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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza%20Genome%20Sequencing%20Project
|
The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project (IGSP), initiated in early 2004, seeks to investigate influenza evolution by providing a public data set of complete influenza genome sequences from collections of isolates representing diverse species distributions.
The project is funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), a division of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and has been operating out of the NIAID Microbial Sequencing Center at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR, which in 2006 became The Venter Institute).
Sequence information generated by the project has been continually placed into the public domain through GenBank.
Origins
In late 2003, David Lipman, Lone Simonsen, Steven Salzberg, and a consortium of other scientists wrote a proposal to begin sequencing large numbers of influenza viruses at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR). Prior to this project, only a handful of flu genomes were publicly available. Their proposal was approved by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and would later become the IGSP. New technology development led by Elodie Ghedin began at TIGR later that year, and the first publication describing > 100 influenza genomes appeared in 2005 in the journal Nature
Research goals
The project makes all sequence data publicly available through GenBank, an international, NIH-funded, searchable online database.
This research helps to provide international researchers with the information needed to deve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsciurus
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Microsciurus or dwarf squirrels is a genus of squirrels from the tropical regions of Central and South America.
Taxonomy and systematics
Recent DNA analysis has shown that there is some confusion regarding the traditional classification of the species in the genus Microsciurus, and that the genus may be polyphyletic. Currently, there are four species recognized:
Central American dwarf squirrel (Microsciurus alfari) Allen, 1895, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, northern Colombia
Amazon dwarf squirrel (Microsciurus flaviventer) Gray, 1867, western Amazon basin
Western dwarf squirrel (Microsciurus mimulus) Thomas, 1898, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama
Santander dwarf squirrel (Microsciurus santanderensis) Hernández-Camacho, 1957, central Colombia
A 2020 paper published on the taxonomy of Sciurinae split Microsciurus into three genera, one currently unnamed. The paper included genetic sampling from all species except Santander dwarf squirrel and (Microsciurus) simonsi. It suggests several new species, not all described.
Microsciurus
Central American dwarf squirrel, M. alfari
Microsciurus "species 1" from Colombia
Leptosciurus
Western dwarf squirrel, L. mimulus
Andean squirrel, L. pucheranii (moved from Sciurus)
Leptosciurus similis
Leptosciurus otinus
Leptosciurnus boquetensis
Leptosciurus isthmius
"Microsciurus"
Amazon dwarf squirrel, "M." flaviventer
"Microsciurus" sabanillae
"Microsciurus" "species 2" from Peru and Brazil (previously assigned to Syntheosciurus)
Description
With a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Buell%20Sprague
|
William Buell Sprague (October 16, 1795 Andover, Connecticut - May 7, 1876 Flushing, New York) was an American Congregational and Presbyterian clergyman and compiler of Annals of the American Pulpit (nine volumes, 1857–1869), a comprehensive biographical dictionary of the leading American Protestant Christian ministers who died before 1850.
Biography
He was educated at Yale under Timothy Dwight IV, graduating in 1815, then studied at Princeton Theological Seminary under Dr. Archibald Alexander and Samuel Miller. He became assistant to Rev. Joseph Lathrop at the West Springfield, Massachusetts, Congregational church in 1819. The following year, when Lathrop died after sixty years as pastor there, Sprague became senior minister and served there nine more years. Thereafter, he accepted a call to pastor the Second Presbyterian Church, Albany, New York, where Edward Norris Kirk had been an assistant, and where Sprague ministered for forty years. Sprague wrote numerous books, including Lives of Rev. Edward Dorr Griffin, D. D, (1838), Timothy Dwight (1845), and Rev. Jedidiah Morse (1874), his greatest contribution to literature being his Annals of the American Pulpit, an invaluable compilation of Trinitarian Congregationalist, Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian, Unitarian Congregationalist, and other biographies. Although no edition of his collected works ever was published, Sprague's published individual sermons, discourses, and addresses in pamphlet form exceed 15
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitting
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Splitting may refer to:
Splitting (psychology)
Lumpers and splitters, in classification or taxonomy
Wood splitting
Tongue splitting
Splitting, railway operation
Mathematics
Heegaard splitting
Splitting field
Splitting principle
Splitting theorem
Splitting lemma
for the numerical method to solve differential equations, see Symplectic integrator
See also
Split (disambiguation)
Splitter (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20model%20%28finance%29
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In finance, a lattice model is a technique applied to the valuation of derivatives, where a discrete time model is required. For equity options, a typical example would be pricing an American option, where a decision as to option exercise is required at "all" times (any time) before and including maturity. A continuous model, on the other hand, such as Black–Scholes, would only allow for the valuation of European options, where exercise is on the option's maturity date. For interest rate derivatives lattices are additionally useful in that they address many of the issues encountered with continuous models, such as pull to par. The method is also used for valuing certain exotic options, where because of path dependence in the payoff, Monte Carlo methods for option pricing fail to account for optimal decisions to terminate the derivative by early exercise, though methods now exist for solving this problem.
Equity and commodity derivatives
In general the approach is to divide time between now and the option's expiration into N discrete periods. At the specific time n, the model has a finite number of outcomes at time n + 1 such that every possible change in the state of the world between n and n + 1 is captured in a branch. This process is iterated until every possible path between n = 0 and n = N is mapped. Probabilities are then estimated for every n to n + 1 path. The outcomes and probabilities flow backwards through the tree until a fair value of the option today is calcul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Wheelan
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Charles J. Wheelan (born 1966) is an American professor, journalist, speaker, and is the founder and co-chairman of Unite America. Wheelan is the author of Naked Statistics, Naked Economics, and Naked Money. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate in the special election for Illinois's 5th congressional district, the seat vacated by Rahm Emanuel.
Journalist and author
Wheelan graduated from Dartmouth College in 1988; he was a member of Alpha Delta fraternity. From 1997 to 2002, he was the Midwest correspondent for The Economist. He has also written for the Chicago Tribune, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and Yahoo! Finance.
Charles Wheelan is a senior lecturer and policy fellow at the Rockefeller Center at Dartmouth College.
Wheelan is a regular contributor to the Motley Fool Radio Show on National Public Radio and to the Eight Forty-Eight program on WBEZ, Chicago Public Radio.
Wheelan's first book, Naked Economics (2002), is an introduction to economics for lay readers; Naked Statistics (2013) is an introduction to statistics. The Centrist Manifesto (2013) attempts to articulate a centrism that is more than a set of compromises between the political extremes, a perspective Wheelan elsewhere characterizes as radical centrist.
Works
Books
Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science, W.W. Norton, 2002.
Revealing Chicago: An Aerial Portrait, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2005.
Introduction to Public Policy, W.W. Norton, 2010.
10 1/2 Things No Commencemen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairasi%20languages
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The Mairasi languages, also known as Etna Bay are a small independent family of Papuan languages in the classifications of Malcolm Ross and Timothy Usher, that had been part of Stephen Wurm's Trans–New Guinea proposal. They are named after Etna Bay, located in the southeastern corner of West Papua province, in Indonesia.
Languages
The Mairasi languages are clearly related to each other.
Mairasi family: Semimi, Mer, Mairasi, Northeastern Mairasi
Classification
Mairasi cannot be linked to other families by its pronouns. However, Voorhoeve (1975) links it to the Sumeri (Tanah Merah) language, either a language isolate or an independent branch of the Trans–New Guinea family.
Pawley and Hammarström (2018) do not consider there to be sufficient evidence for the Mairasi languages to be classified as part of Trans-New Guinea, though they do note the following lexical resemblance between Mairasi, Semimi, and proto-Trans-New Guinea.
Mairasi ooro and Semimi okoranda ‘leg’ < proto-Trans-New Guinea *k(a,o)nd(a,o)C ‘leg’
Phonemes
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:
{|
| *m || *n || ||
|-
| *ɸ || *t || *s || *k
|-
| *mb || *nd || *ns || *ŋg
|-
| *w || *ɾ || *j ||
|}
Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u. *ns is uncommon.
Pronouns
Usher (2020) reconstructs the free and possessive pronouns as:
{|
! !!sg!!pl
|-
!1excl
|rowspan=2|*omo, *o- ||*eme, *e-
|-
!1incl
|*e-tumakia, *e-
|-
!2
|*neme, *ne- ||*keme, *ke-
|-
!3
|*nani, *na- || ?
|}
Basic vocabulary
Some lexi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senagi%20languages
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The Senagi languages are a small family of Papuan languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross, that had been part of Stephen Wurm's Trans–New Guinea proposal. They consist of the two languages Angor and Dera.
The Angor language is unusual in that it distinguishes gender in the second- and third-person dual and plural (you and they), but not in the singular. It is not clear if Dera does the same.
In Papua New Guinea, they are spoken in Amanab Rural LLG of Sandaun Province. They are also spoken across the border in Keerom Regency, Indonesia.
Classification
The Senagi family consists of only two languages:
Senagi family: Angor, Dera
The most promising external links are with the Sepik and Torricelli languages. The pronoun for "I" is reconstructed as *wan for both proto-Senagi and proto-Sepik, while the Angor masculine dual and plural pronominal suffixes -fa- and -mu- appear to reflect the proto-Sepik and proto-Torricelli dual and plural pronominal suffixes *-p and *-m.
Pronouns
Pronouns are:
{|
|+ Senagi pronouns
! !! Angor !! Dera
|-
! 1incl
| ro ||
|-
! 1excl
| səh || yo
|-
! 2
| se || si
|-
! 3
| ai || ai
|}
Grammar
Verbal morphology in Senagi languages is highly complex and irregular.
References
External links
Senagi languages database at TransNewGuinea.org
Language families
Papuan languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Trans-Fly%20languages
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The Eastern Trans-Fly (or Oriomo Plateau) languages are a small independent family of Papuan languages spoken in the Oriomo Plateau to the west of the Fly River in New Guinea.
Classification
The languages constituted a branch of Stephen Wurm's 1970 Trans-Fly proposal, which he later incorporated into his 1975 expansion of the Trans–New Guinea family as part of a Trans-Fly – Bulaka River branch. They are retained as a family but removed from Trans–New Guinea in the classifications of Malcolm Ross and Timothy Usher.
Wurm had concluded that some of his purported Trans-Fly languages were not in the Trans–New Guinea family but rather heavily influenced by Trans–New Guinea languages. Ross (2005) removed the bulk of the languages, including Eastern Trans-Fly, from Wurm's Trans–New Guinea.
Timothy Usher links the four languages, which he calls Oriomo Plateau, to the Pahoturi languages and the Tabo language in an expanded Eastern Trans-Fly family.
Languages
Meriam (within the national borders of Australia)
Bine
Wipi (Gidra)
Gizrra
Oriomo (Eastern Trans-Fly) languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below. Geographical coordinates are also provided for each dialect (which are named after villages).
{|
|+ List of Oriomo (Eastern Trans-Fly) languages
! Language !! Location !! Population !! Alternate names !! Dialects
|-
| Gizrra || south Oriomo-Bituri Rural LLG, Western Province (Papua New Guinea) || 1,050 || Gizra || Western Gizra and Wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Felsenstein
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Joseph "Joe" Felsenstein (born May 9, 1942) is a Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Genome Sciences and Biology at the University of Washington in Seattle. He is best known for his work on phylogenetic inference, and is the author of Inferring Phylogenies, and principal author and distributor of the package of phylogenetic inference programs called PHYLIP. Closely related to his work on phylogenetic inference is his introduction of methods for making statistically independent comparisons using phylogenies.
Education
Felsenstein did his undergraduate work at the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he did undergraduate research under James F. Crow. He then did doctoral work under Richard Lewontin in the 1960s, when he was at the University of Chicago, and did a postdoc at the Institute of Animal Genetics in Edinburgh prior to becoming faculty at the University of Washington.
Research
In addition to his work in phylogenetics,
Felsenstein is also noted for his work in theoretical population genetics, including studies on selection, migration, linkage, speciation, and the coalescent.
Awards
Felsenstein is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Darwin-Wallace Medal by the Linnean Society of London in 2008. In 2009 he was awarded the John J. Carty Award from the National Academy of Sciences. In 2013 he was awarded the
International Prize for Biology by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
The moth species Ufeus felsensteini was nam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blub
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Blub may refer to:
Blub (water park), an abandoned water park in Berlin
A hypothetical programming language imagined by programmer Paul Graham
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole synthase, an enzyme
An informal term for crying
See also
Bulb (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz%20%28detergent%29
|
Biz Stain & Odor Eliminator is an enzyme-based, oxygenated and color-safe bleach, detergent booster and pre-treater for laundry stains, sold in both liquid and powder form. It is an enzyme-based bleach that can break down proteins.
History
Biz bleach was invented by Charles McCarty, a researcher at Procter & Gamble (P&G), and introduced to the American market in 1967. Redox Brands purchased it from P&G in an auction held in the summer of 2000. Forbes estimated the purchase price as more than $40 million. Annual sales revenue reached about $40 million one year later.
Biz was recommended for cleaning the skulls of dead animals in an article on the web site of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and the writer Bob Harris reported that, when researching for a crime series, he had been told by an FBI employee that the product could be recommended for boiling skulls.
References
External links
bizstainfighter.com
Laundry detergents
Former Procter & Gamble brands
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine%20phosphoribosyltransferase%20deficiency
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Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder associated with a mutation in the enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase.
Signs and symptoms
Most patients with APRT deficiency have repeated episodes of kidney stones that are not detected by a conventional x-ray study. However, all stones are easily detected by other medical imaging methods such as ultrasound or computerized tomography (CT) scan. A minority of patients develop symptoms of kidney failure. Kidney stones are often associated with severe loin or abdominal pain. Symptoms associated with kidney failure are largely nonspecific such as increased fatigue and weakness, poor appetite, and weight loss. Children with the disease may have similar symptoms as adults. In young children, APRT deficiency can cause reddish-brown diaper spots.
Genetics
APRT deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome, and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder.
Characteristics
The disorder results in accumulation of the insoluble purine 2,8-dihydroxyadenine.
It can result in nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), acute renal failure and permanent kidney
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%20hydroxyisobutyric%20aciduria
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3-Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria is a disorder of valine metabolism characterised by urinary excretion of 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid.
References
External links
Inborn errors of metabolism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic%20structure
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In a semiconductor device, a parasitic structure is a portion of the device that resembles in structure some other, simpler semiconductor device, and causes the device to enter an unintended mode of operation when subjected to conditions outside of its normal range. For example, the internal structure of an NPN bipolar transistor resembles two P-N junction diodes connected together by a common anode. In normal operation the base-emitter junction does indeed form a diode, but in most cases it is undesirable for the base-collector junction to behave as a diode. If a sufficient forward bias is placed on this junction it will form a parasitic diode structure, and current will flow from base to collector.
A common parasitic structure is that of a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR). Once triggered, an SCR conducts for as long as there is a current, necessitating a complete power-down to reset the behavior of the device. This condition is known as latchup.
References
Further reading
Electrical circuits
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20growth
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In botany, secondary growth is the growth that results from cell division in the cambia or lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken, while primary growth is growth that occurs as a result of cell division at the tips of stems and roots, causing them to elongate, and gives rise to primary tissue. Secondary growth occurs in most seed plants, but monocots usually lack secondary growth. If they do have secondary growth, it differs from the typical pattern of other seed plants.
The formation of secondary vascular tissues from the cambium is a characteristic feature of dicotyledons and gymnosperms. In certain monocots, the vascular tissues are also increased after the primary growth is completed but the cambium of these plants is of a different nature. In the living pteridophytes this feature is extremely rare, only occurring in Isoetes.
Lateral meristems
In many vascular plants, secondary growth is the result of the activity of the two lateral meristems, the cork cambium and vascular cambium. Arising from lateral meristems, secondary growth increases the width of the plant root or stem, rather than its length. As long as the lateral meristems continue to produce new cells, the stem or root will continue to grow in diameter. In woody plants, this process produces wood, and shapes the plant into a tree with a thickened trunk.
Because this growth usually ruptures the epidermis of the stem or roots, plants with secondary growth usually also develop a cork
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadex
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Nadex (Northern American Derivatives Exchange), formerly known as HedgeStreet, is a US-based retail-focused online binary options exchange. It offers retail trading of binary options and spreads on the most heavily traded forex, commodities and stock indices markets.
History
Nadex originally was known as "HedgeStreet" and was based in San Mateo, California. The Exchange was launched in 2004 offering an electronic marketplace that offered trading in financial derivatives to retail investors. HedgeStreet shut down its business in late 2007. Shortly thereafter, UK-based IG Group Holdings plc. agreed to purchase HedgeStreet, Inc. for $6 million and began restructuring the exchange, its technology, and its products. In 2009, HedgeStreet was renamed as the North American Derivatives Exchange (Nadex).
HedgeStreet was considered a pioneer in event futures, and the derivatives exchange is regulated in the US by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The company operates the HedgeStreet Exchange, which launched in October 2004 and provides traders with a place where they can hedge against or speculate on economic events and price movements. The reasoning behind the creation of HedgeStreet was that with the rise of individual private investment in stocks, there might be a similar appetite for individuals to invest in derivatives. This focus on small investors created sufficient confusion that John Nafeh, founder of HedgeStreet, created the term "hedgelet" to help explain th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-stimulating%20factor
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Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are secreted glycoproteins that bind to receptor proteins on the surfaces of committed progenitors in the bone marrow, thereby activating intracellular signaling pathways that can cause the cells to proliferate and differentiate into a specific kind of blood cell (usually white blood cells. For red blood cell formation, see erythropoietin).
They may be synthesized and administered exogenously. However, such molecules can at a latter stage be detected, since they differ slightly from the endogenous ones in, e.g., features of post-translational modification.
Etymology
The name "colony-stimulating factors" comes from the method by which they were discovered.
Hematopoietic stem cells were cultured (see cell culture) on a so-called semisolid matrix, which prevents cells from moving around, so that, if a single cell starts proliferating, all of the cells derived from it will remain clustered around the spot in the matrix where the first cell was originally located. These are referred to as "colonies". Therefore, it was possible to add various substances to cultures of hemopoietic stem cells and then examine which kinds of colonies (if any) were "stimulated" by them.
The substance that was found to stimulate formation of colonies of macrophages, for instance, was called macrophage colony-stimulating factor, for granulocytes, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and so on.
Mechanism
The colony-stimulating factors are soluble (permeable), in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promegapoietin
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Promegapoietin is a drug given during chemotherapy to increase blood cell regeneration. It is a colony-stimulating factor that stimulates megakaryocyte production.
It functions by stimulating ligands for interleukin 3 and c-Mpl.
References
External links
Antianemic preparations
Cytokines
Thrombopoietin receptor agonists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome%20inhibitor
|
Proteasome inhibitors (INN stem ) are drugs that block the action of proteasomes, cellular complexes that break down proteins. They are being studied in the treatment of cancer; three are approved for use in treating multiple myeloma.
Mechanism
Multiple mechanisms are likely to be involved, but proteasome inhibition may prevent degradation of pro-apoptotic factors such as the p53 protein, permitting activation of programmed cell death in neoplastic cells dependent upon suppression of pro-apoptotic pathways. For example, bortezomib causes a rapid and dramatic change in the levels of intracellular peptides.
Examples
The first non-peptidic proteasome inhibitor discovered was the natural product lactacystin.
Disulfiram has been proposed as another proteasome inhibitor.
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate has also been proposed.
Marizomib (salinosporamide A) has started clinical trials for multiple myeloma.
Oprozomib (ONX-0912), delanzomib (CEP-18770) have also started clinical trials.
Epoxomicin is a naturally occurring selective inhibitor.
MG132 is a synthesized peptide commonly used for in vitro studies.
Beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate is a proteasome inhibitor in human skeletal muscle in vivo.
Approved medications
Bortezomib (Velcade) was approved in 2003. This was the first proteasome inhibitor approved for use in the U.S. Its boron atom binds the catalytic site of the 26S proteasome.
Carfilzomib (Kyprolis) was approved by the FDA for relapsed and refractory multipl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence%20function
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In mathematics, influence function is used to mean either:
a synonym for a Green's function;
Influence function (statistics), the effect on an estimator of changing one point of the sample
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enolase
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Phosphopyruvate hydratase, usually known as enolase, is a metalloenzyme () that catalyses the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the ninth and penultimate step of glycolysis. The chemical reaction is:
2-phospho-D-glycerate phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O
Phosphopyruvate hydratase belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme is 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming).
The reaction is reversible, depending on environmental concentrations of substrates. The optimum pH for the human enzyme is 6.5. Enolase is present in all tissues and organisms capable of glycolysis or fermentation. The enzyme was discovered by Lohmann and Meyerhof in 1934, and has since been isolated from a variety of sources including human muscle and erythrocytes. In humans, deficiency of ENO1 is linked to hereditary haemolytic anemia, while ENO3 deficiency is linked to glycogen storage disease type XIII.
Isozymes
In humans there are three subunits of enolase, α, β, and γ, each encoded by a separate gene that can combine to form five different isoenzymes: αα, αβ, αγ, ββ, and γγ. Three of these isoenzymes (all homodimers) are more commonly found in adult human cells than the others:
αα or non-neuronal enolase (NNE). Also known as enolase 1. Found in a variety of tissues, including liver, brain, kidney, spleen, adipose. It is present at some level in all normal hum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace%20vector%20decoder
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A Trace Vector Decoder (TVD) is computer software that uses the trace facility of its underlying microprocessor to decode encrypted instruction opcodes just-in-time prior to execution and possibly re-encode them afterwards. It can be used to hinder reverse engineering when attempting to prevent software cracking as part of an overall copy protection strategy.
Microprocessor tracing
Certain microprocessor families (e.g. 680x0, x86) provide the capability to trace instructions to aid in program development. A debugger might use this capability to single step through a program, providing the means for a programmer to monitor the execution of the program under test.
By installing a custom handler for the trace exception, it is possible to gain control of the microprocessor between the execution of normal program flow instructions. A typical trace vector decoder exception handler decodes the upcoming instruction located outside the exception, as well as re-encoding the previously decoded instruction.
Implementations
Motorola 680x0
The Motorola 68000 has an instruction-by-instruction tracing facility. When its trace state is enabled, the processor automatically forces a trace exception after each (non-exception) instruction is executed. The following assembly code snippet is an example of a program initializing a trace exception handler on a 68000 system.
InstallHandler: MOVE.L #$4E730000,-(SP) ; Push trace exception handler on to stack
MOVE.L #$00000010,-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclaurin%20spheroid
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A Maclaurin spheroid is an oblate spheroid which arises when a self-gravitating fluid body of uniform density rotates with a constant angular velocity. This spheroid is named after the Scottish mathematician Colin Maclaurin, who formulated it for the shape of Earth in 1742. In fact the figure of the Earth is far less oblate than Maclaurin's formula suggests, since the Earth is not homogeneous, but has a dense iron core. The Maclaurin spheroid is considered to be the simplest model of rotating ellipsoidal figures in hydrostatic equilibrium since it assumes uniform density.
Maclaurin formula
For a spheroid with equatorial semi-major axis and polar semi-minor axis , the angular velocity about is given by Maclaurin's formula
where is the eccentricity of meridional cross-sections of the spheroid, is the density and is the gravitational constant. The formula predicts two possible equilibrium figures when , one is a sphere () and the other is a very flattened spheroid (). The maximum angular velocity occurs at eccentricity and its value is , so that above this speed, no equilibrium figures exist. The angular momentum is
where is the mass of the spheroid and is the mean radius, the radius of a sphere of the same volume as the spheroid.
Stability
For a Maclaurin spheroid of eccentricity greater than 0.812670, a Jacobi ellipsoid of the same angular momentum has lower total energy. If such a spheroid is composed of a viscous fluid, and if it suffers a perturbation whic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Goertz
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Raymond C. Goertz (March 12, 1915 - June 4, 1970) was an American mechanical engineer and an early pioneer in the field of robotics, specifically remote-controlled robots (see telepresence). In 1949, while working for the Atomic Energy Commission at Argonne National Laboratory, Goertz filed a patent for an early master-slave manipulator () in order to handle radioactive material. Goertz recognized the value of electrically coupling manipulators and laid the foundations of modern tele-robotics and bilateral force-reflecting positional servos.
Goertz also performed early research on the degrees of freedom necessary for smooth motion by remote manipulation and developed one of the first head-mounted displays as a prototype for virtual reality. Nautical terms such as pitch, yaw, and roll were incorporated into the lexicon of robotics by Goertz.
Today, the purpose of teleoperation has expanded beyond the scope of nuclear safety and now includes uses such as reaching remote environments in space or in surgical operations, among other uses.
In 1985 the American Nuclear Society established the 'Ray Goertz Award' to recognize and honor members who have made outstanding contributions to the field of remote technology.
Education and early life
Raymond C. Goertz was born in Clearwater, Kansas on March 12, 1915. He was the son of Norma E. and Flora (Saint) Goertz and had a sister, Mrs. Thelma Main and two brothers, Lynn Goertz and Lee Noble. Goertz received his Bachelor of Science de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20B.%20Sheridan
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Thomas B. Sheridan (born December 23, 1929) is American professor of mechanical engineering and Applied Psychology Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a pioneer of robotics and remote control technology.
Early life and education
Sheridan was born Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1951, he received his B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Purdue University, a M.S. Eng. degree from University of California, Los Angeles in 1954, and a Sc.D. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1959. He has also received an honorary doctorate from Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands.
Career
For most of his professional career he remained at MIT. He was assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering from 1959 to 1964. Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering from 1964 to 1970. Professor of Mechanical Engineering from 1970 to 1984. Professor of Engineering and Applied Psychology since 1984, and Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics since 1993. In 1995-96 he was Ford Professor.
He is currently Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He has also served as a visiting professor at University of California, Berkeley, Stanford, Delft University, Kassel University, Germany, and Ben Gurion University, Israel.
He was co-editor of the MIT Press journal Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments and served on several editorial boards; and was editor of IEEE Transa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuat%20languages
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The Yuat languages are an independent family of five Papuan languages spoken along the Yuat River in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. They are an independent family in the classification of Malcolm Ross, but are included in Stephen Wurm's Sepik–Ramu proposal. However, Foley and Ross could find no lexical or morphological evidence that they are related to the Sepik or Ramu languages.
It is named after the Yuat River of northern Papua New Guinea. Yuat languages are spoken mostly in Yuat Rural LLG of East Sepik Province.
Languages
The Yuat languages proper are:
Changriwa
Mekmek
Kyenele (Miyak)
Biwat (Mundugumor)
Bun
Classification
Foley (2018) provides the following classification.
Yuat family
Changriwa
Mekmek
Miyak; Bun, Mundukumo (Biwat)
Changriwa and Mekmek are attested only by short words, and are tentatively grouped as separate branches by Foley (2018: 226) due to scanty evidence.
Pronouns
The pronouns Ross (2005) reconstructs for proto-Yuat are:
{| class=wikitable
|-
| I || *ŋun || we || *amba
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| thou || *ndi || you || *mba
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| s/he || *wu || they || ?
|}
Mundukumo and Miyak pronouns are:
{|
! person !! Mundukumo !! Miyak
|-
! 1sg
| ŋə || ŋə
|-
! 2sg
| də || də
|-
! 3sg
| u || u
|-
! 1excl
| i || ni
|-
! 1incl
| abə || aba
|-
! 2pl
| ya || be
|-
! 3pl
| wa || vara
|}
Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from Davies & Comrie (1985), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Biwat !! Kye
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauconite
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Sauconite is a complex phyllosilicate mineral of the smectite clay group, formula Na0.3Zn3(SiAl)4O10(OH)2·4H2O. It forms soft earthy bluish white to red-brown monoclinic crystals typically massive to micaceous in habit. It has a Mohs hardness of 1 to 2 and a specific gravity of 2.45. Optically it is biaxial positive with refractive index values of nα = 1.550 - 1.580, nβ = 1.590 - 1.620 and nγ = 1.590 - 1.620.
It is found in vugs and seams in the oxidized zones of zinc and copper deposits. It occurs in association with hemimorphite, smithsonite, chrysocolla, coronadite and various iron oxides.
It was named for the Saucon Valley in Pennsylvania, where it was originally discovered in 1875.
References
Smectite group
Sodium minerals
Zinc minerals
Aluminium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Minerals described in 1875
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segelerite
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Segelerite is a complex phosphate mineral with formula CaMgFe3+OH(PO4)2·H2O. It occurs in pegmatites and forms striking green or chartreuse crystals. It was discovered in 1974 in the Black Hills of South Dakota by an amateur mineralogist from New York, Curt G. Segeler (1901–1989), after whom it is named.
It is closely related to overite which is virtually the same mineral except that the iron is replaced by aluminium. Another mineral in the same series is juonniite wherein the iron is also replaced, this time by scandium.
References
Webmineral.com - Segelerite
Mindat.org - Segelerite
Handbook of Mineralogy - Segelerite
Calcium minerals
Magnesium minerals
Iron(III) minerals
Phosphate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 61
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilleite
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Stilleite is a selenide mineral, zinc selenide, with the formula ZnSe. It has been found only as microscopic gray crystals occurring as inclusions in linnaeite associated with other selenide and sulfides. It was originally discovered in Katanga Province, Zaire in 1956 and is named for the German geologist, Hans Stille (1876–1966).
It has been reported from the Santa Brigida mine, La Rioja Province, Argentina and from Tilkerode (Abberode) in the Harz Mountains, Germany. Associated minerals include pyrite, linnaeite, clausthalite, selenian vaesite, molybdenite and dolomite in the Shinkolobwe region of the Congo); and with tiemannite, clausthalite, eucairite, umangite, klockmannite in the Santa Brigida mine, Argentina.
See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people
References
Zinc minerals
Selenide minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 216
Minerals described in 1956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glivenko%E2%80%93Cantelli%20theorem
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In the theory of probability, the Glivenko–Cantelli theorem (sometimes referred to as the Fundamental Theorem of Statistics), named after Valery Ivanovich Glivenko and Francesco Paolo Cantelli, determines the asymptotic behaviour of the empirical distribution function as the number of independent and identically distributed observations grows.
The uniform convergence of more general empirical measures becomes an important property of the Glivenko–Cantelli classes of functions or sets. The Glivenko–Cantelli classes arise in Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory, with applications to machine learning. Applications can be found in econometrics making use of M-estimators.
Statement
Assume that are independent and identically distributed random variables in with common cumulative distribution function . The empirical distribution function for is defined by
where is the indicator function of the set For every (fixed) is a sequence of random variables which converge to almost surely by the strong law of large numbers. Glivenko and Cantelli strengthened this result by proving uniform convergence of to
Theorem
almost surely.
This theorem originates with Valery Glivenko and Francesco Cantelli, in 1933.
Remarks
If is a stationary ergodic process, then converges almost surely to The Glivenko–Cantelli theorem gives a stronger mode of convergence than this in the iid case.
An even stronger uniform convergence result for the empirical distribution function is available in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donsker%27s%20theorem
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In probability theory, Donsker's theorem (also known as Donsker's invariance principle, or the functional central limit theorem), named after Monroe D. Donsker, is a functional extension of the central limit theorem.
Let be a sequence of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables with mean 0 and variance 1. Let . The stochastic process is known as a random walk. Define the diffusively rescaled random walk (partial-sum process) by
The central limit theorem asserts that converges in distribution to a standard Gaussian random variable as . Donsker's invariance principle extends this convergence to the whole function . More precisely, in its modern form, Donsker's invariance principle states that: As random variables taking values in the Skorokhod space , the random function converges in distribution to a standard Brownian motion as
Formal statement
Let Fn be the empirical distribution function of the sequence of i.i.d. random variables with distribution function F. Define the centered and scaled version of Fn by
indexed by x ∈ R. By the classical central limit theorem, for fixed x, the random variable Gn(x) converges in distribution to a Gaussian (normal) random variable G(x) with zero mean and variance F(x)(1 − F(x)) as the sample size n grows.
Theorem (Donsker, Skorokhod, Kolmogorov) The sequence of Gn(x), as random elements of the Skorokhod space , converges in distribution to a Gaussian process G with zero mean and covariance given
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenoldopam
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Fenoldopam mesylate (Corlopam) is a drug and synthetic benzazepine derivative which acts as a selective D1 receptor partial agonist. Fenoldopam is used as an antihypertensive agent. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in September 1997.
Indications
Fenoldopam is used as an antihypertensive agent postoperatively, and also intravenously (IV) to treat a hypertensive crisis.
Since fenoldopam is an intravenous agent with minimal adrenergic effects that improves renal perfusion, in theory it could be beneficial in hypertensive patients with concomitant chronic kidney disease. It can cause reflex tachycardia, but it is dependent on the infusion of the drug.
Pharmacology
Fenoldopam causes arterial/arteriolar vasodilation leading to a decrease in blood pressure by activating peripheral D1 receptors. It decreases afterload and also promotes sodium excretion via specific dopamine receptors along the nephron. The renal effect of fenoldopam and dopamine may involve physiological antagonism of the renin-angiotensin system in the kidney.
In contrast to dopamine, fenoldopam is a selective D1 receptor agonist with no effect on beta adrenoceptors, although there is evidence that it may have some alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity. D1 receptor stimulation activates adenylyl cyclase and raises intracellular cyclic AMP, resulting in vasodilation of most arterial beds, including renal, mesenteric, and coronary arteries. to cause a reduction in systemi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genstat
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Genstat (General Statistics) is a statistical software package with data analysis capabilities, particularly in the field of agriculture.
It was developed in 1968 by the Rothamsted Research in the United Kingdom and was designed to provide modular design, linear mixed models and graphical functions. It was developed and distributed by VSN International (VSNi), which was owned by The Numerical Algorithms Group and Rothamsted Research.
Genstat is used in a number of research areas, including plant science, forestry, animal science, and medicine.
See also
ASReml: a statistical package which fits linear mixed models to large data sets with complex variance models, using Residual Maximum Likelihood (REML)
References
Further reading
External links
Genstat homepage. VSN International (VSNi).
Fortran software
Statistical software
Windows-only proprietary software
Biostatistics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETP%20inhibitor
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A CETP inhibitor is a member of a class of drugs that inhibit cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP). They are intended to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis (a cardiovascular disease) by improving blood lipid levels. At least three medications within this class have failed to demonstrate a beneficial effect.
Types
These drugs have generally failed in clinical trials, either causing a marked increase in deaths (torcetrapib), or having no meaningful clinical improvement despite HDL increases (dalcetrapib, evacetrapib).
Failed:
Torcetrapib, failed in 2006 due to excess deaths in Phase III clinical trials.
Dalcetrapib, development halted in May 2012 when Phase III trials failed to show clinically meaningful efficacy.
Evacetrapib, development discontinued in 2015 due to insufficient efficacy.
Succeeded:
Anacetrapib. In 2017, the REVEAL trial based on more than 30,000 participants showed a modest benefit of the addition of anacetrapib to statin therapy. Despite the successful trial, Merck halted the development of the drug. Discontinued in 2017.
Obicetrapib (TA-8995, AMG-899), Phase II results reported in 2015,
Mechanism
Drugs in this class substantially increase HDL cholesterol, lower LDL cholesterol, and enhance reverse cholesterol transport.
CETP inhibitors inhibit cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP), which normally transfers cholesterol from HDL cholesterol to very low density or low density lipoproteins (VLDL or LDL). Inhibition of this process results in hig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-PLUS
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S-PLUS is a commercial implementation of the S programming language sold by TIBCO Software Inc.
It features object-oriented programming capabilities and advanced analytical algorithms.
Due to the increasing popularity of the open source S successor R, TIBCO Software released the TIBCO Enterprise Runtime for R (TERR) as an alternative R interpreter.
Historical timeline
1988: S-PLUS is first produced by a Seattle-based start-up company called Statistical Sciences, Inc. The founder and sole owner is R. Douglas Martin, professor of statistics at the University of Washington, Seattle.
1993: Statistical Sciences acquires the exclusive license to distribute S and merges with MathSoft, becoming the firm's Data Analysis Products Division (DAPD).
1995: S-PLUS 3.3 for Windows 95/NT. Matrix library, command history, Trellis graphics
1996: S-PLUS 3.4 for UNIX. Trellis graphics, (non-linear mixed effects) library, hexagonal binning, cluster methods.
1997: S-PLUS 4 for Windows. New GUI, integration with Excel, editable graphics.
1998: S-PLUS 4.5 for Windows. Scatterplot brushing, create S-PLUS graphs from within Excel & SPSS.
1998: S-PLUS is available for Linux & Solaris.
1999: S-PLUS 5 for Solaris, Linux, HP-UX, AIX, IRIX, and DEC Alpha. S-PLUS 2000 for Windows. 3.3, quality control charting, new commands for data manipulation.
2000: S-PLUS 6 for Linux/Unix. Java-based GUI, Graphlets, survival5, missing data library, robust library.
2001: MathSoft sells its Cambridge-based E
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal%20prion
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A fungal prion is a prion that infects hosts which are fungi. Fungal prions are naturally occurring proteins that can switch between multiple, structurally distinct conformations, at least one of which is self-propagating and transmissible to other prions. This transmission of protein state represents an epigenetic phenomenon where information is encoded in the protein structure itself, instead of in nucleic acids. Several prion-forming proteins have been identified in fungi, primarily in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These fungal prions are generally considered benign, and in some cases even confer a selectable advantage to the organism.
Fungal prions have provided a model for the understanding of disease-forming mammalian prions. Study of fungal prions has led to a characterisation of the sequence features and mechanisms that enable prion domains to switch between functional and amyloid-forming states.
Sequence features
Prions are formed by portable, transmissible prion domains that are often enriched in asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine and glycine residues. When a reporter protein is fused with a prion domain, it forms a chimeric protein that demonstrates the conformational switching that is characteristic of prions. Meanwhile, removing this prion domain prevents prionogenesis. This suggests that these prion domains are, in fact, portable and are the sole initiator of prionogenesis. This supports the protein-only hypothesis.
A recent study of candidate prion domain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate%20synthase
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The enzyme citrate synthase E.C. 2.3.3.1 (previously 4.1.3.7)] exists in nearly all living cells and stands as a pace-making enzyme in the first step of the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle). Citrate synthase is localized within eukaryotic cells in the mitochondrial matrix, but is encoded by nuclear DNA rather than mitochondrial. It is synthesized using cytoplasmic ribosomes, then transported into the mitochondrial matrix.
Citrate synthase is commonly used as a quantitative enzyme marker for the presence of intact mitochondria. Maximal activity of citrate synthase indicates the mitochondrial content of skeletal muscle. The maximal activity can be increased by endurance training or high-intensity interval training, but maximal activity is further increased with high-intensity interval training.
Citrate synthase catalyzes the condensation reaction of the two-carbon acetate residue from acetyl coenzyme A and a molecule of four-carbon oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon citrate:
acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate + H2O → citrate + CoA-SH
Oxaloacetate is regenerated after the completion of one round of the Krebs cycle.
Oxaloacetate is the first substrate to bind to the enzyme. This induces the enzyme to change its conformation, and creates a binding site for the acetyl-CoA. Only when this citryl-CoA has formed will another conformational change cause thioester hydrolysis and release coenzyme A. This ensures that the energy released from the thioester bond cleavage will drive the co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem%20cell%20controversy
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The stem cell controversy is the consideration of the ethics of research involving the development and use of human embryos. Most commonly, this controversy focuses on embryonic stem cells. Not all stem cell research involves human embryos. For example, adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells do not involve creating, using, or destroying human embryos, and thus are minimally, if at all, controversial. Many less controversial sources of acquiring stem cells include using cells from the umbilical cord, breast milk, and bone marrow, which are not pluripotent.
Background
For many decades, stem cells have played an important role in medical research, beginning in 1868 when Ernst Haeckel first used the phrase to describe the fertilized egg which eventually gestates into an organism. The term was later used in 1886 by William Sedgwick to describe the parts of a plant that grow and regenerate. Further work by Alexander Maximow and Leroy Stevens introduced the concept that stem cells are pluripotent. This significant discovery led to the first human bone marrow transplant by E. Donnall Thomas in 1956, which although successful in saving lives, has generated much controversy since. This has included the many complications inherent in stem cell transplantation (almost 200 allogeneic marrow transplants were performed in humans, with no long-term successes before the first successful treatment was made), through to more modern problems, such as how m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacije
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Modulacije (pronounced modulatsiye, eng. modulations) was a Serbian live radio show. It first aired on Radio Pingvin May 1, 1993 and continued until December 24, 1999 on a number of different radio stations including Beograd 202 and MIP Radio.
Computers, Technology, Communications and Music
It was a natural continuation of Ventilator 202 show of the same author, host and DJ, Zoran Modli. The show covered "computers and technological communications", also subjects of Studio B Radio Computer Show previously hosted by Zoran Modli and Marko Janković together. Like Ventilator 202, the show aired a lot of good music.
New Top Ten
Just as Ventilator 202 was inventive in the 1980s in the subject matter and style by successfully bringing demo music and broadcast computer software, Modulacije continued the similar success in the 1990s. "Demo Top 10" of Ventilator 202 was replaced by the works of emerging module file artists and created the first "Module Top 10", broadcast directly from Mr Modli's notebook computer.
First Air Playout System
From the very beginning it became apparent that computers can do much more for the show and radio station than play module files. This led to speedy creation of air playout and music scheduling system using contemporary PCs named SoftSound.
It was developed in-house (Radio Pingvin) and was used to play jingles, commercials and music instantly, at a click of a single button, which increased the dynamics of the show. This was the first such system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Alper
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Howard Alper, (born October 17, 1941) is a Canadian chemist. He is a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Ottawa. He is best known for his research of catalysis in chemistry.
Career and research
Born in Montreal, Quebec, he received a Bachelor of Science from Sir George Williams University in 1963 and a Ph.D. from McGill University in 1967. In 1968, he started teaching at the State University of New York and became an associate professor in 1971. He joined the University of Ottawa in 1975 as an associate professor and was appointed a Professor in 1978, later being made a Distinguished University Professor in 2006.
He has published over 400 papers, has over forty patents, and has edited several books.
He was the vice-president (Research) of the University of Ottawa from 1997 to 2006. From 2001 to 2003, he was the President of the Royal Society of Canada.
Alper served as the Chair of Canada’s Science, Technology and Innovation Council from 2007 to 2015, and as one of the two co-chairs of the InterAcademy Panel on International Issues from 2006 to 2013.
Honours
He was named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1984. In 1998, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2000, he was awarded the first Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering, Canada's highest research honour in the field. In 2014, he was made a Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. He was elevated to a Companion of the Order of Canada in 2020. In 2015
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeechobee%20High%20School
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Okeechobee High School is a public high school for grades 9–12 in Okeechobee County, Florida, United States.
The school belongs to the Okeechobee County School District.
Notable alumni
Gene Harris, former MLB player (Montreal Expos, Seattle Mariners, San Diego Padres, Detroit Tigers, Philadelphia Phillies, Baltimore Orioles)
Jonathon Crawford, Baseball player
Kutter Crawford, Baseball player for Boston Red Sox
Jimmie Jones, NFL player
Frankie Neal, NFL player
Lonnie Pryor, NFL player
Reggie Rembert, NFL player
See also
List of high schools in Florida
Okeechobee High School (1925), original building, still in use as Okeechobee Freshman Campus
References
External links
Great Schools - Okeechobee High School
Public high schools in Florida
Schools in Okeechobee County, Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse%20Audio%20Software
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Synapse Audio Software is a software company located in Germany. Previously known as Sonic Syndicate and headed by Richard Hoffmann, they develop music production software for the Mac OS and Microsoft Windows platforms. They started developing software in November 1998 as Sonic Syndicate and changed their name to Synapse Audio with the release of Orion Platinum in 2002.
Sonic Syndicate ran a competition for users to suggest new names for the company. The winner received a free copy of Orion Platinum.
Orion Studio
Orion is a main product manufactured by Synapse. It is a standalone music production package with a multitrack sequencer and pattern-based workflow. Orion includes several built-in instruments and supports additional Virtual Studio Technology (VST) instruments and effects plug-ins. As of version 8.5, Synapse Orion Studio contains following default instruments (generators):
DrumRack - A 12-track sample-based drum machine, containing its own step and velocity sequencer.
Sampler - Multisample player with two LFOs and three envelopes.
Pro-9 - Virtual-analog drum machine.
XR-909 - Analog drum synthesizer.
Tomcat - Monophonic drum sound synthesizer.
Wasp (XT and Mk-V) - Virtual Analog synthesizer.
Toxic (2 and 3) - A 6 oscillator FM synth.
Monobass - Monophonic bass synth (Acid Basslines)
Screamer - A 2-oscillator synth with a distortion unit.
Plucked String - Physical modelling string synth.
Acoustic Grand Piano - Piano based on high-quality stereo samples of a real
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20derivative
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In mathematics, the formal derivative is an operation on elements of a polynomial ring or a ring of formal power series that mimics the form of the derivative from calculus. Though they appear similar, the algebraic advantage of a formal derivative is that it does not rely on the notion of a limit, which is in general impossible to define for a ring. Many of the properties of the derivative are true of the formal derivative, but some, especially those that make numerical statements, are not.
Formal differentiation is used in algebra to test for multiple roots of a polynomial.
Definition
Fix a ring (not necessarily commutative) and let be the ring of polynomials over .
(If is not commutative, this is the Free algebra over a single indeterminate variable.)
Then the formal derivative is an operation on elements of , where if
then its formal derivative is
In the above definition, for any nonnegative integer and , is defined as usual in a Ring: (with if ).
This definition also works even if does not have a multiplicative identity.
Alternative axiomatic definition
One may also define the formal derivative axiomatically as the map satisfying the following properties.
1) for all
2) The normalization axiom,
3) The map commutes with the addition operation in the polynomial ring,
4) The map satisfies Leibniz's law with respect to the polynomial ring's multiplication operation,
One may prove that this axiomatic definition yields a well-defined map respecti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thogotovirus
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Thogotovirus is a genus of enveloped RNA viruses, one of seven genera in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. Their single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome has six or seven segments. Thogotoviruses are distinguished from most other orthomyxoviruses by being arboviruses – viruses that are transmitted by arthropods, in this case usually ticks. Thogotoviruses can replicate in both tick cells and vertebrate cells; one subtype has also been isolated from mosquitoes. A consequence of being transmitted by blood-sucking vectors is that the virus must spread systemically in the vertebrate host – unlike influenza viruses, which are transmitted by respiratory droplets and are usually confined to the respiratory system.
The genus contains the species Thogoto thogotovirus and Dhori virus (DHOV), and the latter's subtype Batken virus, as well as the species or strains Araguari virus, Aransas Bay virus (ABV), Bourbon virus, Jos virus (JOSV) and Upolu virus (UPOV), which have yet to be confirmed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). A wide range of mammals are infected by members of the genus; some types also infect birds. THOV causes disease in livestock. THOV, DHOV and Bourbon virus can infect humans, and have occasionally been associated with human disease.
History
THOV and DHOV were identified in the early 1960s in Kenya and India, respectively. Two cases of human disease associated with THOV occurred in 1966, and a Russian laboratory accident in the 1980s sh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeSbTe
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GeSbTe (germanium-antimony-tellurium or GST) is a phase-change material from the group of chalcogenide glasses used in rewritable optical discs and phase-change memory applications. Its recrystallization time is 20 nanoseconds, allowing bitrates of up to 35 Mbit/s to be written and direct overwrite capability up to 106 cycles. It is suitable for land-groove recording formats. It is often used in rewritable DVDs. New phase-change memories are possible using n-doped GeSbTe semiconductor. The melting point of the alloy is about 600 °C (900 K) and the crystallization temperature is between 100 and 150 °C.
During writing, the material is erased, initialized into its crystalline state, with low-intensity laser irradiation. The material heats up to its crystallization temperature, but not its melting point, and crystallizes. The information is written at the crystalline phase, by heating spots of it with short (<10 ns), high-intensity laser pulses; the material melts locally and is quickly cooled, remaining in the amorphous phase. As the amorphous phase has lower reflectivity than the crystalline phase, data can be recorded as dark spots on the crystalline background. Recently, novel liquid organogermanium precursors, such as isobutylgermane (IBGe) and tetrakis(dimethylamino)germane (TDMAGe) were developed and used in conjunction with the metalorganics of antimony and tellurium, such as tris-dimethylamino antimony (TDMASb) and di-isopropyl telluride (DIPTe) respectively, to grow Ge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk-covering%20method
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A disk-covering method is a divide-and-conquer meta-technique for large-scale phylogenetic analysis which has been shown to improve the performance of both heuristics for NP-hard optimization problems and polynomial-time distance-based methods. Disk-covering methods are a meta-technique in that they have flexibility in several areas, depending on the performance metrics that are being optimized for the base method. Such metrics can be efficiency, accuracy, or sequence length requirements for statistical performance. There have been several disk-covering methods developed, which have been applied to different "base methods". Disk-covering methods have been used with distance-based methods (like neighbor joining) to produce "fast-converging methods", which are methods that will reconstruct the true tree from sequences that have at most a polynomial number of sites.
A disk-covering method has four steps:
Decomposition: Compute a decomposition of the dataset into overlapping subsets.
Solution: Construct trees on the subsets using a base method.
Merge: Use a supertree method to merge the trees on the subsets into a tree on the full dataset.
Refinement: If the tree obtained in the merge is not fully resolved, then resolve it further into a binary tree so that it optimizes some desired objective criterion.
The major use of any disk-covering method is that of the "Rec-I-DCM3" disk-covering method, which has been used to speed-up maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305%20West%20Ham%20United%20F.C.%20season
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During the 2004–05 English football season, West Ham United competed in the Football League Championship, having lost the previous season's play-off final 0–1 to Crystal Palace at the Millennium Stadium.
Season summary
Following the previous season's First Division play-off final loss to Crystal Palace, Rob Lee, Brian Deane, Wayne Quinn and Shaun Byrne were all released from West Ham on free transfers. They were closely followed by Kevin Horlock, who signed for Ipswich Town, and David Connolly, who left for Leicester City in a £500,000 deal. Sébastien Carole also returned to Monaco after his loan spell, while Richard Garcia and Elliott Ward signed new contracts.
The first signing Alan Pardew made following the end of the previous season was goalkeeper James Walker, signed on a free transfer from Walsall, where he had been a folk hero. He was brought in as cover for Stephen Bywater. The following month former England international Teddy Sheringham and Serhii Rebrov both signed on free transfers, from Portsmouth and Tottenham respectively. Their arrivals were closely followed by those of AFC Bournemouth captain Carl Fletcher for £275,000 and winger Luke Chadwick from Manchester United on a free transfer. In September, Malky Mackay signed for £300,000 from Norwich City.
West Ham's biggest defeat of the season was away to Cardiff City on 2 November 2004 when they lost 4–1. The Welsh team featured former Hammer Jobi McAnuff, who created the first two goals and scored the fourth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-key
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Off-key is musical content that is not at the expected frequency or pitch period, either with respect to some absolute reference frequency, or in a ratiometric sense (i.e. through removal of exactly one degree of freedom, such as the frequency of a keynote), or pitch intervals not well-defined in the ratio of small whole numbers.
The term may also refer to a person or situation being out of step with what is considered normal or appropriate. A single note deliberately played or sung off-key can be called an "off-note". It is sometimes used the same way as a blue note in jazz.
Explanation of on-key
The opposite of off-key is on-key or in-key, which suggests that there is a well defined keynote, or reference pitch. This does not necessarily have to be an absolute pitch but rather one that is relative for at least the duration of a song. A song is usually in a certain key, which is usually the note that the song ends on, and is the base frequency around which it resolves to at the end.
The base-frequency is usually called the harmonic or key center. Being on-key presumes that there is a key center frequency around which some portion of notes have well defined intervals to.
Deliberate use off-key content
In jazz and blues music, certain notes called "blue notes" are deliberately sung somewhat flat for expressive effect. Examples include the words "Thought He Was a Goner" in the song "And the Cat Came Back" and the words "Yum Yum" in the children's song "Five Green and Speckl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20trimer
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In biochemistry, a protein trimer is a macromolecular complex formed by three, usually non-covalently bound, macromolecules like proteins or nucleic acids. A homotrimer would be formed by three identical molecules. A heterotrimer would be formed by three different macromolecules. Type II Collagen is an example of homotrimeric protein, while Type I collagen is an AAB-type heterotrimeric protein.
Porins usually arrange themselves in membranes as trimers.
Bacteriophage T4 tail fiber
Multiple copies of a polypeptide encoded by a gene often can form an aggregate referred to as a multimer. When a multimer is formed from polypeptides produced by two different mutant alleles of a particular gene, the mixed multimer may exhibit greater functional activity than the unmixed multimers formed by each of the mutants alone. When a mixed multimer displays increased functionality relative to the unmixed multimers, the phenomenon is referred to as intragenic complementation. The distal portion of each of the bacteriophage T4 tail fibers is encoded by gene 37 and mutants defective in this gene undergo intragenic complementation. This finding indicated that the distal tail fibers are a multimer of the gene 37 encoded polypeptide. An analysis of the complementation data further indicated that the polypeptides making up the multimer were folded back on themselves in the form of a hairpin. A further high-resolution crystal structure analysis of the distal tail fiber indicated that the gene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine%20coronavirus
|
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which is a member of the species Alphacoronavirus 1. It causes a highly contagious intestinal disease worldwide in dogs. The infecting virus enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor. It was discovered in 1971 in Germany during an outbreak in sentry dogs. The virus is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Tegacovirus.
Canine enteric coronavirus
Pathology
The virus invades and replicates in the villi of the small intestine. Intestinal disease may be related to virus-induced apoptosis (programmed cell death) of cells of the epithelial mucosa of the small intestine. Canine coronavirus was originally thought to cause serious gastrointestinal disease, but now most cases are considered to be very mild or without symptoms. A more serious complication of canine coronavirus occurs when the dog is also infected with canine parvovirus. Coronavirus infection of the intestinal villi makes the cells more susceptible to parvovirus infection. This causes a much more severe disease than either virus can separately. However, fatal intestinal disease associated with canine coronavirus without the presence of canine parvovirus is still occasionally reported. This may be related to the high mutation rate of RNA positive stranded viruses, of which canine coronavirus is one.
Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and control
The incubation period is one to three days. The disease is hi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shattuckite
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Shattuckite is a copper silicate hydroxide mineral with formula Cu5(SiO3)4(OH)2. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic – dipyramidal crystal system and usually occurs in a granular massive form and also as fibrous acicular crystals. It is closely allied to plancheite in structure and appearance.
Shattuckite is a relatively rare copper silicate mineral. It was first discovered in 1915 in the copper mines of Bisbee, Arizona, specifically the Shattuck Mine (hence the name). It is a secondary mineral that forms from the alteration of other secondary minerals. At the Shattuck Mine, it forms pseudomorphs after malachite. A pseudomorph is an atom by atom replacement of a crystal structure by another crystal structure, but with little alteration of the outward shape of the original crystal. It is sometimes used as a gemstone.
Gallery
References
Copper(II) minerals
Inosilicates
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 61
Gemstones
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steacyite
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Steacyite is a complex silicate mineral containing thorium and uranium; formula . It forms small brown or yellow green crystals, often cruciform twinned crystals. It is radioactive. It was discovered at Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec in 1982 and is named after Harold Robert Steacy (1923–2012), mineralogist.
References
Notes
Sources
Handbook of Mineralogy
mindat page for steacyite
See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people
Calcium minerals
Thorium minerals
Uranium minerals
Cyclosilicates
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 124
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r
|
In Germanic mythology, Myrkviðr (Old Norse "dark wood" or "black forest") is the name of several European forests.
The direct derivatives of the name occur as a place name both in Sweden and Norway. Related forms of the name occur elsewhere in Europe, such as in the Black Forest (Schwarzwald), and may thus be a general term for dark and dense forests of ancient Europe.
The name was anglicised by Sir Walter Scott (in Waverley) and William Morris (in The House of the Wolfings) and later popularized by J. R. R. Tolkien as "Mirkwood".
Etymology
The word myrkviðr is a compound of two words. The first element is myrkr "dark", which is cognate to, among others, the English adjectives mirky and murky. The second element is viðr "wood, forest".
Attestations
The name is attested as a mythical local name of a forest in the Poetic Edda poem Lokasenna, and the heroic poems Atlakviða, Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and Hlöðskviða, and in prose in Fornmanna sögur, Flateyjarbók, Hervarar Saga, Ála flekks saga.
The localization of Myrkviðr varies by source:
The Ore Mountains in the writings of Thietmar of Merseburg.
The forests north of the Ukrainian steppe during the time of the Goths and the Huns in the Norse Hervarar saga
The forest that separates the Huns from the Burgundians
Kolmården ("the dark forest"), in Sweden, in Sögubrot and in legends such as that of Helge Hundingsbane
The forest south of Uppsala in Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa (the present remnant of this forest is called
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20E%20class%20locomotive%20%281922%29
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The New Zealand E class battery-electric locomotive represented the third unique type of locomotive class to be given the E classification in New Zealand. The first was the E class of nine Double Fairlie steam locomotives of 1872-75; the second E class consisted of a Mallet compound made in 1906; and as both were no longer operated by the New Zealand Railways in 1923, the classification was free to be used for a third time when the small battery-electric locomotive was delivered. This is the only time a classification has been used three times in New Zealand, though re-use happened a number of other times, arguably most notably when the A class of 1906 took the designation originally used by the A class of 1873.
Introduction
This particular E class was ordered for service on the newly electrified Otira Tunnel section of the Midland line and was constructed in 1922. In April 1923, English Electric delivered an order of six locomotives: five EO class mainline locomotives that collected electricity from overhead wires, and a sixth small battery-electric locomotive for maintenance duties. It was classified as E 1, had a wheel arrangement of Bo-Bo-2 (including a 4-wheeled battery tender) under the UIC classification system, and worked for the rest of the 1920s.
Withdrawal
The locomotive was written off around 1930 due to the costs involved in maintaining its batteries. Instructions were issued for any equipment that could not be re-used elsewhere from the locomotive to be du
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth%20telluride
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Bismuth telluride () is a gray powder that is a compound of bismuth and tellurium also known as bismuth(III) telluride. It is a semiconductor, which, when alloyed with antimony or selenium, is an efficient thermoelectric material for refrigeration or portable power generation. is a topological insulator, and thus exhibits thickness-dependent physical properties.
Properties as a thermoelectric material
Bismuth telluride is a narrow-gap layered semiconductor with a trigonal unit cell. The valence and conduction band structure can be described as a many-ellipsoidal model with 6 constant-energy ellipsoids that are centered on the reflection planes. cleaves easily along the trigonal axis due to Van der Waals bonding between neighboring tellurium atoms. Due to this, bismuth-telluride-based materials used for power generation or cooling applications must be polycrystalline. Furthermore, the Seebeck coefficient of bulk becomes compensated around room temperature, forcing the materials used in power-generation devices to be an alloy of bismuth, antimony, tellurium, and selenium.
Recently, researchers have attempted to improve the efficiency of -based materials by creating structures where one or more dimensions are reduced, such as nanowires or thin films. In one such instance n-type bismuth telluride was shown to have an improved Seebeck coefficient (voltage per unit temperature difference) of −287 μV/K at 54 °C, However, one must realize that Seebeck coefficient and electrical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-PAX%20%28film%29
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K-PAX is a 2001 science fiction mystery film based on Gene Brewer's 1995 novel of the same name. An American-German co-production, it was directed by Iain Softley, starring Kevin Spacey, Jeff Bridges, Mary McCormack, and Alfre Woodard. The film tells the story of a psychiatric patient who claims to be an alien from the planet K-PAX. During his treatment, the patient demonstrates an outlook on life that ultimately proves inspirational for his fellow patients and especially for his psychiatrist.
Plot
After claiming he is an extraterrestrial from the planet 'K-PAX', 1,000 light years away in the Lyra constellation, prot (not capitalized and pronounced with a long O, rhyming with boat) is committed to the Psychiatric Institute of Manhattan. There, psychiatrist Dr. Mark Powell attempts to cure him of his apparent delusions. However, prot is unwavering in his ability to provide cogent answers to questions about himself, K-PAX, and its civilizations. His medical examination only reinforces his story, as prot can see ultraviolet light and he is completely resistant to the effects of Thorazine. Powell introduces him to a group of astrophysicists who are befuddled when prot displays a highly detailed level of knowledge about his claimed star system that was unknown to them.
prot also wins over the other patients at the Institute, each of whom believes unquestioningly that he is indeed from K-PAX. prot, who claims to have journeyed to Earth by means of "faster-than-light travel," exp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry%20measure
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Dry measures are units of volume to measure bulk commodities that are not fluids and that were typically shipped and sold in standardized containers such as barrels. They have largely been replaced by the units used for measuring volumes in the metric system and liquid volumes in the imperial system but are still used for some commodities in the US customary system. They were or are typically used in agriculture, agronomy, and commodity markets to measure grain, dried beans, dried and fresh produce, and some seafood. They were formerly used for many other foods, such as salt pork and salted fish, and for industrial commodities such as coal, cement, and lime.
The names are often the same as for the units used to measure liquids, despite representing different volumes. The larger volumes of the dry measures apparently arose because they were based on heaped rather than "struck" (leveled) containers.
Today, many units nominally of dry measure have become standardized as units of mass (see bushel); and many other units are commonly conflated or confused with units of mass.
Metric units
In the original metric system, the unit of dry volume was the stere, equal to a one-meter cube, but this is not part of the modern metric system; the liter and the cubic meter are now used. However, the stere is still widely used for firewood.
Imperial and US customary units
In US customary units, most units of volume exist both in a dry and a liquid version, with the same name, but differen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok%20D
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Blok D ( meaning Block D) is an upper stage used on Soviet and later Russian expendable launch systems, including the N1, Proton-K and Zenit.
The stage (and its derivatives) has been included in more than 320 launched rockets . By 2002 its modification Blok DM had a 97% success rate in 218 flights since 1974, and 43 successful missions in 1997–2002.
The stage was developed in the 1960s as the fifth stage ('Д' is the fifth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet) for the Soviet Moonshot N1 rocket. The stage first flew in March 1967 while testing Zond of the moonshot program system. During crewed lunar flight Blok D would be used for mid-course corrections on the flight to the Moon, then to place the lunar orbiter and lander into a lunar orbit, and decelerate moon-lander out onto its landing trajectory.
Blok D was also included as fourth stage of Proton-K and as such flew on uncrewed Soviet missions to Moon, Mars (Mars 3) and Venus. It was used in the Proton-K configuration of the rocket and is still in use in the newer Proton-M variant (along with the Briz-M).
Blok DM also flies as the third stage for the Zenit-3SL rocket, which is used by the Sea Launch project to launch geostationary satellites. In 2002 a Blok DM3 failed in the attempted launch of Astra 1K.
The stage uses liquid oxygen (LOX) and kerosene as propellants, and has one single-chamber RD-58 main engine. The LOX tank has a spherical shape; the kerosene tank is toroidal, inclined to 15 degrees for better fuel extracti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%E2%80%93tensor%E2%80%93vector%20gravity
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Scalar–tensor–vector gravity (STVG) is a modified theory of gravity developed by John Moffat, a researcher at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario. The theory is also often referred to by the acronym MOG (MOdified Gravity).
Overview
Scalar–tensor–vector gravity theory, also known as MOdified Gravity (MOG), is based on an action principle and postulates the existence of a vector field, while elevating the three constants of the theory to scalar fields. In the weak-field approximation, STVG produces a Yukawa-like modification of the gravitational force due to a point source. Intuitively, this result can be described as follows: far from a source gravity is stronger than the Newtonian prediction, but at shorter distances, it is counteracted by a repulsive fifth force due to the vector field.
STVG has been used successfully to explain galaxy rotation curves, the mass profiles of galaxy clusters, gravitational lensing in the Bullet Cluster, and cosmological observations without the need for dark matter. On a smaller scale, in the Solar System, STVG predicts no observable deviation from general relativity. The theory may also offer an explanation for the origin of inertia.
Mathematical details
STVG is formulated using the action principle. In the following discussion, a metric signature of will be used; the speed of light is set to , and we are using the following definition for the Ricci tensor:
We begin with the Einstein–Hilbert Lagrangian:
w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGLE-2005-BLG-390L
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OGLE-2005-BLG-390L is a star thought to be a spectral type M (a red dwarf; 95% probability, 4% probability it is a white dwarf, <1% probability it is a neutron star or black hole). This dim magnitude 16 galactic bulge star is located in the Scorpius constellation at a far distance of about 21,500 light years.
Planetary system
OGLE-2005-BLG-390L has one known planet, which was discovered using the technique of gravitational microlensing. Indications are that the planet is about five times Earth mass, orbiting at about 2.6 astronomical units from the parent star. The discovery was announced on January 25, 2006. OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb was once considered one of the smallest known extrasolar planets around a main sequence star, possibly rocky, with a mass around 5.5 times that of the Earth. The orbital
radius (assuming a circular orbit) of the planet is 2.6 AU, however the orbital elements are unknown. Based on its low mass and estimated temperature of around 50 K, the planet is thought to consist mainly of ices, like Pluto or Uranus, rather than being a Jupiter-like gas giant.
See also
List of stars with extrasolar planets
OGLE-2005-BLG-169L
Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE)
References
External links
OGLE: 2005-BLG-390 Event
Small Rocky Planet Found Orbiting Normal Star
OGLE-2005-BLG-390L b
Scorpius
M-type main-sequence stars
Gravitational lensing
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32%20nm%20process
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The 32 nm node is the step following the 45 nm process in CMOS (MOSFET) semiconductor device fabrication. "32-nanometre" refers to the average half-pitch (i.e., half the distance between identical features) of a memory cell at this technology level. Toshiba produced commercial 32GiB NAND flash memory chips with the 32nm process in 2009. Intel and AMD produced commercial microchips using the 32-nanometre process in the early 2010s. IBM and the Common Platform also developed a 32 nm high-κ metal gate process. Intel began selling its first 32 nm processors using the Westmere architecture on 7 January 2010.
The 28-nanometre node was an intermediate half-node die shrink based on the 32-nanometre process.
The 32 nm process was superseded by commercial 22 nm technology in 2012.
Technology demos
Prototypes using 32 nm technology first emerged in the mid-2000s. In 2004, IBM demonstrated a 0.143 μm2 SRAM cell with a poly gate pitch of 135 nm, produced using electron-beam lithography and photolithography on the same layer. It was observed that the cell's sensitivity to input voltage fluctuations degraded significantly at such a small scale. In October 2006, the Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) demonstrated a 32 nm flash patterning capability based on double patterning and immersion lithography. The necessity of introducing double patterning and hyper-NA tools to reduce memory cell area offset some of the cost advantages of moving to this node from the 45 nm node. TSMC s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEK
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GEK may refer to:
EKO Cobra, an Austrian counter-terrorism unit
GEK Terna, a Greek conglomerate
Gradient-enhanced kriging
Yiwom language
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Whittaker
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Red Whittaker (born 1948) is an American roboticist and research professor of robotics at Carnegie Mellon University. He led Tartan Racing to its first-place victory in the DARPA Grand Challenge (2007) Urban Challenge and brought Carnegie Mellon University the two million dollar prize. Previously, Whittaker also competed in the DARPA Grand Challenge, placing second and third place simultaneously in the Grand Challenge Races.
Whittaker is currently the Fredkin Research Professor at Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute as well as the Director of the Field Robotics Center and Chief Scientist of the Robotics Engineering Consortium, both located at the university.
Red founded and led Carnegie Mellon University's team in the Google Lunar X Prize. from its inception in 2007 until its ultimate closure in 2018. Today, Whittaker continues this work through NASA contracts in the form of MoonRanger, a planetary rover in development designed to quickly and autonomously explore the surface of the Moon.
Biography
Whittaker spent his childhood in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, where his father was an explosives salesman and his mother was a chemist. He matriculated at Princeton University, but interrupted his studies to join the United States Marines. He returned to Princeton to earn his bachelor's degree in civil engineering in 1973 and then attended Carnegie Mellon University, where he earned his master's degree in 1975 and his Ph.D. in 1979, both in civil engineering.
Roboti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20energy
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In chemistry, the lattice energy is the energy change upon formation of one mole of a crystalline ionic compound from its constituent ions, which are assumed to initially be in the gaseous state. It is a measure of the cohesive forces that bind ionic solids. The size of the lattice energy is connected to many other physical properties including solubility, hardness, and volatility. Since it generally cannot be measured directly, the lattice energy is usually deduced from experimental data via the Born–Haber cycle.
Lattice energy and lattice enthalpy
The concept of lattice energy was originally applied to the formation of compounds with structures like rocksalt (NaCl) and sphalerite (ZnS) where the ions occupy high-symmetry crystal lattice sites. In the case of NaCl, lattice energy is the energy change of the reaction
Na+ (g) + Cl− (g) → NaCl (s)
which amounts to −786 kJ/mol.
Some chemistry textbooks as well as the widely used CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics define lattice energy with the opposite sign, i.e. as the energy required to convert the crystal into infinitely separated gaseous ions in vacuum, an endothermic process. Following this convention, the lattice energy of NaCl would be +786 kJ/mol. Both sign conventions are widely used.
The relationship between the lattice energy and the lattice enthalpy at pressure is given by the following equation:
,
where is the lattice energy (i.e., the molar internal energy change), is the lattice enthalpy, and the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalocaudal%20trend
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The cephalocaudal trend, or cephalocaudal gradient of growth, refers to the pattern of changing spatial proportions over time during growth. One example of this is the gradual change in head size relative to body size during human growth. During prenatal growth, from conception to 5 months, the head grows more than the body. In humans, the head comprises almost 50% of total body length at approximately the third month of intrauterine development. By the time of birth the head has decreased to approximately 30% of total body length as a result of the limbs and trunk growing faster than the head. This trend continues postnatally along an axis of increased growth from the head to the feet. Finally, in adults, the head represents approximately 12% of the body length. The cephalocaudal trend is also the trend of infants learning to use their upper limbs before their lower limbs. The proximodistal trend, on the other hand, is the prenatal growth from 5 months to birth when the fetus grows from the inside of the body outwards. When referring to motor development, the proximodistal trend refers to the development of motor skills from the center of the body outwards.
References
Berk, L. E. (2008). Infants, children, and adolescents (6th ed). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
roben adjadan (2015) Contemporary Orthodontics (4th ed). Missouri: mati city, Inc.
Contemporary Orthodontics (5th ed)
Child and adolescent psychiatry
Child development
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20block%20%28disambiguation%29
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Small block may refer to:
Small Block (album), an album by Big Drill Car.
Small-block, a type of automobile engine block.
A type of Single Level Cell (SLC) NAND flash memory produced by Samsung. Small block memory usually has smaller capacity than the large block versions, but the real difference lies in the minimally addressable memory page size. As of 2006, small block memory comes in 8-bit packages, and has page size of 512+16 bytes (16Kibi+512 bytes for page erase). In contrast, large block memory comes in 8 or 16-bit packages (16-bit devices starts at 2Gibibit or above), with page size of 2Kibi+64 bytes (128 Kibi+4 Kibi bytes for block erase).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Legend%20Ran
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is a three-part OVA series released in 1992 and 1993. It is drawn in a style similar to Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals (with Key Animators Kenji Teraoka and Yoshiharu Shimizu in-common) and directed by Satoshi Saga. In the U.S., the OVA was licensed and distributed by Geneon (then known as Pioneer) in 1994 on VHS and laserdisc format, and later in 1998 on DVD (it was one of their initial DVD releases). Sentai Filmworks has rescued the OVA following Geneon's demise and released it on February 21, 2017.
Plot
Green Legend is set in a science fiction-style post-apocalyptic Earth, which has turned largely into a vast desert after an alien invasion, in which six of the "Rodo" (a race of what appear to be giant monoliths) crashed onto Earth from space, somehow effecting massive climate change which has completely wiped out the oceans and rain. At the time, mankind was ruining the environment, making an apocalypse of some sort inevitable (similar to other environmentally-focused anime like Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind; in general style, Green Legend is much like Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water and Future Boy Conan).
In this brutal new world, two polarized factions have arisen: the first faction, the "Rodoists" are a fanatical religious sect who worship the Rodo while practicing hydraulic despotism; all communities are clustered around one of the monoliths, as they are the only remaining sources of water and food - most of which is gathered quite close to the monoliths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromeyerite
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Stromeyerite is a sulfide mineral of copper and silver, with the chemical formula AgCuS. It forms opaque blue grey to dark blue orthorhombic crystals.
It was discovered in 1832 in Central Bohemia Region, Czech Republic, and named after the German chemist, Friedrich Stromeyer who performed the first analysis of the mineral.
See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people
References
Copper(I) minerals
Silver minerals
Sulfide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 63
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sial%20tribe
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The Sial or Siyal (Punjabi and Urdu: سيال) is a Punjabi Rajput & Jat tribe in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, split between India and Pakistan.
Ethnographic classification
Denzil Ibbetson, an administrator of the British Raj, classified the Sial as a Jat tribe.
Following the introduction of the Punjab Land Alienation Act in 1900, the authorities of the Raj classified the Sials who inhabited the Punjab as an "agricultural tribe", a term that was administratively synonymous with the "martial race" classification that was used for the purposes of determining the suitability of a person as a recruit to the British Indian Army.
History
During the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century periods of the Mughal empire, the Sial and Kharal tribes were dominant in parts of the lower Bari and Rachna doabs of Punjab. In the 18th century, Sial chief Walidad Khan gained control of Rechna Doab including cities of Chiniot, Pindi Bhattian, Jhang and Mankera. Next chief, Inayatullah Khan (1747–1787) was a successful General who won 22 battles against Bhangi misl and the Multan chiefs. In 1803, the Sial chief Ahmed Khan was forced to pay tribute to Ranjit Singh who ultimately conquered the Sial capital of Jhang in 1806. However, Ahmed Khan seized control of Jhang again in 1808 with the help of Pathans of Multan. The 1809 Treaty of Amritsar, agreed between Ranjit Singh, the Sikh leader, and the British, gave him a carte blanche to consolidate territorial gains north of the Sutlej
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow%20light
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Slow light is the propagation of an optical pulse or other modulation of an optical carrier at a very low group velocity. Slow light occurs when a propagating pulse is substantially slowed by the interaction with the medium in which the propagation takes place.
Group velocities below the speed of light in vacuum c were known to be possible as far back as 1880, but could not be realized in a useful manner until 1991, when Stephen Harris and collaborators demonstrated electromagnetically induced transparency in trapped strontium atoms.
Reduction of the speed of light by a factor of 165 was reported in 1995. In 1998, Danish physicist Lene Vestergaard Hau led a combined team from Harvard University and the Rowland Institute for Science which realized much lower group velocities of light. They succeeded in slowing a beam of light to about 17 meters per second. In 2004, researchers at UC Berkeley first demonstrated slow light in a semiconductor, with a group velocity 9.6 kilometers per second. Hau and her colleagues later succeeded in stopping light completely, and developed methods by which it can be stopped and later restarted.
In 2005, IBM created a microchip that can slow down light, fashioned out of fairly standard materials, potentially paving the way toward commercial adoption.
Background
When light propagates through a material, it travels slower than the vacuum speed, . This is a change in the phase velocity of the light and is manifested in physical effects such a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected%20areas%20of%20Johor
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The state of Johor in Malaysia is noted for its national parks and forest reserves which preserve virgin rainforests known for its biodiversity and endangered species of animals.
Mangrove swamps and coral reefs are also protected within these parks.
National parks
Endau Rompin National Park
Endau Rompin National Park is located on the Johor-Pahang border (). The park takes its name from the Endau and Rompin rivers that flow through the park. It is the second largest national park in Peninsular Malaysia after Taman Negara, covering 489 km2 with approximately 26 km of jungle trails within the park. The most famous trail is a 16 km trail that starts at Kuala Jasin and ends at Batu Hampar. Other sites of interest in the park are Opeh Guling waterfall, Buaya Sangkut waterfall and salt licks around Gunung Tiong. There are two entry points to the park with one at Kampung Peta and the other at Nitar. There are two other rivers, Selai and Jasin rivers, that flows through the park.
Mount Ledang National Park
Mount Ledang National Park is situated 170 km north of Johor Bahru and covers an area of 107 km2 (). The park has two entry points, one in Sagil on the Johorean side, and the other in Asahan, Melaka. Ledang's peak, which is 1,276 m (4,186 ft) above sea level, is the centrepiece of the park, and is the highest point in Johor. Mount Ledang is also the 64th highest mountain in Malaysia and arguably the most climbed mountain in the country. Sagil waterfall, which is also in the par
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde%20dehydrogenase
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Aldehyde dehydrogenases () are a group of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of aldehydes. They convert aldehydes (R–C(=O)) to carboxylic acids (R–C(=O)). The oxygen comes from a water molecule. To date, nineteen ALDH genes have been identified within the human genome. These genes participate in a wide variety of biological processes including the detoxification of exogenously and endogenously generated aldehydes.
Function
Aldehyde dehydrogenase is a polymorphic enzyme responsible for the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. There are three different classes of these enzymes in mammals: class 1 (low Km, cytosolic), class 2 (low Km, mitochondrial), and class 3 (high Km, such as those expressed in tumors, stomach, and cornea). In all three classes, constitutive and inducible forms exist. ALDH1 and ALDH2 are the most important enzymes for aldehyde oxidation, and both are tetrameric enzymes composed of 54 kDa subunits. These enzymes are found in many tissues of the body but are at the highest concentration in the liver.
Active site
The active site of the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme is largely conserved throughout the different classes of the enzyme and, although the number of amino acids present in a subunit can change, the overall function of the site changes little. The active site binds to one molecule of an aldehyde and one molecule of either NAD+ or NADP+, which functions as a cofactor. Cysteine and glutamate molecules interact with the aldehyde substrate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20Helmholtz%20theorem
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The generalized Helmholtz theorem is the multi-dimensional generalization of the Helmholtz theorem which is valid only in one dimension. The generalized Helmholtz theorem reads as follows.
Let
be the canonical coordinates of a s-dimensional Hamiltonian system, and let
be the Hamiltonian function, where
,
is the kinetic energy and
is the potential energy which depends on a parameter .
Let the hyper-surfaces of constant energy in the 2s-dimensional phase space of the system be metrically indecomposable and let denote time average. Define the quantities , , , , as follows:
,
,
,
Then:
Remarks
The thesis of this theorem of classical mechanics reads exactly as the heat theorem of thermodynamics. This fact shows that thermodynamic-like relations exist between certain mechanical quantities in multidimensional ergodic systems. This in turn allows to define the "thermodynamic state" of a multi-dimensional ergodic mechanical system, without the requirement that the system be composed of a large number of degrees of freedom. In particular the temperature is given by twice the time average of the kinetic energy per degree of freedom, and the entropy by the logarithm of the phase space volume enclosed by the constant energy surface (i.e. the so-called volume entropy).
References
Further reading
Helmholtz, H., von (1884a). Principien der Statik monocyklischer Systeme. Borchardt-Crelle’s Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 97, 111–140 (also in Wiedemann G. (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Commodity%20and%20Derivatives%20Exchange
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National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX) is an Indian online commodity and derivative exchange based in India. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It has an independent board of directors and provides a commodity exchange platform for market participants to trade in commodity derivatives. It is a government company, incorporated on 23 April 2003 under the Companies Act, 1956 and obtained its Certificate for Commencement of Business on 9 May 2003. It commenced operations on 15 December 2003.
As of 31 July 2013, NCDEX has 848 registered members and client base of about 20 Lakhs and offers trading on more than 49,000 terminals across 1,000 centers in India. It facilitates deliveries of commodities through a network of over 594 accredited warehouses through eight warehouse service providers, with holding capacity of around 1.5 million tonnes and offers average deliveries of 1 lakh MT at every contract expiry. NCDEX has offices in Mumbai, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Indore, Hyderabad, Jaipur, and Kolkata.
Shareholder consortium
Jaypee Capital Services Limited
See also
India International Bullion Exchange
References
Financial services companies established in 2003
Commodity exchanges in India
Companies based in Mumbai
Futures exchanges
2003 establishments in Maharashtra
Companies established in 2003
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/arun-raste-named-new-md-ceo-of-ncdex/articleshow/82242405.cms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TC10
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TC10 may refer to:
DECtape, a magnetic tape data storage medium
TC10 protein
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons%20%26%20Dragons%20gameplay
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In the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, game mechanics and dice rolls determine much of what happens. These mechanics include:
Ability scores, the most basic statistics of a character, which influence all other statistics
Armor class, how well-protected a character is against physical attack
Hit points, how much punishment a character can take before falling unconscious or dying
Saving throws, a character's defenses against nonphysical or area attacks (like poisons, fireballs, and enchantments)
Attack rolls and damage rolls, how effectively a character can score hits against, and inflict damage on, another character
Skills, how competent a character is in various areas of expertise
Feats, what special advantages a character has through natural aptitude or training
Ability scores
All player characters have six basic statistics:
Strength (STR): Strength is a measure of muscle, endurance and stamina combined; a high strength score indicates superiority in all these attributes. Strength affects the ability of characters to lift and carry weights, melee attack rolls, damage rolls (for both melee and ranged weapons), certain physical skills, several combat actions, and general checks involving moving or breaking objects.
Dexterity (DEX): Dexterity encompasses a number of physical attributes including hand-eye coordination, agility, reflexes, fine motor skills, balance and speed of movement; a high dexterity score indicates superiority in all these attributes. Dexte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-cell%20therapy
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Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. , the only established therapy using stem cells is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This usually takes the form of a bone-marrow transplantation, but the cells can also be derived from umbilical cord blood. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells as well as to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.
Stem-cell therapy has become controversial following developments such as the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and their use of techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells. This controversy is often related to abortion politics and to human cloning. Additionally, efforts to market treatments based on transplant of stored umbilical cord blood have been controversial.
Medical uses
For over 90 years, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been used to treat people with conditions such as leukaemia and lymphoma; this is the only widely practiced form of stem-cell therapy. During chemotherapy, most growing cells are killed by the cytotoxic agents. These agents, however, cannot discriminate between the leukaemia or neoplastic cells, and the hematopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow. This is the side effect of conventional chemotherapy strategies that the stem-cell transplant attempts t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart%20Springer
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Stewart Springer (5 June 190623 August 1991) was an American ichthyologist and herpetologist. He was a world-renowned expert on shark behavior, classification (taxonomy), and population distribution. More than 35 species of sharks, skates, rays, and other creatures are either classified by or named after him.
Education
Springer was a field naturalist, mostly self-taught. In 1964, 35 years after he dropped out of Butler University, Springer obtained a baccalaureate from George Washington University after having already achieved success in his chosen field of ichthyology. Many colleagues and students addressed him as Dr. on the mistaken assumption that he must have a Ph.D. in biology or an allied field given his status in the world community of ichthyologists.
His exceptional interest in animal behavior was apparent early in his life, when at age 22, he identified and described a new species of lizard, Cnemidophorus velox, the plateau striped whiptail. His interest in the whiptail was piqued, he said, by the fact that he was chaperoning a field trip with the Cottonwood Gulch Foundation in Arizona in 1928. His young team of Boy Scouts could catch jack rabbits and other lizards in the area, but could not catch this particular lizard. He had no idea that the plateau striped whiptail was a new species of a much studied genus that contained some species, among them C. velox, that were parthenogenic. He obtained his specimens for examination by shooting them with a .22 calibre r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide%20%28radio%20frequency%29
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In radio-frequency engineering and communications engineering, waveguide is a hollow metal pipe used to carry radio waves. This type of waveguide is used as a transmission line mostly at microwave frequencies, for such purposes as connecting microwave transmitters and receivers to their antennas, in equipment such as microwave ovens, radar sets, satellite communications, and microwave radio links.
The electromagnetic waves in a (metal-pipe) waveguide may be imagined as travelling down the guide in a zig-zag path, being repeatedly reflected between opposite walls of the guide. For the particular case of rectangular waveguide, it is possible to base an exact analysis on this view. Propagation in a dielectric waveguide may be viewed in the same way, with the waves confined to the dielectric by total internal reflection at its surface. Some structures, such as non-radiative dielectric waveguides and the Goubau line, use both metal walls and dielectric surfaces to confine the wave.
Principle
Depending on the frequency, waveguides can be constructed from either conductive or dielectric materials. Generally, the lower the frequency to be passed the larger the waveguide is. For example, the natural waveguide the earth forms given by the dimensions between the conductive ionosphere and the ground as well as the circumference at the median altitude of the Earth is resonant at 7.83 Hz. This is known as Schumann resonance. On the other hand, waveguides used in extremely high frequency
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope%20One
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Slope One is a family of algorithms used for collaborative filtering, introduced in a 2005 paper by Daniel Lemire and Anna Maclachlan. Arguably, it is the simplest form of non-trivial item-based collaborative filtering based on ratings. Their simplicity makes it especially easy to implement them efficiently while their accuracy is often on par with more complicated and computationally expensive algorithms. They have also been used as building blocks to improve other algorithms. They are part of major open-source libraries such as Apache Mahout and Easyrec.
Item-based collaborative filtering of rated resources and overfitting
When ratings of items are available, such as is the case when people are given the option of ratings resources (between 1 and 5, for example), collaborative filtering aims to predict the ratings of one individual based on his past ratings and on a (large) database of ratings contributed by other users.
Example: Can we predict the rating an individual would give to the new Celine Dion album given that he gave the Beatles 5 out of 5?
In this context, item-based collaborative filtering predicts the ratings on one item based on the ratings on another item, typically using linear regression (). Hence, if there are 1,000 items, there could be up to 1,000,000 linear regressions to be learned, and so, up to 2,000,000 regressors. This approach may suffer from severe overfitting unless we select only the pairs of items for which several users have rated bo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20triborate
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Lithium triborate (LiB3O5) or LBO is a non-linear optical crystal. It has a wide transparency range, moderately high nonlinear coupling, high damage threshold and desirable chemical and mechanical properties. This crystal is often used for second harmonic generation (SHG, also known as frequency doubling), for example of Nd:YAG lasers (1064 nm → 532 nm). LBO can be both critically and non-critically phase-matched. In the latter case the crystal has to be heated or cooled depending on the wavelength.
Lithium triborate was discovered and developed by Chen Chuangtian and others of the Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It has been patented.
Chemical properties
Point group: mm2
Lattice parameters: a=8.4473 Å, b=7.3788 Å, c=5.1395 Å
Mohs hardness: 6
Transmission range: 0.16 – 2.6 μm
Damage threshold: 25 J/cm2 (1064 nm, 10 ns pulses)
Thermal expansion coefficients: x: 10.8×10−5/K, y: −8.8×10−5/K, z: 3.4×10−5/K
Specific heat: 1060 J/kg·K
Melting point: 834 °C
Applications of lithium triborate (LBO) crystal
Lithium triborate (LBO) crystals are applicable in various nonlinear optical applications:
Frequency doubling (SHG) and frequency tripling of high peak power pulsed Nd doped, Ti:Sapphire lasers and Dye lasers
NCPM (non-critical phase matching for frequency conversion of CW and quasi CW radiation
OPO (Optical parametric oscillator) of both Type 1 and Type 2 phase-matching
References
External links
LBO Crystal (Lithium Tribor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-slip%20condition
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In fluid dynamics, the no-slip condition for viscous fluids assumes that at a solid boundary, the fluid will have zero velocity relative to the boundary.
The fluid velocity at all fluid–solid boundaries is equal to that of the solid boundary. Conceptually, one can think of the outermost molecules of fluid as stuck to the surfaces past which it flows. Because the solution is prescribed at given locations, this is an example of a Dirichlet boundary condition.
For highly viscous foodstuffs that contain a high level of fat, such as mayonnaise and melted cheese, the no-slip condition cannot be applied, due to their "self-lubricating" properties.
Physical justification
Particles close to a surface do not move along with a flow when adhesion is stronger than cohesion.
At the fluid-solid interface, the force of attraction between the fluid particles and solid particles (Adhesive forces) is greater than that between the fluid particles (Cohesive forces). This force imbalance brings down the fluid velocity to zero.
The no slip condition is only defined for viscous flows and where continuum concept is valid.
Exceptions
As with most of the engineering approximations, the no-slip condition does not always hold in reality. For example, at very low pressure (e.g. at high altitude), even when the continuum approximation still holds there may be so few molecules near the surface that they "bounce along" down the surface. A common approximation for fluid slip is:
where is the coordinate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20resolvable%20temperature%20difference
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Minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) is a measure for assessing the performance of infrared cameras, and is inversely proportional to the modulation transfer function.
Typically, an operator is asked to assess the minimum temperature difference at which a 4-bar target can be resolved. This minimum difference will change with the spatial frequency of the bar target used. A curve of MRTD against spatial frequency is obtained which characterises the performance of the imaging system.
Modern infrared imaging systems can have low spatial frequency MRTDs of tens of millikelvins.
Manual test
A manual subjective test is implemented to determine the MRTD. An operator uses a series of 4-bar targets of different spatial frequencies. For each target he/she adjusts the blackbody, (source of Infrared radiation), temperature up and down until the pattern is "just resolvable." The positive and negative temperature differences are stored into a two dimensional array. The corresponding spatial frequencies used in each test are also stored into an array. The MRTD curve is a plot of these arrays (just resolvable temperature difference versus target spatial frequency). From the experimental MRTD data, a general polynomial best fit is calculated and the result is the MRTD curve which gives direct insight into the quality of the image. i.e. the infrared camera's ability to resolve detail, in this case temperature.
Calculations
, the MRTD curve
= array of just resolvable tempera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Norbornyl%20cation
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In organic chemistry, the term 2-norbornyl cation (or 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl cation) describes one of the three carbocations formed from derivatives of norbornane. Though 1-norbornyl and 7-norbornyl cations have been studied, the most extensive studies and vigorous debates have been centered on the exact structure of the 2-norbornyl cation.
The 2-norbornyl cation has been formed from a variety of norbornane derivatives and reagents. First reports of its formation and reactivity published by Saul Winstein sparked controversy over the nature of its bonding, as he invoked a three-center two-electron bond to explain the stereochemical outcome of the reaction. Herbert C. Brown challenged this assertion on the grounds that classical resonance structures could explain these observations without needing to adapt a new perspective of bonding. Both researchers' views had its supporters, and dozens of scientists contributed ingeniously designed experiments to provide evidence for one viewpoint or the other. Over time, the dispute became increasingly bitter and acrimonious, and the debate took on a personal or ad hominem character.
Evidence of the non-classical nature of the 2-norbornyl cation grew over the course of several decades, mainly through spectroscopic data gathered using methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Crystallographic confirmation of its non-classical nature did not come until 2013. Although most chemists now agree that 2-norbornyl cation itself is non-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding%20%28computer%20networking%29
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Flooding is used in computer network routing algorithms in which every incoming packet is sent through every outgoing link except the one it arrived on.
Flooding is used in bridging and in systems such as Usenet and peer-to-peer file sharing and as part of some routing protocols, including OSPF, DVMRP, and those used in ad-hoc wireless networks (WANETs).
Types
There are generally two types of flooding available, uncontrolled flooding and controlled flooding.
In uncontrolled flooding each node unconditionally distributes packets to each of its neighbors. Without conditional logic to prevent indefinite recirculation of the same packet, broadcast storms are a hazard.
Controlled flooding has its own two algorithms to make it reliable, SNCF (Sequence Number Controlled Flooding) and RPF (reverse-path forwarding). In SNCF, the node attaches its own address and sequence number to the packet, since every node has a memory of addresses and sequence numbers. If it receives a packet in memory, it drops it immediately while in RPF, the node will only send the packet forward. If it is received from the next node, it sends it back to the sender.
Algorithms
There are several variants of flooding algorithms. Most work roughly as follows:
Each node acts as both a transmitter and a receiver.
Each node tries to forward every message to every one of its neighbors except the source node.
This results in every message eventually being delivered to all reachable parts of the network.
Algori
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Kingdom%20Biodiversity%20Action%20Plan
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The United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan or (UK BAP) was the UK government's response to the Convention on Biological Diversity, opened for signature at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The UK was the first country to produce a national Biodiversity Action Plan. It was published in 1994 and created action plans for priority species and habitats in the UK that were most under threat so as to support their recovery.
Purpose
The UK Biodiversity Action Plan summarised the most threatened or rapidly declining biological resources of the United Kingdom, and gave detailed plans for their conservation. Individual 'Action Plans' were provided for these habitats and species, and a reporting mechanism was established to demonstrate how the UK BAP was contributing to the United Kingdom's commitment to help reduce or halt the significant losses in global biodiversity, highlighted by the international Convention on Biological Diversity. The original publication included action plans for 45 habitats and 391 species, each identified either as being globally threatened, or where evidence showed there had been a particularly rapid decline of those resources within the UK. Although mainly focused on England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the UK Crown dependencies, the UK Biodiversity Action Plan also addressed issues of declining species and habitats overseas in the UK Dependant Territories and British-held territories in Antarctica; areas together containing over 700 endemic species.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%20glue
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Wood glue is an adhesive used to tightly bond pieces of wood together. Many substances have been used as glues. Traditionally animal proteins like casein from milk or collagen from animal hides and bones were boiled down to make early glues. They worked by solidifying as they dried. Later, glues were made from plant starches like flour or potato starch. When combined with water and heated, the starch gelatinizes and forms a sticky paste as it dries. Plant-based glues were common for books and paper products, though they can break down more easily over time compared to animal-based glues. Examples of modern wood glues include polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and epoxy resins. Some resins (i.e., glues) used in producing composite wood products may contain formaldehyde. As of 2021, “the wood panel industry uses almost 95% of synthetic petroleum-derived thermosetting adhesives, mainly based on urea, phenol, and melamine, among others”.
Types
Animal glue
Animal glue, especially hoof glue and hide glue, was the primary adhesive of choice for many types of woodworking, including furniture and lutherie, for many centuries. It is manufactured from rendered collagen from the skins (hides) or hooves of animals. It is chemically similar to edible gelatin and is non-toxic if ingested. Hide glue is still used today in specialized applications: musical instruments (lutherie), for replica furniture, and for conservation-grade repairs to antique woodwork. Hide glue is measured on the basis of its ge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADPAC
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CADPAC, the Cambridge Analytic Derivatives Package, is a suite of programs for ab initio computational chemistry calculations. It has been developed by R. D. Amos with contributions from I. L. Alberts, J. S. Andrews, S. M. Colwell, N. C. Handy, D. Jayatilaka, P. J. Knowles, R. Kobayashi, K. E. Laidig, G. Laming, A. M. Lee, P. E. Maslen, C. W. Murray, J. E. Rice, E. D. Simandiras, A. J. Stone, M.-D. Su and D. J. Tozer. at Cambridge University since 1981. It is capable of molecular Hartree–Fock calculations, Møller–Plesset calculations, various other correlated calculations and density functional theory calculations.
See also
Quantum chemistry computer programs
External links
Computational chemistry software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20correlation
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In statistics, an ecological correlation (also spatial correlation) is a correlation between two variables that are group means, in contrast to a correlation between two variables that describe individuals. For example, one might study the correlation between physical activity and weight among sixth-grade children. A study at the individual level might make use of 100 children, then measure both physical activity and weight; the correlation between the two variables would be at the individual level. By contrast, another study might make use of 100 classes of sixth-grade students, then measure the mean physical activity and the mean weight of each of the 100 classes. A correlation between these group means would be an example of an ecological correlation.
Because a correlation describes the measured strength of a relationship, correlations at the group level can be much higher than those at the individual level. Thinking both are equal is an example of ecological fallacy.
See also
General topics
Ecological regression
Geographic information science
Spatial autocorrelation
Complete spatial randomness
Modifiable areal unit problem
Specific applications
Spatial epidemiology
Spatial econometrics
References
Covariance and correlation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle%20Harvey
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Michelle Louise Harvey (born in Brisbane) is an Australian forensic scientist specialising in forensic entomology (use of insects in the investigation of crimes). Her research uses insect DNA to identify maggots, which helps in estimating the time since death. Harvey has published widely on her research and been a guest speaker at many conferences. She is active in the promotion of science through public speaking engagements and the media.
Career
Harvey completed her PhD / Master of Forensic Science degree in 2006 at the Centre for Forensic Science at the University of Western Australia (UWA) and graduated in March 2007. From 2006 to 2012 she was a senior lecturer in forensic biology at the University of Portsmouth, researching molecular relationships between forensically important Calliphoridae. She has since returned to Australia to continue her research at Deakin University, Geelong.
Honours and awards
2013 Winston Churchill Fellow
2004 Brownes Western Australian Woman of the Year in Science
2003 Sir Keith Murdoch Fellow of the American-Australian Association (graduate research at the Anthropological Research Facility (known as the Body Farm) in Knoxville, Tennessee)
2001/2002 Rotary Ambassadorial Scholar (University of Pretoria, South Africa)
References
Living people
Scientists from Brisbane
Academics of the University of Portsmouth
Women forensic scientists
University of Western Australia alumni
University of Pretoria alumni
Academic staff of Deakin University
Year o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20Coordinate%20Mechanics
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Internal Coordinate Mechanics (ICM) is a software program and algorithm to predict low-energy conformations of molecules by sampling the space of internal coordinates (bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles) defining molecular geometry. In ICM each molecule is constructed as a tree from an entry atom where each next atom is built iteratively from the preceding three atoms via three internal variables. The rings kept rigid or imposed via additional restraints. ICM is used for modelling peptides and interactions with substrates and coenzymes.
Software
ICM also is a programming environment for various tasks in computational chemistry and computational structural biology, sequence analysis and rational drug design. The original goal was to develop algorithms for energy optimization of several biopolymers with respect to an arbitrary subset of internal coordinates such as bond lengths, bond angles torsion angles and phase angles. The efficient and general global optimization method which evolved from the original ICM method is still the central piece of the program. It is this basic algorithm which is used for peptide prediction, homology modeling and loop simulations, flexible macromolecular docking and energy refinement. However the complexity of problems related to structure prediction and analysis, as well as the desire for perfection, compactness and consistency, led to the program's expansion into neighboring areas such as graphics, chemistry, sequence analysis and d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium%20telluride
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Beryllium telluride (BeTe) is a chemical compound of beryllium and tellurium. It is a crystalline solid with the lattice constant of 0.5615 nm. It is a semiconductor with a large energy gap of around 3 eV.
Toxicity is unknown. Toxic hydrogen telluride gas is evolved on exposure to water.
References
External links
Beryllium compounds
Tellurides
II-VI semiconductors
Zincblende crystal structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winbond
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Winbond Electronics Corporation () is a Taiwan-based corporation founded in 1987. It produces semiconductors and several types of integrated circuits (ICs) including dynamic random-access memory, static random-access memory, serial flash, microcontrollers, and Super I/O chips.
Winbond is the largest brand-name IC supplier in Taiwan and one of the biggest suppliers of semiconductor solutions worldwide.
The computer IC, consumer electronics IC, and logic product foundry divisions Winbond were spun off as Nuvoton Technology Corporation on 1 July 2008.
See also
List of Semiconductor Fabrication Plants
List of companies of Taiwan
References
External links
Nuvoton Technology Corporation (Winbond subsidiary)
1987 establishments in Taiwan
Computer memory companies
Companies established in 1987
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Taiwanese brands
Companies listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange
Semiconductor companies of Taiwan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarapacaite
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Tarapacáite is the mineral form of potassium chromate with the chemical formula K2CrO4. It forms bright yellow crystals and was discovered in 1878. It is named for the former Tarapacá Province, Peru; nowadays belonging to Chile. The boundaries between Peru, Bolivia and Chile were vague in the Atacama Desert before the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). Its type locality is Oficina Maria Elena, Maria Elena, Tocopilla Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile. It is unlikely to occur anywhere except in highly arid conditions as it is easily soluble in water.
References
Potassium minerals
Chromate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20flaw
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A carbon flaw is a blemish present within a diamond crystalline form of carbon, usually seen as a black spot. The blemish may be microscopic or visible to the naked eye. The spots are undesirable imperfections since they can be seen more easily than other flaws. It is worth noting that, while diamonds are composed of purely carbon, the black spot flaws could be other inclusions (foreign matter) such as olivine, garnet, pyrite, silica, calcite, and iron oxides.
Appearance
Carbon flaws can come in many different appearances. They can range in size from specks so small they can barely be seen with the a magnifying glass to spots and clusters clearly visible to the naked eye. A carbon flaw can appear as a sharply defined spot or as an amorphous cloud, like a shadow in the stone. The appearance of a spot usually indicates an inclusion of uncrystallized carbon, but a cloudy carbon flaw is indicative of improper or irregular crystallization. Carbon flaws can also appear as small, fuzzy dots, somewhere between a speck and a cloud. Another common carbon flaw appears as a black shard or needle through the stone.
These flaws are regarded as undesirable in any stone, though the appearance of carbon flaws is more notable in white stones. The presence of these flaws can severely impact the value of the stone, despite its carat weight. Most flaws that do not affect the clarity or brilliance of the diamond are usually seen as ugly and will drive buyers away from a stone. The flaws that aff
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr.%20Phibes%20and%20the%20House%20of%20Wax%20Equations
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Dr. Phibes and the House of Wax Equations were an English psychedelic rock band, formed in 1989 in Crewe, Cheshire. They were composed of vocalist and guitarist Lawrence Howard King Jr., bassist Lee Patrick Belsham and drummer Keith York.
The band were regulars in the UK Indie Chart and had some links with other local bands in the North West. The band's name was linked to American actor Vincent Price who starred in House of Wax and the two Dr. Phibes films.
The band toured extensively around the UK and mainland Europe, including a major European tour featuring performances at rock festivals in France, Switzerland and Germany.
History
The band met whilst on a music course at South Cheshire College of Further Education in late 1989. King Jr. was born to Avril Fiona (née Sancho) and Lawrence Howard King Snr. in 1967 in Reading, Berkshire. His parents married in 1965 in Enfield, Middlesex.
They released their first EP Sugarblast in 1990. This was followed up by their first album Whirlpool in 1991. A second EP, called Hazy Lazy Hologram, was released the same year.
The level of success continued with appearances at the Glastonbury Festival in 1992. Dr. Phibes also recorded Peel Sessions for the Radio One DJ John Peel in 1991 and 1993. They also recorded some tracks for Mark Radcliffe's late night Radio 1 show. The band would release a further four EPs; their second album Hypnotwister came out in 1993.
Dr. Phibes' final live performance was in Manchester in 1995. Shortly af
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIC%20TCP
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BIC TCP (Binary Increase Congestion control) is one of the congestion control algorithms that can be used for Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). BIC is optimized for high speed networks with high latency: so-called "long fat networks". For these networks, BIC has significant advantage over previous congestion control schemes in correcting for severely underutilized bandwidth.
BIC implements a unique congestion window (cwnd) algorithm. This algorithm tries to find the maximum cwnd by searching in three parts: binary search increase, additive increase, and slow start. When a network failure occurs, the BIC uses multiplicative decrease in correcting the cwnd.
BIC TCP is implemented and used by default in Linux kernels 2.6.8 and above. The default implementation was again changed to CUBIC TCP in the 2.6.19 version.
Algorithm
Define the following variables:
Smax: the maximum increment
Smin: the minimum increment
wmax: the maximum window size
β: multiplicative window decrease factor
cwnd: congestion window size
bic_inc: window increment per RTT (round trip time)
At every RTT interval update cwnd with the following:
If no packets are dropped, the congestion window (cwnd) increases in three distinct ways: binary search increase, additive increase, and slow start. In each step, one is used as an increment.
One step of increasing cwnd:
if (cwnd < wmax) // binary search OR additive
bic_inc = (wmax - cwnd) / 2;
else
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorioamnionitis
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Chorioamnionitis, also known as intra-amniotic infection (IAI), is inflammation of the fetal membranes (amnion and chorion), usually due to bacterial infection. In 2015, a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Workshop expert panel recommended use of the term "triple I" to address the heterogeneity of this disorder. The term triple I refers to intrauterine infection or inflammation or both and is defined by strict diagnostic criteria, but this terminology has not been commonly adopted although the criteria are used.
Chorioamnionitis results from an infection caused by bacteria ascending from the vagina into the uterus and is associated with premature or prolonged labor. It triggers an inflammatory response to release various inflammatory signaling molecules, leading to increased prostaglandin and metalloproteinase release. These substances promote uterine contractions and cervical ripening, causations of premature birth. The risk of developing chorioamnionitis increases with number of vaginal examinations performed in the final month of pregnancy, including labor. Tobacco and alcohol use also puts mothers at risk for chorioamnionitis development.
Chorioamnionitis is caught early by looking at signs and symptoms such as fever, abdominal pain, or abnormal vaginal excretion. Administration of antibiotics if the amniotic sac bursts prematurely can prevent chorioamnionitis occurrence.
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of clinical chorioamnionitis inc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk%20classification
|
The Folk classification, in geology, is a technical descriptive classification of sedimentary rocks devised by Robert L. Folk, an influential sedimentary petrologist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Texas.
Folk's sandstone (clastic) classification
Folk's philosophy is that the name of a rock must convey as much information as possible without being a complete description. For this, he proposed five important properties of sandstones to use as defining characteristics. These five properties are: grain size, chemically precipitated cements, textural maturity, miscellaneous transported constituents, and clan designation. Folk's fivefold name must be in the following format:
(Grain size): (chemically precipitated cements) (textural maturity) (miscellaneous transported constituents) (clan designation)
However, Folk stated that cements and miscellaneous transported constituents are optional categories as they are not always observed. The other three properties should always be mentioned.
The following are examples of rock names using Folk's fivefold name:
Coarse sandstone: calcitic submature micaceous subarkose
Fine sandstone: supermature quartzarenite
Sandy granule conglomerate: calcitic submature calclithite
Very fine sandstone: chert-cemented submature quartzose phyllarenite
Clayey very fine sandstone: immature fossiliferous plagioclase arkose
Clan designation
As others before him, Folk proposed a classification for sandstones based on the relative abundances of
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