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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVE
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SVE may refer to:
Scalable Vector Extension, a feature of microprocessor ARM architecture
Société de Véhicules Electriques, a joint venture for the development of hybrid vehicles
Soil vapor extraction, an in situ process for soil remediation
Sharon Van Etten, American singer-songwriter and actress
Special visceral efferent, nerves that supply muscles
Specialty Vehicle Engineering, a high-performance automobile group within Chrysler
Susanville Municipal Airport (IATA airport code), near Susanville, California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peirce%27s%20criterion
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In robust statistics, Peirce's criterion is a rule for eliminating outliers from data sets, which was devised by Benjamin Peirce.
Outliers removed by Peirce's criterion
The problem of outliers
In data sets containing real-numbered measurements, the suspected outliers are the measured values that appear to lie outside the cluster of most of the other data values. The outliers would greatly change the estimate of location if the arithmetic average were to be used as a summary statistic of location. The problem is that the arithmetic mean is very sensitive to the inclusion of any outliers; in statistical terminology, the arithmetic mean is not robust.
In the presence of outliers, the statistician has two options. First, the statistician may remove the suspected outliers from the data set and then use the arithmetic mean to estimate the location parameter. Second, the statistician may use a robust statistic, such as the median statistic.
Peirce's criterion is a statistical procedure for eliminating outliers.
Uses of Peirce's criterion
The statistician and historian of statistics Stephen M. Stigler wrote the following about Benjamin Peirce:
"In 1852 he published the first significance test designed to tell an investigator whether an outlier should be rejected (Peirce 1852, 1878). The test, based on a likelihood ratio type of argument, had the distinction of producing an international debate on the wisdom of such actions (Anscombe, 1960, Rider, 1933, Stigler, 1973a)."
Peir
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Irvine%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201958%29
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James Alan Irvine (born 12 July 1958) is a Scottish former professional footballer and coach.
Irvine played as a winger for Queen's Park, Everton, Crystal Palace, Dundee United and Blackburn Rovers.
As a coach, Irvine worked in various roles at Blackburn Rovers, Preston North End, Newcastle United and Everton before becoming a manager, firstly with Preston and then Sheffield Wednesday. After three years in charge of the Everton Academy, he became head coach of West Bromwich Albion. He rejoined Blackburn as assistant manager in November 2015, and was later caretaker manager of Norwich City and assistant manager at West Ham United.
Early life
Born in Glasgow, Scotland, Irvine studied for qualification as an insurance broker whilst playing for Queen's Park. Irvine is a boyhood Leeds United fan, citing fellow Scot Eddie Gray as his favourite player.
Club career
After Queen's Park, Irvine went on to play for Everton, Crystal Palace, Dundee United and Blackburn Rovers.
He helped Everton win the 1983–84 FA Cup: despite being left out of the final match day squad, he had started all 7 previous FA cup matches up to and including the semi-final, scoring goals in the 3rd round and 5th round ties. Irvine also started the 1984 League Cup Final and League Cup Final Replay with Everton ultimately losing 1–0 to Liverpool.
In 1992, he was part of the Blackburn team that won promotion to the new FA Premier League. He announced his retirement from playing just before the 1992–93 season be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20plant%20systematics
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The history of plant systematics—the biological classification of plants—stretches from the work of ancient Greek to modern evolutionary biologists. As a field of science, plant systematics came into being only slowly, early plant lore usually being treated as part of the study of medicine. Later, classification and description was driven by natural history and natural theology. Until the advent of the theory of evolution, nearly all classification was based on the scala naturae. The professionalization of botany in the 18th and 19th century marked a shift toward more holistic classification methods, eventually based on evolutionary relationships.
Antiquity
The peripatetic philosopher Theophrastus (372–287 BC), as a student of Aristotle in Ancient Greece, wrote Historia Plantarum, the earliest surviving treatise on plants, where he listed the names of over 500 plant species. He did not articulate a formal classification scheme, but relied on the common groupings of folk taxonomy combined with growth form: tree shrub; undershrub; or herb.
The De Materia Medica of Dioscorides was an important early compendium of plant descriptions (over five hundred), classifying plants chiefly by their medicinal effects.
Medieval
The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII sent a copy of Dioscorides' pharmacopeia to the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Rahman III who ruled Córdoba in the 9th century, and also sent a monk named Nicolas to translate the book into Arabic. It was in use from its publication in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint%20learning
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In constraint satisfaction backtracking algorithms, constraint learning is a technique for improving efficiency. It works by recording new constraints whenever an inconsistency is found. This new constraint may reduce the search space, as future partial evaluations may be found inconsistent without further search. Clause learning is the name of this technique when applied to propositional satisfiability.
Definition
Backtracking algorithms work by choosing an unassigned variable and recursively solve the problems obtained by assigning a value to this variable. Whenever the current partial solution is found inconsistent, the algorithm goes back to the previously assigned variable, as expected by recursion. A constraint learning algorithm differs because it tries to record some information, before backtracking, in the form of a new constraint. This can reduce the further search because the subsequent search may encounter another partial solution that is inconsistent with this new constraint. If the algorithm has learned the new constraint, it will backtrack from this solution, while the original backtracking algorithm would do a subsequent search.
If the partial solution is inconsistent, the problem instance implies the constraint stating that cannot be true for all at the same time. However, recording this constraint is not useful, as this partial solution will not be encountered again due to the way backtracking proceeds.
On the other hand, if a subset of this evaluatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystals%20of%20Zong
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Crystals of Zong is a maze-chase game written by Sean McKinnon for the Commodore 64 and published by Cymbal Software in 1983.
Gameplay
Each level consists of nine single-screen rooms arranged in a 3×3 grid. At the centre of each room is a locked treasure area. The treasure areas in eight of the rooms contain different treasures and one of the rooms contains a ladder to the next level. The player's task is to navigate the maze-like corridors of the rooms to unlock the treasure areas and get the treasure. The player can descend to the next level via the ladder once they've unlocked it, collecting all the treasures is not necessary to proceed.
Various monsters inhabit the rooms. The monsters start out slow and dim-witted, but become faster and smarter on later levels. Contact with a monster kills the player instantly. In each room, there is a sword, collecting which temporarily gives the player the ability to kill the monsters. After some time, the monsters return.
There is a time limit to each level in the form a torch health bar, which decreases slowly as time passes. It can be replenished by collecting the torch power up, and paused altogether once the lantern, one of the treasures, is obtained.
References
External links
1983 video games
Maze games
Commodore 64 games
Commodore 64-only games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDB%20Human%20Genome%20Database
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The GDB Human Genome Database was a community curated collection of human genomic data. It was a key database in the Human Genome Project and was in service from 1989 to 2008.
History
In 1989 the Howard Hughes Medical Institute provided funding to establish a central repository for human genetic mapping data. This project ultimately resulted in the creation of the GDB Human Genome DataBase in September 1990. In order to ensure a high degree of quality, records within GDB were subjected to a curation process by human genetics specialists, including the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee.
Established under the leadership of Peter Pearson and Dick Lucier, GDB received financial support from the US Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. Located at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, GDB became a source of high quality mapping data which were made available both online as well as through numerous printed publications. The project was supported internationally by the EU, Japan, and other countries.
The GDB had several directors in its time. Peter Pearson, David T. Kingsbury, Stantley Letovsky, Peter Li, and A. Jamie Cuticchia.
Funds from the US Department of Energy that were previously allocated for GDB were transferred in 1998 due to the shift in emphasis in the human genome project. However that same year, A. Jamie Cuticchia obtained funding from Canadian public and private sources to continue the operations of GDB. While the data curation co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinic%20for%20Special%20Children
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The Clinic for Special Children (CSC) is a primary pediatric care and gene research clinic located in Strasburg, Pennsylvania. The facility specializes in genetic problems of the plain sects, such as the Amish and Old Order Mennonites. It was founded in 1989. The most common genetic disorders treated by the Clinic are glutaric acidemia type I (GA1), which is common in the Amish population and maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), which has a high prevalence in the Old Order Mennonites.
Establishment
The Clinic for Special Children was founded by the Plain community with Dr. D. Holmes Morton and his wife, Caroline in 1989. The clinic building was raised by the Plain community and completed in 1990 while an addition was added in 2000. In addition to patient care facilities, the Clinic also houses its own laboratories, providing rapid biochemical and molecular genetic testing. The Clinic sees over 1,100 active patients and performs about 4,000 biochemical and genetic tests each year.
References
External links
Official site
Genomics in Amish Country
Scientists discover genetic defect responsible for devastating brain disorder among Amish babies
Amish in Pennsylvania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20thyrohyoid%20ligament
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The lateral thyrohyoid ligament (lateral hyothyroid ligament) is a round elastic cord, which forms the posterior border of the thyrohyoid membrane and passes between the tip of the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage and the extremity of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve typical lies lateral to this ligament.
Triticeal cartilage
A small cartilaginous nodule (cartilago triticea), sometimes bony, is frequently found in the lateral thyrohyoid ligament.
References
External links
- "Larynx, anterior view"
- "Larynx, lateral view"
Human head and neck
Ligaments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrohyoid%20membrane
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The thyrohyoid membrane (or hyothyroid membrane) is a broad, fibro-elastic sheet of the larynx. It connects the upper border of the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone.
Structure
The thyrohyoid membrane is attached below to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and to the front of its superior cornu, and above to the upper margin of the posterior surface of the body and greater cornu of the hyoid bone. It passes behind the posterior surface of the body of the hyoid. It is separated from the hyoid bone by a mucous bursa, which allows for the upward movement of the larynx during swallowing.
Its middle thicker part is termed the median thyrohyoid ligament. Its lateral thinner portions are pierced by the superior laryngeal vessels and the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Its anterior surface is in relation with the thyrohyoid muscle, sternohyoid muscle, and omohyoid muscles, and with the body of the hyoid bone. It is pierced by the superior laryngeal nerve. It is also pierced the superior thyroid artery, where there is a thickening of the membrane.
Clinical significance
Superior laryngeal artery
The thyrohyoid membrane needs to be manipulated to access the superior thyroid artery.
History
The thyrohyoid membrane refers to the two structures it connects: the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone. It may also be known as the hyothyroid membrane, where the two structures are reversed.
Additional images
References
External links
()
- "Larynx, ante
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen%E2%80%93Shannon%20divergence
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In probability theory and statistics, the Jensen–Shannon divergence is a method of measuring the similarity between two probability distributions. It is also known as information radius (IRad) or total divergence to the average. It is based on the Kullback–Leibler divergence, with some notable (and useful) differences, including that it is symmetric and it always has a finite value. The square root of the Jensen–Shannon divergence is a metric often referred to as Jensen–Shannon distance.
Definition
Consider the set of probability distributions where is a set provided with some σ-algebra of measurable subsets. In particular we can take to be a finite or countable set with all subsets being measurable.
The Jensen–Shannon divergence (JSD) is a symmetrized and smoothed version of the Kullback–Leibler divergence . It is defined by
where is a mixture distribution of and .
The geometric Jensen–Shannon divergence (or G-Jensen–Shannon divergence) yields a closed-form formula for divergence between two Gaussian distributions by taking the geometric mean.
A more general definition, allowing for the comparison of more than two probability distributions, is:
where
and are weights that are selected for the probability distributions , and is the Shannon entropy for distribution . For the two-distribution case described above,
Hence, for those distributions
Bounds
The Jensen–Shannon divergence is bounded by 1 for two probability distributions, given that one uses the base
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20giant%20interneuron
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The lateral giant interneuron (LG) is an interneuron in the abdominal nerve cord of crayfish, lobsters, shrimp of the order Decapoda and their relatives in the crustacean class Malacostraca. It is part of the system that controls a special kind of escape reflex of these organisms known as the "caridoid escape reaction."
When the sensory hairs of the tail fan of crayfish are stimulated, the LG activates the motor neurons that control flexion movements of the abdomen in a way that propels the crayfish away from the source of the stimulation. The LG bypasses the main neural system that controls locomotion, thus shortening the reaction time.
The lateral giant connection to motor giant fast flexor neurons was the first known example of an electrical synapse .
See also
Mauthner cell
Medial giant interneuron
Squid giant axon
References
Neurons
Crayfish
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Life%20Equation
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The Anti-Life Equation is a fictional concept appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. In Jack Kirby's Fourth World setting, the Anti-Life Equation is a formula for total control over the minds of sentient beings that is sought by Darkseid, who, for this reason, sends his forces to Earth, as he believes part of the equation exists in the subconsciousness of humanity. Various comics have defined the equation in different ways, but a common interpretation is that the equation may be seen as a mathematical proof of the futility of living, or of life as incarceration of spirit, per predominant religious and modern cultural suppositions.
History
Jack Kirby's original comics established the Anti-Life Equation as giving the being who learns it power to dominate the will of all sentient and sapient races. It is called the Anti-Life Equation because "if someone possesses absolute control over you — you're not really alive". Most stories featuring the Equation use this concept. The Forever People's Mother Box found the Anti-Life Equation in Sonny Sumo, but Darkseid, unaware of this, stranded him in ancient Japan. A man known as Billion-Dollar Bates had control over the Equation's power even without the Mother Box's aid, but was accidentally killed by one of his own guards.
When Metron and Swamp Thing attempt to breach the Source, which drives Swamp Thing temporarily mad, Darkseid discovers that part of the formula is love. Upon being told by the Dominators of their p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysis%20%28disambiguation%29
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Lysis is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell. Lysis may also refer to:
Lysis (dialogue), a dialogue of Plato about friendship (philia)
Lysis of Taras ( 5th century BCE), Greek philosopher
Lysis, one of the stages of the lytic cycle, one of the two cycles of viral reproduction
Alkaline lysis, a method used in molecular biology to isolate plasmid DNA from bacteria
See also
Lysias (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Scott%20%28mathematician%29
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Elizabeth Leonard Scott (November 23, 1917 – December 20, 1988) was an American mathematician specializing in statistics.
Scott was born in Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Her family moved to Berkeley, California when she was 4 years old. She attended the University of California, Berkeley where she studied astronomy. She earned her Ph.D. in 1949 in astronomy, and received a permanent position in the Department of Mathematics at Berkeley in 1951.
She wrote over 30 papers on astronomy and 30 on weather modification research analysis, incorporating and expanding the use of statistical analyses in these fields. She also used statistics to promote equal opportunities and equal pay for female academics.
In 1957 Scott noted a bias in the observation of galaxy clusters. She noticed that for an observer to find a very distant cluster, it must contain brighter-than-normal galaxies and must also contain a large number of galaxies. She proposed a correction formula to adjust for (what came to be known as) the Scott effect.
Dr. Scott was a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.
The Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies awards a prize in her honor, the Elizabeth L. Scott Award, for "fostering opportunities in statistics for women".
References
1917 births
1988 deaths
American statisticians
Women statisticians
Fellows of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Presidents of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
20th-century American mathematicians
20th-century women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%20population%20statistics
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Berlin is the most populous city in the European Union, as calculated by city-proper population (not metropolitan area).
Demographics
Population by borough
Historical development of Berlin's population
The spike in population in 1920 is a result of the Greater Berlin Act.
Population by nationality
On 31 December 2010 the largest groups by foreign nationality were citizens from Turkey (104,556), Poland (40,988), Serbia (19,230), Italy (15,842), Russia (15,332), United States (12,733), France (13,262), Vietnam (13,199), Croatia (10,104), Bosnia and Herzegovina (10,198), UK (10,191), Greece (9,301), Austria (9,246), Ukraine (8,324), Lebanon (7,078), Spain (7,670), Bulgaria (9,988), the People's Republic of China (5,632), Thailand (5,037). There is also a large Arabic community, mostly from Lebanon, Palestine and Iraq. Additionally, Berlin has one of the largest Vietnamese communities outside Vietnam, with about 83,000 people of Vietnamese origin.
See also
Demographics of Berlin
Demographics of Cologne
Demographics of Hamburg
Demographics of Munich
References
External links
Berlin State Statistical Office
Berlin State Statistical Office (old homepage)
Schwenk, Herbert, Berliner Stadtentwicklung von A bis Z: Kleines Handbuch zum Werden und Wachsen der deutschen Hauptstadt, 2nd edition. Berlin: Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein, 1998.
Geography of Berlin
History of Berlin
Demographics of Germany
Demographics by city
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%20microdissection
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Chromosome microdissection is a technique that physically removes a large section of DNA from a complete chromosome. The smallest portion of DNA that can be isolated using this method comprises 10 million base pairs - hundreds or thousands of individual genes.
Scientists who study chromosomes are known as cytogeneticists. They are able to identify each chromosome based on its unique pattern of dark and light bands. Certain abnormalities, however, cause chromosomes to have unusual banding patterns. For example, one chromosome may have a piece of another chromosome inserted within it, creating extra bands. Or, a portion of a chromosome may be repeated over and over again, resulting in an unusually wide, dark band (known as a homogeneously staining region). Some chromosomal aberrations have been linked to cancer and inherited genetic disorders, and the chromosomes of many tumor cells exhibit irregular bands. To understand more about what causes these conditions, scientists hope to determine which genes and DNA sequences are located near these unusual bands. Chromosome microdissection is a specialized way of isolating these regions by removing the DNA from the band and making that DNA available for further study.
To prepare cells for chromosome microdissection, a scientist first treats them with a chemical that forces them into metaphase: a phase of the cell's life-cycle where the chromosomes are tightly coiled and highly visible. Next, the cells are dropped onto a microscope s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20factor%20II%20D
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Transcription factor II D (TFIID) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex. RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins. Before the start of transcription, the transcription Factor II D (TFIID) complex binds to the core promoter DNA of the gene through specific recognition of promoter sequence motifs, including the TATA box, Initiator, Downstream Promoter, Motif Ten, or Downstream Regulatory elements.
Functions
Coordinates the activities of more than 70 polypeptides required for initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
Binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly
Serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex
Acts as a channel for regulatory signals
Structure
TFIID is itself composed of TBP and several subunits called TATA-binding protein Associated Factors (TBP-associated factors, or TAFs). In a test tube, only TBP is necessary for transcription at promoters that contain a TATA box. TAFs, however, add promoter selectivity, especially if there is no TATA box sequence for TBP to bind to. TAFs are included in two distinct complexes, TFIID and B-TFIID. The TFIID complex is composed of TBP and more than eight TAFs. But, the majo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%20Hyun
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Cho Hyun is a football player from South Korea.
He was a member of the South Korea U-20 team in early 1990s and went on to play as a professional in the K-League.
Club career statistics
External links
1974 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
South Korean men's footballers
Suwon Samsung Bluewings players
Ulsan Hyundai FC players
K League 1 players
Dongguk University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20economy
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A regular economy is an economy characterized by an excess demand function which has the property that its slope at any equilibrium price vector is non-zero. In other words, if we graph the excess demand function against prices, then the excess demand function "cuts" the x-axis assuring that each equilibrium is locally unique. Local uniqueness in turn permits the use of comparative statics - an analysis of how the economy responds to external shocks - as long as these shocks are not too large.
An important result due to Debreu (1970) states that almost any economy, defined by an initial distribution of consumers' endowments, is regular. In technical terms, the set of nonregular economies is of Lebesgue measure zero.
Combined with the index theorem this result implies that almost any economy will have a finite (and odd) number of equilibria.
References
Debreu, G. (1970). Economies with a finite set of equilibria. Econometrica, 38 (3), 387–392.
Dierker, E. (1972). Two Remarks on the Number of Equilibria of an Economy. Econometrica, 40 (5), 951–953.
Mas-Colell, A., Whinston, M. and Green, J. (1995). Microeconomic Theory. Oxford University Press.
General equilibrium theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coactivator%20%28genetics%29
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A coactivator is a type of transcriptional coregulator that binds to an activator (a transcription factor) to increase the rate of transcription of a gene or set of genes. The activator contains a DNA binding domain that binds either to a DNA promoter site or a specific DNA regulatory sequence called an enhancer. Binding of the activator-coactivator complex increases the speed of transcription by recruiting general transcription machinery to the promoter, therefore increasing gene expression. The use of activators and coactivators allows for highly specific expression of certain genes depending on cell type and developmental stage.
Some coactivators also have histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. HATs form large multiprotein complexes that weaken the association of histones to DNA by acetylating the N-terminal histone tail. This provides more space for the transcription machinery to bind to the promoter, therefore increasing gene expression.
Activators are found in all living organisms, but coactivator proteins are typically only found in eukaryotes because they are more complex and require a more intricate mechanism for gene regulation. In eukaryotes, coactivators are usually proteins that are localized in the nucleus.
Mechanism
Some coactivators indirectly regulate gene expression by binding to an activator and inducing a conformational change that then allows the activator to bind to the DNA enhancer or promoter sequence. Once the activator-coactivator complex bin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional%20nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy
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Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR) is a set of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one. Types of 2D NMR include correlation spectroscopy (COSY), J-spectroscopy, exchange spectroscopy (EXSY), and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY). Two-dimensional NMR spectra provide more information about a molecule than one-dimensional NMR spectra and are especially useful in determining the structure of a molecule, particularly for molecules that are too complicated to work with using one-dimensional NMR.
The first two-dimensional experiment, COSY, was proposed by Jean Jeener, a professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, in 1971. This experiment was later implemented by Walter P. Aue, Enrico Bartholdi and Richard R. Ernst, who published their work in 1976.
Fundamental concepts
Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency (RF) pulses with delay periods in between them. The timing, frequencies, and intensities of these pulses distinguish different NMR experiments from one another. Almost all two-dimensional experiments have four stages: the preparation period, where a magnetization coherence is created through a set of RF pulses; the evolution period, a determined length of time during which no pulses are delivered and the nuclear spins are allowed to freely precess (rotate); the mixing period, where the coherence is manipulated by a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level%20sensor
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Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids, including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free surface. Substances that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers (or other physical boundaries) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak. The substance to be measured can be inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a river or a lake). The level measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous level sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount of substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors only indicate whether the substance is above or below the sensing point. Generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high or low.
There are many physical and application variables that affect the selection of the optimal level monitoring method for industrial and commercial processes. The selection criteria include the physical: phase (liquid, solid or slurry), temperature, pressure or vacuum, chemistry, dielectric constant of medium, density (specific gravity) of medium, agitation (action), acoustical or electrical noise, vibration, mechanical shock, tank or bin size and shape. Also important are the application constraints: price, accuracy, appearance, response rate, ease of calibration or programming, physical size and mounting of the instrument, monitoring or control of continuous or discr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20efficiency
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In thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency () is a dimensionless performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy, such as an internal combustion engine, steam turbine, steam engine, boiler, furnace, refrigerator, ACs etc.
For a heat engine, thermal efficiency is the ratio of the net work output to the heat input; in the case of a heat pump, thermal efficiency (known as the coefficient of performance) is the ratio of net heat output (for heating), or the net heat removed (for cooling) to the energy input (external work). The efficiency of a heat engine is fractional as the output is always less than the input while the COP of a heat pump is more than 1. These values are further restricted by the Carnot theorem.
Overview
In general, energy conversion efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of a device and the input, in energy terms. For thermal efficiency, the input, , to the device is heat, or the heat-content of a fuel that is consumed. The desired output is mechanical work, , or heat, , or possibly both. Because the input heat normally has a real financial cost, a memorable, generic definition of thermal efficiency is
From the first law of thermodynamics, the energy output cannot exceed the input, and by the second law of thermodynamics it cannot be equal in a non-ideal process, so
When expressed as a percentage, the thermal efficiency must be between 0% and 100%. Efficiency must be less than 100% because there are inefficiencies such as friction and h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin%20telluride
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Tin telluride is a compound of tin and tellurium (SnTe); is a IV-VI narrow band gap semiconductor and has direct band gap of 0.18 eV. It is often alloyed with lead to make lead tin telluride, which is used as an infrared detector material.
Tin telluride normally forms p-type semiconductor (Extrinsic semiconductor) due to tin vacancies and is a low temperature
superconductor.
SnTe exists in three crystal phases. At Low temperatures, where the concentration of hole carriers is less than 1.5x1020 cm−3 , Tin Telluride exists in rhombohedral phase also known as α-SnTe.
At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, Tin Telluride exists in NaCl-like cubic crystal phase, known as β-SnTe.
While at 18 kbar pressure, β-SnTe transforms to γ-SnTe, orthorhombic phase, space group Pnma. This phase change is characterized by 11 percent increase in density and 360 percent increase in resistance for γ-SnTe.
Tin telluride is a thermoelectric material. Theoretical studies
imply that the n-type performance may be particularly good.
Thermal properties
Standard enthalpy of formation: - 14.6 ± 0.3 kcal/mole at 298 K
Standard Enthalpy of sublimation: 52.1 ± 1.4 kcal/mole at 298 K
Heat capacity: 12.1 + 2.1 x 10−3 T cal/deg
Bond-dissociation energy for the reaction SnTe(g)-> Sn(g)+ Te(g) : 80.6 ± 1.5 kcal/mole at 298 K
Entropy: 24.2±0.1 cal/mole.deg
Enthalpy of Dimerization for the reaction Sn2Te2->2SnTe(g) :46.9 ± 6.0 kcal/mole
Applications
Generally Pb is alloyed with SnTe in order to acc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair%20queuing
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Fair queuing is a family of scheduling algorithms used in some process and network schedulers. The algorithm is designed to achieve fairness when a limited resource is shared, for example to prevent flows with large packets or processes that generate small jobs from consuming more throughput or CPU time than other flows or processes.
Fair queuing is implemented in some advanced network switches and routers.
History
The term fair queuing was coined by John Nagle in 1985 while proposing round-robin scheduling in the gateway between a local area network and the internet to reduce network disruption from badly-behaving hosts.
A byte-weighted version was proposed by Alan Demers, Srinivasan Keshav and Scott Shenker in 1989, and was based on the earlier Nagle fair queuing algorithm. The byte-weighted fair queuing algorithm aims to mimic a bit-per-bit multiplexing by computing theoretical departure date for each packet.
The concept has been further developed into weighted fair queuing, and the more general concept of traffic shaping, where queuing priorities are dynamically controlled to achieve desired flow quality of service goals or accelerate some flows.
Principle
Fair queuing uses one queue per packet flow and services them in rotation, such that each flow can "obtain an equal fraction of the resources".
The advantage over conventional first in first out (FIFO) or priority queuing is that a high-data-rate flow, consisting of large packets or many data packets, cannot ta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20hashing
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In mathematics and computing, universal hashing (in a randomized algorithm or data structure) refers to selecting a hash function at random from a family of hash functions with a certain mathematical property (see definition below). This guarantees a low number of collisions in expectation, even if the data is chosen by an adversary. Many universal families are known (for hashing integers, vectors, strings), and their evaluation is often very efficient. Universal hashing has numerous uses in computer science, for example in implementations of hash tables, randomized algorithms, and cryptography.
Introduction
Assume we want to map keys from some universe into bins (labelled ). The algorithm will have to handle some data set of keys, which is not known in advance. Usually, the goal of hashing is to obtain a low number of collisions (keys from that land in the same bin). A deterministic hash function cannot offer any guarantee in an adversarial setting if , since the adversary may choose to be precisely the preimage of a bin. This means that all data keys land in the same bin, making hashing useless. Furthermore, a deterministic hash function does not allow for rehashing: sometimes the input data turns out to be bad for the hash function (e.g. there are too many collisions), so one would like to change the hash function.
The solution to these problems is to pick a function randomly from a family of hash functions. A family of functions is called a universal family if,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substomatal%20cavity
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In plants, the substomatal cavity is the cavity located immediately proximal to the stoma. It acts as a diffusion chamber connected with intercellular air spaces and allows rapid diffusion of carbon dioxide and other gases (such as plant pheromones) in and out of plant cells.
References
Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2006) Plant Biology (Second Edition). Pearsons Education, USA.
See also
Stoma
Transpiration stream
Plant cells
Plant anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection%20formula
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In mathematics, a reflection formula or reflection relation for a function f is a relationship between f(a − x) and f(x). It is a special case of a functional equation, and it is very common in the literature to use the term "functional equation" when "reflection formula" is meant.
Reflection formulas are useful for numerical computation of special functions. In effect, an approximation that has greater accuracy or only converges on one side of a reflection point (typically in the positive half of the complex plane) can be employed for all arguments.
Known formulae
The even and odd functions satisfy by definition simple reflection relations around a = 0. For all even functions,
and for all odd functions,
A famous relationship is Euler's reflection formula
for the gamma function , due to Leonhard Euler.
There is also a reflection formula for the general n-th order polygamma function ψ(n)(z),
which springs trivially from the fact that the polygamma functions are defined as the derivatives of and thus inherit the reflection formula.
The Riemann zeta function ζ(z) satisfies
and the Riemann Xi function ξ(z) satisfies
References
Calculus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory%27s%20extension%20theorem
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In measure theory, Carathéodory's extension theorem (named after the mathematician Constantin Carathéodory) states that any pre-measure defined on a given ring of subsets R of a given set Ω can be extended to a measure on the σ-ring generated by R, and this extension is unique if the pre-measure is σ-finite. Consequently, any pre-measure on a ring containing all intervals of real numbers can be extended to the Borel algebra of the set of real numbers. This is an extremely powerful result of measure theory, and leads, for example, to the Lebesgue measure.
The theorem is also sometimes known as the Carathéodory–Fréchet extension theorem, the Carathéodory–Hopf extension theorem, the Hopf extension theorem and the Hahn–Kolmogorov extension theorem.
Introductory statement
Several very similar statements of the theorem can be given. A slightly more involved one, based on semi-rings of sets, is given further down below. A shorter, simpler statement is as follows. In this form, it is often called the Hahn–Kolmogorov theorem.
Let be an algebra of subsets of a set Consider a set function
which is finitely additive, meaning that
for any positive integer and disjoint sets in
Assume that this function satisfies the stronger sigma additivity assumption
for any disjoint family of elements of such that (Functions obeying these two properties are known as pre-measures.) Then,
extends to a measure defined on the -algebra generated by ; that is, there exists a measure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putting%20Biodiversity%20on%20the%20Map
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Putting biodiversity on the map: priority areas for global conservation by C. J. Bibby, N. J. Collar, M. J. Crosby, M.F. Heath, Ch. Imboden, T. H. Johnson, A. J. Long, A. J. Stattersfield and S. J. Thirgood () is a 1992 book published by the International Council for Bird Preservation.
The book introduced the Endemic Bird Area (EBA) concept and argued for its use as a means of identifying important areas for the conservation of all biodiversity worldwide.
The book starts with a number of sections outlining its overall aim, scope and methods. This is followed by a global overview, which is followed in turn by regional overviews for six regions:
North and Central America
South America
Africa, Europe and the Middle East
Continental Asia
South-east Asian Islands, New Guinea and Australia
Pacific Islands
This is followed by a similar set of regional analyses for other groups of animals and plants. Two final sections set out recommendations for the use of EBAs in conservation priority setting, and a set of conclusions. A number of appendices give detailed data in tabular form on EBAs and their importance.
The book does not describe the individual Endemic Bird Areas in detail; a subsequent more detailed publication, Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation does so, however.
The book is 90 pages long. It has a foreword by Edward O. Wilson.
Literature relating to endemism in birds
1992 non-fiction books
1992 in the environment
BirdLife In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-regulatory%20element
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Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) or Cis''-regulatory modules (CRMs) are regions of non-coding DNA which regulate the transcription of neighboring genes. CREs are vital components of genetic regulatory networks, which in turn control morphogenesis, the development of anatomy, and other aspects of embryonic development, studied in evolutionary developmental biology.
CREs are found in the vicinity of the genes that they regulate. CREs typically regulate gene transcription by binding to transcription factors. A single transcription factor may bind to many CREs, and hence control the expression of many genes (pleiotropy). The Latin prefix cis means "on this side", i.e. on the same molecule of DNA as the gene(s) to be transcribed.
CRMs are stretches of DNA, usually 100–1000 DNA base pairs in length, where a number of transcription factors can bind and regulate expression of nearby genes and regulate their transcription rates. They are labeled as cis because they are typically located on the same DNA strand as the genes they control as opposed to trans, which refers to effects on genes not located on the same strand or farther away, such as transcription factors. One cis-regulatory element can regulate several genes, and conversely, one gene can have several cis-regulatory modules. Cis-regulatory modules carry out their function by integrating the active transcription factors and the associated co-factors at a specific time and place in the cell where this information is read and an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sunderland%20A.F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics
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Sunderland Association Football Club, are a professional football club based in Sunderland, North East England. They were announced to the world by the local newspaper, The Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette on 27 September 1880 as Sunderland & District Teachers Association Football Club following a meeting of the Teachers at Rectory Park school in Sunderland on 25 September 1880. The football club changed their name to the current form on 16 October 1880, just 20 days after the September announcement. They were elected into The Football League in the 1890–91 season, becoming the first team to join the league since its inauguration in the 1889–90 season, replacing Stoke F.C.
Transfers
All figures are based on the maximum potential fee and are correct as at 1 September 2013.
In
Out
Honours and achievements
Sunderland have won a total of six Football League Championships including three in the space of four seasons, along with being runners-up five times. Sunderland have also experienced success in the FA Cup, winning it twice; in 1937 and 1973. They have never won the League Cup but finished as finalists in 1985 and 2014.
League
First Division (level 1):
Winners (6): 1891–92, 1892–93, 1894–95, 1901–02, 1912–13, 1935–36
Runners-up (5): 1893–94, 1897–98, 1900–01, 1922–23, 1934–35
Football League Championship (level 2):
Winners (2): 2004–05, 2006–07
Second Division (level 2):
Winners (1): 1975–76
Runners-up (2): 1963–64, 1979–80
Promotion (1): 1989–90
First Divis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQP
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SQP may refer to:
Sequential quadratic programming, an iterative method for constrained nonlinear optimization
South Quay Plaza, a residential-led development under construction in Canary Wharf on the Isle of Dogs, London
SQP, the ICAO code for SkyUp, Kyiv, Ukraine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%E2%80%93Q%20plot
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In statistics, a Q–Q plot (quantile–quantile plot) is a probability plot, a graphical method for comparing two probability distributions by plotting their quantiles against each other. A point on the plot corresponds to one of the quantiles of the second distribution (-coordinate) plotted against the same quantile of the first distribution (-coordinate). This defines a parametric curve where the parameter is the index of the quantile interval.
If the two distributions being compared are similar, the points in the Q–Q plot will approximately lie on the identity line . If the distributions are linearly related, the points in the Q–Q plot will approximately lie on a line, but not necessarily on the line . Q–Q plots can also be used as a graphical means of estimating parameters in a location-scale family of distributions.
A Q–Q plot is used to compare the shapes of distributions, providing a graphical view of how properties such as location, scale, and skewness are similar or different in the two distributions. Q–Q plots can be used to compare collections of data, or theoretical distributions. The use of Q–Q plots to compare two samples of data can be viewed as a non-parametric approach to comparing their underlying distributions. A Q–Q plot is generally more diagnostic than comparing the samples' histograms, but is less widely known. Q–Q plots are commonly used to compare a data set to a theoretical model. This can provide an assessment of goodness of fit that is graphi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%20B.%20Seibert
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Florence Barbara Seibert (October 6, 1897 – August 23, 1991) was an American biochemist. She is best known for identifying the active agent in the antigen tuberculin as a protein, and subsequently for isolating a pure form of tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD), enabling the development and use of a reliable TB test. Seibert has been inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame and the National Women's Hall of Fame.
Early life and education
Seibert was born on October 6, 1897, in Easton, Pennsylvania, to George Peter Seibert and Barbara (Memmert) Seibert. At age three, Florence contracted polio. She had to wear leg braces and walked with a limp throughout her life. As a teenager, Seibert is reported to have read biographies of famous scientists which inspired her interest in science.
Seibert did her undergraduate work at Goucher College in Baltimore, graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1918. She and one of her chemistry teachers, Jessie E. Minor, did war-time work at the Chemistry Laboratory of the Hammersley Paper Mill in Garfield, New Jersey.
Seibert earned her Ph.D. in biochemistry from Yale University in 1923. At Yale she studied the intravenous injection of milk proteins under the direction of Lafayette Mendel. She developed a method to prevent these proteins from being contaminated with bacteria. She was a Van Meter Fellow from 1921 - 1922 and an American Physiological Society Porter Fellow from 1922 - 1923, both at Yale University.
Professional achievements an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary%20search
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A ternary search algorithm is a technique in computer science for finding the minimum or maximum of a unimodal function.
The function
Assume we are looking for a maximum of and that we know the maximum lies somewhere between and . For the algorithm to be applicable, there must be some value such that
for all with , we have , and
for all with , we have .
Algorithm
Let be a unimodal function on some interval . Take any two points and in this segment: . Then there are three possibilities:
if , then the required maximum can not be located on the left side – . It means that the maximum further makes sense to look only in the interval
if , that the situation is similar to the previous, up to symmetry. Now, the required maximum can not be in the right side – , so go to the segment
if , then the search should be conducted in , but this case can be attributed to any of the previous two (in order to simplify the code). Sooner or later the length of the segment will be a little less than a predetermined constant, and the process can be stopped.
choice points and :
Run time order
Recursive algorithm
def ternary_search(f, left, right, absolute_precision) -> float:
"""Left and right are the current bounds;
the maximum is between them.
"""
if abs(right - left) < absolute_precision:
return (left + right) / 2
left_third = (2*left + right) / 3
right_third = (left + 2*right) / 3
if f(left_third) < f(right_third):
retu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma%20receptor
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Sigma receptors (σ-receptors) are protein cell surface receptors that bind ligands such as 4-PPBP (4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine), SA 4503 (cutamesine), ditolylguanidine, dimethyltryptamine, and siramesine. There are two subtypes, sigma-1 receptors (σ1) and sigma-2 receptors (σ2), which are classified as sigma receptors for their pharmacological similarities, even though they are evolutionarily unrelated.
The fungal protein ERG2, a C-8 sterol isomerase, falls into the same protein family as sigma-1. Both localize to the ER membrane, although sigma-1 is also reported to be a cell surface receptor. Sigma-2 is an EXPREA domain protein (citation needed) with a mostly intracellular (ER membrane) localization.
Classification
Because the σ-receptor was originally discovered to be agonized by benzomorphan opioids and antagonized by naltrexone, σ-receptors were originally believed to be a type of opioid receptor. When the σ1 receptor was isolated and cloned, it was found to have no structural similarity to the opioid receptors, but rather showed similarity to fungal proteins involved in sterol synthesis. At this point, they were designated as a separate class of proteins.
Function
The function of these receptors is poorly understood. Drugs known to be σ-agonists include cocaine, morphine/diacetylmorphine, opipramol, PCP, fluvoxamine, methamphetamine, dextromethorphan, and berberine. However, the exact role of σ-receptors is difficult to establish as many σ-agonists also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarase
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Fumarase (or fumarate hydratase) is an enzyme () that catalyzes the reversible hydration/dehydration of fumarate to malate. Fumarase comes in two forms: mitochondrial and cytosolic. The mitochondrial isoenzyme is involved in the Krebs cycle and the cytosolic isoenzyme is involved in the metabolism of amino acids and fumarate. Subcellular localization is established by the presence of a signal sequence on the amino terminus in the mitochondrial form, while subcellular localization in the cytosolic form is established by the absence of the signal sequence found in the mitochondrial variety.
This enzyme participates in 2 metabolic pathways: citric acid cycle and reductive citric acid cycle (CO2 fixation), and is also important in renal cell carcinoma. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the development of leiomyomas in the skin and uterus in combination with renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC syndrome).
Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming). Other names in common use include:
fumarase
L-malate hydro-lyase
(S)-malate hydro-lyase
Structure
Gene
In humans, the FH gene is localized to the chromosomal position 1q42.3-q43. The FH gene contains 10 exons.
Protein
Crystal structures of fumarase C from Escherichia coli have been observed to have two dicarboxylate binding sites close to one another. Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang%27s%20algorithm
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Huang's algorithm is an algorithm for detecting termination in a distributed system. The algorithm was proposed by Shing-Tsaan Huang in 1989 in the Journal of Computers.
Termination detection
The basis of termination detection is in the concept of a distributed system process' state. At any time, a process in a distributed system is either in an active state or in an idle state. An active process may become idle at any time but an idle process may only become active again upon receiving a computational message.
Termination occurs when all processes in the distributed system become idle and there are no computational messages in transit.
Algorithm
Huang's algorithm can be described by the following:
Initially all processes are idle.
A distributed task is started by a process sending a computational message to another process. This initial process to send the message is the "controlling agent".
The initial weight of the controlling agent is (usually 1).
The following rules are applied throughout the computation:
A process sending a message splits its current weight between itself and the message.
A process receiving a message adds the weight of the message to itself.
Upon becoming idle, a process sends a message containing its entire weight back to the controlling agent and it goes idle.
Termination occurs when the controlling agent has a weight of and is in the idle state.
Some weaknesses to Huang's algorithm are that it is unable to detect termination if a messa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%E2%80%93Scholten%20algorithm
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The Dijkstra–Scholten algorithm (named after Edsger W. Dijkstra and Carel S. Scholten) is an algorithm for detecting termination in a distributed system. The algorithm was proposed by Dijkstra and Scholten in 1980.
First, consider the case of a simple process graph which is a tree. A distributed computation which is tree-structured is not uncommon. Such a process graph may arise when the computation is strictly a divide-and-conquer type. A node starts the computation and divides the problem in two (or more, usually a multiple of 2) roughly equal parts and distribute those parts to other processors. This process continues recursively until the problems are of sufficiently small size to solve in a single processor.
Algorithm
The Dijkstra–Scholten algorithm is a tree-based algorithm which can be described by the following:
The initiator of a computation is the root of the tree.
Upon receiving a computational message:
If the receiving process is currently not in the computation: the process joins the tree by becoming a child of the sender of the message. (No acknowledgment message is sent at this point.)
If the receiving process is already in the computation: the process immediately sends an acknowledgment message to the sender of the message.
When a process has no more children and has become idle, the process detaches itself from the tree by sending an acknowledgment message to its tree parent.
Termination occurs when the initiator has no children and has become idle.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsonite
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Lawsonite is a hydrous calcium aluminium sorosilicate mineral with formula CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O. Lawsonite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system in prismatic, often tabular crystals. Crystal twinning is common. It forms transparent to translucent colorless, white, and bluish to pinkish grey glassy to greasy crystals. Refractive indices are nα=1.665, nβ=1.672 - 1.676, and nγ=1.684 - 1.686. It is typically almost colorless in thin section, but some lawsonite is pleochroic from colorless to pale yellow to pale blue, depending on orientation. The mineral has a Mohs hardness of 8 and a specific gravity of 3.09. It has perfect cleavage in two directions and a brittle fracture.
Lawsonite is a metamorphic mineral typical of the blueschist facies. It also occurs as a secondary mineral in altered gabbro and diorite. Associate minerals include epidote, titanite, glaucophane, garnet and quartz. It is an uncommon constituent of eclogite.
Lawsonite was first described in 1895 for occurrences on Ring Mountain of the Tiburon peninsula, Marin County, California and was named after geologist Andrew Lawson (1861–1952) of the University of California by two of Lawson's graduate students, Charles Palache and Frederick Leslie Ransome.
Composition
Lawsonite is a metamorphic silicate mineral related chemically and structurally to the epidote group of minerals. It is close to the ideal composition of CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O giving it a close chemical composition with anorthite CaAl2Si2O8 (its anhydr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode%20logic
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Diode logic (or diode-resistor logic) constructs AND and OR logic gates with diodes and resistors.
An active device (vacuum tubes in early computers, then transistors in diode–transistor logic) is additionally required to provide logical inversion (NOT) for functional completeness and amplification for voltage level restoration, which diode logic alone can't provide.
Since voltage levels weaken with each diode logic stage, multiple stages can't easily be cascaded, limiting diode logic's usefulness. However, diode logic has the advantage of utilizing only cheap passive components.
Background
Logic gates
Logic gates evaluate Boolean algebra, typically using electronic switches controlled by logical inputs connected in parallel or series. Diode logic can only implement OR and AND, because inverters (NOT gates) require an active device.
Logic voltage levels
Main article:
Binary logic uses two distinct logic levels of voltage signals that may be labeled high and low. In this discussion, voltages close to +5 volts are high, and voltages close to 0 volts (ground) are low. The exact magnitude of the voltage is not critical, provided that inputs are driven by strong enough sources so that output voltages lie within detectably different ranges.
For active-high or positive logic, high represents logic 1 (true) and low represents logic 0 (false). However, the assignment of logical 1 and logical 0 to high or low is arbitrary and is reversed in active-low or negative logic, where
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombomodulin
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Thrombomodulin (TM), CD141 or BDCA-3 is an integral membrane protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and serves as a cofactor for thrombin. It reduces blood coagulation by converting thrombin to an anticoagulant enzyme from a procoagulant enzyme. Thrombomodulin is also expressed on human mesothelial cell, monocyte and a dendritic cell subset.
Genetics and structure
In humans, thrombomodulin is encoded by the gene. The protein has a molecular mass of 74kDa, and consists of a single chain with six tandemly repeated EGF-like domains, a Serine/Threonine-rich spacer and a transmembrane domain.
It is a member of the C-type lectin domain (CTLD) group 14 family.
Function
Thrombomodulin functions as a cofactor in the thrombin-induced activation of protein C in the anticoagulant pathway by forming a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with thrombin. This raises the speed of protein C activation thousandfold. Thrombomodulin-bound thrombin has procoagulant effect at the same time by inhibiting fibrinolysis by cleaving thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI, aka carboxypeptidase B2) into its active form.
Thrombomodulin is a glycoprotein on the surface of endothelial cells that, in addition to binding thrombin, regulates C3b inactivation by factor I. Mutations in the thrombomodulin gene (THBD) have also been reported to be associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS).
The antigen described as BDCA-3 has turned out to be identical to thrombomodulin. Thu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prazepam
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Prazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by Warner-Lambert in the 1960s. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Prazepam is a prodrug for desmethyldiazepam which is responsible for the therapeutic effects of prazepam.
Indications
Prazepam is indicated for the short-term treatment of anxiety. After short-term therapy, the dose is usually gradually tapered-off to reduce or avoid any withdrawal or rebound effects. Desmethyldiazepam, an active metabolite, has a very long half-life of 29 to 224 hours, which contributes to the therapeutic effects of prazepam.
Side effects
Side effects of prazepam are less profound than with other benzodiazepines. Excessive drowsiness and with longer-term use, drug dependence, are the most common side effects of prazepam. Side effects such as fatigue or "feeling spacey" can also occur but less commonly than with other benzodiazepines. Other side effects include feebleness, clumsiness or lethargy, clouded thinking and mental slowness.
Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal
Tolerance and dependence can develop with long-term use of prazepam, and upon cessation or reduction in dosage, then a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome may occur with symptoms such as tremulousness, dysphoria, psychomotor agitation, tachycardia and sweating. In severe cases, hallucinations, psychosis and seizures can occur. Withdrawal-related psychosis is generally unresponsive to antipsychotic mediations. The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyping
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Genotyping is the process of determining differences in the genetic make-up (genotype) of an individual by examining the individual's DNA sequence using biological assays and comparing it to another individual's sequence or a reference sequence. It reveals the alleles an individual has inherited from their parents. Traditionally genotyping is the use of DNA sequences to define biological populations by use of molecular tools. It does not usually involve defining the genes of an individual.
Techniques
Current methods of genotyping include restriction fragment length polymorphism identification (RFLPI) of genomic DNA, random amplified polymorphic detection (RAPD) of genomic DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism detection (AFLPD), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, allele specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes, and hybridization to DNA microarrays or beads. Genotyping is important in research of genes and gene variants associated with disease. Due to current technological limitations, almost all genotyping is partial. That is, only a small fraction of an individual's genotype is determined, such as with (epi)GBS (Genotyping by sequencing) or RADseq. New mass-sequencing technologies promise to provide whole-genome genotyping (or whole genome sequencing) in the future.
Applications
Genotyping applies to a broad range of individuals, including microorganisms. For example, viruses and bacteria can be genotyped. Genotyping in this context may help in co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20%28Crystal%20Gayle%20album%29
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Crystal is the third studio album by American country music artist Crystal Gayle. The album rose to the number 7 spot on the Billboard Country Albums chart. It was released on August 6, 1976. It contained four charting singles, including two number 1 hits: "You Never Miss a Real Good Thing (Till He Says Goodbye)" and "Ready for the Times to Get Better." Another single, "I'll Do It All Over Again," just barely missed being the third chart-topper, stalling out at number 2, while "One More Time (Karneval)" could only rise to number 31.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle – vocals
Chris Leuzinger, Jimmy Colvard - electric guitar
Allen Reynolds, David Kirby, Garth Fundis, Jimmy Colvard - acoustic guitar
Lloyd Green - steel guitar, resonator guitar
Buddy Spicher - fiddle
Joe Allen - bass
Bobby Wood - keyboards
Charles Cochran - keyboards, string and horn arrangements
Jimmy Isbell - drums, percussion
Allen Reynolds, Garth Fundis, Sandy Mason, Crystal Gayle - backing vocals
Billy Puett, Dennis Good, Don Sheffield - horns
Carl Gorodetzky, Gary Vanosdale, George Binkley III, Lennie Haight, Marvin Chantry, Roy Christensen, Sheldon Kurland - strings
The Trolley Car Band - special effects
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Crystal Gayle albums
1976 albums
Albums produced by Allen Reynolds
United Artists Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodynamic%20Diagnostic%20Manual
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The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) is a diagnostic handbook similar to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The PDM was published on May 28, 2006.
The information contained in the PDM was collected by a collaborative task force which includes members of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the International Psychoanalytical Association, the Division of Psychoanalysis (Division 39) of the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, and the National Membership Committee on Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work.
Although it is based on current neuroscience and treatment outcome studies, Benedict Carey pointed out in an 2006 New York Times article that many of the concepts in the PDM are adapted from the classical psychoanalytic tradition of psychotherapy. For example, the PDM indicates that the anxiety disorders may be traced to the "four basic danger situations" described by Sigmund Freud (1926) as the loss of a significant other; the loss of love; the loss of body integrity; and the loss of affirmation by one's own conscience. It uses a new perspective on the existing diagnostic system as it enables clinicians to describe and categorize personality patterns, related social and emotional capacities, unique mental profiles, and personal experiences of the patient.
The PDM is not intended t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine%20aponeurosis
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The palatine aponeurosis a thin, firm, fibrous lamella which gives strength and support to soft palate. It serves as the insertion for the tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini, and the origin for the musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and palatoglossus.
The palatine aponeurosis is attached to the posterior margin of the hard palate. It is thicker anteriorly and thiner posteriorly. Posteriorly, it blends with the posterior muscular part of the soft palate. Posteroinferiorly, it presents a cruved free margin from which the uvula is suspended. Laterally, it is continuous with the pharyngeal aponeurosis.
See also
Aponeurosis
References
Human head and neck
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geldanamycin
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Geldanamycin is a 1,4-benzoquinone ansamycin antitumor antibiotic that inhibits the function of Hsp90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) by binding to the unusual ADP/ATP-binding pocket of the protein. HSP90 client proteins play important roles in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth, cell survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis and oncogenesis.
Geldanamycin induces the degradation of proteins that are mutated or overexpressed in tumor cells such as v-Src, Bcr-Abl, p53, and ERBB2. This effect is mediated via HSP90. Despite its potent antitumor potential, geldanamycin presents several major drawbacks as a drug candidate such as hepatotoxicity, further, Jilani et al.. reported that geldanamycin induces the apoptosis of erythrocytes under physiological concentrations. These side effects have led to the development of geldanamycin analogues, in particular analogues containing a derivatisation at the 17 position:
17-AAG
17-DMAG
Biosynthesis
Geldanamycin was originally discovered in the organism Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is a macrocyclic polyketide that is synthesized by a Type I polyketide synthase. The genes gelA, gelB, and gelC encode for the polyketide synthase. The PKS is first loaded with 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA). It then utilizes malonyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA, and methoxymalonyl-CoA to synthesize the precursor molecule Progeldanamycin. This precursor is subjected to several enzymatic and non-enzymatic tailoring steps to produce the active molecule Geldanamyc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclooctadiene
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A cyclooctadiene (sometimes abbreviated COD) is any of several cyclic diene with the formula (CH2)4(C2H2)2. Focusing only on cis derivatives, four isomers are possible: 1,2-, which is an allene, 1,3-, 1,4-, and 1,5-. Commonly encountered isomers are the conjugated isomer 1,3-cyclooctadiene and 1,5-cyclooctadiene, which is used as a ligand for transition metals. These dienes are colorless volatile liquids.
References
External links
1,5-Cyclooctadiene
Cycloalkenes
Dienes
Eight-membered rings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20Alice
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Radio Alice was an Italian free radio broadcasting from Bologna at the end of the 1970s. It started transmitting on 9 February 1976 using an ex-military transmitter on a frequency of 100.6 MHz. The station founders were associated with the Italian counter-culture movement of 1977 and drew inspiration from the Situationists and Dada. Franco "Bifo" Berardi, one of the founders, described Radio Alice as a "mix between a classical medium of militant information and a sort of art experiment in media sabotage."
The station was closed by the carabinieri on 12 March 1977. Radio Alice then re-opened again for two years and became politically aligned with the autonomism movement. After closure, the frequency was then given by the state to Radio Radicale. Radio Alice's output covered a myriad of subjects: labor protests, poetry, yoga lessons, political analysis, love declarations, cooking recipes, Jefferson Airplane, Area or Beethoven music. Participants in the station included Franco "Bifo" Berardi, Maurizio Torrealta, Filippo Scòzzari, Paolo Ricci and Carlo Rovelli. In 2002 some former staff members participated in the founding of Orfeo TV, the first Telestreet unlicensed TV.
The work of Radio Alice inspired the founders of Novara Media.
See also
Autonomism
Lavorare con lentezza, a 2004 Italian film about Radio Alice by Guido Chiesa
Wu Ming
References
Alice è il diavolo - Storia di una radio sovversiva, 1976, L'Erba Voglio (2002, Shake Edizioni)
External links
Watch Lavorare
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossen%20rearrangement
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The Lossen rearrangement is the conversion of a hydroxamate ester to an isocyanate. Typically O-acyl, sulfonyl, or phosphoryl O-derivative are employed. The isocyanate can be used further to generate ureas in the presence of amines or generate amines in the presence of H2O.
Reaction mechanism
The mechanism below begins with an O-acylated hydroxamic acid derivative that is treated with base to form an isocyanate that generates an amine and CO2 gas in the presence of H2O. The hydroxamic acid derivative is first converted to its conjugate base by abstraction of a hydrogen by a base. Spontaneous rearrangement releases a carboxylate anion to produce the isocyanate intermediate. The isocyanate is then hydrolyzed in the presence of H2O. Finally, the respective amine and CO2 are generated by abstraction of a proton with a base and decarboxylation.
Hydroxamic acids are commonly synthesized from their corresponding esters.
Historical references
See also
Curtius rearrangement
Hofmann rearrangement
Schmidt reaction
Beckmann rearrangement
Gabapentin
References
External links
Rearrangement reactions
Name reactions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.723
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G.723 is an ITU-T standard speech codec using extensions of G.721 providing voice quality covering 300 Hz to 3400 Hz using Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) to 24 and 40 kbit/s for digital circuit multiplication equipment (DCME) applications. The standard G.723 is obsolete and has been superseded by G.726.
Note that this is a completely different codec from G.723.1.
See also
List of codecs
G.723 [withdrawn] – Extensions of Recommendation G.721 adaptive differential pulse code modulation to 24 and 40 kbit/s for digital circuit multiplication equipment application. The content of the 1988 edition of ITU-T G.723 is now covered by ITU-T G.726.
G.723.1 – Dual rate speech coder for multimedia communications transmitting at 5.3 and 6.3 kbit/s
G.726 – 40, 32, 24, 16 kbit/s Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM). Corresponding ANSI-C code is available in the G.726 module of the ITU-T G.191 Software Tools Library.
External links
ITU-T page of G.723
References
Audio codecs
Speech codecs
ITU-T recommendations
ITU-T G Series Recommendations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Botts
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Michael Gene Botts (December 8, 1944 – December 9, 2005) was an American drummer, best known for his work with 1970s soft rock band Bread, and as a session musician. During his career, he recorded with Linda Ronstadt, Karla Bonoff, Andrew Gold, Olivia Newton-John, Peter Cetera, Anne Murray, Warren Zevon and Dan Fogelberg, among many others. He also contributed to several soundtracks for films, and to albums released under the name of The Simpsons. Although known primarily as a drummer, Botts also contributed backing vocals to some Bread songs.
Career
Born in Oakland, California, Botts grew up in nearby Antioch before moving to Sacramento. While in college, he began playing with a band called The Travellers Three and working as a studio musician. Eventually, the group disbanded, but not before recording some songs with producer David Gates.
While working with Bill Medley, Botts was invited to join Gates's band, Bread, for its second album, On the Waters. He accepted the offer and worked as a full-time member of Bread from 1970 to 1973, when the band went on hiatus. At that point, Botts began working with Linda Ronstadt, and recorded and toured with her for over two years. Botts reunited with the other members of Bread in 1976 for one final album and tour, before disbanding again in 1978.
He then worked with Karla Bonoff and Andrew Gold, playing on Gold's 1977 hit "Lonely Boy", and continued to work in the studio as a player, singer, writer, and producer. In 1989, he toured
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20process%20variation
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Natural process variation, sometimes just called process variation, is the statistical description of natural fluctuations in process outputs.
Equations
The following equations are used for an x-bar-control chart:
In the example, with n = 10 samples, the targeted mean, , and standard error of the mean, are:
That is, independent 10-sample means should themselves have a standard deviation of 0.0316. It is natural that the means vary this much, for by the central limit theorem the means should have a normal distribution, regardless of the distribution of the samples themselves.
The importance of knowing the natural process variation becomes clear when we apply statistical process control. In a stable process, the mean is on target; in the example, the target is the filling, set to 1 litre. The variation within the upper and lower control limits (UCL and LCL) is considered the natural variation of the process.
Usage
When a sample average (size n = 10 in this case) is located outside the control limits, then this is an indication that the process is out of (statistical) control. To be more specific:
The Western Electric rules conclude that the process is out of control if:
One point plots outside the 3σ-limits (the UCL and LCL).
Two out of three consecutive points plot beyond a 2σ-limit.
Four out of five consecutive points plot at a distance of 1σ or beyond from the centerline.
Eight consecutive points plot on one side of the center line.
Goal
The most importa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20the%20Mississippi
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Miss the Mississippi is the seventh studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in September 1979, it peaked at #3 on the Billboard Country Albums chart.
The album was her first album for Columbia Records, and contained three Country top ten hits; "Half the Way" (#2), "It's Like We Never Said Goodbye" (#1) and "The Blue Side" (#8). "Half the Way" also reached #15 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart.
The album was certified gold by the RIAA in 1980.
Track listing
Personnel
Gene Chrisman, Kenny Malone (tracks: A4, A5) – drums, percussion
Joe Allan (track: B2), Joe Osborn (tracks A3 to A5), Spady Brannan (tracks A1, A2, B1, B3, B4), Bob Moore (track B5) – bass guitar
Charles Cochran, Hargus "Pig" Robbins, Bobby Wood – keyboards
Chris Leuzinger, Jerry McEwen, Billy Sanford, Rod Smarr, Barry "Byrd" Burton – guitars
Lloyd Green – dobro on (track B5)
Billy Puett, Denis Solee – saxophone
Roger Bissell, Dennis Good, Rex Peer, Terry Williams – trombone
Terry McMillan – harmonica (track: B3)
Crystal Gayle - backing vocals (tracks A2 to A4, B4)
Crystal Gayle, Garth Fundis, Allen Reynolds - backing vocals (track B1)
Allen Reynolds, Crystal Gayle, Garth Fundis, Frank Saulino, Jennifer Kimball, Jim Valenti, Spady Brannan - backing vocals (track A1)
Vickie Carrico, Pebble Daniel, Allen Reynolds, Marcia Routh, Crystal Gayle – backing vocals (track A5)
Pebble Daniel, Marcia Routh, Crystal Gayle, Vickie Carrico - backing vocals (track B4)
Cover photographs by France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Should%20Be%20Together%20%28album%29
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We Should Be Together is the sixth studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Allen Reynolds returned to produce this album, and released on June 19, 1979, it was her sixth and final album for United Artists Records. It peaked at #9 on the Billboard Country Albums chart, with two of its tracks reaching the Top Ten Country Singles chart: "Your Kisses Will" (#7) and "Your Old Cold Shoulder" (#5). The album title comes from the album's last song, written by Allen Reynolds, and which was previously a hit single for Don Williams in 1974.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle
Chris Leuzinger, David Kirby, Jimmy Colvard, Ray Edenton, Rod Smarr, Sonny Curtis - guitar
Lloyd Green - steel guitar
Buddy Spicher - fiddle
Bob Moore, Joe Allen, Spady Brannan - bass
Bobby Wood, Dwight Scott, Hargus "Pig" Robbins - keyboards
Charles Cochran - keyboards, string and horn arrangements
Gene Chrisman, Jimmy Isbell, Kenny Malone, Steve Krawczyn - drums
Dennis Good, Don Sheffield - horns
Allen Reynolds, Garth Fundis - backing vocals
The Shelly Kurland Strings - strings
References
1979 albums
Crystal Gayle albums
Albums produced by Allen Reynolds
United Artists Records albums
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