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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterer%E2%80%93Siwe%20disease
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Letterer–Siwe disease, (LSD) or Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease, is one of the four recognized clinical syndromes of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and is the most severe form, involving multiple organ systems such as the skin, bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lung. Oral cavity and gastrointestinal involvement may also be seen.
LCH and all its subtypes are characterized by monoclonal migration and proliferation of specific dendritic cells.
The subcategorization of Letterer-Siwe disease is a historical eponym. Designating the four subtypes of LCH as separate entities are mostly of historical significance, because they are varied manifestations of the same underlying disease process, and patients also often exhibit symptoms from more than one of the four syndromes.
Letterer-Siwe causes approximately 10% of LCH disease.
Prevalence is estimated at 1:500,000 and the disease almost exclusively occurs in children less than three years old. It is more common among Caucasian patients than in African American patients.
Children with LCH with single organ involvement tend to have a better prognosis than patients with the multi-system involvement seen in Letter-Siwe disease.
The name is derived from the names of Erich Letterer and Sture Siwe.
Presentation
Letterer-Siwe typically presents in children less than 2 years old, and the clinical manifestations may include:
In a more severe course or in later phases of the disease, patients may present with hemorrhage and sepsis secondar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20Australian%20Lacrosse%20League%20season
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Results and statistics for the Australian Lacrosse League season of 2004, the inaugural season for the ALL.
Game 1
Saturday, 23 October 2004, Melbourne, Victoria
Goalscorers:
Vic: D Pusvacietis 3–1, D Stiglich 3–1, W Henderson 2-2, D Nicholas 2–1, R Stark 2, R Garnsworthy 1, M Sevior 1.
WA: C Hayes 2, J Stack 2, L Blackie 1, W Curran 1, K Gillespie 1, N Rainey 1, T Roost 1, A Sear 1, D Whiteman 0–3.
Game 2
Sunday, 24 October 2004, Melbourne, Victoria
Goalscorers:
Vic: D Stiglich 3, W Henderson 2–1, D Nicholas 2, D Pusvacietis 1–3, D Arnell 1, J Brammell 1, R Stark 0–1.
WA: D Whiteman 3–1, C Hayes 1-1, D Spreadborough 1-1, N Rainey 1, T Roost 1, J Stack 1, L Blackie 0–1, B Goddard 0–1.
Game 3
Saturday, 30 October 2004, Adelaide, South Australia
Goalscorers:
SA: B Howe 4, M Mangan 3, L Perham 2, A Carter 1, A Feleppa 1, S Gilbert 1, N Wapper 1.
Vic: D Stiglich 3, D Arnell 2, D Pusvacietis 2, J Ardossi 1, M Sevoir 1, knocked-in 2.
Game 4
Sunday, 31 October 2004, Adelaide, South Australia
Goalscorers:
SA: L Perham 3–1, A Feleppa 2-2, B Howe 2, N Wapper 2, M Mangan 1–4, A Carter 0–1, R Stone 0–1.
Vic: D Nicholas 3–1, D Stiglich 3–1, J Joy 3, D Pusvacietis 1–3, A Lawman 1-1, T Fry 1, W Henderson 1, M Sevoir 1, N Le Guen 0–1.
Game 5
Saturday, 6 November 2004, Perth, Western Australia
Goalscorers:
WA: A Sear 3, A Ettridge 2, D Spreadborough 1-1, G Allen 1, A Brown 1, N Rainey 1.
SA: N Wapper 2, S Robb 1–2, L Perham 1-1, A Feleppa 1, S Gilbert 1, M Mangan 1.
Game 6
Su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Australian%20Lacrosse%20League%20season
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These are the results and statistics for the Australian Lacrosse League season of 2005.
Game 8
Friday, 21 October 2005, Adelaide, South Australia
Goalscorers:
SA: A Lawman 5, L Perham 3–2, M Mangan 2, S Connolly 1, S Robb 1, P Inge 0–2, A Feleppa 0–1, S Gilbert 0–1, R Stone 0–1.
WA: D Whiteman 3, R Brown 2–1, K Delfs 2–1, A Sear 2–1, W Curran 2, L Blackie 1-1, J Stack 1, G Allan 0–1.
Game 9
Saturday, 22 October 2005, Adelaide, South Australia
Goalscorers:
SA: A Lawman 3, M Mangan 3, L Perham 2–1, C Averay 1-1, S Robb 0–2, J Casagrande 0–1.
WA: G Allan 3–1, D Whiteman 3, R Brown 2–1, K Delfs 2–1, A Sear 2, J Stack 1-1, L Blackie 1, W Curran 1, knocked-in 1.
Game 10
Saturday, 29 October 2005, Perth, Western Australia
Goalscorers:
WA: W Curran 2, A Sear 2, K Gillespie 1, D Whiteman 1, B Smith 0–1.
Vic: J Buchanan 3–1, D Nicholas 3, T Fry 1, B Ross 1, R Stark 1, D Stiglich 1, D Pusvacietis 0–1, M Sevior 0–1.
Game 11
Sunday, 30 October 2005, Perth, Western Australia
Goalscorers:
WA: D Whiteman 2–1, J Stack 1-1, G Allan 1, R Brown 1, K Gillespie 1, A Sear 1, L Blackie 0–1.
Vic: B Ross 5–3, D Pusvacietis 3-3, J Buchanan 2-2, D Stiglich 2-2, R Stark 2, N Stiglich 2, D Nicholas 1–2, R Garnsworthy 1, M McInerney 0–1.
Game 12
Friday, 4 November 2005, Melbourne, Victoria
Goalscorers:
Vic: B Ross 2, M Sevior 2, R Stark 2, D Pusvacietis 1–2, D Stiglich 1, N Stiglich 1, J Ardossi 0–1.
SA: A Feleppa 3, S Robb 1-1, A Lawman 1, M Mangan 1, S Gilbert 0–1.
Game 13
Saturday, 5 November
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing%20hormone%20receptor
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The gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR), also known as the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone receptor (LHRHR), is a member of the seven-transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. It is the receptor of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The GnRHR is expressed on the surface of pituitary gonadotrope cells as well as lymphocytes, breast, ovary, and prostate.
This receptor is a 60 kDa G protein-coupled receptor and resides primarily in the pituitary and is responsible for eliciting the actions of GnRH after its release from the hypothalamus. Upon activation, the LHRHr stimulates tyrosine phosphatase and elicits the release of LH from the pituitary.
Evidence exists showing the presence of GnRH and its receptor in extrapituitary tissues as well as a role in progression of some cancers.
Function
Following binding of GnRH, the GnRHR associates with G-proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)-calcium second messenger system. Activation of the GnRHR ultimately causes the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Genes
There are two major forms of the GNRHR, each encoded by a separate gene (GNRHR and GNRHR2).
Alternative splicing of the GNRHR gene, GNRHR, results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. More than 18 transcription initiation sites in the 5' region and multiple polyA signals in the 3' region have been identified for GNRHR.
Regulation
The GnRHR responds to GnRH as wel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium%20fluoride
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Strontium fluoride, SrF2, also called strontium difluoride and strontium(II) fluoride, is a fluoride of strontium. It is a brittle white crystalline solid. In nature, it appears as the very rare mineral strontiofluorite.
Preparation
Strontium fluoride is prepared by the action of hydrofluoric acid on strontium carbonate.
Structure
The solid adopts the fluorite structure. In the vapour phase the SrF2 molecule is non-linear with an F−Sr−F angle of approximately 120°. This is an exception to VSEPR theory which would predict a linear structure. Ab initio calculations have been cited to propose that contributions from d orbitals in the shell below the valence shell are responsible. Another proposal is that polarization of the electron core of the strontium atom creates an approximately tetrahedral distribution of charge that interacts with the Sr−F bonds.
Properties
It is almost insoluble in water (its Ksp value is approximately 2.0x10−10 at 25 degrees Celsius).
It irritates eyes and skin, and is harmful when inhaled or ingested.
Similar to CaF2 and BaF2, SrF2 displays superionic conductivity at elevated temperatures.
Strontium fluoride is transparent to light in the wavelengths from vacuum ultraviolet (150 nm) to infrared (11 µm). Its optical properties are intermediate to calcium fluoride and barium fluoride.
Uses
Strontium fluoride is used as an optical material for a small range of special applications, for example, as an optical coating on lenses and also as a thermo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psel
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Psel or PSEL may refer to:
Psel (river), a tributary of the Dnieper in Russia and Ukraine
P-selectin
Printed segmented electroluminescence
Pseudaminic acid synthase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klezmer-loshn
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Klezmer-loshn (קלעזמער-לשון klezmer-loshn, Yiddish for Musician's Tongue) is an extinct derivative of the Yiddish language. It was a kind of argot, or cant used by travelling Jewish musicians, known as klezmorim (klezmers), in Eastern Europe prior to the 20th century.
It combined Yiddish with loanwords from many other European languages. This borrowed vocabulary was often substituted for key Yiddish words using rhyme or some other form of association. Many of the words were not derived from either Yiddish or Slavic languages, but original coinages.
As with other argots, such as thieves' languages, Klezmer-loshn evolved to fill the need of members of a bounded community to speak in the presence of others without being understood. Klezmorim could speak Klezmer-loshn during and after performances, whether among Gentiles or Yiddish-speaking Jews, without being understood. This allowed them to discuss business, plan, and even mock others without getting into trouble.
Its active use gradually dwindled in the 20th century, and disappeared along with the klezmer trade in Eastern Europe, especially after the Holocaust obliterated much of the Jewish population there.
The most detailed glossary of klezmer-loshn of over 600 words can be found in The Book of Klezmer: The History, The Music, The Folklore from the 14th Century to the 21st (A Capella Books, 2002, author Yale Strom).
See also
Yeshivish
Yinglish
References
Occupational cryptolects
Yiddish
Extinct languages of Europ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Bailey%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201932%29
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Roy Bailey (26 May 1932 – April 1993) was an English professional association footballer, who played as a goalkeeper. He made a total of 433 Football League appearances for Crystal Palace and Ipswich Town.
Early life
Bailey was born in Epsom, Surrey, the fifth child in a family of thirteen. During World War II, he was evacuated to Somerset, and was educated in Weston-super-Mare, before returning to his native Surrey at the age of 15. He played for Tottenham Juniors; however, it was a long way to travel from Epsom to North London, so he joined nearby Crystal Palace as an Amateur. During his National Service, he served in Germany, where he represented B.A.O.R., also reaching the quarter finals of the Army Cup.
Playing career
Bailey signed professional terms in June 1949 and made his League debut against Torquay United at the age of 17 when Palace lost 3–1. However, he did not make regular appearances until after his Army service. Bailey missed only one match in the 1953–54 season and was granted a benefit, along with Jack Edwards in 1954.
He was signed for Ipswich Town, by Alf Ramsey, on the day before the transfer deadline in March 1956, and came into the League side in the Easter local derby match with Norwich City at Carrow Road. He conceded two goals in the first three minutes. Despite this start, he soon displaced George McMillan as the Town's regular 'keeper, and won Championship medals in the First, Second, and Third Divisions of the Football League. He became a qual
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20editing
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Gene editing may refer to:
Genetic engineering of any organism by genome editing. Gene editing is the emerging molecular biology technique which makes very specific targeted changes by insertion, deletion or substitution of genetic material in an organism's DNA to obtain desired results. Examples of gene editing are CRISPR, zinc finger nuclease, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis + meganucleases.
Genome editing, a type of genetic engineering
Gene therapy, the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease
CRISPR gene editing, a genetic engineering technique.CRISPR are termed as (site directed nucleases) SDN since they target specific part of genome, there are 3 different categories of SDN. SDN1 makes random mutations at target site to repair the damaged host DNA without involving any foreign DNA. SDN2 uses small non coding homologous repair DNA to achieve specific nucleotide sequence to repair the host DNA by (homology directed repair) HDR which is a natural nucleic acid repair system. SDN3 uses a large stretch of protein coding donor DNA which is targeted for insertion through HDR at a predefined genomic locus.
TALEN editing, using transcription activator-like effector nucleases. TALENs are another type of genome editing tool. They work by using engineered proteins that can recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences, which then triggers a cut in the DNA. TALENs are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFT%20%28disambiguation%29
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A fast Fourier transform is a numerical algorithm used in signal processing.
FFT may also refer to:
Games
Final Fantasy Tactics, a video game
A Fistful of TOWs, a miniatures wargame
Fédération Française de Tarot, the French tarot federation
Sport
Fédération Française de Tennis, the French Tennis Federation
Firefighters Upsala CK, a Swedish cycling team
Football Federation Tasmania, a football organisation in Australia
Four Four Two (4-4-2), a football formation
FourFourTwo, a football magazine
FourFourTwo (TV series), an Asian football TV series
4-4-2, a band formed to record the song "Come on England" for the England football team for the Euro 2004 championship
Tajikistan Football Federation (Tajik: )
Science and technology
2,1-fructan:2,1-fructan 1-fructosyltransferase
Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Agriculture
Final-Form Text, part of IBM's Document Control Architecture
Future Fibre Technologies, an Australian fibre optic company
Faecal (or fecal) flotation test, a method used in veterinary parasitology to detect helminth eggs in faecal samples
United States aviation
Frontier Airlines
Capital City Airport (Kentucky)
Other uses
See also
Finite Fourier transform (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical%20law%20of%20cosines
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In spherical trigonometry, the law of cosines (also called the cosine rule for sides) is a theorem relating the sides and angles of spherical triangles, analogous to the ordinary law of cosines from plane trigonometry.
Given a unit sphere, a "spherical triangle" on the surface of the sphere is defined by the great circles connecting three points , and on the sphere (shown at right). If the lengths of these three sides are (from to (from to ), and (from to ), and the angle of the corner opposite is , then the (first) spherical law of cosines states:
Since this is a unit sphere, the lengths , and are simply equal to the angles (in radians) subtended by those sides from the center of the sphere. (For a non-unit sphere, the lengths are the subtended angles times the radius, and the formula still holds if and are reinterpreted as the subtended angles). As a special case, for , then , and one obtains the spherical analogue of the Pythagorean theorem:
If the law of cosines is used to solve for , the necessity of inverting the cosine magnifies rounding errors when is small. In this case, the alternative formulation of the law of haversines is preferable.
A variation on the law of cosines, the second spherical law of cosines, (also called the cosine rule for angles) states:
where and are the angles of the corners opposite to sides and , respectively. It can be obtained from consideration of a spherical triangle dual to the given one.
Proofs
First proof
Let ,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisso
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The , since 2012 reorganized as JNC (Japan New Chisso), is a Japanese chemical company. It is an important supplier of liquid crystal used for LCDs, but is best known for its role in the 34-year-long pollution of the water supply in Minamata, Japan that led to thousands of deaths and victims of disease.
Between 1932 and 1968, Chisso's chemical factory in Minamata released large quantities of industrial wastewater that was contaminated with highly toxic methylmercury. This poisonous water bioaccumulated in local sea life that was then consumed by the immediate population. As a result of this contamination, 2,265 individuals in the area were inflicted with what is now known as Minamata disease. 1,784 of those victims died as a result of the poisoning and/or the disease. Those who were afflicted with the disease developed skeletomuscular deformities and lost the ability to perform motor functions such as walking. Many also lost significant amounts of vision, as well as hearing and speech capabilities. Severe cases presented with insanity, paralysis, coma and then death within weeks of the onset of symptoms.
As of March 2001, over 10,000 individuals had received financial remuneration from Chisso to compensate them for the harm caused by the chemical release. By 2004, Chisso Corporation had paid $86 million in compensation, and, in the same year, the company was ordered to clean up its contamination. However, the incident remains controversial for not only the poisoning itself
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westell
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Westell Technologies, Inc. is an Aurora, Illinois company that provides telecommunications equipment for in-building wireless, intelligent site management, cell site optimization, and outside plant solutions. Westell was the last company to manufacture DSL modems in the United States; however, on May 21, 2007, Westell announced plans to outsource manufacturing.
History
Westell was founded in October 1980 in Willowbrook, Illinois, and initially produced electronic equipment used for signaling and transmission on telephone lines leased to private customers.
Clinton Penny, who had previously founded Wescom Switching, founded Westell.
Beginning in 1992, Westell began developing ADSL products. By the time of its initial public offering (IPO) in 1995, Westell was a prominent DSLAM manufacturer. The company moved out of this business in the wake of the stock market downturn of 2002, and then focused primarily on manufacturing cell site optimization equipment, Ethernet connectivity products, intelligent site management and a series of outdoor enclosure and cabinets.
In 2013, Westell acquired Kentrox Inc., a Dublin-based site management services company, for $30 million.
References
Telecommunications companies of the United States
Telecommunications equipment vendors
Telecommunications companies established in 1980
Economy of Aurora, Illinois
Companies based in DuPage County, Illinois
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
1995 initial public offerings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoecology
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Ethnoecology is the scientific study of how different groups of people living in different locations understand the ecosystems around them, and their relationships with surrounding environments.
It seeks valid, reliable understanding of how we as humans have interacted with the environment and how these intricate relationships have been sustained over time.
The "ethno" (see ethnology) prefix in ethnoecology indicates a localized study of a people, and in conjunction with ecology, signifies people's understanding and experience of environments around them. Ecology is the study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment; enthnoecology applies a human focused approach to this subject. The development of the field lies in applying indigenous knowledge of botany and placing it in a global context.
History
Ethnoecology began with some of the early works of Dr. Hugh Popenoe, an agronomist and tropical soil scientist who has worked with the University of Florida, the National Science Foundation, and the National Research Council. Popenoe has also worked with Dr Harold Conklin, a cognitive anthropologist who did extensive linguistic and ethnoecological research in Southeast Asia.
In his 1954 dissertation "The Relation of the Hanunoo Culture to the Plant World", Harold Conklin coined the term ethnoecology when he described his approach as "ethnoecological". After earning his PhD, he began teaching at Columbia University while continuing his research among
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C7%20protein
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C7 protein is an engineered zinc finger protein based on the murine ZFP, Zif268 and discovered by Wu et al. in 1994 (published in 1995). It shares the same zinc finger 2 and zinc finger 3 of Zif268, but differs in the sequence of finger 1. It also shares the same DNA target, 5'-GCGTGGGCG-3'.
The shared sequences in single letter amino acid codes of fingers 2 and 3 are RSD-H-LTT and RAD-E-RKR (positions -1 through 6 in the alpha helix).
Zinc finger 1 has the sequence KSA-D-LKR which provides a 13-fold increase in affinity to the target sequence of the entire ZFP over that of Zif268.
It is used in zinc finger investigations in which the amino acid sequence of finger 2 is changed in order to determine the appropriate sequence to target a given three-nucleotide target site. A variation of C7, C7.GAT is preferred since it lacks the aspartic acid residue present in finger 3 of C7 and known to cause a phenomenon called 'target site overlap'. In this case the target site overlap is a result of the aspartic acid residue forming a hydrogen bond with the N4 of the cytosine (in the opposite strand) base-paired to the guanine in the finger 2 subsite. It can also form the same hydrogen bond with an adenine base paired to a thymine. This target site overlap would dictate that either a cytosine or adenine residue be present as the 3' nucleotide in the finger 2 subsite which is unacceptable when looking to target sequences containing another nucleotide at this position.
References
Engine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C7.GAT%20protein
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The C7.GAT protein is a zinc finger protein based on the C7 protein (itself based on the murine Zif268). It features an alternative zinc finger 3 alpha helix sequence, preventing the target site overlap caused by the aspartic acid residue of the finger 3 of C7. The sequence of this third finger is TSG-N-LVR according to the single letter amino acid code. As the name suggest, the target site of finger 3 is altered to 5'-GAT-3', giving the overall protein a target of 5'-GCGTGGGAT-3'.
C7.GAT is used in studies investigating the effects of altering zinc finger alpha helix sequence on the target of the altered zinc finger, as well as the affinity and specificity of these proteins to their targets.
References
Engineered proteins
Genetics experiments
Molecular genetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphenylmethanol
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Triphenylmethanol (also known as triphenylcarbinol and TrOH) is an organic compound. It is a white crystalline solid that is insoluble in water and petroleum ether, but well soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, and benzene. In strongly acidic solutions, it produces an intensely yellow color, due to the formation of a stable "trityl" carbocation. Many derivatives of triphenylmethanol are important dyes.
History
After the German chemist August Kekulé and his Belgian student Antoine Paul Nicolas Franchimont (1844–1919) first synthesized triphenylmethane in 1872, the Russian doctoral student Walerius Hemilian (1851–1914) first synthesized triphenylmethanol in 1874 by reacting triphenylmethyl bromide with water as well as by oxidizing triphenylmethane.
Structure and properties
Triphenylmethanol features three phenyl (Ph) rings and an alcohol group bound to a central tetrahedral carbon atom. All three C–Ph bonds are typical of sp3-sp2 carbon-carbon bonds with lengths of approximately 1.47 Å, while the C–O bond length is approximately 1.42 Å.
The presence of three adjacent phenyl groups confers special properties manifested in the reactivity of the alcohol. For example it reacts with acetyl chloride, not to give the ester, but triphenylmethyl chloride:
Ph3COH + MeCOCl → Ph3CCl + MeCO2H
The three phenyl groups also offer steric protection. Reaction with hydrogen peroxide gives an unusually stable hydroperoxide, Ph3COOH.
Acid-base properties
As a derivative of methanol, tripheny
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Robinson
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Crystal LaTresa Robinson (born January 22, 1974) is a former American basketball coach and player. She grew up in Atoka, Oklahoma, and first garnered national recognition during her collegiate career at Southeastern Oklahoma State University. Professionally, Robinson played for the Colorado Xplosion of the ABL before playing in the WNBA for the New York Liberty and Washington Mystics.
After retiring from playing basketball, Robinson first became an assistant coach for the Washington Mystics in 2007, then became head coach at McAlester High School in 2009, leading the Lady Buffaloes to a 5A state championship, and at the junior college level at Murray State College in Oklahoma in 2010. Robinson moved to the Division I ranks in 2013, as an assistant coach at Utah State in 2013–14 and TCU in 2014–15, before returning to her alma mater to coach girls' basketball at Atoka High School.
High school
Robinson was raised in Atoka, Oklahoma and attended Atoka High School, where she was named a High School All-American by the WBCA. She participated in the inaugural WBCA High School All-America Game in 1992, scoring a game-high twenty-five points, and earning MVP honors.
College
Considered by most to be the best player to ever come out of Oklahoma, Robinson signed with NCAA power Louisiana Tech out of Atoka High School, but later decided she wanted to be closer to home and transferred to Southeastern Oklahoma State University in Durant, OK before playing a single game in Louisiana. Rob
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulations%3A%20Cinema%20for%20the%20Ear
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Modulations: Cinema for the Ear is 1998 documentary film on the history of electronic music, consisting of a documentary film, accompanied by a soundtrack album, and a 2000 book Modulations A History of Electronic Music by Peter Shapiro. The project was directed by Iara Lee, the maker of the documentary film Synthetic Pleasures.
Modulations, Cinema for the Ear (1998)
Soundtrack
"I Feel Love" – Donna Summer
"Planet Rock" – Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force
"No UFO's" (remix) – Model 500
"Simon from Sydney" – LFO
"Strings of Life" – Rhythm Is Rhythm
"Yeah" – Jesse Saunders
"Amazon 2-King of the Beats" – Aphrodite
"Stormbringer" – Panacea
"The Shadow" – Rob & Goldie
"Luxus 1-3" – Ryoji Ikeda
"Atomic 2000" – Coldcut
"Kritische Masse 1" – To Rococo Rot
References
External links
Modulations homepage at Caipirinha Productions
1998 films
Multimedia works
Documentary films about electronic music and musicians
1998 soundtrack albums
Documentary film soundtracks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanazziite
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Zanazziite is a complex hydrated phosphate mineral from the roscherite group. It is a magnesium beryllium phosphate mineral. Zanazziite arises as barrel-shaped crystals and can reach up to 4 mm. It grows alongside quartz minerals. It is found in the crevices of Lavra da Ilha pegmatite, near Taquaral, in northeastern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Zanazziite is named after Pier F. Zanazzi. Zanazziite has an ideal chemical formula of Ca2Mg5Be4(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O.
Composition
Zanazzite was recently analyzed with an ARL-SEMQ microprobe; the values were Durango apatite for P, Rockport fayalite for Mn, and Kakanui hornblende for all others. In a separate sample, Beryllium was 84.93 mg by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. To determine water an H analyzer was used on duplicate samples of about 25 mg. FeO was determined by titration. The spectroscopic analysis and other microprobes revealed P2O5, 39.27, SiO2 0.36, Al2O3 1.54, Fe2O3 0.76, CaO 10.65, MgO 11.66, FeO 9.63, MnO 1.77, BeO 9.81, 13.32, total of 98.77. Zanazziite belongs to the roscherite-group. The roscherite-group nomenclature is based on the dominant cation in the Me-site; valid species include: Roscherite (Mn^2+), Zanazziite (Mg^2+) and Greifensteinite (Fe^2+). The chemical relationship among all of the minerals in the roscherite group rely on a common formula (roscherite) Ca2Mn5Be4(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O, in which the Mn site can be occupied by other cations previously mentioned.
Structure
Zanazzite belongs to the monoclinic spac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzanthrone
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Benzanthrone (BZA) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. It is a yellow solid. Its derivatives are used as a dyestuff intermediate for anthraquinone-based dyes. Dehydrogenative coupling gives violanthrone. It is prepared by reduction of anthroquinone to anthrone followed by alkylation with a mixture of glycerol and sulfuric acid.
It is a basic substance with fluorescent and luminescent properties. It can be used for photosensitization, and as a charge transport material. It is also used in pyrotechnics industry, mainly as a component of some older formulations of green and yellow colored smokes, often together with Vat Yellow 4; its US military specification is MIL-D-50074D.
Safety
Benzanthrone causes itching and burning sensations on exposed skin, together with erythema, dermatitis, and skin pigmentation.
See also
3-Nitrobenzanthrone
References
External links
National Pollutant Inventory - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Fact Sheet
Fluorescent dyes
Ketones
Polycyclic aromatic compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocomputing
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Biocomputing may refer to:
Biological computing, systems of biologically derived molecules that perform computational processes
DNA computing, a form of biological computing that uses DNA
Bioinformatics, the application of statistics and computer science to the field of molecular biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20J.%20G.%20Pitman
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Edwin James George Pitman (29 October 1897 – 21 July 1993) was an Australian mathematician who made significant contributions to statistics and probability theory. In particular, he is remembered primarily as the originator of the Pitman permutation test, Pitman nearness and Pitman efficiency.
His work the Pitman measure of closeness or Pitman nearness concerning the exponential families of probability distributions has been studied extensively since the 1980s by C. R. Rao, Pranab K. Sen, and others.
The Pitman–Koopman–Darmois theorem states that only exponential families of probability distributions admit a sufficient statistic whose dimension remains bounded as the sample size grows.
Biography
Pitman was born in Melbourne on 29 October 1897, and attended University of Melbourne, residing at Ormond College, where he graduated with First Class Honours. In 1926 he was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the University of Tasmania, which he held until his retirement in 1962.
He was a founding member and second President of the Australian Mathematical Society. He was also active within the Statistical Society of Australia, which in 1978 named the Pitman medal in his honour.
Terminology
For "the sum of squares of deviations from the mean," he coined the term squariance.
For "the logarithm of the likelihood" he coined the term loglihood.
However, neither of these terms caught on.
Pitman's published work (selected)
Sufficient statistics and intrinsic accuracy, Proc. Ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniline%20Yellow
|
Aniline Yellow is a yellow azo dye and an aromatic amine. It is a derivative of azobenzene. It has the appearance of an orange powder.
Aniline Yellow was the first azo dye. it was first produced in 1861 by C. Mene. The second azo dye was Bismarck Brown in 1863. Aniline Yellow was commercialized in 1864 as the first commercial azo dye, a year after Aniline Black. It is manufactured from aniline.
Uses
Aniline Yellow is used in microscopy for vital staining, in pyrotechnics for yellow colored smokes, in yellow pigments and inks including inks for inkjet printers. It is also used in insecticides, lacquers, varnishes, waxes, oil stains, and styrene resins. It is also an intermediate in synthesis of other dyes, e.g. chrysoidine, indulines, Solid Yellow, and Acid Yellow.
Safety
Aminoazobenzene compounds are often carcinogenic.
References
Azo dyes
Vital stains
Solvent dyes
Anilines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20statistical%20software
|
Statistical software are specialized computer programs for analysis in statistics and econometrics.
Open-source
ADaMSoft – a generalized statistical software with data mining algorithms and methods for data management
ADMB – a software suite for non-linear statistical modeling based on C++ which uses automatic differentiation
Chronux – for neurobiological time series data
DAP – free replacement for SAS
Environment for DeveLoping KDD-Applications Supported by Index-Structures (ELKI) a software framework for developing data mining algorithms in Java
Epi Info – statistical software for epidemiology developed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Apache 2 licensed
Fityk – nonlinear regression software (GUI and command line)
GNU Octave – programming language very similar to MATLAB with statistical features
gretl – gnu regression, econometrics and time-series library
intrinsic Noise Analyzer (iNA) – For analyzing intrinsic fluctuations in biochemical systems
jamovi – A free software alternative to IBM SPSS Statistics
JASP – A free software alternative to IBM SPSS Statistics with additional option for Bayesian methods
JMulTi – For econometric analysis, specialised in univariate and multivariate time series analysis
Just another Gibbs sampler (JAGS) – a program for analyzing Bayesian hierarchical models using Markov chain Monte Carlo developed by Martyn Plummer. It is similar to WinBUGS
KNIME – An open source analytics platform built with Java and Ecli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreier%20vector
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In mathematics, especially the field of computational group theory, a Schreier vector is a tool for reducing the time and space complexity required to calculate orbits of a permutation group.
Overview
Suppose G is a finite group with generating sequence which acts on the finite set . A common task in computational group theory is to compute the orbit of some element under G. At the same time, one can record a Schreier vector for . This vector can then be used to find an element satisfying , for any . Use of Schreier vectors to perform this requires less storage space and time complexity than storing these g explicitly.
Formal definition
All variables used here are defined in the overview.
A Schreier vector for is a vector such that:
For (the manner in which the are chosen will be made clear in the next section)
for
Use in algorithms
Here we illustrate, using pseudocode, the use of Schreier vectors in two algorithms
Algorithm to compute the orbit of ω under G and the corresponding Schreier vector
Input: ω in Ω,
for i in { 0, 1, …, n }:
set v[i] = 0
set orbit = { ω }, v[ω] = −1
for α in orbit and i in { 1, 2, …, r }:
if is not in orbit:
append to orbit
set
return orbit, v
Algorithm to find a g in G such that ωg = α for some α in Ω, using the v from the first algorithm
Input: v, α, X
if v[α] = 0:
return false
set g = e, and k = v[α] (where e is the identity element of G)
while k ≠ −1:
set
return g
References
Computational group theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocycle
|
Autocycle or auto-cycle may refer to:
Motorized bicycle, a bicycle with an attached motor
moped
three-wheeled car, a registration classification in the US for some three wheeled vehicles; with a sit-in cockpit and steering wheel
See also
Trike (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol%20Siddeley%20BS.100
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The Bristol Siddeley BS.100 is a British twin-spool, vectored thrust, turbofan aero engine that first ran in 1960. The engine was designed and built in limited numbers by Bristol Siddeley Engines Limited. The project was cancelled in early 1965.
Design and development
Based on the 300-series Olympus, the BS.100 was similar in general arrangement to that of the company's Pegasus design, but with the addition of plenum chamber burning (PCB), to enable the projected Hawker Siddeley P.1154 VSTOL fighter design to accelerate to supersonic speed and to allow the aircraft to hover.
PCB is similar to reheat, but combustion is only applied to the bypass air (i.e. the front nozzles). PCB was quite difficult to develop since combustion had to occur on the bends between fan exit and entry to the two vectoring front nozzles and at much lower inlet pressure and temperature than a conventional afterburner. The PCB flame-holders were highly complex sheet metal fabrications which were difficult to envisage on a 2D engineering drawing. Consequently 3D models in wood had to be produced to aid development of the system.
Variable area front nozzles were required. This was to be achieved by movable ramps mounted horizontally on the fuselage between the front and rear nozzles. For vertical flight and subsonic cruise, the nozzle area would be large, whereas with the PCB lit during acceleration to supersonic speed the ramps would be expanded, reducing flow to the front nozzles and diverting mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mops
|
Mops or MOPS may refer to:
More than one mop (plural noun); a form of the verb "to mop"
MOPS, or 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid, a buffer in protein chemistry
MoPS, the UK government's Manual of Protective Security, superseded by the Security Policy Framework
Mops (genus), a genus of free-tailed bat
The Mops, a Japanese rock group
Mean of Platts Singapore, a measure of fuel oil pricing in Singapore
MOPS International (Mothers of Preschoolers), an international organization
Minimum operational performance standards, see Traffic collision avoidance system
See also
µops, an abbreviation for Micro-operation
MOP (disambiguation)
Weighted million operations per second (WMOPS), see Instructions per second
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic%20automaton
|
In computer science, a deterministic automaton is a concept of automata theory where the outcome of a transition from one state to another is determined by the input.
A common deterministic automaton is a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) which is a finite state machine where for each pair of state and input symbol there is one and only one transition to a next state. DFAs recognize the set of regular languages and no other languages.
A standard way to build a deterministic finite automaton from a nondeterministic finite automaton is the powerset construction.
References
Automata (computation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior%20gluteal%20nerve
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The inferior gluteal nerve is the main motor neuron that innervates the gluteus maximus muscle. It is responsible for the movement of the gluteus maximus in activities requiring the hip to extend the thigh, such as climbing stairs. Injury to this nerve is rare but often occurs as a complication of posterior approach to the hip during hip replacement. When damaged, one would develop gluteus maximus lurch, which is a gait abnormality which causes the individual to 'lurch' backwards to compensate lack in hip extension.
Anatomy
The largest muscle of the posterior hip, gluteus maximus, is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve.
It branches out and then enters the deep surface of the gluteus maximus, the principal extensor of the thigh, and supplies it.
Origin
The muscle is supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve which arises from the dorsal branches of the ventral rami of the fifth (L5), the first (S1) and second (S2) sacral nerves.
The lumbosacral trunk, which is made up of L5 and a small branch of L4, effectively connects the lumbar and sacral plexuses. The lower branches of the L4 and the L5 nerves enter the sacral plexus.
The sacral plexus is formed by the lumbosacral trunk, the first to third sacral ventral rami, and part of the fourth, the remainder of the last joining the coccygeal plexus. The sacral plexus is formed in the pelvis in front of the piriformis muscle.
The sacral plexus is formed anterior to the piriformis muscle and gives rise to the sciatic nerve, the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20gluteal%20nerve
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The superior gluteal nerve is a mixed (motor and sensory) nerve of the sacral plexus that originates in the pelvis. It provides motor innervation to the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, and piriformis muscles; it also has a cutaneous branch.
Structure
Origin
The superior gluteal nerve originates in the sacral plexus. It arises from the posterior divisions of L4, L5 and S1.
Course
It exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis muscle. It is accompanied by the superior gluteal artery and the superior gluteal vein.
It passes lateral-ward in between the gluteus medius muscle and the gluteus minimus muscle, accompanied by the deep branch of the superior gluteal artery. It divides into a superior branch and an inferior branch.
The inferior branch continues to pass between the two muscles to end in the tensor fasciae latae muscle.
Distribution
Motor
tensor fasciae latae muscle
gluteus medius muscle (superior branch and inferior branch)
gluteus minimus muscle (inferior branch, sometimes superior branch as well)
piriformis muscle
Sensory
The superior gluteal nerve also has a cutaneous branch.
Clinical significance
Gait
In normal gait, the small gluteal muscles on the stance side can stabilize the pelvis in the coronal plane. Weakness or paralysis of these muscles caused by a damaged superior gluteal nerve can result in a weak abduction in the affected hip joint. This gait disturbance is known as Trendelenburg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanophycin
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Cyanophycin, also known as CGP (cyanophycin granule polypeptide) or multi-L-arginyl-poly (L-aspartic acid), is a non-protein, non-ribosomally produced amino acid polymer composed of an aspartic acid backbone and arginine side groups.
Cyanophycin was first detected in 1887 by the Italian botanist Antonino Borzì and can be found in most cyanobacteria and a few heterotrophic bacteria such as Acinetobacter sp. Cyanophycin is largely insoluble under physiological conditions and is accumulated in the form of granules in the cytoplasm during phosphate or sulfur starvation, generally in the early and mid-stationary phase. It is used as a nitrogen- and possibly carbon-storage compound and also serves as a dynamic buffer for fixed nitrogen in cyanobacterial heterocysts. Nitrogen and carbon are mobilized from cyanophycin by intracellular cyanophycinase in the form of aspartate-arginine dipeptides.
Cyanophycin is synthesized from arginine and aspartate in an ATP-dependent reaction catalyzed by a single enzyme, cyanophycin synthetase. Cyanophycin is of potential interest to biotechnology as a source of polyaspartic acid. Due to its unusual polyamphoteric character, cyanophycin is soluble in water under acidic (0.1 M HCl) and alkaline conditions. Heterologous expression of cyanophycin synthetase allows production of cyanophycin in a number of biotechnologically relevant bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum.
Since insoluble forms of CGP are easily purified, m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/APG-77
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The AN/APG-77 is a multifunction low probability of intercept radar installed on the F-22 Raptor fighter aircraft. The radar was designed and initially built by Westinghouse and Texas Instruments, and production continued with their respective successors Northrop Grumman and Raytheon after acquisition.
It is a solid-state, active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar. Composed of 1956 transmit/receive modules, each about the size of a gum stick, it can perform a near-instantaneous beam steering (in the order of tens of nanoseconds).
The APG-77 provides 120° field of view in azimuth and elevation,. APG-77 has an operating range of while unconfirmed sources suggest an operating range of , against a target. A range of 400 km or more, with the APG-77v1 with newer GaAs modules is believed to be possible while using more narrow beams.
More than 100 APG-77 AESA radars have been produced to date by Northrop Grumman, and much of the technology developed for the APG-77 is being used in the APG-81 radar for the F-35 Lightning II. The AN/APG-77 system itself exhibits a very low radar cross-section, supporting the F-22's stealthy design.
The APG-77v1 was installed on F-22 Raptors from Lot 5 and on. This provided full air-to-ground functionality (high-resolution synthetic aperture radar mapping, ground moving target indication and track (GMTI/GMTT), automatic cueing and recognition, combat identification, and many other advanced features).
See also
Phased array
Active electron
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20equilibrium
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Genetic equilibrium is the condition of an allele or genotype in a gene pool (such as a population) where the frequency does not change from generation to generation. Genetic equilibrium describes a theoretical state that is the basis for determining whether and in what ways populations may deviate from it. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium is one theoretical framework for studying genetic equilibrium. It is commonly studied using models that take as their assumptions those of Hardy-Weinberg, meaning:
No gene mutations occurring at that locus or the loci associated with the trait
A large population size
Limited-to-no immigration, emigration, or migration (genetic flow)
No natural selection on that locus or trait
Random mating (panmixis)
It can describe other types of equilibrium as well, especially in modeling contexts. In particular, many models use a variation of the Hardy–Weinberg principle as their basis. Instead of all of the Hardy–Weinberg characters being present, these instead assume a balance between the diversifying effects of genetic drift and the homogenizing effects of migration between populations. A population not at equilibrium suggests that one of the assumptions of the model in question has been violated.
Theoretical models of genetic equilibrium
The Hardy–Weinberg principle provides the mathematical framework for genetic equilibrium. Genetic equilibrium itself, whether Hardy-Weinberg or otherwise, provides the groundwork for a number of applications, in includ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadley%20loop
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The "Wadley-drift-canceling-loop", also known as a "Wadley loop", is a system of two oscillators, a frequency synthesizer, and two frequency mixers in the radio-frequency signal path. The system was designed by Dr. Trevor Wadley in the 1940s in South Africa. The circuit was first used for a stable wavemeter. (A wavemeter is used for measuring the wavelength and therefore also the frequency of a signal)
There is no regulation loop in a "Wadley-loop", which is why the term is in quotation marks. However, the circuit configuration is not known by more accurate names.
The "Wadley loop" was used in radio receivers from the 1950s to approximately 1980. The "Wadley loop" was mostly used in more expensive stationary radio receivers, but the "Wadley loop" was also used in a portable radio receiver (Barlow-Wadley XCR-30 Mark II).
Overview
In a traditional superheterodyne radio receiver, most oscillator drift and instability occur in the first frequency converter stage, because it is tunable and operating at a high frequency.
Unlike other drift-reducing techniques (such as crystal control or frequency synthesis), the Wadley Loop does not attempt to stabilize the oscillator. Instead, it cancels the drift mathematically.
Principles of operation
The Wadley loop works by:
combining the first oscillator with the received signal in a frequency mixer to translate it to an intermediate frequency that is above the receiver's tuning range,
mixing the same oscillator with a comb of harmo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine
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Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder. Urination results in urine being excreted from the body through the urethra.
Cellular metabolism generates many by-products that are rich in nitrogen and must be cleared from the bloodstream, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine. These by-products are expelled from the body during urination, which is the primary method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body. A urinalysis can detect nitrogenous wastes of the mammalian body.
Urine plays an important role in the earth's nitrogen cycle. In balanced ecosystems, urine fertilizes the soil and thus helps plants to grow. Therefore, urine can be used as a fertilizer. Some animals use it to mark their territories. Historically, aged or fermented urine (known as lant) was also used for gunpowder production, household cleaning, tanning of leather and dyeing of textiles.
Human urine and feces are collectively referred to as human waste or human excreta, and are managed via sanitation systems. Livestock urine and feces also require proper management if the livestock population density is high.
Physiology
Most animals have excretory systems for elimination of soluble toxic wastes. In humans, soluble wastes are excreted primarily by the urinary system and, to a lesser extent in terms of urea, removed by perspiration. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, ur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk%20Bloodsworth
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Kirk Noble Bloodsworth (born October 31, 1960) is a former Maryland waterman and the first American sentenced to death to be exonerated post-conviction by DNA testing.
He had been wrongfully convicted in 1985 of the 1984 rape and first-degree murder of a nine-year-old girl in Rosedale, Maryland. By the time an appeal based on the DNA evidence was underway, his sentence had been commuted to two consecutive life sentences. He gained release from prison in 1993 and a full exoneration in 1993.
Wrongful Conviction and sentence to death
Bloodsworth served in the Marines, and was honorably discharged at the end of his term. He lived in coastal Maryland, where he worked as a waterman, harvesting shellfish and fish. In 1985 he was wrongfully convicted of sexual assault, rape, and first-degree premeditated murder in the 1984 case of Dawn Hamilton, a nine-year-old girl in Rosedale, Maryland. Five eyewitnesses stated that he had been with the victim, but he continued to maintain his innocence throughout his trial and subsequent incarceration. Two of the witnesses had not been able to identify Bloodsworth during the lineup but in fact saw him on television after the crime was committed.
In 1992, while in jail, Bloodsworth read an account of how DNA testing had led to the conviction, in England, of Colin Pitchfork in the killings of Dawn Ashworth and Lynda Mann. This resulted in the use of DNA to gain the exoneration of an earlier suspect in the case, who had falsely confessed to Ashwor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thursday%27s%20Game
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Thursday's Game (also known as The Berk) is a 1974 American made-for-television comedy film starring Gene Wilder and Bob Newhart, written by James L. Brooks and directed by Robert Moore. Though filmed in 1971, it was originally broadcast April 14, 1974, on ABC.
In addition to Wilder and Newhart, Thursday's Game starred many actors familiar to 1970s television viewers including John Archer, Ellen Burstyn, Norman Fell, Cloris Leachman, Valerie Harper, Rob Reiner, Richard Schaal, Martha Scott and Nancy Walker. The film was lauded by critics for its perceptive look at adult relationships, and furthered James L. Brooks's reputation as a writer and producer.
Plot
Harry Evers and Marvin Ellison are long time friends who meet each Thursday to play poker and get away from their wives. After the weekly game breaks up over a disagreement, the two men decide to continue meeting for other activities, which leads to friendship and rivalry as the men's lives take on very different paths.
Cast
Gene Wilder as Harry Evers
Bob Newhart as Marvin Ellison
Ellen Burstyn as Lynn Evers
Cloris Leachman as Lois Ellison
Martha Scott as Mrs. Reynolds
Nancy Walker as Mrs. Bender
Valerie Harper as Ann Menzente
Rob Reiner as Joel Forester
Norman Fell as Melvin Leonard
Ric Mancini as Bartender
External links
1974 television films
1974 films
1970s buddy comedy films
American buddy comedy films
Films set in New York City
Films directed by Robert Moore
Films produced by James L. Brooks
Films scored by Bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopia%20lentis
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Ectopia lentis is a displacement or malposition of the eye's crystalline lens from its normal location. A partial dislocation of a lens is termed lens subluxation or subluxated lens; a complete dislocation of a lens is termed lens luxation or luxated lens.
Ectopia lentis in dogs and cats
Although observed in humans and cats, ectopia lentis is most commonly seen in dogs. Ciliary zonules normally hold the lens in place. Abnormal development of these zonules can lead to primary ectopia lentis, usually a bilateral condition. Luxation can also be a secondary condition, caused by trauma, cataract formation (decrease in lens diameter may stretch and break the zonules), or glaucoma (enlargement of the globe stretches the zonules). Steroid administration weakens the zonules and can lead to luxation, as well. Lens luxation in cats can occur secondary to anterior uveitis (inflammation of the inside of the eye).
Anterior lens luxation
With anterior lens luxation, the lens pushes into the iris or actually enters the anterior chamber of the eye. This can cause glaucoma, uveitis, or damage to the cornea. Uveitis (inflammation of the eye) causes the pupil to constrict (miosis) and trap the lens in the anterior chamber, leading to an obstruction of outflow of aqueous humour and subsequent increase in ocular pressure (glaucoma). Better prognosis is valued in lens replacement surgery (retained vision and normal intraocular pressure) when it is performed before the onset of secondary glaucoma.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation%20system
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Reputation systems are programs or algorithms that allow users to rate each other in online communities in order to build trust through reputation. Some common uses of these systems can be found on E-commerce websites such as eBay, Amazon.com, and Etsy as well as online advice communities such as Stack Exchange. These reputation systems represent a significant trend in "decision support for Internet mediated service provisions". With the popularity of online communities for shopping, advice, and exchange of other important information, reputation systems are becoming vitally important to the online experience. The idea of reputation systems is that even if the consumer can't physically try a product or service, or see the person providing information, that they can be confident in the outcome of the exchange through trust built by recommender systems.
Collaborative filtering, used most commonly in recommender systems, are related to reputation systems in that they both collect ratings from members of a community. The core difference between reputation systems and collaborative filtering is the ways in which they use user feedback. In collaborative filtering, the goal is to find similarities between users in order to recommend products to customers. The role of reputation systems, in contrast, is to gather a collective opinion in order to build trust between users of an online community.
Types
Online
Howard Rheingold states that online reputation systems are "computer-b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay%20differential%20equation
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In mathematics, delay differential equations (DDEs) are a type of differential equation in which the derivative of the unknown function at a certain time is given in terms of the values of the function at previous times.
DDEs are also called time-delay systems, systems with aftereffect or dead-time, hereditary systems, equations with deviating argument, or differential-difference equations. They belong to the class of systems with the functional state, i.e. partial differential equations (PDEs) which are infinite dimensional, as opposed to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) having a finite dimensional state vector. Four points may give a possible explanation of the popularity of DDEs:
Aftereffect is an applied problem: it is well known that, together with the increasing expectations of dynamic performances, engineers need their models to behave more like the real process. Many processes include aftereffect phenomena in their inner dynamics. In addition, actuators, sensors, and communication networks that are now involved in feedback control loops introduce such delays. Finally, besides actual delays, time lags are frequently used to simplify very high order models. Then, the interest for DDEs keeps on growing in all scientific areas and, especially, in control engineering.
Delay systems are still resistant to many classical controllers: one could think that the simplest approach would consist in replacing them by some finite-dimensional approximations. Unfortunately,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziesite
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Ziesite is a copper vanadate mineral with formula: β-Cu2V2O7. It was discovered in 1980 as monoclinic crystals occurring as volcanic sublimates around fumaroles in the crater of the Izalco Volcano, El Salvador. It is named after Emanuel George Zies (1883–1981), an American geochemist who studied Izalco in the 1930s.
Closely related is blossite, also a copper vanadate with formula of α-Cu2V2O7. It forms orthorhombic crystals. Blossite was also first described for specimens from the Izalco volcano.
Ziesite and blossite are polymorphs, different crystal structure for the same chemical composition and are quite similar in physical properties.
Associated minerals include stoiberite, shcherbinaite, bannermanite, fingerite, mcbirneyite, blossite, chalcocyanite and chalcanthite.
References
Copper(II) minerals
Vanadate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic%20pharmacology
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Synaptic pharmacology is the study of drugs that act on the synapses. It deals with the composition, uses, and effects of drugs that may enhance (receptor) or diminish (blocker) activity at the synapse, which is the junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon terminal to a neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.
A partial list of pharmacological agents that act at synapses follows.
References
Neuropharmacology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Genome%20Institute
|
The Joint Genome Institute (JGI) is a scientific user facility for integrative genomic science at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The mission of the JGI is to advance genomics research in support of the United States Department of Energy's (DOE) missions of energy and the environment. It is one of three national scientific user facilities supported by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER) within the Department of Energy's Office of Research. These BER facilities are part of a more extensive network of 28 national scientific user facilities that operate at the DOE national laboratories.
The JGI advances genomics research by providing the research community with access to the latest generation of genome sequencing and analysis capabilities. It employs a staff of 250 scientists, technicians, and other personnel to support the research of the 2,180 scientific users who make use of it for their research each year. The facility sequenced 658 trillion total bases in FY 2022, and this output is now doubling about every two years.
Research at JGI
Research at JGI is organized into seven programs:
The JGI provides users with access, at no cost, to high-throughput genomic and specialized capabilities and data analysis. Researchers submit proposals to one of the seven JGI user programs, and all proposals are reviewed for scientific merit and relevance to the DOE research mission. If the proposal is approved, the JGI provides the users a number of standard se
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRS
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MRS, Mrs, or mrs may refer to:
Acronyms
MRS Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Mandibular repositioning splint
Marginal rate of substitution, in economics
Maritime Reaction Squadron of the South African Navy
Market Research Society
Marseille Provence Airport (IATA airport code)
Materials Research Society
Melbourne Rectangular Stadium
Minimal recursion semantics
Modified Rankin Scale, to measure disability after stroke
Monks Risborough railway station, England (National Rail station code)
Movimiento Renovador Sandinista, a political party in Nicaragua, see Sandinista Renovation Movement
M.R.S. (Most Requested Show), Filipino TV show
MRS Logística, a freight rail company in Brazil
MRS suit, breathing apparatus, see Siebe Gorman#Rebreather equipment
Molecular Recognition Section as a Drug prefix, e.g. MRS5698.
MRS agar, a bacterial growth medium for Lactobacilli
Other abbreviations
Mrs., an honorific title for married women
SQL Server Reporting Services, a Microsoft Reporting Services computer technology to create data reports
mrs, abbreviation for maravedis (monetary unit or coin)
(As Mrş) abbreviation for Mareşal, the highest rank in the Army of Turkey
M. Rs., pen-name of Swedish writer Mathilda Roos (1852-1908)
The Mrs, U.S. pop-rock band
See also
Missus (disambiguation)
Miss (disambiguation)
MR (disambiguation)
MS (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Buses%20route%203
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London Buses route 3 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Crystal Palace bus station and Victoria station, it is operated by Abellio London.
History
Route 3 started operations on 1 November 1908 between Brixton station and South Croydon. On 19 November 1908, the route was altered at both ends to run between Oxford Circus and South Croydon. From April 1909 it was extended on Sundays to Purley, then to Whyteleafe in August 1909. A month later, route 3 was extended northwards to Camden Town, and was withdrawn between Streatham Common and Whyteleafe. On 3 March 1910, route 3 was withdrawn between Brixton (Lambeth Town Hall) and Streatham Common and re-routed via Effra Road to Brixton. In the same month the route was extended to Hampstead Heath. From 16 June 1912, route 3 became a Monday to Saturday route only, being replaced by the recently introduced 59 on Sundays.
On 11 May 1913, a new daily route 3A was introduced between Camden Town and Crystal Palace via route 3 to Brixton, then via Water Lane, Herne Hill, Croxted Road and South Croxted Road. Routes 3 and 3A only ran as such until 17 July 1913, when both routes became daily and exchanged numbers. At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the 3A was withdrawn as an economy measure, but was re-instated in October. Route 3 was extended from Crystal Palace to Upper Norwood a month later. By the end of hostilities route 3A had been withdrawn and route 3 ran between Camden Town
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau%20Figeac
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Château-Figeac is a wine estate in the Saint-Émilion appellation of Bordeaux.
, it is one of two chateaux to carry the highest rank (Premier Grand Cru Classé A) in the official Classification of Saint-Émilion wine (2022 classification, valid until 2031 harvest year).
It is among the largest estates in Saint-Émilion, comprising in one block, of which are vineyards. Due to its soil, which is dominated by gravel, it is planted in grape varieties Cabernet Sauvignon (35%), Cabernet Franc (35%), and Merlot (30%). Most other Saint-Émilion wines are dominated by Merlot, and Figeac therefore bears a certain semblance to the wines of Médoc and Graves despite being situated on Bordeaux's right bank. The wine, which is one of the most famous of Saint-Émilion, is aged in 100% new oak barrels.
From 1945 to 2011, the estate produced a second wine named La Grange Neuve de Figeac. From the 2012 vintage, the second wine of Figeac was rebranded as Petit-Figeac.
History
Château-Figeac originates from an ancient estate that traces its roots back to the 2nd century, when a Gallo-Roman villa was built on the estate and named after a Figeacus. In the late 18th century, the property was close to in size, but was sold and subdivided several times in the 19th century until 1892, when Henri de Chevremont bought it. Henriette, the daughter of de Chevremont, married André Villepigue and became the owner of Figeac. The estate was managed by Alfred Maquin, as the Villepigues lived in Paris. In 1905,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20vector%20field
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In the study of mathematics and especially differential geometry, fundamental vector fields are an instrument that describes the infinitesimal behaviour of a smooth Lie group action on a smooth manifold. Such vector fields find important applications in the study of Lie theory, symplectic geometry, and the study of Hamiltonian group actions.
Motivation
Important to applications in mathematics and physics is the notion of a flow on a manifold. In particular, if is a smooth manifold and is a smooth vector field, one is interested in finding integral curves to . More precisely, given one is interested in curves such that:
for which local solutions are guaranteed by the Existence and Uniqueness Theorem of Ordinary Differential Equations. If is furthermore a complete vector field, then the flow of , defined as the collection of all integral curves for , is a diffeomorphism of . The flow given by is in fact an action of the additive Lie group on .
Conversely, every smooth action defines a complete vector field via the equation:
It is then a simple result that there is a bijective correspondence between actions on and complete vector fields on .
In the language of flow theory, the vector field is called the infinitesimal generator. Intuitively, the behaviour of the flow at each point corresponds to the "direction" indicated by the vector field. It is a natural question to ask whether one may establish a similar correspondence between vector fields and more arbitr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20Engineering
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Swift Engineering is an American spacecraft engineering firm that builds autonomous systems, helicopters, submarines, spacecraft, ground vehicles, robotics, and composite parts. Swift used to produce racing cars for open-wheel racing series, including Formula Ford, Formula Atlantic, the Champ Car World Series and Formula Nippon, having designed and fabricated over 500 race cars.
History
Swift Engineering was founded in 1983 by David Bruns, Alex Cross, R. K. Smith, and Paul White under the name Swift Racing Cars. Their first car, the DB-1, was a Formula Ford which won the SCCA National Championship in its debut race. The company later built cars for Sports 2000, Formula Ford 2000, Formula Atlantic, and CART. Swift chassis won the Atlantic Championship from 1989 to 1992 and British Formula Renault in 1990.
In 1991, Swift was purchased by Panasonic executive and former Indycar racing driver Hiro Matsushita, grandson of Panasonic founder Konosuke Matsushita, who renamed the firm Swift Engineering. Under his direction, Swift moved up to the CART World Series for 1997, with two cars entered by Newman/Haas Racing and driven by Michael Andretti and Christian Fittipaldi. In CART, Swifts got four wins and 24 podiums from 182 race entries. Tarso Marques was the last driver to race a Swift chassis in CART in the 2000 season.
In 2000, Swift Engineering started to provide vertically integrated, multi-disciplined product development services including design, development, engineering, te
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroclinic%20orbit
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[[Image:Heteroclinic orbit in pendulum phaseportrait.png|thumb|right|The phase portrait of the pendulum equation {{math|1=''x + sin x = 0}}. The highlighted curve shows the heteroclinic orbit from to . This orbit corresponds with the (rigid) pendulum starting upright, making one revolution through its lowest position, and ending upright again.]]
In mathematics, in the phase portrait of a dynamical system, a heteroclinic orbit (sometimes called a heteroclinic connection) is a path in phase space which joins two different equilibrium points. If the equilibrium points at the start and end of the orbit are the same, the orbit is a homoclinic orbit.
Consider the continuous dynamical system described by the ordinary differential equation
Suppose there are equilibria at Then a solution is a heteroclinic orbit from to if both limits are satisfied:
This implies that the orbit is contained in the stable manifold of and the unstable manifold of .
Symbolic dynamics
By using the Markov partition, the long-time behaviour of hyperbolic system can be studied using the techniques of symbolic dynamics. In this case, a heteroclinic orbit has a particularly simple and clear representation. Suppose that is a finite set of M symbols. The dynamics of a point x is then represented by a bi-infinite string of symbols
A periodic point of the system is simply a recurring sequence of letters. A heteroclinic orbit is then the joining of two distinct periodic orbits. It may be written as
wh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peixoto%27s%20theorem
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In the theory of dynamical systems, Peixoto's theorem, proved by Maurício Peixoto, states that among all smooth flows on surfaces, i.e. compact two-dimensional manifolds, structurally stable systems may be characterized by the following properties:
The set of non-wandering points consists only of periodic orbits and fixed points.
The set of fixed points is finite and consists only of hyperbolic equilibrium points.
Finiteness of attracting or repelling periodic orbits.
Absence of saddle-to-saddle connections.
Moreover, they form an open set in the space of all flows endowed with C1 topology.
See also
Andronov–Pontryagin criterion
References
Jacob Palis, W. de Melo, Geometric Theory of Dynamical Systems. Springer-Verlag, 1982
Stability theory
Theorems in dynamical systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos%20772
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Kosmos 772 ( meaning Cosmos 772) was an uncrewed military Soyuz 7K-S test. It was an unsuccessful mission as only one transmitter worked. Only the 166 MHz frequency transmitter operated, all of the other normal Soyuz wavelengths transmitters failed. The experience from these flights were used in the development of the successor program Soyuz spacecraft the Soyuz 7K-ST.
Mission parameters
Spacecraft: Soyuz 7K-S
Mass: 6750 kg
Crew: None
Launched: September 29, 1975
Landed: October 3, 1975 4:10 UTC
Perigee: 154 km
Apogee: 245 km
Inclination: 51.8 deg
Duration: 3.99 days
Maneuver Summary
193 km X 270 km orbit to 195 km X 300 km orbit. Delta V: 8 m/s.
196 km X 300 km orbit to 196 km X 328 km orbit. Delta V: 8 m/s.
Total Delta V: 16 m/s.
See also
Soyuz 7K-OK
Soyuz TM-25
Cosmos 670
Cosmos 869
References
Kosmos 0772
Kosmos 0772
Kosmos 0772
1975 in the Soviet Union
Spacecraft launched in 1975
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicine
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Vicine is an alkaloid glycoside found mainly in fava beans, which are also called broad beans (Vicia faba). Vicine is toxic in individuals who have a hereditary loss of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. It causes haemolytic anaemia, called favism. The formation of vicine in Vicia faba has been studied, but this natural formation has not yet been found.
History
Vicine was initially isolated in 1870 from the seeds of Vicia sativa by a method of extraction with sulfuric acid and subsequent precipitation with mercury sulfate (HgSO4). Later vicine was also found in other Vicia species, namely Vicia faba, beet juice and peas. The chemical structure of the compound was built gradually. First the glycosidic nature of the compound was recognized in 1896. The same year the aglycone of vicine, divicine, was isolated. In the beginning of the 20th century the pyrimidine structure was recognized. Despite these initial successes, the correct formula of vicine was determined only in 1953 and it is 2,4-diamino-6-oxypyrimidine-5-(ß-d-glucopyranoside).
Metabolism
Vicine is an inactive compound in the body. When vicine enters the body through food, it is hydrolysed by the intestinal microflora to a highly reactive free radical generating compound, the aglycone divicine. Upon hydrolysis, the glucose part of the molecule is split off and that results in the reduced divicine. Divicine is then taken up in the blood through the intestinal epithelium.
Adverse effects
Adverse effects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low%20smoke%20zero%20halogen
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Low smoke zero halogen or low smoke free of halogen (LSZH or LSOH or LS0H or LSFH or OHLS or ZHFR) is a material classification typically used for cable jacketing in the wire and cable industry. LSZH cable jacketing is composed of thermoplastic or thermoset compounds that emit limited smoke and no halogen when exposed to high sources of heat.
Description
The first commercial thermoplastic LSZH material for cable jacketing was invented by Richard Skipper in 1979 and patented by Raychem Corporation. This invention resolved the challenge of incorporating sufficient inorganic filler, aluminium trihydrate (ALTH), into an appropriate thermoplastic matrix to suppress the fire and allow a char to be formed, which reduced emission of poisonous carbon gases and also smoke and carbon particles, whilst maintaining electrical insulation properties and physical properties required by the end application. The preferred inorganic filler to achieve flame retardation continues to be aluminium trihydrate (ALTH). In the event of a fire this material undergoes an endothermic chemical reaction
that absorbs heat energy and releases steam when the compound reaches a certain temperature. It is critical that the decomposition of the polymer(s) used to carry the filler happens at approximately the same temperature. The steam disrupts combustion of the evolved gases and helps form a char layer that protects the remaining material and traps particulates. The high level of filler required (≈ 60%) also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocrine%20pancreatic%20insufficiency
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Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the inability to properly digest food due to a lack or reduction of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. EPI can occur in humans and is prevalent in many conditions such as cystic fibrosis, Shwachman–Diamond syndrome, different types of pancreatitis, multiple types of diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes), advanced renal disease, older adults, celiac disease, IBS-D, IBD, HIV, alcohol-related liver disease, Sjogren syndrome, tobacco use, and use of somatostatin analogues.
EPI is caused by a progressive loss of the pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes. Loss of digestive enzymes leads to maldigestion and malabsorption of nutrients from normal digestive processes. EPI can cause symptoms even before reaching the stages of malnutrition: ‘mild’ or ‘moderate’ EPI is when fecal elastase levels are <200 ug/g, whereas ‘severe’ EPI is considered to be when fecal elastase levels is <100 ug/g.
The exocrine pancreas is a portion of this organ that contains clusters of ducts (acini) producing bicarbonate anion, a mild alkali, as well as an array of digestive enzymes that together empty by way of the interlobular and main pancreatic ducts into the duodenum (upper small intestine). The hormones cholecystokinin and secretin secreted by the stomach and duodenum in response to distension and the presence of food in turn stimulate the production of digestive enzymes by the exocrine pancreas. The alkalization of the duodenum neutrali
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein%20IIb/IIIa%20inhibitors
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In medicine, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, also GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors, is a class of antiplatelet agents.
Several GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors exist:
abciximab (abcixifiban) (ReoPro)
eptifibatide (Integrilin)
tirofiban (Aggrastat)
roxifiban
orbofiban
Use
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are frequently used during percutaneous coronary intervention (angioplasty with or without intracoronary stent placement).
They work by preventing platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. They do so by inhibition of the GpIIb/IIIa receptor on the surface of the platelets.
They may also be used to treat acute coronary syndromes, without percutaneous coronary intervention, depending on TIMI risk.
They should be given intravenously. The oral form is associated with increased mortality and hence should not be given.
In integrin nomenclature glycoprotein IIb/IIIa is called αIIbβ3.
History
Their development arose from the understanding of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, a condition in which the GpIIb/IIIa receptor is deficient or dysfunctional.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein%20IIb/IIIa
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In biochemistry and medicine, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa, also known as integrin αIIbβ3) is an integrin complex found on platelets. It is a transmembrane receptor for fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor, and aids platelet activation. The complex is formed via calcium-dependent association of gpIIb and gpIIIa, a required step in normal platelet aggregation and endothelial adherence. Platelet activation by ADP (blocked by clopidogrel) leads to the aforementioned conformational change in platelet gpIIb/IIIa receptors that induces binding to fibrinogen. The gpIIb/IIIa receptor is a target of several drugs including abciximab, eptifibatide, and tirofiban.
gpIIb/IIIa complex formation
Once platelets are activated, granules secrete clotting mediators, including both ADP and TXA2. These then bind their respective receptors on platelet surfaces, in both an autocrine and paracrine fashion (binds both itself and other platelets). The binding of these receptors result in a cascade of events resulting in an increase in intracellular calcium (e.g. via Gq receptor activation leading to Ca2+ release from platelet endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores, which may activate Protein Kinase C). Hence, this calcium increase triggers the calcium-dependent association of gpIIb and gpIIIa to form the activated membrane receptor complex gpIIb/IIIa, which is capable of binding fibrinogen (factor I), resulting in many platelets "sticking together" as they may connect to the same strands of fibrinoge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLAG-tag
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FLAG-tag, or FLAG octapeptide, or FLAG epitope, is a peptide protein tag that can be added to a protein using recombinant DNA technology, having the sequence DYKDDDDK (where D=aspartic acid, Y=tyrosine, and K=lysine). It is one of the most specific tags and it is an artificial antigen to which specific, high affinity monoclonal antibodies have been developed and hence can be used for protein purification by affinity chromatography and also can be used for locating proteins within living cells. FLAG-tag has been used to separate recombinant, overexpressed protein from wild-type protein expressed by the host organism. FLAG-tag can also be used in the isolation of protein complexes with multiple subunits, because FLAG-tag's mild purification procedure tends not to disrupt such complexes. FLAG-tag-based purification has been used to obtain proteins of sufficient purity and quality to carry out 3D structure determination by x-ray crystallography.
A FLAG-tag can be used in many different assays that require recognition by an antibody. If there is no antibody against a given protein, adding a FLAG-tag to a protein allows the protein to be studied with an antibody against the FLAG-tag sequence. Examples are cellular localization studies by immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation or detection by SDS PAGE protein electrophoresis and Western blotting.
The peptide sequence of the FLAG-tag from the N-terminus to the C-terminus is: DYKDDDDK (1012 Da). Additionally, FLAG-tags may be used
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabweite
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Zimbabweite is a mineral; formula . It is generally classed as an arsenite but is notable for also containing niobium and tantalum. A yellow brown mineral with orthorhombic crystal habit and a hardness of 5. It was discovered in 1986 in kaolinized pegmatite, i.e. weathered to clay, in Zimbabwe.
References
Sodium minerals
Potassium minerals
Lead minerals
Arsenic minerals
Niobium minerals
Tantalum minerals
Titanium minerals
Oxide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals described in 1986
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOSUI
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SOSUI is a free online tool that predicts a part of the secondary structure of proteins from a given amino acid sequence (AAS). The main objective is to determine whether the protein in question is a soluble or a transmembrane protein.
History
SOSUI's algorithm was developed in 1996 at Tokyo University. The name means as much as "hydrophobic", an allusion to its molecular "clients".
How SOSUI works
First of all, SOSUI looks for α helices that are relatively easy to predict, taking into account the known helical potentials of the given amino acid sequence(AAS). The much more difficult task is to differentiate between the α helices in soluble proteins and the ones in transmembrane proteins, the α helix being a very common secondary structure pattern in proteins.
SOSUI uses 4 characteristics of the AAS in its prediction:
"hydropathy index" (Kyte und Doolittle 1982)
weighted presence of amphiphilic amino acids (AA) and their localization: "amphiphilicity index"
the AA's charge
the length of the AAS
An important improvement compared to Kyte und Doolittle's "hydropathy index", which relies entirely on one characteristic, is the introduction of the so-called "amphiphilicity index". It is calculated by giving every AA with an amphiphilic residue a certain value which is derived from the AA's molecular structure. To meet SOSUI's criteria for amphiphilicity, the polar, hydrophilic residue may not be linked directly to the beta-carbon; there must be at least one apolar carbon int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBAT
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The acronym IBAT may refer to:
Ileal bile acid transporter, a protein also known as SLC10A2;
Institute of Business Administration and Training in India;
The Institute of Business and Technology (IBaT) in Dublin, Ireland;
Interscapular brown adipose tissue, also known as Hibernating gland;
Instruction Block Address Translation registers in PowerPC microprocessors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirap
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Tirap can refer to:
Tirap district, district in Arunachal Pradesh
Tirap River, river that flows in Tirap district
Tirap, Kenya
TIRAP, toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWR%20locomotive%20numbering%20and%20classification
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The GWR was the longest-lived of the pre-nationalisation railway companies in Britain, surviving the 'Grouping' of the railways in 1923 almost unchanged. As a result, the history of its numbering and classification of locomotives is relatively complicated. This page explains the principal systems that were used.
For information about individual classes and locomotives, see: Locomotives of the Great Western Railway
Numbering
Broad Gauge Era
From the start, the GWR gave names only to its broad gauge locomotive stock. However, many classes carried 'themed' names, e.g. stars or signs of the zodiac, which aided identification of locomotives to some extent. See List of 7-foot gauge railway locomotive names
The exception to this rule was that any broad gauge locomotives the GWR absorbed from other railways (in particular, the South Devon Railway and Bristol and Exeter Railway) were given numbers in the 2000-2199 series. This applied even where locomotives had carried names under their previous owner (indeed, these names were usually removed by the GWR) and even when the locomotives had originally belonged to the GWR and had been sold out of stock.
Towards the end of the broad gauge era, a number of locomotives were built to a design that enabled them to be easily converted from one gauge to the other (hence the term 'convertibles' used for these locomotives). These engines also carried numbers in the standard gauge series, whether or not they were running in broad gauge form.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20systems%20of%20plant%20taxonomy
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This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents "taxonomic systems" used in plant classification.
A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. It is only a "system" if it is applied to a large group of such taxa (for example, all the flowering plants).
There are two main criteria for this list. A system must be taxonomic, that is deal with many plants, by their botanical names. Secondly it must be a system, i.e. deal with the relationships of plants. Although thinking about relationships of plants had started much earlier (see history of plant systematics), such systems really only came into being in the 19th century, as a result of an ever-increasing influx from all over the world of newly discovered plant species. The 18th century saw some early systems, which are perhaps precursors rather than full taxonomic systems.
A milestone event was the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus which serves as the starting point of binomial nomenclature for plants. By its size this would qualify to be on this list, but it does not deal with relationships, beyond assigning plants into genera.
Note that a system is not necessarily monolithic and often goes through several stages of development, resulting in several versions of the same system. When a system is widely adopted, many authors will adopt their own particular version of the system. The Cronquist system is well known for existing in many version
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorne%20system
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A system of plant taxonomy, the Thorne system of plant classification was devised by the American botanist Robert F. Thorne (1920–2015) in 1968, and he continued to issue revisions over many years (1968–2007).
Some versions of the system are available online. The Bioinformatics Working Group Center for the Study of Digital Libraries at Texas A&M University lists the March 1999 version (and other classification systems). James Reveal's course lecture notes (1999) also gives an account of the Thorne system at that time, with an extensive listing of synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system together with several other classification systems.
For a discussion of the various suffixes used for superorders (-florae vs. -anae), see Brummitt 1992, and Thorne 1992. In this latter paper, Thorne sets out his reasons for abandoning -florae for -anae, following contemporary practice.
1968 System
Monocotyledons
Superorders
Superorder Alimatiflorae
Superorder Triuridiflorae
Superorder Liliiflorae
Order Liliales
Superorder Ariflorae
Superorder Commeliniflorae
1992 System
The 1992 system lists 69 orders and 440 families
Summary
Class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms ]
Subclass Magnoliidae [= dicotyledons ]
Superorder Magnolianae
Superorder Nymphaeanae
Superorder Rafflesianae
Superorder Caryophyllanae
Superorder Theanae
Superorder Celastranae
Superorder Malvanae
Superorder Violanae
Superorder Santalanae
Superorder Geranianae
Superorder Rutan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backmarking
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In constraint satisfaction, backmarking is a variant of the backtracking algorithm.
Backmarking works like backtracking by iteratively evaluating variables in a given order, for example, . It improves over backtracking by maintaining information about the last time a variable was instantiated to a value and information about what changed since then. In particular:
for each variable and value , the algorithm records information about the last time has been set to ; in particular, it stores the minimal index such that the assignment to was then inconsistent;
for each variable , the algorithm stores some information relative to what changed since the last time it has evaluated ; in particular, it stores the minimal index of a variable that was changed since then.
The first information is collected and stored every time the algorithm evaluates a variable to , and is done by simply checking consistency of the current assignments for , for , for , etc.
The second information is changed every time another variable is evaluated. In particular, the index of the "maximal unchanged variable since the last evaluation of " is possibly changed every time another variable changes value. Every time an arbitrary variable changes, all variables with are considered in turn. If was their previous associated index, this value is changed to .
The data collected this way is used to avoid some consistency checks. In particular, whenever backtracking would set , backmarking compare
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPP%20complex
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TRAPP (TRAnsport Protein Particle) is a protein involved in particle transport between organelles.
Protein folding and the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Proteins that are destined for the plasma membrane or export to the extracellular environment in eukaryotic cells are translated on ribosomes that sit on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Most proteins are co-translationally transported into the ER (i.e., while the ribosome is translating the mRNA code into a polypeptide, the polypeptide is simultaneously inserted via the translocon pore into the ER). The ER provides an environment that helps nascent polypeptides fold into and become functional or partially functional proteins. The ER provides an oxidizing environment (for formation of disulfide bonds) and the necessary chaperones (folding assisting agents that are not part of the final protein). Numerous exported proteins form disulfide bonds—covalent bonds that stabilize the protein structure in harsh extracellular environments. A classic example are the disulfide-linked heavy and light chain polypeptides of antibodies secreted by B-cells of the immune system.
Another key event that takes place in the ER is N-linked glycosylation. In this process, polypeptides that have a unique stretch of 3 amino acids (asparagine - X - serine/threonine, where X represents any amino acid except proline) are modified with a complex sugar moiety on the amide group of asparagine. Other types of glycosylations include S-linked (via cystein
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearidonic%20acid
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Stearidonic acid (SDA: C18H28O2; 18:4, n-3) is an ω-3 fatty acid, sometimes called moroctic acid. It is biosynthesized from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA: C18H30O2; 18:3, n-3) by the enzyme delta-6-desaturase, that removes two hydrogen (H) atoms from a fatty acid, creating a carbon/carbon double bonding, via an oxygen requiring unsaturation. SDA also act as precursor for the rapid synthesis of longer chain fatty acids, called N-acylethanolamine (NAEs), involved in many important biological processes. Natural sources of this fatty acid are the seed oils of hemp, blackcurrant, corn gromwell, and Echium plantagineum, and the cyanobacterium Spirulina. SDA can also be synthesized in a lab. A GMO soybean source is approved by the European Food Safety Authority.
See also
List of omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-3 fatty acids
Essential fatty acids
References
Fatty acids
Alkenoic acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Flagler%20Cary%20Arboretum
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The Mary Flagler Cary Arboretum (1,924 acres; 7.7 km²) is a nonprofit arboretum located on U.S. Route 44 near Millbrook, New York. It is operated by the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, and open to the public without an admission fee. The arboretum was established by Mary Flagler Cary (1901–1967), a granddaughter of Henry Morrison Flagler and heir to part of the Standard Oil fortune, and her husband Melbert Cary. After her husband's death in 1941, Mrs. Cary maintained the property, with a special interest in its maples. Following her death in 1967, she left the estate to a trust. In 1971 its trustees asked the New York Botanical Garden to oversee the property, which was then named the Mary Flagler Cary Arboretum. In the 1980s, the Institute for Ecosystem Studies was founded, and in the 1990s it became an independent, nonprofit corporation. In 2008, the Institute adopted a new name, the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
The arboretum contains meadow, forest, swamp, hills, and trout streams, with the following walking trails:
Cary Pines Trail (1.3 miles, 2.1 km) - path through open spaces, thickets, and pine and hemlock forests.
Fern Glen - boardwalk through habitat of more than 150 species of trees, ferns, and wildflowers.
Sedge Meadow Trail - short boardwalk path through wetland with red maples.
Wappinger Creek Trail (1.25 miles, 2 km) - follows the east branch of Wappinger Creek, a tributary of the Hudson River, through forests, marshes, and old field
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20West%20Ham%20United%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics
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This article lists records and statistics associated with West Ham United.
Team records
Scoring records
Biggest victory: 10–0 v Bury, Football League Cup (25 October 1983)
Biggest league win: 8–0 v Rotherham United (8 March 1958), and v Sunderland (19 October 1968)
Biggest defeat: 0–7 v Barnsley (1 September 1919), v Everton (22 October 1927), and v Sheffield Wednesday (28 November 1959)
League sequences
Wins: 9 (19 October to 4 December 1985)
Draws: 5 (7 September to 5 October 1968, and 15 October to 1 November 2003)
Defeats: 9 (28 March to 29 August 1932)
(source:)
Goalscorers
Leading first class goalscorers
Other top goalscorers
Top goalscorers by season
For a list of top scorers by season see List of West Ham United F.C. seasons.
Penalty shoot-outs
Honours
source;
European
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
Winners: 1964–65
Runners-up: 1975–76
UEFA Europa Conference League
Winners: 2022–23
UEFA Intertoto Cup
Winners: 1999
Anglo-Italian League Cup
Runners-up: 1975
Domestic
Leagues
First Division/Premier League (Tier 1)
Highest placing: 3rd, 1985–86
Second Division/Championship (Tier 2)
Champions (2): 1957–58, 1980–81
Runners-up: 1922–23, 1990–91, 1992–93
Play-off winners: 2005, 2012
Play-off runners-up: 2004
Cups
FA Cup
Winners (3): 1963–64, 1974–75, 1979–80
Runners-up: 1922–23, 2005–06
EFL Cup/Football League Cup
Runners-up: 1965–66, 1980–81
FA Community/Charity Shield
Winners: 1964 (shared)
Runners-up: 1975, 1980
Football League War Cup
Wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solving%20the%20geodesic%20equations
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Solving the geodesic equations is a procedure used in mathematics, particularly Riemannian geometry, and in physics, particularly in general relativity, that results in obtaining geodesics. Physically, these represent the paths of (usually ideal) particles with no proper acceleration, their motion satisfying the geodesic equations. Because the particles are subject to no proper acceleration, the geodesics generally represent the straightest path between two points in a curved spacetime.
The differential geodesic equation
On an n-dimensional Riemannian manifold , the geodesic equation written in a coordinate chart with coordinates is:
where the coordinates xa(s) are regarded as the coordinates of a curve γ(s) in and are the Christoffel symbols. The Christoffel symbols are functions of the metric and are given by:
where the comma indicates a partial derivative with respect to the coordinates:
As the manifold has dimension , the geodesic equations are a system of ordinary differential equations for the coordinate variables. Thus, allied with initial conditions, the system can, according to the Picard–Lindelöf theorem, be solved. One can also use a Lagrangian approach to the problem: defining
and applying the Euler–Lagrange equation.
Heuristics
As the laws of physics can be written in any coordinate system, it is convenient to choose one that simplifies the geodesic equations. Mathematically, this means a coordinate chart is chosen in which the geodesic equations ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20rights
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Film rights are rights under copyright law to produce a film as a derivative work of a given item of intellectual property. In US law, these rights belong to the holder of the copyright, who may sell (or "option") them to someone in the film industry—usually a producer or director, or sometimes a specialist broker of such properties—who will then try to gather industry professionals and secure the financial backing necessary to convert the property into a film. Such rights differ from the right to commercially exhibit a finished motion picture, which rights are usually referred to as "exhibition rights" or "public-performance rights".
Origins
In the United States, the need to secure film rights of previously published or produced source materials still under copyright stems from case law. In 1907, the Kalem Company produced a one-reel silent film version of General Lew Wallace's novel Ben-Hur without first securing film rights. Wallace's estate and his American publisher, Harper & Brothers sued for copyright infringement. The United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, establishing the precedent that all adaptations are subject to copyright.
Options
When producers option a script, they are purchasing the right to buy certain rights to intellectual property. A general option fee is 10% of the cost of the rights, should the producers manage to secure full financing for their project and have it "greenlit". Because few projects actually manage to be g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Little
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Glen Matthew Little (born 15 October 1975) is an English footballer. Born in Wimbledon, London, he also previously played for Burnley, Derry City, Glentoran, Crystal Palace, Sheffield United, Wrexham and Aldershot Town. He has also appeared in the Premier League for Bolton Wanderers, Reading and Portsmouth.
Career
Crystal Palace and Ireland
Little made his Derry City debut on 20 November 1994 on loan from Palace. While at Irish Premier League club Glentoran. One of the top footballers to play in the Irish League in the 1990s, Little scored a memorable goal to win the 1996 Irish Cup.
Burnley
Little moved from Glentoran to Burnley in November 1996 for a £100,000 fee. After Stan Ternent's arrival at Turf Moor in summer 1998, he became a fixture in the right-wing slot, linking up especially well with full-back Dean West. In Burnley's 1999–2000 Second Division promotion season, Little scored a memorable goal at home to Bristol Rovers. He also helped Burnley beat Tottenham Hotspur in the League Cup in 2002 after a game-turning performance when brought on as a substitute. Little attracted attention during this time, and his club was reported to have turned down big money offers for his signature.
In early 2003, Little joined Reading on loan. In September 2003 he moved to Premier League club Bolton Wanderers on loan in a deal which involved Delroy Facey and Gareth Farrelly moving to Burnley. Little made his Premiership debut for the Trotters against Wolverhampton Wanderers and se
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20nature%20conservation%20organizations
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This is a list of nature conservation organisations that primarily aim to protect species, their habitats, and ecosystems.
List of international conservation organisations
African Wild Dog Conservancy - dedicated to conserving the African wild dog
African Wildlife Foundation - ensuring that wildlife and wild lands thrive in modern Africa
Bat Conservation International - working to conserve the world's bats and their habitats
BirdLife International - a global partnership of organisations that strive to conserve birds
Center for Biological Diversity - protecting endangered species through legal action, petitions, media and activism
Conservation International - secure the critical benefits that nature provides to humanity
Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust - mission to save species from extinction
EcoHealth Alliance - protecting the health of people, animals, and the environment from emerging infectious diseases
Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS)
Fauna and Flora International - safeguard the future of southern Africa's large mammal populations
Greenpeace - raising environmental issues to public knowledge
International Anti-Poaching Foundation - created a structured military-like approach to conservation in Africa
International Union for Conservation of Nature - a partnership of 1400 organisations working in the field of nature conservation
MarAlliance - non- profit that explores the tropical seas and conducts innovative and participatory science to answer key research questi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Hunt%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201981%29
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Stephen Patrick Hunt (born 1 August 1981) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a winger for Crystal Palace, Brentford, Reading, Hull City, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Ipswich Town and Coventry City. At international level, he made 39 appearances scoring once for the Republic of Ireland national team. His younger brother, Noel, is also a footballer.
Club career
Early years
Hunt became known for his creative and skilful play as well as his work rate as a winger. Although born in Laois, Hunt grew up in Clonea-Power, Waterford. He was a talented under-age hurler and soccer player. He played for Waterford hurlers at under-15 and under-16 levels. Hurling was his first love.
Hunt's first introduction to organised football was when he moved to the Christian Brothers' Secondary School in Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary at the age of 11. During his time at secondary school he also began playing for Waterford soccer side Johnville F.C. and won a Munster Schools Junior Cup with Carrick CBS. This gained Hunt a degree of recognition and he played in the Kennedy Cup with Waterford County. He later excelled for Carrick United at various age levels, before going to England starting his career as a trainee with Crystal Palace. Failing to make an impact on the first team, Hunt had trials with clubs including Dundee United before leaving to join Brentford. In his four years at the West London club, he became an integral part of the team and stood in as captain for Michael D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versican
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Versican is a large extracellular matrix proteoglycan that is present in a variety of human tissues. It is encoded by the VCAN gene.
Versican is a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan with an apparent molecular mass of more than 1000kDa. In 1989, Zimmermann and Ruoslahti cloned and sequenced the core protein of fibroblast chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. They designated it versican in recognition of its versatile modular structure.
Versican belongs to the lectican protein family, with aggrecan (abundant in cartilage), brevican and neurocan (nervous system proteoglycans) as other members. Versican is also known as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein 2 or chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 2 (CSPG2), and PG-M.
Structure
These proteoglycans share a homologous globular N-terminal, C-terminal, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding regions.
The N-terminal (G1) globular domain consists of Ig-like loop and two link modules, and has Hyaluronan (HA) binding properties.
Versican occurs in 5 isoforms : V0, V1, V2, V3, V4.
The central domain of versican V0 contains both the GAG-α and GAG-β domains. V1 isoforms has the GAG-β domain, V2 has the GAG-α domain, V3 is void of any GAG attachment domains and V4 has a portion of the GAG-β domain. The GAGs, being composed of repeating disaccharide units, contribute to the negative charge and many other properties of proteoglycans.
The C-terminal (G3) globular domain consists of one or two Epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin%20carboxyl%20carrier%20protein
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Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) refers to proteins containing a biotin attachment domain that carry biotin and carboxybiotin throughout the ATP-dependent carboxylation by biotin-dependent carboxylases. The biotin carboxyl carrier protein is an Acetyl CoA subunit that allows for Acetyl CoA to be catalyzed and converted to malonyl-CoA. More specifically, BCCP catalyzes the carboxylation of the carrier protein to form an intermediate. Then the carboxyl group is transferred by the transcacrboxylase to form the malonyl-CoA. This conversion is an essential step in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. In the case of E. coli Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the BCCP is a separate protein known as accB (). On the other hand, in Haloferax mediterranei, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, the BCCP pccA () is fused with biotin carboxylase.
The biosynthesis of fatty acids in plants, such as triacylglycerol, is vital to the plant's overall health because it allows for accumulation of seed oil. The biosynthesis that is catalyzed by BCCP usually takes place in the chloroplast of plant cells. The biosynthesis performed by the BCCP protein allows for the transfer of CO2 within active sites of the cell.
The biotin carboxyl carrier protein carries approximately 1 mol of biotin per 22,000 g of protein.
There is not much research on BCCPs at the moment. However, a recent studyon plant genomics found that Brassica BCCPs might play a key role in abiotic and biotic stress responses. Meaning that these proteins m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20optimization
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Adaptive optimization is a technique in computer science that performs dynamic recompilation of portions of a program based on the current execution profile. With a simple implementation, an adaptive optimizer may simply make a trade-off between just-in-time compilation and interpreting instructions. At another level, adaptive optimization may take advantage of local data conditions to optimize away branches and to use inline expansion to decrease the cost of procedure calls.
Consider a hypothetical banking application that handles transactions one after another. These transactions may be checks, deposits, and a large number of more obscure transactions. When the program executes, the actual data may consist of clearing tens of thousands of checks without processing a single deposit and without processing a single check with a fraudulent account number. An adaptive optimizer would compile assembly code to optimize for this common case. If the system then started processing tens of thousands of deposits instead, the adaptive optimizer would recompile the assembly code to optimize the new common case. This optimization may include inlining code.
Examples of adaptive optimization include HotSpot and HP's Dynamo system.
In some systems, notably the Java Virtual Machine, execution over a range of bytecode instructions can be provably reversed. This allows an adaptive optimizer to make risky assumptions about the code. In the above example, the optimizer may assume all trans
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulin
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Nebulin is an actin-binding protein which is localized to the thin filament of the sarcomeres in skeletal muscle. Nebulin in humans is coded for by the gene NEB. It is a very large protein (600–900 kDa) and binds as many as 200 actin monomers. Because its length is proportional to thin filament length, it is believed that nebulin acts as a thin filament "ruler" and regulates thin filament length during sarcomere assembly and acts as the coats the actin filament. Other functions of nebulin, such as a role in cell signaling, remain uncertain.
Nebulin has also been shown to regulate actin-myosin interactions by inhibiting ATPase activity in a calcium-calmodulin sensitive manner.
Mutations in nebulin cause some cases of the autosomal recessive disorder nemaline myopathy.
A smaller member of the nebulin protein family, termed nebulette, is expressed in cardiac muscle.
Structure
The structure of the SH3 domain of nebulin was determined by protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The SH3 domain from nebulin is composed of 60 amino acid residues, of which 30 percent is in the beta sheet secondary structure (7 strands; 18 residues).
Knockout phenotype
As of 2007, two knockout mouse models for nebulin have been developed to better understand its in vivo function. Bang and colleagues demonstrated that nebulin-knockout mice die postnatally, have reduced thin filament length, and impaired contractile function. Postnatal sarcomere disorganization and degeneration occurr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeneRIF
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A GeneRIF or Gene Reference Into Function is a short (255 characters or fewer) statement about the function of a gene. GeneRIFs provide a simple mechanism for allowing scientists to add to the functional annotation of genes described in the Entrez Gene database. In practice, function is constructed quite broadly. For example, there are GeneRIFs that discuss the role of a gene in a disease, GeneRIFs that point the viewer towards a review article about the gene, and GeneRIFs that discuss the structure of a gene. However, the stated intent is for GeneRIFs to be about gene function. Currently over half a million geneRIFs have been created for genes from almost 1000 different species.
GeneRIFs are always associated with specific entries in the Entrez Gene database. Each GeneRIF has a pointer to the PubMed ID (a type of document identifier) of a scientific publication that provides evidence for the statement made by the GeneRIF. GeneRIFs are often extracted directly from the document that is identified by the PubMed ID, very frequently from its title or from its final sentence.
GeneRIFs are usually produced by NCBI indexers, but anyone may submit a GeneRIF.
To be processed, a valid Gene ID must exist for the specific gene, or the Gene staff must have assigned an overall Gene ID to the species. The latter case is implemented via records in Gene with the symbol NEWENTRY. Once the Gene ID is identified, only three types of information are required to complete a submission:
a c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsin%20inhibitor
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A trypsin inhibitor (TI) is a protein and a type of serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that reduces the biological activity of trypsin by controlling the activation and catalytic reactions of proteins. Trypsin is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of many different proteins, primarily as part of digestion in humans and other animals such as monogastrics and young ruminants. Serpins – including trypsin inhibitors – are irreversible and suicide substrate-like inhibitors.
It destructively alters trypsin thereby rendering it unavailable to bind with proteins for the digestion process. As a result, protease inhibitors that interfere with digestion activity have an antinutritional effect. Therefore, trypsin inhibitors are considered an anti-nutritional factor or ANF. Additionally, trypsin inhibitor partially interferes with chymotrypsin function.
Trypsinogen is an inactive form of trypsin, its inactive form ensures protein aspects of the body, such as the pancreas and muscles, are not broken down. It is formed in the pancreas and activated to trypsin with enteropeptidase Chymotrypsinogen is the inactive form of chymotrypsin and has similar functions as trypsin.
The presence of trypsin inhibitor has been found to result in delayed growth as well as metabolic and digestive diseases. Additionally, pancreatic hypertrophy is a common occurrence with trypsin inhibitor consumption The presence of trypsin inhibitor in a product reduces the protein efficiency and therefore results in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Aerial%20Robotics%20Competition
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The International Aerial Robotics Competition (IARC) began in 1991 on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology and is the longest running university-based robotics competition in the world. Since 1991, collegiate teams with the backing of industry and government have fielded autonomous flying robots in an attempt to perform missions requiring robotic behaviors never before exhibited by a flying machine. In 1990, the term “aerial robotics” was coined by competition creator Robert Michelson to describe a new class of small highly intelligent flying machines. The successive years of competition saw these aerial robots grow in their capabilities from vehicles that could at first barely maintain themselves in the air, to the most recent automatons which are self-stable, self-navigating, and able to interact with their environment—especially objects on the ground.
The primary goal of the competition has been to provide a reason for the state of the art in aerial robotics to move forward. Challenges set before the international collegiate community have been geared towards producing advances in the state of the art at an increasingly aggressive pace. From 1991 through 2009, a total of six missions have been proposed. Each of them involved fully autonomous robotic behavior that was undemonstrated at the time and impossible for any robotic system fielded anywhere in the world, even by the most sophisticated military robots belonging to the super powers.
In October 2013 a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPV
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TPV may refer to:
Tampereen Pallo-Veikot, Finnish football club
Temporary protection visa, document issued to refugees by Australia
Thermophotovoltaic, conversion of heat to electricity by a photovoltaic process
Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (thermoplastic elastomer), a material which both heat-moldable and elastic
Third-party verification, confirmation by a third party of a transaction between two parties
Tactical Protector Vehicle, a version of the Plasan Sand Cat sold by Oshkosh Defense
TPV Technology, a Hong Kong-based electronics company
The People's Voice (internet TV station) (2013–2014), an Internet television station founded by David Icke
Today's Persian Version, see Bible translations into Persian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard%20Modern
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Bernhard Modern is a modern style classification serif typeface designed by Lucian Bernhard in 1937 for the American Type Founders (ATF).
Lucian Bernhard's Bernhard Modern typeface was the ATF's response to the many popular old-style engraving faces of the early 20th century. A somewhat decorative text typeface, it is distinct for its low x-height, elongated ascenders, and relatively short descenders giving it an appearance of height without requiring excessive leading. Serifs are wide and splayed. The lowercase roman g is unusual for having the upper bowl larger than the lower one.
Fordham University, in New York City, currently uses Bernhard Modern as the central typeface of its design identity. Both the 1959 version of The Twilight Zone and its 2019 revival use Bernhard Modern, with a drop shadow, for titles and credits. The 1990s computer application The Walt Disney World Explorer used Bernhard Modern extensively throughout the program.
References
Johnson, Jaspert & Berry. Encyclopedia of Type Faces. Cassell & Co 2001, .
Ott, Nicolaus, Friedl Fredrich, and Stein Bernard. Typography and Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Throughout History. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. 1998, .
Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. .
Modern serif typefaces
Letterpress typefaces
Digital typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1937
Typefaces designed by Lucian Bernhard
Display typefaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTR
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In cryptography, XTR is an algorithm for public-key encryption. XTR stands for 'ECSTR', which is an abbreviation for Efficient and Compact Subgroup Trace Representation. It is a method to represent elements of a subgroup of a multiplicative group of a finite field. To do so, it uses the trace over to represent elements of a subgroup of .
From a security point of view, XTR relies on the difficulty of solving Discrete Logarithm related problems in the full multiplicative group of a finite field. Unlike many cryptographic protocols that are based on the generator of the full multiplicative group of a finite field, XTR uses the generator of a relatively small subgroup of some prime order of a subgroup of . With the right choice of , computing Discrete Logarithms in the group, generated by , is, in general, as hard as it is in and thus cryptographic applications of XTR use arithmetics while achieving full security leading to substantial savings both in communication and computational overhead without compromising security. Some other advantages of XTR are its fast key generation, small key sizes and speed.
Fundamentals of XTR
XTR uses a subgroup, commonly referred to as XTR subgroup or just XTR group, of a subgroup called XTR supergroup, of the multiplicative group of a finite field with elements. The XTR supergroup is of order , where p is a prime such that a sufficiently large prime q divides . The XTR subgroup has now order q and is, as a subgroup of , a cyclic g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphide
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Raphides ( ; singular raphide or raphis) are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (prismatic monoclinic crystals) or calcium carbonate as aragonite (dipyramidal orthorhombic crystals), found in more than 200 families of plants.
Both ends are needle-like, but raphides tend to be blunt at one end and sharp at the other.
Calcium oxalate in plants
Many plants accumulate calcium oxalate crystals in response to surplus calcium, which is found throughout the natural environment. The crystals are produced in a variety of shapes. The crystal morphology depends on the taxonomic group of the plant. In one study of over 100 species, it was found that calcium oxalate accounted for 6.3% of plant dry weight. Crystal morphology and the distribution of raphides (in roots or leaves or tubers etc.) is similar in some taxa but different in others leaving possible opportunities for plant key characteristics and systematic identification; mucilage in raphide containing cells makes light microscopy difficult, though. Little is known about the mechanisms of sequestration or indeed the reason for accumulation of raphides but it is most likely as a defense mechanism against herbivory. It has also been suggested that in some cases raphides may help form plant skeletal structure. Raphides typically occur in parenchyma cells in aerial organs especially the leaves, and are generally confined to the mesophyll. As the leaf area increases, so does the number of raphides, the process sta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20L.%20Lehninger
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Albert Lester Lehninger (February 17, 1917 – March 4, 1986) was an American biochemist in the field of bioenergetics. He made fundamental contributions to the current understanding of metabolism at a molecular level. In 1948, he discovered, with Eugene P. Kennedy, that mitochondria are the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes, which ushered in the modern study of energy transduction. He is the author of a number of classic texts, including: Biochemistry, The Mitochondrion, Bioenergetics and, most notably, his series Principles of Biochemistry. This last is a widely used text for introductory biochemistry courses at the college and university levels.
Early life and education
Lehninger was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, US. He earned his BA in English from Wesleyan University (1939) and went on to earn both his MA (1940) and PhD (1942) at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. His doctoral research involved the metabolism of acetoacetate and fatty acid oxidation by liver cells.
Academic career
After earning his doctorate in biochemistry, Lehninger held various faculty positions at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the University of Chicago. In 1952, he went to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, assuming the title of DeLamar Professor of the Department of Biological Chemistry. He served in this position until 1978, when he was appointed to the role of University Professor of Medical Sciences. He held this title until his death in 1986.
Honors and awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincobotryogen
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Zincobotryogen is a hydrous sulfate mineral with the chemical formula . It forms bright orange red monoclinic prismatic crystals that exhibit a vitreous to greasy luster. Its specific gravity is 2.201 and it has a Mohs hardness of 2.5.
It is a rare secondary mineral which forms in arid climates by alteration of other zinc minerals. It was named for its zinc content and it relationship to botryogen. It has been reported from the Xitieshan Mine, Qinghai, Northwest Region, China; Rammelsberg mine, near Goslar, Harz Mountains, Germany; the Bisbee district of Arizona and various mines in Colorado.
References
Zinc minerals
Magnesium minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Iron(III) minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrasalmus%20geryi
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Serrasalmus geryi, scientifically designated as the violet line piranha or Gery's piranha, represents a distinctive member within the Serrasalmidae family, the taxonomical classification that includes piranhas. This species inhabits the lower reaches of the Tocantins and Araguaia Rivers in the nation of Brazil.
Notably, this species distinguishes itself by its relative compatibility with conspecifics, i.e., individuals of the same species, within the confines of captivity, albeit a degree of prudence remains advisable when housing them together. Gery's Piranha is recognized for its potential to attain sizes of up to 12 inches in length.
As of the year 2018, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has accorded it a conservation status classification of "Least Concern."
Description
The body shape of Serrasalmus geryi is very laterally compressed, similar to other Serrasalmus genus members S. altuvei, S. hastatus, S. compressus and S. altispinis. The fish is distinctive at all ages, possessing a broad dark stripe running from the lower mouth to the top of the beginning of the dorsal fin. S. geryi does not exhibit sexual dimorphism- males and females look similar.
The body is silver with numerous small spots on the flanks. The anal fin is hyaline with a broad black margin. The pectoral and ventral fins are clear. A humeral spot may be present. Eyes silvery to reddish-orange.
Mature individuals achieve an approximate total length of 25 cm (10 inches), with specimen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldberg%E2%80%93Sachs%20theorem
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The Goldberg–Sachs theorem is a result in Einstein's theory of general relativity about vacuum solutions of the Einstein field equations relating the existence of a certain type of congruence with algebraic properties of the Weyl tensor.
More precisely, the theorem states that a vacuum solution of the Einstein field equations will admit a shear-free null geodesic congruence if and only if the Weyl tensor is algebraically special.
The theorem is often used when searching for algebraically special vacuum solutions.
Shear-Free Rays
A ray is a family of geodesic light-like curves. That is tangent vector field is null and geodesic: and . At each point, there is a (nonunique) 2D spatial slice of the tangent space orthogonal to . It is spanned by a complex null vector and its complex conjugate . If the metric is time positive, then the metric projected on the slice is . Goldberg and Sachs considered the projection of the gradient on this slice.
A ray is shear-free if . Intuitively, this means a small shadow cast by the ray will preserve its shape. The shadow may rotate and grow/shrink, but it will not be distorted.
The Theorem
A vacuum metric, , is algebraically special if and only if it contains a shear-free null geodesic congruence; the tangent vector obeys .
This is the theorem originally stated by Goldberg and Sachs. While they stated it in terms of tangent vectors and the Weyl tensor, the proof is much simpler in terms of spinors. The Newman-Penrose field equations giv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius%20theorem%20%28real%20division%20algebras%29
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In mathematics, more specifically in abstract algebra, the Frobenius theorem, proved by Ferdinand Georg Frobenius in 1877, characterizes the finite-dimensional associative division algebras over the real numbers. According to the theorem, every such algebra is isomorphic to one of the following:
(the real numbers)
(the complex numbers)
(the quaternions).
These algebras have real dimension , and , respectively. Of these three algebras, and are commutative, but is not.
Proof
The main ingredients for the following proof are the Cayley–Hamilton theorem and the fundamental theorem of algebra.
Introducing some notation
Let be the division algebra in question.
Let be the dimension of .
We identify the real multiples of with .
When we write for an element of , we imply that is contained in .
We can consider as a finite-dimensional -vector space. Any element of defines an endomorphism of by left-multiplication, we identify with that endomorphism. Therefore, we can speak about the trace of , and its characteristic and minimal polynomials.
For any in define the following real quadratic polynomial:
Note that if then is irreducible over .
The claim
The key to the argument is the following
Claim. The set of all elements of such that is a vector subspace of of dimension . Moreover as -vector spaces, which implies that generates as an algebra.
Proof of Claim: Let be the dimension of as an -vector space, and pick in with characteristic polynom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic%20reaction%20centre
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A photosynthetic reaction center is a complex of several proteins, pigments and other co-factors that together execute the primary energy conversion reactions of photosynthesis. Molecular excitations, either originating directly from sunlight or transferred as excitation energy via light-harvesting antenna systems, give rise to electron transfer reactions along the path of a series of protein-bound co-factors. These co-factors are light-absorbing molecules (also named chromophores or pigments) such as chlorophyll and pheophytin, as well as quinones. The energy of the photon is used to excite an electron of a pigment. The free energy created is then used, via a chain of nearby electron acceptors, for a transfer of hydrogen atoms (as protons and electrons) from H2O or hydrogen sulfide towards carbon dioxide, eventually producing glucose. These electron transfer steps ultimately result in the conversion of the energy of photons to chemical energy.
Transforming light energy into charge separation
Reaction centers are present in all green plants, algae, and many bacteria. A variety in light-harvesting complexes exist across the photosynthetic species. Green plants and algae have two different types of reaction centers that are part of larger supercomplexes known as P700 in Photosystem I and P680 in Photosystem II. The structures of these supercomplexes are large, involving multiple light-harvesting complexes. The reaction center found in Rhodopseudomonas bacteria is currently bes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-harvesting%20complex
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A light-harvesting complex consists of a number of chromophores which are complex subunit proteins that may be part of a larger super complex of a photosystem, the functional unit in photosynthesis. It is used by plants and photosynthetic bacteria to collect more of the incoming light than would be captured by the photosynthetic reaction center alone. The light which is captured by the chromophores is capable of exciting molecules from their ground state to a higher energy state, known as the excited state. This excited state does not last very long and is known to be short-lived.
Light-harvesting complexes are found in a wide variety among the different photosynthetic species, with no homology among the major groups. The complexes consist of proteins and photosynthetic pigments and surround a photosynthetic reaction center to focus energy, attained from photons absorbed by the pigment, toward the reaction center using Förster resonance energy transfer.
Function
Photosynthesis is a process where light is absorbed or harvested by pigment protein complexes which are able to turn sunlight into energy. Absorption of a photon by a molecule takes place when pigment protein complexes harvest sunlight leading to electronic excitation delivered to the reaction centre where the process of charge separation can take place. when the energy of the captured photon matches that of an electronic transition. The fate of such excitation can be a return to the ground state or another electro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20Rietveld
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Hugo M. Rietveld (7 March 1932 – 16 July 2016) was a Dutch crystallographer who is famous for his publication on the full profile refinement method in powder diffraction, which became later known as the Rietveld refinement method. The method is used for the characterisation of crystalline materials from X-ray powder diffraction data. The Rietveld refinement uses a least squares approach to refine a theoretical line profile (calculated from a known or postulated crystal structure) until it matches the measured profile. The introduction of this technique which used the full profile instead of individual reflections was a significant step forward in the diffraction analysis of powder samples.
Biography
Rietveld was born in the Hague. After completing Grammar School in the Netherlands he moved to Australia and studied physics at the University of Western Australia in Perth. In 1964 he obtained his PhD degree under Edward Norman Maslen with a thesis entitled "The Structure of p-Diphenylbenzene and Other Compounds", a single crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction study. Dorothy Hodgkin was an external examiner on his thesis. This investigation was the first single crystal neutron diffraction study in Australia and was conducted at the High Flux Australian Reactor (HIFAR) in the Lucas Heights suburb of Sydney.
In 1964 he became a research officer at the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland, ECN) in Petten, where he worked together with Bert
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbance%20%28ecology%29
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In ecology, a disturbance is a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem. Disturbances often act quickly and with great effect, to alter the physical structure or arrangement of biotic and abiotic elements. A disturbance can also occur over a long period of time and can impact the biodiversity within an ecosystem.
Major ecological disturbances may include fires, flooding, storms, insect outbreaks and trampling. Earthquakes, various types of volcanic eruptions, tsunami, firestorms, impact events, climate change, and the devastating effects of human impact on the environment (anthropogenic disturbances) such as clearcutting, forest clearing and the introduction of invasive species can be considered major disturbances.
Not only invasive species can have a profound effect on an ecosystem, but also naturally occurring species can cause disturbance by their behavior. Disturbance forces can have profound immediate effects on ecosystems and can, accordingly, greatly alter the natural community’s population size or species richness. Because of these and the impacts on populations, disturbance determines the future shifts in dominance, various species successively becoming dominant as their life history characteristics, and associated life-forms, are exhibited over time.
Definition and types
The scale of disturbance ranges from events as small as a single tree falling, to as large as a mass extinction. Many natural ecosystems exp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exner%20equation
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The Exner equation is a statement of conservation of mass that applies to sediment in a fluvial system such as a river. It was developed by the Austrian meteorologist and sedimentologist Felix Maria Exner, from whom it derives its name.
The equation
The Exner equation describes conservation of mass between sediment in the bed of a channel and sediment that is being transported. It states that bed elevation increases (the bed aggrades) proportionally to the amount of sediment that drops out of transport, and conversely decreases (the bed degrades) proportionally to the amount of sediment that becomes entrained by the flow.
Basic equation
The equation states that the change in bed elevation, , over time, , is equal to one over the grain packing density, , times the negative divergence of sediment flux, .
Note that can also be expressed as , where equals the bed porosity.
Good values of for natural systems range from 0.45 to 0.75. A typical good value for spherical grains is 0.64, as given by random close packing. An upper bound for close-packed spherical grains is 0.74048. (See sphere packing for more details); this degree of packing is extremely improbable in natural systems, making random close packing the more realistic upper bound on grain packing density.
Often, for reasons of computational convenience and/or lack of data, the Exner equation is used in its one-dimensional form. This is generally done with respect to the down-stream direction , as one is typical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fluid
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The Fluid was an American rock band from Denver which formed in 1985, disbanded in 1993, but reconvened in 2008. The group cited the Rolling Stones and MC5 as inspirations for their sound, and was the first group based outside the Pacific Northwest to sign with influential Seattle label Sub Pop.
History
The Fluid was originally called Madhouse. After early 1980s Denver punk band Frantix broke up, bassist Matt Bischoff, drummer Garrett Shavlik and guitarist Rick Kulwicki began playing as Madhouse. On July 5, 1985, with new band members James Clower (guitar) and John Robinson (vocals), they played their first gig at the German House (Denver Turnverein) as "The Fluid". That was the only name all five members could agree upon.
In 1986 the Fluid released their first album, Punch N Judy on Rayon Records. The album was also licensed to and released by the German label Glitterhouse. They toured for the next two years in support of the album.
In 1988, they released the album Clear Black Paper on Sub Pop. They were the first non-Seattle band to sign to the record label. According to Mark Arm, Glitterhouse and Sub Pop had formed an agreement. Glitterhouse wanted to release a Green River record in Germany, and the labels did a swap: Green River for the Fluid. In the same oral history, Greg Prato's Grunge Is Dead, musician Rod Moody said that the Fluid sounded like no other band on the Sub Pop roster.
The Fluid's second Sub Pop release was Roadmouth (1989), produced by Jack Endino. Wr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Tari
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Pierre Tari was owner of Château Giscours and from 1975 to 1989 President of the Union des Grands Crus de Bordeaux, the organization of the wine classified in the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855. He served as an expert taster in the historic Judgment of Paris wine competition.
See also
List of wine personalities
References
Further reading
French winemakers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20score
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The term normal score is used with two different meanings in statistics. One of them relates to creating a single value which can be treated as if it had arisen from a standard normal distribution (zero mean, unit variance). The second one relates to assigning alternative values to data points within a dataset, with the broad intention of creating data values than can be interpreted as being approximations for values that might have been observed had the data arisen from a standard normal distribution.
The first meaning is as an alternative name for the standard score or z score, where values are standardised by subtracting the sample or estimated mean and dividing by the sample or other estimate of the standard deviation. Particularly in applications where the name "normal score" is used, there is usually a presumption that the value can be referred to a table of standard normal probabilities as a means of providing a significance test of some hypothesis, such as a difference in means.
The second meaning of normal score is associated with data values derived from the ranks of the observations within the dataset. A given data point is assigned a value which is either exactly, or an approximation, to the expectation of the order statistic of the same rank in a sample of standard normal random variables of the same size as the observed data set. Thus the meaning of a normal score of this type is essentially the same as a rankit, although the term "rankit" is becoming obsolete
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