishchmann (left) & Eddie Fiola (top). Also Radical Rick cartoon at bottom.
August 1989 Vol.12 No.8 in main image obscured in black/silver helmet with no."1". In foreground Eric Carter (Schwinn) with Travis Chipres (Mongoose), Matt Hadan (obscured silver black/blue helmet), Billy Griggs (Redline), and GT's Mike Ellis. Also in top insert with aforementioned.
April 1992 Vol.15 No.4 with J.D. Finney.
March 1993 Vol.18 No.3 In bottom insert. Main image: Brothers Alan Foster (4) and Brian Foster (6).
March 1994 Vol.17 No.3 Second from right on the starting gate with fellow pros (5) Brian Lopes (first from right), Eric Carter (25) (on King's right), Steve Veltman, Pete Loncarevich (partly obscured) & and unidentified. In top insert Haro Monocoque BMX racing bicycle.
Total BMX (originally Published by the NBL's Bob Tedesco):
Bicycles and Dirt (Published by the ABA):
None
Snap BMX Magazine & Transworld BMX:
NBA World & NBmXA World (The official NBA/NBmxA membership publication):
Bicycles Today & BMX Today (The Official NBL membership publication under two different names).
ABA Action, American BMXer, BMXer (The official ABA membership publication under two name changes):
American BMXer September 1986 Vol.8 No.8
American BMXer August 1987 Vol.9 No.7 (5) with unidentified (2).
American BMXer December 1988 Vol.10 No.11
American BMXer November 1989 Vol.11 No.10
USBA Racer (The official USBA membership publication):
Post BMX career
Began MTB in 1993 but raced BMX into 2002. From then he raced exclusively MTB until 2006. Currently he owns a restaurant/bar in San Diego, California that he had opened in February 2005 according to BMX News.com.
In January 2007 he was selected by USA Cycling to be their Director of BMX Programs to develop the BMX team to represent the United States in the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Here is his letter to all USA Cycling Elite BMX Athletes dated May 10, 2007.
On June 25, 2008 in his capacity and discretion of being the USA BMX Team Olympic Coach he chose Donny Robinson to the fourth member of the USA BMX Team to go to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China to represent the USA along with Teammates Jill Kintner, Kyle Bennett, and Mike Day at BMX's debut in the Summer Olympics.
MTB racing career
Started Racing: 1993 at age 24.
First race result:
Sanctioning Body:
Career MTB factory sponsors
Note: This listing only denotes the racer's primary sponsors. At any given time a racer could have numerous co-sponsors. Primary sponsorships can be verified by MTB press coverage and sponsor's advertisements at the time in question. When possible exact dates are given.
Amateur
No Amateur status
Professional
Balance Cycles: January 1993-December 1993
GT (Gary Turner) Bicycles: 1994-1998
Haro Bicycles: 1999-2004
Career mountain bike titles
Note: Listed are Regional, National and International titles.
Amateur
No Amateur status
Professional
National Off-Road Bicycle Association (NORBA)
1993 Dual Slalom National Championship
Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI)
1993 World Championship Downhill Champion Gold Medalist
1995 World Championship Downhill Bronze Medalist
2002, 2003 Bronze Medal World Cup Champion
Significant MTB injuries
Crashed and dislocated shoulder at the Grundig/UCI Mountain Bike World Cup in Snoqualmie Pass, Washington on June 28, 1998. Out several weeks.
Notes
External links
Oakley website profile of Mike King.
A January 2001 Descent World interview with Mike King.
The American Bicycle Association (ABA) website.
The National Bicycle League (NBL) website.
1969 births
Living people
American male cyclists
BMX riders
Downhill mountain bikers
UCI Mountain Bike World Champions (men)
American mountain bikers
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The Anglican Church of Melanesia (ACoM), also known as the Church of the Province of Melanesia and the Church of Melanesia (COM), is a church of the Anglican Communion and includes nine dioceses in the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. The Archbishop of Melanesia is Leonard Dawea. He succeeds the retired archbishop George Takeli.
History
The church was established by George Selwyn in 1849, and was initially headed by a Bishop of Melanesia. One of the important features of the province's life over many years has been the work of a mission vessel in various incarnations known as the Southern Cross. First based in New Zealand, the missionaries, mainly from Oxbridge and the public schools, established their base on Norfolk Island, bringing Melanesian scholars there to learn Christianity until the school was closed in 1918.
The many languages in Melanesia made evangelisation a challenge. The Melanesian Mission adopted the language of the island of Mota in the Banks group of islands as the lingua franca. The Church of Melanesia is known for its pioneer martyrs, especially John Patteson, murdered in 1871, Charles Godden, killed in 1906, among several others.
Membership
Today, there are nearly 200,000 Anglicans out of an estimated population of over 800,000 in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu as well as a newly formed parish in Nouméa, New Caledonia.
Structure
The polity of the Church of Melanesia is episcopal, which is the same as all other Anglican churches. Since being made a province in 1975 the church has maintained a system of geographical parishes organised into dioceses, of which there are now nine. The spiritual head of the province is the Archbishop of Melanesia, whose metropolitan See is the Diocese of Central Melanesia.
The dioceses are: Central Melanesia; Malaita, Vanuatu and New Caledonia (originally New Hebrides), and Ysabel (all 1975); Temotu (1981); Hanuato'o (1991); Banks and Torres (1996); Central Solomons (1997); and Guadalcanal (2013).
Parishes and priests
Each diocese except for Central Melanesia (the Honiara area) is divided into regions, each headed by a senior priest. The regions are further subdivided into parishes or districts (the two words being interchangeable), headed by a parish priest, usually called a rector. Parishes may be subdivided into subparishes, headed by assistant priests. Catechists are lay people appointed by a local community and authorised by the bishop to take services and look after the spiritual life of a village.
Worship and liturgy
The Church of Melanesia embraces three orders of ordained ministry: deacon, priest and bishop. A local variant of the Book of Common Prayer is used, called A Melanesian English Prayer Book. Its predecessor in local liturgical development was A Book of Common Prayer Authorised for Use in Churches and Chapels in the Diocese of Melanesia, first published in 1938.
Doctrine and practice
See also: Anglicanism and Anglican doctrine
The centre of the Church of Melanesia's teaching is the life and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The basic teachings of the church are summed up in the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed.
The focus of the church's worship is the celebration of the Holy Eucharist, sometimes called "Mass", but more often "Communion" or "Communion service". This is celebrated weekly wherever there is a priest and in some communities it is celebrated daily, except for Saturdays.
Morning Prayer and Evening Prayer are offered in most churches and congregations daily, and Evening Prayer, "Evensong", is often sung (except for the Psalms) on Sundays and feasts.
Feast days are celebrated by most communities on a Sunday near the feast day, or at least in the same month.
The church in its canons accepts and teaches the seven sacraments of the Church, Baptism, Holy Eucharist, Confirmation, Penance, Holy Matrimony, Holy Orders, and Anointing of the Sick.
Ecumenical relations
Like other Anglican churches, the Church of Melanesia is a member of the ecumenical World Council of Churches, and is a member of the Pacific Conference of Churches, the Solomon Islands Christian Council, and the Vanuatu Council of Churches.
The Mothers' Union is quite active, as are the four religious communities active in the province, the Melanesian Brotherhood, the Society of Saint Francis, the Community of the Sisters of the Church and the Community of the Sisters of Melanesia. The province has its own liturgical customs and a calendar of saints.
Anglican realignment
The Church of Melanesia is a member of the Global South and has been involved in the Anglican realignment movement. David Vunagi attended the Global South Fourth Encounter at 19–23 April 2010, in Singapore. He also would be one of the signatories of the Global South Primates letter to the Crown Nominations Commission, at 20 July 2012. Nevertheless, other clergy have sided with the more liberal Anglican provinces, including Terry Brown, former Bishop of Malaita, who has spoken "as an 'out' gay man serving as bishop".
References
Further reading
Anglicanism, Neill, Stephen. Harmondsworth, 1965.
External links
Official provincial website
Documents on Anglican history in Oceania from Project Canterbury
Melanesia, Anglican Church of
Melanesia, Anglican Church of
Religious organizations established in 1849
Members of the World Council of Churches
Christian denominations established in the 19th century
Melanesia, Anglican Church of
1849 establishments in Oceania
Dioceses of the Anglican Church of Melanesia
Religion in Melanesia
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Gerard Montgomery Blue (January 11, 1887 – February 18, 1963) was an American film actor who began his career as a romantic lead in the silent era; and for decades after the advent of sound, he continued to perform as a supporting player in a wide range of motion pictures.
Early life
Gerard Montgomery Bluefeather was born in Indianapolis, Indiana to an Irish mother, Orphalena Lousetta Springer, while his father William Jackson Blue was believed to be half French and part Cherokee and Osage. He had three brothers; Charles Bertram, Leroy, and William Morris. His father was a Civil War veteran, and served as a scout for Buffalo Bill.
When his father died in a railroad collision, his mother could not rear four children alone, so Blue and one of his brothers were admitted to the Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Children's Home. He eventually worked his way through Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana.
Blue grew to a height of . He played football and worked as a fireman, boilermaker, coal miner, cowpuncher, ranch hand, circus rider, lumberjack, and day laborer at the studios of D.W. Griffith.
Career
Blue had no theatrical experience when he came to the screen. His first movie was The Birth of a Nation (1915), in which he was a stuntman and an extra. Next, he played another small part in Intolerance (1916). He also was a stuntman or stand-in for Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree during the making of Macbeth (1916). Gradually moving to supporting roles for both D.W. Griffith and Cecil B. DeMille, Blue earned his breakthrough role as Danton in Orphans of the Storm, starring sisters Lillian and Dorothy Gish. Then, he rose to stardom as a rugged romantic lead along with top leading actresses such as Clara Bow, Gloria Swanson, and Norma Shearer. He most often acted with Marie Prevost, with whom he made several films in the mid-1920s at Warner Bros. Blue portrayed the alcoholic doctor who finds paradise in MGM's White Shadows in the South Seas (1928). Blue became one of the few silent stars to survive the sound revolution; however, he lost his investments in the stock market crash of 1929.
He rebuilt his career as a character actor, working until his retirement from films in 1954, and he played character roles in various television series until 1960, mostly Westerns, such as Annie Oakley. From the mid-1930s, he was a contract player at Warner Bros., working as in character parts and as an extra.
One of his more memorable roles was as the sheriff in Key Largo opposite Lionel Barrymore.
For his contributions to the motion pictures industry, Monte Blue received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6290 Hollywood Boulevard on February 8, 1960.
Personal life
Blue divorced his first wife in 1923 and married Tova Jansen the following year. He had two children, Barbara Ann and Richard Monte. During the later part of his life, Blue was an active Mason and served as the advance man for the Hamid-Morton Shrine Circus. In 1963, while on business in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, he died after suffering a heart attack attributed to complications from influenza. He is interred next to his mother-in-law, actress Bodil Rosing, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.
Selected filmography
The Birth of a Nation (1915) as Minor Role (uncredited)
The Absentee (1915) as Ignorance
The Wild Girl from the Hills (1915, Short)
Ghosts (1915) as Bohemian in Paris
The Noon Hour (1915, Short) as Ada's Brother
Editions de Luxe (1915, Short) as Conny Peters - Swindler
For His Pal (1915, Short) as Jo Price
Hidden Crime (1915, Short) as Grant - the Grazer
The Family Doctor (1915, Short) as Dr. John Montrose
Martyrs of the Alamo (1915) as Defender of the Alamo (uncredited)
The Price of Power (1916) as Minor Role (uncredited)
The Man Behind the Curtain (1916) (uncredited)
The Devil's Needle (1916) as Bartender (uncredited)
Hell-to-Pay Austin (1916) as Minor Role (uncredited)
Intolerance (1916) as The Strike Leader
The Vagabond Prince (1916) as Peasant (uncredited)
The Microscope Mystery (1916) as Jud
(1916, Short) as Assistant Hotel Manager (uncredited)
Jim Bludso (1917) as Joe Bower
Besty's Burglar (1917) as Victor Gilpin
Hands Up! (1917) as Dan Tracy
Wild and Woolly (1917) as One of Wild Bill's Men (uncredited)
Betrayed (1917) as Pepo Esparenza
The Man from Painted Post (1917) as Slim Carter
The Ship of Doom (1917) as Martin Shaw
The Red, Red Heart (1918) as Billy Porter
Riders of the Night (1918) as 'The Killer' Jed
M'Liss (1918) as Mexican Joe Dominguez
The Only Road (1918) as Pedro Lupo
Hands Up (1918, Serial)
Till I Come Back to You (1918) as American Doughboy
Johanna Enlists (1918) as Pvt. Vibbard
The Romance of Tarzan (1918) as Juan
The Eyes of Mystery (1918)* (uncredited; Blue appears on lobby poster with Edith Storey)
The Goddess of Lost Lake (1918) (uncredited)
The Squaw Man (1918) as Happy
Romance and Arabella (1919) as Harry Atteridge
Pettigrew's Girl (1919) as Pvt. William Pettigrew
Rustling a Bride (1919) as Nick McCredie
Told in the Hills (1919) as Kalitan
In Mizzoura (1919) as Sam Fowler
Everywoman (1919) as Love
Too Much Johnson (1919) as Billy Lounsberry
The Thirteenth Commandment (1920) as Bayard Kip
A Cumberland Romance (1920) as Sherd Raines
Something to Think About (1920) as Jim Dirk
The Jucklins (1921) as Bill Hawes
The Kentuckians (1921) as Boone Stallard
A Perfect Crime (1921) as Wally Griggs
A Broken Doll (1921) as Tommy Dawes
Moonlight and Honeysuckle (1921) as Ted Musgrove
The Affairs of Anatol (1921) as Abner Elliott
Orphans of the Storm (1921) as Danton
Peacock Alley (1922) as Elmer Harmon
My Old Kentucky Home (1922) as Richard Goodloe
Broadway Rose (1922) as Tom Darcy
The Tents of Allah (1923) as Chiddar Ben-Ek
Brass (1923) as Philip Baldwin
Main Street (1923) as Dr. Will Kennicott
The Purple Highway (1923) as Edgar Prentice, aka Edgar Craig
Defying Destiny (1923) as Jack Fenton
Lucretia Lombard (1923) as Stephen Winship
The Marriage Circle (1924) as Dr. Franz Braun
Loving Lies (1924) as Captain Dan stover
Mademoiselle Midnight (1924) as Owen Burke / Jerry Brent
How to Educate a Wife (1924) as Ernest Todd
Daughters of Pleasure (1924) as Kent Merrill
Revelation (1924) as Paul Granville
Being Respectable (1924) as Charles Carpenter
Her Marriage Vow (1924) as Bob Hilton
The Lover of Camille (1924) as Jean Gaspard Deburau
The Dark Swan (1924) as Lewis Dike
Recompense (1925) as Peter Graham
Kiss Me Again (1925) as Gaston Fleury
The Limited Mail (1925) as Bob Wilson / Bob Snobson
Red Hot Tires (1925) as Al Jones
Hogan's Alley (1925) as Lefty O'Brien
The Man Upstairs (1926) as Geoffrey West
Other Women's Husbands (1926) as Dick Lambert
So This Is Paris (1926) as Dr. Paul Giraud
Across the Pacific (1926) as Monte
Wolf's Clothing (1927) as Barry Baline
The Brute (1927) as Easy Going Martin Sondes
Bitter Apples (1927) as John Wyncote
The Black Diamond Express (1927) as Dan Foster
The Bush Leaguer (1927) as Buchanan 'Specs' White
One Round Hogan (1927) as Robert Emmett Hogan
Brass Knuckles (1927) as Zac Harrison
Across the Atlantic (1928) as Hugh Clayton
White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) as Dr. Matthew Lloyd
Conquest (1928) as Donald Overton
The Greyhound Limited (1929) as Monte
No Defense (1929) as Monte Collins
From Headquarters (1929) as Happy Smith
Skin Deep (1929) as Joe Daley
The Show of Shows (1929) as Condemned Man (segment "Rifle Execution")
Tiger Rose (1929) as Devlin
Isle of Escape (1930) as Dave Wade
Those Who Dance (1930) as Dan Hogan
The Flood (1931) as David Bruce
The Big Gamble (1931) as Policeman (uncredited)
The Stoker (1932) as Dick Martin
Officer Thirteen (1932) as Tom Burke
Her Forgotten Past (1933) as Donald Thorne
The Thundering Herd (1933) as Smiley
The Intruder (1933) as John Brandt
Come On, Marines! (1934) as Lt. Allen
The Last Round-Up (1934) as Jack Kells
Wagon Wheels (1934) as Kenneth Murdock
Student Tour (1934) as Jeff Kane - Bobby's Brother and Coach of the Crew
The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) as Hamzulla Khan
On Probation (1935) as Al Murray
G Men (1935) as Fingerprint Expert
Social Error (1935) as Dean Carter
The Test (1935) as Pepite LaJoie
Trails of the Wild (1935) as Mountie Larry Doyle
Wanderer of the Wasteland (1935) as Guerd Larey
Hot Off the Press (1935)
Nevada (1935) as Clem Dillon
Desert Gold (1936) as Chetley 'Chet' Kasedon
Treachery Rides the Range (1936) as Colonel Drummond
Undersea Kingdom (1936, Serial) as Unga Khan
Prison Shadows (1936) as Bert McNamee
Mary of Scotland (1936) as Messenger
Ride, Ranger, Ride (1936) as Duval, aka Chief Tavibo
The Plainsman (1936) as Indian (uncredited)
Song of the Gringo (1936) as Sheriff
A Million to One (1937) as John Kent, Sr.
Secret Agent X-9 (1937, Serial) as Baron Michael Karsten
The Outcasts of Poker Flat (1937) as Indian Jim
Rootin' Tootin' Rhythm (1937) as Joe Stafford
High, Wide and Handsome (1937) as Oil Man (uncredited)
Souls at Sea (1937) as Mate
Sky Racket (1937) as Benjamin Arnold
Thunder Trail (1937) as Jeff Graves
A Damsel in Distress (1937) as Bit Role (uncredited)
Born to the West (1937) as Bart Hammond
Amateur Crook (1937) as Crone
The Big Broadcast of 1938 (1938) as Passenger (uncredited)
Cocoanut Grove (1938) as Minor Role (uncredited)
The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok (1938, Serial) as Mr. Cameron
Rebellious Daughters (1938) as Charlie - alias Clint Houston
Spawn of the North (1938) as Cannery Official (uncredited)
The Mysterious Rider (1938) as Cap Folsom
King of Alcatraz (1938) as Officer
Touchdown, Army (1938) as Pilot (uncredited)
Illegal Traffic (1938) as Captain Moran
Hawk of the Wilderness (1938) as Yellow Weasel
Tom Sawyer, Detective (1938) as Sheriff Walker
Dodge City (1939) as John Barlow
Frontier Pony Express (1939) as Cherokee
Juarez (1939) as Lerdo de Tajada
Union Pacific (1939) as Indian (uncredited)
Port of Hate (1939) as Hammond
Our Leading Citizen (1939) as Frank
Geronimo (1939) as Interpreter
Days of Jesse James (1939) as Train Passenger
Road to Singapore (1940) as High Priest (uncredited)
Mystery Sea Raider (1940) as Captain Norberg
A Little Bit of Heaven (1940) as Uncle Pat
Young Bill Hickok (1940) as Marshal Evans
North West Mounted Police (1940) as Indian (uncredited)
Texas Rangers Ride Again (1940) as Pablo Slide Along
Arkansas Judge (1941) as Phil Johnson
The Great Train Robbery (1941) as The Super
Scattergood Pulls the Strings (1941) as Ben Mott
Riders of Death Valley (1941) as Rance Davis
Sunset in Wyoming (1941) as Jim Hayes
Citadel of Crime (1941) as Minor Role (uncredited)
Bad Man of Deadwood (1941) as Sheriff Jordan
King of the Texas Rangers (1941, Serial) as Tom J. King Sr. [Ch. 1]
New York Town (1941) as McAuliffe (uncredited)
Sullivan's Travels (1941) as Policeman in Slums (uncredited)
Law of the Timber (1941) as Hodge Mason
Pacific Blackout (1941) as Colonel (uncredited)
Treat 'Em Rough (1942) as Police Captain
North to the Klondike (1942) as John Burke
The Remarkable Andrew (1942) as Policeman (uncredited)
Reap the Wild Wind (1942) as Officer at Tea (uncredited)
Klondike Fury (1942) as Flight Dispatcher
My Favorite Blonde (1942) as Policeman at Union Hall (uncredited)
The Great Man's Lady (1942) as Man #2 - Hoyt City (uncredited)
Secret Enemies (1942) as Hugo Mehl - the Doorman
The Palm Beach Story (1942) as Mike the Doorman (uncredited)
Across the Pacific (1942) as Dan Morton
The Forest Rangers (1942) as Hotel Clerk (uncredited)
I Married a Witch (1942) as Doorman (uncredited)
The Hidden Hand (1942) as Matthews, the Undertaker (uncredited)
Road to Morocco (1942) as Kasim's Aide (uncredited)
Gentleman Jim (1942) as Gambler in "Lucky Guy" (uncredited)
Casablanca (1942) as American (uncredited)
The Hard Way (1943) as Man in Audience (uncredited)
Truck Busters (1943) as Scrappy O'Brien
Edge of Darkness (1943) as Petersen (uncredited)
Mission to Moscow (1943) as Heckler (uncredited)
Action in the North Atlantic (1943) as Seaman (uncredited)
Pilot No. 5 (1943) as Bus Station Official (uncredited)
Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943) as Bartender in Errol Flynn Number (uncredited)
Northern Pursuit (1943) as Jean
Passage to Marseille (1944) as Second Mate (uncredited)
The Adventures of Mark Twain (1944) as Captain of 'Queen of Dixie' (uncredited)
The Mask of Dimitrios (1944) as Abdul Dhris
Janie (1944) as Policeman (uncredited)
The Conspirators (1944) as Jennings (uncredited)
The Horn Blows at Midnight (1945) as The Chef (uncredited)
Escape in the Desert (1945) as Sheriff (uncredited)
Danger Signal (1945) as Policeman in Car (uncredited)
Saratoga Trunk (1945) as Fireman on Train (uncredited)
San Antonio (1945) as Cleve Andrews
Cinderella Jones (1946) as Jailer
A Stolen Life (1946) as Mr. Lippencott (uncredited)
Her Kind of Man (1946) as Lake (uncredited)
Janie Gets Married (1946) as Drapery Man (uncredited)
Two Guys from Milwaukee (1946) as Broadcast Director (uncredited)
Shadow of a Woman (1946) as Mike
Never Say Goodbye (1946) as Policeman (uncredited)
Humoresque (1946) as Moving Man (uncredited)
The Time, the Place and the Girl (1946) as Stage Manager (uncredited)
The Man I Love (1947) as Cop (uncredited)
The Unfaithful (1947) as Businessman with Hunter (uncredited)
That Way with Women (1947) as MacPherson
Bells of San Fernando (1947) as Governor Don Sebastian Fernando
Stallion Road (1947) as Horse Rancher (uncredited)
Possessed (1947) as Norris
Cheyenne (1947) as Timberline
Life with Father (1947) as The Policeman
My Wild Irish Rose (1947) as Replacement Barman (uncredited)
Speed to Spare (1948) as Bit Role (scenes deleted)
Silver River (1948) as 'Buck' Chevigee
The Big Punch (1948) as Police Lt. Ryan (uncredited)
Key Largo (1948) as Sheriff Ben Wade
Two Guys from Texas (1948) as Pete Nash
Johnny Belinda (1948) as Ben (uncredited)
Adventures of Don Juan (1948) as Turnkey (uncredited)
Flaxy Martin (1949) as Joe, Detective
South of St. Louis (1949) as Capt. Jeffrey
Homicide (1949) as Sheriff George
The Younger Brothers (1949) as Deputy Joe
Colorado Territory (1949) as U.S. Marshal (uncredited)
Look for the Silver Lining (1949) as St. Clair - Actor in 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' (uncredited)
The Fountainhead (1949) as Gas Station Executive (uncredited)
Ranger of Cherokee Strip (1949) as Chief Hunter
The Big Wheel (1949) as Deacon Jones
Montana (1950) as Charlie Penrose (uncredited)
The Blonde Bandit (1950) as Police Chief Ramsey
Backfire (1950) as Detective Sgt. Pluther (uncredited)
Colt .45 (1950) as Townsman (uncredited)
The Iroquois Trail (1950) as Chief Sagamore
This Side of the Law (1950) as The Sheriff
Dallas (1950) as Tarrant County Sheriff (uncredited)
Three Desperate Men (1951) as Marshal Pete Coleman
Snake River Desperadoes (1951) as Jim Haverly
Warpath (1951) as First Emigrant
Gold Raiders (1951) as John Sawyer
The Sea Hornet (1951) as Lt. Drake
Rose of Cimarron (1952) as Lone Eagle
The Story of Will Rogers (1952) as Oklahoma Delegate (uncredited)
Hangman's Knot (1952) as Maxwell
The System (1953) as Man at Hearing (uncredited)
The Last Posse (1953) as Uncle Will Kane (uncredited)
Ride, Vaquero! (1953) as Bartender (uncredited)
The Boy from Oklahoma (1954) as Townsman (uncredited)
Apache (1954) as Geronimo
Adventures of the Texas Kid: Border Ambush (1954) as Sheriff
References
External links
Literature on Monte Blue
Monte Blue portraits in the J. Willis Sayre collection of the University of Washington
1887 births
1963 deaths
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
Male actors from Indianapolis
Purdue University alumni
Male actors from Los Angeles
20th-century American male actors
Warner Bros. contract players
American people who self-identify as being of Osage descent
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
People from Rush County, Indiana
American people who self-identify as being of Cherokee descent
American people of French descent
American people of Irish descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte%20Blue
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Brett Leon Szabo (born in Postville, Iowa) is a retired American professional basketball player.
Career
Szabo graduated from Postville High School, where he had played basketball, baseball and golf, in 1986. He was inducted into Postville’s Hall of Fame in 2005.
A 6'11" center, Szabo played for the NCAA Division II's Augustana College Vikings in South Dakota, amassing 1,520 points, 802 rebounds and 185 blocks. He was presented with All-North Central Conference honors in 1989 and 1990. Szabo was inducted into the Augustana Vikings' Hall of Fame in 2002.
He went undrafted in the 1991 NBA draft and later joined the Charlotte Hornets' training camp, before being waived. He played one season for the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics (1996–97), playing 70 games while averaging 2.2 points and 2.4 rebounds. In the fall of 1997, he made the training camp of the Philadelphia 76ers, but was waived before season start.
CBA
Additionally, he played four seasons with as many teams in the Continental Basketball Association (mostly with the Sioux Falls Skyforce). His best CBA season came in 1994-95, when he averaged 5.6 points and 5.5 rebounds in 27 games for the Harrisburg Hammerheads.
Overseas
Szabo had stints in Kilsyth, Australia (in 1991), Germany (TG Renesas Landshut in 1995-96), Belgium (Castors Braine in 1997-98) and Slovakia (BC Slovakofarma Pezinok from 1998 to 2000). He retired in 2000. Suffering from double vision, Szabo wore corrective glasses during games.
References
External links
NBA stats @ Basketball-Reference
Basketpedya career data
1968 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Belgium
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Slovakia
Augustana (South Dakota) Vikings men's basketball players
Basketball players from Iowa
Boston Celtics players
Centers (basketball)
People from Postville, Iowa
Sioux Falls Skyforce (CBA) players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
American men's basketball players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett%20Szabo
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The open mines doctrine is a term of real property. Under the open mines doctrine, depletion of natural resources constitutes waste unless consumption of such resources constitutes normal use of the land, as in the case of a life estate in coal mine or a granite quarry.
The life tenant cannot open the land to search for minerals and other natural resources, but if the quarries or mines were open before the tenant took the life estate, then it is not waste for the life tenant to continue their use. Where the life tenant opens the land for new mines (i.e., voluntary waste) a remainderman can enjoin such.
The sale of harvestable crops does not constitute waste.
See also
Law of waste
References
Legal doctrines and principles
Real property law
Resource extraction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20mines%20doctrine
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Alfords Point Bridge is a twin concrete and steel box girder road bridge that carries Alford Point Road as state route A6 across the lower Georges River between Padstow Heights in the City of Canterbury-Bankstown and Alfords Point in the Sutherland Shire in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
The first bridge opened on 7 September 1973. Although the deck was built wide enough to accommodate three lanes of traffic, it carried one lane of traffic in each direction. In 1980 the lane arrangements on the bridge were changed to provide a third lane, and a tidal-flow traffic management system was introduced, with two lanes northbound in the morning and two lanes southbound in the evenings.
When the first bridge was built, a second set of piles and abutments was built a few metres downstream, allowing for future duplication. The second bridge was opened for southbound traffic on 22 August 2008, leaving the first bridge for northbound use only.
Description
There are two other road crossings over Georges River downstream of the Alfords Point Bridge: the Captain Cook Bridge, which opened in 1965 and the Tom Uglys Bridge, which opened in 1929. Captain Cook Bridge connects Sans Souci to Taren Point. Tom Uglys Bridge connects Blakehurst to Sylvania.
History
The bridge was built as the last link in the Hornsby-Heathcote county road (although a number of route realignments followed), and serves a metropolitan function. Construction of the bridge allowed the decommissioning (in 1976) of Lugarno ferry, which had operated since 1843 on Surveyor-General Thomas Mitchell's line of the Illawarra Road. The ferry had operated between Lugarno and Illawong.
See also
List of bridges in Sydney
References
Bridges in Sydney
Bridges completed in 1973
Concrete bridges in Australia
Road bridges in New South Wales
Sutherland Shire
Georges River Council
City of Canterbury-Bankstown
Georges River
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfords%20Point%20Bridge
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Coast Guard Station Eatons Neck is a United States Coast Guard station located on the northern tip of Eatons Neck on Long Island, New York. It is the oldest Coast Guard Station in New York and the fourth oldest in the United States. It was founded in 1849 by the New York Lifesaving Benevolent Association.
The Eatons Neck Lighthouse is on the grounds of the station. Eatons Neck Lighthouse is the second oldest lighthouse on Long Island and the sixth oldest in the United States. First established in 1799, the present tower on a bluff stands 126 feet above sea level and shows a fixed white light from its Third Order Fresnel lens. The tower was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
Since June 2019, Station Eatons Neck is commanded by BMCS Erich White. BMC John Lowell serves as the Executive Petty Officer, MKC White serves as the Engineer Petty Officer and BMC J. Quincy Lawton serves as the Senior Enlisted Reserve Advisor (SERA). Station Eatons Neck has a complement of Active Duty, Reserves and Auxiliarists. The equipment consists of and boats and a radio station manned constantly.
The Station stands watch over the middle portion of Long Island Sound from the Port Jefferson–Bridgeport line to just east of New York City and guards the City's back door maritime entrance as well as providing assistance to local boaters.
The station has excellent family housing and Unaccompanied Personnel Housing.
External links
Official History of the Life-Saving Service & Coast Guard Station at Eaton's Neck
Eatons Neck Auxiliary
Local area information
Google Maps
https://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=746.
United States Coast Guard stations
Buildings and structures in Suffolk County, New York
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast%20Guard%20Station%20Eatons%20Neck
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Joseph Jay Deiss (1912–1999), an American author, businessman, historian and archaeologist, was born in Twin Falls, Idaho and graduated from the University of Texas, where he also received his Masters.
Life and work
Deiss was born in Twin Falls, Idaho, the son of Charlotte (Neilson) and Joseph John Deiss, a rancher. By location, he had three loves, Cape Cod, Italy, and Florida. With the proceeds from his first successful novel, Washington Story, he purchased the "Oysterman's Cottage" at Wellfleet, Massachusetts, mentioned by Henry David Thoreau in "Cape Cod Sketches".
Prior to his first novel, he worked in Washington, DC in Farm Tenancy under the New Deal. As a partner in the Medical Pharmaceutical and Information Bureau, Deiss expanded his career into "industrial public relations" with clients in the pharmaceutical industry, specifically Pfizer. As a result of his continuing interest in writing and in the history of Italy, he decided to give up his business partnership, and devote full-time to his writing, which resulted in his second novel, The Blue Chips, a novel about big business medicine.
In 1957 Deiss, living in Positano, Italy, began in depth research at museums and academic institutions in Germany, Austria, and Italy that led to his third work, a biographical novel, The Great Infidel, about Frederic the Second, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily. While Deiss was involved in his biographical novel of Frederic the Second, he was drawn to the ancient monument cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii, spending time there since they were near his home in Positano. On becoming Vice Director of the American Academy in Rome, he actively started exploring these ancient cities. Out of this effort he wrote, Herculaneum, Italy's Buried Treasure. This was followed by Captains of Fortune, which consisted of profiles of six famous Italian Condottieri (soldiers of fortune) from the medieval period to the renaissance. The eclectic interests of Deiss in historical Italy finally led to his The Roman Years of Margaret Fuller.
In 1971, for his historical work relating to Italy, he was Knighted by that government. In his later years, Deiss devoted his time to both Cape Cod and his home in Gainesville, Florida, where he was an adjunct professor in the Classics Department of the University of Florida. Joseph Jay Deiss died on April 10, 1999. He was predeceased by his wife, Catherene (Dohoney), son John Casey ("Casey"), and was survived by his daughter, Susanna, and grandchildren.
His grandson-in-law is actor Adam Pascal.
Selected list of works
A Washington Story by Jay Deiss, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, New York, 1950.
The Blue Chips by Jay Deiss, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1957.
The Great Infidel by Joseph Jay Deiss, Random House, New York, 1963.
Herculaneum Italy's Buried Treasure by Joseph Jay Deiss, Thomas Y. Crowell Company, New York 1966.
Captains of Fortune, Profiles of Six Italian Condottieri by Joseph Jay Deiss, Victor Gollancz Ltd., London, 1966.
The Roman Years of Margaret Fuller by Joseph Jay Deiss, Thomas Y, Crowell Company, New York, 1969.
"The Town of Hercules, A Buried Treasure Trove" by Joseph Jay Deiss, The J. Paul Getty Museum, 1995
References
1912 births
1999 deaths
People from Twin Falls, Idaho
20th-century American writers
20th-century American male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Jay%20Deiss
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Sir Richard Butler (3 December 1850 – 28 April 1925) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1890 to 1924, representing Yatala (1890–1902) and Barossa (1902–1924). He served as Premier of South Australia from March to July 1905 and Leader of the Opposition from 1905 to 1909. Butler would also variously serve as Speaker of the House of Assembly (1921–1924), and as a minister under Premiers Charles Kingston, John Jenkins and Archibald Peake. His son, Richard Layton Butler, went on to serve as Premier from 1927 to 1930 and 1933 to 1938.
Early life
Richard Butler was born at Stadhampton, near Oxford, England, elder son of Richard Butler, père and his wife Mary Eliza, née Sadler. They emigrated with their two children Mary and Richard to South Australia, arriving in Adelaide on 8 March 1854, following Richard pères brother Philip, who emigrated fourteen years earlier, made a fortune as a pastoralist and landowner, established Mallala sheep station, and built a two-storey homestead on his property Yattalunga station (also spelled "Yatalunga"), near Gawler, then returned to England in December 1857. Richard père took over management of "Mallala" and "Yattalunga", where the growing family (see below) lived until around 1870.
Young Richard was educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide, then spent many years as a farmer and grazier. He was a Justice of the Peace before he was 30.
Political career
Butler attempted to enter parliament early in 1890 when he stood for Yatala but was defeated. A few months later he won the seat at a by-election caused by the death of James Cowan. On 13 April 1898 he succeeded Cockburn as minister of agriculture in the Kingston ministry which resigned in December 1899. Yatala was abolished in 1902 and Butler represented Barossa from 3 May 1902 to 4 April 1924.
Butler became the parliamentary leader of an informal group of country members supported by the Farmers and Producers Political Union in 1904. Butler was treasaurer in the Jenkins ministry from 15 May 1901 to 1 March 1905, and was also Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration from 1 April 1902 to 1 March 1905. Jenkins then went to London as agent-general. Butler succeeded him as Premier, still keeping his previous portfolios. His ministry was defeated soon after the 1905 election where Labor formed government under Thomas Price and retained government at the 1906 election, relegating Butler to opposition until a year before the 1910 election, when Labor lost government resulting from Price's death. The Liberal and Democratic Union (LDU) insisted on taking the premiership. On 22 December 1909 Butler joined the first Peake LDU ministry as Treasurer and Minister for the Northern Territory, but the ministry was defeated following the 1910 election. Following the 1912 election, Butler was Commissioner of Public Works in the second Peake ministry from 17 February 1912 to 10 November 1914 and Minister of Mines and of Marine from 17 February 1912 to 3 April 1915. The Peake government was defeated at the 1915 election, however Labor split over conscription in 1917 which brought down the government. Butler was Treasurer once again and Minister of Railways in Peake's third ministry from 14 July 1917 to 7 May 1919, and Minister of Agriculture 19 December 1918 to 7 May 1919.
Butler left the ministry in controversial circumstances. The report of the Royal Commission on the Wheat Scheme appeared to reflect on the actions of Butler while he was the minister in charge of it, and Peake asked Butler to resign. He refused to do so because he considered that that would admit the justice of the charges. The Executive Council, on the advice of the government, thereupon dismissed Butler from his offices. The report of another royal commission presented some 14 months later was, however, accepted as clearing him of guilt; also the fact that he was elected Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly in 1921 suggests there had been injustice. Butler was defeated in his seat at the 1924 election after having represented the same district area for 34 years.
Late life
At the beginning of 1925 Butler went on a trip to England and died at South Croydon on 28 April 1925. Butler was made a knight bachelor in 1913. He had married Helena Kate Layton in 1878 and Ethel Pauline Finer in 1894, who survived him. He had eight children by his first marriage and three by his second.
Butler's son, Richard Layton Butler, was twice premier of South Australia (1927–30 and 1933–38). His great-grandson Mark Butler is a Labor member of the Australian House of Representatives.
Family
Richard Butler
Richard Butler (c. 1812 – 9 June 1887) married Mary Eliza Sadler (c. 1822 – 18 June 1898), arrived in South Australia March 1854
Mary Butler (c. 1849 – 13 August 1899) married Rev. John Garlick Pitcher (1842 – 27 September 1900) on 16 August 1877. He previously married Elizabeth Charlotte Catherine Smyth-Blood (c. 1849 – 20 July 1870) on 7 November 1867. Their family included:
John Blood Pitcher (1870–1949) accountant, auditor for Thebarton Town Council
Richard Charles Pitcher (1878 – 18 May 1919) actor, elocutionist, headmaster in South Africa.
Margaret Mary Pitcher (1880– )
Alice Catherine Pitcher (1884– )
Cyril Frederick Pitcher MD (1887–1955)
May Eleanor Gertrude Pitcher (1889– )
Ronald Oswine (later Oswin) Pitcher (1892–1971) chairman of Municipal Tramways Trust 1944–
Sir Richard Butler (3 December 1850 – 28 April 1925) married Helena Kate Layton ( – 17 April 1893) on 2 January 1878; they had eight children; he married again to Ethel Pauline Finey (1864 – 16 July 1952) on 7 June 1894; they had three more children.
Col. Charles Philip Butler (16 July 1880 – 25 September 1953) agricultural editor for The Advertiser
Helen Margaret Butler (16 May 1882 – ) married Rev John Stoward Moyes in 1909. He became Archdeacon of Adelaide and Bishop of Armidale
Helena Margaret Moyes (1910– )
Guy Stoward Moyes (1915–2004)
Peter Morton Moyes (1917– )
Philip Richard Moyes (1918– )
Monica Mary Moyes (1924– )
second daughter Mary Acres Butler ( – 13 June 1974) married Rev. Herbert Ramsden Cavalier (1877–1965) on 13 January 1915
Sir Richard Layton Butler (31 March 1885 – 21 January 1966) married Maude Isabel Draper (23 July 1883 – ) on 4 January 1908
Mary Helen "Mollie" Butler (1908–1993) married Capt. John Neil McEwin (14 July 1907 – 1993) on 19 August 1931. Capt. McEwin was a great-grandson of George McEwin (1815–1885).
Jean Kate Butler (20 September 1909 – ) married Ian Eversley Thomas (1902–1970) in 1937
Richard Charles Layton Butler (30 March 1917 – 1987) married Patricia Marie Tardrew (1920–1998) on 5 June 1944
Guy Theodore Butler (7 February 1888 – 23 July 1948) married Gladys Seymour Keay ( – 26 January 1941) on 11 January 1917
third daughter Dorothy Kate "Dolly" Butler (27 July 1889 – 1964) married lawyer Charles Mortimer Muirhead (1857 – 23 September 1938) on c. 1 May 1913. He was the father of Henry Mortimer Muirhead (see below)
Kathleen Sarah Agnes "Kate" Butler (28 October 1891 – 1968) married Henry Mortimer Muirhead (31 July 1885 – 2 September 1951) on 29 December 1923
Ruth Ethel Muriel Butler (20 January 1897 – c. September 1976 in Terrigal, NSW) married Lieut. Cyril William Goodman (30 December 1893 – 1978) on 28 April 1917. He was a son of Sir William Goodman (1872–1961), managing director and chief engineer of the Municipal Tramways Trust.
Kate Lisette "Katie" Butler (1855 – 17 July 1929) married Frederick Taylor Whitington (13 June 1853 – 30 November 1938) on 1 October 1878
(Jane) Agnes Butler (1857 – 17 January 1943) was a nurse, lived at 58 Anglesea Street, Hobart
Helen Margaret "Nellie" Butler (1860 – 23 September 1949) lived with her widowed mother at Brighton, died at home of nephew Cyril Pitcher, 59 Dutton Terrace, Medindie.
Henry Herbert "Harry" Butler (1861 – 8 February 1939) married Lillie Muriel Rudall (1866 – 14 July 1954) on 7 April 1885. He was town clerk of Strathalbyn; contested seat of Murray 1920
Daniel Frederick "Dan" Butler (1864 – 25 August 1928) married Susan Maude/Maud Angus ( – 1949) in 1904
Philip Butler
Richard's brother Philip Butler (c. 1822–1899) arrived on vessel John in February 1840 and was associated with A. W. Thorold Grant. in running sheep on a large property in the Hundred of Munno Para and at Mudla Wirra; leased "Mallala" inc. Gawler; married Matilda Roe on 13 September 1849. He built a large two-storey house on his property "Yattalunga" (frequently "Yatalunga"), later occupied by his brother Richard. Philip and his family returned to England, where Matilda died on 12 April 1862. He married again to Margaret Chesshyre on 2 July 1863, returned to South Australia briefly then retired to England. Their children were:
Matilda Mary Butler (born 30 July 1850; died young)
Edith Lucille Butler (8 March 1852 – ) married Prof. Charles Henry Pearson on 10 December 1872.
Alice Isabel Butler (23 December 1853 – )
Millicent Lecette Butler (10 August 1855 – )
Charles Philip Roe Butler (15 April 1857 – )
He had three further children in England: a son on 15 February 1859 and twins in November 1862.
See also
Hundred of Butler
Notes and references
References
Kay Rollison, 'Butler, Sir Richard (1850–1925)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7, MUP, 1979, pp 505–506.
List of Prime Minister/Premier by date at Australian Government and Politics Database Project
Parliament of South Australia, Statistical Record of the Legislature 1836 – 2007; Compiled in the Offices of the Clerk of the Parliaments and the Clerk of the Legislative Council, page 61, , Retrieved 17 September 2012
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1850 births
1925 deaths
Premiers of South Australia
Australian Knights Bachelor
People educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide
Speakers of the South Australian House of Assembly
Leaders of the Opposition in South Australia
Treasurers of South Australia
British emigrants to the Colony of South Australia
Foreign born Australian politicians
South Australian families
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Butler%20%28Australian%20politician%29
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Mark Dalton (born 9 November 1964) is an Australian former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball League (NBL) from 1984 to 1999.
Early life
Dalton attended St. Augustine's College in Brookvale, New South Wales. He was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder (1982-1984) and became the first AIS men's player selected to play for Australia at the Olympics.
Career
After finishing at the AIS in 1984, Dalton, a 6'6"(198 cm) tall Small forward, played in the NBL for the Canberra Cannons (1984–1985), Geelong Supercats (1986–1987), Sydney Kings (1988–1995), Brisbane Bullets (1996–1997), and Illawarra Hawks (1998–1999).
On 10 October 2013, Dalton was named in the Sydney Kings 25th Anniversary Team.
International
Dalton represented the Australian Boomers at the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles and at the 1986 FIBA World Championship in Spain.
Personal life
Dalton is the brother of two other Australian basketball players, Brad Dalton and Karen Dalton. His son, Callum, played in the NBL for the Brisbane Bullets and Melbourne United.
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
Australian men's basketball players
Australian Institute of Sport basketball players
Basketball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Sydney
Brisbane Bullets players
Canberra Cannons players
Geelong Supercats players
Olympic basketball players for Australia
Small forwards
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Sydney Kings players
Wollongong Hawks players
1986 FIBA World Championship players
20th-century Australian people
21st-century Australian people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Dalton%20%28basketball%29
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Prosalirus is the name given to a fossilised prehistoric frog found in the Kayenta Formation of Arizona in 1981 by Farish Jenkins. The type, and currently only, species is Prosalirus bitis.
Description
The skeleton has primitive features, but has mostly lost the salamander-like traits of its ancestors. It has a skeleton designed to absorb the force of jumping with its hind legs and tail. It also has long hip bones, long hind leg bones, and long ankle bones, all similar to modern frogs, and is as of 2009 the earliest true frog.
The name comes from the Latin verb prosalire, meaning 'to leap forward'. It is thought to have lived during the Early Jurassic epoch 190 million years ago, well before the first known modern frog, Callobatrachus.
As of 2020, only three Prosalirus skeletons have been discovered.
Habitat
The Prosalirus is believed to have lived in brackish, freshwater, and terrestrial environments.
References
Early Jurassic amphibians
Jurassic amphibians of North America
Early Jurassic animals of North America
Jurassic Arizona
Paleontology in Arizona
Transitional fossils
Prehistoric tetrapod genera
Fossil taxa described in 1995
Early Jurassic genus first appearances
Early Jurassic extinctions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosalirus
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Umar ibn Hafsun ibn Ja'far ibn Salim () (c. 850 – 917), known in Spanish history as Omar ben Hafsun, was a 9th-century political and military leader who contested Umayyad power in Iberia.
Ancestry
The background of Ibn Hafsun has been the subject of conflicting claims. A contemporary poet, Ibn Abd Rabbih (860-940), referred to him as a Sawada, a descendant of black Africans. Writing a century later, Ibn Hayyan recorded a pedigree for Ibn Hafsun by tracing his descent to a great-grandfather, Ja'far ibn Salim, who had converted to Islam and settled in the Ronda area of the Province of Málaga in southern Spain. The pedigree then traces back several additional generations to one Count Marcellus (or perhaps Frugelo), son of Alfonso, apparently a Christian Visigoth. This pedigree was copied by later historians, including Ibn Idhari, Ibn Khatib, and Ibn Khaldun, as well as the A'lam Malaga (History of Malaga) begun by Ibn 'Askar and completed by Ibn Khamis, and more recent authors such as Reinhart Dozy, in his Histoire des Mussulmans d'Espagne (History of the Muslims of Spain). However, historian David J. Wasserstein has concluded that the pre-conversion portion of this pedigree was probably invented by Umar himself. José Antonio Conde in 1820 indicated that Ibn Hafsun was "a man of pagan origin, of obscure and unknown ancestry." Regardless, there is evidence his family owned lands in Iznate, Málaga, where he grew up.
Life
Ibn Hafsun was born around 850 in the mountains near Parauta in what is now Málaga. In his wild youth, he had a very violent temper and was involved in a number of disputes, including a homicide around the year 879. He joined a group of brigands and was captured by the Vali of Málaga, who merely imposed a fine since he had not been informed of the homicide. The governor subsequently lost his post. Ibn Hafsun fled the jurisdiction to Morocco where he worked briefly as an apprentice tailor or stonemason.
He soon returned to al-Andalus as an outlaw and joined bandits who were in rebellion against Andalusian rule and soon rose to a leadership position. Originally he settled in the ruins of the old castle of Bobastro ( bubastar). He rebuilt the castle, and fortified the nearby town of Ardales. He rallied disaffected Muwallads and Mozarabs to the cause by playing off resentment towards the unfair heavy taxation and the humiliating treatment they were receiving at the hands of Abd ar-Rahman and his successors. He acquired castles and lands in a wide area not only in Malaga but also in portions of the Provinces of Cádiz, Granada (known then as "Elvira"), Jaén, and Seville.
By 883, he had become the leader of the rebels in the provinces to the south and the west of the Emirate of Córdoba. The year before, in 882, he is said to have fought the Emir in a battle in which his ally, García Íñiguez of Pamplona, was killed. Around 885, to be more centrally located so that he could more quickly respond to external threats, Ibn Hafsun moved his headquarters to the town of Poley, which is now Aguilar de la Frontera.
After Ibn Hafsun’s defeat by the forces of Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi at the Battle of Poley in 891, he moved his headquarters back to Bobastro. In 898, Lubb ibn Muhammad, of the Banu Qasi, was marching an army to support Umar when the death of his father at Zaragoza forced Lubb to abandon the campaign. In 899, Ibn Hafsun renounced Islam and converted to Christianity. He was baptised as Samuel. His motivations seems to have been opportunistic in the hope of obtaining military support from Alfonso III of Asturias, who had met with indifference overtures by Ibn Hafsun on behalf of Ibn Marwan. The conversion attracted him significant Mozarab support but cost him the support of most of his Mullawad followers. He also built the Iglesia Mozárabe ("Mozarab Church") at the Bobastro.
Ibn Hafsun continued to be a serious threat to Córdoba. In 910, he offered allegiance to the newly established Fatimid Caliphate of North Africa, and when Abd-ar-Rahman III became Emir of Cordoba in 912, he instigated a policy of annual spring offensives against Ibn Hafsun by using mercenary troops. In 913 Rahman captured the city of Seville, and by the end of 914, had captured 70 of Ibn Hafsun’s castles. In 916, he joined forces with the Umayyads in a campaign against northern Christian kingdoms for an as of yet unknown reason, whether in contrition or merely as an expedient compromise. For a while, even taxes were paid to the Umayyads.
Ibn Hafsun died in 917 and was buried in the Iglesia Mozarabe. His coalition then crumbled; while his sons Ja'far, 'Abd-ar-Rahman and Hafs tried to continue the resistance, they eventually fell to 'Abd-ar-Rahman III. Hafs surrendered Bobastro in 928 and fought with the Umayyad army in Galicia. With Bobastro's fall, the mortal remains of Ibn Hafsun and his slain sons were exhumed by the emir and posthumously crucified outside the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba.
Notes
References
Acién Almansa, Manuel Pedro- (1994) Málaga Musulmana (siglos VIII-XIII). Historia de Málaga. Ed. Diario Sur. Málaga.
Barthel, Günter and Kristina Stock (eds.) (1994) Lexikon Arabische Welt, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden.
Christys, Ann (2002) Christians in Al-Andalus: Culture and civilization in the Middle East (711-1000), Routledge, 2002, , Google Print
De la Cierva, Ricardo (1979) Historia de España, Vol. III. Ed. Planeta.
Glick, Thomas F. (eds.) (2005) Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages, Brill.
Hottinger, Arnold (1995) Die Mauren, Arabische Kultur in Spanien, Wilhelm Fink Verlag.
Houtsma, M. Th. et al. (eds.) (1913–1936) Encyclopaedia of Islam: dictionary of the geography, ethnography and biography of the Muhammadan peoples (1st ed. in 4 vol.) E. J. Brill, London. "'OMAR b. ḤAFṢŪN", p. 981-2; reprinted in facsimile edition as E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936 in 1987
Marín-Guzmán, Roberto (1994) "Rebellions and Political Fragmentation of al-Andalus: A Study of the Revolt of 'Umar Ibn Hafsun in the Period of the Amir 'Abd Allah (888–912)" Islamic Studies 33(4): pp. 419–473
Marín-Guzmán, Roberto (1995) "The Causes of the Revolt of Umar ibn Hafsun in Al- Andalus 880-928: A study in medieval Islamic social history" Arabica 17(2): pp. 180–221
Marín-Guzmán, Roberto (2006) "Political Turmoil in al-Andalus in the Time of the Amir 'Abd Allah (888-912): Study of the revolt of Daysum Ibn Ishaq, lord of Murcia and Lorca and the role of 'Umar Ibn Hafsun" The Muslim world 96(1): pp. 145–174
Menéndez Pidal, Ramón (1984) España Musulmana: 004 (711-1031 : La Conquista, El Emirato, El Califato). Lectorum Pubns Inc.
Regla, J. (1969) Historia de España Ilustrada. Ed. Ramón Sopena. Barcelona.
Ronart, Stephan and Nandy Ronart (eds.) (1972) Lexikon der Arabischen Welt. Ein historisch-politisches Nachschlagewerk, Artemis Verlag
Ryan-Ranson, Helen (1993) Imagination, Emblems and Expressions, Popular Press, , M1 Google Print
Wasserstein, David J. "Inventing tradition and constructing identity: The genealogy of Umar ibn Hafsün between Christianity and Islam", Al Qantara, vol. 23 (2002), pp. 269–297.
External links
Omar Ben Hafsun in Spanish.
People from the Emirate of Córdoba
850 births
917 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Converts to Christianity from Islam
Christians from al-Andalus
People from the Province of Málaga
Spanish former Muslims
Al-Andalus military personnel
Rebels of the medieval Islamic world
Muwallads
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar%20ibn%20Hafsun
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Bradley Dalton (born 12 September 1959) is an Australian former basketball player, who played for the City of Sydney Astronauts (1979–1980), West Adelaide Bearcats (1981–1982), Sydney Supersonics (1983), Geelong Supercats (1984–1987) and the Sydney Kings (1988–1991) in the NBL.
Early life and family
Born in Sydney, New South Wales, Dalton attended St. Augustine's College in Brookvale, a suburb on the Northern Beaches of Sydney. He is the older brother of former NBL player and Olympian, Mark Dalton and brother of Karen Dalton, who also represented Australia at the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics.
Career
Dalton, a 6'8" (203 cm) tall Power forward who could also play at Centre, won the NBL championship in 1982 with the West Adelaide Bearcats, a team that included 1982 NBL MVP Al Green, future three-time league MVP Leroy Loggins, Boomers Peter Ali and Ray Wood, as well as the NBL's inaugural MVP winner in 1979, player/coach Ken Richardson. The Bearcats defeated the Geelong Supercats 80–74 in the Grand Final held at the Broadmeadow Basketball Stadium in Newcastle.
International
Dalton represented Australia at the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles and again in 1988 in Seoul.
References
1959 births
Living people
Australian men's basketball players
1982 FIBA World Championship players
Basketball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Sydney
Centers (basketball)
Geelong Supercats players
Olympic basketball players for Australia
Power forwards (basketball)
Sydney Kings players
1986 FIBA World Championship players
Sportsmen from New South Wales
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad%20Dalton
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Alice Eastwood (January 19, 1859 – October 30, 1953) was a Canadian American botanist. She is credited with building the botanical collection at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. She published over 310 scientific articles and authored 395 land plant species names, the fourth-highest number of such names authored by any female scientist. There are seventeen currently recognized species named for her, as well as the genera Eastwoodia and Aliciella.
Biography
Alice Eastwood was born on January 19, 1859, in Toronto, Canada West, to Colin Skinner Eastwood and Eliza Jane Gowdey Eastwood. Her father worked at the Toronto Asylum for the Insane. When she was six her mother died; Eastwood and her siblings were cared for by various relatives, and for a time, Alice and her sister were placed at the Oshawa Convent in Toronto. In 1873, Eastwood and her siblings were reunited with their father and moved to Denver, Colorado. In 1879, she graduated as valedictorian from East Denver High School, where she then taught for ten years.
Eastwood was a self-taught botanist and learned from published botany manuals including Grey's Manual and the Flora of Colorado. Her botanical knowledge led her to being asked to guide Alfred Russel Wallace up the summit of Grays Peak in Denver. Eastwood was also a member of Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell's Colorado Biological Association.
In 1891, after reviewing Eastwood's specimen collection in Denver, Mary Katharine Brandegee, Curator of the Botany Department at the California Academy of Sciences, hired Eastwood to work in the academy's herbarium. In 1892, she was promoted to a position as joint curator of the academy with Brandegee. By 1894, with the retirement of Brandegee, Eastwood was procurator and Head of the Department of Botany, a position she held until she retired in 1949.
Eastwood died in San Francisco on October 30, 1953. The California Academy of Sciences retains a collection of her papers and works.
Work
Early in her career, Eastwood made collecting expeditions in Colorado and the Four Corners region. She became close with the Wetherill Family, and visited Alamo Ranch in Mesa Verde often, beginning in July 1889. Long before that, she was considered a part of the family, and so did not sign the guest register on later trips. Each time Eastwood visited, she was particularly welcomed by Al Wetherill, who shared an interest in her work. In 1892, he served as her guide on a 10-day trip to southeastern Utah to collect desert plants.
Eastwood also made collecting expeditions to the edge of the Big Sur region, which at the end of the 19th century was a virtual frontier, since no roads penetrated the central coast beyond the Carmel Highlands. On those excursions, she discovered several plants, including Hickman's potentilla.
Eastwood is credited with saving the academy's type plant collection after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Departing from the curatorial conventions of her era, Eastwood segregated the type specimens from the main collection. This classification system permitted her to retrieve 1,497 specimens from the damaged building. The cabinet she had stored them in was damaged; using her apron, she lowered the specimens from a window to a friend as the fire after the earthquake approached, then commandeered a wagon. The specimens and records she saved were almost all that survived of the academy's collection.
After the earthquake, before the academy had constructed a new building, Eastwood studied in herbaria in Europe and other U.S. regions, including the Gray Herbarium, the New York Botanical Garden, the National Museum of Natural History of Paris, the British Museum, and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. In 1912, with completion of the new academy facilities at Golden Gate Park, Eastwood returned to the position of curator of the herbarium and reconstructed the lost part of the collection. She went on numerous collecting vacations in the Western United States, including Alaska (1914), Arizona, Utah and Idaho. Starting in 1928, Eastwood accompanied fellow botanist Susan Delano McKelvey on several collecting expeditions in the Southwest and they built a lasting collaboration, frequently corresponding and exchanging specimens. By keeping the first set of each collection for the academy and exchanging the duplicates with other institutions, Eastwood was able to build the collection, Abrams noting that she contributed "thousands of sheets to the Academy's herbarium, personally accounting for its growth in size and representation of western flora". By 1942 she had built the collection to about one third of a million specimens, nearly three times the number of specimens destroyed in the 1906 fire.
Eastwood is credited with publishing over 310 articles during her career. She served as editor of the biological journal Zoe and as an assistant editor for Erythea before the 1906 earthquake, and founded a journal, Leaflets of Western Botany (1932–1966), with John Thomas Howell. Eastwood was director of the San Francisco Botanical Club for several years throughout the 1890s. In 1929, she helped to form the American Fuchsia Society.
Her main botanical interests were western U.S. Liliaceae and the genera Lupinus, Arctostaphylos and Castilleja.
Gallery
Recognition
There are currently seventeen recognized species named for Eastwood, as well as the genera Aliciella, Eastwoodia and Eastwoodiella.
A member of the California Academy of Sciences since 1892, she was unanimously elected an honorary member of the academy in 1942.
In 1959, the CAS opened the Eastwood Hall of Botany
In 1903 she was one of only two women listed in American Men of Science to be denoted, by a star as among the top 25% of professionals in their discipline.
In 1949, in recognition of her achievements, the American Fuchsia Society awarded her with its Medal of Achievement.
She was honored in the binomial name of Boletus eastwoodiae, an attractive though poisonous bolete of western North America which she collected. However, this was renamed Boletus pulcherrimus due to a misidentification of type material. It still bears the common name of Alice Eastwood's bolete.
Eastwood worked to save a redwood grove in Humboldt County, which was later named Alice Eastwood Memorial Grove.
Plant species named after Eastwood
Agoseris apargioides var. eastwoodiae (woolly goat chicory, Eastwood's seaside agoseris, Beach Dandelion)
Amsinckia eastwoodiae (Eastwood's Fiddleneck)
Delphinium parryi ssp. eastwoodiae (Eastwood's larkspur)
Erigeron aliceae
Erythranthe (Mimulus) eastwoodiae (Eastwood's Monkeyflower)
Fritillaria eastwoodiae (Butte County fritillary)
Malacothamnus eastwoodiae (Alice's lovely bushmallow)
Podistera (Lomatium) eastwoodiae (Eastwood's Woodroot)
Salix eastwoodiae (Eastwood's willow)
Genera named after Eastwood
Aliciella
Eastwoodia
Eastwoodiella
See also
Rare species
Monterey Peninsula
Timeline of women in science
Selected publications online
Bergen's botany (1901) With Joseph Young Bergen.
A flora of the South Fork of Kings River (1902)
Leaflets of western botany Vol. 1–10 with index (1932–1966) With J.T. Howell.
Zoe: a biological journal Vol. 3–4. (1892) With K.L. Brandegee and T.S. Brandegee. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
A Handbook of the Trees of California (1905) San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences.
References
Further reading
External links
Biography of Alice Eastwood
Works by Alice Eastwood available online at the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth series, Vol. XXV available online at the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Inventory to the papers of Alice Eastwood at the California Academy of Sciences Library
19th-century Canadian botanists
American taxonomists
Botanists active in California
1859 births
1953 deaths
Women taxonomists
People associated with the California Academy of Sciences
American women botanists
American botanists
Canadian women botanists
American science writers
Canadian science writers
Botanists active in North America
People from Old Toronto
Scientists from San Francisco
Scientists from California
19th-century American botanists
20th-century American botanists
20th-century American women scientists
19th-century Canadian women scientists
19th-century Canadian scientists
20th-century Canadian women scientists
19th-century American women scientists
20th-century Canadian botanists
Canadian emigrants to the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Eastwood
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Southwest Alaska is a region of the U.S. state of Alaska. The area is not exactly defined by any governmental administrative region(s); nor does it always have a clear geographic boundary.
Geography
Southwest Alaska includes a huge swath of terrain from the western Bering Sea coast to Cook Inlet. Although much of the region is coastal, it also includes tens of thousands of square miles of interior boreal forests, swamps, and highlands, and the immense mountain barrier of the southern Alaska/Aleutian Range. The Aleutian Range, part of the Ring of Fire, includes many of Alaska's volcanoes including Mount Katmai, Novarupta and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Mount Redoubt, Mount Iliamna, and Augustine Volcano.
Southwest Alaska encompasses, roughly from west to east: the Pribilof Islands, Nunivak Island and other Bering Sea islands lying west of the Alaska coast and east of the Russian coast; the immense combined delta of the Yukon River and Kuskokwim River; hundreds of miles of interior highlands, including the lower and middle Kuskokwim drainages; the entire watersheds of Goodnews Bay and Bristol Bay and other parts of the southern coast, including mountain ranges and great interior lakes including the Wood-Tikchik Lakes, Lake Iliamna, and Lake Clark; the western heights of the Alaska Range, and its continuation southward as the Aleutian Range along the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands. The Kodiak Archipelago, in the Pacific east of the Alaska Peninsula, is the most eastern part of Southwest Alaska.
Southwest Alaska consists roughly of the Aleutians East, Bristol Bay, Kodiak Island, Lake and Peninsula boroughs, plus the portion of the Kenai Peninsula Borough that lies west of Cook Inlet; along with the Aleutians West, Bethel, Dillingham, and Kusilvak census areas. These areas have a combined area of , slightly larger than California.
Geology
Volcanic eruptions and mountain-building are active along the Ring of Fire, while in far western Alaska lava fields only a few thousand years old are common. In between lie an incomplete record of rocks from as old as 2.07 Ga years to the Holocene. A sequence of continental fragments, seafloor, and island arcs, torn, rafted, and assembled by plate tectonics, form the Proterozoic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic basement for more recent Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks deposited on top of, and intruded into, them.
Demographics
Southwest Alaska had a population of 53,349 as of the 2000 census, less than one-tenth of Alaska's inhabitants. The population is in large part Alaska Native, with 58.1% identifying as entirely or partly "Native American" in the 2000 census. About 121 towns and villages, generally far apart and with populations in the hundreds, exist in the region.
Southwest Alaska can be considered to be the areas assigned to 4 of the 12 land-holding Alaska Native Corporations in 1971 for selection of land and for corporate organization of villages under ANCSA.
The Calista Corporation region is in the Yukon/Kuskokwim delta, the lower and middle reaches of the Kuskokwim River drainage, and the Bering Sea coast from the Yukon to Cape Newenham. It contains 56 villages with a total population of about 23,000 people; Bethel (5,471), is the largest and is the commercial hub for the Kuskokwim region. The Calista region is outlined by the combined Kusilvak and Bethel Census Areas. Calista owns 4,997,263 acres (20,223 km2) of the 41,713,612 acres (168,809 km2) in the region, almost all the rest is owned by the state or federal government.
In the Bristol Bay Native Corporation (BBNC) region Dillingham (2,466), is the largest town. The BBNC region has 29 villages and a total population of about 8000. The Corporation region includes part of the Alaska Peninsula, the Bering Sea coast west to Cape Newenham and the lands draining onto that coast, as well as parts of the Alaska and Aleutian Ranges. The combined areas of the Dillingham Census Area, the Bristol Bay Borough, and the Lake and Peninsula Borough are almost coincident with the BBNC area.
Koniag, Incorporated has a region which covers the Kodiak Archipelago and part of the Alaska Peninsula. Kodiak (6,334) on Kodiak Island is the largest town and the commercial hub of the area. The Corporation region is very similar to, but not exactly the same area as the Kodiak Island Borough, which has a population of about 14,000 people in 11 communities.
Aleut Corporation's lands are on the Aleutian Islands and the western end of the Alaska Peninsula. The Corporation area is exactly the same as the Aleutians East Borough and the Aleutians West Census Area combined. Unalaska/Dutch Harbor (4,283), is the largest town. About 8000 people live in the region, in about a dozen towns, and several military towns.
Natives in Southwest Alaska are mainly Central Yup'ik in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta and Bristol Bay areas, Alutiiq on the eastern Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island, Aleut in the Aleutians, Pribilofs, and the western Alaska Peninsula, and a few Dena'ina Athabaskans near the western shore of Cook Inlet.
Economy
Land in Southwest Alaska is owned and managed mainly by the federal government, the state of Alaska, and Alaska Native Regional Corporations including Calista, Cook Inlet, Bristol Bay, Aleut, and Koniag. There is little private land, other than that owned by the Native Corporations.
The economy rests on resource extraction, subsistence, and government spending.
Fishing, both commercial and recreational, is the mainstay of the economy. Much of the commercial fishing is conducted by non-residents. Kodiak and Unalaska are among the most productive fishing ports in the United States. The salmon, trout, king crab, and halibut fisheries are extremely lucrative. Bristol Bay's commercial sockeye salmon industry is the largest in the world. Approximately 80% of that catch is taken by non-locals. A part of the fishery is processed locally. Only a small share of the value of the harvest is captured in the region, mainly as wages, and taxes and royalties levied by local governments and Native Regional Corporations.
Hunting and other tourism industries are dependable, although small and seasonal, parts of the economy.
Mining, mainly for gold, platinum, and mercury, has been a consistent part of the Southwest Alaska economy since purchase from Russia. Although mining is currently occurring only on a small scale, a controversy rages over a number of proposed resource extraction projects. These include the proposed Pebble Mine, which would put a large open pit gold and copper mine at the headwaters of the Nushagak and Kvichak rivers in the Bristol Bay watershed. Also, the federal government is seeking to lift the moratorium on oil drilling leases in Bristol Bay.
Most of the smaller settlements rely on subsistence activities. Most of the area's residents are shareholders in a Native Corporation.
Wildlife
Southwest Alaska is one of the richest salmon areas in the world, with the world's largest commercial salmon fishery in Bristol Bay. It also has one of the highest concentrations of brown bears, feeding on the salmon, as well as berries and other vegetation. Bear watching is a popular tourist attraction at Katmai National Park and Preserve. This area is also home to a number of caribou herds - the Mulchatna herd is the third largest in the state. The western limit for both caribou and bears is on Unimak Island, first in the Aleutian chain. More western Aleutian Islands have no mammals larger than a fox. In the summer, many species of migratory birds nest on the tundra here, and there are many large seabird rookeries in the Aleutian Islands.
Transportation
Only small local road systems exist in Southwest Alaska. Only a few closely adjacent villages are linked by roads. The area is easily accessible only by air, sea, or river. Alaska Airlines 737 passenger jets serve Bethel, King Salmon, Dillingham, Adak, Dutch Harbor, and Kodiak. Bethel is also a link between arriving ocean barges carrying freight or fuel and the smaller barges which continue up the Kuskokwim. Aniak, Iliamna and some other communities are accessible via scheduled flights from Anchorage on PenAir and smaller air carriers. The small carriers provide essential links onward to smaller communities. Alaska Marine Highway ferries connect Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska Peninsula, and a few Aleutian Island communities to the ports of Southcentral Alaska. A combination of ocean and river barges are important to the communities along the Kuskokwim and Yukon rivers. Snowmachine travel is a critical component of winter transport; an ice road for highway vehicles is used along portions of the Kuskokwim River.
Rivers
Yukon River
Anvik River
Innoko River
Iditarod River
Kuskokwim River
Aniak River
Holitna River
Stony River
Big River
Swift River
Kvichak River
Naknek River
Newhalen River
Nushagak River
Mulchatna River
King Salmon River
Lakes
Becharof Lake
Lake Clark
Iliamna Lake
Naknek Lake
Lake Brooks
Wood-Tikchik Lakes
Mountain ranges
roughly from west to east
Nulato Hills
Kaiyuh Mountains
Kilbuck Mountains
Portage Mountains
Russian Mountains
Horn Mountains
Kuskokwim Mountains
including:
Sischu Mountains
Mystery Mountains
Sunshine Mountains
Cripple Creek Mountains
Beaver Mountains
Wood River Mountains
Buckstock Mountains
Kiokluk Mountains
Chuilnik Mountains
Nushagak Hills
Alaska Range
including:
Revelation Mountains
Teocali Mountains
Trimokish Hills
Terra Cotta Mountains
Tordrillo Mountains
Neocola Mountasins
Aleutian Range
including:
Chigmit Mountains
Walatka Mountains
Protected areas
Southwest Alaska contains numerous state and federal protected areas. These include:
Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge
Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge
Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve
Becharof National Wildlife Refuge
Izembek National Wildlife Refuge
Katmai National Park and Preserve
Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge
Lake Clark National Park and Preserve
Togiak National Wildlife Refuge
Wood-Tikchik State Park
Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge
References
External links
Lake & Peninsula Borough
Pebble Mine environmental information and photos
Ugashik Area website
Southwest Alaska Municipal Conference
University of Alaska Fairbank Bristol Bay Campus
Regions of Alaska
Tourism regions of Alaska
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest%20Alaska
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Carlos Roberto Moreno (born November 4, 1948) is an American jurist who is the former United States Ambassador to Belize, serving from June 24, 2014 to January 20, 2017. Previously, he served as a judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California from February 4, 1998, to October 18, 2001, and as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of California from October 18, 2001, to February 28, 2011. Following his retirement from the bench, Moreno was counsel with Irell & Manella from 2011 to 2013. He has been a self-employed JAMS arbitrator since returning from Belize in 2017.
Early life and family
Moreno is the son of Mexican immigrants, his mother arrived in the country with few skills and no resources after the death of his father at a young age. He grew up in a home where Spanish was the first language and where no family member had an education beyond high school. In a speech at the UC Davis School of Law (King Hall), he told students, "I never in my wildest dreams thought that I could become one of seven judges on the highest court in the state. I want to emphasize to you the idea that no matter what your dreams may be, you can follow them."
A native of Los Angeles, Moreno grew up in a small community in Elysian Park known as Solano Canyon. He attended local public schools (such as Solano Elementary) before going east to Yale University, from which he graduated in 1970.
Education and early legal career
Moreno received his Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Yale University in 1970 and his Juris Doctor from Stanford Law School in 1975. After graduating from law school and being admitted to the Bar in 1975, he served in the Los Angeles City Attorney's Office. As Deputy City Attorney, he prosecuted criminal and civil consumer protection cases, and handled politically sensitive and legislative matters for the City Attorney. In 1979, he joined the firm of Mori & Ota (which became part of Kelley Drye & Warren) representing the firm's business clients in its general commercial litigation practice.
Judicial service
State judicial service
Moreno's service in the judiciary began with his appointment in 1986 to the Los Angeles Municipal Court, Compton Judicial District, by Governor George Deukmejian. In that capacity, he adjudicated criminal matters, with an emphasis on serious felony offenses, and supervised the court's civil department until 1993, when Governor Pete Wilson elevated him to the Los Angeles County Superior Court, where he presided over felony trials.
Federal judicial service
Moreno was nominated by President Bill Clinton on July 31, 1997, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Central District of California vacated by Judge Robert Mitsuhiro Takasugi. He was confirmed by the Senate on February 3, 1998, and received commission on February 4, 1998. His service terminated on October 18, 2001, due to resignation.
California Supreme Court service
Moreno was appointed to the Supreme Court of California following his nomination by Governor Gray Davis. In November 2002, California voters confirmed Moreno for the remainder of the term of his deceased predecessor, Justice Stanley Mosk. In 2010, California voters confirmed Justice Moreno to a full 12-year term.
As an associate justice of the California Supreme Court, Moreno reviewed on appeal a wide range of civil and criminal cases, which have substantial state and federal constitutional implications. With his appointment to the Supreme Court of California, he became only the third judge of Hispanic heritage to serve in the Court's nearly 150-year history, and the first in more than a decade, since Cruz Reynoso.
Retirement
On January 6, 2011, Moreno announced his intention to retire from the California Supreme Court effective February 28, 2011. After leaving the court, Moreno was counsel with the Irell & Manella. In April 2017, he began working as a mediator and arbitrator in Los Angeles.
Awards and honors
Moreno is the former president of the Mexican American Bar Association. He has been a member of the California Judges Association, the Presiding Judges Association and the Municipal Court Judges Association of Los Angeles County. He was also the president of the Yale Club of Southern California, and a member of the Stanford University Law School Board of Visitors. He currently serves as a director of the Arroyo Vista Family Health Center and the Western Justice Center Foundation.
Moreno was honored with the Criminal Justice Superior Court Judge of the Year Award in 1997, from the Los Angeles County Bar Association, and was presented with the "For God, For Country, and For Yale" Award in 2001, recognizing him as a distinguished alumnus of Yale University. He also received an honorary degree from Southwestern University School of Law in May 2002 for his devotion to the justice system, young people and the community. In 2009, he was awarded the Yale Medal, which "is the highest award presented by the Association of Yale Alumni and is conferred solely to recognize and honor outstanding individual service to the University."
Possible nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court
On May 13, 2009, the Associated Press reported that President Barack Obama was considering Moreno, among others, for possible appointment to the United States Supreme Court. Despite the potential nomination, he released a controversial dissent in Strauss v. Horton the same day President Obama nominated Sonia Sotomayor.
U.S. Ambassador to Belize
On July 8, 2013, President Obama announced his intent to nominate Moreno to be United States Ambassador to Belize. On July 9, 2013, Obama formally nominated Moreno to the post. On Wednesday, May 14, 2014, the United States Senate confirmed Moreno to his ambassadorship by voice vote. Moreno arrived in Belize on June 21, 2014 and presented his credentials to Governor General Sir Colville Young on June 24, 2014. He stepped down from the post at the end of Obama's term.
See also
Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates
List of Hispanic and Latino American jurists
List of justices of the Supreme Court of California
References
Photos and video
Photo of Carlos Moreno. San Diego Union-Tribune, March 4, 2008.
External links
FJC Bio
Biography from the Judicial Council of California.
Opinions authored by Carlos R. Moreno. Courtlistener.com
Past & Present Justices. California State Courts.
1948 births
Living people
20th-century American judges
21st-century American judges
Ambassadors of the United States to Belize
American judges of Mexican descent
American lawyers of Mexican descent
Hispanic and Latino American diplomats
Hispanic and Latino American judges
Judges of the United States District Court for the Central District of California
Justices of the Supreme Court of California
Lawyers from Los Angeles
Stanford Law School alumni
Superior court judges in the United States
United States district court judges appointed by Bill Clinton
Yale College alumni
Hispanic and Latino American lawyers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20R.%20Moreno
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Small cleaved cells are a distinctive type of cell that appears in certain types of lymphoma.
When used to uniquely identify a type of lymphoma, they are usually categorized as follicular () or diffuse () .
The "small cleaved cells" are usually centrocytes that express B-cell markers such as CD20. The disease is strongly correlated with the genetic translocation t(14;18), which results in juxtaposition of the bcl-2 proto-oncogene with the heavy chain JH locus, and thus in overexpression of bcl-2. Bcl-2 is a well known anti-apoptotic gene, and thus its overexpression results in the "failure to die" motif of cancer seen in follicular lymphoma.
Follicular lymphoma must be carefully monitored, as it often progresses into a more aggressive "Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma."
External links
Histopathology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20cleaved%20cells
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Kinnickinnic River may refer to one of two rivers in the U.S. state of Wisconsin:
Kinnickinnic River (Milwaukee River tributary) in southeastern Wisconsin
Kinnickinnic River (St. Croix River tributary) in northwestern Wisconsin
See also
Kinnikinnick (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnickinnic%20River
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Adelaide Eliza Scott Ironside (17 November 1831 – 15 April 1867) was an Australian artist. Three of her paintings were donated to Australian national collections, but in 1888 they were in "a shed". They were then in Sydney University and "The Marriage at Cana" is at the Art Gallery of New South Wales
Life
Ironside was born in Sydney, only surviving child of James Ironside, commission agent, and his wife Martha Rebecca, née Redman. Her grandfather was Sydney's Chief Gaoler and had been himself transported to Australia for forgery. She was educated by her mother and from a young age showed literary ability, contributing to the press both in prose and verse. In 1855 she decided to study painting in Europe, and towards the end of that year went with her mother to London. She was said to be the first Australian born woman artist to study abroad. She had a letter of introduction to Sir James Clark, through whom she met John Ruskin who showed much interest in her work. From London Ironside went to Rome, worked hard to become an artist and remained there for the rest of her life. Ironside was visited by the Prince of Wales and William Charles Wentworth, who each paid £500 for a painting.
In 1862 Ironside was represented in the New South Wales court of the London Great Exhibition, and her two pictures received good reviews from the critics. In Rome she had an excellent reputation as a painter, at the time of her death a fellow artist spoke of her flowers "painted as never were flowers painted before . . . her rich Titian-like colouring united to a purity of feeling that recalled the visions of Beato Angelico".
Ironside died in Rome on 15 April 1867 of tuberculosis. She taken back to London and interred at West Norwood Cemetery.
Good as her reputation was in Rome she was soon forgotten in her native country, and no specimen of her work is in any of its national galleries. Three of her pictures, The Pilgrim of Art, The Marriage in Cana, and The Presentation of the Magi were sent to Australia and lent to the national gallery at Sydney, where Francis Adams found them about 1888 stored "in a sort of shed" as there was "not room enough in the gallery". Adams praised them highly, and suggested that room might be found in the Melbourne gallery by taking out three by George Folingsby, and putting Miss Ironside's pictures in their place. They eventually found a home in the dining hall of St Paul's College, Sydney University. The Marriage at Cana of Galilee was presented to the Art Gallery of New South Wales in 1992 by the Warden and Fellows of the college.
References
External links
Adelaide Eliza Ironside at Australian Art
Works by Adelaide Ironside, The Collection, Art Gallery New South Wales
1831 births
1867 deaths
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
Australian women painters
19th-century Australian women artists
19th-century Australian painters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide%20Ironside
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Alexis de Jesús Gómez (born August 8, 1978) is a Dominican former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals and Detroit Tigers, and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Chunichi Dragons.
Minor leagues
Gómez was signed as a non-drafted free agent on February 21, . He spent his first two professional seasons with the DSL Royals of the Dominican Summer League. Gómez hit .351 with 51 runs scored and 42 RBI in 64 games in his first professional season. In , he batted .283 with one home run and 34 RBI while playing 67 games.
In , Gómez played 56 games with the GCL Royals of the Gulf Coast League and batted .276 with 31 RBI and five home runs. That season he was ranked third in the league for the most at-bats, runs scored and games played, while ending in hits and home runs.
In , Gómez played 121 games of High-A baseball with the Wilmington Blue Rocks of the Carolina League. He batted .254 and tied for second in the club with 63 runs. That season, he also recorded 29 multi-hit games, including six three-hit contests.
Gómez spent the first two months of the season again with Wilmington, batting .302 in 48 games for the Blue Rocks before earning a promotion to Wichita Wranglers of the Texas League for Double-A baseball. He played 83 games, and pounded out 96 hits while batting .281 and also scoring 55 runs. He led the Wranglers in stolen bases and triples with 16 and 6, respectively. From April 19 through May 10 of the 2001 season, Gómez put together an 18-game hitting streak for the Blue Rocks. During that stretch, he batted .485 (33 for 68) and drove in a run or scored a run in 16 of those 18 games. With the Wranglers, Gómez also had another 18-game hitting streak from July 30 through August 19 in which he batted a .368 average.
In , Gómez made his major league debut with Kansas City on June 16, picking up a hit in four trips to the plate. He played five games with the team, and went 2-for-10 before being optioned back to the Wranglers on June 30. After being optioned back to the Wranglers, Gómez played the remainder of the season with the team, posting good numbers in the season. He hit .295 (10th in the league) in 114 games, knocking in 75 runs while also hitting 14 home runs. He stole 36 bases (fourth in the league) and also hit 21 doubles and eight triples.
Gómez was commended for his superb performance by being named to the Texas League All-Star team at the middle of the season and again at the conclusion of the season. He was also named the Player of the Week between April 15 and April 21, and was ranked the ninth best minor league prospect in the league by Baseball America following the season.
Gómez spent the entire season with the Omaha Royals of the Pacific Coast League in Triple-A baseball. He played 121 games, batting .270 for the season and leading the team with eight triples and 123 hits, with 8 and 123. In addition, he slammed eight homers and knocked in 58 RBI.
In , Gómez played with Triple-A Omaha, where he batted a poor .251 for the season and only racked up 96 hits in 109 games. He had another stint with the Kansas City Royals at the end of the season backing up center fielder David DeJesus. In 13 games, Gómez went 8-for-29, also picking up his first major league RBI and runs scored.
The Royals then dropped Gómez from their roster, and he was subsequently picked up by the Detroit Tigers at the end of the season.
Detroit Tigers
In , Gómez was sent to the International League where he played Triple-A baseball for the Toledo Mud Hens. He performed exceptionally well, getting 130 hits in 114 games and maintaining a solid .307 batting average. He made another brief appearance in the majors with the Tigers by playing in nine games and going 3-for-16 (.188).
In , Gómez played 62 games for Detroit. He started with the team in April and was briefly sent back down to Toledo in early May, where he went 24-for-102, batting .235 in 28 games of limited action. However, he again played with the Tigers on June 6 and stayed until on July 26, when he was designated for assignment.
On August 7, 2006, Gómez belted four home runs in a game for the Mud Hens. He then was a surprise addition to the Tigers lineup in Game 2 of the 2006 American League Championship Series, and he responded by going 2-for-4 with a two-run single and a two-run home run to help lead the Tigers to an 8–5 victory over the Oakland Athletics. He was reacquired by the Tigers in 2009.
Back to the minors
In , Gómez played in the Colorado Rockies organization. On January 4, , he signed a minor league contract with the Florida Marlins with an invitation to spring training. He missed a huge chunk of the season while on the disabled list though and became a free agent at the end of the season.
2009
On January 6, , Gómez signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Tigers.
2010
In 2010 Alexis Gomez signed with the Vaqueros Laguna club of the Mexican League, where he hit .352 with 16 home runs and 82 RBIs, while leading the league with 37 stolen bases.
At the end of the season, Gómez he was traded to the Diablos Rojos del México. In November 2010, he was involved in a traffic accident, in which he lost control of the SUV he was driving hit and killed a pedestrian. Gómez was rushed to a hospital.
In 2015, Gómez was named co-hitting coach along with Buck Coats for Los Angeles Angels rookie minor league rookie team Orem Owlz.
References
External links
, or Retrosheet, or NPB
1978 births
Living people
Águilas Cibaeñas players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Bridgeport Bluefish players
Cañeros de Los Mochis players
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for the Dominican Republic
Chunichi Dragons players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
Diablos Rojos del México players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Japan
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Gulf Coast Royals players
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Mexican League baseball outfielders
Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders
Omaha Royals players
People from Loma de Cabrera
St. George Roadrunners players
Tigres del Licey players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Tomateros de Culiacán players
Vaqueros Laguna players
Wichita Wranglers players
Wilmington Blue Rocks players
Competitors at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in baseball
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis%20G%C3%B3mez
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Ballan is a small town in the state of Victoria, Australia located on the Werribee River, northwest of Melbourne. At the , Ballan had a population of 3,392.
It is the main administrative centre for the Shire of Moorabool local government area. Ballan is a small country regional town but also not too far from Melbourne City which takes a one-hour drive. Ballan Town is located in between Melbourne - Ballarat Western Freeway and had a major train stop in between these two cities. Ballan's facilities include a hospital, primary schools, railway station, police station, post office, church, banks, ATM, public play grounds, golf club, hotel, pub, caravan park, fuel station, restaurants, supermarket and other shops. During the Victorian Gold Rush, it became an important staging point for coaches travelling to the Ballarat goldfields.
History
The area around Ballan was part of the tribal area of the Wautharong people, part of the Kulin nation. The area was rich in fauna, including kangaroo, kangaroo rats, bandicoots, dingos, and two species of native cat. Many species had vanished by the end of the 19th century, with European settlement.
The first European settlers crossed Bass Strait landing near Geelong and worked their way up the Moorabool River with their sheep flocks. Robert von Steiglitz first settled the area in 1838; he named the area after Ballan in Ireland. Other early settler names included Cowie, Stead, Wallace and Egerton.
There were clashes between indigenous Australians and white settlers during settlement. Robert von Steiglitz stated in his journal
"… it may be questioned by some feather-bed philanthropist whether we had the right to take the country from the blacks but I believe the general rule is that if people cultivate or graze the land they have a claim to it. These creatures did neither …".
Gold was found in the area in 1851, which brought an influx of prospectors during the Victorian Gold Rush. The Ballan Hotel dates from the gold rush period in 1851. The town became an important staging point for coaches travelling to the Ballarat goldfields. The post office in the township opened around September 1853, although two earlier offices in the area were named Ballan.
Ballan Primary School was established on 8 January 1855.
The first Mechanics' Institute in Ballan was built in 1861, with the current Mechanics' Institute built on land purchased in 1881, although the façade was demolished and rebuilt in 1922. The building houses the library for the town and a hall.
St Paul’s Presbyterian Church in Ballan was officially opened in July 1866.
Ballan Magistrates' Court closed on 1 January 1983.
On 15 November 2003, a Sprinter train travelling to Ballarat was derailed between Ballan and Gordon, injuring 61 people when it hit a stationary vehicle on a country railway crossing.
Health service
Ballan District Health & Care: Located at 33 Cowie Street, Ballan Hospital is a community-owned, registered charity, with 170+ staff members and 70+ volunteers, providing healthcare and wellbeing services for Ballan and surrounding districts. There is a ongoing demand for allowing a Maternity Ward in Ballan Hospital for years.
Private Medical Centre's also functioning in town with GP Consultation
Education
There are 2 Primary Schools in Ballan. Ballan Primary School and St Brigid's Catholic Primary School. There is a Child Care Centre also functioning in town. For High School, students goes to Bacchus Marsh, Ballarat or Daylesford. There are Bus Services for students to these towns. There is a ongoing demand for allowing a High School in Ballan for years.
Transport
The Western Freeway bypasses the town, but is located nearby and connects Ballan to Melbourne in the east and Ballarat to the west. The main road into town, the Old Melbourne Road (Old Inglis Street), is also the main street. Another main roads are the Geelong - Ballan Road and Daylesford - Ballan Road.
Ballan railway station is serviced by regular fast regional Ballarat V/Line rail service VLocity approximately hourly with a 1 hour journey to the state's regional railway hub Southern Cross station in Melbourne - or 20 minute journey to Ballarat. Being on the Serviceton line trains stopping at the station give Ballan access via Ballarat to regional services including the Ararat V/Line rail service, the Mildura line as far as Maryborough and connecting bus services. The town centre is only a three-block walk from the station. Train to Ballarat and Melbourne are running at a frequency of 20 minutes in Busy Times and 40 minutes in Normal Day Time starting from 4 in morning to 11 at Night.
VLine coaches also regularly stop in Ballan en route from Ballarat to Melbourne, and Ballarat Airport shuttle buses run from the Ballan Police Station Bus Stop to Melbourne Airport. Ballan Bus Lines also runs on all weekdays bus services to Daylesford (Hepburn Springs) and Gordon (Mount Egerton).
Nearest major airports are Melbourne Airport and Avalon Airport. There is also a local taxi service based in Ballan.
Sport
The town has an Australian rules football team competing in the Central Highlands Football League.
Ballan Brumbies Basketball Club was founded in 2017, playing in the Ballarat Basketball Association competitions. As of July 2023, the club fielded four men's & ladies' senior teams, as well as 20 junior teams. The club's colours are white, royal blue & gold.
The Ballan Cricket Club currently has 2 Senior and 3 Junior teams competing in the Ballarat Cricket Association. The seniors in BCA 2nd grade & One day C grade whilst the Juniors are U12 in the MJCA, U13 & U16 with the BCA. The club has been back with the BCA since the 2005/06 season after 14 years in the Daylesford & District Cricket Association.
The Ballan Bowling Club currently fields three pennant teams in the Ballarat District Bowls Division.
Golfers play at the Ballan Golf Club on Blow Court.
Ballan Football Club is currently involved in the Central Highlands football netball league. They offer a chance for both junior footballers and netballers to play, as well as 2 senior football and 3 senior netball teams.
Festivals and attractions
A Vintage Machinery and Vehicle Rally is held in February, well known for its vintage tractor pull.
An Autumn Festival is held in Ballan every year in late March.
BuzzConf, a technology and futurist festival, is held in Ballan every November.
Although there is a mineral spring at Ballan, it does not have the high profile of the towns of Hepburn Springs and Daylesford further to the north.
To the south of Ballan are the Brisbane Ranges National Park and the You Yangs Forest Park.
Community Groups
Ballan & District CWA - The Ballan CWA was established in September 1937; and the first meeting was held at Mrs. Rae's Coffee Palace. A committee was established and was run by Mrs J Rhodes (President), Mrs Turley (Secretary) & Mrs A.Flack (Treasurer) and consisted of 10 other members. For 70 years, the office bearers have passed on the torch to their fellow sisters, keeping alive the traditions, recipes & spirit of the CWA. The Ballan branch has had 34 presidents, 12 secretaries & 9 treasurers, with some members serving multiple terms. During these 70 years, the extraordinary country women of the CWA Ballan branch had helped those in need by raising funds for medical, war and other charity groups. This was achieved by donations, providing entertainment, volunteering at the Ballarat Hospital, penny drives, hosting events such as debutante balls, film evenings, sports competitions, and were widely known and were in high demand for their catering. In 2007, the last group said their farewells. After a 9 year hiatus, (October 2016) the Ballan & District CWA branch was established with a fresh set of members, goals and attitudes. "Our branch is passionate about supporting our local & surrounding communities within the Moorabool Shire & of course bakes the best scones. One of the marvellous things about being part of a community, is that it enables us to welcome, connect & support people in ways we couldn't as individuals."
See also
Ballan railway station, Victoria
References
External links
Ballan District Health & Care
Ballan Online
Ballan & District CWA
Towns in Victoria (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballan%2C%20Victoria
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A rock burst is a spontaneous, violent failure of rock that can occur in high-stress mines. Although mines may experience many mining-related seismic events, only the tremors associated with damage to accessible mine workings are classified as rock bursts. The opening of mine workings relieves neighboring rocks of tremendous pressure, which can literally cause the rock to explode, or trigger abrupt movement on nearby geological structures. Rock bursts are a serious hazard; in South Africa, they kill roughly 20 miners each year.
Details
Rock bursts result from brittle fracturing of rock, causing it to collapse rapidly with violent spalling of rock that is approximately 100 to 200 tonnes, or more. This release of energy reduces the potential energy of the rock around the excavation. Another explanation is that the changes brought about by the mine's redistribution of stress trigger latent seismic events, deriving from the strain energy produced by its geological aspects.
The likelihood of rock bursts occurring increases as the depth of the mine increases. Rock bursts are also affected by the size of the excavation (the larger the more risky), becoming more likely if the excavation size is around 180 m and above. Induced seismicity such as faulty methods of mining can trigger rock bursts. Other causes of rock bursts are the presence of faults, dykes, or joints.
Mitigation
Approaches for dealing with rock bursts can be divided into two categories: tactical measures, which can be taken locally and at short notice in response to a heightened level of rock burst hazard, and strategic measures, which must be integrated into the mine design process and long-term planning.
Tactical measures
A number of tactical measures have been used successfully to reduce rockburst hazards. They include:
Using support systems that absorb energy and deform without breaking. Even where these systems suffer damage, they are often able to limit falls of ground and permit access where other systems fail completely.
Using destress blasting can reduce rock burst hazards, particularly highly stressed brittle rock. Destress holes can be efficiently integrated into conventional rounds. Destress blasting of large volumes, however, can be more problematic.
Slowing the rate of extraction will often reduce the amount of seismicity in relation to tonnage mined and may actually prevent bursting under some conditions.
Strategic measures
Strategic measures that have been used successfully include:
A properly planned sequence of stoping for the whole ore body should be adopted and followed as closely as possible.
The merging of large excavations at depth should be avoided.
Pillars, or volumes of rock in between excavations, should be eliminated or reduced to a minimum.
Parallel veins should be stoped singly, the hanging wall vein first (footwall vein first if underhand mining).
Where veins branch, stoping should begin at the intersection and then progress away from the intersection one branch at a time.
Where possible, stoping should proceed away from a fault or other plane of weakness.
Mined-out areas should be filled, and filling should proceed concurrently with extraction and be kept as close to the face as possible.
See also
Outburst (mining)
Coal mine bump
References
Mine safety
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20burst
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The AFI Docs (formerly Silverdocs) documentary film festival was an American international film festival. Created by the American Film Institute and the Discovery Channel, it was held annually in Silver Spring, Maryland and Washington, D.C., from 2003 to 2022, when it was merged into AFI Fest, a Los Angeles-based film festival.
The festival was held for five days in June at the AFI Silver Theatre and other locations in Washington, D.C.
Yoruba Richen won the Audience Award in 2013 for The New Black, which looked at about the African-American community response to marriage equality initiatives.
Several organizations usually took part in the events: BBC, CPB, Discovery Channel, TLC, Animal Planet, The Ford Foundation, HBO, Latino Public Broadcasting, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Miramax, National Black Programming Consortium, National Geographic, PBS, the Sundance Institute, The Weinstein Company.
At one point, the AFI Docs Advisory Board included: Ken Burns, Davis Guggenheim, Chris Hegedus, Werner Herzog, Barbara Kopple, Spike Lee, Albert Maysles, Errol Morris, D A Pennebaker, and Frederick Wiseman.
Notable participants
AOL vice-chairman emeritus Ted Leonsis
BET co-founder Sheila Johnson
Former Vice President Al Gore
Academy Award-winning filmmakers:
Martin Scorsese
Jonathan Demme
Barbara Kopple
Alex Gibney
References
External links
Silverdocs Award Winners (via UC Berkeley)
Official website
Info about AFI
Downtown Silver Spring, Maryland
Film festivals in Maryland
Tourist attractions in Montgomery County, Maryland
Documentary film festivals in the United States
American Film Institute
Film festivals in Washington, D.C.
Film festivals established in 2003
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%20Docs
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An audit is an independent evaluation of an organization, process, project, product or system.
Audit, auditor or auditing may also refer to:
Types of audit
Academic audit, the completion of a course of study for which no assessment is completed or grade awarded
Conformity assessment audit (ISO, HACCP, JCAHCO)
Environmental audit
Energy audit
First Amendment audits, social movement involving photographing or filming from a public space
Financial audit, the examination by an independent third party of the financial statements of a company
Clinical audit, a process of the United Kingdom's National Health Service
Internal audit
Performance audit, an examination of a program, function, operation or the management systems and procedures of a governmental or non-profit entity
Quality audit, a systematic, independent examination of a quality system
Helpdesk and incident reporting auditing
Computing
Audit (telecommunication) - multiple meanings
audit trail
Information technology security audit - a process that can verify that certain standards have been met
Configuration audit (as part of configuration management)
Information technology audit - an examination of the controls within an entity's Information technology infrastructure
Software audit (disambiguation) - multiple meanings
Auditor Security Collection, a Linux distribution which was merged into BackTrack
Religion
Auditing (Scientology), a procedure in Scientology
Saint Auditor (Nectarius of Auvergne), Christian martyr of the 4th century
Other uses
Auditor, the head of a Student Society, especially in Ireland
Auditors of Reality, characters in the Discworld novels
Acronym
AUDIT - Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
Auditing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit%20%28disambiguation%29
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The Teen Dance Ordinance was a controversial Seattle law which severely curtailed the ability of concert and club promoters to hold events for underaged patrons. The organization Parents in Arms advocated for its creation.
During its existence from 1985 to 2002, it was routinely criticized for its severity (often labeled "draconian") and its effects on the local music scene and industry. After several unsuccessful attempts to repeal it through lobbying and later court action, it was finally repealed and replaced with the All-ages Dance Ordinance.
History
From 1977 to 1985, teen dances were unregulated in Seattle. Activities at underage clubs were attracting the attention of the public and a club called The Monastery was particularly notorious for allegations of sexual abuse, child prostitution, and drug and alcohol use. The Monastery was run by George Freeman and was ostensibly a non-profit church of the Universal Life Church, whose dance events were "religious services". During daytime hours it was a youth center that attracted runaways and homeless youth. The Teen Dance Ordinance (TDO) was conceived and passed the City Council on July 29, 1985, to stop abuses at underage clubs. It was amended in 1988. Key among its provisions were:
Age limits: Underage dances (allowing those under 18 to attend) may only admit patrons age 15-20 unsupervised. Anyone younger would require a parent or guardian chaperone and anyone older would need to be accompanying a youth under 18.
Security requirement: Two off-duty police officers were required on premises, with one off-duty officer outside to patrol the area.
Insurance: $1,000,000 in liability insurance was required;
Exemptions: Non-profits and schools were exempt from these restrictions.
With these requirements, teen dances outside of schools were virtually banned in the city, as no promoter would undertake the costs involved. For a city the size of Seattle, shows that would only allow 15- to 20-year-olds could not draw a large enough crowd for the event to break even. In addition to the $1 million insurance bond, hiring off-duty officers was a huge expense. The non-profit exemption meant the ordinance did not apply to the Monastery; it was closed using pre-existing civil abatement laws. In the 15 years of the ordinance, almost no one applied for a promoter's license for youth events, and no one has been prosecuted with it.
While the ordinance only regulated "dances," the distinction between a concert and a dance was not outlined by law, and the police were accused of defining a dance so liberally that the dancing done in the audience of a concert was enough to qualify the entire event as a "dance." All-ages concerts were thus subject to being shut down by police who were vigilant in making sure promoters did not skirt the law. As a result, some nationally touring acts refused to do shows in Seattle because they insisted on all-ages audiences. With Seattle becoming an epicenter for alternative rock and the grunge scene in the early 1990s, teens had to go to neighboring cities to attend concerts and dances.
Proponents of the TDO said that the ordinance ensured the safety of underage patrons and discouraged gatherings where youth consumed drugs and alcohol. They also invoked the memory of the Monastery, where they said adults preyed upon vulnerable kids susceptible to offers of drugs or quick cash. Excluding adults from underage youth would, in their eyes, create a "bubble of safety."
The repeal of the ordinance was a key goal of JAMPAC, a musicians' and promoters' political action committee founded by Krist Novoselic of Nirvana. Since its founding in 1995, the group lobbied the City Council to repeal the TDO.
The ordinance was a focal point for a vocal young activist community in Seattle, notably those consolidated as The All Ages Music Organization, and later by the Music and Youth Task Force, which allowed for youth and public officials to meet regularly to find resolution to conflicting points of view.
A new ordinance proposed to replace the TDO was passed by the City Council in 2000, however it was quickly vetoed by Mayor Paul Schell. The veto caused JAMPAC to launch a suit against the City of Seattle, claiming that the TDO's virtual outlawing of dance infringed on the First Amendment right to free expression. A judge however ruled for the City on JAMPAC's suit in May 2002, claiming there was no infringement on the First Amendment and that the matter is a political one for the council to decide, not the courts. Nevertheless, during the course of the suit, Schell was voted out of office (in the aftermath of the disastrous WTO meetings of 1999) and the new mayor Greg Nickels, a proponent of the bill, resubmitted the ordinance to the council. The new All-ages Dance Ordinance, written by members of the Music and Youth Task Force, was passed on August 12, 2002, replacing the TDO.
All-Ages Dance Ordinance
The provisions of the All-Ages Dance Ordinance (AADO) eased restrictions to accommodate new youth events. They include:
a definition of a dance as an event where dancing is the primary activity intended
allowing all-ages events to occur if alcohol will not be served
requiring only the requesting of off-duty officers at an event, to be granted by the Seattle Police Guild
elimination of the $1 million insurance requirement
The new rules, while more liberal than before, still disappointed many activists who pushed for the TDO's repeal. They viewed the new ordinance as only moderate changes to the rules and not liberal enough to actually encourage all ages shows. Proponents of the TDO also criticize the new AADO, saying the new all-ages events are now ignored by the police, and that the new law is confusing and ignored by unlicensed promoters. Raves have also been points of criticism; they have now been classified as concerts and are outside the scope of the ordinance while frequent use of MDMA by attendees have been reported.
In March 2006, in the aftermath of the Capitol Hill massacre where a gunman shot several partygoers after a rave, The Seattle Times editorialized against the new dance rules and called for the city's all-ages dance rules to be "thoroughly re-examined and re-tooled." Local community leaders however have so far ignored such pleas, noting that the incident was the work of a deranged gunman whose intent to kill could not be stopped with new city laws.
See also
Nightlife legislation of the United States
References
External links
City of Seattle Clerk's Office records on Teen Dance Ordinance
Text of the new All-ages Dance Ordinance
Teen Dance Ordinance, a video documentary
Government of Seattle
Juvenile law
Music and politics
Nightlife
1985 establishments in Washington (state)
2002 disestablishments in Washington (state)
Washington (state) law
Dance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKOjWhGwRfo&t=3s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen%20Dance%20Ordinance
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Live and Rare is a Faster Pussycat EP. All tracks on the album appeared on the band's first 2 albums, but are featured here in alternate remixed, edited, or live versions.
Track list
"Bathroom Wall" (Remix)
"Poison Ivy" (Edit)
"Pulling Weeds" (Live)
"Slip of the Tongue" (Live)
"Babylon" (Live)
"House of Pain" (Edit)
Personnel
Taime Downe – lead vocals
Greg Steele – guitar
Brent Muscat – guitar
Eric Stacy – bass guitar
Mark Michals – drums
Faster Pussycat albums
1990 EPs
Live EPs
1990 live albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20and%20Rare%20%28Faster%20Pussycat%20EP%29
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is a Japanese comedian. He is a former member of Japanese band UltraCats and current member of owarai group Summers.
Filmography
Peanuts (2006)
Moomins on the Riviera (2015)
References
1967 births
Japanese male comedians
Japanese male musicians
Living people
People from Sumida
Musicians from Tokyo
Comedians from Tokyo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuki%20%C5%8Ctake
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Destroy What You Enjoy is the fifth studio album by American rock band Powerman 5000, released on August 1, 2006, via DRT Records. It includes the single "Wild World", which was voted No. 3 on Headbangers Ball's top videos poll of 2006, while the album itself was voted by Metal Edge as one of the "Top 10 Albums of 2006". The album debuted at No. 120 on the Billboard 200 chart and sold 7,000 copies in its first week of release.
Reception
Destroy What You Enjoy received mixed reactions and reviews upon release. It had also received mostly negative reactions among the fanbase, due to the band's change in the music, shifting more towards the punk rock genre.
Track listing
Credits
Powerman 5000
Spider One – lead vocals
Johnny Heatley – lead guitar, backing vocals
Terry Corso – rhythm guitar
Siggy Sjursen – bass guitar
Adrian Ost – drums, backing vocals
Other personnel
Scott Gilman – organ (Hammond)
Jon Heintz – mastering
Myriam Santos-Kayda – photography
David Schiffman – mixing
Chart positions
Album – Billboard (North America)
References
Powerman 5000 albums
2006 albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroy%20What%20You%20Enjoy
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The Pleurodira are one of the two living suborders of turtles, the other being the Cryptodira. The division between these two suborders represents a very deep evolutionary divide between two very different types of turtles. The physical differences between them, although anatomical and largely internal, are nonetheless significant, and the zoogeographic implications of them are substantial. The Pleurodira are known more commonly as the side-necked turtles and the name Pleurodira quite literally translates to side neck, whereas the Cryptodira are known as hidden-necked turtles. The Pleurodira turtles are currently restricted to freshwater habitats in the Southern Hemisphere, largely to Australia, South America, and Africa. Within the Pleurodira, three living families are represented: Chelidae, also known as the Austro-South American side-necked turtles, the Pelomedusidae, also known as the African mud terrapins, and the Podocnemididae, also known as the American side-neck river turtles. However, they were cosmopolitan clade during the Cretaceous and most of the Cenozoic, and even occurred in marine environments around the world.
Definition and description
The Pleurodira are identified by the method with which they withdraw their heads into their shells. In these turtles, the neck is bent in the horizontal plane, drawing the head into a space in front of one of the front legs. A larger overhang of the carapace helps to protect the neck, which remains partially exposed after retraction. This differs from the method employed by a cryptodiran, which tucks its head and neck between its forelegs, within the shell.
The different methods of bending the neck require completely different anatomies of the cervical vertebrae. All extant turtles studied so far have eight vertebrae in the neck. In the Pleurodira, these vertebrae are narrow in cross-section and spool-shaped with biconvex centra on one or more of the cervicals. These centra act as a double joint, allowing a large degree of sideways movement and providing a means of folding the neck onto itself in the lateral plane. Conversely, in the Cryptodira, the neck bones are wide and flat. The biconvex centra in some of the cryptodiran cervicals allow the neck to fold onto itself in the vertical plane.
Pleurodirans also differ from cryptodirans in the emarginations of their skulls. Skull emargination provides room and anchorage for the jaw muscles. The connection points and the position of the emarginations relate to different bones of the skull.
Another difference is in the arrangement of the bones of the shell and the scutes overlaying them. Pleurodiran turtles have 13 scutes on the plastron of the shell, whereas cryptodiran turtles have only 12. The extra scute is called the intergular and is at the front of the plastron between the gular scutes. Pelomedusid turtles also possess mesoplastra, further differentiating this group.
Suction feeding
One of the three extant families in this suborder is the family Chelidae, which have a specially adapted strategy for catching prey. While the majority of the family Chelidae are omnivores there are 17 species that are carnivores; Chelus fimbriatus and species of the Chelodina genus. This special strategy is referred to as a gape-suck mechanism. The turtle first opens its mouth little by little. Then, when the turtle is within striking range of the prey, it will open its mouth completely sucking in water at such a rate that the current into its mouth is too strong for prey to escape and it engulfs the prey within 0.004 seconds. This strategy also circumvents issues to quick capture of underwater prey, such as resistance to rapid movement in water, pressure waves due to a rapid strike, and rapid water intake when feeding.
Taxonomy
After Ferreria, et al. 2018.
Panpleurodira
†Dortokidae (extinct) (Early Cretaceous-Paleocene)
†Platychelyidae (extinct) (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous)
Pleurodira
Chelidae
Pan-Pelomedusoides
†Araripemydidae (extinct) (Early Cretaceous)
†Euraxemydidae (extinct)
Pelomedusoides
Pelomedusidae
†Atolchelys (extinct) (Early Cretaceous)
†Francemys (extinct) (Early Cretaceous)
†Sahonachelyidae (extinct) (Late Cretaceous)
†Bothremydidae (extinct) (Early Cretaceous-Miocene)
Podocnemidoidae
†Peiropemydidae (extinct)
Podocnemididae
References
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
Tetrapod suborders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurodira
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Cinéorama was an early film experiment and amusement ride presented for the first time at the 1900 Paris Exposition. It was invented by Raoul Grimoin-Sanson and it simulated a ride in a hot air balloon over Paris. It represented a union of the earlier technology of panoramic paintings and the recently invented technology of cinema. It worked by means of a circulatory screen that projects images helped by ten synchronized projectors.
Grimoin-Sanson began experimenting with movie cameras and projectors in 1895 and was in contact with other early researchers such as Étienne-Jules Marey. He patented the Cinéorama on 27 November 1897.
History
In 1893, kinetoscope from Thomas Edison had been causing an enormous speculation between the other inventors, engineers and philosophers about the future of theater and narration. This invention let a single spectator see an image moving through a little spy hole in the top part.
In the United States, Edison's new device was protected with patents and impeccable lawyers; but in other parts of the world he was not able to protect it. This way, loyal to the epoch's spirit, an electric engineer from England named Robert W. Paul was making his own fame with the reproduction of copies based on pirated designs.
Raoul Crimoin-Sanson, another French inventor, was on a trip to England. He was part of a small but growing group of cinema enthusiasts that had heard about the copy of the kinetoscope made by Paul, so they all decided to go after their own. When both their paths finally met, Sanson discovered that Robert Paul was not only making copies of kinetoscopes, but he was also working on a way to project them in a screen, a revolutionary idea which Sanson had also been thinking about.
Without hesitation, Raoul Crimoin-Sanson made an order. Many people had watched though that small spy hole to see an image moving, but only few had imagined it would ever be projected on a wall. Sanson and Paul had talked about it at length about where was the world of "image moving" or "motion picture" going, comparing notes with their ideas about a visual future. Paul was inspired by the science-fiction of movement (HG Wells). He imagined the public being surrounded by projected images to create a "moving image trip through time and space". Decades before the arrival of the cinematographic industry, Paul presented a patent for his idea. All kinds of tricks, constructions and projections of images were used so that the public could "feel a physical feeling" of movement through time and space. He was probably the first visionary of Virtual Reality. Robert Paul went on to invent the first commercial cinema projector in Great Britain, but his vision of a "moving image's journey through time" would never come to fruition.
The meeting with Paul should have been inspirational for Raoul Sanson as he returned to France with his own kinetoscope and immediately began to work on his own method to project images on a screen. Less than a year later, that was precisely achieved. A demonstration of his Phototachygraphe machine was made to journalists from all over France.
It was 1897 when the combination of two shots together in something similar to "a sequence" was not even a thoughtful reality, the film industry was decades away. The "moving image" or "motion picture" was not on anyone's radar, only a few bourgeois thinkers had paid attention. and yet, in France, Sanson was imagining an immersive and incredible future. The obtaining of motion pictures projected on a screen was just the first step in his real vision. The movie cameras were barely working, and he was already thinking about the combination: "If it is possible to project on a single screen, why is it not possible to project on multiple screens?". Within three years, the best investors, inventors, thinkers and entrepreneurs in the world would arrive to Paris for the magnificent "Universal Exhibition" in 1900. It was destined to mark the beginning of a century of technological progress.
Sanson had made a name for himself with the device "Photoachygraphe", and this way convinced some investors to support his idea. The Cinéorama was born. His idea consisted in the public being housed in a basket of a hot air balloon for a large-scale reproduction. Below the basket there was a projection room made to measure which housed 10 synchronized projectors arranged in a circle. Each one of them projected on a giant screen, resulting in an overwhelming 360-degree motion picture surrounded by a surprised audience.
However, there was a problem in the projection room. To make the machine work, the projection operator was put up in a narrow wooden box next to 10 huge and inefficient projection lamps. In just a few seconds of turning on the machine, the temperature in the projection room would raise hastily. Surprisingly, the projection operator achieved three days of projections with applause, but on the fourth day, he fainted because of the heat, causing concern to the authorities for the possibility of a fire. This incident was a complete disaster for the company "Sanson's Cineorama".
A year later, the company was totally bankrupt and their material was sold on 1901. Sanson left the cinema industry and got into the cork industry, falling into historical and cultural oblivion. Nevertheless, while his company died, the idea of immersive cinema had been born.
Technical aspects
Cinéorama consisted of 10 synchronized 70 mm movie projectors, projecting onto 10 9x9 meter screens arranged in a full 360° circle around the viewing platform. The platform was a large balloon basket, capable of holding 200 viewers, with rigging, ballast, and the lower part of a huge gas bag.
The film to be shown was made by locking together 10 cameras with a single central drive, putting them in an actual balloon, and filming the flight as the balloon rose 400 metres above the Tuileries Gardens. On projecting the film, the experience was completed by showing the same film backwards, to simulate a descent. Some references describe a much longer experience, involving a trip to England, Spain, and the Sahara, but it is unclear whether the complete plan was realized.
Cinéorama lasted only three days at the Exposition. On the fourth day it was shut down by the police for safety reasons. Extreme heat from the projectors' arc lights, in the booth below the audience, had caused one workman to faint, and the authorities were worried about the possibility of a deadly fire. Cinéorama was never shown again, but a modern version, Circle-Vision 360°, was introduced at Disneyland in 1955 and continues in use today at other Disney properties.
Veracity disputed
A successful screening would have made Cinéorama one of the first, if not the very first, example of multi-screen film exhibition. But whether the staging of Cinéorama actually occurred has been called into serious doubt by French cinéma historian Jean-Jacques Meusy who summarises [translation from French]:"Certainly Raoul Grimoin-Sanson had patented an apparatus consisting of ten shooting and projection devices and had built a pavilion in the Exposition to show the public the films he had made. But, contrary to what its inventor had claimed in his memoirs [published in 1926] there was no public performance since the technology of the day did not, it seems, allow the necessary synchronisation of ten projectors".Meusy contends that the drawings of Cinéorama that we see today derive instead from publicity and press speculation about what the screening could have looked like if it had taken place as planned.
References
Cinema of France
French inventions
Films set on balloons
Exposition Universelle (1900)
Multi-screen film
1900 films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9orama
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Mildred Archer OBE (28 December 1911 in London – 4 February 2005) was an English art historian who specialized in 18th- and 19th-century art in British India. She was curator of Prints and Drawings at the India Office Library and wrote extensively on the collection and studies on them.
Born Mildred Agnes Bell, she attended school in London. In 1930 she joined St Hilda's College, Oxford with a history scholarship. She met Bill Archer, who had been a friend of her brother at Cambridge. Bill had passed the Indian Civil Service examination and was in the School of Oriental Studies, London. Bill left for India in 1931 and the two were engaged just before he left. After marriage Bill worked in Bihar for nearly a decade and on his return to England he became Keeper of Indian Art at the Victoria and Albert Museum and was a leading scholar of Indian court painting and the Company style.
Mildred Archer's curatorial career began in 1954 with the cataloguing of the East India Company's collection of paintings in the collection of the India Office Library. It occupied her for 26 years.
Other works included Natural History Drawings (1962), British Drawings (1969), Company Drawings (1972), Indian Popular Painting (1977) and finally (with Toby Falk) Indian Miniature Paintings (1981). In 1979 she wrote British Portraiture 1770-1825. Her later publications included a study of the Daniell aquatints of India (1980), the V&A exhibition catalogue India Observed (1982), and studies of William Simpson's Indian sketchbooks (1986) and the prints and Company paintings associated with James and William Fraser (1989). Her last book was India Served and Observed (1994).
Her papers, together with those of her husband, are held by the British Library.
Publications
Books
Papers
Archer, Mildred & W.G. Archer (1955) Natural history paintings. In Indian painting for the British 1770–1880, pp. 91–98. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
References
External links
Obituary in The Telegraph
Obituary in The Guardian
Obituary in The Independent
Obituary in The Times
English art historians
Women art historians
English curators
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
1911 births
2005 deaths
Historians of Indian art
British people in colonial India
British women curators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred%20Archer
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Henrietta Matilda Jane Evans (née Congreve) (7 August 1827 – 22 October 1886) was an Australian novelist, who wrote under the pseudonym Maud Jean Franc.
Life
Matilda was the elder daughter of Dr Henry Congreve and his wife Elizabeth Ann, née Jacob of Peckham, England. The family moved to South Australia in 1852, started a school at Mount Barker and on 16 February 1860 Matilda married the Rev. Ephraim Evans, a Baptist minister, who died 6 April 1863. In 1860 Mrs Evans opened a school at Angaston which was still in existence in 1868. She wrote her first story, Marian; or the light of Some One's Home while she was at Mount Barker and it appears to have been immediately successful. The British Museum catalogue records an edition published at Bath in 1860, a second edition was published by John Darton and Company in 1861, and another edition published by Sampson Low appeared in the same year.
Evans had chosen as a pseudonym Maud Jean Franc, but in her later books variations in the spelling of both Maud and Jean appeared. Her second book Vermont Vale came out in 1866 and during the next 19 years 13 other volumes were published. She died of peritonitis in 1886 and was survived by two sons. The elder, Henry Congreve Evans (died 1899) was leader of the staff of the Adelaide Advertiser and author of the libretto of Immomeena: an Australian Comic Opera published in 1893. The younger, William James Evans, was joint author with his mother of Christmas Bells, a collection of short stories published in 1882. He also published in 1898 Rhymes without Reason and died in 1904.
The stories of Maud Jean Franc were often reprinted. A collected edition in 13 volumes was published in 1888 and 40 years after. They are pleasantly told tales somewhat sentimental and rhetorical in style, sincerely religious and didactic in theme.
Bibliography
Marian; or the light of Some One's Home (1860)
second edition (1861)
Vermont Vale (1866)
Emily's Choice (1867)
Minnie's Mission: an Australian Temperance Tale (1869)
Golden Gifts (1869)
Silken Cords and Iron Fetters (1870)
John's Wife (1874)
Hall's Vineyard (1875)
Little Mercy (1878)
Beatrice Melton's Discipline (1880)
The Master of Ralston (1880)
Jem's hopes : and how they were realized (1881)
No Longer a Child (1882)
Two Sides to Every Question (1883)
At the Well (1883)
Into the Light (1885)
Fern hollow, or, Old life in new lands (1885)
References
Sources
H. J. Finnis, "Evans, Matilda Jane (1827 - 1886)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 4, Melbourne University Press, 1972, p. 143. Retrieved on 12 October 2008
Allen,Margaret Matilda Jane Evans 1827 - 1886 deaconess 200 Australian Women, Pandora,NLA
Evans, Matilda Jane (1827–1886) Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University,
External links
Franc, Maud Jeanne WorldCat
1827 births
1886 deaths
19th-century Australian novelists
Australian women novelists
Australian Baptists
19th-century Australian women writers
19th-century Baptists
19th-century pseudonymous writers
Pseudonymous women writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda%20Jane%20Evans
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The craniopharyngeal canal is a human anatomical feature sometimes found in the sphenoid bone opening to the sella turcica. It is a canal (a passage or channel) sometimes found extending from the anterior part of the fossa hypophyseos of the sphenoid bone to the under surface of the skull, and marks the original position of Rathke's pouch; while at the junction of the septum of the nose with the palate traces of the stomodeal end are occasionally present. This canal is found in 0.4% of individuals.
References
Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 27th ed. 1988 W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, PA.
Bones of the head and neck
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniopharyngeal%20canal
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is a Japanese light novel written by Kouhei Kadono and illustrated by Kouji Ogata. The first in the Boogiepop series, it was released in 1998 by MediaWorks and won the fourth Dengeki Game Novel Contest.
A manga adaptation by Kouji Ogata began serialization in 1999. It is licensed in English by Seven Seas Entertainment under the title Boogiepop Doesn't Laugh. The story takes place in an unnamed Japanese city, and follows five students at Shinyo Academy as they try to piece together the puzzle of a new drug and recent disappearances among the student populace. While the teachers believe them to only be runaways, the female students whisper among themselves about the urban legend Boogiepop, who is said to be a shinigami.
Explanation of the novel's title
The titles used in the Boogiepop series can typically be separated into multiple titles. The full, Japanese title of this novel is Boogiepop wa Warawanai Boogiepop and Others. Typically the translation of Boogiepop wa Warawanai is either Boogiepop Doesn't Laugh or Boogiepop Doesn't Smile; the publishers of the manga of the same name chose to use the Boogiepop Doesn't Laugh translation. This refers to the character Boogiepop, who is usually described with a deadpan expression, and is never seen to laugh or smile. Boogiepop and Others simply refers to the character Boogiepop, and the 'other' characters.
Plot summary
When waiting for his girlfriend, Touka Miyashita, to arrive, Keiji Takeda sees a ragged-looking man stumbling through the town. A short man in a black cloak speaks with the other man after he collapses, then berates the crowd for not helping. When the police arrive, the two escape, but what shocked Takeda most of all was that the cloaked man has the face of his girlfriend. The following day, Miyashita acts as if nothing had happened the previous day. Takeda sought to speak with her after school, but instead spots the cloaked man. Confronting him, the stranger introduces himself as Boogiepop. Boogiepop claims to be a split personality, who has emerged to protect the world.
Boogiepop explains to Takeda that Miyashita is unaware of his existence, and would modify her memories to explain the blank periods. Boogiepop has appeared this time to face a man-eater hiding in the school. Through their discussions, the two come to accept each other, and become friends. In the end, Boogiepop appears to Takeda in Miyashita's school uniform, and explains that the crisis was over, so he would disappear. To the end, Takeda is sure that Boogiepop is merely Miyashita's repressed possibilities, rather than a monster-fighting hero.
Kazuko Suema has an unusual interest: criminal psychology. Despite this interest, she had little interest in the rumors the other girls talk about in class, about a shinigami named Boogiepop. While walking home with her friend, Kyoko Kinoshita, Kinoshita is attacked by Nagi Kirima, The Fire Witch. Kirima interrogates her about something, but stops when she realizes that she had only caught a 'normal' person; a drug-user. Suema confronts Kirima about this, but was told to let go of the events of five years ago – but Suema had never told anyone about that! Unable to let things happen without her being aware of them again, Suema searches for Kirima's house, and confronts her. However, Kirima reveals little about what she is doing, and only tells her that Boogiepop had saved her five years ago.
Masami Saotome joins a group date with Akiko Kusatsu. Late in the night, he drops a tablet into her drink; when she falls ill, he tells the others that he will get her home. Taking her to an abandoned building, he signals for Manticore to come; she turns the corpse into her loyal slave. Two months prior, Saotome had found the corpse of Yurihara at school, before himself being attacked by Manticore. Rather than panic or fight back, he told Manticore it would be better off leaving him alive and taking the form of Yurihara. In time, the two were deeply in love with each other, as they hatched their plan to conquer the world. As their experiments in controlling people begin to fail, and Nagi Kirima seems to be investigating too close, the relationship between Saotome and Manticore strains, until Naoko Kamikishiro came upon them, calling for Echoes. Manticore kills Kamikishiro, but for Saotome, this was the missing link: he has a plan to solve their problems.
Akio Kimura receives a letter telling him that Naoko Kamikishiro was dead. Two years ago, when they were in High School, he met Kamikishiro when she was confessing her love to Shirou Tanaka. Returning to his hometown to investigate the origin of this letter, Kimura runs into Touka Miyashita. Miyashita tells him that he should get over the disappearance of Kamikishiro, but Kimura tells her that an alien had taken Kamikishiro into space with him. Kamikishiro had told Kimura that she had met an alien named Echoes, who had been sent to evaluate humanity, but he had been cloned. His clone was now somewhere in their town, and he was looking to kill it before it killed the humans. As Kimura and Miyashita go their separate ways, Miyashita – but at the same time not Miyashita – tells him that Kamikishiro had "done her duty".
Shirou Tanaka approaches Kei Niitoki about the disappearance of Naoko Kamikishiro. Masami Saotome suggests they ask Nagi Kirima, a friend of Kamikishiro. Unable to find her around the school, Saotome suggests summoning her over the school's PA. Recognising a trap, Kirima cut the lights to the PA room, and knocked out the three students with a stun gun. When they came to, they were presented to Echoes, who indicated that they were normal humans. After they were released by Echoes, Saotome stabbed him in the throat with a poison-filled mechanical pencil before Manticore attacked. Saotome then slashed Kirima's throat, killing her.
By the time Niitoki comprehended the situation, Echoes was being defeated by Manticore. However, he points to the sky, and transforms into light. Echoes directs the beam of light towards Manticore, but Saotome intervenes; he just barely saves her, but was killed instead. Hoping to take this chance to escape, Niitoki runs, but Manticore pursues. Hearing someone whistling Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, she heads towards the sound. Niitoki trips, but Manticore becomes trapped in a wire. Niitoki's savior has the face of Touka Miyashita, but claims to be Boogiepop. While Manticore is trapped, Boogiepop calls for Tanaka to shoot it with an arrow; an arrow to the head finishes the creature. Finally, Kirima rises from the dead, apparently resurrected by Echoes as he left.
Characters
The shinigami whispered of among the female students of Shinyo Academy, but is his origin truly of the supernatural, or is he merely an alternate personality of his 'host', Touka Miyashita?
A being who took upon the form of the final stage of human evolution. The Towa Organisation used Echoes to create their synthetic humans, and created a clone of him: Manticore. When Manticore escapes from the Towa Organisation, Echoes sets off to kill it.
A third-year student at Shinyo Academy, Kamikishiro is going out with Shirou Tanaka. She coincidentally meets Echoes, and is compelled to assist him, only to find they shared a telepathic link.
A second-year student at Shinyo Academy, Kimura is in love with Naoko Kamikishiro.
Also known as The Fire Witch. A second-year student at Shinyo Academy, Kirima spends more time investigating the mysterious happenings than she does in class.
A clone of Echoes made by the Towa Organisation, Manticore escaped from them, and sought to hide itself in Shinyo Academy by taking the form of Minako Yurihara. A man-eater, Manticore is named after the creature of Persian mythology.
A second-year student at Shinyo Academy, Miyashita going out with Keiji Takeda, and believes she is living an ordinary high school girl. However, inside her Spalding sportsbag are the clothes and equipment of her other identity, the shinigami Boogiepop.
A second-year student at Shinyo Academy and the President of the Discipline Committee, Niitoki is relied upon and trusted by her fellow students, despite her small stature.
A first-year student at Shinyo Academy, Saotome has a strange attraction to strong, dangerous women. Though rejected by Nagi Kirima, he turned his affection to Manticore, and began helping her to hide into human society, and use her power to their best gain.
A second-year student at Shinyo Academy, Suema has a reputation among the other students due to her unusual knowledge of criminal psychology.
A third-year student at Shinyo Academy, Takeda thought he knew everything about his girlfriend, Touka Miyashita, until he met Boogiepop.
A first-year student at Shinyo Academy, and the rising star of the Archery Club, Tanaka is going out with Naoko Kamikishiro.
Film adaptation
Boogiepop and Others was adapted into a live-action film with the same name, which was released in Japan March 11, 2000. The film was directed by Ryu Kaneda, and starred Sayaka Yoshino as Miyashita/Boogiepop. MediaWorks, Hakuhodo and Toei Video were also involved in the production of the film. The director, Kaneda, said he did not wish to simply depict modern children as they were. "Here, the characters that appear on screen embrace all of their loneliness, and that's something that doesn't change in any era." He continues, "I thought perhaps I should turn it into the message that, no matter what, we must express our 'sense of isolation from deep inside that won't let us smile.'" He encouraged the actors to adapt their characters, and allowed ad-libbing.
Asumi Miwa's role as Naoko Kamikishiro was considered the most demanding of all. Her scenes were shot in quick succession, so she finished before the rest of the cast. Miwa considered the scene where she meets Echoes for the first time to be the most demanding of all. Sayaka Yoshino gave up her summer break to appear in the film, and had to perform in Boogiepop's "sauna suit" in days reaching 35 °C (95 °F). With the actors performing entire days in full sun, cool packs had to be brought in to keep them going. Maya Kurosu spend two months in training for her role as Kirima Nagi, so that she could perform in the action scenes.
The climax, filmed from September 15, 1999 (the 25th day of filming), was the greatest challenge. 50 shots had to be taken in 2 days, all at night. A Typhoon reached the Kantō Metropolitan area on that day, but against the forecasts it cleared up before they were due to begin filming. At 6pm, they were ready to begin.
Anime
Episodes 1 to 3 of Boogiepop and Others adapt the novel in an abridged form with a present-day setting. The most notable omission is the full removal of Akio Kimura from the story.
Notable differences
Although the manga and light novel are near identical in plot and character, the live-action movie differs in some areas of character development and interaction. Suema develops an infatuation for Kirima after their first encounter in the movie, but this aspect of their relationship is absent in the original novel. Saotome notes that over time Manticore had become like the original Yurihara Minako, and so wondered who had really been consumed. The light novel and manga portray Manticore's personality as being dominant with no trace of the original Yurihara Minako remaining besides her adopted physical form. The movie also shows how Miyashita and Takeda began dating when Miyashita gave Takeda a watch for his birthday, an element to their relationship which was not covered in the light novel or manga.
Music
The soundtrack for Boogiepop and Others, titled Music Album Inspired by Boogiepop and Others, was composed and arranged by Yuki Kajiura and featured a wide range of musical styles including jazz, pop, and piano. Each of the original songs composed represented a theme from the movie, such as the song "Forget-me-not" thematically representing Naoko Kamikishiro and Kimura Akio. A Boogiepop version of the classical overture to Wagner's "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" was included on the album as an additional bonus track, arranged by Yoshihisa Hirano and conducted by Orie Suzuki. The soundtrack was originally released in Japan by Media Factory on 25 March 2000. It was published in North America by AnimeTrax and released by Right Stuf International as a single disc CD on 30 April 2002.
Themes
Issues relating to growing up and change are central to the Boogiepop series.
The narrative style demonstrates how different people observe different truths.
Allusions/references
Allusions/references to other works
Kadono regularly references Western music – especially rock – in the Boogiepop series. This is mostly in the chapter titles, but also in the names of characters. In this novel, two of the character's names are musical references: "Echoes" is the name of the 23 minute closing track to the Pink Floyd album Meddle and the Manticore is a reference to the album Tarkus, as made evident in the third novel when Spooky E mentions that Tarkus was searching for the Manticore. This novel included three direct music references, with Kamikishiro singing "Life Is Brief" from Akira Kurosawa's Ikiru, Saotome telling us that he is a big fan of The Doors, and Boogiepop mentioning Atom Heart Mother to Takeda.
The five chapters are also references to music: Romantic Warrior was the best-selling album by Return to Forever, "The Return of the Fire Witch" was a single from the King Crimson album Epitaph, "No One Lives Forever" was a single released by Oingo Boingo – Saotome begins singing this at the end of the chapter – and "Heartbreaker" most likely refers to a Grand Funk Railroad song from their album On Time, seeing as Kadono states it to be the 'BGM' of his Afterword.
In the second narrative, the students discuss The Village of Eight Graves; the first novel of the Kousuke Kindaichi series, which was later remade as a movie. Another literary reference comes from Boogiepop's hat being likened to Maetel's from Matsumoto Leiji's Galaxy Express 999.
Allusions/references from other works
The anime series Boogiepop Phantom uses many characters from Boogiepop and Others, and makes repeated references to the ending of the novel.
In Boogiepop Returns: VS Imaginator Part 1, Boogiepop compares an opponent with Manticore.
Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science
The novel touches on the theme on cloning, with Manticore being a clone of Echoes.
The novel touches on psychology, with Takeda being convinced that Boogiepop is a split personality rather than a supernatural being, meanwhile, Boogiepop reaffirms itself as a manifestation of the collective unconscious from Carl Jung, which is the reason why it only chases those who choose a path that diverge with it and ultimately becomes an enemy of the world, one that could disrupt the natural flow of human cognition. Then there is Suema, with her interest in psychology, who adds elements to the chapter she narrates.
In the second narrative, some students ask Suema about The Village of Eight Graves and she mentions its connection to the Tsuyama massacre. She also discusses the use of hydrocyanic acid gas as a chemical weapon.
When they first meet, Kamikishiro and Kimura go to a MOS Burger.
Critical reception
The Boogiepop and Others novel won the fourth Dengeki Game Novel Contest in 1997. The novels English release has received favorable reviews, though these have mostly focused on the translation, which has been cited as "a standard against which future Japanese novel translations are judged". It has also received praise for ripping "the rules of narrative wide open", especially for how it allows the characters to grow on the reader.
The English release of the live-action film met mixed reception. Whilst the characters and plot were well received, the special effects and costumes have been described as "campy", but "par for the course of something of this level and budget". It has been primarily recommended to fans of Boogiepop Phantom, so as to gain "a complete understanding of the Boogiepop events".
The Boogiepop Doesn't Laugh manga received generally favorable reviews, particularly for capturing some of the more complicated scenes better than the original light novel. This makes the plot easier to follow, and captures the urgency of the climactic battle. However, it has been noted that breaking the complicated plot of Boogiepop and Others into a multi-volume manga results in individually weak volumes. As with Boogiepop Phantom, the character designs have been noted as "lookalike and nondescript", which can make some of the events difficult to follow. The art has also been described as "washed out and dull".
References
External links
Boogiepop
1998 Japanese novels
1999 manga
2000 films
Dark fantasy anime and manga
Dengeki Comics
Japanese fantasy films
Light novels
MediaWorks (publisher)
Novels by Kouhei Kadono
Novels set in Japan
Psychological horror anime and manga
Seven Seas Entertainment titles
Shōnen manga
Supernatural anime and manga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogiepop%20and%20Others
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The bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels can be accomplished using the MixAlco process. Through bioconversion of biomass to a mixed alcohol fuel, more energy from the biomass will end up as liquid fuels than in converting biomass to ethanol by yeast fermentation.
The process involves a biological/chemical method for converting any biodegradable material (e.g., urban wastes, such as municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste, and sewage sludge, agricultural residues such as corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, cotton gin trash, manure) into useful chemicals, such as carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, propionic, butyric acid), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone) and biofuels, such as a mixture of primary alcohols (e.g., ethanol, propanol, n-butanol) and/or a mixture of secondary alcohols (e.g., isopropanol, 2-butanol, 3-pentanol). Because of the many products that can be economically produced, this process is a true biorefinery.
The process uses a mixed culture of naturally occurring microorganisms found in natural habitats such as the rumen of cattle, termite guts, and marine and terrestrial swamps to anaerobically digest biomass into a mixture of carboxylic acids produced during the acidogenic and acetogenic stages of anaerobic digestion, however with the inhibition of the methanogenic final stage. The more popular methods for production of ethanol and cellulosic ethanol use enzymes that must be isolated first to be added to the biomass and thus convert the starch or cellulose into simple sugars, followed then by yeast fermentation into ethanol. This process does not need the addition of such enzymes as these microorganisms make their own.
As the microorganisms anaerobically digest the biomass and convert it into a mixture of carboxylic acids, the pH must be controlled. This is done by the addition of a buffering agent (e.g., ammonium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate), thus yielding a mixture of carboxylate salts. Methanogenesis, being the natural final stage of anaerobic digestion, is inhibited by the presence of the ammonium ions or by the addition of an inhibitor (e.g., iodoform). The resulting fermentation broth contains the produced carboxylate salts that must be dewatered. This is achieved efficiently by vapor-compression evaporation. Further chemical refining of the dewatered fermentation broth may then take place depending on the final chemical or biofuel product desired.
The condensed distilled water from the vapor-compression evaporation system is recycled back to the fermentation. On the other hand, if raw sewage or other waste water with high BOD in need of treatment is used as the water for the fermentation, the condensed distilled water from the evaporation can be recycled back to the city or to the original source of the high-BOD waste water. Thus, this process can also serve as a water treatment facility, while producing valuable chemicals or biofuels.
Because the system uses a mixed culture of microorganisms, besides not needing any enzyme addition, the fermentation requires no sterility or aseptic conditions, making this front step in the process more economical than in more popular methods for the production of cellulosic ethanol. These savings in the front end of the process, where volumes are large, allows flexibility for further chemical transformations after dewatering, where volumes are small.
Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acids can be regenerated from the carboxylate salts using a process known as "acid springing". This process makes use of a high-molecular-weight tertiary amine (e.g., trioctylamine), which is switched with the cation (e.g., ammonium or calcium). The resulting amine carboxylate can then be thermally decomposed into the amine itself, which is recycled, and the corresponding carboxylic acid. In this way, theoretically, no chemicals are consumed or wastes produced during this step.
Ketones
There are two methods for making ketones. The first one consists on thermally converting calcium carboxylate salts into the corresponding ketones. This was a common method for making acetone from calcium acetate during World War I. The other method for making ketones consists on converting the vaporized carboxylic acids on a catalytic bed of zirconium oxide.
Alcohols
Primary alcohols
The undigested residue from the fermentation may be used in gasification to make hydrogen (H2). This H2 can then be used to hydrogenolyze the esters over a catalyst (e.g., copper chromite), which are produced by esterifying either the ammonium carboxylate salts (e.g., ammonium acetate, propionate, butyrate) or the carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, propionic, butyric acid) with a high-molecular-weight alcohol (e.g., hexanol, heptanol). From the hydrogenolysis, the final products are the high-molecular-weight alcohol, which is recycled back to the esterification, and the corresponding primary alcohols (e.g., ethanol, propanol, butanol).
Secondary alcohols
The secondary alcohols (e.g., isopropanol, 2-butanol, 3-pentanol) are obtained by hydrogenating over a catalyst (e.g., Raney nickel) the corresponding ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone).
Drop-in biofuels
The primary or secondary alcohols obtained as described above may undergo conversion to drop-in biofuels, fuels which are compatible with current fossil fuel infrastructure such as biogasoline, green diesel and bio-jet fuel. Such is done by subjecting the alcohols to dehydration followed by oligomerization using zeolite catalysts in a manner similar to the methanex process, which used to produce gasoline from methanol in New Zealand.
Acetic acid versus ethanol
Cellulosic-ethanol manufacturing plants are bound to be net exporters of electricity because a large portion of the lignocellulosic biomass, namely lignin, remains undigested and it must be burned, thus producing electricity for the plant and excess electricity for the grid. As the market grows and this technology becomes more widespread, coupling the liquid fuel and the electricity markets will become more and more difficult.
Acetic acid, unlike ethanol, is biologically produced from simple sugars without the production of carbon dioxide:
C6H12O6 → 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2
C6H12O6 → 3 CH3COOH
Because of this, on a mass basis, the yields will be higher than in ethanol fermentation. If then, the undigested residue (mostly lignin) is used to produce hydrogen by gasification, it is ensured that more energy from the biomass will end up as liquid fuels rather than excess heat/electricity.
3 CH3COOH + 6 H2 → 3 CH3CH2OH + 3 H2O
C6H12O6 (from cellulose) + 6 H2 (from lignin) → 3 CH3CH2OH + 3 H2O
A more comprehensive description of the economics of each of the fuels is given on the pages alcohol fuel and ethanol fuel, more information about the economics of various systems can be found on the central page biofuel.
Stage of development
The system has been in development since 1991, moving from the laboratory scale (10 g/day) to the pilot scale (200 lb/day) in 2001. A small demonstration-scale plant (5 ton/day) has been constructed and is under operation and a 220 ton/day demonstration plant is expected in 2012.
See also
Anaerobic digestion
Bioreactor
Mechanical biological treatment
References
Anaerobic digestion
Biodegradable waste management
Alcohol fuels
Waste treatment technology
Biomass
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconversion%20of%20biomass%20to%20mixed%20alcohol%20fuels
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Tuscarora Creek may refer to the following streams in the United States:
Tuscarora Creek (Monocacy River tributary), Maryland
Tuscarora Creek (Potomac River tributary), Maryland
Tuscarora Creek (New York), a tributary of the Chemung River
Tuscarora Creek (Juniata River tributary), Pennsylvania
Tuscarora Creek (Susquehanna River tributary), a tributary of Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania
Tuscarora Creek (Goose Creek), a tributary of Goose Creek (Potomac River tributary), Virginia
Tuscarora Creek (Opequon Creek tributary), West Virginia
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora%20Creek
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Samnyeon Sanseong Fortress (literally "Three-Years' Mountain Fortress") is the ruins of a Silla fortress and wall that was built beginning in the year 470. The fortress was reconstructed in 486. The ruins are located in present-day Boeun, South Korea. During the Three Kingdoms Period the town of Boeun-eup, located two kilometers from the fortress, was known as Samnyeon-gun or Samnyeonsan-gun and it is believed by some that the fortress gets its name from the town. However, the Samguk Sagi relates that the fortress was completed in three years (Korean, sam nyeon), and that the fortress derived its name from this fact. This account also suggests that the nearby town derived its name from the fortress, rather than vice versa. The Annals of Joseon Dynasty show that the fortress was known as Ojeong Sanseong Fortress and was used during the Joseon Dynasty, probably because the fortress is located atop Mount Ojeongsan.
The fortress has been registered by the South Korean government on the tentative list of sites awaiting approval as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Although parts of the old wall have survived to this day, it is undergoing a major reconstruction by the Korean government. It is also listed as Korean Historic Site No.235.
The walls of Samnyeon Sanseong Fortress measured over 1,680 meters or 1,880 meters in length, depending on the reference source. They were built by alternating rows of slim and flat stones placed in horizontal and vertical layers. This method of construction resulted in a very strong wall structure. The walls of the fortress, built on vertical cliffs, combine to create an impenetrable wall which ranged from thirteen to twenty meters in height. The width of the walls ranged from five to eight meters. The walls of stone also incorporated ramparts of mounded earth. Other notable features of the ruins include four gates, seven Ongseong (curved guard bastions), two sluice gates and five wells. The four gates, located approximately equidistantly measure at about 4.5 meters in length. The Ongseong, or guard posts, were placed in areas most vulnerable to attack and were 25 meters in circumference and 8.3 meters in height. A large pond was once inside the fortress and was used as an important water source although only the outline of the pond remains today.
The fortress is valuable because it shows what building techniques were employed by the Silla during the late fifth century. Additionally, Samnyeon Sanseong Fortress exhibits the characteristics typical of a Korean mountain fortress. There are two general classifications of Korean-style mountain fortress. The Pokok style is a fortress which surrounds the valley while the Teimeui style is a fortress where the walls are built around the peaks of the mountain, sometimes described like a folding screen across the mountain. This fortress follows the Teimeui tradition.
The fortress occupied and protected a strategic location and is credited with helping Silla to achieve the unification of Korea. During the late seventh century, Silla used the fortress as a base to attack Baekje to the west while also preparing for advances against Goguryeo to the north. The fortress was pivotal in securing the Han River Valley, the central part of the Korean peninsula. The reputation of the fortress is such that it is said that Wanggeon, the first king of Goryeo, failed in his attempt to take the fortress 918. Excavations in 1983 of artifacts from the Three Kingdoms period up to the Joseon Dynasty give clues as to when the fortress was occupied and used. Thousands of tombs also surround the fortress. Another notable feature of the fortress is the presence of engraved calligraphy on a boulder at its entrance, writing that has been attributed to Kim Saeng.
See also
Doksan Fortress
Silla
Castles in Korea
References
External links
Cultural Heritage: Samnyeon Sanseong
Oriental Architecture: Samnyeon Sanseong Fortress
World Heritage in Korea (pdf)
Silla
Castles in South Korea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnyeonsanseong
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Ekman transport is part of Ekman motion theory, first investigated in 1902 by Vagn Walfrid Ekman. Winds are the main source of energy for ocean circulation, and Ekman transport is a component of wind-driven ocean current. Ekman transport occurs when ocean surface waters are influenced by the friction force acting on them via the wind. As the wind blows it casts a friction force on the ocean surface that drags the upper 10-100m of the water column with it. However, due to the influence of the Coriolis effect, the ocean water moves at a 90° angle from the direction of the surface wind. The direction of transport is dependent on the hemisphere: in the northern hemisphere, transport occurs at 90° clockwise from wind direction, while in the southern hemisphere it occurs at 90° anticlockwise. This phenomenon was first noted by Fridtjof Nansen, who recorded that ice transport appeared to occur at an angle to the wind direction during his Arctic expedition of the 1890s. Ekman transport has significant impacts on the biogeochemical properties of the world's oceans. This is because it leads to upwelling (Ekman suction) and downwelling (Ekman pumping) in order to obey mass conservation laws. Mass conservation, in reference to Ekman transfer, requires that any water displaced within an area must be replenished. This can be done by either Ekman suction or Ekman pumping depending on wind patterns.
Theory
Ekman theory explains the theoretical state of circulation if water currents were driven only by the transfer of momentum from the wind. In the physical world, this is difficult to observe because of the influences of many simultaneous current driving forces (for example, pressure and density gradients). Though the following theory technically applies to the idealized situation involving only wind forces, Ekman motion describes the wind-driven portion of circulation seen in the surface layer.
Surface currents flow at a 45° angle to the wind due to a balance between the Coriolis force and the drags generated by the wind and the water. If the ocean is divided vertically into thin layers, the magnitude of the velocity (the speed) decreases from a maximum at the surface until it dissipates. The direction also shifts slightly across each subsequent layer (right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere). This is called the Ekman spiral. The layer of water from the surface to the point of dissipation of this spiral is known as the Ekman layer. If all flow over the Ekman layer is integrated, the net transportation is at 90° to the right (left) of the surface wind in the northern (southern) hemisphere.
Mechanisms
There are three major wind patterns that lead to Ekman suction or pumping. The first are wind patterns that are parallel to the coastline. Due to the Coriolis effect, surface water moves at a 90° angle to the wind current. If the wind moves in a direction causing the water to be pulled away from the coast then Ekman suction will occur. On the other hand, if the wind is moving in such a way that surface waters move towards the shoreline then Ekman pumping will take place.
The second mechanism of wind currents resulting in Ekman transfer is the Trade Winds both north and south of the equator pulling surface waters towards the poles. There is a great deal of upwelling Ekman suction at the equator because water is being pulled northward north of the equator and southward south of the equator. This leads to a divergence in the water, resulting in Ekman suction, and therefore, upwelling.
The third wind pattern influencing Ekman transfer is large-scale wind patterns in the open ocean. Open ocean wind circulation can lead to gyre-like structures of piled up sea surface water resulting in horizontal gradients of sea surface height. This pile up of water causes the water to have a downward flow and suction, due to gravity and mass balance. Ekman pumping downward in the central ocean is a consequence of this convergence of water.
Ekman suction
Ekman suction is the component of Ekman transport that results in areas of upwelling due to the divergence of water. Returning to the concept of mass conservation, any water displaced by Ekman transport must be replenished. As the water diverges it creates space and acts as a suction in order to fill in the space by pulling up, or upwelling, deep sea water to the euphotic zone.
Ekman suction has major consequences for the biogeochemical processes in the area because it leads to upwelling. Upwelling carries nutrient rich, and cold deep-sea water to the euphotic zone, promoting phytoplankton blooms and kickstarting an extremely high-productive environment. Areas of upwelling lead to the promotion of fisheries, in fact nearly half of the world's fish catch comes from areas of upwelling.
Ekman suction occurs both along coastlines and in the open ocean, but also occurs along the equator. Along the Pacific coastline of California, Central America, and Peru, as well as along the Atlantic coastline of Africa there are areas of upwelling due to Ekman suction, as the currents move equatorwards. Due to the Coriolis effect the surface water moves 90° to the left (in the South Hemisphere, as it travels toward the equator) of the wind current, therefore causing the water to diverge from the coast boundary, leading to Ekman suction. Additionally, there are areas of upwelling as a consequence of Ekman suction where the Polar Easterlies winds meet the Westerlies in the subpolar regions north of the subtropics, as well as where the Northeast Trade Winds meet the Southeast Trade Winds along the Equator. Similarly, due to the Coriolis effect the surface water moves 90° to the left (in the South Hemisphere) of the wind currents, and the surface water diverges along these boundaries, resulting in upwelling in order to conserve mass.
Ekman pumping
Ekman pumping is the component of Ekman transport that results in areas of downwelling due to the convergence of water. As discussed above, the concept of mass conservation requires that a pile up of surface water must be pushed downward. This pile up of warm, nutrient-poor surface water gets pumped vertically down the water column, resulting in areas of downwelling.
Ekman pumping has dramatic impacts on the surrounding environments. Downwelling, due to Ekman pumping, leads to nutrient poor waters, therefore reducing the biological productivity of the area. Additionally, it transports heat and dissolved oxygen vertically down the water column as warm oxygen rich surface water is being pumped towards the deep ocean water.
Ekman pumping can be found along the coasts as well as in the open ocean. Along the Pacific Coast in the Southern Hemisphere northerly winds move parallel to the coastline. Due to the Coriolis effect the surface water gets pulled 90° to the left of the wind current, therefore causing the water to converge along the coast boundary, leading to Ekman pumping. In the open ocean Ekman pumping occurs with gyres. Specifically, in the subtropics, between 20°N and 50°N, there is Ekman pumping as the tradewinds shift to westerlies causing a pile up of surface water.
Mathematical derivation
Some assumptions of the fluid dynamics involved in the process must be made in order to simplify the process to a point where it is solvable. The assumptions made by Ekman were:
no boundaries;
infinitely deep water;
eddy viscosity, , is constant (this is only true for laminar flow. In the turbulent atmospheric and oceanic boundary layer it is a strong function of depth);
the wind forcing is steady and has been blowing for a long time;
barotropic conditions with no geostrophic flow;
the Coriolis parameter, is kept constant.
The simplified equations for the Coriolis force in the x and y directions follow from these assumptions:
where is the wind stress, is the density, is the east–west velocity, and is the north–south velocity.
Integrating each equation over the entire Ekman layer:
where
Here and represent the zonal and meridional mass transport terms with units of mass per unit time per unit length. Contrarily to common logic, north–south winds cause mass transport in the east–west direction.
In order to understand the vertical velocity structure of the water column, equations and can be rewritten in terms of the vertical eddy viscosity term.
where is the vertical eddy viscosity coefficient.
This gives a set of differential equations of the form
In order to solve this system of two differential equations, two boundary conditions can be applied:
as
friction is equal to wind stress at the free surface ().
Things can be further simplified by considering wind blowing in the y-direction only. This means is the results will be relative to a north–south wind (although these solutions could be produced relative to wind in any other direction):
where
and represent Ekman transport in the u and v direction;
in equation the plus sign applies to the northern hemisphere and the minus sign to the southern hemisphere;
is the wind stress on the sea surface;
is the Ekman depth (depth of Ekman layer).
By solving this at z=0, the surface current is found to be (as expected) 45 degrees to the right (left) of the wind in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. This also gives the expected shape of the Ekman spiral, both in magnitude and direction. Integrating these equations over the Ekman layer shows that the net Ekman transport term is 90 degrees to the right (left) of the wind in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere.
Applications
Ekman transport leads to coastal upwelling, which provides the nutrient supply for some of the largest fishing markets on the planet and can impact the stability of the Antarctic Ice Sheet by pulling warm deep water onto the continental shelf. Wind in these regimes blows parallel to the coast (such as along the coast of Peru, where the wind blows out of the southeast, and also in California, where it blows out of the northwest). From Ekman transport, surface water has a net movement of 90° to right of wind direction in the northern hemisphere (left in the southern hemisphere). Because the surface water flows away from the coast, the water must be replaced with water from below. In shallow coastal waters, the Ekman spiral is normally not fully formed and the wind events that cause upwelling episodes are typically rather short. This leads to many variations in the extent of upwelling, but the ideas are still generally applicable.
Ekman transport is similarly at work in equatorial upwelling, where, in both hemispheres, a trade wind component towards the west causes a net transport of water towards the pole, and a trade wind component towards the east causes a net transport of water away from the pole.
On smaller scales, cyclonic winds induce Ekman transport which causes net divergence and upwelling, or Ekman suction, while anti-cyclonic winds cause net convergence and downwelling, or Ekman pumping
Ekman transport is also a factor in the circulation of the ocean gyres and garbage patches. Ekman transport causes water to flow toward the center of the gyre in all locations, creating a sloped sea-surface, and initiating geostrophic flow (Colling p 65). Harald Sverdrup applied Ekman transport while including pressure gradient forces to develop a theory for this (see Sverdrup balance).
See also
Notes
References
Colling, A., Ocean Circulation, Open University Course Team. Second Edition. 2001.
Emerson, Steven R.; Hedges, John I. (2017). Chemical Oceanography and the Marine Carbon Cycle. New York, United States of America: Cambridge University Press. .
Knauss, J.A., Introduction to Physical Oceanography, Waveland Press. Second Edition. 2005.
Lindstrom, Eric J. "Ocean Motion : Definition : Wind Driven Surface Currents - Upwelling and Downwelling". oceanmotion.org.
Mann, K.H. and Lazier J.R., Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems, Blackwell Publishing. Third Edition. 2006.
Miller, Charles B.; Wheeler, Patricia A. Biological Oceanography (Second ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. .
Pond, S. and Pickard, G. L., Introductory Dynamical Oceanography, Pergamon Press. Second edition. 1983.
Sarmiento, Jorge L.; Gruber, Nicolas (2006). Ocean biogeochemical dynamics. Princeton University Press. .
Sverdrup, K.A., Duxbury, A.C., Duxbury, A.B., An Introduction to The World's Oceans, McGraw-Hill. Eighth Edition. 2005.
External links
What is Ekman transport ?
Aquatic ecology
Oceanography
Fluid dynamics
Underwater diving environment
Transport phenomena
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekman%20transport
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Judith H. Dutcher (born November 27, 1962) is an American attorney and former politician who served as the Minnesota State Auditor from 1995 – 2003 as both a Republican and Democrat (DFL). She was the first woman to serve as Minnesota State Auditor.
Life and career
Judi Dutcher was born in Michigan in 1962. Her father, Jim Dutcher, was the head basketball coach of the University of Minnesota from the mid-1970s to mid-1980s. She received a B.A. in Political Science and in English Literature from the University of Minnesota in 1984, and her J.D. degree from the Law School in 1987.
After practicing as a prosecutor in the Twin Cities for several years, and serving as a referee in Hennepin County Conciliation Court, then-Governor Arne Carlson, approached her about running for state auditor as a member of the then Independent Republican Party in 1994 (the state Republican party was known as the Independent Republican Party from November 1975 to September 1995). Dutcher had previously not been a member of either party.
However, she accepted, and ran in the Arne Carlson mold of a centrist Republican; liberal on social issues, and conservative on fiscal issues. She won the Republican Party nomination for Auditor, and in November 1994, became the first pregnant woman ever elected to statewide office in the United States.
Dutcher gained recognition for her office's special investigations into malfeasance and was reelected in 1998, receiving more votes than any other candidate for constitutional office in Minnesota that year. In January 2000, she announced that she was switching to the DFL party, saying that she felt uncomfortable as a pro-choice on abortion, pro-gay rights woman in the Republican Party. She was given a speaking slot at the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, and supported Vice President Al Gore and Senator Joe Lieberman.
In 2001, Dutcher announced that she was creating an exploratory committee to run for Governor of Minnesota. She entered the race in early 2002, with State Senator Becky Lourey as her main opponent for the DFL endorsement. State Senate Majority Leader Roger Moe entered the race a few months later, setting up a three-way-fight for the DFL endorsement. At the convention, Lourey dropped out after the second round of balloting and endorsed Dutcher. However, Dutcher did not have the support of 60% of the delegates needed for the endorsement, and Roger Moe had the momentum after several more rounds of balloting. Dutcher withdrew her bid for governor, and endorsed Moe. Dutcher decided not to seek reelection to the auditors office, and rejected calls from the Independence Party of Minnesota to run under their banner. Dutcher's term as auditor expired in January 2003. Roger Moe lost the governor's race to Tim Pawlenty in November 2002.
Currently, Dutcher is the CEO of the Bentson Foundation. It is a Tax-Exempt Charitable Corporation started in 1956 by Larry and Nancy Bentson.
2006 campaign for lieutenant governor
Dutcher had disclaimed interest in running for office again, but had created speculation that Minnesota Attorney General Mike Hatch would choose her as his running mate for Lieutenant Governor after she strongly endorsed him and spoke on his behalf at the 2006 DFL state convention. Perhaps not surprisingly, Hatch named her as his running mate on June 25, 2006.
In the final stage of the campaign, Dutcher made headlines for a political gaffe in which she responded to then KSAX-TV reporter Corey Poppe's question on E85 ethanol by saying "What's E85?" Hatch attributed part of his loss to that remark, noting that he lost heavily in southern Minnesota counties where E85 production facilities are located. However, Hatch later regretted the comment attributing the loss to the E85 comment, and he took responsibility for the loss. The Star Tribune and WCCO TV made separate analyses of the comment, and found that it had little impact on the race. However, the gaffe did lead to Hatch calling a reporter a "Republican whore" a few days later, which dominated the news cycle leading up to the election.
Electoral history
2006 campaign for Governor/Lt. Governor – General Election
Tim Pawlenty/Carol Molnau (R), 47%
Mike Hatch/Judi Dutcher (DFL), 46%
Peter Hutchinson/Maureen Reed (I), 6%
1998 campaign for State Auditor
Judi Dutcher, (R), 968,132 votes (49.06%)
Nancy A. Larson, (DFL), 812,892 votes (41.20%)
Patricia G.V. Becker, (USTP), 116,578 votes (5.91%)
Bob Odden, (L), 40,228 votes (2.04%)
Joseph G. Peschek, (PM), 33,507 votes, (1.7%)
1994 campaign for State Auditor
Judi Dutcher, (R), 836,626 votes (49.62%)
Donald M. Moe, (DFL), 768630 votes (45.59%)
Steven Anderson, (GRTS), 80,811 votes (4.79%)
1994 campaign for State Auditor – Republican Primary
Judi Dutcher, 100,908 votes (28.07%)
David A. P. Anderson, 77,265 votes (21.49%)
Don Koenig, 69,571 votes (19.35%)
James J. Wagner, 61,809 votes, (17.19%)
Nick Tretinyak, Jr., 25,414 votes, (7.07%)
Jual Carlos Carlson, 24,539 votes (6.83%)
References
External links
http://www.mncommunityfoundation.org/
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/campaign2002/governor/dutcher.shtml
http://www.osa.state.mn.us/
https://web.archive.org/web/20061114135949/http://www.startribune.com/587/story/784334.html
http://www.bentsonfoundation.org
1962 births
Living people
State Auditors of Minnesota
Minnesota Democrats
Minnesota Republicans
American prosecutors
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
University of Minnesota Law School alumni
Women in Minnesota politics
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Candidates in the 2006 United States elections
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi%20Dutcher
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WWW (or www) is an initialism for World Wide Web. In English, WWW is the longest possible three-letter abbreviation when spoken, requiring six to nine syllables, depending on how it is pronounced, whereas the twelve letters in "World Wide Web" are pronounced with three syllables. The English writer Douglas Adams once quipped:
Tim Berners-Lee rejected suggestions to change the World Wide Web name over pronunciation issues, arguing that this peculiar feature of the name would make it memorable. As his invention gradually gained ubiquity, it came to be called simply the Web.
English pronunciation
In standard English pronunciation, www is pronounced by individually pronouncing the names of the letters ( or double-u double-u double-u). However, in colloquial speech the name of the letter W is sometimes shortened. In some parts of the United States, the l is often dropped and the u reduced, for , whereas in the Southern United States W is reduced to two-syllables, .
The form dub-dub-dub has long been used occasionally worldwide, but is the most common abbreviation used in New Zealand.
An abbreviation W3 ( "double-u cubed") is inspired from mathematical notation for exponentiation (W raised to the 3rd power). Many of the original papers describing the World Wide Web abbreviated it this way, and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was named according to this early usage. The original W3C logo had a superscript 3 and the consortium's domain name is still www.w3.org.
Other languages
In Afrikaans, Dutch, German, Polish and other languages, this problem doesn't occur because the letter W is already uttered as a single syllable.
In some languages, such as Danish, Estonian, Finnish, Norwegian, and Swedish it is common practice to say "ve"(v) instead of "dobbelt-ve" in abbreviations, so "www" becomes "ve, ve, ve". This is also used by Romanian, Serbian, etc. In Danish, it is also usual to say "tre gange dobbelt-ve" ("three times double u").
In many languages which give the letter W a name that translates to "double V", each w is substituted by a v, so www is shortened to "vvv" instead. Another practice is to use a numeric shortcut that translates w-w-w as triple W.
In Standard Mandarin of China, is called "sān double u" which means 3 W(s).
In Taiwanese Mandarin, is pronounced as "triple w" in English.
Japanese uses a transliteration of the English pronunciation – (ダブリューダブリューダブリュー).
"vé, vé, vé" in both Czech and Slovak (Literally means vvv. The formally correct but infrequently used form has 12 syllables: dvojité vé, dvojité vé, dvojité vé.)
"vee vee vee" (commonly used) in Estonian (correct, but used less often, is "kaksisvee kaksisvee kaksisvee")
"vee vee vee" in Finnish (The pronunciation of W in this context has been adopted from German)
"double vé, double vé, double vé" in French. Most French speakers prefer the "3w" form, pronounced "trois doubles-vés" (most television and radio commercials in French speaking countries use this pronunciation) or – less frequently – "triple double-vé". Some Belgians tend to use the Dutch pronunciation.
"vé, vé, vé" in Hungarian (Literally means vvv. The formally correct but infrequently used form has nine syllables: dupla vé, dupla vé, dupla vé.) Sometimes "tripladuplavé" can be heard, too.
"tvöfalt vaff, tvöfalt vaff, tvöfalt vaff" or "vaff, vaff, vaff" in Icelandic
"dupult ve, dupult ve, dupult ve" or "ve, ve, ve" in Faroese. Double-u is not part of the Faroese alphabet and is normally substituted by using V in its stead, leading to the latter, shorter pronunciation.
"vu vu vu" in Italian, despite being technically incorrect (it is one of the possible pronunciations for "vvv").
"ве-ве-ве" in Macedonian (pronounced ve-ve-ve)
"dablio, dablio, dablio" in Portuguese
"dáblio, dáblio, dáblio" in Brazilian Portuguese
"вэ-вэ-вэ" in Russian (pronounced ve-ve-ve). It may be heard in the "WWW" song by the band Leningrad. However, the official pronunciation is "тройное дабл-ю" ("triple double-u")
"ве-ве-ве" in Serbian (pronounced ve-ve-ve). Another frequently used way to pronounce it is в-в-в (v-v-v) without any vowels. Correct, but used less often, is "duplove-duplove-duplove".
In Spanish, "3w" can be either "triple doble v", "triple doble u", "uve doble uve doble uve doble", "tres uve dobles", "triple uve doble", "doble u, doble u, doble u", "ve doble, ve doble, ve doble" (Latin America), "doble ve, doble ve, doble ve" (Argentina) or "tres uve(s) dobles" (Spain).
"dabıl yu, dabıl yu, dabıl yu" or "çift ve, çift ve, çift ve" or "ve ve ve" in Turkish
"Double-u,Double-u,Double-u" in Arabic
"дабл ю, дабл ю, дабл ю" (pronounced "double u, double u, double u") in Ukrainian, although "дабі, дабі, дабі" (dabi-dabi-dabi), "ве, ве, ве" (ve-ve-ve) and (officially) "потрійне дабл ю" are also used.
"vê kép, vê kép, vê kép" in Vietnamese.
In Welsh, the standard pronunciation is "w-driphlyg" ("triple-w") – as w is a vowel in Welsh, it is pronounced as 'oo', so the acronym's name is only 3 syllables long.
References
World Wide Web
Phonology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation%20of%20%22www%22
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The shape correction function is a ratio of the surface area of a growing organism and that of an isomorph as function of the volume. The shape of the isomorph is taken to be equal to that of the organism for a given reference volume, so for that particular volume the surface areas are also equal and the shape correction function has value one.
For a volume and reference volume , the shape correction function equals:
V0-morphs:
V1-morphs:
Isomorphs:
Static mixtures between a V0 and a V1-morph can be found as: for
The shape correction function is used in Dynamic Energy Budget theory to correct equations for isomorphs to organisms that change shape during growth. The conversion is necessary for accurately modelling food (substrate) acquisition and mobilization of reserve for use by metabolism.
References
Developmental biology
Metabolism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20correction%20function
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Amdoparvovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Parvoviridae in the subfamily Parvovirinae. Mustelids (minks, ferrets, and foxes), skunk, and raccoons serve as natural hosts. There are five species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include progressive disorder of immune system.
Taxonomy
The following five species are assigned to the genus:
Carnivore amdoparvovirus 1
Carnivore amdoparvovirus 2
Carnivore amdoparvovirus 3
Carnivore amdoparvovirus 4
Carnivore amdoparvovirus 5
Structure
Viruses in the genus Amdoparvovirus have non-enveloped protein particles with T=1 icosahedral symmetry. They are around 18 to 26 nm in diameter and contain a single linear single-stranded DNA genome around 4.8 kb in length.
Life cycle
Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediate clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the rolling-hairpin model. DNA templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus may exit the host cell by vesicular trafficking following nuclear pore export or be released following cell lysis.
Mustelids, skunk, and raccoons serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are oral and respiratory.
References
External links
Parvovirinae
Virus genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdoparvovirus
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Sir Maurice Charles Philip O'Connell KCH (1768 – 25 May 1848) was a commander of forces and lieutenant-governor of colonial New South Wales.
Early life
Maurice Charles O'Connell was born in Ireland in 1768. He had had a distinguished career in the army. His family the Tarmon branch of the O’Connell clan of Kerry, Munster were cousins to the Derrynane O’Connell family, such as Daniel O’Connell MP.
New South Wales
In 1809, he came with the newly appointed Governor of New South Wales Macquarie to Sydney in charge of the 73rd Regiment of Foot. There, in May 1810, O'Connell hastily married widow Mary Putland, the daughter of the deposed former governor William Bligh, shortly before Bligh's return to England.
O'Connell also had a commission as Lieutenant-Governor, and so acted when Macquarie was absent in Tasmania in the latter part of 1812. O'Connell was then on good terms with Macquarie, who, in November of that year, strongly recommended that his salary should be considerably increased.
Although William Bligh had departed, his daughter, now Mary O'Connell, had not forgiven those who had deposed her father, creating tensions between her husband and others in the colony. O'Connell became involved in the quarrel and in August 1813 Macquarie in a dispatch to Lord Bathurst stated that, "though lieutenant-colonel O'Connell is naturally a very well disposed man . . . it would greatly improve the harmony of the country . . . if the whole of the officers and men of the 73 regiment were removed from it".
On 26 March 1814 O'Connell and his regiment were transferred to Ceylon. He attained the rank of major-general in 1830 and was knighted in 1835.
Return to New South Wales
In 1838, Maurice O'Connell returned to Sydney in command of the forces and was appointed a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council. He was senior member of the executive council when, the question of the rights of Bligh's daughters to certain land granted to Bligh in 1806 having been again raised, Governor Gipps found himself in an extremely delicate position. The matter was settled by compromise in 1841.
O'Connell was acting-governor of New South Wales from 12 July to 2 August 1846.
Later life
Maurice O'Connell died in Sydney on 25 May 1848, and received a full military funeral at St James' Church.
Legacy
O'Connell, New South Wales was named after him by George Evans, when Evans followed the route of Blaxland, Lawson, and Wentworth in crossing the Blue Mountains as were streets in Sydney, Melbourne and North Adelaide.
His son, Sir Maurice Charles O'Connell, was also a member of the Legislative Council (1845-1849) and then a member of the Queensland Legislative Council (1860-1879).
External links
OConnell, Maurice at the Dictionary of Sydney.
References
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1768 births
1848 deaths
Lieutenant-Governors of New South Wales
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Maurice
Irish emigrants to colonial Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Charles%20O%27Connell
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St Scholastica's College (commonly referred to as Schols) is an independent Roman Catholic single-sex secondary day and boarding school for girls, located in Glebe Point, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Established in 1878 by the Sisters of the Good Samaritan, the College provides education for girls from the Sydney region, and as of 2019 had approximately 1,030 students from Year 7 to Year 12, including 80 boarders from international, remote and urban areas. St Scholastica's is located within the Archdiocese of Sydney and is affiliated with the Australian Boarding Schools' Association (ABSA).
Sporting
The College sports program includes touch football, volleyball, rowing, tennis, soccer, netball and dragon boating. They participate in the Catholic Girls Schools Secondary Sports Association (CGSSSA) competitions and in local competitions on weekends.
Houses
As of 2018 the College operates with seven houses named after notable Catholic women: Hart (the red house), Clarke (the orange house), Adamson (the yellow house), Ronayne (the green house), McLaughlin (the blue house), Gibbons (the purple house) and Byrne (the pink house). The College homerooms are also organised by house.
Each year the house with the most points wins the House Spirit Cup. House points are awarded to students for swimming and athletic carnival participation and spirit, for participation in a vast range of extra-curricular and co-curricular activities, and for gaining awards.
Notable alumni
Basia A'Hern – actress
Jennifer Anne Alexander – Chief Executive Officer of the Australian Institute of Management, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory; Chairman of Gondwana Voices (also attended Rosebank College)
Mabel Eileen Furley – Member of the NSW Legislative Council (1962–1964); Foundation member of the Liberal Party; Chairman of the Federal Women's Committee of the Liberal Party of Australia
Malarndirri (Barbara) McCarthy – an Australian politician who represented Arnhem in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 2005 to 2012. Currently the Senator for the Northern Territory since 2016. School captain in 1988.
See also
List of Catholic schools in New South Wales
Catholic education in Australia
List of boarding schools in Australia
Toxteth Park, Glebe
References
External links
St Scholastica's College website
Educational institutions established in 1878
1878 establishments in Australia
Boarding schools in New South Wales
Catholic secondary schools in Sydney
Girls' schools in New South Wales
Catholic boarding schools in Australia
Glebe, New South Wales
Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Scholastica%27s%20College%2C%20Australia
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1002 Olbersia (prov. designation: or ) is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 15 August 1923, by Russian astronomer Vladimir Albitsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The assumed C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 10.2 hours and measures approximately in diameter. It was named after German astronomer Heinrich Olbers (1758–1840).
Orbit and classification
Olbersia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,699 days; semi-major axis of 2.79 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Uccle Observatory in 1935, twelve years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.
Naming
Honoring Olbers
This minor planet was named after Heinrich Olbers (1758–1840), a physician and amateur astronomer from Bremen in northern Germany. He discovered the main-belt asteroids 2 Pallas and 4 Vesta as well as six comets, and was the first to compute the orbit of comets with a certain degree of accuracy. Olbers' paradox is named after him, as is the lunar crater Olbers. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 ().
The road to 1000
1001 Gaussia was named as part of trio honoring the events surrounding the discovery of Ceres in 1801. Carl Friedrich Gauss who computed the orbit of Ceres had 1001 Gaussia named for him, 1000 Piazzia for Giuseppe Piazzi (who had discovered Ceres) and finally 1002 Olbersia for Olbers. Olbers recovered Ceres after it has passed behind the Sun and returned. In the next few years only three more astronomical bodies were found between Mars and Jupiter, Pallas, Juno, and 4 Vesta, and it would be 37 years before another asteroid was found, 5 Astraea in 1845. Olbers discovered Pallas and Vesta also. No asteroids were found in 1846, planet Neptune was, but after that more asteroids were found every year including over 300 by the 1890s, when the advent of astronomical photography further increased the rate of discovery in coming decades. In the years between 1845 and 1891, 6.9 minor planets were discovered each year, but the rate went to 24.8 from 1891 to 1931. In that time an additional 1191 asteroids were discovered, and the number of numbered minor planets reached well over 1000. The 1000th asteroid was approved in 1921, and the ten thousandth in 1989.
Physical characteristics
Olbersia is an assumed C-type asteroid. This is one of the common asteroid types, as of the late 1980s, 75% of known asteroids.
Rotation period and poles
In October 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Olbersia was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude ().
In 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a concurring period 10.2367 hours, as well as two spin axis of (220.0°, 35.0°) and (16.0°, 54.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) ().
Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Olbersia measures between 22.938 and 32.13 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0621 and 0.147. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0743 and a diameter of 32.21 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.
See also
List of minor planets: 1–1000
List of minor planets: 1001–2000
References
External links
Lightcurve Database Query (LCDB), at www.minorplanet.info
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Geneva Observatory, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
001002
Discoveries by Vladimir Albitsky
Named minor planets
19230815
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1002%20Olbersia
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On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason () is an elaboration on the classical principle of sufficient reason, written by German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer as his doctoral dissertation in 1813. The principle of sufficient reason is a powerful and controversial philosophical principle stipulating that everything must have a reason or cause. Schopenhauer revised and re-published it in 1847. The work articulated the centerpiece of many of Schopenhauer's arguments, and throughout his later works he consistently refers his readers to it as the necessary beginning point for a full understanding of his further writings.
Background
Historical
In January 1813, after suffering their disastrous defeat in Russia, the first remnants of Napoleon's Grande Armée were arriving in Berlin. The sick and wounded quickly filled up the hospitals, and the risk of an epidemic grew high. A patriotic, militaristic spirit inflamed the city and most of the populace, philosophers and students included, entertained the hope that the French yoke could be violently thrown off. All this rapidly became intolerable to Schopenhauer who ultimately fled the city, retreating to the small town of Rudolstadt near Weimar. It was here, from June to November of that year, whilst staying at an inn, that the work was composed.
After submitting it as his doctoral dissertation he was awarded a PhD from the University of Jena in absentia. Private publication soon followed. "There were three reviews of it, commending it condescendingly. Scarcely more than one hundred copies were sold, the rest was remaindered and, a few years later, pulped." Among the reasons for the cold reception of this original version are that it lacked the author's later authoritative style and appeared decidedly unclear in its implications. A copy was sent to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who responded by inviting the author to his home on a regular basis, ostensibly to discuss philosophy but in reality to recruit the young philosopher into work on his Theory of Colors.
In 1847 Schopenhauer rewrote and enlarged the work, publishing a new edition. This is the version of the work that is read today. "There the lines of thought are firmly pursued, linking up with his main work; there a challenge is issued to philosophical tradition, and there is no curb on attacks against the philosophical spirit of the age."
Philosophical
Schopenhauer’s epistemology, by direct admission, begins with Immanuel Kant's theory of knowledge. Schopenhauer proclaimed himself a Kantian who had appropriated his predecessor's most powerful accomplishment in epistemology, and who then claimed to have merely extended and completed what Kant botched or had left undone.
In Schopenhauer’s point of view, Kant’s chief merit lies in his distinction between the thing-in-itself and the phenomenal world in which it appears, i.e., the world as we represent it to ourselves. What is crucial here is the realization that what makes human experience universally possible to begin with without exception, is the perceiving mind. The intellect synthesizes perceptions from raw sensations to consequently abstract modified concepts built upon formed perceptions. Schopenhauer appropriates Kant’s forms of sensibility (space, time, and causality) and expands them into what he calls the understanding:
<blockquote>
To know causality is the sole function of the understanding, its only power, and it is a great power embracing much, manifold in its application, and yet unmistakable in its identity throughout all its manifestations. Conversely, all causality, hence all matter, and consequently the whole of reality, is only for the understanding, through the understanding, in the understanding. The first, simplest, ever-present manifestation of understanding is perception of the actual world. This is in every way knowledge of the cause from the effect, and therefore all perception is intellectual.<ref>The World as Will and Representation volume I 11</ref>
</blockquote>
Thus, our understanding does not exist independent of our ability to perceive and determine relationships anchored in experience itself. Not only what we think in the abstract, but also our very perceptions are completely intellectual and subjectively determined via extraction, new formation, and modified formulation. Already we have the philosophical grounds for Nietzsche’s perspectivism, though given in different language: representation (Vorstellung). One may also translate "Vorstellung" as the English word "idea" – indeed, Schopenhauer himself provides this translation from Kant's similar use of "Vorstellungen." However, this "idea" is semantically distinct both from the Platonic Idea (which Schopenhauer insists be expressed with the German "Ideen") and from Berkeley's use of "idea."
The world as representation
Schopenhauer’s central proposition is the main idea of his entire philosophy, he states simply as “The world is my representation”. The rest of his work is an elaborate analysis and explanation of this sentence, which begins with his Kantian epistemology, but finds thorough elaboration within his version of the principle of sufficient reason. This is responsible for providing adequate explanations for any ‘thing,’ or object that occurs in relation to a subject of knowing; of any representation possible there is always a possible question of 'why?' that one can address to it. It amounts to what Schopenhauer has done, in his view, to extend and complete what Kant began in his Critique of Pure Reason.
The four classes
Four classes of explanation fall under the principle’s rubric. Hence, four classes of objects occur always and already only in relation to a known subject, according to a correlative capacity within the subject. These classes are summarized as follows:
Becoming: Only with the combination of time and space does perceptual actuality become possible for a subject, allowing for ideas of interpretation, and this provides the ground of becoming judgment. This is the law of causality, which is, when considered subjectively, intellectual and a priori-linked understanding. All possible judgments that are inferences of a cause from an effect—a physical state any subject infers as caused by another physical state or vice versa—presumes this as primary ground for the expected potentials of such judgments. The natural sciences operate within this aspect of expanding principles. Schopenhauer proposed a proof of the a priori of causality (i.e. that the universe indeed operates, at least in general, as causal instead of just being perceived so a posteriori, due to the repeatability of sequences) that remains different from Kantian Theory. Proof relies on the intellectuality of perceived things (representations)—these are produced by "projecting causality backwards in time," from physical excitations of cells and nerves (this is the afferent role of the intellect, or brain)—and is apparently influenced by the medieval philosopher Witelo and his work on optics and the psychology of seeing.
Knowing: This class of objects subsumes all judgments, or abstract concepts, which a subject knows through conceptual, discursive reason rooted in the ground of knowing. The other three classes of objects are immediate representations, while this class is always and already composed of fixed representations of representations. Therefore, the truth-value of concepts abstracted from any of the other three classes of objects is grounded in referring to something outside the concept. Concepts are abstract judgments grounded in intuitions of time and space, ideas of perception (causality apparent in the outer world), or acts of direct will (causality experienced from within). That conceptions are easier to deal with than representations; they are, in fact, to these almost as the formula of higher arithmetic to the mental operations which give rise to them and which they represent, or as logarithm to its number. This class makes language (in the form of abstract judgments that are then communicable) possible, and as a consequence, all the sciences become possible.
Being: Time and space comprise separate grounds of being. These a priori (prior to experience) forms respectively allow for an “inner,” temporal sense and an “outer,” spatial sense for the subject; subjectively, these are the forms of pure sensibility—they make sensations possible for a subject. The first makes arithmetic possible, and is presupposed for all other forms of the principle of sufficient reason; the other makes geometry possible. Time is one dimensional and purely successive; each moment determines the following moment; in space, any position is determined only in its relations to all other positions [fixed baselines] in a finite, hence, closed system. Thus, intuitions of time and space provide the grounds of being that make arithmetical and geometrical judgments possible, which are also valid for experience.
Willing: It is possible for a subject of knowing to know himself directly as ‘will.’ A subject knows his acts of will (efferent actions) only after the fact, in time. Action then, finds its root in the law of motivation, the ground of acting, which is causality, but seen from the inside (afferent perception). In other words, not only does a subject know his body as an object of outer sense (efferently), in space, but also in an inner sense (afferently), in time alone; a subject has self-consciousness in addition to knowing his body as an idea of perception (afferent-efferent processes/a priori–a posteriori correlations).
Why does a subject act the way he does? Where a sufficient motive appears in the form either of an intuition, perception, or extracted abstract conception, the subject will act (or react) according to his character, or ‘will.’ e.g., despite all plans to the contrary. When the actual moment comes to act, we do so within the constituents of the rhetorical situation (the various representations presented within subjective experiences) and may be often surprised by what we actually say and do. The human sciences find their ground in this aspect of the principle.
Conclusion
Different rules govern the possible explanations for representations of the four classes and “every explanation given in accordance with this guiding line is merely relative. It [the principle of sufficient reason] explains things in reference to one another, but it always leaves unexplained something that it presupposes,” and the two things that are absolutely inexplicable are the principle itself and the “thing in itself”, which Schopenhauer connects with the will to live. The principle, in another point of view, provides the general form of any given perspective, presupposing both subject and object. The thing in itself, consequently, remains forever unknowable from any standpoint, for any qualities attributed to it are merely perceived, i.e., constructed in the mind from sensations given in time and space. Furthermore, because the concepts we form from our perceptions cannot in any way refer with any validity to anything beyond these limits to experience, all proofs for the existence of God or anything beyond the possibility of experience fall away under the razor of Kant’s critique. Kant termed this critical or transcendental idealism. Important to note here is that “Transcendental” does not refer to knowing the unknowable, but rather it refers to the a priori intellectual conditions for experience. This intuition of the a priori understanding is a modern elucidation of the postmodern expression "always already": time and space always and already determine the possibilities of experience. Additionally, Schopenhauer distinguishes from this something he calls a "spurious a priori": cultural perspectives (ideologies) one is born into that determine one's relationship to experience, in addition to the forms of space and time. He considers these false because it is possible to investigate and uncover their grounds, leading to a reorientation that regards the phenomena of experience as source material of new knowledge, rather than one's always already prejudices about phenomena.
Payne's summary
In his Translator's Introduction to Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation, E. F. J. Payne concisely summarized the Fourfold Root.
Our knowing consciousness...is divisible solely into subject and object. To be object for the subject and to be our representation or mental picture are one and the same. All our representations are objects for the subject, and all objects of the subject are our representations. These stand to one another in a regulated connection which in form is determinable a priori, and by virtue of this connection nothing existing by itself and independent, nothing single and detached, can become an object for us. ...The first aspect of this principle is that of becoming, where it appears as the law of causality and is applicable only to changes. Thus if the cause is given, the effect must of necessity follow. The second aspect deals with concepts or abstract representations, which are themselves drawn from representations of intuitive perception, and here the principle of sufficient reason states that, if certain premises are given, the conclusion must follow. The third aspect of the principle is concerned with being in space and time, and shows that the existence of one relation inevitably implies the other, thus that the equality of the angles of a triangle necessarily implies the equality of its sides and vice versa. Finally, the fourth aspect deals with actions, and the principle appears as the law of motivation, which states that a definite course of action inevitably ensues on a given character and motive.
Notes
References
Safranski, Rüdiger (1990) Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy. Harvard University Press,
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1974) On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason''. Open Court Publishing Co.,
External links
On the fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason, and On the will in nature; two essays. Translated by Mme. Karl Hillebrand (1903)
1813 non-fiction books
1847 non-fiction books
Metaphysics books
Works by Arthur Schopenhauer
Theses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20the%20Fourfold%20Root%20of%20the%20Principle%20of%20Sufficient%20Reason
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Maurice Charles O'Connell (13 January 1812 – 23 March 1879), was a Queensland pioneer and president of the Queensland Legislative Council.
Early life
O'Connell was born at Sydney in 1812. His father was Sir Maurice Charles O'Connell, his mother was Mary (née Bligh, formerly Putland) a daughter of Governor William Bligh. He was educated at the high school, Edinburgh; Dublin and Paris.
Army career
O'Connell entered the army as an ensign at 16 and joined the 73rd Regiment at Gibraltar. In 1835 he volunteered for foreign service as colonel with the British Legion in Spain, which he himself had raised in the county of Cork and other parts of Munster, to sustain the cause of the Spanish Queen and constitution against the insurgent Carlists. Later on he became Deputy Adjutant-General, and ultimately succeeded Sir De Lacy Evans as general of brigade in command of the British Auxiliary Legion in Spain. The Legion was disbanded on 8 December 1837, after taking heavy casualties during the battle of Andoain. Sir Maurice O'Connell was rewarded for his services by having the knighthood of several Spanish orders conferred upon him.
On his return to England he was appointed to the 51st Regiment, and afterwards becoming captain in the 28th, was appointed military secretary on the staff of his father in New South Wales in 1835. When the 28th was recalled to England, Sir Maurice sold out, and engaged in pastoral pursuits. He afterwards resigned from the army and took up land.
Political career
O'Connell was elected a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council in August 1845 for the electoral district of Port Phillip. He was appointed commissioner of crown lands for the Burnett district in 1848, became government resident at Port Curtis (now Gladstone) in 1854, and held this position until 1860.
He was nominated as one of the original members of the Queensland Legislative Council in 1860, was a minister without portfolio in the first ministry under Herbert, and introduced in July of that year a bill to provide for primary education in Queensland. Shortly afterwards he was elected president of the legislative council and retained this position until his death.
In 1863, O'Connell was one of the founders and original trustees of the Queensland Turf Club, having arranged a land grant of 322 acres of land at Eagle Farm in Brisbane for the purpose of horse racing, now known as the Eagle Farm Racecourse. The other trustees were John Frederick McDougall and George Harris (all three were Members of the Queensland Legislative Council).
In 1865 O'Connell, Augustus Charles Gregory and John Douglas applied for a special grant of land to erect a Masonic Hall in Brisbane. This was granted on 15 January 1865.
Late life and legacy
O'Connell was knighted in 1871. He was commandant of the local military forces, and on four occasions was acting-governor of Queensland and showed tact and ability in this position. He was president of the Australasian Association, and of the Queensland Turf Club, and was a vice-president of the National Agricultural Association.
O'Connell died of cancer in Brisbane on 23 March 1879 at Queensland Parliament House. He was buried in Toowong Cemetery.
References
1812 births
1879 deaths
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Members of the Queensland Legislative Council
Presidents of the Queensland Legislative Council
British Auxiliary Legion personnel
73rd Regiment of Foot officers
28th Regiment of Foot officers
Maurice Charles
Burials at Toowong Cemetery
Pre-Separation Queensland
19th-century Australian public servants
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Charles%20O%27Connell%20%28Australian%20politician%29
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San Sebastian College – Recoletos de Cavite, commonly referred to by its nickname Bastê-Cavite, is a private, Catholic, coeducational basic and higher education institution run by the Order of Augustinian Recollects in Cavite City, Cavite, Philippines. It was founded by the Augustinian Recollects in 1966 as an all-boys institution, but became co-educational in 1986. In addition to the college and the Graduate School, it has a pre-school, grade school, junior high school and senior high school divisions. It is the second school run by the Augustinian Recollects which is named San Sebastian College.
Campuses
Main campus
The main campus, which houses the graduate school, college department and senior high school is located along Manila-Cavite Road in Sta. Cruz, Cavite City.
Buildings
St. Augustine Building - also known as the Main/Administrative building. It houses the school's administrative offices. It also houses the school's Chapel and Multi-Purpose Hall, an audio-visual room, bookstore, classrooms and laboratories such as the Psychology Laboratory, Science and Experimental Laboratories and the College Faculty Consultation Room. It also houses the Senior High School department of the institution.
St. Ezekiel Moreno Building - a five-storey building which houses the St. Ezekiel Moreno Lobby, the main venue for school's major activities. It also houses the St. Thomas of Villanova Main Library at the second floor, Laboratories such as the Computer Laboratories at third floor, Mass Communication Laboratory and Crime Laboratory at the fourth floor and the HRM Mini-Hotel, Bar Laboratory and HRM Kitchen at the Fifth floor. The Dean's Office of the College of Criminal Justice Education is also located here at the fourth floor.
St. Monica Building - the tallest building of the campus. It is a six-storey building with a penthouse and a rooftop. It houses the school's canteen, audio-visual rooms, and laboratories such as the speech laboratory, micro laboratory and the Computer engineering laboratory. The Instructional Media Center is also located here at the third floor.
Our Lady of Consolation Building - this five-storey building houses the Dean's Office of the College of Engineering, Computer Studies and Technology. The Nursing Skills Laboratory and Program office is also located here. It also houses Laboratories such as the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, the ITM Laboratory and Chemistry Laboratory. The school's elevator is also located here.
St. Joseph the Worker Building - this building houses the Physics Laboratory and the Electronics and Communications Engineering Laboratory. The barracks is also located in the building. The second through fourth floors contain classrooms.
Cañacao campus
This campus houses the preschool, grade school, and high school departments. It is located in Barrio Rosario St., San Roque, Cavite City.
Buildings
Basic Education Building - it houses the Pre-School, Grade School and Junior High School Departments of the institution. It is also equipped with stable facilities for the students.
Recoletos 4th Centennial Gymnasium - a 3000-seater multi-purpose gymnasium that caters most of the school's institutional activities such as Intramurals, Foundation Anniversary and Institutional Eucharistic Celebrations.
Programs Offered
The school runs a Graduate School, four Colleges, Senior High School Department and Basic Education Department. Listed below are the list of Colleges and courses offered by the institution as well as the programs under its Senior High School and Basic Education Departments.
Graduate School of Business
Master in Business Administration
College of Arts, Sciences and Nursing (CASN)
Bachelor of Arts in Communication (PAASCU Accredited Level 1)
Bachelor of Science in Psychology (PAASCU Accredited Level 1)
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
College of Accountancy, Business Administration and Hospitality Management (CABAHM)
Bachelor of Science in Accountancy (PAASCU Accredited Level 1)
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in Management Accounting (PAASCU Accredited Level 1)
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in Financial Management (PAASCU Accredited Level 1)
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in Marketing Management (PAASCU Accredited Level 1)
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in Human Resource Development Management (PAASCU Accredited Level 1)
Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management Major in Hotel and Restaurant Management
Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management Major in Tourism
College of Engineering, Computer Studies and Technology (CECSCT)
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
College of Criminal Justice Education
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Senior High School Department
Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)
Tech-Voc Track
Basic Education Department
Pre-School (PAASCU Accredited Level 2)
Grade School (PAASCU Accredited Level 2)
Junior High School (PAASCU and FAPE Accredited Level 2)
Competitions
The college participates in events such as:
National Athletic Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities (NAASCU)
NCAA (South Division)
City Meet (Division of Cavite City)
Division Schools Press Conference (Division of Cavite City)
Regional Schools Press Conference
National Schools Press Conference
Cavite Schools Cultural and Athletic Association (CAVSCAA)
Notable alumni
Ronnie del Carmen
Niccolo Cosme
Efren Peñaflorida
Antonio Ruiz Maigue
Mark Yee - PBA player
Axel Doruelo - PBA player
Gallery
External links
San Sebastian College - Recoletos de Cavite
Universities and colleges in Cavite
Catholic universities and colleges in the Philippines
National Collegiate Athletic Association – South
Augustinian universities and colleges
Education in Cavite City
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Sebastian%20College%20%E2%80%93%20Recoletos%20de%20Cavite
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Pacific Fighters, known in Russia as Pearl Harbor (Перл-Харбор), is a World War II Combat flight simulation game for Microsoft Windows, developed in Russia by 1C:Maddox Games and distributed by Ubisoft in 2004. It is in fact a stand-alone expansion pack of IL-2 Sturmovik, released three years earlier in 2001, also developed by 1C:Maddox Games and distributed by Ubisoft. The latest version corresponds to the IL-2 Sturmovik: 1946 compilation, distributed by Ubisoft in 2006.
Pacific Fighters is played online by gamers (Online fighter squadron communities) using a standard IP address or a client server such as Hyperlobby regularly but can be flown offline as well. The game gives the player 74 flyable aircraft, including variants. It was created by Maddox Games, as a Pacific War expansion of IL-2 Sturmovik: Forgotten Battles, although it can also be installed as a stand-alone game. It has two types of missions that can be flown, "dogfights" or "cooperative campaign" modes. In either type, the player can play as either Allied or Axis forces, and the type of aircraft flown usually depends on the mission picked. The game also features a mission editor, allowing the player to make their own missions.
Reception
Pacific Fighters was met with positive reception upon release, as GameRankings gave it a score of 78.35%, while Metacritic gave it 76 out of 100.
During the 8th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Pacific Fighters for "Simulation Game of the Year", which was ultimately awarded to The Sims 2.
References
External links
IL-2 Sturmovik official website
2004 video games
1C Company games
World War II flight simulation video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Video games developed in Russia
Video games set in Oceania
Ubisoft games
Pacific War video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20Fighters
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John James Stevenson (October 10, 1841 – August 10, 1924) was an American geologist, born in New York City. He graduated from New York University in 1863, became professor of chemistry at West Virginia University for two years (1869–71), then served as professor of geology at New York University until 1909. During 1873–74 and from 1878 to 1880 he was geologist for the United States Geological Survey. He also served on the Pennsylvania Geological Survey from 1875 to 1878 and from 1881 to 1882. He was president of the Geological Society of America in 1898.
He died in New Canaan, Connecticut on August 10, 1924.
Selected publications
Notes on the Geology of West Virginia (1873)
The Geological Relations of the Lignitic Groups (1875)
On Dr. Peale's Notes on the Age of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado (1877)
The Upper Devonian Rocks of Southwest Pennsylvania (1878)
Note on the Fox Hills Group of Colorado (1879)
Notes on the Geology of Galisteo Creek, New Mexico (1879)
Notes on the Laramie Group of Southern Colorado and Northern New Mexico (1879)
Surface Geology of South-West Pennsylvania and Adjacent Portions of West Virginia and Maryland (1879)
Notes on the Geology of Wise, Lee and Scott Counties, Virginia (1880)
Notes Respecting a Re-Eroded Channel-Way (1880)
A Geological Reconnaissance of Parts of Lee, Wise, Scott and Washington Counties, Virginia (1881)
Report upon Geological Examinations in Southern Colorado and Northern New Mexico during 1878 and 1879 (1881)
The Upper Freeport Coal Bed Along Laurel Ridge in Preston County of West Virginia (1881)
Notes on the Quinnimont Coal Group in Mercer Co. of West Virginia and Tazewell Co. of Virginia (1881)
Notes on the Coal-Field Near Cañon City, Colorado (1881)
Note on the Laramie Group of Southern New Mexico (1881)
Note on the Laramie Group in the Vicinity of Raton, New Mexico (1882)
Memorial Notice of Benjamin Nicholas Martin (1884)
Notes on the Geologic Structure of Tazewell, Russell, Wise, Smyth and Washington Counties of Virginia (1885)
Some Notes Respecting Metamorphism (1885)
A Geological Reconnaissance of Bland, Giles, Wythe and Portions of Pulaski and Montgomery Counties of Virginia (1887)
Notes on the Lower Carboniferous Groups Along the Easterly Side of the Appalachian Area in Pennsylvania and the Virginias (1887)
Notes of the Surface Geology of South-West Virginia' (1887)
The Faults of Southwest Virginia (1887)
The Mesozoic Rocks of Southern Colorado and Northern New Mexico (1889)
Discussion on the effect of shearing strains (1890)
Review: Stratigraphy of the Bituminous Coal Field of Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia; by Israel C. White (1892)
John Strong Newberry (1893)
On the Use of the Name "Catskill" (1893)
Origin of the Pennsylvania Anthracite (1893)
Some Notes on Southeastern Alaska and its People (1893)
On the New England Coal Fields of the United States (1895)
Origin of Pennsylvania Anthracite (1895)
Review: A Summary Description of the Geology of Pennsylvania. J.P. Lesley (1896)
The Geological Congress at St. Petersburg (1897)
The Debt of the World to Pure Science (1898)
1898 Geological Society of America Presidential Address: Our Society Memoir of James Hall (1900)
Edward Orton (1900)
Should Latin and Greek be Required for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts (1900)
The Section at Schoharie, N.Y. (1901)
Review: History of Geology and Paleontology to the End of the Nineteenth Century. By Karl Alfred von Zittel (1902)
Carboniferous of the Appalachian Basin (1903–1907)
J. Peter Lesley (1903)
The Jurassic Coal of Spitzbergen (1905)
Recent Geology of Spitzbergen (1905)
The Centenary of the Geological Society of London (1907)
Darwin and Geology (1909)
The Coal Basin of Commentry in Central France (1910)
The Coal Basin of Decazeville, France (1910)
Formation of Coal Beds (1911–1913)
Interrelations of the Fossil Fuels (1916–1918)
Origin of formkohle (1917)
Academic unrest and college control (1920)
References
GSA Today August 2013 reprint of J.J. Stevenson's 1898 Presidential Address: Our Society
Further reading
Keyes, Charles. (1924). "Exploratory coal stratigraphy of John James Stevenson". Pan-American Geologist. 42(3):161–172.
White, I.C. (1925). "Memorial of John James Stevenson". Bulletin of the Geological Society of America''. 36: 100–115.
New York University alumni
New York University faculty
West Virginia University faculty
Scientists from New York City
American geologists
United States Geological Survey personnel
American non-fiction writers
1841 births
1924 deaths
Presidents of the Geological Society of America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20J.%20Stevenson%20%28geologist%29
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Thagaste (or Tagaste) was a Roman-Berber city in present-day Algeria, now called Souk Ahras. The town was the birthplace of Saint Augustine.
History
Thagaste was originally a small Numidian village, inhabited by a Berber tribe into which Augustine of Hippo was born in AD 354. His mother Saint Monica was a Christian and his father Patricius (with Roman roots) was at first a pagan who later adopted Christianity.
The city was located in the north-eastern highlands of Numidia. It lay around from Hippo Regius, (modern Annaba), southwest of Thubursicum (Khamissa), and about from Carthage (on the coast of Tunisia).
Thagaste was situated in a region full of dense forest. In antiquity, this area was renowned for its mounts, which were used as a natural citadel against different foreign invaders, including the Romans, the Byzantines, the Vandals, and the Umayyads.
During the Roman period, trading increased in the city, that flourished mainly under the rule of Septimius Severus. Thagaste became a Roman municipium in the first century of Roman domination. The city was mentioned by Pliny the Elder. As a municipium, Thagaste was settled by a few Roman Italian immigrants, but was mainly inhabited by romanized native Berbers.
Indeed, Roman historian Plinius (V,4,4) wrote that Tagaste was an important Christian center in Roman Africa. It had a basilica and a Roman Catholic diocese, the latter of which was the most important in Byzantine Numidia. There are three bishops of Thagaste known to history: Saint Firminus, Saint Alypius (friend of Saint Augustine), and Saint Gennarus.
The rich and powerful gens Valeria, later under Saint Melania, owned an estate nearby which was of such extent and importance as to include two episcopal sees, one belonging to the Catholic Church, the other to the Donatists. Some of the rooms of the villa were "filled with gold".
There is a tradition that Saint Augustine used to meditate under an olive tree on a hill of Thagaste: this tree still exists and is the place of reunion even now for the followers of Augustinian spirituality.
The Byzantines fortified the city with walls. It fell to the Umayyad Caliphate toward the end of the seventh century. After centuries of neglect, French colonists rebuilt the city, which is now called Souk Ahras.
Other data
Currently, philologists and researchers from the Canary Islands (Spain) have linked the Tagaste to Tegueste. The latter derives from *tegăsət, which means "humid" and is of Guanche origin, which had a Berber origin.
People related
Saint Monica
Augustine of Hippo, Doctor of the Church
Martianus Capella, author
Apuleius, author
Alypius of Thagaste, bishop celebrated on August 15
Firmus and Rusticus, Christian martyrs (4th century)
Tacfarinas, resisted Roman invasions
See also
Mauretania Caesariensis
Cuicul
Hippo Regius
Cirta
Thagaste (diocese)
References
Bibliography
Benseddik, Nacéra. Thagaste.Souk Ahras, ville natale de saint Augustin Ed. Inas. Alger, 2005.
Laffi, Umberto. Colonie e municipi nello Stato romano Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. Roma, 2007
Mommsen, Theodore. The Provinces of the Roman Empire Section: Roman Africa. (Leipzig 1865; London 1866; London: Macmillan 1909; reprint New York 1996) Barnes & Noble. New York, 1996
Smyth Vereker, Charles. Scenes in the Sunny South: Including the Atlas Mountains and the Oases of the Sahara in Algeria. Volume 2. Publisher Longmans, Green, and Company. University of Wisconsin. Madison,1871 ( Roman Thagaste )
Archaeological sites in Algeria
Roman towns and cities in Algeria
Former populated places in Algeria
Ancient Berber cities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thagaste
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Craig Seaplane Base is a public use seaplane base owned by and located in Craig, a city in the Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.
As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 5,844 enplanements (passenger boardings) in calendar year 2008, 4,470 enplanements in 2009, and 4,368 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a non-primary commercial service airport (between 2,500 and 10,000 enplanements per year).
Facilities and aircraft
Craig Seaplane Base has one seaplane landing area designated N/S with a water surface measuring 10,000 by 2,000 feet (3,048 x 610 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2006, the airport had 2,254 aircraft operations, an average of 187 per month: 78% air taxi and 22% general aviation.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines offer scheduled passenger service:
References
External links
Topographic map from USGS The National Map
Airports in the Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area, Alaska
Seaplane bases in Alaska
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Seaplane%20Base
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State Route 319 (SR 319) is a state highway in Lincoln County, Nevada. The route connects the town of Panaca to Modena, Utah. SR 319 has been part of the state highway system since at least 1932, and was part of the longer State Route 25 prior to the late 1970s.
Route description
State Route 319 begins at a junction with U.S. Route 93 near Cathedral Gorge State Park. After a short distance, the highway passes through the town of Panaca on F Street. Exiting the town, the route continues eastward about before turning slightly southeast to climb the Panaca Summit. SR 319 turns eastward again as it heads towards the Utah state line. The highway continues northeast as Utah State Route 56 to Modena.
History
A pathway connecting Panaca and Modena appears on state maps by 1927 as a county road. This route had been improved to a graded highway and designated State Route 25 by 1932. The entire route was paved by 1951.
By 1933, State Route 25 was extended westward. It followed US 93/State Route 7 south through Caliente and west to Crystal Springs, where it headed northwest towards U.S. Route 6/State Route 4 ending near Tonopah. The western segment of route underwent numerous realignments over the next few several years, with the western terminus shifting eastward on US 6 to Warm Springs by the time the highway was paved in 1958.
Once paved, both parts of State Route 25 remained unchanged until July 1, 1976. On that date, Nevada authorized the renumbering of all its state highways. During that process, the eastern section of SR 25 became the new State Route 319 while the western segment became State Route 375. The changes were first noted on the 1978 edition of the official state highway map.
Major intersections
References
319
Transportation in Lincoln County, Nevada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada%20State%20Route%20319
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Do It for Love is the sixteenth studio album by pop music duo Hall & Oates. The album was released on February 11, 2003, by U-Watch Records and Sanctuary Records. The title track peaked at No. 1 on Adult Contemporary charts making it the 8th No. 1 hit of their career, and "Forever For You", "Man on a Mission", and "Getaway Car" all charted as well. It was their first album of all-new material in six years.
"Getaway Car" was also recorded by country acts Susan Ashton, 4 Runner, and The Jenkins, as well as R&B group Dakota Moon. The Jenkins' version was a No. 38 Hot Country Songs hit in 2004.
Track listing
Personnel
Production
Producers – Daryl Hall (Tracks #1, 3-14 & 16); John Oates (Track #1); Tom "T-Bone" Wolk (Tracks #1 & 3-14); Brian Rawling (Tracks #1, 4, 7, 11 & 12); Mark Taylor (Tracks #1, 4, 7, 11 & 12); Kenny Gioia and Sheppard Goodman (Tracks #2, 7 & 9); Greg Fitzgerald (Tracks #8, 9 & 10); David Bellochio (Track #13).
Engineers – Peter Moshay (Tracks #1, 3-14 & 16); Kenny Gioia and Sheppard Goodman (Track #2).
Assistant Engineer – Koz Koda
Mixing – Kenny Gioia and Sheppard Goodman (Tracks #1-4, 6-14); Peter Moshay (Tracks #5 & 16).
Mastered by Bob Ludwig at Gateway Mastering (Portland, ME).
Guitar Technician – Chris Davis
Keyboard Technician – Chris Martirano
Concept, Design and Digital Imaging – Arthur Burrows
Photography – Arthur Burrows and Dorothy Low
Charts
References
2003 albums
Hall & Oates albums
Sanctuary Records albums
Albums produced by Brian Rawling
Albums produced by Mark Taylor (music producer)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%20It%20for%20Love%20%28Hall%20%26%20Oates%20album%29
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Civil Union Act may refer to:
Civil Union Act 2004 (New Zealand)
Civil Union Act, 2006 (South Africa)
See also
Civil union
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20Union%20Act
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Bald face or Baldface may refer to:
a variety of horse marking
Baldface-Royce Range, a mountain range in western Maine and eastern New Hampshire, U.S.
Baldface Mountain, British Columbia, Canada
North Baldface a mountain in New Hampshire, U.S.
South Baldface a mountain in New Hampshire, U.S.
See also
Boldface (disambiguation)
Bald-faced hornet
Blue-faced rail or bald-faced rail, a bird
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald%20face
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In cinematography and photography, panning means swivelling a still or video camera horizontally from a fixed position.
This motion is similar to the motion of a person when they turn their head on their neck from left to right. In the resulting image, the view seems to "pass by" the spectator as new material appears on one side of the screen and exits from the other, although perspective lines reveal that the entire image is seen from a fixed point of view.
The term panning is derived from panorama, suggesting an expansive view that exceeds the gaze, forcing the viewer to turn their head in order to take everything in. Panning, in other words, is a device for gradually revealing and incorporating off-screen space into the image.
Using panning in still photography
When photographing a moving subject, the panning technique is achieved by keeping the subject in the same position of the frame for the duration of the exposure. The exposure time must be long enough to allow the background to blur due to the camera movement as the photographer follows the subject in the viewfinder.
The exact length of exposure required will depend on the speed at which the subject is moving, the focal length of the lens and the distance from the subject and background. An F1 car speeding along a straight might allow the photographer to achieve a blurred background at 1/250 second, while the photographer might need to go as slow as 1/40 to achieve the same amount of blur for a picture of a running man.
The faster shutter speed allowed by fast moving subjects are easier to capture in a smoothly panned shot. With slower moving subjects, the risk is that the panning motion will be jerky, and it is also harder to keep the subject in the same position of the frame for the longer period of time.
To aid in capturing panned pictures, photographers use aids such as tripods and monopods, which make it easy to swing the camera along one plane, while keeping it steady in the others.
See also
Camera angle
Equatorial mount which allows astronomers to take pictures of stars and galaxies by compensating for Earth's movement
Pan and scan
Pan–tilt–zoom camera (PTZ)
Tilt (camera)
Tripod (photography)
View camera
Zoom lens
Yaw (rotation)
References
External links
Cinematography
Photographic techniques
Television terminology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panning%20%28camera%29
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Panning is the distribution of an audio signal (either monaural or stereophonic pairs) into a new stereo or multi-channel sound field determined by a pan control setting. A typical physical recording console has a pan control for each incoming source channel. A pan control or pan pot (short for "panning potentiometer") is an analog control with a position indicator which can range continuously from the 7 o'clock when fully left to the 5 o'clock position fully right. Audio mixing software replaces pan pots with on-screen virtual knobs or sliders which function like their physical counterparts.
Overview
A pan pot has an internal architecture which determines how much of a source signal is sent to the left and right buses. "Pan pots split audio signals into left and right channels, each equipped with its own discrete gain (volume) control." This signal distribution is often called a taper or law.
When centered (at 12 o'clock), the law can be designed to send −3, −4.5 or −6 decibels (dB) equally to each bus. "Signal passes through both the channels at an equal volume while the pan pot points directly north." If the two output buses are later recombined into a monaural signal, then a pan law of -6 dB is desirable. If the two output buses are to remain stereo then a law of -3 dB is desirable. A law of −4.5 dB at center is a compromise between the two. A pan control fully rotated to one side results in the source being sent at full strength (0 dB) to one bus (either the left or right channel) and zero strength (− dB) to the other. Regardless of the pan setting, the overall sound power level remains (or appears to remain) constant. Because of the phantom center phenomenon, sound panned to the center position is perceived as coming from between the left and right speakers, but not in the center unless listened to with headphones, because of head-related transfer function HRTF.
Panning in audio borrows its name from panning action in moving image technology. An audio pan pot can be used in a mix to create the impression that a source is moving from one side of the soundstage to the other, although ideally there would be timing (including phase and Doppler effects), filtering and reverberation differences present for a more complete picture of apparent movement within a defined space. Simple analog pan controls only change relative level; they don't add reverb to replace direct signal, phase changes, modify the spectrum, or change delay timing. "Tracks thus seem to move in the direction that [one] point[s] the pan pots on a mixer, even though [one] actually attenuate[s] those tracks on the opposite side of the horizontal plane."
Panning can also be used in an audio mixer to reduce or reverse the stereo width of a stereo signal. For instance, the left and right channels of a stereo source can be panned straight up, that is sent equally to both the left output and the right output of the mixer, creating a dual mono signal.
An early panning process was used in the development of Fantasound, an early pioneering stereophonic sound reproduction system for Fantasia (1940).
Stereo-switching
Before pan pots were available, "a three-way switch was used to assign the track to the left output, right output, or both (the center)". Ubiquitous in the Billboard charts throughout the middle and late 1960s, clear examples include the Beatles's "Strawberry Fields Forever" and Jimi Hendrix's "Purple Haze", Stevie Wonder's "Living for the City". In the Beatles's "A Day In The Life" Lennon's vocals are switched to the extreme right on the first two strophes, on the third strophe they are switched center then extreme left, and switched left on the final strophe while during the bridge McCartney's vocals are switched extreme right.
See also
Pan law
BalanceReferences
Further reading
Rumsey, Francis and McCormick, Tim (2002). Sound and Recording: An Introduction''. Focal Press.
Stereophonic sound
Audio mixing
ja:パン (撮影技法)
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Braude is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Semion Braude, Ukrainian physicist and radio astronomer
Leopold Janno Braude, native name of the inventor of the Brodie helmet
Stephen E. Braude
Jim Braude
Marvin Braude
Anna Braude Heller
See also
Braude (crater)
Broda (disambiguation)
Brode (disambiguation)
Broder
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braude
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Braud may refer to:
People
François Braud (b. 1986), French Nordic combined skier
Martin Braud (b. 1982), French slalom canoer
Pascal Braud (b. 1968), French footballer
Wellman Braud (1891–1966), American jazz musician
Economy
Braud, Grape Harvester French manufacturer
Geography
Braud-et-Saint-Louis, commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braud
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Eek Airport is a state-owned public-use airport serving the city of Eek in the Bethel Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.
As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 3,759 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2007, an increase of 16% from the 3,241 enplanements in 2006.
Facilities
Eek Airport has one runway designated 17/35 with a 3,243 x 60 ft (988 x 18 m) gravel surface.
A federally funded project relocated the airport to a new location about two miles west of Eek. The former airport had a 1,400 by 35 ft runway and was located east of Eek at coordinates .
Airlines and destinations
Prior to its bankruptcy and cessation of all operations, Ravn Alaska served the airport from multiple locations.
Statistics
References
External links
Resources for this airport:
Airports in the Bethel Census Area, Alaska
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eek%20Airport
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Broda may refer to:
Places
Broda, Pomeranian Voivodeship, a village in north Poland
Broda, a part of Neubrandenburg, Germany
People with the name
Broda (surname)
Broda Otto Barnes (1906–1988), American physician
Broda Shaggi (born 1993), Nigerian comedian
See also
Brode (disambiguation)
Braude (disambiguation)
Broder
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broda
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Brodowski ( ; feminine: Brodowska; plural: Brodowscy) is a Polish-language surname.
People
Antoni Brodowski (1784–1832), Polish painter
Dick Brodowski (1932–2019), American baseball player
Fedor von Brodowski (1841–1923), German general
Fritz von Brodowski (1886–1944), German general
Józef Brodowski the Elder (c.1772–1853), Polish painter
Józef Brodowski the Younger (1828–1900), Polish painter, son of Antoni
Karsten Brodowski (born 1985), German rower
Piotr Brodowski (born 1989), Polish chess master
Polish-language surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodowski
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A quadripoint is a point on Earth where four distinct political territories meet. The territories can be of different types, such as national and provincial. In North America, several such places are commonly known as Four Corners. Several examples exist throughout the world that use other names.
Usage
The word quadripoint does not appear in the Oxford English Dictionary or Merriam-Webster Online, though it has been used since 1964 by the Office of the Geographer of the United States Department of State, and appears in the Encyclopædia Britannica, as well as in the World Factbook articles on Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, dating as far back as 1990.
History
An early instance of four political divisions meeting at a point is the Four Shire Stone in Moreton-in-Marsh, England (attested in the Domesday Book, 1086, and mentioned since 969 if not 772); until 1931, it was the meeting point of the English counties of Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire.
The earliest known quadripoint involving modern nation-states existed from 1817 to 1821 where the present Alabama–Mississippi state line crossed the 31st parallel border between Spain and the United States. During that period, the part of West Florida between the Pearl and Perdido rivers (which Spain still owned but the United States forcibly occupied and annexed in 1810 after belatedly claiming it as part of the Louisiana Territory purchased from France in 1803) was subdivided and allocated partly to the State of Mississippi and partly to the Territory (and later State) of Alabama. There resulted, at the intersection of demarcated boundaries, an international quadripoint of four territories, which in the United States were named (clockwise) Baldwin and Mobile counties of Alabama and Jackson and Greene counties of Mississippi, though Mobile and Jackson Counties were actually still Spanish.
Between 1839 and 1920, there was a quadripoint at the convergence of Belgium, Prussia/Germany, the Netherlands, and Moresnet at Vaalserberg. Moresnet was never truly a country but rather only a neutral territory or condominium of the Netherlands and Prussia (originally), and of Belgium and Germany (ultimately). Subsequent political changes have restored its quadripartition along municipal lines (Kelmis, Plombieres within Belgium) since 1976 (though it has also enjoyed fivefold partition along municipal lines at times).
Four-nation quadripoints
Botswana–Namibia–Zambia–Zimbabwe
Some older sources claimed that a quadripoint existed in Africa, where the borders of Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe come together at the confluence of the Cuando (also called Chobe) and Zambezi rivers. In the absence of legal clarity, it is now widely believed that instead, two separate tripoints exist about apart (but see below regarding due diligence preceding bridge construction).
The causes of this unusual border configuration lie in the Scramble for Africa. By the 1880s, the British Empire and the British South Africa Company occupied much of Southern Africa, including the Cape Colony, Rhodesia and Bechuanaland. The German Empire also began occupying African territories in the 1880s, namely German South West Africa and German East Africa. Seeking a more efficient route between these two colonies via the Zambezi River, Germany signed the Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty with Britain in 1890, thereby gaining control of a narrow salient called the Caprivi Strip. Following the South West Africa campaign in World War I, the Union of South Africa captured and administered South West Africa, including the Caprivi Strip. In the 1960s, with the decolonisation of Africa, the remaining British colonies in Southern Africa declared their independence, including Zambia in 1964, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 1965, and Botswana in 1966. By the time of Rhodesia's declaration of independence in 1965, there were four independent sovereign states whose territorial boundaries came very close to a quadripoint: the Republic of South Africa (occupying the Caprivi Strip) to the west, the newly independent Republic of Zambia to the north; the newly independent Rhodesia to the east; and the British Bechuanaland Protectorate to the south.
In 1970, South Africa (which at the time occupied Namibia) informed Botswana that there was no common border between Botswana and Zambia, claiming that a quadripoint existed. As a result, South Africa claimed that the Kazungula Ferry, which links Botswana and Zambia at the quadripoint, was illegal. Botswana firmly rejected both claims. There was a confrontation and shots were fired at the ferry; some years later, the Rhodesian Army attacked and sank the ferry, maintaining that it was serving military purposes. Ian Brownlie, who studied the case, wrote in 1979 that the possibility of a quadripoint could not be definitively ruled out at that time.
In August 2007, the governments of Zambia and Botswana announced a deal to construct a bridge at the site to replace the ferry. The existence of a short boundary of about between Zambia and Botswana was agreed by all four states in the 2006–10 period, and is shown in the African Development Fund project map. This matches the data kept by the Office of the Geographer under the U.S. Department of State. However, the Anglo-German agreement of 1890 stipulates that the thalweg junction of the Chobe and Zambezi, which today falls within the demarcated limits of Zimbabwe, is the eastward limit of the Caprivi Strip (in today's Namibia). Moreover, it was reported in 2014 that Namibia actually granted Botswana and Zambia an easement to build their bridge across what all three parties concurred was Namibian territory. The Kazungula Bridge opened for traffic in May 2021.
Cameroon–Chad–Nigeria–United Kingdom
A true four-country point did formerly exist in Africa for a period of eight months during 1960 and 1961, in southern Lake Chad, at the location of the present Cameroon–Chad–Nigeria tripoint. Upon the 1 October 1960 independence of Nigeria, that borderpoint became common to the latter three countries and the territory of Northern Cameroons, which was still governed under United Nations mandate by the United Kingdom, until it was finally integrated into Nigeria on 1 June 1961. This is the only known quadricountry borderpoint not involving condominial territories.
Quadripoints within and between nations
Quadripoints can exist at the meeting of political subdivisions of any type or level. The most common are in the United States and Canada, where the grid-based Public Land Survey System (PLSS) and Dominion Land Surveys (DLS), respectively, resulted in a large number of quadripoints at the corners of survey units such as DLS townships, PLSS townships, sections, and various other gridded subdivisions. The borders of U.S. counties and towns are often defined by survey townships. There are dozens of quadripoints between U.S. counties, hundreds between U.S. municipalities, and indeed thousands (of usually bilateral ones) on the edges of checkerboard-patterned Indian reservations and other federally reserved territories. But of all the quadripoints that exist, the most noted are a few dozen that are situated on international borders, and about a dozen others involve primary national subdivisions (such as provinces or states).
Among the international quadripoints (examples below), a few general types can be distinguished. In the absence of four-country points, three-country quadripoints are perhaps most significant. These combine two divisions of one country with (one each of) two other countries. But there also exist merely binational quadripoints—of several varieties. Some of these combine two subdivisions of two countries, others three subdivisions of one country with (one of) another; while still others occur at points where international boundaries appear to touch or cross themselves—with or without subdivision—or where an international boundary appears to bifurcate around disputed territories.
Also below, by country, are some subnational quadripoints composed of subdivisions.
Algeria–Mali–Mauritania
Two districts of Adrar Province, Algeria—namely Bordj Badji Mokhtar and Reggane—meet the Tombouctou Cercle of Tombouctou Region, Mali, and the Bir Mogrein Department of Tiris Zemmour Region, Mauritania.
Argentina
The Argentine provinces of La Pampa, Río Negro, Mendoza, and Neuquén may meet at . Río Negro has disputed this since a 1966 resurvey cast the exact boundary convergence into some doubt.
Austria–Germany
The summit of Sorgschrofen forms a quadripoint between two German and two Austrian municipalities, Pfronten and Bad Hindelang in Bavaria, Germany, and Schattwald and Jungholz in Tyrol, Austria, the Austrian municipality of Jungholz being connected to the rest of the territory of Austria just by the single point, according to the 1844 border treaty between the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Austrian Empire.
Bangladesh–India
The Bangladesh-India border formerly included nearly 200 enclaves. Almost all of these were extinguished by the Land Boundary Agreement between the two states, effective after 31 July 2015, which exchanged all first-order enclaves. The international boundary touched itself at one or possibly two locations shared by India (West Bengal state, Cooch Behar district) and Bangladesh (Rangpur Division, Lalmonirhat District). A confirmed instance occurred in Mathabhanga subdivision and a less definite one in Mekhliganj subdivision (of Cooch Behar), involving the Bara Saradubi enclave of Hatibandha thana and the Jote Nijjama enclave of Patgram thana (of Lalmonirhat), respectively; both were eliminated by the agreement. The international stature of these enclaves had been intermittent since Mughal times and was a result of the Radcliffe Award of 1947.
Belgium–Netherlands
The international boundary touches (or crosses) itself, without imparting political subdivision, within the commingled municipalities of Baarle-Nassau (North Brabant, Netherlands) and Baarle-Hertog (Antwerp, Belgium). The peculiar situation, which occurs at Baarle but once (at the touchpoint of Belgian enclaves H1 and H2), has existed at least cadastrally since about 1198, but its current international distinction dates only from 1830.
Benin–Burkina Faso
Since 2009, Benin and Burkina Faso have jointly administered a neutral zone called Kourou or Koalou that lies tangent to their boundary junction with Togo, producing the sort of tricountry quadripoint that adjoined the defunct Moresnet neutral zone illustrated above.
Canada
The creation of the Canadian territory of Nunavut might have resulted in the creation of a quadripoint between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba and the territories of Nunavut and Northwest Territories (NWT). Nunavut was officially separated from the Northwest Territories in 1999, though the boundaries had been defined in 1993 by the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement. Both documents define Nunavut's boundary as including the "intersection of 60°00'N latitude with 102°00'W longitude, being the intersection of the Manitoba, Northwest Territories and Saskatchewan borders". However, the northernmost point of the Manitoba–Saskatchewan border as surveyed is slightly off from 60° north 102° west, therefore the laws are not perfectly clear about whether the Nunavut–NWT boundary, which has not been surveyed, is to meet the others in a quadripoint or not.
Canada–United States
Both of the only known international quadripoints in the Americas occur on the Canada–United States border along remote mountain crests. One, which joins the Canadian provinces of Alberta (Improvement District No. 4) and British Columbia (Regional District of East Kootenay) with the Montana counties of Flathead and Glacier where the 49th parallel crosses the Continental Divide also unites an international peace park comprising national parks of both countries (Waterton Lakes in Canada and Glacier in the United States). It has been a politically important and precisely stipulated international boundary point since 1818; has been monumented since 1876 (now by a hollow metallic obeliskoid marker numbered 272); and has maintained a quadripartite status since 1893.
The other of the pair occurs in the international boundary sector known as the Highlands, on the ridge separating the Gulf of Saint Lawrence watershed from the Gulf of Maine watershed, where three minor civil divisions of the state of Maine—namely Dennistown, Forsyth, and Sandy Bay Townships, all in Somerset County—meet Le Granit Regional County Municipality of the province of Quebec. This quadripoint, which was legally delimited in 1873 and validated in 1895, is marked (like all the corners of the minor civil divisions of Maine) by a brightly painted 8-foot wooden pole.
Colombia
There is a subnational quadripoint in Colombia at approximate coordinates , at the confluence of the Upía and Guavio rivers, where the borders of the Boyacá, Casanare, Meta, and Cundinamarca departments come together.
Croatia
The summit of Risnjak mountain in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County is a meeting point of five municipalities: Čabar, Delnice, Lokve, Bakar and Čavle, making it a quintipoint.
The municipalities of Vrbanja, Drenovci, Bošnjaci and Nijemci in Vukovar-Srijem County meet at a quadripoint just south of the A3 motorway, near Spačva.
The municipalities of Magadenovac, Marijanci, Valpovo and Koška in Osijek-Baranja County meet at a quadripoint on the river Breznica.
The municipalities of Krapina, Mihovljan, Bedekovčina and Sveti Križ Začretje in Krapina-Zagorje County meet at a quadripoint just north of the village of Komor Začretski.
The municipalities of Čakovec, Sveti Juraj na Bregu, Selnica and Mursko Središće in Međimurje County share a quadripoint north of the village of Žiškovec.
Croatia–Hungary–Serbia
At a delimitation point determined partly following World War I and partly following World War II, and indirectly monumented by international pillars 415 and 420 on respective riverbanks, there is on the thalweg (center of downstream navigation channel) of the Danube a trinational quadripoint, where the Hungarian counties of Baranya and Bács-Kiskun meet the Croatian county of Osječko-Baranjska and the Serbian (Vojvodina) District of West Bačka (although Croatia continues to claim its former Yugoslav cadastral territory east of the Danube, leaving the quadripoint technically unsettled).
Dominican Republic–Haiti
On the border of the Dominican Republic and Haiti, there is a binational quadripoint where two departments of Haiti, Centre and Ouest, meet two provinces of the Dominican Republic, Elias Pina and Independencia, at the ridgeline of a feature that is called the Sierra de Neiba in the Dominican Republic and the Chaine du Trou de l'Eau in Haiti, and which a 19th-century communal boundary followed before the intersecting 20th-century international boundary was created. As well, some to the east along the same ridgeline, the same two Dominican provinces produce a subnational quadripoint where they meet two other Dominican provinces, Baoruco and San Juan.
Gabon
Four provinces (the primary subdivision) of Gabon, namely Moyen-Ogooué, Ngounie, Ogooué-Ivindo, and Ogooué-Lolo, meet at a quadripoint in La Lopé National Park (at roughly ). Moreover, at least one instance of four departments (the secondary subdivision), namely Haut-Ntem, Ivindo, Okano, and Woleu, also meet at a quadripoint.
Hungary–Slovakia
The border between Hungary and Slovakia most probably leads the world in international quadrimunicipal points with no fewer than five, but this border is also unique for hosting the only known pair of linked quadrimunicipal points in the world—which are shared in common by the towns of Skároš, Slovakia, and Füzér, Hungary, in conjunction with Trstené Pri Hornáde, Slovakia, and Hollóháza, Hungary, in one case, and Slanská Huta, Slovakia, and Pusztafalu, Hungary, in the other. All these towns are in either the Košice Okolie district of the Košice region of Slovakia or the Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county of Hungary.
Iraq–Saudi Arabia
From 1922 to 1981, Iraq and Saudi Arabia jointly administered a large neutral zone immediately west of Kuwait, forming a distinctive diamond shape which created a quadripoint at the Kuwait border.
Jamaica
Four parishes of Jamaica, namely Clarendon, Manchester, Saint Ann, and Trelawny, meet at a quadripoint.
Kazakhstan–Russia
A quadripoint is created by Saratov Oblast, Samara Oblast, and Orenburg Oblast from the Russian side of the border and West Kazakhstan Region from the Kazakhstani side.
Kenya
At on A2 Road at Sagana Bridge, next to Tana River Hydro-Power Station, and referred as Ha Thamaki (Kikuyu for Place where you can get fish), there is a quadripoint of four counties: Machakos County, Embu County, Kirinyaga County and Murang'a County.
Lithuania–Poland–Russia
At , there is a trinational quadripoint: to the northwest is Russia (specifically the Russian exclave Kaliningrad Oblast); to the northeast Lithuania; and to the southwest and southeast two voivodeships (provinces) of Poland: Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship and Podlaskie Voivodeship. The quadripoint exists thanks to the way the border between Poland and Russian SFSR was defined in 1945 by the Potsdam Agreement. The new border between Poland and the USSR bisected Germany's former province of East Prussia; the northern part became Kaliningrad Oblast, and most of the southern part is now Warmia-Masuria.
Mauritania
Four regions of Mauritania, namely Adrar, Brakna, Tagant, and Trarza, meet at a quadripoint formed by an intersection of non-cardinally oriented geodesic lines that define their borders.
Norway–Sweden
On the border of Sweden and Norway, there is a binational quadripoint where two counties of Norway, Trøndelag and Nordland, meet two counties of Sweden, Västerbotten and Jämtland, at international boundary marker number 204 (). Though the marker dates from 1760, the point became a quadripoint in the 19th century and became international upon the dissolution of Sweden and Norway in 1905.
Oman–Saudi Arabia–Yemen
Amid the Empty Quarter of Arabia—as trilaterally agreed and monumented in 2006 precisely at the intersection of the 19th parallel and 52nd meridian (datum uncertain)—Oman (governorate of Dhofar) and Saudi Arabia (province of Najran) meet Yemen (and its governorates of Al Mahrah and Hadramawt) in a tricountry quadripoint.
Poland–Slovakia
At a secondary summit of Pilsko Peak called Góra Pięciu Kopców, where there is situated a prominent turnpoint on the border of Poland and Slovakia that is evidently demarcated by a primary border marker numbered III/109, there lies a binational quadripoint at which the rural gmina or municipality of Jeleśnia in Żywiec County of the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland apparently meets three municipalities of Námestovo District of Žilina Region of Slovakia called, respectively, Mutne, Oravské Veselé, and Námestovo (although it is unclear if the last-mentioned is an outlier of the eponymous district seat or just an unorganized territory of the Námestovo District itself).
Suriname
On the Coppename River, there is a quadripoint of the districts of Coronie, Para, Saramacca, and Sipaliwini.
Sweden
There is a quadripoint between Uppsala, Västmanland, Dalarna, and Gävleborg counties at the junction of Dalälven and Norrsundet in Färnebofjärden. The point forms approximate right angles, and is located on an island in the Dalälven river at . In 2007, the municipality of Heby was transferred from Västmanland to Uppsala County, creating the quadripoint. This was before that a county-level tripoint.
United Kingdom
Due to changes to the borders and numbers of administrative counties in the last century, no true county quadripoint remains in the United Kingdom, though there have been some historical shire/county quadripoints. The village of Four Marks in Hampshire is so named, because historically four adjoining tithings (or parishes) of Medstead, Ropley, Faringdon, and Chawton met there in a quadripoint. Similarly, the Four Shire Stone that sits a mile and a half east of Moreton-in-Marsh used to mark the location where the counties of Warwickshire, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, and Worcestershire all met before borders were redrawn in 1931.
United States
The Four Corners Monument is the only point in the United States where four states meet: Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet at right angles. The United States first acquired the area now called Four Corners from Mexico after the Mexican–American War in 1848. In 1863 Congress created Arizona Territory from the western part of New Mexico Territory. The boundary was defined as a line running due south from the southwest corner of Colorado Territory, which had been created in 1861. By defining one boundary as starting at the corner of another, Congress ensured the eventual creation of four states meeting at a point, regardless of the inevitable errors of boundary surveying. The monument is centered at .
Many county quadripoints exist in the United States, particularly in states like Iowa and Texas where large numbers of counties were drawn along rectilinear survey lines. There exists one point at which five county boundaries meet in Florida (Glades, Hendry, Martin, Okeechobee and Palm Beach).
Void or dispute-pendant quadripoints
A pair of conflicting territorial claims can give rise to a void or dispute-pendant quadripoint: of the territory in dispute and the adjacent undisputed territories of the claimants with a fourth territory (or void area) claimed by neither of them.
An international case of such a quadripoint on dry land can be inferred, if not actually found, in a remote area of the Nubian Desert involving both the Hala'ib Triangle and Bir Tawil (about midway between the River Nile and the Red Sea) where the long established but undemarcated international border along the 22nd parallel, as claimed by Egypt, is intersected by a similarly well-established administrative boundary preferred and claimed by Sudan as the true international border.
Another occurrence—actually a pair of such quadripoints linked to an unclaimed area—is inferred where the southern end of the Alaska sector of the Canada–United States border aberrates into two crisscrossing versions or claim lines. These conflicting lines produce, besides two areas of overlapping claims, two small triangles of void or virtual high seas—one having two pendant quadripoints identifiable at fairly precise geocoordinates—as they lurch through the narrows of Dixon Entrance toward their still indefinite boundary termination in the true high seas of the Pacific.
Yet another quadripoint of this type exists on the disputed Thai–Cambodian boundary a short distance northeast of Preah Vihear Temple.
And finally, combining the only other two (of the seven known) unclaimed or void areas on Earth, is a seventh dispute-pendant quadripoint, at the South Pole. Being at once a simple bilateral quadripoint and a far more complicated intersection of claim limits (an elevenfold six-country point), the South Pole example combines two parcels of virgin unclaimed land with two parcels of Antarctic Treaty regulated territory (which have been variously claimed, disputed, recognized, ignored, disowned, and reclaimed as national sovereign territory by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand, if not also Norway). But whatever the ultimate disposition of disputed national sovereignty, the intersection and quadripoint of two pristine and disputable territories endures. The void areas meet the polar quadripoint between the 90th and 150th meridian west longitude (Marie Byrd Land) and, again, between the 20th meridian west and 45th meridian east (this latter sector, of indefinite extent, owing to the Norwegian exclusion of the South Pole from Queen Maud Land), while sovereign or treaty-regulated areas converge at the polar quadripoint in the two intervals between the void areas.
Multipoints of greater numerical complexity
Quadripoints are exceptional and rare because borders and territories do not normally meet in groups of more than three (viz., at tripoints). Correspondingly and proportionally rarer are points of more than fourfold constituency. For example, five counties of Florida, United States, meet in the middle of Lake Okeechobee, and the five parishes of Nevis, one of the two islands that make up St Kitts and Nevis, meet on Nevis Peak in the centre of the island. Multipoints of greater than quintuple complexity are exceedingly rare.
In Finland near Turku, the borders of six municipalities merge on the same sexapoint or sexipoint: Pöytyä, Aura, Turku, Rusko, Nousiainen, and Mynämäki meet on the Kuhankuono border marker in Kurjenrahka National Park. The oldest recorded mention of the point dates to 1381, and the number and identity of municipalities participating has varied.
In the center of the Lake Bolsena there is also a point where 6 or the 7 municipalities on the shore meet.
Eight communities of three districts of Papua-New Guinea meet at a single point, at the summit of Mt. Taraka on Bougainville Island, in North Solomons province. The communities are Lato, Motuna-Huyono and Koraru (within Boku district); Makis, Konnou and Wisai (in Buin district); and Bakong and Bakada (in Kieta district). The resulting octopoint is thus a higher-level tripoint as well.
In the Philippines, an octopoint exists at the summit of Mayon Volcano, where eight municipalities in Albay meet. In the nearby province of Camarines Sur, the peak of Mount Isarog is a hexapoint.
In Northern Ireland, ten townlands meet at a decempoint or decipoint at the summit of Knocklayd (clearly shown by Ordnance Survey mapping at point 311518 436392). The townlands are, clockwise from north, Broom-More, Tavnaghboy, Kilrobert, Clare Mountain, Aghaleck, Corvally, Essan, Cleggan, Stroan, and Tullaghore.
Similarly in Italy, the borders of ten municipalities meet at an undecempoint or undecipoint, at the summit of Mount Etna. These municipalities are Adrano, Biancavilla, Belpasso, Bronte, Castiglione di Sicilia, Maletto, Nicolosi, Randazzo, Sant'Alfio, and Zafferana Etnea. The territory of Bronte touches the summit of Mount Etna from two sides, making this multipoint one of elevenfold complexity, and thus evidently the most complicated geopolitical multipoint anywhere, other than the South Pole discussed at Void or dispute-pendant quadripoints above.
See also
Four Shire Stone
Tripoint
Maritime boundary
Four Presidents Corners
Notes
References
External links
1960s neologisms
Border-related lists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadripoint
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Frans is an Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish given name, sometimes as a short form of François. One cognate of Frans in English is Francis.
Given name
Frans van Aarssens (1572–1641), Dutch diplomat and statesman
Frans Ackerman (1330–1387), Flemish statesman
Frans Adelaar (born 1960), Dutch football player and manager
Frans Alphons Maria Alting von Geusau (born 1933), Dutch legal scholar and diplomat
Frans Aerenhouts (born 1937), Belgian cyclist
Frans Ananias (born 1972), Namibian footballer
Frans Andersson (1911–1988), Danish bass-baritone
Frans Andriessen (1929–2019), Dutch politician
Frans Anneessens (1660–1719), Flemish protest leader
Frans van Anraat (born 1942), Dutch businessman and convicted war criminal
Frans Badens (fl. 1571–1618), Flemish painter
Frans Bak (born 1958), Danish composer, choral conductor, saxophonist, and pianist
Frans Decker (1684–1751), 18th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands
Frans-Andries Durlet (1816–1867), Belgian architect, sculptor and printmaker
Frans Fiolet (born 1939), Dutch field hockey player
Frans Floris (1517–1570), Flemish painter
Frans Christiaan Frederiks (born 1980), Dutch rapper and hip hop artist Lange Frans
Frans Geurtsen (1942–2015), Dutch footballer
Frans Gommers (1917–1996), Belgian footballer
Frans Grootjans (1922–1999), Belgian politician and minister for the PVV
Frans Hals (1580–1666), Dutch painter
Frans Helmerson (born 1945), Swedish cellist, pedagogue, and conductor
Frans Hogenberg (1535–1590), Flemish and German painter, engraver, and mapmaker
Frans Hogenbirk (1918–1998), Dutch football midfielder
Frans Alfons Janssens (1865–1924), Belgian priest and biologist
Frans Lanting (born 1951), Dutch wildlife photographer and writer
Frans August Larson (1870–1957), Swedish missionary to Mongolia
Frans Maassen (born 1965), Dutch cyclist
Frans Masereel (1889–1972), Belgian woodcut artist
Frans Muller (born 1960/61), Dutch businessman
Frans Alfred Meeng (1910–1944), Dutch-Indonesian footballer
Frans Dhia Putros (born 1993), Danish professional football player
Frans Anatolius Sjöström (1840–1885), Finnish architect
Frans Stafleu (1921–1997), Dutch botanist
François Steyn (born 1987), South African rugby player (called "Frans")
Frans Thijssen (born 1952), Dutch football player
Frans Timmermans (politician) (born 1961), Dutch politician
Frans de Vreng (1898–1974), Dutch track cyclist
Frans de Waal (born 1948), Dutch primatologist
Frans Wackers (born 1939), Dutch nuclear cardiologist
Frans Jeppsson Wall (born 1998), Swedish singer (also known as Frans)
Nickname
Frans Bauer (born 1973), Dutch singer
Francois Botha (born 1968), South African boxer and kickboxer
Fran Escribá (born 1965), Spanish football player and manager
Frans Harjawiyata (1931–2016), Indonesian Roman Catholic Trappist abbot
Frans van Houten (born 1960), CEO of the Dutch company Philips
Frans Kellendonk (1951–1990), Dutch novelist and translator
Frans van der Lugt (1938–2014), Dutch Jesuit priest
Frans Seda (1926–2009), Indonesian government minister in several departments
Frans Xavery (1740–c. 1788), Dutch painter
Surname
Frédéric Frans (born 1989), Belgian footballer
Jeffrey Frans (born 1952), South African cricketer
Joe Frans (born 1975), Canadian curler
Joe Frans (politician) (born 1963), Swedish politician
Fictional characters
Frans J. Palmu, main character of the Palmu novels and film adaptations
See also
Fransen
Franz (given name)
Dutch masculine given names
Masculine given names
Nicknames
Hypocorisms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans
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was a popular didactic Buddhist-inspired parlour game during the Edo period in Japan.
Play
The game was played as night fell upon the region using three separate rooms. In preparation, participants would light 100 andon in the third room and position a single mirror on the surface of a small table. When the sky was at its darkest, guests gathered in the first of the three rooms, taking turns orating tales of ghoulish encounters and reciting folkloric tales passed on by villagers who claimed to have experienced supernatural encounters. These tales soon became known as kaidan. Upon the end of each kaidan, the story-teller would enter the third room and extinguish one andon, look in the mirror and make their way back to the first room. With each passing tale, the room slowly grew darker and darker as the participants reached the one hundredth tale, creating a safe haven for the evocation of spirits.
As the game reached the ninety-ninth tale, many participants would stop, fearful of invoking the spirits they had been summoning.
History
The exact origins of Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai are unknown. It is believed that it was first played amongst the samurai class as a test of courage. In Ogita Ansei's 1660 nursery tale "Otogi Monogatari" a version of the game was described in which the narrative tells of several young samurai telling tales in the Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai fashion. In the tale, as one samurai finished the one hundredth tale, he began to extinguish the candle when suddenly he sees a giant gnarled hand descend upon him from above. While some of the samurai cowered in fear, a swipe of his sword revealed the hand to be merely the shadow of a spider.
At first, the game of Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai was popular amongst the aristocratic warrior class, but it soon garnered favorable reputation amongst the working class peasants and town people. With a heightened interest in telling newer and original kaidan, people began scouring the countryside for tales of the mysterious, many of which combined a mixture of ghostly vengeance and elements of karma in Buddhism.
A true popular phenomenon, the hype of Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai combined with new printing technology created a boom in the publication of kaidan-themed books collecting appropriate tales from every corner of Japan and China. In 1677 the first kaidan-shu was published. Known as Shokoku Hyakumonogatari, or 100 Tales of Many Countries, the book earned popularity for having been a compilation of tales from people residing in several countries, and who further claimed each tale was true.
Later books in this genre also often used the term Hyakumonogatari in the title, and the popularity of many of these tales continued long after the fad for the game had faded.
In other media
The game of Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai became a cult phenomenon in Japan, and while the hype of these tales has receded, many J-horror films and Japanese urban legends can be attributed to the parlour game's influence.
Woodblock painter and founder of the Maruyama-Shijo School of Painting, Maruyama Okyo is considered the first artist to offer paintings of the yurei who were frequently cast in kaidan.
The telling of the tales in a hyakumonogatari Kaidankai formed the basis of the film, Yokai Monsters: One Hundred Monsters released in 1968.
In 2002, Fuji TV released the television program "Kaidan Hyakumonogatari" using the basis of the game Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai to tell classic Japanese ghost stories. The series starred Naoto Takenaka and showcased 11 episodes, including an episode which focused on the tale of Yuki Onna.
The popularity of Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai is not limited to Japan, in the Episode "Freshman Fear" of the A&E docu-drama reality television series Paranormal State, members of Penn State Paranormal Research Society play the Ancient Japanese Game of One Hundred Candles during their investigation of a supposed haunting in a student dormitory.
Other cultural influences include:
In the tenth episode of the anime xxxHolic Yūko invites Watanuki, Doumeki and Himawari to the Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai.
In Season 2, Ep. 13 of the anime School Rumble, the students of 2-C can be seen playing the game throughout the episode.
An adaptation opens the anime series Ghost Hunt.
In the manga Sundome the members of the Roman Club play Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai in one scene.
In the spin-off manga "Girls und Panzer: Motto Love Love Sakusen Desu!", the girls in the Senshado club organize a Hyakumonogatari night (with the Edo Period history buff making full use of the rakugo conventions). The game is seen in a more comical tone, with the various team recounting mysterious events like everything was either completely normal or of no importance.
One of the Conversation Skills in Persona 2: Eternal Punishment is the '100 Stories', with a special reward for when players manage to display all 100 scripted stories.
Hyakumonogatari Kaidan can be read in Persona 4 to increase Courage.
A 1968 film starring Miwa Takada
In the fifth episode of the anime Sengoku Otome: Momoiro Paradox, the main characters are forced to participate in this by a group of undead samurai warriors.
In the book Night Film by Marisha Pessl.
In Kaidan Restaurant anime where each episode is broken up into three "dishes" (Appetizer, Main Dish, and Dessert), the "Dessert" is a ghost story told by one of the main characters while playing Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai.
In the 3rd novel of The Zashiki Warashi of Intellectual Village Series
In MMORPG The Secret World, friendly ultraterrestrials explain in communications left around Tokyo's Oni-and-Elder-God-besieged Kaidan neighborhood that <<Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai>> was a name originally referring to themselves before it was given to the game, which they had in fact created in order to gently educate humanity about the dangers facing it in such places.
In Anthony Bourdain’s comic series Hungry Ghosts, the game is used as a framing device to tell several horror stories derived from popular folklore.
In the Legend of the Five Rings Roleplaying Game tabletop RPG, the Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai features prominently in the sourcebook Book of Void, both as a game played by characters in the setting and as a particular book called Hyakumonogatari Kaidenkai.
In the anime Yamishibai, the season finale has a group of characters playing the game and reciting all the past episodes throughout the series.
See also
Hyakunin Isshu
Karuta
Kimodameshi
References
Addiss, Steven, Japanese Ghosts and Demons, USA, George Braziller, Inc., 1986,
External links
Tales of Ghostly Japan Japanzine By Zack Davisson
A Brief History of Kaidan
Asian Folklore Studies: The Appeal of Kaidan Tales of the Strange.
The Ghosts of Japan
Information on The Kaidan Suite, a musical interpretation of hyaku monogatari by the Kitsune Ensemble.
Hyakumonogatari.com
Buddhist folklore
Japanese games
Japanese mythology
Japanese folklore
Japanese horror fiction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyakumonogatari%20Kaidankai
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Sasang District is a gu in central Busan, South Korea. It has an area of 35.84 km2, and a population of about 275,000. Sasang-gu became a gu of Busan in 1995.
Administrative divisions
Sasang-gu is divided into 8 legal dong, which all together comprise 14 administrative dong, as follows:
Mora-dong (3 administrative dong)
Deokpo-dong (2 administrative dong)
Jurye-dong (3 administrative dong)
Samnak-dong
Gwaebeop-dong
Hakjang-dong
Eomgung-dong
Gamjeon-dong (2 administrative dong)
Sister cities
Ganjingzi, China
See also
Geography of South Korea
Subdivisions of South Korea
References
External links
Sasang-gu website
Districts of Busan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasang%20District
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Elim Airport is a state-owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) southwest of the central business district of Elim, a city in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.
This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, where it is listed as commercial service - non-primary, an FAA category for airports with 2,500 to 10,000 passenger boardings (enplanements) per year. However, Federal Aviation Administration records for calendar year 2008 categorized it as general aviation based on 2,356 enplanements that year, a decrease of 26.1% from the 3,189 enplanements in 2007.
Facilities
Elim Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 162 feet (49 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 1/19 with a gravel surface measuring 3,401 by 60 feet (1,037 x 18 m).
Airlines and destinations
Prior to its bankruptcy and cessation of all operations, Ravn Alaska served the airport from multiple locations.
Statistics
References
External links
Alaska FAA airport diagram (GIF)
Resources for this airport:
Airports in the Nome Census Area, Alaska
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elim%20Airport
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Josef Magnus Wehner (14 November 1891 – 14 December 1973) was a German writer and playwright. Celebrated (locally, in Fulda) as a "great German poet" his reputation is criticized for the militarism displayed in his work and his allegiance to the NSDAP.
Wehner was one of the 88 German authors who signed the Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft, a 1933 "promise of most loyal obedience" to Adolf Hitler. After the war, he wrote a number of feast plays for religious occasions, including celebrations for Rabanus Maurus and Saint Boniface. In a 1988 study of Wehner, Joachim Hohmann concluded that Wehner's past was too easily forgotten and that his reputation as a Catholic Heimatdichter was undeserved and white-washed his national socialist past.
Works (selection)
Das Fuldaer Bonifatiusspiel. Fulda: Parzeller, 1954.
Die Versuchung des Rabanus Maurus. Fulda, 1956.
References
External links
1891 births
1973 deaths
German male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
20th-century German male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Magnus%20Wehner
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The Sun Awakens is the ninth album by experimental indie rock band, Six Organs of Admittance, released in 2006. Six Organs' frontman, Ben Chasny, composed all of the album's material. The album mixes influences of folk and indie rock. An eastern influence is most prominent on the final track, which includes drones, chants and a ney.
Track listing
"Torn by Wolves" – 1:42
"Bless Your Blood" – 5:57
"Black Wall" – 5:29
"The Desert Is a Circle" – 2:57
"Attar" – 2:53
"Wolves' Pup" – 1:50
"River of Transfiguration" – 23:50
References
2006 albums
Six Organs of Admittance albums
Drag City (record label) albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sun%20Awakens
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"Venus" is a song written by Ed Marshall. The most successful and best-known recording of the track was by Frankie Avalon and released in 1959, when it reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100.
Background
"Venus" became Avalon's first number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and it spent five weeks atop the survey. The song also reached number ten on the R&B chart. The song's lyrics detail a man's plea to Venus, the Roman goddess of love and beauty, to send him a girl to love and one who will love him as well. Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song for 1959.
The song was covered in the United Kingdom by Dickie Valentine, and it spent a week at number 20 in the Singles Chart in May 1959, the week before Frankie Avalon reached the Top 20 with his original version.
In 1976, Avalon released a new disco version of "Venus". That helped revive the singer's career, because it had been waning prior to its release, but it was Avalon's last Billboard Hot 100 hit. The re-recording of "Venus" peaked at number forty-six on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and at number one on the Easy Listening chart. Avalon was quoted as saying of the remake: "It was all right, but I still prefer the original."
Other charting versions
Johnny Mathis: His version reached No. 23 on Billboards Easy Listening chart "bubbled under" the Billboard Hot 100 chart at No. 111.
Jamie Redfern: His version in 1973 entered the Go-Set - Australian charts at number 27.
In popular culture
Avalon's recording of the song was used a number of times in the Showtime series Dexter, being the favourite song of Arthur Mitchell's sister Vera.
"Venus" was also featured in Cranium Command (1989–2005), an attraction at Epcot's Wonders of Life Pavilion (now closed) at Walt Disney World. In the attraction, a 12-year-old boy named Bobby (Scott Curtis), tries to survive the pressures of life and falls in love with a beautiful girl named Annie (Natalie Gregory) at school.
Charts
Weekly charts
All-time charts
See also
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1959 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1976 (U.S.)
References
1959 singles
1976 singles
Barry Manilow songs
Frankie Avalon songs
Johnny Mathis songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Chancellor Records singles
1959 songs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%20%28Frankie%20Avalon%20song%29
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Marine Aircraft Group 46 (MAG-46) was a United States Marine Corps reserve aviation group based at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, California with subordinate units spread throughout California. It previously composed of one adversary squadron equipped with the F-5, one CH-46 squadron, one CH-53E squadron, one AH-1W and UH-1N squadron and a maintenance and logistics squadron. MAG-46 fell under the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing and Marine Forces Reserve. Due to a re-organization within Marine aviation, the group was deactivated in 2009.
Mission
Organize, train and equip individual Marines and combat-ready squadrons and to augment and reinforce the active component when required in order to serve as part of our total force.
History
Marine Aircraft Group 46 was activated March 1, 1944 as Marine Base Defense Aircraft Group 46 at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California. The Group’s primary mission was to administer and supervise training for combat duty, and other activities of the attached squadrons and detachments. It also trained replacement pilots and crew for Marine squadrons operating in combat areas.
MAG-46 was redesignated on November 10, 1944 as Marine Aircraft Group 46. Another redesignation occurred on May 15, 1945 when it was assigned the title of Marine Air Support Group 46. The termination of hostilities in the summer of 1945 was followed by the rapid demobilization. One result of this policy was the deactivation of the group on 15 March 1946. Six years later, a major reorganization within Marine Aviation began. This reorganization coincided with the formation of 4th Marine Division in the reserve.
Changes included reactivation of MAG 46. Thus on July 1, 1962, Marine Aircraft Group 46 was reactivated at Grosse Ile, Michigan and moved to Naval Air Station New York in Brooklyn on November 1, 1965.
In early 1971, MAG 46 moved back to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California and remained there until August 1994 when the Group relocated to its final location at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, San Diego, California. During the 1990s and 2000s, MAG-46 flying and support units served in the Global War on Terrorism. MAG-46 squadrons participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.
On June 19, 2009, the squadron was deactivated at MCAS Miramar California
See also
List of United States Marine Corps aircraft groups
List of United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons
References
External links
MAG-46's Official Website
MAG-46
Military units and formations in California
4th Marine Aircraft Wing
United States Marine Corps aircraft groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20Aircraft%20Group%2046
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Richard Barker Cobb Temple (2 March 1846 – 19 October 1912) was an English opera singer, actor and stage director, best known for his performances in the bass-baritone roles in the famous series of Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas.
After an opera career in London and throughout Britain beginning in 1869, Temple joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in 1877. There, he created most of the bass-baritone roles in the Savoy Operas, as follows: Sir Marmaduke in The Sorcerer (1877), Dick Deadeye in H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), the Pirate King in the London production of The Pirates of Penzance (1880), Colonel Calverley in Patience (1881), Arac in Princess Ida (1884), the title character in The Mikado, Sir Roderic in Ruddigore and Sergeant Meryll in The Yeomen of the Guard (1888). He also played the baritone roles of Strephon in the original production of Iolanthe (1882), and Giuseppe in the New York production of The Gondoliers (1890).
During the next two decades, Temple played in, or directed, a variety of comic operas, musical comedies and plays, and sang in concerts, both in London and on tour. He also taught acting and directed productions at music schools, primarily at the Royal College of Music.
Early life and opera career
Temple was born in London, the eldest son of Richard Cobb, a stockbroker from Yorkshire, and his wife, Eliza Barker. He worked as a bank clerk and cashier and began to sing and act as and amateur. In 1867 he participated in a charity concert for St Patrick’s Benevolent Fund alongside Rose Hersee, and the following year he performed in The Foster Sister at the Haymarket Theatre, produced by Thomas Coe, a noted acting teacher.
Temple made his professional stage debut at the Crystal Palace in May 1869 as Count Rodolfo in La sonnambula. He soon sang in Lucia di Lammermoor, played Pablo in The Rose of Castille and was the King in Maritana. He subsequently toured the provinces with opera and opera bouffe companies, playing the title role in Verdi's Rigoletto, among others. The next year at St George's Hall, London, he played Mephistopheles in Faust and the King in Maritana, and later sang in oratorio there. The same year, at the Crystal Palace, among other roles, he repeated the King, played Father Tom in The Lily of Killarney, and the Sheriff in Martha. He continued to sing other roles in the provinces. Despite this early success, of his performance in The Rose of Castille in 1871, The Observer commented, "Possibly, the less said about Mr Richard Temple ... the better." Also in 1871, among other concert and opera roles, Temple toured with Fred Sullivan's Operetta Company, appearing as Sergeant Bouncer in Arthur Sullivan's Cox and Box, as Marquis in Punchinello by William Charles Levey, and Old Matthew in H. B. Farnie's Offenbach adaptation Breaking the Spell, among other roles, at Manchester and Liverpool. Arthur Sullivan was the musical director.
By this time, he was courting his frequent duet partner, Elizabeth Ellen "Bessie" Emmett (1846–1875), and the two married In 1872. Later the same year, he joined Rose Hersee's Royal National Opera at St James's Theatre. The following year he gave concerts in London and toured in opera before returning to London to play the role of Pippertrunk in Le Roi Carotte at the Alhambra Theatre, and Gérome, in L'œil crevé at the Opera Comique. In 1873, between tours in Dublin and elsewhere and roles in his Crystal Palace Operetta Company, Temple appeared as Larivaudière in the very successful English-language premiere of La fille de Madame Angot, adapted by Farnie, at the Gaiety Theatre in London, and in the same role later at the Philharmonic Hall and Opera Comique. The following year, he played Pluto opposite Fred Sullivan's Mercury in the Victorian burlesque Ixion Re-wheeled at the Opera Comique and later took roles at the Alexandra Palace. Three days after she gave birth in May 1875, his wife and infant son died.
In 1875 he again appeared in Breaking the Spell. Later that year, Temple produced, directed, and appeared as Thomas Brown in, a revival of Arthur Sullivan's one-act comic opera The Zoo, at the Philharmonic Theatre, which was played as an afterpiece to an adaptation of Offenbach's Les Géorgiennes, with Temple as Rhododendron Pasha. Among other roles in 1876, he created the role of Buckingham in Alfred Cellier's Nell Gwynne and played the title-role in Cellier's The Sultan of Mocha. At the Globe Theatre he appeared in Edward Solomon's first opera, A Will With Vengeance. The following year, he played the title role in The Marriage of Figaro with great success at the Crystal Palace in the Rose Hersee Opera Company production, with Florence St. John as Cherubino He also produced his own English version of Offenbach's Geneviève de Brabant as well as playing in various roles in London.
D'Oyly Carte years
In 1877 Temple was engaged to create the part of Sir Marmaduke Pointdextre in the first production of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Sorcerer at the Opera Comique, produced by Richard D'Oyly Carte. The following year, he created the role of Dick Deadeye in the company's long-running international hit, H.M.S. Pinafore. During the original runs of The Sorcerer and Pinafore, Temple also took parts in the short companion pieces that accompanied these longer works. He played Fred Fancourt in the 1877–78 revival of Dora's Dream, the title role in The Spectre Knight (1878), General Deelah in Cups and Saucers (1878–79), and Selworthy in After All! (1878–79). He also produced an opera season in Dublin in 1879.
Temple played the Pirate King in the first London production of The Pirates of Penzance (1880–81). He next created the part of Colonel Calverley in Patience (Opera Comique, 1881), but left the company on 8 October of that year, the day before the piece left the Opera Comique to transfer to the new Savoy Theatre. Temple remained at the Opera Comique where, from October–December 1881, he appeared as King Portico in a revival of W. S. Gilbert and Frederic Clay's comic opera Princess Toto produced by John Hollingshead. He also gave "Richard Temple's Dramatic Recital" at Peckham in 1881, played in other operetta at the Opera Comique and, in Manchester, created the role of King James in The Lancashire Witches and played Abdallah in Solomon’s Lord Bateman.
Temple soon returned to the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, creating the role of Strephon in Iolanthe (1882–84), the only Savoy Opera in which he was cast as the romantic hero. During the run of Iolanthe, Temple was also co-director of the Crystal Palace opera season with Faulkner Leigh and August Manns, presenting Maritana, Faust and Il Barbiere di Siviglia. Next, Temple created the role of Arac in Gilbert and Sullivan's Princess Ida (1884) and revisited the role of Sir Marmaduke in the first revival of The Sorcerer (1884–85). He then created his most celebrated role, the Mikado of Japan in The Mikado (1885–87), whom, according to Jessie Bond, he played as "suave and oily". In 1887 he created the part of Sir Roderic Murgatroyd in Ruddigore (1887). After revivals of Pinafore, Pirates and Mikado, in which he repeated his original roles, Temple played Sergeant Meryll in The Yeomen of the Guard (1888–89), the final role he would create for Gilbert and Sullivan. During these years, between these Savoy pieces, he played several other opera roles in London, including the title role in Rigoletto.
Journeyman actor and director
Temple declined the role of Luiz in the next Gilbert and Sullivan opera, The Gondoliers, when it opened at the Savoy in December 1889, but in February 1890 he was one of the replacements rushed to New York for the restaging of The Gondoliers at Palmer's Theatre, taking the role of Giuseppe. Before that he appeared in Trial by Jury and again in Cox and Box and made his debut in music hall. He later appeared in The Gondoliers on tour in the English provinces. In July 1890, he left the company again to pursue a directing career. In 1891, he married Annie Marie Davis Watts, with whom he had been living since at least 1881.
Temple was back with a D'Oyly Carte touring company briefly the following year, playing Pyjama in The Nautch Girl. Also in 1892, he was appointed to the Royal College of Music, where he directed student productions. He made occasional appearances in London in L' Impresario at the Olympic Theatre (1892), as Lord Silvertop in The Golden Web at the Lyric Theatre in 1893, as George in Miami at Princess's Theatre in 1893, as Sid Fakah in Morocco Bound, with music by Osmond Carr, at the Shaftesbury Theatre and then the Trafalgar Theatre in 1893–94, and starred as Dick in Wapping Old Stairs at the Vaudeville Theatre in 1894, which he also directed and produced.
Temple returned to the Savoy and D'Oyly Carte in October 1894, replacing John Coates as Baron Van den Berg in Mirette. In December 1894 at the Savoy, he created the part of Sancho in Sullivan and Burnand's The Chieftain, and later that month played Sergeant Bouncer when a revival of Cox and Box was added to the bill. After a year's absence from the company, he returned to the Savoy briefly in 1896 to give some performances in the title role of a revival of The Mikado, and he also directed the premiere of Charles Villiers Stanford's Shamus O'Brien at the Opera Comique that year, among other directing. He then appeared in the first revival of Yeomen in 1897. In December 1898 he filled in as Sir Marmaduke in The Sorcerer, and in 1899 he played Dick Deadeye again in the third revival of H.M.S. Pinafore at the Savoy.
In addition to his theatre work, Temple sang in concerts, especially in the later part of his career. Of his recital at the Steinway Hall in 1903, The Times said, "It is unnecessary to say more than that the eminent artist showed how fully he understands the traditions of various schools, such as the German opera of the past ... French opéra-comique ... and the Italian buffo style." At a later Steinway Hall recital he performed the then avant-garde Enoch Arden to Richard Strauss's music. Temple gave recitals in other venues, including the Queen's Hall. He also set himself up as a "musical and dramatic" reciter.
Later years
Temple continued to appear in various comic operas and musical comedies, including A Prince of Borneo (1899), billed as "an operatic farce"; The Gay Pretenders (1900), with George Grossmith senior and junior, and Frank Wyatt; and the captain in San Toy on tour in 1901. He also played Northumberland in Herbert Beerbohm Tree's production of William Shakespeare's Richard II at Her Majesty's Theatre in 1903, and that Christmas, he was in Little Hans Andersen as King of the Copper Castle, produced by William Greet with members of the Savoy company.
In October 1904, Temple appeared briefly on tour in two of his original roles – as Dick Deadeye in Pinafore and Strephon in Iolanthe. He directed Liza Lehmann's The Vicar of Wakefield in 1906–07, starring Isabel Jay, and also played the role of Burchell. In October 1908, he returned to the Savoy to give a few performances as Deadeye in Pinafore in place of Henry Lytton. In March 1909, he played Sergeant Meryll in Yeomen.
Beginning in the mid-1890s, Temple devoted much of his time to teaching acting and directing productions at music schools, primarily at The Royal College of Music where he was Professor of Elocution and Acting until the year of his death. He directed many student productions with Charles Villiers Stanford conducting, including Gluck's Orfeo, with the young Clara Butt (1893); the UK premiere of Léo Delibes' Le roi l'a dit (1895); Purcell's Dido and Aeneas (1895); Verdi's Falstaff (1896); Wagner's The Flying Dutchman (1898); Weber's Euryanthe (1900); Fidelio (1902); and Schumann's Genoveva, with the young George Baker (1910).
For the Royal Academy of Music, he directed Verdi's Un ballo in maschera in 1908. At the Academy, as Director of the Dramatic Class, his many students included Eva Turner and Darrell Fancourt, who later became well known as Temple's successor in the Gilbert and Sullivan bass-baritone roles. At the Royal Academy and the Royal College he taught many other students, including future Gilbert and Sullivan performers George Baker and Clara Dow, and Muriel Foster, who became known as an oratorio singer.
After an illness of some 18 months, a benefit was held for Temple in September 1912. Temple died at Charing Cross Hospital in London the following month at the age of 66. Temple is portrayed by Timothy Spall in the 1999 Mike Leigh film, Topsy-Turvy. His son Richard William Cobb Temple (1872–1954) became an actor in Britain and America. He was married to musical theatre star Evie Greene.
Recordings
Temple made some records in 1902–03 for the Gramophone & Typewriter Company. His renditions of "A More Humane Mikado" and "O Better Far to Live and Die" appear on the Pearl CD, The Art of the Savoyard (GEMM CD 9991).
Notes
References
External links
Profile of Temple at the Memories of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company website
Photo of Temple in Iolanthe
1846 births
1912 deaths
19th-century British male opera singers
Academics of the Royal College of Music
English bass-baritones
Male actors from London
Operatic bass-baritones
English theatre directors
19th-century English singers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Temple%20%28bass-baritone%29
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Talitha Dina Getty (; 18 October 1940 – 11 July 1971) was a Dutch actress, socialite, and model who was regarded as a style icon of the late 1960s. She lived much of her adult life in Britain and, in her final years, was closely associated with the Moroccan city of Marrakesh. Her husband was the oil heir and subsequent philanthropist John Paul Getty Jr.
Early life
Talitha Dina Pol was born in Java, then part of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), daughter of the artists (1905–1988) and Arnoldine Adriana "Adine" Mees (1908–1948).
Her father subsequently married Poppet John (1912–1997), daughter of the painter Augustus John (1878–1961), a pivotal figure in the world of Bohemian culture and fashion. She was thus the step-granddaughter of both Augustus John and his muse and second wife, Dorothy "Dorelia" McNeil (1881–1969), who was a fashion icon in the early years of the 20th century. By Ian Fleming's widowed mother, Evelyn Ste Croix Fleming née Rose, Augustus John had a daughter, Talitha's step-aunt, Amaryllis Fleming (1925–1999), who became a noted cellist.
Pol spent her early years, during the Second World War, with her mother in a Japanese prison camp. Her father was interned in a separate camp, and her parents went their own ways after the war, Pol moving to Britain with her mother, who died in 1948 in The Hague.
Pol studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London. Writer and journalist Jonathan Meades, who was at RADA several years later, recalled that, after first coming to London in 1964, he saw Pol with her stepmother at Seal House, Holland Park (home of Poppet John's sister, Vivien). Meades thought her "the most beautiful young woman I had ever seen ... I gaped, unable to dissemble my amazement". In 1988, a former Labour Member of the British Parliament Woodrow, Lord Wyatt recalled, with reference to the "success with women" of Antony, Lord Lambton, former Conservative Government Minister, that
...there was that Talitha Pol who was very pretty and had a little starlet job in Yugoslavia; and he went and stayed at the hotel and sent her huge bunches of flowers about every two hours and showered her with presents.
Another to come under Pol's spell was the dancer Rudolf Nureyev, who first met her at a party in 1965. According to Nureyev's biographer, Julie Kavanagh, the two were enthralled with each other, to the extent that Nureyev "had never felt so erotically stirred by a woman" and told several friends that he wished to marry Pol. In the event, Nureyev was unable to attend a dinner party given by Claus von Bülow, at which he and Pol were to have been seated next to each other, and so von Bülow invited instead John Paul Getty Jr., son of his employer, the oil tycoon Paul Getty. Pol and Getty Jr. forged a relationship that led to their marriage in 1966.
Marriage to John Paul Getty
Pol became the second wife of John Paul Getty Jr. on 10 December 1966. She was married in a white miniskirt, trimmed with mink. The Gettys became part of Swinging London's fashionable scene, becoming friends with, among others, singers Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones and his girlfriend Marianne Faithfull. Faithfull has recounted her apprehension, through "ingrained agoraphobia", about an invitation to spend five weeks with the Gettys in Morocco ("but for Mick this is an essential part of his life") and how, after splitting from Jagger, she took up with Talitha Getty's lover, Count , a young French aristocrat (1949–1971). Breteuil supplied drugs to musicians such as Jim Morrison of The Doors, Keith Richards, and Marianne Faithfull, who wrote that Breteuil "saw himself as dealer to the stars" and has claimed that he delivered the drugs that accidentally killed Morrison less than two weeks before Talitha's own death in 1971. For his part, Richards recalled that John Paul and Talitha Getty "had the best and finest opium".
Print designer Celia Birtwell, who married designer Ossie Clark, recalled Talitha Getty as one of a number of "beautiful people" who crossed her threshold in the late 1960s, while couturier Yves Saint Laurent likened the Gettys to the title of a 1922 novel by F Scott Fitzgerald as "beautiful and damned". Among other glamorous figures of the Sixties, the fashion designer Michael Rainey, who founded the Hung on You boutique in Chelsea, and his wife Jane Ormsby-Gore, daughter of British ambassador David Ormsby-Gore to the United States during the Kennedy era, "hung out" with the Gettys in Marrakesh between their moving from Gozo to the Welsh Marches.
John Paul Getty, who has been described as "a swinging playboy who drove fast cars, drank heavily, experimented with drugs and squired raunchy starlets", eschewed the family business, Getty Oil, during this period, much to the chagrin of his father. However, in later years, he became a philanthropist and, as a U.S. citizen, received an honorary British knighthood in 1986. His luxury yacht, built in 1927 and renovated in 1994, was the MY Talitha G.
In July 1968, the Gettys had a son, Tara Gabriel Galaxy Gramaphone Getty, who became a noted ecological conservationist in Africa, dropped his third and fourth forenames, and took Irish citizenship in 1999. He and his wife Jessica (a chalet maid he met in Verbier) have three children, including a daughter named Talitha.
By 1969, the dissolute lifestyle the Gettys were leading in Italy and Morocco had begun to wear on Talitha, who wished to pursue treatment for heroin and alcohol addiction and return to Britain. Both she and Paul were unfaithful to one another (Paul was having an affair with Victoria Holdsworth, whom he would go on to marry in 1994), and Paul showed no commitment to becoming sober. He agreed to a separation and purchased a house for his wife and son to live in on Cheyne Walk in London. In early 1970 Talitha was sober and living an active social life in London.
Marrakesh photo
Talitha Getty is probably best remembered for an iconic photograph taken on a roof-top in Marrakesh, Morocco in January 1969 by Patrick Lichfield. With her hooded husband in the background, this image, part of the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London, portrayed her in a crouching pose, wearing a multi-coloured kaftan, white harem pants and white and cream boots.
The look seemed stylishly to typify the hippie fashion of the time and became a model over the years for what, more recently, has been referred to variously as "hippie chic", "boho-chic" and "Talitha Getty chic".
Film career
As an actress, Pol appeared in several films, including Village of Daughters (1962) (as a daughter, Gioia Spartaco); an Edgar Wallace mystery, We Shall See (1964) (as Jirina); The System (1964) (aka "The Girl-Getters" as Helga, a German tourist and the first girl to be hit on by the young men)); Return from the Ashes (1965) (as Claudine, alongside Maximilian Schell, Ingrid Thulin and Samantha Eggar); and Barbarella (1968), a sexually charged science-fiction fantasy starring Jane Fonda, in which she had the minor uncredited role of a girl smoking a hookah pipe.
Death
In the spring of 1971, Talitha Getty asked her husband for a divorce after years of living separately, but Paul Jr. was adamant that he still loved her and pleaded with her to come to Rome for a reconciliation. Her lawyers advised her that divorce proceedings would be easier if Talitha could show that she had attempted to reconcile with Paul, so on 9 July 1971 she flew to Rome. She was found dead on 11 July in the Getty apartment on Piazza d'Aracoeli, allegedly of a heroin overdose. However, her death certificate listed the cause as cardiac arrest, with high levels of alcohol and barbiturates found in her blood.
The Italian press speculated that Paul's continued heroin usage had caused Talitha to relapse. An autopsy conducted 8 months after her death found traces of heroin in Talitha's system, but this was inconclusive since heroin can persist in the body for many months, and might therefore have pre-dated her sobriety. In January 1973, Italian authorities announced that an inquest would be held into the causes of Talitha's death; they requested that Paul Jr. submit to an interview. Getty was afraid that his continued drug use would lead to arrest and prosecution, so he fled Italy for the UK in February, and never returned.
Talitha Getty died within the same 12-month period as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Edie Sedgwick and, as noted, Jim Morrison, other cultural icons of the 1960s. Her friend Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones, with whom she had spent time in Marrakesh, had predeceased Hendrix by a little over a year.
In 1993 Paul Getty named his new yacht Talitha G in memory of his late wife; it continues in service as Talitha for her son Mark.
Number One
The death of Talitha Getty is the subject of the Italian political drama Number One (1973). The film, which disappeared from the public eye because of its clear references to the Getty case and the Number One nightclub, was restored and screened again in 2021. The death of Talitha Pol serves as a trigger for major investigations into drug trafficking and art theft surrounding the nightclub. Talitha Getty's cinematic stand-in character "Deborah Garner" is played by Josiane Tanzilli; John Paul Getty II is the character of "Teddy Garner Jr.", played by Paolo Malco.
Selected filmography
Village of Daughters (1962)
The Comedy Man (1964)
The Edgar Wallace Mystery Theatre (1 episode, 1964)
The System (1964)
The Long Ships (1964)
Return from the Ashes (1965)
Barbarella (Uncredited, 1968)
References
External links
Article featuring Marrakesh photo
1940 births
1971 deaths
Dutch expatriates in Italy
Dutch film actresses
Dutch television actresses
Accidental deaths in Italy
Deaths by heroin overdose in Italy
Talitha
20th-century Dutch actresses
Alumni of RADA
People from Mojokerto Regency
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talitha%20Getty
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Brode may refer to:
People
Ben Brode, American video game designer
Charles Brode (died 1901), American merchant
Harold L. Brode, American physicist
Robert Brode (1900-1986), American physicist
Wallace R. Brode (1900-1974), American chemist
Places
Brode, Škofja Loka, Škofja Loka, Slovenia
Brode, Vransko, Vransko, Slovenia
Brøde Island, off the southern tip of South Georgia
See also
Broda (disambiguation)
Braude (disambiguation)
Broder
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brode
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The Dan Band Live is the first album released by The Dan Band. It includes humorous covers of various pop songs.
Track listing
"Free Your Mind/I Am Woman"
"Gloria/Mickey"
"ABBA Medley"
"Shoop/Whatta Man/Never Gonna Get It"
"Genie in a Bottle/No Scrubs/Slave 4 U"
"Tyrone/No More Drama"
"Hold On/Luka"
"Milkshake"
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
"Flashdance/Fame"
"Whenever Wherever/Hips Don't Lie"
"You Oughta Know"
"Que Sera, Sera"
"I Wanna Rock You Hard This Christmas" (Bonus Track)
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" (Bonus Track - Studio Version)
2005 live albums
SideOneDummy Records live albums
The Dan Band albums
2000s comedy albums
Covers albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dan%20Band%20Live
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Vapor-compression evaporation is the evaporation method by which a blower, compressor or jet ejector is used to compress, and thus, increase the pressure of the vapor produced. Since the pressure increase of the vapor also generates an increase in the condensation temperature, the same vapor can serve as the heating medium for its "mother" liquid or solution being concentrated, from which the vapor was generated to begin with. If no compression was provided, the vapor would be at the same temperature as the boiling liquid/solution, and no heat transfer could take place.
It is also sometimes called vapor compression distillation (VCD). If compression is performed by a mechanically driven compressor or blower, this evaporation process is usually referred to as MVR (mechanical vapor recompression). In case of compression performed by high pressure motive steam ejectors, the process is usually called thermocompression, steam compression or ejectocompression.
MVR process
Energy input
In this case the energy input to the system lies in the pumping energy of the compressor. The theoretical energy consumption will be equal to
, where
E is the total theoretical pumping energy
Q is the mass of vapors passing through the compressor
H1, H2 are the total heat content of unit mass of vapors, respectively upstream and downstream the compressor.
In SI units, these are respectively measured in kJ, kg and kJ/kg.
The actual energy input will be greater than the theoretical value and will depend on the efficiency of the system, which is usually between 30% and 60%. For example, suppose the theoretical energy input is 300 kJ and the efficiency is 30%. The actual energy input would be 300 x 100/30 = 1,000 kJ.
In a large unit, the compression power is between 35 and 45 kW per metric ton of compressed vapors.
Equipment for MVR evaporators
The compressor is necessarily the core of the unit. Compressors used for this application are usually of the centrifugal type, or positive displacement units such as the Roots blowers, similar to the (much smaller) Roots type supercharger. Very large units (evaporation capacity 100 metric tons per hour or more) sometimes use Axial-flow compressors. The compression work will deliver the steam superheated if compared to the theoretical pressure/temperature equilibrium. For this reason, the vast majority of MVR units feature a desuperheater between the compressor and the main heat exchanger.
Thermocompression
Energy input
The energy input is here given by the energy of a quantity of steam (motive steam), at a pressure higher than those of both the inlet and the outlet vapors.
The quantity of compressed vapors is therefore higher than the inlet :
Where Qd is the steam quantity at ejector delivery, Qs at ejector suction and Qm is the motive steam quantity. For this reason, a thermocompression evaporator often features a vapor condenser, due to the possible excess of steam necessary for the compression if compared with the steam required to evaporate the solution.
The quantity Qm of motive steam per unit suction quantity is a function of both the motive ratio of motive steam pressure vs. suction pressure and the compression ratio of delivery pressure vs. suction pressure. In principle, the higher the compression ratio and the lower the motive ratio the higher will be the specific motive steam consumption, i. e. the less efficient the energy balance.
Thermocompression equipment
The heart of any thermocompression evaporator is clearly the steam ejector, exhaustively described in the relevant page. The size of the other pieces of equipment, such as the main heat exchanger, the vapor head, etc. (see evaporator for details), is governed by the evaporation process.
Comparison
These two compression-type evaporators have different fields of application, although they do sometimes overlap.
An MVR unit will be preferable for a large unit, thanks to the reduced energy consumption. The largest single body MVR evaporator built (1968, by Whiting Co., later Swenson Evaporator Co., Harvey, Ill. in Cirò Marina, Italy) was a salt crystallizer, evaporating approximately 400 metric tons per hour of water, featuring an axial-flow compressor (Brown Boveri, later ABB). This unit was transformed around 1990 to become the first effect of a multiple effect evaporator. MVR evaporators with 10 tons or more evaporating capacity are common.
The compression ratio in a MVR unit does not usually exceed 1.8. At a compression ratio of 1.8, if the evaporation is performed at atmospheric pressure (0.101 MPa), the condensation pressure after compression will be 0.101 x 1.8 = 0.1818 [MPa]. At this pressure, the condensation temperature of the water vapor at the heat exchanger will be 390 K. Taking into account the boiling point elevation of the salt water we wish to evaporate (8 K for a saturated salt solution), this leaves a temperature difference of less than 8 K at the heat exchanger. A small ∆T leads to slow heat transfer, meaning that we will need a very large heating surface to transfer the required heat. Axial-flow and Roots compressor may reach slightly higher compression ratios.
Thermocompression evaporators may reach higher compression ratios - at a cost. A compression ratio of 2 is possible (and sometimes more) but unless the motive steam is at a reasonably high pressure (say, 16 bar g - 250 psig - or more), the motive steam consumption will be in the range of 2 kg per kg of suction vapors. A higher compression ratio means a smaller heat exchanger, and a reduced investment cost. Moreover, a compressor is an expensive machine, while an ejector is much simpler and cheap.
As a conclusion, MVR machines are used in large, energy-efficient units, while thermocompression units tend to limit their use to small units, where energy consumption is not a big issue.
Efficiency
The efficiency and feasibility of this process depends on the efficiency of the compressing device (e.g., blower, compressor or steam ejector) and the heat transfer coefficient attained in the heat exchanger contacting the condensing vapor and the boiling "mother" solution/liquid. Theoretically, if the resulting condensate is subcooled, this process could allow full recovery of the latent heat of vaporization that would otherwise be lost if the vapor, rather than the condensate, was the final product; therefore, this method of evaporation is very energy efficient. The evaporation process may be solely driven by the mechanical work provided by the compressing device.
Some uses
Clean water production (Water for injection)
A vapor-compression evaporator, like most evaporators, can make reasonably clean water from any water source. In a salt crystallizer, for example, a typical analysis of the resulting condensate shows a typical content of residual salt not higher than 50 ppm or, in terms of electrical conductance, not higher than 10 μS/cm. This results in a drinkable water, if the other sanitary requirements are fulfilled. While this cannot compete in the marketplace with reverse osmosis or demineralization, vapor compression chiefly differs from these thanks to its ability to make clean water from saturated or even crystallizing brines with total dissolved solids (TDS) up to 650 g/L. The other two technologies can make clean water from sources no higher in TDS than approximately 35 g/L.
For economic reasons evaporators are seldom operated on low-TDS water sources. Those applications are filled by reverse osmosis. The already brackish water which enters a typical evaporator is concentrated further. The increased dissolved solids act to increase the boiling point well beyond that of pure water. Seawater with a TDS of approximately 30 g/L exhibits a boiling point elevation of less than 1 K but saturated sodium chloride solution at 360 g/L has a boiling point elevation of about 7 K. This boiling point elevation represents a challenge for vapor-compression evaporation in that it increases the pressure ratio that the steam compressor must attain to effect vaporization. Since boiling point elevation determines the pressure ratio in the compressor, it is the main overall factor in operating costs.
Steam-assisted gravity drainage
The technology used today to extract bitumen from the Athabasca oil sands is the water-intensive steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) method. In the late 1990s former nuclear engineer Bill Heins of General Electric Company's RCC Thermal Products conceived an evaporator technology called falling film or mechanical vapor compression evaporation. In 1999 and 2002 Petro-Canada's MacKay River facility was the first to install 1999 and 2002 GE SAGD zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) systems using a combination of the new evaporative technology and crystallizer system in which all the water was recycled and only solids were discharged off site. This new evaporative technology began to replace older water treatment techniques employed by SAGD facilities which involved the use of warm lime softening to remove silica and magnesium and weak acid cation ion exchange used to remove calcium. The vapor-compression evaporation process replaced the once-through steam generators (OTSG) traditionally used for steam production. OTSG generally ran on natural gas which in 2008 had become increasingly valuable. The water quality of evaporators is four times better which is needed for the drum boilers. The evaporators, when coupled with standard drum boilers, produce steam which is more "reliable, less costly to operate, and less water-intensive." By 2008 about 85 per cent of SAGD facilities in the Alberta oil sands had adopted evaporative technology. "SAGD, unlike other thermal processes such as cyclic steam stimulation (CSS), requires 100 per cent quality steam."
See also
Cristiani compressed steam system
Slingshot (water vapor distillation system)
Vapor-compression refrigeration
Vapor-compression desalination
References
Evaporators
Chemical processes
Unit operations
Water treatment
Water technology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression%20evaporation
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The National Piers Society (NPS) is a registered charity in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting and sustaining interest in the preservation and continued enjoyment of seaside piers.
It was founded in 1979, with Sir John Betjeman as the first Honorary President. with Tim Mickleburgh (Chair 1995-2003) as Honorary Vice President.
The NPS became a registered charity in 1999, and quarterly magazines have been published since 1987. The society also lobbies heritage bodies, lottery boards, local authorities and the media on pier issues. In 2014 it worked with English Heritage to bring out the book British Seaside Piers.
The Annual General Meeting takes place at a different resort each year, beginning in 1983. The meetings usually include private tours of nearby piers. In addition to establishing regional branches, the society is working to create a National Piers Museum.
The NPS maintains links with the relevant trade association, the British Association of Leisure Parks, Piers and Attractions, and the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society (PSPS).
In 2005, a limited company – The National Piers Society Ltd. – was created as the NPS trading arm.
Pier of the Year award
Since 1996 the society has presented an annual Pier of the Year award, as voted by the society's members. The rules state that only piers currently open to the public, and piers which have not won the award in the last five years, are eligible. Past awards have been given to:
The society also presents a triennial award for engineering excellence, the Peter Mason Award, named after a past Chairman.
Notes and references
External links
Piers in the United Kingdom
1979 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1979
Heritage organisations in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Piers%20Society
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In civil law systems, a synallagmatic contract is a contract in which each party to the contract is bound to provide something to the other party. Its name is derived from the Ancient Greek συνάλλαγμα (synallagma), meaning mutual agreement. Examples of synallagmatic contracts include contracts of sale, of service, or of hiring.
In common law jurisdictions, it is roughly the equivalent of a bilateral contract and may be contrasted with a gift (as such a relationship is not one of contract) or a unilateral contract in which only one party makes an enforceable promise.
In his comments on the case of Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd. v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd. (1957), Lord Diplock said:
"Every synallagmatic contract contains in it the seeds of the problem - in what event will a party be relieved of his undertaking to do that which he has agreed to do but has not yet done?"
References
Civil law (legal system)
Contract law
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synallagmatic%20contract
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Defense Establishment Comptroller Unit () is an Israel Defense Forces unit which supervises and oversees the fitness, preparedness, and legality of the Israeli Security Forces' activities, in all its parts. It reports to the Minister of Defense, Director-general of the Ministry of Defense, and the Chief of Staff on these issues.
History
The Defense Establishment Comptroller Unit was established in 1976. It was originally subordinate to what then the Operations Directorate (the most senior branch in the IDF). In 1994, it was placed under the deputy head of the Operations Directorate. In 2004, it was placed under the command of the Deputy Chief of Staff.
Unlike other IDF units, the Defense Establishment Comptroller Unit is headed by a civilian, who is one of three civilian members in the General Staff. In August 2002, the Defense Establishment Comptroller was Brigadier-General (Ret.) Yossi Beinhorn.
References
External links
Moshe Barda, Summary of the State Comptroller reports, submitted to the Knesset Committee for State Comptrollership, March 2003
Eliezer Goldberg (Israel's State Comptroller, "The internal comptrollership in the IDF", NFC, August 31, 2005
Military units and formations of Israel
Comptrollers in Israel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense%20Establishment%20Comptroller%20Unit
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Bolton v Madsen, is a High Court of Australia case that dealt with section 90 of the Australian Constitution, which prohibits States from levying excise duty.
This case followed Dennis Hotels Pty Ltd v Victoria. It upheld the broad approach to excise, that is, excise duties are taxes on goods at some stage in their production or distribution before they reach consumers. Furthermore, the case supported the criterion of liability approach, that is, a tax must be applied directly to the goods. The judges gave some guidance on the required relationship; the relationship is satisfied "if the tax is calculated by reference to the quantity or value of goods produced or dealt with in the relevant period", as summarised by Mason J in Hematite Petroleum Pty Ltd v Victoria. This approach, of ensuring that the burden is down the line ensures that it is conformant with the original description of excise in Peterswald v Bartley. The mere fact that there was an increase in the price of goods is insufficient.
See also
Section 90 of the Constitution of Australia
Australian constitutional law
References
Winterton, G. et al. Australian federal constitutional law: commentary and materials, 1999. LBC Information Services, Sydney.
High Court of Australia cases
1963 in Australian law
Australian constitutional law
Excise in the Australian Constitution cases
1963 in case law
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton%20v%20Madsen
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Emmonak Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located in Emmonak, a city in the Kusilvak Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.
Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned ENM by the FAA and EMK by the IATA. The airport's ICAO identifier is PAEM.
Facilities
Emmonak Airport has one runway designated 16/34 with a gravel surface measuring 4,601 by 100 feet (1,402 x 30 m).
Airline and destinations
Prior to its bankruptcy and cessation of all operations, Ravn Alaska served the airport from multiple locations.
Statistics
References
External links
FAA Alaska airport diagram (GIF)
Airports in the Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmonak%20Airport
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Marine Air Control Squadron 1 (MACS-1) is a United States Marine Corps aviation command and control squadron. The squadron provides aerial surveillance, air traffic control, ground-controlled intercept, and aviation data-link connectivity for the I Marine Expeditionary Force. It was the first air warning squadron commissioned as part of the Marine Corps' new air warning program and is the second oldest aviation command and control unit in the Marine Corps. The squadron is based at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma and falls under Marine Air Control Group 38 and the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing.
Subordinate units
Mission
Provide air surveillance, airspace management and the control of aircraft and surface-to-air weapons for anti-air warfare and offensive air support while independently or simultaneously providing continuous all-weather radar and non-radar ATC services as in integral part of the Marine Air Command and Control system (MACCS) in support of a Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), and Joint Force Commander.
History
World War II
Formation and movement to Hawaii
Air Warning Squadron 1 was commissioned on September 1, 1943 at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina. It was the first early warning squadron organized under the newly established 1st Marine Air Warning Group The squadron's initial Table of organization and equipment had 14 officers and 192 enlisted Marines assigned. On November 15 the squadron boarded trains in North Carolina bound for the West Coast. It arrived on November 22, 1943 at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California and began a short period of additional training prior to deployment.
On December 29, AWS-1 personnel boarded the headed for the Territory of Hawaii. It arrived at Pearl Harbor on January 4, 1944 and was transported to Marine Corps Air Station Ewa. Upon arrival it was reassigned to Marine Aircraft Group 22, 4th Marine Base Defense Aircraft Wing and began training for combat missions in support of the World War II Pacific Campaign. After a short period of time at MCAS Ewa the squadron boarded the on February 12 and sailed west for its first combat operation.
Eniwetok
On February 20, 1944, AWS-1 landed on Engebi as part of the larger Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. The squadron set up its SCR-270 and SCR-527 radars and took control of the airspace over Eniwetok on March 1, 1944. During its time on Engebi the squadron worked closely with the 10th Defense Battalion to ensure the aircraft it controlled were properly deconflicted from the battalion's air defense fires.
The first Japanese air raids against the Marines on Engebi occurred on the evening on March 8, 1944. Twenty Japanese aircraft departed Truk Atoll at 0230 inbound Engebi from the southwest. Twelve of the aircraft acted as decoys to draw American interceptors away while eight Japanese aircraft, successfully employing chaff to deceive American radars, made three bombing runs over the course of an hour and half. The first bombing run destroyed AWS-1's VHF radio transmitter necessitating immediate repair so aircraft control could continue. SSgt Jacob Marty was killed during the second bombing run while attempting to restore VHF communications. He was the first Marine from a Marine air warning squadron to be killed in action. Another seven Marines were injured during this raids.
Okinawa
AWS-1 arrived off of Okinawa on April 19 and landed on Ie Shima on April 21, 1945 and began setting up its radars and air defense control centers. The squadron was operational by the end of the month. During its first 36 days of operations, AWS-1 plotted more than 200 Japanese raids and aircraft under its control scored a total of 149 enemy aircraft destroyed or damaged. On July 9 the squadron sent a long range radar detachment to Iheya Island to further expand the radar coverage around Okinawa.
Following the war the squadron remained on Ie Shima until February 1946. The squadron's forward echelon departed on February 23, 1946 onboard , arriving back in the States on March 29, 1946. Main body personnel and equipment were loaded onto for transport back to the United States. With stops in Guam and Pearl Harbor en route, the main body did not arrive back at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, CA until April 14, 1946. Upon arrival at MCAS Miramar the squadron was administratively assigned to Marine Air Warning Group 2. On August 1, 1946 the squadron was re-designated as Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron 1 and in July 1947 it moved to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. In October 1947 the squadron was reassigned to Marine Air Control Group 2.
Korean War
MGCIS-1 was alerted for duty in Korea on 5 July 1950 and reassigned to Marine Aircraft Group 33 the following day. At the outbreak of the war, MGCIS-1 was severely under strength. Additional Marines were joined from other squadrons within Marine Air Control Group 2 to fill out the squadron's ranks prior to deployment. The squadron departed Long Beach Harbor on 14 July 1950 on board . They arrived in Kobe, Japan on 1 August 1950 and set up operations at Itami Air Force Base, Honshu, Japan to be co-located with VMF(N)-513.
On 10 September, MGCIS-1 personnel boarded the departed Kobe. While en route they established a secondary Tactical Air Control Center on board in case any of the primary control ships were knocked out during the upcoming assault. Following the Inchon landings on 15 September, the squadron came ashore on 17 September and established radars and a control center at Kimpo Air Base. They were partially operating by 20 September. While at Kimpo, MGCIS-1 controlled combat air patrol aircraft in the airspace and cleared cargo aircraft into the field. The squadron secured operations on 10 October and returned to the port at Inchon to prepare for follow on tasking. Personnel and gear were loaded onto the and the and departed the harbor on 17 September.
The squadron was administratively transferred to Marine Aircraft Group 12 in October 1950. MGCIS-1 secured operations in Hungnam on 11 December and all personnel boarded an LST on December 13 as part of the Hungnam evacuation. While afloat, squadron controllers assisted their US Navy counterparts controlling hundreds of aircraft daily during the operation. The squadron sailed for Pusan, Korea and set up its equipment at Pusan West AB (K-1) as it prepared for follow-on tasking. In April 1951 MGCIS-1 was again administratively transferred to under the control of MACG-2. MGCIS-1 participated in the defense of the Korean Demilitarized Zone from July 1953 through March 1955. On February 15, 1954 the squadron received its current moniker of Marine Air Control Squadron 1.. In April 1955 the unit redeployed to Naval Air Facility Atsugi, Japan, and was reassigned to Marine Aircraft Group 11 (MAG-11).
1960 through 1972
The squadron was reduced to cadre status during March–April 1960. It was relocated during May 1960 to Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona and reassigned to Marine Wing Headquarters Group, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing. On February 1, 1972, the squadron was decommissioned.
Reactivation, 1980s & 1990s
11 years later in October 1983, the squadron was reactivated at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, as Marine Air Control Squadron 1, Marine Air Control Group 38, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing. It participated in Operation Desert Shield in Southwest Asia from August until October 1990, though some elements of MACS-1 remained in Saudi Arabia in support of MACS-2.
MACS-1 Relocated during Jun 1998 to Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona. Elements supported Operation Southern Watch, Iraq, March–April 2000 and in November–December 2000, and May–June 2001.
Global War on Terror
Elements of MACS-1 supported Operation Enduring Freedom, in Afghanistan from January–May 2002. This was followed by a deployment to Kuwait in February 2003 and participating in Operation Iraqi Freedom from March 2003 to present, both as an Air Control agency, and subsequently standing up several Security Companies.
From 2009 through 2014, MACS-1, in concert with MACS-2, supported sustained TAOC operations at Camp Leatherneck, in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. Utilizing the AN/TPS-59 radar as its primary sensor, these units were responsible for controlling 70,000 square miles of airspace in support of Regional Command Southwest operations. From 2009 through 2014, both MACS-1 and MACS-2 coordinated more than 320,000 fixed-wing operations, 80,000 aerial refueling operations, and more than 7,000 rotary wing operations. The TAOC's mission in Afghanistan ended in November 2014 as the Marine Corps withdrew its presence in Southern Afghanistan and turned over control of the area to United States Air Force's 71st Expeditionary Air Control Squadron.
Notable former members
Lee Harvey Oswald – fatally shot President John F. Kennedy in 1963.
Gallery
Unit awards
A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. Marine Air Control Squadron 1 has been presented with the following awards:
See also
AN/TPS-59
United States Marine Corps Aviation
Organization of the United States Marine Corps
List of United States Marine Corps aviation support units
Citations
References
Bibliography
Web
External links
Radar
1943 establishments in North Carolina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20Air%20Control%20Squadron%201
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Elizabeth Taylor (1932–2011) was a British-American actress.
Elizabeth Taylor or Liz Taylor may also refer to:
Elizabeth Taylor (poet) (c. 1660–1708), aka Lady Wythens, later Colepeper, English Restoration poet
Elizabeth Taylor (painter) (1856–1932), American artist, journalist, and botanist
Elizabeth Taylor (social reformer) (1868–1941), New Zealand temperance worker, community leader and social reformer
Elizabeth Taylor (novelist) (1912–1975), English novelist and short story writer
Frances Taylor Davis (1929–2018), American dancer and actress who was credited on Broadway as Elizabeth Taylor
Elisabeth Russell Taylor (1930–2020), English novelist and short story writer
Liz Taylor (American Horror Story), an American Horror Story: Hotel character
Liz Taylor (Hollyoaks) or Liz Burton, a character on Hollyoaks
"Elizabeth Taylor", a song by Pete Yorn from his 2022 album Hawaii
See also
Betty Taylor (disambiguation)
Eliza Taylor (born 1989), Australian actress
Lizz Tayler (born 1990), American pornographic actress
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Taylor%20%28disambiguation%29
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The Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park (BKNP) (, borjom-kharagaulis erovnuli parki) is a protected area in central Georgia, in Samtskhe-Javakheti situated in the Lesser Caucasus, southwest to the nation's capital of Tbilisi. Its ecoregion is that of the Caucasus mixed forests.
One of the largest national parks in Georgia, Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park includes six municipalities - Borjomi, Kharagauli, Akhaltsikhe, Adigeni, Khashuri and Baghdati - stretching from the resort of Borjomi to the town of Kharagauli. Together with adjacent Borjomi Nature Reserve, the total area is 851 square kilometres, i.e. more than 1 % of the total territory of Georgia. The park was founded in 1995 and officially inaugurated in 2001.
Its particular uniqueness is diversity of geographical and ecological zones, landscapes, historical monuments and rich flora and fauna. The park has rapidly developing tourist infrastructure.
History
The history of the park dates back to Medieval times when it was used primarily by the local aristocracy for hunting.
When Georgia lost its independence and became part of the Russian Empire, the Grand Duke Michael Nicolaievich was given the post of Governor General of Transcaucasia. He found the local beauty of the Borjomi park so impressive he decided to build his personal summer residence there.
Noticeable changes to the park came when the Grand Duke Michael restricted any lumbering or hunting without permission, thus laying the foundation for the park's future.
In 1995, the Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park was endorsed and created with the support of the World Wildlife Fund and the German government, and was officially inaugurated in 2001.
Environmental Concerns
The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline skirts the edge of this National Park and crosses its watershed. The decision to run the BTC Pipeline near this pristine region drew considerable ire from environmental groups who allege that a leak could disrupt the Borjomi ecosystem. These groups also point out that the area is a source of frequent landslides that could increase the chance of a breach of the pipeline. They also allege that simply building a pipeline in this region will have a negative effect on sales of Borjomi mineral water. Mineral water makes up a significant portion of Georgia exports. In August 2008, more than three square kilometres of forest in the park were burnt in what Georgia claimed was an ecocide by Russia.
See also
Tusheti National Park
Borjomi Strict Nature Reserve
Nedzvi Managed Reserve
Goderdzi Petrified Forest Natural Monument
References
External links
Official website
Article by Giga Chikhladze
National parks of Georgia (country)
Protected areas established in 1995
Geography of Samtskhe–Javakheti
Tourist attractions in Samtskhe–Javakheti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjomi-Kharagauli%20National%20Park
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Puerto Bolívar Airport () is a private airport in the Guajira Department of Colombia. The closest city is Uribia. It is located next to the Cerrejón coal terminal and only serves the workers of the area. Only private sector aircraft and Colombia's Aerocivil land at Puerto Bolivar. No commercial airlines serve the airport and it is mostly empty.
The Puerto Bolivar non-directional beacon (Ident: PBL) is located off the approach end of Runway 09. The Portete non-directional beacon (Ident: PTE) is located off the approach end of Runway 27.
See also
Transport in Colombia
List of airports in Colombia
References
External links
OpenStreetMap - Puerto Bolívar
OurAirports - Puerto Bolívar
SkyVector - Puerto Bolívar
FallingRain - Puerto Bolívar Airport
Airports in Colombia
Buildings and structures in La Guajira Department
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto%20Bol%C3%ADvar%20Airport
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The Home Rule City Act was a statute enacted by the Michigan Legislature as Public Act 279 of 1909. It provides the framework by which a new city may become incorporated and provide for its own government by adopting a city charter, and the method by which an existing city may amend or revise its city charter.
History
Local units of government in the United States are created by the various states. Such local governments may go by various names in the several states. It is entirely possible for a state to totally abolish any or all local units of government. In the case of Michigan, the state government is specifically restricted under the state's constitution as to how it may interact with local governments and may not alter the boundaries of a local government without a vote by the affected residents.
The Home Rule City Act resulted from the provisions of the 1908 state constitution, which called for home rule authority to be conferred upon the various local governments in the state. The 1963 state constitution retained these same home rule provisions.
Both constitutions recognized the fundamental integrity of counties, townships, cities, and villages in Michigan. Local governments could no longer be created, abolished, or consolidated without the consent of the electors who reside within the affected territory. Prior to this time, local governments had been created by a special act of the legislature which did not require any consent from those living within the affected territory.
Under Michigan's Revised Statutes of 1848, there were several classes of cities, the primary distinction among which was population. In nearly every case, however, it was the legislature that had provided a city charter for each city that mandated how each city was to be governed and how its officers were to be chosen. Under the Home Rule City Act, each city was given the ability to make changes to its city charter on its own. The charters that had been previously granted by the legislature continued in force until such time as an affected city took this action. All cities in Michigan are now classified under one class, namely, Home Rule Cities, regardless of the source or origin of the various provisions of their respective city charters.
Revising or amending a city charter
Under the Home Rule City Act, a city can amend its city charter by a vote of the electors residing within the city. An amendment can be proposed either by the governing body of the city, typically called the city council, or by an initiative petition signed by a certain number of registered voters.
A revision of a city charter is a more comprehensive process which replaces the existing charter with a new one. The decision to revise a city charter must be approved by the voters of the city and can be proposed by the city council or by an initiative petition. A special commission is elected to conduct the work of writing a new charter and submitting it to the voters for approval. The commission is not bound to keep any provisions of the current city charter.
Provisions of the act
The Home Rule City Act specifies certain requirements that every city must contain within its city charter. At the same time, the Act provides for numerous optional charter provisions. In general, any power that is not specifically prohibited by another law for a city to exercise may be included in a city's charter.
External links
Home Rule City Act (complete text)
1909 in American law
Michigan statutes
Local government in Michigan
Local government legislation
History of local government in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20Rule%20Cities%20Act%20%28Michigan%29
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Cancoillotte or cancoyotte is a runny French cheese made from metton cheese, and produced principally in Franche-Comté, but also Lorraine and Luxembourg, where it is also called Kachkéis or Kochkäse in German (cooked cheese). It is a typical cheese in Franc-Comtois gastronomy. It is eaten all year around, served cold or hot.
History
The cheese was first made in the village of Oyrières, near Champlitte, in Haute-Saône. It appeared no later than the 16th century. The name dates from the 19th century, from "coille," derived from cailler (to curdle), referring to milk left after cream extraction (resulting in a lower fat content).
Production
Traditionally, cancoillote is produced when metton cheese is melted over a small flame, with a little water or milk, and salt or butter added before serving. Sometimes garlic is added as well. Recently there are commercial versions with wine, cumin or other additions. Cancoillotte is typically sold in quantities averaging 200 grams.
While cancoillote made from melting pure metton with a bit of water is almost fat- and calorie-free (therefore good for diets, as it can be a good source of calcium without the fat), commercial versions are higher in fat and calories due to the butter added to make it sweeter and softer.
On the other hand, the texture of cancoillote varies between pure melted metton and commercial versions. Melted metton is much stickier than the commercial versions.
Cancoillotte is sold pre-melted in supermarkets, especially in the east of France. In Luxembourg, Kachkéis is usually eaten on an open sandwich on which mustard has been smeared as well.
References
External links
Article about Cancoillote at the site cancoillotte.net
Fromagerie Poitrey (located in Franois)
History of Cancoillotte
"La cancoillotte facile" How to prepare Cancoillotte (with photos) and a recipe for Cancoillotte Mousse.
Other references
Jean-Marie Garnier, La Haute-Saône culinaire
Evan Jones, The World of Cheese
French cheeses
Cow's-milk cheeses
Cuisine of Haute-Saône
Odenwald
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancoillotte
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Veresk is an alcoholic drink producing company. It is located in Kashin, Russia in the Tver Oblast.
Veresk was founded in 1901. In 1992, it became a corporation under the name of ОАО «Вереск» (Veresk), and in 1996 it began to be called the open stock corporation «Кашинский ликеро-водоч-ный завод «Вереск» (Veresk Liquor-Vodka Factory of Kashin).
Products
Bitter brewed beverage "ТВЕРСКАЯ" (Tverskaya)
Brewed beverage "ТВЕРСКАЯ брусничная" (Tverskaya Brusnichanya)
Brewed beverage "РЯБИНОВАЯ на коньяке" (Riabnovaya na konyake)
Brewed beverage "СМОРОДИНОВАЯ" (Smorodinaya)
Brewed beverage "ЧЕРЕМУХОВАЯ" (Cheremuhovaya)
Brewed beverage "КЛЮКВЕННАЯ" (Klyukvenaya)
Bitter brewed beverage "ДЖИН" (Gin)
Bitter brewed beverage "ВЕРЕСКОВЫЙ МЕД " (Vereskovyi Med)
Tonic "СТАРЫЙ КАШИН" (Staryi Kashin)
Vodka "МИРОВАЯ" (Mirovaya)
Vodka "ПРЕСТОЛЬНАЯ" (Prestolnaya)
Vodka "АФАНАСИЙ НИКИТИН" (Afanasii Nikitin)
Vodka "ХЛЕБНАЯ особая" (Hlebnaya Osobaya)
Vodka "ТВЕРЬ" (Tver)
Vodka "РУССКАЯ особая" (Ruskaya Osobaya)
Low alcohol cocktails
Mineral water "АННА КАШИНСКАЯ" (Anna Kashinskaya)
Cream-liqueur "СОЛО" (Solo) with cream
Liqueur "КОФЕЙНЫЙ" (Kofeinyi)
External links
Veresk
Food and drink companies established in 1901
Drink companies of Russia
Distilleries in Russia
Drink companies of the Soviet Union
Companies based in Tver Oblast
1901 establishments in the Russian Empire
Companies nationalised by the Soviet Union
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veresk
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Red Dirt Radio is a radio station that broadcasts to the Childers, Queensland community on the frequency of 88.0 MHz.
Red Dirt Radio is a narrow-bandwidth radio station with a signal range of . The station is fully automated.
References
Radio stations in Queensland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Dirt%20Radio
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Group W may refer to:
Group W, Westinghouse Broadcasting
Group W, people being considered for moral waiver by American military
The Group W bench from "Alice's Restaurant" by Arlo Guthrie is a reference to moral waiver
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20W
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