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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null%20dust%20solution
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In mathematical physics, a null dust solution (sometimes called a null fluid) is a Lorentzian manifold in which the Einstein tensor is null. Such a spacetime can be interpreted as an exact solution of Einstein's field equation, in which the only mass–energy present in the spacetime is due to some kind of massless radiation.
Mathematical definition
By definition, the Einstein tensor of a null dust solution has the form
where is a null vector field. This definition makes sense purely geometrically, but if we place a stress–energy tensor on our spacetime of the form
,
then Einstein's field equation is satisfied, and such a stress–energy tensor has a clear physical interpretation in terms of massless radiation. The vector field specifies the direction in which the radiation is moving; the scalar multiplier specifies its intensity.
Physical interpretation
Physically speaking, a null dust describes either gravitational radiation, or some kind of nongravitational radiation which is described by a relativistic classical field theory (such as electromagnetic radiation), or a combination of these two. Null dusts include vacuum solutions as a special case.
Phenomena which can be modeled by null dust solutions include:
a beam of neutrinos assumed for simplicity to be massless (treated according to classical physics),
a very high-frequency electromagnetic wave,
a beam of incoherent electromagnetic radiation.
In particular, a plane wave of incoherent electromagnetic radiation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20mirror
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Membrane mirrors are mirrors made on thin films of material, such as metallized PET film. They can be used as components in adaptive optics systems.
See also
Solar sail
References
Spacecraft propulsion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20New%20Transistor%20Heroes
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The New Transistor Heroes is the debut studio album by Scottish indie pop band Bis, released on 7 April 1997.
The intro to the opening song "Tell It to the Kids" was recorded by friend of the band Mark Percival, credited in the album notes as Marky P.
Track listing
Notes
This is the UK CD release; it matches the UK and US LP releases.
The US LP came with a bonus 7-inch with the songs "Kkeerroolleeeenn", "Team Theme" and "Rollerblade Zero".
The US and Australian CD releases add the songs "Team Theme", "Rollerblade Zero" and "Kkeerroolleeeenn" to the end. "Kkeerroolleeeenn" is an unlisted "hidden" track.
The Thai CD release adds the song "Kandy Pop" to the end.
The Japanese CD release adds the songs "Kandy Pop", "This is Fake D.I.Y" and "School Disco" to the end.
The Japanese MiniDisc release features only the songs found on the UK CD.
The Australian 2CD release includes all tracks from the UK CD, plus "Kkeerroolleeeenn" on disc 1, and a repackaged version of the Sweet Shop Avengerz EP as disc 2 (five tracks only).
Personnel
Bis
Manda Rin
John Disco
Sci-Fi Steven
Technical
Rik Flick – producer, engineer
Manda Rin – artwork
Charts
References
1997 debut albums
Bis (Scottish band) albums
Wiiija albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korg%20KARMA
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The Korg KARMA music workstation was released in 2001 as a specialised member of the Korg Triton family. KARMA stands for Kay's Algorithmic Real-time Music Architecture. The unit features up to 62 note polyphony and is 16-part multitimbral. Its sound engine is based on the Korg Triton workstation, although it has fewer features.
Construction
The center section is made of brushed aluminum, and the side cheeks are constructed from plastic.
Sequencer
The unit also features a 16-track sequencer with a maximum storage of 200,000 events and 200 songs
Drum kits
413 drum sounds
55 drum kits
16 User drum kits
Expansions
KORG KARMA's presets can be expanded with KORG EXB cards such as EXB-PCM01 (Pianos/Classic Keyboards), EXB-PCM02 (Studio Essentials), EXB-PCM03 (Future Loop Construction), EXB-PCM04 (Dance Extreme), EXB-PCM05 (Vintage Archives), EXB-PCM06/07 (Orchestral Collection), EXB-PCM08 (Concert Grand Piano), EXB-PCM09 (Trance Attack).
Moreover, the sound engine can be extended using the valuable 6-voice DSP tone generator derived from the KORG Z1 - EXB-MOSS.
Notable users
Rick Wakeman
Phil Collins
Herbie Hancock
Peter Gabriel
Vangelis
Yes
Pete Townshend
Keith Emerson
Jean-Michel Jarre
Tuomas Holopainen
Jordan Rudess
References
External links
Korg Website
Karma-Lab Website - Korg KARMA page
Karma-Lab Wiki - Korg KARMA articles
Karma-Lab Korg KARMA Video and Audio clips
KARMA
Music workstations
Synthesizers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points%20classification%20in%20the%20Giro%20d%27Italia
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The points classification in the Giro d'Italia is one of the secondary classifications in the Giro d'Italia. It is determined by points awarded for placings in the daily stages, regardless of time gaps. From 1967 to 1969 the leader wore a red jersey but in 1970 it was changed to mauve, and named the maglia ciclamino (from Italian: mauve jersey), the name of the colour in Italian being derived from the alpine flower the cyclamen. The red jersey was re-introduced in 2010, as the maglia rosso passione. However, in April 2017 RCS Sport, the organisers of the Giro, announced that the maglia ciclamino would be revived for the 2017 Giro d'Italia.
History
The first points classification in the Giro was used in 1958, called Trofeo A. Carli. The first rider in each stage was given 15 points, down to one point for the fifteenth rider. There was no jersey associated, and the next year it was not used again.
The ranking points system was reintroduced in 1966, when there was no associated jersey, while for the two subsequent editions a red jersey was awarded to the leader of the classification. From 1969 to 2009, the jersey was mauve, but often referred to as cyclamen.
Points are given to riders who finish among the first in a stage, independent of the time difference. There are also points given to the first cyclists to reach the intermediate sprints. There is an intermediate sprints competition, with names changing from year to year, (Intergiro, Expo Milano 2015, Traguardo Volante),
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20symmetry%20breaking
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In theoretical physics, explicit symmetry breaking is the breaking of a symmetry of a theory by terms in its defining equations of motion (most typically, to the Lagrangian or the Hamiltonian) that do not respect the symmetry. Usually this term is used in situations where these symmetry-breaking terms are small, so that the symmetry is approximately respected by the theory. An example is the spectral line splitting in the Zeeman effect, due to a magnetic interaction perturbation in the Hamiltonian of the atoms involved.
Explicit symmetry breaking differs from spontaneous symmetry breaking. In the latter, the defining equations respect the symmetry but the ground state (vacuum) of the theory breaks it.
Explicit symmetry breaking is also associated with electromagnetic radiation. A system of accelerated charges results in electromagnetic radiation when the geometric symmetry of the electric field in free space is explicitly broken by the associated electrodynamic structure under time varying excitation of the given system. This is quite evident in an antenna where the electric lines of field curl around or have rotational geometry around the radiating terminals in contrast to linear geometric orientation within a pair of transmission lines which does not radiate even under time varying excitation.
Perturbation theory in quantum mechanics
A common setting for explicit symmetry breaking is perturbation theory in quantum mechanics. The symmetry is evident in a base Hamiltonia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20English%20districts%20by%20population%20density
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This is a list of the districts of England ordered by population density, based on population estimates for from the Office for National Statistics. The densities are calculated by dividing the latest Population Estimate by the Standard Area Measurement.
Less than 100 / km²
See also
List of English districts by population
List of English districts by area
List of English districts and their ethnic composition
References
Districts of England
Districts of England by Population Density
English districts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20and%20the%20City
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Night and the City is a 1950 film noir directed by Jules Dassin and starring Richard Widmark, Gene Tierney and Googie Withers. It is based on the novel of the same name by Gerald Kersh. Shot on location in London and at Shepperton Studios, the plot revolves around an ambitious hustler who meets continual failures.
Dassin later confessed that he had never read the novel upon which the film is based. In an interview appearing on The Criterion Collection DVD release, Dassin recalls that the casting of Tierney was in response to a request by Darryl Zanuck, who was concerned that personal problems had rendered the actress "suicidal" and hoped that work would improve her state of mind. The film's British version was five minutes longer, with a more upbeat ending and featuring a completely different film score. Dassin endorsed the American version as closer to his vision.
The film contains a very tough and prolonged fight scene between Stanislaus Zbyszko, a celebrated professional wrestler in real life, and Mike Mazurki, who before becoming an actor was himself a professional wrestler.
Plot
Harry Fabian is an ambitious American hustler and con man on the make in London. He maintains a fractured relationship with the honest Mary Bristol, and with nightclub owner and businessman Phil Nosseross, and with Nosseross's scheming wife, Helen.
While attempting a con at a wrestling match, Fabian witnesses Gregorius, a veteran Greek wrestler, arguing with his son Kristo, who has organised
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-matrix
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In mathematics, a Q-matrix is a square matrix whose associated linear complementarity problem LCP(M,q) has a solution for every vector q.
Properties
M is a Q-matrix if there exists d > 0 such that LCP(M,0) and LCP(M,d) have a unique solution.
Any P-matrix is a Q-matrix. Conversely, if a matrix is a Z-matrix and a Q-matrix, then it is also a P-matrix.
See also
P-matrix
Z-matrix
References
Matrix theory
Matrices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Liverpool%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics
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Liverpool Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Liverpool, Merseyside, who currently play in the Premier League. They have played at their current home ground, Anfield, since their foundation in 1892. Liverpool joined the Football League in 1894, and were founding members of the Premier League in 1992.
This list encompasses the major honours won by Liverpool, records set by the club, their managers and their players. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. It also records notable achievements by Liverpool players on the international stage, and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club. Attendance records at Anfield are also included in the list.
The club have won 19 top-flight titles, and also hold the record for the most European Cup victories by an English team, winning the competition six times. The club's record appearance maker is Ian Callaghan, who made 857 appearances between 1958 and 1978. Ian Rush is the club's record goalscorer, scoring 346 goals in total.
All statistics are correct as of 21 February 2023.
Honours
Liverpool have won honours both domestically and in European cup competitions. They have won the English top league 19 times and the League Cup a record nine times. In their first season, 1892–93, they won the Lancashire League title and the Liverpool District Cup, and their most recent success
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20cell
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In semiconductor design, standard-cell methodology is a method of designing application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) with mostly digital-logic features. Standard-cell methodology is an example of design abstraction, whereby a low-level very-large-scale integration (VLSI) layout is encapsulated into an abstract logic representation (such as a NAND gate).
Cell-based methodology – the general class to which standard cells belong – makes it possible for one designer to focus on the high-level (logical function) aspect of digital design, while another designer focuses on the implementation (physical) aspect. Along with semiconductor manufacturing advances, standard-cell methodology has helped designers scale ASICs from comparatively simple single-function ICs (of several thousand gates), to complex multi-million gate system-on-a-chip (SoC) devices.
Construction of a standard cell
A standard cell is a group of transistor and interconnect structures that provides a boolean logic function (e.g., AND, OR, XOR, XNOR, inverters) or a storage function (flipflop or latch). The simplest cells are direct representations of the elemental NAND, NOR, and XOR boolean function, although cells of much greater complexity are commonly used (such as a 2-bit full-adder, or muxed D-input flipflop.) The cell's boolean logic function is called its logical view: functional behavior is captured in the form of a truth table or Boolean algebra equation (for combinational logic), or a state transi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20parainfluenza%20viruses
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Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are the viruses that cause human parainfluenza. HPIVs are a paraphyletic group of four distinct single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. These viruses are closely associated with both human and veterinary disease. Virions are approximately 150–250 nm in size and contain negative sense RNA with a genome encompassing about 15,000 nucleotides.
The viruses can be detected via cell culture, immunofluorescent microscopy, and PCR. HPIVs remain the second main cause of hospitalisation in children under 5 years of age for a respiratory illness (only Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes more respiratory hospitalisations for this age group).
Classification
The first HPIV was discovered in the late 1950s. The taxonomic division is broadly based on antigenic and genetic characteristics, forming four major serotypes or clades, which today are considered distinct viruses. These include:
HPIVs belong to two genera: Respirovirus (HPIV-1 & HPIV-3) and Rubulavirus (HPIV-2 & HPIV-4).
Viral structure and organisation
HPIVs are characterised by producing enveloped virions and containing single stranded negative sense RNA. Non-infectious virions have also been reported to contain RNA with positive polarity. HPIV genomes are about 15,000 nucleotides in length and encode six key structural proteins.
The structural gene sequence of HPIVs is as follows: 3′-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5′ (the protein prefixes and further details are outlined in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del%20%28disambiguation%29
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Del is a vector differential operator represented by the symbol ∇ (nabla).
Del or DEL can also refer to:
Mathematics
A name for the partial derivative symbol ∂
Dynamic epistemic logic
Abbreviations
DEL or Del, for Delaware, one of the United States
Del, for the constellation Delphinus
Del., for a non-voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives
People
Del (given name), a list of people with the given name or nickname
Del Shannon, stage name of American rock and country singer-songwriter Charles Weedon Westover (1934–1990)
Del tha Funkee Homosapien (short for "Delvon"), American hip hop artist
Del Fontaine (1904–1935), Canadian boxer and convicted murderer born Raymond Henry Bousquet
Fictional characters
Del Boy, lead character in the BBC comedy series Only Fools and Horses
Del Dingle, fictional character in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale
Del, robot alligator villager from the video game series Animal Crossing
Mascots
Del, one of the mascots of PBS Kids since 2013
Computing
DEL, Data-Entry Language, predecessor of the Lua programming language
Del (command), a DOS, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows shell command
, HTML tags used to mark text for deletion
Delete character, also known as rubout
Delete key, abbreviated Del on computer keyboards
Acronyms
Department for Employment and Learning, part of the Northern Ireland government
Deutsche Eishockey Liga, the premier ice hockey league in Germany
DNA Encoded Chemical Library, a technology fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalase
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The enzyme Trehalase is a glycoside hydrolase, produced by cells in the brush border of the small intestine, which catalyzes the conversion of trehalose to glucose. It is found in most animals.
The non-reducing disaccharide trehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl-1,1-α-D-glucopyranoside) is one of the most important storage carbohydrates, and is produced by almost all forms of life except mammals. The disaccharide is hydrolyzed into two molecules of glucose by the enzyme trehalase. There are two types of trehalases found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, viz. neutral trehalase (NT) and acid trehalase (AT) classified according to their pH optima [4]. NT has an optimum pH of 7.0, while that of AT is 4.5.
Recently it has been reported that more than 90% of total AT activity in S. cerevisiae is extracellular and cleaves extracellular trehalose into glucose in the periplasmic space.
Trehalose hydrolysis
One molecule of trehalose is hydrolyzed to two molecules of glucose by the enzyme trehalase. Enzymatic hydrolysis of trehalose was first observed in Aspergillus niger by Bourquelot in 1893. Fischer reported this reaction in S. cerevisiae in 1895. Since then the trehalose hydrolyzing enzyme, trehalase (α, α-trehalose-1-C-glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.28) has been reported from many other organisms including plants and animals. Though trehalose is not known to be produced by mammals, trehalase enzyme is found to be present in the kidney brush border membrane and the intestinal villi membranes. In th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate%20isomerase
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Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), alternatively known as phosphoglucose isomerase/phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) or phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), is an enzyme ( ) that in humans is encoded by the GPI gene on chromosome 19.
This gene encodes a member of the glucose phosphate isomerase protein family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. In the cytoplasm, the gene product functions as a glycolytic enzyme (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) that interconverts glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and fructose-6-phosphate (F6P). Extracellularly, the encoded protein (also referred to as neuroleukin) functions as a neurotrophic factor that promotes survival of skeletal motor neurons and sensory neurons, and as a lymphokine that induces immunoglobulin secretion. The encoded protein is also referred to as autocrine motility factor (AMF) based on an additional function as a tumor-secreted cytokine and angiogenic factor. Defects in this gene are the cause of nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, and a severe enzyme deficiency can be associated with hydrops fetalis, immediate neonatal death and neurological impairment. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]
Structure
Functional GPI is a 64-kDa dimer composed of two identical monomers. The two monomers interact notably through the two protrusions in a hugging embrace. The active site of each monomer is for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20transcription%20factor
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General transcription factors (GTFs), also known as basal transcriptional factors, are a class of protein transcription factors that bind to specific sites (promoter) on DNA to activate transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. GTFs, RNA polymerase, and the mediator (a multi-protein complex) constitute the basic transcriptional apparatus that first bind to the promoter, then start transcription. GTFs are also intimately involved in the process of gene regulation, and most are required for life.
A transcription factor is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences (enhancer or promoter), either alone or with other proteins in a complex, to control the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA by promoting (serving as an activator) or blocking (serving as a repressor) the recruitment of RNA polymerase. As a class of protein, general transcription factors bind to promoters along the DNA sequence or form a large transcription preinitiation complex to activate transcription. General transcription factors are necessary for transcription to occur.
Types
In bacteria, transcription initiation requires an RNA polymerase and a single GTF: sigma factor.
In archaea and eukaryotes, transcription initiation requires an RNA polymerase and a set of multiple GTFs to form a transcription preinitiation complex. Transcription initiation by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II involves the following GTFs:
TFIIA – stabilizes the interaction betwee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep%20spindle
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Sleep spindles are bursts of neural oscillatory activity that are generated by interplay of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and other thalamic nuclei during stage 2 NREM sleep in a frequency range of ~11 to 16 Hz (usually 12–14 Hz) with a duration of 0.5 seconds or greater (usually 0.5–1.5 seconds). After generation as an interaction of the TRN neurons and thalamocortical cells, spindles are sustained and relayed to the cortex by thalamo-thalamic and thalamo-cortical feedback loops regulated by both GABAergic and NMDA-receptor mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission. Sleep spindles have been reported (at face value) for all tested mammalian species. Considering animals in which sleep-spindles were studied extensively (and thus excluding results mislead by pseudo-spindles), they appear to have a conserved (across species) main frequency of roughly 9–16 Hz. Only in humans, rats and dogs is a difference in the intrinsic frequency of frontal and posterior spindles confirmed, however (spindles recorded over the posterior part of the scalp are of higher frequency, on average above 13 Hz).
Research supports that spindles (sometimes referred to as "sigma bands" or "sigma waves") play an essential role in both sensory processing and long term memory consolidation. Until recently, it was believed that each sleep spindle oscillation peaked at the same time throughout the neocortex. It was determined that oscillations sweep across the neocortex in circular patterns around the neo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20school%20districts%20in%20Sonoma%20County%2C%20California
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List of school districts in Sonoma County, California. Statistics are as of the 2008–09 academic year.
Cazadero area:
Fort Ross (K-8, 1 school, 40 students, website)
Montgomery (K-8, 1 school, 38 students)
Cloverdale Unified (K-12, 5 schools, 1520 students, website)
Cotati-Rohnert Park Unified (K-12, 13 schools, 6,654 students)
Forestville Union (K-8, 2 schools, 486 students, website)
Geyserville Unified (K-12, 5 schools, 273 students, website)
Guerneville (K-8, 2 schools, 302 students, website)
Harmony Union (K-8, 3 schools, 834 students)
Healdsburg area:
Alexander Valley Union (K-6, 1 school, 120 students, website)
Healdsburg Unified (K-12, 4 schools, 2,267 students, website)
West Side Union (K-6, 1 school, 163 students, website)
Horicon (K-8, 1 school, 86 students)
Kashia (K-8, 1 school, 11 students)
Kenwood (K-6, 1 school, 153 students, website)
Monte Rio Union (K-8, 1 school, 104 students, website)
Petaluma area:
Cinnabar (K-6, 1 school, 205 students, website)
Dunham (K-6, 1 school, 174 students, website)
Liberty (K-6, 2 schools, 635 students, website)
Old Adobe Union (K-6, 5 schools, 1,832 students, website)
Petaluma City Schools (website):
Petaluma City (Elementary) (K-6, 8 schools, 2,272 students)
Petaluma Joint Union High (7-12, 10 schools, 5,731 students)
Two Rock Union (K-6, 1 school, 152 students, website)
Waugh (K-6, 2 schools, 899 students, website)
Wilmar Union (K-6, 1 school, 224 students, website)
Santa Rosa area:
Bellevue Union (K-6, 4 schools, 1,725 stude
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution%20model
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In biology, a substitution model, also called models of DNA sequence evolution, are Markov models that describe changes over evolutionary time. These models describe evolutionary changes in macromolecules (e.g., DNA sequences) represented as sequence of symbols (A, C, G, and T in the case of DNA). Substitution models are used to calculate the likelihood of phylogenetic trees using multiple sequence alignment data. Thus, substitution models are central to maximum likelihood estimation of phylogeny as well as Bayesian inference in phylogeny. Estimates of evolutionary distances (numbers of substitutions that have occurred since a pair of sequences diverged from a common ancestor) are typically calculated using substitution models (evolutionary distances are used input for distance methods such as neighbor joining). Substitution models are also central to phylogenetic invariants because they are necessary to predict site pattern frequencies given a tree topology. Substitution models are also necessary to simulate sequence data for a group of organisms related by a specific tree.
Phylogenetic tree topologies and other parameters
Phylogenetic tree topologies are often the parameter of interest; thus, branch lengths and any other parameters describing the substitution process are often viewed as nuisance parameters. However, biologists are sometimes interested in the other aspects of the model. For example, branch lengths, especially when those branch lengths are combined with in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20imprinting
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Molecular imprinting is a technique to create template-shaped cavities in polymer matrices with predetermined selectivity and high affinity. This technique is based on the system used by enzymes for substrate recognition, which is called the "lock and key" model. The active binding site of an enzyme has a shape specific to a substrate. Substrates with a complementary shape to the binding site selectively bind to the enzyme; alternative shapes that do not fit the binding site are not recognized.
Molecularly imprinted materials are prepared using a template molecule and functional monomers that assemble around the template and subsequently get cross-linked to each other. The monomers, which are self-assembled around the template molecule by interaction between functional groups on both the template and monomers, are polymerized to form an imprinted matrix (commonly known in the scientific community as a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP)). The template is subsequently removed in part or entirely, leaving behind a cavity complementary in size and shape to the template. The obtained cavity can work as a selective binding site for the templated molecule.
In recent decades, the molecular imprinting technique has been developed for use in drug delivery, separations, biological and chemical sensing, and more. Taking advantage of the shape selectivity of the cavity, use in catalysis for certain reactions has also been facilitated.
History
The first example of molecular imprinting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavellite
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Wavellite is an aluminium basic phosphate mineral with formula Al3(PO4)2(OH, F)3·5H2O. Distinct crystals are rare, and it normally occurs as translucent green radial or spherical clusters.
Discovery and occurrence
Wavellite was first described in 1805 for an occurrence at High Down, Filleigh, Devon, England and named by William Babington in 1805 in honor of Dr. William Wavell (1750–1829), a Devon-based physician, botanist, historian, and naturalist, who brought the mineral to the attention of fellow mineralogists.
It occurs in association with crandallite and variscite in fractures in aluminous metamorphic rock, in hydrothermal regions and in phosphate rock deposits. It is found in a wide variety of locations notably in the Mount Ida, Arkansas area in the Ouachita Mountains.
It is sometimes used as a gemstone.
See also
List of minerals
Apatite, fluoro-phosphate of calcium
Pyromorphite, chloro-phosphate of lead
Turquoise, a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminium
References
External links
Aluminium minerals
Phosphate minerals
Halide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Luminescent minerals
Gemstones
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HERG
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hERG (the human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene) is a gene () that codes for a protein known as Kv11.1, the alpha subunit of a potassium ion channel. This ion channel (sometimes simply denoted as 'hERG') is best known for its contribution to the electrical activity of the heart: the hERG channel mediates the repolarizing IKr current in the cardiac action potential, which helps coordinate the heart's beating.
When this channel's ability to conduct electrical current across the cell membrane is inhibited or compromised, either by application of drugs or by rare mutations in some families, it can result in a potentially fatal disorder called long QT syndrome. Conversely, genetic mutations that increase the current through these channels can lead to the related inherited heart rhythm disorder Short QT syndrome. A number of clinically successful drugs in the market have had the tendency to inhibit hERG, lengthening the QT and potentially leading to a fatal irregularity of the heartbeat (a ventricular tachyarrhythmia called torsades de pointes). This has made hERG inhibition an important antitarget that must be avoided during drug development.
hERG has also been associated with modulating the functions of some cells of the nervous system and with establishing and maintaining cancer-like features in leukemic cells.
Function
hERG forms the major portion of one of the ion channel proteins (the 'rapid' delayed rectifier current (IKr)) that conducts potassium (K+) ions out of the muscle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20nitride
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Indium nitride () is a small bandgap semiconductor material which has potential application in solar cells and high speed electronics.
The bandgap of InN has now been established as ~0.7 eV depending on temperature (the obsolete value is 1.97 eV).
The effective electron mass has been recently determined by high magnetic field measurements, m* =0.055 m0.
Alloyed with GaN, the ternary system InGaN has a direct bandgap span from the infrared (0.69 eV) to the ultraviolet (3.4 eV).
Currently there is research into developing solar cells using the nitride based semiconductors. Using one or more alloys of indium gallium nitride (InGaN), an optical match to the solar spectrum can be achieved. The bandgap of InN allows a wavelengths as long as 1900 nm to be utilized. However, there are many difficulties to be overcome if such solar cells are to become a commercial reality: p-type doping of InN and indium-rich InGaN is one of the biggest challenges. Heteroepitaxial growth of InN with other nitrides (GaN, AlN) has proved to be difficult.
Thin layers of InN can be grown using metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD).
Superconductivity
Thin polycrystalline films of indium nitride can be highly conductive and even superconductive at liquid helium temperatures. The superconducting transition temperature Tc depends on each sample's film structure and carrier density and varies from 0 K to about 3 K. With magnesium doping the Tc can be 3.97 K. The superconductivity persists und
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Tomasulo
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Robert Marco Tomasulo (October 31, 1934 – April 3, 2008) was a computer scientist, and the inventor of the Tomasulo algorithm. Tomasulo was the recipient of the 1997 Eckert–Mauchly Award "[f]or the ingenious Tomasulo algorithm, which enabled out-of-order execution processors to be implemented."
Robert Tomasulo attended Regis High School in New York City. He graduated from Manhattan College and then earned an engineering degree from Syracuse University. In 1956 he joined IBM research. After nearly a decade gaining broad experience in a variety of technical and leadership roles, he transitioned to mainframe development, including the IBM System/360 Model 91 and its successors. Following his 25-year career with IBM, Bob worked on an incubator project at Storage Technology Corporation to develop the first CMOS-based mainframe system; co-founded NetFrame, a mid-80s startup to develop one of the earliest microprocessor-based server systems; and worked as a consultant on processor architecture and microarchitecture for Amdahl Consulting.
On January 30, 2008, Tomasulo spoke at the University of Michigan College of Engineering about his career and the history and development of out-of-order execution.
Notes
External links
Lecture, 2008
Personal Profile on the computer.org
1934 births
2008 deaths
American computer scientists
Regis High School (New York City) alumni
Manhattan College alumni
Syracuse University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Noether%27s%20theorem
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In algebraic geometry, Max Noether's theorem may refer to the results of Max Noether:
Several closely related results of Max Noether on canonical curves
AF+BG theorem, or Max Noether's fundamental theorem, a result on algebraic curves in the projective plane, on the residual sets of intersections
Max Noether's theorem on curves lying on algebraic surfaces, which are hypersurfaces in P3, or more generally complete intersections
Noether's theorem on rationality for surfaces
Max Noether theorem on the generation of the Cremona group by quadratic transformations
See also
Noether's theorem, usually referring to a result derived from work of Max's daughter Emmy Noether
Noether inequality
Special divisor
Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-sulfur%20protein
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Iron–sulfur proteins are proteins characterized by the presence of iron–sulfur clusters containing sulfide-linked di-, tri-, and tetrairon centers in variable oxidation states. Iron–sulfur clusters are found in a variety of metalloproteins, such as the ferredoxins, as well as NADH dehydrogenase, hydrogenases, coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase, succinate – coenzyme Q reductase and nitrogenase. Iron–sulfur clusters are best known for their role in the oxidation-reduction reactions of electron transport in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Both Complex I and Complex II of oxidative phosphorylation have multiple Fe–S clusters. They have many other functions including catalysis as illustrated by aconitase, generation of radicals as illustrated by SAM-dependent enzymes, and as sulfur donors in the biosynthesis of lipoic acid and biotin. Additionally, some Fe–S proteins regulate gene expression. Fe–S proteins are vulnerable to attack by biogenic nitric oxide, forming dinitrosyl iron complexes. In most Fe–S proteins, the terminal ligands on Fe are thiolate, but exceptions exist.
The prevalence of these proteins on the metabolic pathways of most organisms leads some scientists to theorize that iron–sulfur compounds had a significant role in the origin of life in the iron–sulfur world theory.
Structural motifs
In almost all Fe–S proteins, the Fe centers are tetrahedral and the terminal ligands are thiolato sulfur centers from cysteinyl residues. The sulfide groups are either two- or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%27s%20principle
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In neuroscience, Dale's principle (or Dale's law) is a rule attributed to the English neuroscientist Henry Hallett Dale. The principle basically states that a neuron performs the same chemical action at all of its synaptic connections to other cells, regardless of the identity of the target cell. However, there has been disagreement about the precise wording.
Because of an ambiguity in the original statement, there are actually two versions of the principle, one that has been shown definitively to be false, and another that remains a valuable rule of thumb. The term "Dale's principle" was first used by Sir John Eccles in 1954, in a passage reading, "In conformity with Dale's principle (1934, 1952) that the same chemical transmitter is released from all the synaptic terminals of a neurone…" Some modern writers have understood the principle to state that neurons release one and only one transmitter at all of their synapses, which is false. Others, including Eccles himself in later publications, have taken it to mean that neurons release the same set of transmitters at all of their synapses.
Dale himself never stated his "principle" in an explicit form. The source that Eccles referred to was a lecture published by Dale in 1934, called Pharmacology and nerve endings, describing some of the early research into the physiology of neurotransmission. At that time, only two chemical transmitters were known, acetylcholine and noradrenaline (then thought to be adrenaline). In th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptogen
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Adaptogens or adaptogenic substances are used in herbal medicine for the purported stabilization of physiological processes and promotion of homeostasis.
History
The term "adaptogens" was coined in 1947 by Soviet toxicologist Nikolai Lazarev to describe substances that may increase resistance to stress. The term "adaptogenesis" was later applied in the Soviet Union to describe remedies thought to increase the resistance of organisms to biological stress. Most of the studies conducted on adaptogens were performed in the Soviet Union, Korea, and China before the 1980s. The term was not accepted in pharmacological, physiological, or mainstream clinical practices in the European Union.
Sources
Compounds studied for putative adaptogenic properties are often derived from the following plants:
Eleutherococcus senticosus
Oplopanax elatus
Panax ginseng
Rhaponticum cartamoides
Rhodiola rosea
Schisandra chinensis
References
Herbalism
Pharmaceutics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%20Reviews%20Molecular%20Cell%20Biology
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Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was established in October 2000 and covers all aspects of molecular and cell biology. The editor-in-chief is Kim Baumann.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 113.915, ranking it 1st out of 194 journals in the category "Cell Biology".
References
External links
Nature Research academic journals
Academic journals established in 2000
Molecular and cellular biology journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Review journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20Digestibility%20Corrected%20Amino%20Acid%20Score
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Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) is a method of evaluating the quality of a protein based on both the amino acid requirements of humans and their ability to digest it.
The PDCAAS rating was adopted by the US FDA and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) in 1993 as "the preferred 'best'" method to determine protein quality.
In 2013, FAO proposed changing to Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score.
Methodology
Using the PDCAAS method, the protein quality rankings are determined by comparing the amino acid profile of the specific food protein against a standard amino acid profile with the highest possible score being a 1.0. This score means, after digestion of the protein, it provides per unit of protein 100% or more of the indispensable amino acids required.
The formula for calculating the PDCAAS percentage is: (mg of limiting amino acid in 1 g of test protein / mg of same amino acid in 1 g of reference protein) x fecal true digestibility percentage.
The PDCAAS value is different from measuring the quality of protein from the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and the biological value (BV) methods. The PER was based upon the amino acid requirements of growing rats, which differ significantly from those of humans. The PDCAAS allows evaluation of food protein quality based on the needs of humans as it measures the quality of a protein based on the amino acid requirements (adjusted for digestibil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkner
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Völkner or Volkner is a German-language surname and a derivative of the personal name Volk. It may refer to:
Carl Sylvius Völkner (c. 1819 – 1865), German-born Protestant missionary in New Zealand
Christian Friedrich von Völkner (1728–1796), German translator and historian in Russia
Iris Völkner (1960), German rower
Jirí Volkner (1931–2018), Czechoslovak sprint canoer
References
Surnames from given names
German-language surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20urban%20areas%20in%20the%20Republic%20of%20Ireland
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This is a list of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland by population. In 2022, the Central Statistics Office (CSO), the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage and Tailte Éireann created of a new unit of urban geography called Built Up Areas (BUAs) which were used to produce data for urban areas in the 2022 census of Ireland.
There were 867 BUAs, representing the entire settlement area of each town and city (including suburbs and environs). The 250 largest cities, towns and villages are listed below with data from the 2022 census.
Cities and towns list
Notes
See also
List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland for the 2016 census
List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland for the 2011 census
List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland for the 2006 census
List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland for the 2002 census
List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland
List of localities in Northern Ireland by population
List of settlements on the island of Ireland by population
References
External links
Ireland
Urban
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otsu%27s%20method
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In computer vision and image processing, Otsu's method, named after , is used to perform automatic image thresholding. In the simplest form, the algorithm returns a single intensity threshold that separate pixels into two classes, foreground and background. This threshold is determined by minimizing intra-class intensity variance, or equivalently, by maximizing inter-class variance. Otsu's method is a one-dimensional discrete analogue of Fisher's Discriminant Analysis, is related to Jenks optimization method, and is equivalent to a globally optimal k-means performed on the intensity histogram. The extension to multi-level thresholding was described in the original paper, and computationally efficient implementations have since been proposed.
Otsu's method
The algorithm exhaustively searches for the threshold that minimizes the intra-class variance, defined as a weighted sum of variances of the two classes:
Weights and are the probabilities of the two classes separated by a threshold ,and and are variances of these two classes.
The class probability is computed from the bins of the histogram:
For 2 classes, minimizing the intra-class variance is equivalent to maximizing inter-class variance:
which is expressed in terms of class probabilities and class means , where the class means , and are:
The following relations can be easily verified:
The class probabilities and class means can be computed iteratively. This idea
yields an effective algorithm.
Algorith
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogen%20iodide
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Cyanogen iodide or iodine cyanide (ICN) is a pseudohalogen composed of iodine and the cyanide group. It is a highly toxic inorganic compound. It occurs as white crystals that react slowly with water to form hydrogen cyanide.
Synthesis
Cyanogen iodide is prepared by combining I2 and a cyanide, most commonly sodium cyanide in ice-cold water. The product is extracted with diethyl ether.
I2 + NaCN → NaI + ICN
Applications
Cyanogen iodide has been used in taxidermy as a preservative because of its toxicity.
History
Cyanogen iodide was first synthesized in 1824 by the French chemist Georges-Simon Serullas (1774–1832).
Cyanogen iodide was considered one of the impurities in commercially sold iodine before the 1930s.
Hazards
Cyanogen iodide is toxic if inhaled or ingested and may be fatal if swallowed or absorbed through the skin. Cyanogen iodide may cause convulsions, paralysis and death from respiratory failure. It is a strong irritant and may cause burns to the eyes and skin if contacted. If cyanogen iodide is heated enough to undergo complete decomposition, it may releases toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides, cyanide and iodide. A fire may cause the release of poisonous gas. Cyanogen iodide decomposes when contacted with acids, bases, ammonia, alcohols, and with heating. ICN slowly reacts with water or carbon dioxide to produce hydrogen cyanide.
It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNP
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RNP may refer to:
Medicine
Ribonucleoprotein, a compound of ribonucleic acid and protein
Ribonucleoprotein particle, intracellular compartments involved in post-transcriptional fate
Registered nurse practitioner
Military
Royal Navy Police, in the United Kingdom
Other
Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa, the academic Internet system of Brazil
Required navigation performance for a specific procedure or block of airspace
Rosa nel Pugno (RnP), or Rose in the Fist, a former Italian political federation around 2006
Radio Northwick Park, a London hospital radio station
Owosso Community Airport, Michigan, US, IATA code
Radon–Nikodym property, in mathematics, a property of some Banach spaces, related to integration and differentiability
Rassemblement National Populaire, a French fascist party active during World War Two
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20school%20districts%20in%20Nebraska
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The following is a list of school districts in Nebraska:
Nebraska school district classification
Nebraska public school districts are divided into four classes:
Class 3 (district has 1 to 499,999 inhabitants)
Class 4 (district has more than 100,000 inhabitants in primary cities; Lincoln Public Schools is the only district in this class)
Class 5 (district has more than 200,000 inhabitants in metropolitan cities; Omaha Public Schools is the only district in this class)
Class 8 (State-operated school districts)
Three additional classes of Nebraska school districts, Class 1 (grades K-8; affiliated with one or more Class 2-5 districts and/or joined with a Class 6 district for tax purposes) and Class 6 (grades 6–12; was joined with one or more Class 1 districts) were dissolved on June 15, 2006, and Class 2 (district has 1,000 or fewer inhabitants) was dissolved in 2018.
All unlabeled districts on this list are class 3; others will be specified.
History
The highest number of school districts the state ever had was over 7,000. In 1921 the state legislature passed a law that caused the first wave of school district consolidation. Increased highway transportation and a desire for a strong education in all parts of the state prompted more consolidations. After the law passed 5% of the area school districts closed or merged up to World War II. 6,604 school districts remained in the 1950-1951 school year.
Post-World War II de-ruralization meant that school district populations declin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliadin
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Gliadin (a type of prolamin) is a class of proteins present in wheat and several other cereals within the grass genus Triticum. Gliadins, which are a component of gluten, are essential for giving bread the ability to rise properly during baking. Gliadins and glutenins are the two main components of the gluten fraction of the wheat seed. This gluten is found in products such as wheat flour. Gluten is split about evenly between the gliadins and glutenins, although there are variations found in different sources.
Both gliadins and glutenins are not water-soluble, but gliadins are soluble in 70% aqueous ethanol. There are three main types of gliadin (α, γ, and ω), to which the body is intolerant in coeliac (or celiac) disease. Diagnosis of this disease has recently been improving.
Gliadin can cross the intestinal epithelium. Breast milk of healthy human mothers who eat gluten-containing foods presents high levels of non-degraded gliadin.
Types
The α, γ, and ω gliadin types are separated and distinguished based on their amino acid sequences in the N-terminal cysteine domain.
α-/β-gliadins – soluble in low-percentage alcohols.
γ-gliadins – ancestral form of cysteine-rich gliadin with only intrachain disulfide bridges
ω-gliadins – soluble in higher percentages, 30–50% acidic acetonitrile.
Chemistry
The gliadins are intrinsically disordered proteins meaning that they have continuously altering shapes making it difficult to study them. The performed image analysis and comput
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20wine
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Table wine (rarely abbreviated TW) is a wine term with two different meanings: a style of wine and a quality level within wine classification.
In the United States, the term primarily designates a wine style: an ordinary wine which is not fortified or expensive and is not usually sparkling.
In the European Union wine regulations, the term is the lower of two overall quality categories, the higher of which is quality wines produced in specified regions (QWPSR). All levels of national wine classification systems within the EU correspond to either TW or QWPSR, although the terms that actually appear on wine labels are defined by national wine laws with the EU regulations as a framework.
Most EU countries have a national classification called table wine in the country's official language. Examples include vin de table in France, vino da tavola in Italy, vino de mesa in Spain, vinho de mesa in Portugal, Tafelwein in Germany, and επιτραπέζιος οίνος (epitrapézios oínos) in Greece. These classifications generally represent the lowest level of classification in their country.
United States
The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and Code of Federal Regulations define table wine as grape wine having a maximum alcoholic content of 14 percent alcohol by volume. Wines between 14% and 24% ABV are known as dessert wines. Table wine may also be designated using terms such as light wine, light white wine, red table wine, sweet table wine, etc.
European Union
European Union guideline
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Thomson%20%28cell%20biologist%29
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James Alexander Thomson is an American developmental biologist best known for deriving the first human embryonic stem cell line in 1998 and for deriving human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) in 2007.
Research
Human embryonic stem cells [which are cells that reproduce over and over and over again until they eventually die. they are what other cells 'stem' from] can divide without limit, and yet maintain the potential to make all the cells of the body. This remarkable potential makes them useful for basic research on the function of the human body, for drug discovery and testing, and as a source of cells and tissues for transplantation medicine. In 1998, Thomson's Lab was the first to report the successful isolation of human embryonic stem cells. On November 6, 1998, Science published this research in an article titled "Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts", results which Science later featured in its “Scientific Breakthrough of the Year” article, 1999.
In spite of their great medical potential, however, human embryonic stem cells generated enormous controversy because their derivation involved the destruction of a human embryo. In 2007, Thomson's group (contemporaneously with Dr. Shinya Yamanaka) reported a method for converting human skin cells into cells that very closely resemble human embryonic stem cells. Published in Science in late 2007 in an article titled "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells", the results
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibronic%20coupling
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Vibronic coupling (also called nonadiabatic coupling or derivative coupling) in a molecule involves the interaction between electronic and nuclear vibrational motion. The term "vibronic" originates from the combination of the terms "vibrational" and "electronic", denoting the idea that in a molecule, vibrational and electronic interactions are interrelated and influence each other. The magnitude of vibronic coupling reflects the degree of such interrelation.
In theoretical chemistry, the vibronic coupling is neglected within the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Vibronic couplings are crucial to the understanding of nonadiabatic processes, especially near points of conical intersections. The direct calculation of vibronic couplings used to be uncommon due to difficulties associated with its evaluation, but has recently gained popularity due to increased interest in the quantitative prediction of internal conversion rates, as well as the development of cheap but rigorous ways to analytically calculate the vibronic couplings, especially at the TDDFT level.
Definition
Vibronic coupling describes the mixing of different electronic states as a result of small vibrations.
Evaluation
The evaluation of vibronic coupling often involves complex mathematical treatment.
Numerical gradients
The form of vibronic coupling is essentially the derivative of the wave function. Each component of the vibronic coupling vector can be calculated with numerical differentiation methods using wav
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulator%20%28device%29
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In robotics, a manipulator is a device used to manipulate materials without direct physical contact by the operator. The applications were originally for dealing with radioactive or biohazardous materials, using robotic arms, or they were used in inaccessible places. In more recent developments they have been used in diverse range of applications including welding automation, robotic surgery and in space. It is an arm-like mechanism that consists of a series of segments, usually sliding or jointed called cross-slides, which grasp and move objects with a number of degrees of freedom.
In industrial ergonomics a manipulator is a lift-assist device used to help workers lift, maneuver and place articles in process that are too heavy, too hot, too large or otherwise too difficult for a single worker to manually handle. As opposed to simply vertical lift assists (cranes, hoists, etc.) manipulators have the ability to reach in to tight spaces and remove workpieces. A good example would be removing large stamped parts from a press and placing them in a rack or similar dunnage. In welding, a column boom manipulator is used to increase deposition rates, reduce human error and other costs in a manufacturing setting.
Additionally, manipulator tooling gives the lift assist the ability to pitch, roll, or spin the part for appropriate placement. An example would be removing a part from a press in the horizontal and then pitching it up for vertical placement in a rack or rolling a par
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson%20limit
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The Henderson limit is the X-ray dose (energy per unit mass) a cryo-cooled crystal can absorb before the diffraction pattern decays to half of its original intensity. Its value is defined as 2 × 107 Gy (J/kg).
Decay of diffraction patterns with increasing X-ray dose
Although the process is still not fully understood, diffraction patterns of crystals typically decay with X-ray exposure due to a number of processes which non-uniformly and irreversibly modify molecules that compose the crystal. These modifications induce disorder and thus decrease the intensity of Bragg diffraction. The processes behind these modifications include primary damage via the photo electric effect, covalent modification by free radicals, oxidation (methionine residues), reduction (disulfide bonds) and decarboxylation (glutamate, aspartate residues).
Practical significance
Although generalizable, the limit is defined in the context of biomolecular X-ray crystallography, where a typical experiment consists of exposing a single frozen crystal of a macromolecule (generally protein, DNA or RNA) to an intense X-ray beam. The beams that are diffracted are then analyzed towards obtaining an atomically resolved model of the crystal. Such decay presents itself as a problem for crystallographers who require that the diffraction intensities decay as little as possible, to maximize the signal to noise ratio in order to determine accurate atomic models that describe the crystal.
References
Molecular biol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang%E2%80%93Barsky%20algorithm
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In computer graphics, the Liang–Barsky algorithm (named after You-Dong Liang and Brian A. Barsky) is a line clipping algorithm. The Liang–Barsky algorithm uses the parametric equation of a line and inequalities describing the range of the clipping window to determine the intersections between the line and the clip window. With these intersections it knows which portion of the line should be drawn. So this algorithm is significantly more efficient than Cohen–Sutherland. The idea of the Liang–Barsky clipping algorithm is to do as much testing as possible before computing line intersections.
The algorithm uses the parametric form of a straight line:
A point is in the clip window, if
and
which can be expressed as the 4 inequalities
where
To compute the final line segment:
A line parallel to a clipping window edge has for that boundary.
If for that , , then the line is completely outside and can be eliminated.
When , the line proceeds outside to inside the clip window, and when , the line proceeds inside to outside.
For nonzero , gives for the intersection point of the line and the window edge (possibly projected).
The two actual intersections of the line with the window edges, if they exist, are described by and , calculated as follows. For , look at boundaries for which (i.e. outside to inside). Take to be the largest among . For , look at boundaries for which (i.e. inside to outside). Take to be the minimum of .
If , the line is entirely outside the clip wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20Crystal%20Institute
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The former Glenn H. Brown Liquid Crystal Institute (LCI) at Kent State University is now renamed the Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute. The AMLCI is a center of study for liquid crystal technology and education, blending basic and applied research on liquid crystals. This approach has resulted in technological advances and new applications such as display tablets, optical shutters, variable transmission windows, projection display devices, and flexible displays. Established in 1965, the institute is now directed by Dr. Torsten Hegmann and is housed at KSU's Liquid Crystal and Materials Sciences building, completed in 1996.
The LCI is home to the Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, which offers masters and Ph.D. studies in the physics and chemistry of liquid crystals and their applications. The program is open to incoming students with degrees in physics, chemistry, engineering, and materials science.
Directors
There have been five directors of the Liquid Crystal Institute.
Glenn H. Brown (1965 - 1983)
Dr. Glenn H. Brown founded the Liquid Crystal Institute in 1965. In 1986 the Kent State University Board of Trustees honored him by naming the institute after him.
J. William Doane (1983 - 1996)
John L. West (1996 - 2003, 2016 - 2019)
Oleg D. Lavrentovich (2003 - 2011)
Hiroshi Yokoyama (2011 - 2016)
Torsten Hegmann (2019–Present)
References
External links
AMLCI Home
Kent State University
Liquid crystals
1965 establishments in Ohio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openclipart
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Openclipart, also called Open Clip Art Library, is an online media repository of free-content vector clip art. The project hosts over 160,000 free graphics and has billed itself as "the largest community of artists making the best free original clipart for you to use for absolutely any reason".
The website was brought down for several months by a reported DDoS attack in April 2019; access to the library via other means was still possible, including partial copies of the library that were hosted on several mirror sites. The site's search feature was restored in May 2020.
History
The Openclipart library (OCAL) was established in early 2004 by Jon Phillips and Bryce Harrington, who had worked together to develop the open-source vector graphics suites Sodipodi and its successor, Inkscape. The OCAL project initially grew out of a project started by Christian Schaller (Uraeus), who, on October 26, 2003, issued a challenge on the Gnome Desktop website for Sodipodi users to create a collection of flags in SVG format. The flag project progressed very well, resulting in a collection of over 90 flags made publicly available in SVG format, and broadened the project's goals to include generic clipart. The project became known as Openclipart by April 2004, with the stated aim of making all its contributed images freely available in the public domain.
In the early stages of the Openclipart project, the website lacked thumbnails and was difficult to browse. Downloadable Openclipart packag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indel
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Indel (insertion-deletion) is a molecular biology term for an insertion or deletion of bases in the genome of an organism. Indels ≥ 50 bases in length are classified as structural variants.
In coding regions of the genome, unless the length of an indel is a multiple of 3, it will produce a frameshift mutation. For example, a common microindel which results in a frameshift causes Bloom syndrome in the Jewish or Japanese population. Indels can be contrasted with a point mutation. An indel inserts or deletes nucleotides from a sequence, while a point mutation is a form of substitution that replaces one of the nucleotides without changing the overall number in the DNA. Indels can also be contrasted with Tandem Base Mutations (TBM), which may result from fundamentally different mechanisms. A TBM is defined as a substitution at adjacent nucleotides (primarily substitutions at two adjacent nucleotides, but substitutions at three adjacent nucleotides have been observed).
Indels, being either insertions, or deletions, can be used as genetic markers in natural populations, especially in phylogenetic studies. It has been shown that genomic regions with multiple indels can also be used for species-identification procedures.
An indel change of a single base pair in the coding part of an mRNA results in a frameshift during mRNA translation that could lead to an inappropriate (premature) stop codon in a different frame. Indels that are not multiples of 3 are particularly uncommon in cod
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS%20locomotive%20numbering%20and%20classification
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A number of different numbering and classification schemes were used for the locomotives owned by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and its constituent companies; this page explains the principal systems that were used.
The following abbreviations for the constituent companies are used on this page:
Principal constituents
Caledonian Railway (CR), Furness Railway (FR), Glasgow and South Western Railway (GSWR), Highland Railway (HR), Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR), London and North Western Railway (LNWR), Maryport and Carlisle Railway (MCR), Midland Railway (MR), North London Railway (NLR) and North Staffordshire Railway (NSR)
Minor companies
Cleator and Workington Junction Railway (C&WJR), Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway (G&PJR), Knott End Railway (KER), Stratford-upon-Avon and Midland Junction Railway (S&MJR), and Wirral Railway (WR)
Later additions
Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR) - absorbed October 1936
For information about individual classes and locomotives, see Locomotives of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.
Numbering
Constituent companies
London and North Western Railway
The LNWR inherited its numbering system from one of its constituents, the Grand Junction Railway. In short, locomotives were numbered in a series commencing at 1. No gaps were allowed in the series, so a new locomotive would either be numbered at the end of the series or would reuse the number of an older locomotive.
Older locomotives would then be eithe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial%20bursa
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A synovial bursa, usually simply bursa (: bursae or bursas), is a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid (similar in consistency to that of a raw egg white). It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement. Bursae are found around most major joints of the body.
Structure
Based on location, there are three types of bursa: subcutaneous, submuscular and subtendinous. A subcutaneous bursa is located between the skin and an underlying bone. It allows skin to move smoothly over the bone. Examples include the prepatellar bursa located over the kneecap and the olecranon bursa at the tip of the elbow. A submuscular bursa is found between a muscle and an underlying bone, or between adjacent muscles. These prevent rubbing of the muscle during movements. A large submuscular bursa, the trochanteric bursa, is found at the lateral hip, between the greater trochanter of the femur and the overlying gluteus maximus muscle. A subtendinous bursa is found between a tendon and a bone. Examples include the subacromial bursa that protects the tendon of shoulder muscle as it passes under the acromion of the scapula, and the suprapatellar bursa that separates the tendon of the large anterior thigh muscle from the distal femur just above the knee.
An adventitious bursa is a non-native bursa. When any surface of the body is subjected
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20fertilization
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Internal fertilization is the union of an egg and sperm cell during sexual reproduction inside the female body. Internal fertilization, unlike its counterpart, external fertilization, brings more control to the female with reproduction. For internal fertilization to happen there needs to be a method for the male to introduce the sperm into the female's reproductive tract.
Most taxa that reproduce by internal fertilization are gonochoric. In mammals, reptiles, and certain other groups of animals, this is done by copulation, an intromittent organ being introduced into the vagina or cloaca. In most birds, the cloacal kiss is used, the two animals pressing their cloacas together while transferring sperm. Salamanders, spiders, some insects and some molluscs undertake internal fertilization by transferring a spermatophore, a bundle of sperm, from the male to the female. Following fertilization, the embryos are laid as eggs in oviparous organisms, or continue to develop inside the reproductive tract of the mother to be born later as live young in viviparous organisms.
Evolution of internal fertilization
Internal fertilization evolved many times in animals. According to David B. Dusenbery all the features with internal fertilization were most likely a result from oogamy. It has been argued that internal fertilization evolve because of sexual selection through sperm competition.
In amphibians internal fertilization evolved from external fertilization.
Methods of internal fertil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewal%20theory
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Renewal theory is the branch of probability theory that generalizes the Poisson process for arbitrary holding times. Instead of exponentially distributed holding times, a renewal process may have any independent and identically distributed (IID) holding times that have finite mean. A renewal-reward process additionally has a random sequence of rewards incurred at each holding time, which are IID but need not be independent of the holding times.
A renewal process has asymptotic properties analogous to the strong law of large numbers and central limit theorem. The renewal function (expected number of arrivals) and reward function (expected reward value) are of key importance in renewal theory. The renewal function satisfies a recursive integral equation, the renewal equation. The key renewal equation gives the limiting value of the convolution of with a suitable non-negative function. The superposition of renewal processes can be studied as a special case of Markov renewal processes.
Applications include calculating the best strategy for replacing worn-out machinery in a factory and comparing the long-term benefits of different insurance policies. The inspection paradox relates to the fact that observing a renewal interval at time t gives an interval with average value larger than that of an average renewal interval.
Renewal processes
Introduction
The renewal process is a generalization of the Poisson process. In essence, the Poisson process is a continuous-time Markov p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey%20%28disambiguation%29
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Honey is a sweet, edible fluid produced by bees.
Honey or Honeys may also refer to:
Places
United States
Honey Lake, California
Honey Branch, a tributary of the Stony Brook in New Jersey
Honey Creek (Pennsylvania)
Honey Hill, South Carolina, site of the American Civil War Battle of Honey Hill
Honey Creek (Texas), a number of streams (and other entities)
Elsewhere
Honey, Puebla, a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Puebla
Mount Honey, Campbell Island, New Zealand
People
Honey (surname)
Honey Bruce (1927–2005), American stripper and showgirl
Honey Craven (1904–2003), American equestrian, ringmaster and horse show manager
Honey Irani (born 1950), Indian film actress and screenwriter
Honey Lantree, drummer of the English beat/pop group The Honeycombs
Honey Mahogany (born 1983), American drag performer
Honey Piazza (born 1952), American blues piano player
Honey Rose (born 1991), Indian film actress
Honey Singh (born 1983), Indian rapper, singer, music producer and actor
Arts, entertainment, and media
Honey (magazine), a British women's magazine published 1960–1986
Honey, a U.S. women's magazine founded by Harris Publications in 1999
Honey So Sweet (Japanese title "Honey"), a 2012 manga series by Amu Meguro
Honey (TV channel), African lifestyle channel
The Honeys (play), by Roald Dahl
"Honey" (Fear the Walking Dead), an episode of the television series Fear the Walking Dead
"Honey Honey", an episode of the second season of the animated tele
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstein%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Eisenstein's theorem, named after the German mathematician Gotthold Eisenstein, applies to the coefficients of any power series which is an algebraic function with rational number coefficients. Through the theorem, it is readily demonstrable, for example, that the exponential function must be a transcendental function.
Theorem
Suppose that
is a formal power series with rational coefficients an, which has a non-zero radius of convergence in the complex plane, and within it represents an analytic function that is in fact an algebraic function. Then Eisenstein's theorem states that there exists a non-zero integer A, such that Anan are all integers.
This has an interpretation in terms of p-adic numbers: with an appropriate extension of the idea, the p-adic radius of convergence of the series is at least 1, for almost all p (i.e., the primes outside a finite set S). In fact that statement is a little weaker, in that it disregards any initial partial sum of the series, in a way that may vary according to p. For the other primes the radius is non-zero.
History
Eisenstein's original paper is the short communication
Über eine allgemeine Eigenschaft der Reihen-Entwicklungen aller algebraischen Functionen
(1852), reproduced in Mathematische Gesammelte Werke, Band II, Chelsea Publishing Co., New York, 1975,
p. 765–767.
More recently, many authors have investigated precise and effective bounds quantifying the above almost all.
See, e.g., Sections 11.4 and 11.55 of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolus
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Alveolus (; pl. alveoli, adj. alveolar) is a general anatomical term for a concave cavity or pit.
Uses in anatomy and zoology
Pulmonary alveolus, an air sac in the lungs
Alveolar cell or pneumocyte
Alveolar duct
Alveolar macrophage
Mammary alveolus, a milk sac in the mammary glands
Alveolar gland
Dental alveolus, also known as "tooth socket", a socket in the jaw that holds the roots of teeth
Alveolar ridge, the jaw structure that contains the dental alveoli
Alveolar canals
Alveolar process
Arteries:
Superior alveolar artery (disambiguation)
Anterior superior alveolar arteries
Posterior superior alveolar artery
Inferior alveolar artery
Nerves:
Anterior superior alveolar nerve
Middle superior alveolar nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
Uses in botany, microbiology and related disciplines
Surface cavities or pits, such as on the stem of Myrmecodia species
Pits on honeycombed surfaces such as receptacles of many angiosperms
Pits on the fruiting bodies of fungi such as Boletus or the ascocarps of fungi such as typical ascomycetes
Pits on the valves of the tests of many diatoms
Membrane supporting vesicles of the alveolates
Uses in linguistics
Alveolar consonant, a linguistic vocalization depending upon touching tongue to alveolar ridge
Alveolar stop
See also
Alveolar soft part sarcoma, a very rare type of soft-tissue sarcoma,
Acinus, considered by some (but not all) sources to be synonymous with Alveolus
Human anatomy
Animal anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20theorem%20of%20Galois%20theory
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In mathematics, the fundamental theorem of Galois theory is a result that describes the structure of certain types of field extensions in relation to groups. It was proved by Évariste Galois in his development of Galois theory.
In its most basic form, the theorem asserts that given a field extension E/F that is finite and Galois, there is a one-to-one correspondence between its intermediate fields and subgroups of its Galois group. (Intermediate fields are fields K satisfying F ⊆ K ⊆ E; they are also called subextensions of E/F.)
Explicit description of the correspondence
For finite extensions, the correspondence can be described explicitly as follows.
For any subgroup H of Gal(E/F), the corresponding fixed field, denoted EH, is the set of those elements of E which are fixed by every automorphism in H.
For any intermediate field K of E/F, the corresponding subgroup is Aut(E/K), that is, the set of those automorphisms in Gal(E/F) which fix every element of K.
The fundamental theorem says that this correspondence is a one-to-one correspondence if (and only if) E/F is a Galois extension.
For example, the topmost field E corresponds to the trivial subgroup of Gal(E/F), and the base field F corresponds to the whole group Gal(E/F).
The notation Gal(E/F) is only used for Galois extensions. If E/F is Galois, then Gal(E/F) = Aut(E/F). If E/F is not Galois, then the "correspondence" gives only an injective (but not surjective) map from to , and a surjective (but not injective) m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20acceleration
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Plasma acceleration is a technique for accelerating charged particles, such as electrons, positrons, and ions, using the electric field associated with electron plasma wave or other high-gradient plasma structures (like shock and sheath fields). The plasma acceleration structures are created either using ultra-short laser pulses or energetic particle beams that are matched to the plasma parameters. These techniques offer a way to build high performance particle accelerators of much smaller size than conventional devices. The basic concepts of plasma acceleration and its possibilities were originally conceived by Toshiki Tajima and John M. Dawson of UCLA in 1979. The initial experimental designs for a "wakefield" accelerator were conceived at UCLA by Chandrashekhar J. Joshi et al. Current experimental devices show accelerating gradients several orders of magnitude better than current particle accelerators over very short distances, and about one order of magnitude better (1 GeV/m vs 0.1 GeV/m for an RF accelerator) at the one meter scale.
Plasma accelerators have immense promise for innovation of affordable and compact accelerators for various applications ranging from high energy physics to medical and industrial applications. Medical applications include betatron and free-electron light sources for diagnostics or radiation therapy and protons sources for hadron therapy. Plasma accelerators generally use wakefields generated by plasma density waves. However, plasma accelerat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%20locomotive%20class%20AA20
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The AA20 was a one-off steam locomotive constructed by the Soviet Union.
Wheel arrangement
The AA20 was a "4-14-4" (Russian notation: 2-7-2) locomotive (using the Whyte notation classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement). It featured four leading wheels, fourteen coupled driving wheels (seven axles) in a rigid frame, and four trailing wheels.
Equivalent classifications in other notations would have been:
UIC classification: 2G2 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 272
Turkish classification: 711
Swiss classification: 7/11
Russian classification: 2-7-2
History
Prerequisites for the appearance of a steam locomotive
By the 1930s On Soviet railways, the requirements for traction and train speed increased significantly . The existing steam locomotives of type 0-5-0 ( series E ) and type 1-5-0 , the adhesion weight of which did not exceed 85 tons, were no longer able to fully cope with the increased volume of transportation. There was an urgent need to replace them with much more powerful locomotives.
Different groups of specialists proposed different solutions. So, some suggested leaving five driving wheel pairs on the locomotive and only increasing the load from the axle on the rails , while strengthening the railway track . Others insisted on keeping the load from the driving wheel sets within 20 tons, while increasing their number. Both groups of specialists did not take into account that at that time the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitase
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Aconitase (aconitate hydratase; ) is an enzyme that catalyses the stereo-specific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a non-redox-active process.
Structure
Aconitase, displayed in the structures in the right margin of this page, has two slightly different structures, depending on whether it is activated or inactivated. In the inactive form, its structure is divided into four domains. Counting from the N-terminus, only the first three of these domains are involved in close interactions with the [3Fe-4S] cluster, but the active site consists of residues from all four domains, including the larger C-terminal domain. The Fe-S cluster and a anion also reside in the active site. When the enzyme is activated, it gains an additional iron atom, creating a [4Fe-4S] cluster. However, the structure of the rest of the enzyme is nearly unchanged; the conserved atoms between the two forms are in essentially the same positions, up to a difference of 0.1 angstroms.
Function
In contrast with the majority of iron-sulfur proteins that function as electron carriers, the iron-sulfur cluster of aconitase reacts directly with an enzyme substrate. Aconitase has an active [Fe4S4]2+ cluster, which may convert to an inactive [Fe3S4]+ form. Three cysteine (Cys) residues have been shown to be ligands of the [Fe4S4] centre. In the active state, the labile iron ion of the [Fe4S4] cluster is not coordinated by Cys but by water molecules.
The iron-res
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20capacity%20ratio
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In thermal physics and thermodynamics, the heat capacity ratio, also known as the adiabatic index, the ratio of specific heats, or Laplace's coefficient, is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure () to heat capacity at constant volume (). It is sometimes also known as the isentropic expansion factor and is denoted by (gamma) for an ideal gas or (kappa), the isentropic exponent for a real gas. The symbol is used by aerospace and chemical engineers.
where is the heat capacity, the molar heat capacity (heat capacity per mole), and the specific heat capacity (heat capacity per unit mass) of a gas. The suffixes and refer to constant-pressure and constant-volume conditions respectively.
The heat capacity ratio is important for its applications in thermodynamical reversible processes, especially involving ideal gases; the speed of sound depends on this factor.
Thought experiment
To understand this relation, consider the following thought experiment. A closed pneumatic cylinder contains air. The piston is locked. The pressure inside is equal to atmospheric pressure. This cylinder is heated to a certain target temperature. Since the piston cannot move, the volume is constant. The temperature and pressure will rise. When the target temperature is reached, the heating is stopped. The amount of energy added equals , with representing the change in temperature.
The piston is now freed and moves outwards, stopping as the pressure inside the chamber reaches at
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yae%20Fujimoto
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, known as Yae, is a Japanese singer, mainly known outside Japan for having performed the theme songs for the GameCube role-playing video game Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles.
Biography
Yae is the second daughter of the singer and musician and the activist .
She studied modern dance during high school, and decided to become a singer in 1999. She started singing in restaurants and bars, by which time she had formed a band and expanded her musical style. In June 2000, she debuted with the album "new Aeon".
In March 2018, as a member of the activist team "MOTHER EARTH", he was appointed as an ambassador for the Ministry of the Environment's "Let's connect and support Mori Satokawa Sea project".
Discography
Albums
2000 new Aeon
2003 Blue Line
2004 Yae -flowing to the sky-
2004 aloha nui
2006 Yae: Live
Singles and extended plays
2000 Kaze No Michi
2003 Na mo naki Kimi he
2003 Kaze No Ne and Hoshizukiyo (Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles, opening and ending theme songs)
2005 Koi no Sanbusaku
2010 あいをよる おもいをつむぐ
Other appearances
2001 Blasa,
2004 and ,
References
External links
Yae's official site
Profile at Square Enix Music Online
1975 births
Living people
Video game musicians
Singers from Tokyo
Anime singers
Anime musicians
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoxolone
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Enoxolone (INN, BAN; also known as glycyrrhetinic acid or glycyrrhetic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the beta-amyrin type obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid, which was obtained from the herb liquorice. It is used in flavoring and it masks the bitter taste of drugs like aloe and quinine. It is effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer and also has expectorant (antitussive) properties. It has some additional pharmacological properties with possible antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antibacterial activities.
Mechanism of action
Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits the enzymes (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and delta-13-prostaglandin) that metabolize the prostaglandins PGE-2 and PGF-2α to their respective, inactive 15-keto-13,14-dihydro metabolites. This increases prostaglandins in the digestive system. Prostaglandins inhibit gastric secretion, stimulate pancreatic secretion and mucous secretion in the intestines, and markedly increase intestinal motility. They also cause cell proliferation in the stomach. The effect on gastric acid secretion, and promotion of mucous secretion and cell proliferation shows why licorice has potential in treating peptic ulcers.
Licorice should not be taken during pregnancy, because PGF-2α stimulates activity of the uterus during pregnancy and can cause abortion.
The structure of glycyrrhetinic acid is similar to that of cortisone. Both molecules are flat and similar at positions 3 and 11. This might be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20irreducibility%20theorem
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In number theory, Hilbert's irreducibility theorem, conceived by David Hilbert in 1892, states that every finite set of irreducible polynomials in a finite number of variables and having rational number coefficients admit a common specialization of a proper subset of the variables to rational numbers such that all the polynomials remain irreducible. This theorem is a prominent theorem in number theory.
Formulation of the theorem
Hilbert's irreducibility theorem. Let
be irreducible polynomials in the ring
Then there exists an r-tuple of rational numbers (a1, ..., ar) such that
are irreducible in the ring
Remarks.
It follows from the theorem that there are infinitely many r-tuples. In fact the set of all irreducible specializations, called Hilbert set, is large in many senses. For example, this set is Zariski dense in
There are always (infinitely many) integer specializations, i.e., the assertion of the theorem holds even if we demand (a1, ..., ar) to be integers.
There are many Hilbertian fields, i.e., fields satisfying Hilbert's irreducibility theorem. For example, number fields are Hilbertian.
The irreducible specialization property stated in the theorem is the most general. There are many reductions, e.g., it suffices to take in the definition. A result of Bary-Soroker shows that for a field K to be Hilbertian it suffices to consider the case of and absolutely irreducible, that is, irreducible in the ring Kalg[X,Y], where Kalg is the algebraic closure of K.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphon
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An orphon is a gene located outside the main chromosomal locus, i.e., it may be dispersed to an unconnected genomic location.
Orphons have been found in both protein-coding and non-protein-coding gene families, which suggests that most gene transcription processes do not constitute a restriction on the development of orphons. Extensive polymorphism in this feature between individuals of the same species was shown. The gene class was first discovered in yeast, sea urchins, and fruitflies, and has since been reported from the genome of many other eukaryote groups including molluscs, amphibians, and mammals including humans.
References
Genes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20point%20%28thermodynamics%29
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In thermodynamics, a critical point (or critical state) is the end point of a phase equilibrium curve. One example is the liquid–vapor critical point, the end point of the pressure–temperature curve that designates conditions under which a liquid and its vapor can coexist. At higher temperatures, the gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone. At the critical point, defined by a critical temperature Tc and a critical pressure pc, phase boundaries vanish. Other examples include the liquid–liquid critical points in mixtures, and the ferromagnet–paramagnet transition (Curie temperature) in the absence of an external magnetic field.
Liquid–vapor critical point
Overview
For simplicity and clarity, the generic notion of critical point is best introduced by discussing a specific example, the vapor–liquid critical point. This was the first critical point to be discovered, and it is still the best known and most studied one.
The figure to the right shows the schematic P-T diagram of a pure substance (as opposed to mixtures, which have additional state variables and richer phase diagrams, discussed below). The commonly known phases solid, liquid and vapor are separated by phase boundaries, i.e. pressure–temperature combinations where two phases can coexist. At the triple point, all three phases can coexist. However, the liquid–vapor boundary terminates in an endpoint at some critical temperature Tc and critical pressure pc. This is the critical point.
The critical point of water o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20Note
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The Deep Note is the sound trademark of THX Ltd., being a distinctive synthesized crescendo that glissandos from a relatively narrow frequency spread (about 200–400 Hz) to a broader frequency spread (of about three octaves). It was created by James A. Moorer, a former employee of Lucasfilm's Computer Division (later known as Pixar Animation Studios) in late 1982. The sound is used on trailers for THX-certified movie theaters, home video releases, video games, and in-car entertainment systems.
The Deep Note was partially previewed on the opening track of the 1983 album The Digital Domain: A Demonstration, where it was included among sound effects that were combined with the Deep Note itself. The Deep Note debuted later that same year at the premiere of Return of the Jedi in Los Angeles.
Description
The U.S. trademark registration for the first version of the sound contains this description of it:
In 1992, the Deep Note was registered as a trademark by the United States Patent and Trademark Office.
The sound is perceived as louder than it actually is; sound designer and re-recording mixer Gary Rydstrom explains that, "from a technical standpoint, 'Deep Note' just feels loud because it has a spectrum of frequencies that grows from small to large."
Although Moorer had initially claimed that the score consisted of about 20,000 lines of code, he subsequently corrected the statement and elaborated:
Millennium version (2000)
In fall 1999, THX released the trailer Broadway 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome%20display
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Ribosome display is a technique used to perform in vitro protein evolution to create proteins that can bind to a desired ligand. The process results in translated proteins that are associated with their mRNA progenitor which is used, as a complex, to bind to an immobilized ligand in a selection step. The mRNA-protein hybrids that bind well are then reverse transcribed to cDNA and their sequence amplified via PCR. The result is a nucleotide sequence that can be used to create tightly binding proteins.
Ribosome display process
Ribosome display begins with a native library of DNA sequences coding for polypeptides. Each sequence is transcribed, and then translated in vitro into polypeptide. However, the DNA library coding for a particular library of binding proteins is genetically fused to a spacer sequence lacking a stop codon before its end. The lack of a stop codon prevents release factors from binding and triggering the disassembly of the translational complex. So, this spacer sequence stays attached to the peptidyl tRNA and occupies the ribosomal tunnel, and thus allows the protein of interest to protrude out of the ribosome and fold. What results is a complex of mRNA, ribosome, and protein which can bind to surface-bound ligand. This complex is stabilized with the lowering of temperature and the addition of cations such as Mg2+.
During the subsequent binding, or panning, stages, the complex is introduced to surface-bound ligand. This can be accomplished several ways,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20hardening
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Shock hardening is a process used to strengthen metals and alloys, wherein a shock wave produces atomic-scale defects in the material's crystalline structure. As in cold work, these defects interfere with the normal processes by which metallic materials yield (plasticity), making materials stiffer, but more brittle. When compared to traditional cold work, such an extremely rapid process results in a different class of defect, producing a much harder material for a given change in shape. If the shock wave applies too great a force for too long, however, the rarefaction front that follows it can form voids in the material due to hydrostatic tension, weakening the material and often causing it to spall. Since voids nucleate at large defects, such as oxide inclusions and grain boundaries, high-purity samples with a large grain size (especially single crystals) are able to withstand greater shock without spalling, and can therefore be made much harder.
Shock hardening has been observed in many contexts:
Explosive forging uses the detonation of a high explosive charge to create a shockwave. This effect is used to harden rail track cast components and, coupled with the Misznay-Schardin effect, in the operation of explosively forged penetrators. Greater hardening can be achieved by using a lower quantity of an explosive with greater brisance, so that the force applied is greater but the material spends less time in hydrostatic tension.
Laser shock, similar to inertial confine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy%20%28information%20theory%29
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In information theory, redundancy measures the fractional difference between the entropy of an ensemble , and its maximum possible value . Informally, it is the amount of wasted "space" used to transmit certain data. Data compression is a way to reduce or eliminate unwanted redundancy, while forward error correction is a way of adding desired redundancy for purposes of error detection and correction when communicating over a noisy channel of limited capacity.
Quantitative definition
In describing the redundancy of raw data, the rate of a source of information is the average entropy per symbol. For memoryless sources, this is merely the entropy of each symbol, while, in the most general case of a stochastic process, it is
in the limit, as n goes to infinity, of the joint entropy of the first n symbols divided by n. It is common in information theory to speak of the "rate" or "entropy" of a language. This is appropriate, for example, when the source of information is English prose. The rate of a memoryless source is simply , since by definition there is no interdependence of the successive messages of a memoryless source.
The absolute rate of a language or source is simply
the logarithm of the cardinality of the message space, or alphabet. (This formula is sometimes called the Hartley function.) This is the maximum possible rate of information that can be transmitted with that alphabet. (The logarithm should be taken to a base appropriate for the unit of measurement
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonado
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Carbonado, commonly known as black diamond, is one of the toughest forms of natural diamond. It is an impure, high-density, micro-porous form of polycrystalline diamond consisting of diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon, with minor crystalline precipitates filling pores and occasional reduced metal inclusions. Titanium nitride (TiN, osbornite) has been found in carbonado. It is found primarily in alluvial deposits where it is most prominent in mid-elevation equatorial regions such as Central African Republic and in Brazil, where the vast majority of carbonado diamondites have been found. Its natural colour is black or dark grey, and it is more porous than other diamonds.
Unusual properties
Carbonado diamonds are typically pea-sized or larger porous aggregates of many tiny black crystals. The most characteristic carbonados are mined in the Central African Republic and in Brazil, in neither place associated with kimberlite, the source of typical gem diamonds. Lead isotope analyses have been interpreted as documenting crystallization of carbonados about 3 billion years ago; yet carbonado is found in younger sedimentary rocks.
Mineral grains included within diamonds have been studied extensively for clues to diamond origin. Some typical diamonds contain inclusions of common mantle minerals such as pyrope and forsterite, but such mantle minerals have not been observed in carbonado. In contrast, some carbonados contain authigenic inclusions of minerals characteristic of the Ea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2M
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A2M may refer to:
The a2 Milk Company, an ASX listed company which sells dairy products, including baby formula
α2-Macroglobulin, a gene with the ability to inhibit all four classes of proteinases by a unique "trapping" mechanism
Artificial Mind and Movement, a Canadian games development company
Ass to mouth, a sexual act
See also
American Association of Independent Music, abbreviated to A2IM
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling%20error
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In statistics, sampling errors are incurred when the statistical characteristics of a population are estimated from a subset, or sample, of that population. Since the sample does not include all members of the population, statistics of the sample (often known as estimators), such as means and quartiles, generally differ from the statistics of the entire population (known as parameters). The difference between the sample statistic and population parameter is considered the sampling error. For example, if one measures the height of a thousand individuals from a population of one million, the average height of the thousand is typically not the same as the average height of all one million people in the country.
Since sampling is almost always done to estimate population parameters that are unknown, by definition exact measurement of the sampling errors will not be possible; however they can often be estimated, either by general methods such as bootstrapping, or by specific methods incorporating some assumptions (or guesses) regarding the true population distribution and parameters thereof.
Description
Sampling Error
The sampling error is the error caused by observing a sample instead of the whole population. The sampling error is the difference between a sample statistic used to estimate a population parameter and the actual but unknown value of the parameter.
Effective Sampling
In statistics, a truly random sample means selecting individuals from a population with an equiva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Fredholm's theorems are a set of celebrated results of Ivar Fredholm in the Fredholm theory of integral equations. There are several closely related theorems, which may be stated in terms of integral equations, in terms of linear algebra, or in terms of the Fredholm operator on Banach spaces.
The Fredholm alternative is one of the Fredholm theorems.
Linear algebra
Fredholm's theorem in linear algebra is as follows: if M is a matrix, then the orthogonal complement of the row space of M is the null space of M:
Similarly, the orthogonal complement of the column space of M is the null space of the adjoint:
Integral equations
Fredholm's theorem for integral equations is expressed as follows. Let be an integral kernel, and consider the homogeneous equations
and its complex adjoint
Here, denotes the complex conjugate of the complex number , and similarly for . Then, Fredholm's theorem is that, for any fixed value of , these equations have either the trivial solution or have the same number of linearly independent solutions , .
A sufficient condition for this theorem to hold is for to be square integrable on the rectangle (where a and/or b may be minus or plus infinity).
Here, the integral is expressed as a one-dimensional integral on the real number line. In Fredholm theory, this result generalizes to integral operators on multi-dimensional spaces, including, for example, Riemannian manifolds.
Existence of solutions
One of Fredholm's theorems, closely
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF%20switch
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An RF switch or microwave switch is a device to route high frequency signals through transmission paths. RF (radio frequency) and microwave switches are used extensively in microwave test systems for signal routing between instruments and devices under test (DUT). Incorporating a switch into a switch matrix system enables you to route signals from multiple instruments to single or multiple DUTs. This allows multiple tests to be performed with the same setup, eliminating the need for frequent connects and disconnects. The entire testing process can be automated, increasing the throughput in high-volume production environments.
Like other electrical switches, RF and microwave switches provide different configurations for many different applications. Below is a list of typical switch configurations and usage:
Single pole, double throw (SPDT or 1:2) switches route signals from one input to two output paths.
Multiport switches or single pole, multiple throw (SPnT) switches allow a single input to multiple (three or more) output paths.
Transfer switches or double pole, double throw (DPDT) switches can serve various purposes.
Bypass switches insert or remove a test component from a signal path.
RF CMOS switches are crucial to modern wireless telecommunication, including wireless networks and mobile communication devices. Infineon's bulk CMOS RF switches sell over 1billion units annually, reaching a cumulative 5billion units, .
Technologies
The two main kinds of RF and micr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20pressure%20cell%20press
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The French pressure cell press, or French press, is an apparatus used in biological experimentation to disrupt the plasma membrane of cells by passing them through a narrow valve under high pressure. The French press can also be used for disintegration of chloroplasts, homogenates of animal tissue, and other biological particles. It is capable of disrupting cell walls while leaving the cell nucleus undisturbed. The French press was invented by Charles Stacy French of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
The press uses an external hydraulic pump to drive a piston within a larger cylinder that contains the liquid sample. The highly pressurized sample is then squeezed past a needle valve. As the sample passes through the valve, the fluid experiences shear stress and decompression, causing cellular disruption. The major components of a French press are made of stainless steel to prevent sample contamination.
A French press is commonly used to break the resilient plasma membrane and cell walls of bacteria and other microorganisms for isolation of proteins and other cellular components. The disruption of cells in a French press generates 'inside-out' membrane vesicles which are required for many in vitro biochemical assays. The cell is typically chilled overnight before use to preserve enzymatic activities.
Disadvantages of the press include that it is not well suited for processing large sample volumes, and is somewhat difficult to operate as a result of the large weight
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Forsberg
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Michael Forsberg is conservation photographer who has dedicated 25 years of his life to photograph America's Great Plains, once one of the greatest grassland ecosystems on Earth. He is best known for his images of the Great Plains, wildlife, landscapes, sandhill cranes, and watersheds. His images have been featured in publications including National Geographic, Audubon, Outdoor Photographer, and the Nature Conservancy.
See also
Conservation photography
Nature photography
Wildlife photography
References
External links
Michael Forsberg Photography
International League of Conservation Photographers
North American Nature Photographers Association
A gallery of 24 photographs from The Great Plains: America's Lingering Wild
American photographers
Artists from Nebraska
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halotrichite
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Halotrichite, also known as feather alum, is a highly hydrated sulfate of aluminium and iron. Its chemical formula is FeAl2(SO4)4·22H2O. It forms fibrous monoclinic crystals. The crystals are water-soluble.
It is formed by the weathering and decomposition of pyrite commonly near or in volcanic vents. The locations of natural occurrences include: the Atacama Desert, Chile; Dresden in Saxony, Germany; San Juan County, Utah; Iceland and Mont Saint-Hilaire, Canada.
The name is from Latin: halotrichum for salt hair which accurately describes the precipitate/evaporite mineral.
Gallery
References
Saint-Hilaire
Mineral Atlas
Iron(II) minerals
Aluminium minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20305
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The Peugeot 305 is a medium-sized car produced by the French automaker Peugeot from 1977 to 1989. It was offered as a four-door saloon, five-door estate, and as a three-door van derivative.
History
Origins
During the mid 1970s, the motoring press speculated that a new Peugeot would soon arrive, in order to update the company's model lineup, in an attempt to make the Peugeot more internationally appealing. Since Peugeot had only recently discontinued their long-running 404 model, many people thought that the purpose of the new car would to fill the gap, previously occupied by the 404, between the 304 and 504 models, to compete against cars like the Ford Cortina/Taunus and Renault 12. It therefore would have been natural for the new car to be called the 405, commencing a new "05" generation of Peugeot models. The car was to be developed from and use the running gear from the smaller 304, but in terms of size and price, it was to succeed the already-defunct 404, especially considering that the top model in the new range would cost more than the entry-level 504, and that the 304 would remain in production some time after the new car was introduced. Instead of being called the 405, the new car was called the 305. When it made its press début in November 1977, the motoring press were initially confused as to why it was called a 305 rather than a 405, but it sold well anyway.
It was similar in size to its French competitor the Renault 18, which was launched around the same time.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin%20mononucleotide
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Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases, including NADH dehydrogenase, as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. During the catalytic cycle, a reversible interconversion of the oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH•), and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers. In its role as blue-light photo receptor, (oxidized) FMN stands out from the 'conventional' photo receptors as the signaling state and not an E/Z isomerization.
It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues. It requires more energy to produce, but is more soluble than riboflavin. In cells, FMN occurs freely circulating but also in several covalently bound forms. Covalently or non-covalently bound FMN is a cofactor of many enzymes playing an important pathophysiological role in cellular metabolism. For example dissociation of flavin mononucleotide from mitochondrial complex I has been shown to occur during ischemia/reperfusion brain injury during stroke.
Food additive
Flavin mononucleotide is also used as an orange-red food colour additive, designated in Europe as E number E101a.
E106, a very closely related food dye, is riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkness%20%28surname%29
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Harkness is a Scottish surname. Its etymology is probably from the Old English personal name Hereca (a derivative of the various compound names with the first element here army) plus the Old English næss headland, cape. The name is first recorded along the Cumbrian border (1350). By the 15th century they were firmly established in Nithsdale area of Dumfriesshire. James Harkness of Locherben led the rescue in 1684 of a group of Covenanters who were being taken for trial in Edinburgh. For this act his brother was hanged the following year.
Tartans
There are two tartans that are recognized for the Harknesses of Nithsdale clan. One is the traditional red, and the other is the "ancient" blue. Both tartans were created by Harvey Harkness Rulien in 1982.
Family name
People with the surname include:
Alistair Harkness - an Australian politician
Anna M. Harkness - an American philanthropist
Anthony Harkness - an American inventor
Charles W. Harkness - heir to Standard Oil fortune and namesake of Harkness Tower at Yale University
Daniel Harkness - an American university professor
Daniel M. Harkness - an American businessman and early Standard Oil investor
Deborah Harkness - Author and historian
Douglas Harkness - a Canadian politician
Edward Harkness - an American philanthropist
Georgia Harkness - an American Christian theologian
H. W. Harkness – an American mycologist and natural historian
Hilary Harkness – an American painter
James Harkness (disambiguation)
Jerry Harkness (1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGMP-dependent%20protein%20kinase
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cGMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase G (PKG) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is activated by cGMP. It phosphorylates a number of biologically important targets and is implicated in the regulation of smooth muscle relaxation, platelet function, sperm metabolism, cell division, and nucleic acid synthesis.
Genes and proteins
PKG are serine/threonine kinases that are present in a variety of eukaryotes ranging from the unicellular organism Paramecium to humans. Two PKG genes, coding for PKG type I (PKG-I) and type II (PKG-II), have been identified in mammals. The N-terminus of PKG-I is encoded by two alternatively spliced exons that specify for the PKG-Iα and PKG-Iβ isoforms. PKG-Iβ is activated at ~10-fold higher cGMP concentrations than PKG-Iα. The PKG-I and PKG-II are homodimers of two identical subunits (~75 kDa and ~85 kDa, respectively) and share common structural features.
Each subunit is composed of three functional domains:
(1) an N-terminal domain that mediates homodimerization, suppression of the kinase activity in the absence of cGMP, and interactions with other proteins including protein substrates
(2) a regulatory domain that contains two non-identical cGMP-binding sites
(3) a kinase domain that catalyzes the phosphate transfer from ATP to the hydroxyl group of a serine/threonine side chain of the target protein
Binding of cGMP to the regulatory domain induces a conformational change which stops the inhibition of the catalytic cor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMK
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CAMK, also written as CaMK or CCaMK, is an abbreviation for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of enzymes. CAMKs are activated by increases in the concentration of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) and calmodulin. When activated, the enzymes transfer phosphates from ATP to defined serine or threonine residues in other proteins, so they are serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. Activated CAMK is involved in the phosphorylation of transcription factors and therefore, in the regulation of expression of responding genes. CAMK also works to regulate the cell life cycle (i.e. programmed cell death), rearrangement of the cell's cytoskeletal network, and mechanisms involved in the learning and memory of an organism.
Types
There are 2 common types of CAM Kinase proteins: specialized and multi-functional CAM kinases.
Substrate-specific CAM Kinases only have one target that they can phosphorylate, such as myosin light chain kinases. This group of proteins includes CAMK III. More on CAMKIII can be found following this link.
Multi-functional CAM Kinases have multiple targets they can phosphorylate and are found in processes including the secretion of neurotransmitters, metabolism of glycogen, and the regulation of various transcription factors. CAMK II is the main protein in this subset. More on CAMKII can be found following this link.
Substrate phosphorylation
Once calcium concentrations in the cell rise, CAM kinases become saturated and bind the maximum of fou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Oceanic%20languages
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The Western Oceanic languages is a linkage of Oceanic languages, proposed and studied by .
Classification
The West Oceanic linkage is made up of three sub-linkages:
North New Guinea linkage
Meso-Melanesian linkage
Papuan Tip linkage
The center of dispersal was evidently near the Willaumez Peninsula on the north coast of New Britain.
Notes
References
Oceanic languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channeling
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Channeling, or channelling, may refer to:
Science
Channelling (physics), the process that constrains the path of a charged particle in a crystalline solid
Metabolite or substrate channeling in biochemistry and cell physiology
Other
Legal channeling, a contractual or legal redirection of responsibilities from an organization to another
Mediumship, influences attributed to esoteric communications via a person described as a medium or channel
Chopping and channeling of an automobile's body
See also
Channel (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFPL%20%28AM%29
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CFPL is a radio station owned by Corus Entertainment and based in London, Ontario, Canada. Transmitter power is 10,000 watts daytime, 5,000 watts nighttime. Broadcast frequency is 980 AM. CFPL uses a four-tower directional antenna with differing patterns during the day and night. The station primarily airs news, and talk programming, as well as London Knights hockey and Toronto Blue Jays games. The studios are located in downtown London, while its transmitter is located south of London at Wellington Road and Scotland Drive.
History
Originally CJGC, the station first went on the air at approximately 698 kHz, at a time when wavelength was usually used rather than frequency. It later changed to 910 kHz, then, to avoid interference from a Mexican station at 909, moved to 595 kHz, which it maintained until it merged with CKOK Windsor to become CKLW in April 1933. During the 1920s and early 1930s, CJGC airtime was used from time to time by CNRL, a phantom station of the Canadian National Railways.
In September 1933, the merger was dissolved and a new transmitter at 730 kHz went on the air with the call sign CFPL. The station was an affiliate of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission from 1933 to 1936 when it became an affiliate of the new Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It was an affiliate of the CBC's Dominion Network from 1944 to 1962 before that network was integrated into CBC Radio and then remained a CBC Radio affiliate for several years. The station changed frequency
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARP
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PARP may refer to:
Poly ADP ribose polymerase, an enzyme
Procyclic acidic repetitive protein, a type of protein in Trypanosoma parasites
Parp (onomatopoeic), a sound
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly%20%28ADP-ribose%29%20polymerase
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Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a family of proteins involved in a number of cellular processes such as DNA repair, genomic stability, and programmed cell death.
Members of PARP family
The PARP family comprises 17 members (10 putative). They vary greatly in structure and function within the cell.
PARP1, PARP2, VPARP (PARP4), Tankyrase-1 and -2 (PARP-5a or TNKS, and PARP-5b or TNKS2) have a confirmed PARP activity.
Others include PARP3, , TIPARP (or "PARP7"), PARP8, , PARP10, , PARP12, , , and PARP16.
Structure
PARP is composed of four domains of interest: a DNA-binding domain, a caspase-cleaved domain (see below), an auto-modification domain, and a catalytic domain.
The DNA-binding domain is composed of two zinc finger motifs. In the presence of damaged DNA (base pair-excised), the DNA-binding domain will bind the DNA and induce a conformational shift. It has been shown that this binding occurs independent of the other domains. This is integral in a programmed cell death model based on caspase cleavage inhibition of PARP. The auto-modification domain is responsible for releasing the protein from the DNA after catalysis. Also, it plays an integral role in cleavage-induced inactivation.
Functions
The main role of PARP (found in the cell nucleus) is to detect and initiate an immediate cellular response to metabolic, chemical, or radiation-induced single-strand DNA breaks (SSB) by signaling the enzymatic machinery involved in the SSB repair.
Once PARP detects a S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Mirman
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Eugene Boris Mirman (born July 24, 1974) is a Russian-American actor, comedian, and writer, known for playing Yvgeny Mirminsky on Delocated and Gene Belcher on the animated comedy Bob's Burgers.
Early life
Mirman was born Evgeniy Borisovich Mirman () on July 24, 1974, in Moscow, Russia, when the country was part of the Soviet Union, to Boris Mirman, Jewish Latvian, and Marina, Jewish Russian. His father was a civil engineer. His family immigrated to the United States when he was four years old, and settled in Lexington, Massachusetts, where Mirman attended William Diamond Middle School and Lexington High School. After arriving in the United States, his name was anglicized, his first name being changed to its English form, Eugene, and his patronymic Borisovich being shortened to simply Boris.
Mirman is a graduate of Hampshire College in Western Massachusetts. As part of the college's "design your own major" program, Mirman graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in comedy, with a one-hour routine as his thesis. He returned to his high school to deliver its 2009 commencement address. He returned to Hampshire to deliver the 2012 commencement speech as well.
Career
Stand-up career
In 2004, Mirman released The Absurd Nightclub Comedy of Eugene Mirman, a CD/DVD on Suicide Squeeze Records. The album was voted one of the Best Albums of 2004 by both The A.V. Club and Time Out New York. His second album, En Garde, Society was released by Sub Pop in 2006. Three years later, Mirman releas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenase
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A hydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen (H2), as shown below:
Hydrogen uptake () is coupled to the reduction of electron acceptors such as oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide (), and fumarate. On the other hand, proton reduction () is coupled to the oxidation of electron donors such as ferredoxin (FNR), and serves to dispose excess electrons in cells (essential in pyruvate fermentation). Both low-molecular weight compounds and proteins such as FNRs, cytochrome c3, and cytochrome c6 can act as physiological electron donors or acceptors for hydrogenases.
Structural classification
It has been estimated that 99% of all organisms utilize hydrogen, H2. Most of these species are microbes and their ability to use H2 as a metabolite arises from the expression of metalloenzymes known as hydrogenases. Hydrogenases are sub-classified into three different types based on the active site metal content: iron-iron hydrogenase, nickel-iron hydrogenase, and iron hydrogenase.
Hydrogenases catalyze, sometimes reversibly, H2 uptake. The [FeFe] and [NiFe] hydrogenases are true redox catalysts, driving H2 oxidation and proton (H+) reduction (equation ), the [Fe] hydrogenases catalyze the reversible heterolytic cleavage of H2 shown by reaction ().
Although originally believed to be "metal-free", the [Fe]-only hydrogenases contain Fe at the active site and no iron-sulfur clusters. [NiFe] and [FeFe] hydrogenases have some common features in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid-beta%20precursor%20protein
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Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons. It functions as a cell surface receptor and has been implicated as a regulator of synapse formation, neural plasticity, antimicrobial activity, and iron export. It is coded for by the gene APP and regulated by substrate presentation. APP is best known as the precursor molecule whose proteolysis generates amyloid beta (Aβ), a polypeptide containing 37 to 49 amino acid residues, whose amyloid fibrillar form is the primary component of amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients.
Genetics
Amyloid-beta precursor protein is an ancient and highly conserved protein. In humans, the gene APP is located on chromosome 21 and contains 18 exons spanning 290 kilobases. Several alternative splicing isoforms of APP have been observed in humans, ranging in length from 639 to 770 amino acids, with certain isoforms preferentially expressed in neurons; changes in the neuronal ratio of these isoforms have been associated with Alzheimer's disease. Homologous proteins have been identified in other organisms such as Drosophila (fruit flies), C. elegans (roundworms), and all mammals. The amyloid beta region of the protein, located in the membrane-spanning domain, is not well conserved across species and has no obvious connection with APP's native-state biological functions.
Mutations in critical regions of amyloid precursor protein, in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger%20receptor%20%28immunology%29
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Scavenger receptors are a large and diverse superfamily of cell surface receptors. Its properties were first recorded in 1970 by Drs. Brown and Goldstein, with the defining property being the ability to bind and remove modified low density lipoproteins (LDL). Today scavenger receptors are known to be involved in a wide range of processes, such as: homeostasis, apoptosis, inflammatory diseases and pathogen clearance. Scavenger receptors are mainly found on myeloid cells and other cells that bind to numerous ligands, primarily endogenous and modified host-molecules together with pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs), and remove them. The Kupffer cells in the liver are particularly rich in scavenger receptors, includes SR-A I, SR-A II, and MARCO.
Function
The scavenger receptor superfamily is defined by its ability to recognize and bind a broad range of common ligands. These ligands include: polyanionic ligands including lipoproteins, apoptotic cells, cholesterol ester, phospholipids, proteoglycans, ferritin, and carbohydrates. This broad recognition range allows scavenger receptors to play an important role in homeostasis and the combating of diseases. This is accomplished via the recognition of various PAMP's and DAMP's, which leads to the removal or scavenging of pathogens with the recognition of PAMP's and the removal of apoptotic cells, self reactive antigens and the products of oxidative stress with the recognition of DAMP's.
In atherosclerotic lesions, macroph
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20presidents%20of%20the%20United%20States%20by%20date%20of%20death
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The following is a list of presidents of the United States by date of death, plus additional lists of presidential death related statistics. Of the 45 people who have served as President of the United States since the office came into existence in 1789, 39 have diedeight of them while in office.
The oldest president at the time of death was George H. W. Bush, who died at the age of . John F. Kennedy, assassinated at the age of , was the nation's shortest-lived president; the youngest to have died by natural causes was James K. Polk, who died of cholera at the age of .
Presidents in order of death
Died same day, date, year, age
Same day
July 4, 1826: Thomas Jefferson at 12:50 p.m., and John Adams at 6:20 p.m.
Same date
March 8: Millard Fillmore in 1874 and William Howard Taft in 1930
July 4: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson in 1826, and James Monroe in 1831
December 26: Harry S. Truman in 1972 and Gerald Ford in 2006
Same calendar year
1826: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, both on July 4
1862: John Tyler and Martin Van Buren, on January 18 and July 24 respectively
1901: Benjamin Harrison and William McKinley, on March 13 and September 14 respectively
Same age (rounded down to nearest year)
93: Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan
90: John Adams and Herbert Hoover
78: Andrew Jackson and Dwight D. Eisenhower
71: John Tyler and Grover Cleveland
67: George Washington, Benjamin Harrison and Woodrow Wilson
64: Franklin Pierce and Lyndon B. Johnson
63: Ulysses S. Gran
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobiology
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Geobiology is a field of scientific research that explores the interactions between the physical Earth and the biosphere. It is a relatively young field, and its borders are fluid. There is considerable overlap with the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology, microbiology, paleontology, and particularly soil science and biogeochemistry. Geobiology applies the principles and methods of biology, geology, and soil science to the study of the ancient history of the co-evolution of life and Earth as well as the role of life in the modern world. Geobiologic studies tend to be focused on microorganisms, and on the role that life plays in altering the chemical and physical environment of the pedosphere, which exists at the intersection of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and/or cryosphere. It differs from biogeochemistry in that the focus is on processes and organisms over space and time rather than on global chemical cycles.
Geobiological research synthesizes the geologic record with modern biologic studies. It deals with process - how organisms affect the Earth and vice versa - as well as history - how the Earth and life have changed together. Much research is grounded in the search for fundamental understanding, but geobiology can also be applied, as in the case of microbes that clean up oil spills.
Geobiology employs molecular biology, environmental microbiology, organic geochemistry, and the geologic record to investigate the evolutionary interconnectedness of life an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiresolution%20analysis
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A multiresolution analysis (MRA) or multiscale approximation (MSA) is the design method of most of the practically relevant discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and the justification for the algorithm of the fast wavelet transform (FWT). It was introduced in this context in 1988/89 by Stephane Mallat and Yves Meyer and has predecessors in the microlocal analysis in the theory of differential equations (the ironing method) and the pyramid methods of image processing as introduced in 1981/83 by Peter J. Burt, Edward H. Adelson and James L. Crowley.
Definition
A multiresolution analysis of the Lebesgue space consists of a sequence of nested subspaces
that satisfies certain self-similarity relations in time-space and scale-frequency, as well as completeness and regularity relations.
Self-similarity in time demands that each subspace Vk is invariant under shifts by integer multiples of 2k. That is, for each the function g defined as also contained in .
Self-similarity in scale demands that all subspaces are time-scaled versions of each other, with scaling respectively dilation factor 2k-l. I.e., for each there is a with .
In the sequence of subspaces, for k>l the space resolution 2l of the l-th subspace is higher than the resolution 2k of the k-th subspace.
Regularity demands that the model subspace V0 be generated as the linear hull (algebraically or even topologically closed) of the integer shifts of one or a finite number of generating functions or . Those integer s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20allocations%20changes%20under%20NARBA
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The North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) took effect on March 29, 1941, requiring nearly all radio stations in North America to change frequency. This article details the major Canadian allocations changes under NARBA.
The principal reason for Canada in entering the NARBA negotiations was to gain more clear-channel allocations for Canadian stations, particularly for the CBC, which at that time was both Canada's public broadcaster and also its broadcasting regulator. Up to that point, these allocations had been dominated by commercial stations from the United States. Canada had only six clear-channel frequencies: 540, 690, 730, 840, 910, and 1050, of which 540, 730, and 910 were shared with Mexico, and 1050 was shared with the United States.
The result of the treaty for Canada was to add new clear-channel allocations at 740, 990, and 1010; with the expansion of the AM band to 1605 kHz, Canada would later add 1580.
Most stations throughout North America were minimally affected by the allocations changes. Their channels simply moved up (or in a few cases down) the dial to a new frequency which was shared (or not) with the same stations as were there before. Major Canadian cities, however, saw more changes, as the creation of the three new clear channels invited a reshuffle of channels among the existing broadcasters. (No new Canadian stations were licensed as a part of this process.) The major changes were as follows:
In the Maritimes, CBA in Sackvi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParaHox
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The ParaHox gene cluster is an array of homeobox genes (involved in morphogenesis, the regulation of patterns of anatomical development) from the Gsx, Xlox (Pdx) and Cdx gene families.
Regulatory gene cluster
These genes were first shown to be arranged into a physically-linked chromosomal cluster in amphioxus, an invertebrate with a single member of each of the three gene families. All the ParaHox genes in the amphioxus genome are therefore in the ParaHox gene cluster. In contrast, the human genome has six ParaHox genes (GSX1, GSX2, PDX1, CDX1, CDX2, CDX4), of which three genes (GSX1, PDX1 (=IPF1), CDX2) are physically linked to form a human ParaHox gene cluster on chromosome 13. Mouse has a homologous ParaHox gene cluster on chromosome 5. The other three human ParaHox genes are remnants from duplicated ParaHox gene clusters that were generated in the 2R genome duplications at the base of vertebrate evolution. Some vertebrates, notably chondrichthyan fish and coelacanths, have retained an additional ParaHox gene (PDX2).
The ParaHox gene cluster has been proposed to be a paralogue, or evolutionary sister, of the Hox gene cluster; the two gene clusters being descendent from a segmental duplication early in animal evolution, preceding the divergence of cnidarians and bilaterian animals. It has been suggested that an ancient role of the ParaHox gene cluster in bilaterians was the specify or pattern the through-gut, with Gsx patterning the mouth, Xlox (=Pdx) patterning the midg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNY
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PNY or pny may refer to:
PNY Technologies, an American manufacturer of computer components
PNY, an alternative name of Beta-amyrin synthase, an enzyme
PNY, the IATA airport code for the Pondicherry Airport
pny, the ISO 639-3 code for the Pinyin language
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20twenty-first%20problem
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The twenty-first problem of the 23 Hilbert problems, from the celebrated list put forth in 1900 by David Hilbert, concerns the existence of a certain class of linear differential equations with specified singular points and monodromic group.
Statement
The original problem was stated as follows (English translation from 1902):
Proof of the existence of linear differential equations having a prescribed monodromic group
In the theory of linear differential equations with one independent variable z, I wish to indicate an important problem one which very likely Riemann himself may have had in mind. This problem is as follows: To show that there always exists a linear differential equation of the Fuchsian class, with given singular points and monodromic group. The problem requires the production of n functions of the variable z, regular throughout the complex z-plane except at the given singular points; at these points the functions may become infinite of only finite order, and when z describes circuits about these points the functions shall undergo the prescribed linear substitutions. The existence of such differential equations has been shown to be probable by counting the constants, but the rigorous proof has been obtained up to this time only in the particular case where the fundamental equations of the given substitutions have roots all of absolute magnitude unity. has given this proof, based upon Poincaré's theory of the Fuchsian zeta-functions. The theory of linear diffe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitra%20Banerjee%20Divakaruni
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Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni (born Chitralekha Banerjee, 1956) is an Indian-born American author, poet, and the Betty and Gene McDavid Professor of Writing at the University of Houston Creative Writing Program. Her short story collection, Arranged Marriage, won an American Book Award in 1996. Two of her novels (The Mistress of Spices and Sister of My Heart), as well as a short story (The Word Love) were adapted into films.
Divakaruni's works are largely set in India and the United States, and often focus on the experiences of South Asian immigrants. She writes for children as well as adults, and has published novels in multiple genres, including realistic fiction, historical fiction, magical realism, myth and fantasy.
Early life and education
Divakaruni was born in Calcutta, India. She received her B.A. from the University of Calcutta in 1976. In the same year, she went to the United States to attend Wright State University, where she received a master's degree. She received a PhD in English from the University of California, Berkeley in 1985 (Christopher Marlowe was the subject of her doctoral dissertation).
Career
Divakaruni put herself through graduate school by taking on odd jobs, working as a babysitter, a store clerk, a bread slicer in a bakery, a laboratory assistant at Wright State University, and a dining hall attendant at International House, Berkeley. She was a graduate teaching assistant at U.C. Berkeley. She taught in California at Foothill College and Diablo Va
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary%20event
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In probability theory, the complement of any event A is the event [not A], i.e. the event that A does not occur. The event A and its complement [not A] are mutually exclusive and exhaustive. Generally, there is only one event B such that A and B are both mutually exclusive and exhaustive; that event is the complement of A. The complement of an event A is usually denoted as A′, Ac, A or . Given an event, the event and its complementary event define a Bernoulli trial: did the event occur or not?
For example, if a typical coin is tossed and one assumes that it cannot land on its edge, then it can either land showing "heads" or "tails." Because these two outcomes are mutually exclusive (i.e. the coin cannot simultaneously show both heads and tails) and collectively exhaustive (i.e. there are no other possible outcomes not represented between these two), they are therefore each other's complements. This means that [heads] is logically equivalent to [not tails], and [tails] is equivalent to [not heads].
Complement rule
In a random experiment, the probabilities of all possible events (the sample space) must total to 1— that is, some outcome must occur on every trial. For two events to be complements, they must be collectively exhaustive, together filling the entire sample space. Therefore, the probability of an event's complement must be unity minus the probability of the event. That is, for an event A,
Equivalently, the probabilities of an event and its complement must always
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyzed%20protein
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Hydrolyzed protein is a solution derived from the hydrolysis of a protein into its component amino acids and peptides. While many means of achieving this exist, most common is prolonged heating with hydrochloric acid, sometimes with an enzyme such as pancreatic protease to simulate the naturally occurring hydrolytic process.
Uses
Protein hydrolysis is a useful route to the isolation of individual amino acids. Examples include cystine from hydrolysis of hair, tryptophane from casein, histidine from red blood cells, and arginine from gelatin.
Common hydrolyzed products used in food are hydrolyzed vegetable protein and yeast extract, which are used as flavor enhancers because the hydrolysis of the protein produces free glutamic acid. Some hydrolyzed beef protein powders are used for specialized diets.
Protein hydrolysis can be used to modify the allergenic properties of infant formula. Reducing the size of cow milk proteins in the formula makes it more suitable for consumption by babies suffering from milk protein intolerance. The US FDA has approved a label for this usage of partially-hydrolyzed proteins in 2017, but a meta-analysis published the same year shows insufficient evidence for this use.
Hydrolyzed protein is also used in certain specially formulated hypoallergenic pet foods, notably dog foods for dogs and puppies that suffer from allergies caused by certain protein types in standard commercial dog food brands. The protein contents of the foods are split into pept
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic%20manifold
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In mathematics, an isotropic manifold is a manifold in which the geometry does not depend on directions. Formally, we say that a Riemannian manifold is isotropic if for any point and unit vectors , there is an isometry of with and . Every connected isotropic manifold is homogeneous, i.e. for any there is an isometry of with This can be seen by considering a geodesic from to and taking the isometry which fixes and maps to
Examples
The simply-connected space forms (the n-sphere, hyperbolic space, and ) are isotropic. It is not true in general that any constant curvature manifold is isotropic; for example, the flat torus is not isotropic. This can be seen by noting that any isometry of which fixes a point must lift to an isometry of which fixes a point and preserves ; thus the group of isometries of which fix is discrete. Moreover, it can be seen in a same way that no oriented surface with constant curvature and negative Euler characteristic is isotropic.
Moreover, there are isotropic manifolds which do not have constant curvature, such as the complex projective space () equipped with the Fubini-Study metric. Indeed, the universal cover of any constant-curvature manifold is either a sphere, or a hyperbolic space, or . But is simply-connected yet not a sphere (for ), as can be seen for example from homotopy group calculations from long exact sequence of the fibration .
Further examples of isotropic manifolds are given by the rank one symmetric spaces, inc
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