source
stringlengths 32
209
| text
stringlengths 18
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev%20equation
|
Chebyshev's equation is the second order linear differential equation
where p is a real (or complex) constant. The equation is named after Russian mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev.
The solutions can be obtained by power series:
where the coefficients obey the recurrence relation
The series converges for (note, x may be complex), as may be seen by applying
the ratio test to the recurrence.
The recurrence may be started with arbitrary values of a0 and a1,
leading to the two-dimensional space of solutions that arises from second order
differential equations. The standard choices are:
a0 = 1 ; a1 = 0, leading to the solution
and
a0 = 0 ; a1 = 1, leading to the solution
The general solution is any linear combination of these two.
When p is a non-negative integer, one or the other of the two functions has its series terminate
after a finite number of terms: F terminates if p is even, and G terminates if p is odd.
In this case, that function is a polynomial of degree p and it is proportional to the
Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind
if p is even
if p is odd
Ordinary differential equations
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%20ranking
|
Web ranking may refer to:
Alexa web ranking system
Compete.com, web ranking analysis based on United States traffic
Google PageRank, link analysis algorithm
Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, Ranking Web of World Universities
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterase
|
In biochemistry, an esterase is a class of enzyme that splits esters into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis (and as such, it is a type of hydrolase).
A wide range of different esterases exist that differ in their substrate specificity, their protein structure, and their biological function.
EC classification/list of enzymes
EC 3.1.1: Carboxylic ester hydrolases
Acetylesterase (EC 3.1.1.6), splits off acetyl groups
Cholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase, inactivates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Pseudocholinesterase, broad substrate specificity, found in the blood plasma and in the liver
Pectinesterase (EC 3.1.1.11), clarifies fruit juices
EC 3.1.2: Thiolester hydrolases
Thioesterase
Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
EC 3.1.3: Phosphoric monoester hydrolases
Phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.x), hydrolyses phosphoric acid monoesters into a phosphate ion and an alcohol
Alkaline phosphatase, removes phosphate groups from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids.
Phosphodiesterase (PDE), inactivates the second messenger cAMP
cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5, is inhibited by Sildenafil (Viagra)
Fructose bisphosphatase (3.1.3.11), converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in gluconeogenesis
EC 3.1.4: Phosphoric diester hydrolases
EC 3.1.5: Triphosphoric monoester hydrolases
EC 3.1.6: Sulfuric ester hydrolases (sulfatases)
EC 3.1.7: Diphosphoric monoester hydrolases
EC
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoinositide%203-kinase
|
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), also called phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival and intracellular trafficking, which in turn are involved in cancer.
PI3Ks are a family of related intracellular signal transducer enzymes capable of phosphorylating the 3 position hydroxyl group of the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). The pathway, with oncogene PIK3CA and tumor suppressor gene PTEN, is implicated in the sensitivity of cancer tumors to insulin and IGF1, and in calorie restriction.
Discovery
The discovery of PI3Ks by Lewis Cantley and colleagues began with their identification of a previously unknown phosphoinositide kinase associated with the polyoma middle T protein. They observed unique substrate specificity and chromatographic properties of the products of the lipid kinase, leading to the discovery that this phosphoinositide kinase had the unprecedented ability to phosphorylate phosphoinositides on the 3' position of the inositol ring. Subsequently, Cantley and colleagues demonstrated that in vivo the enzyme prefers PtdIns(4,5)P2 as a substrate, producing the novel phosphoinositide PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 previously identified in neutrophils.
Classes
The PI3K family is divided into four different classes: Class I, Class II, Class III, and Class IV. The classifications are based on primary structure, regulation, and in vitro lipid substrate spe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20dependent%20vector%20field
|
In mathematics, a time dependent vector field is a construction in vector calculus which generalizes the concept of vector fields. It can be thought of as a vector field which moves as time passes. For every instant of time, it associates a vector to every point in a Euclidean space or in a manifold.
Definition
A time dependent vector field on a manifold M is a map from an open subset on
such that for every , is an element of .
For every such that the set
is nonempty, is a vector field in the usual sense defined on the open set .
Associated differential equation
Given a time dependent vector field X on a manifold M, we can associate to it the following differential equation:
which is called nonautonomous by definition.
Integral curve
An integral curve of the equation above (also called an integral curve of X) is a map
such that , is an element of the domain of definition of X and
.
Equivalence with time-independent vector fields
A time dependent vector field on can be thought of as a vector field on where does not depend on
Conversely, associated with a time-dependent vector field on is a time-independent one
on In coordinates,
The system of autonomous differential equations for is equivalent to that of non-autonomous ones for and is a bijection between the sets of integral curves of and respectively.
Flow
The flow of a time dependent vector field X, is the unique differentiable map
such that for every ,
is the integral curve of X that s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Sydenham%20railway%20station
|
The Crystal Palace and South London Junction Railway was authorised to build a line from Peckham Rye railway station to a terminus at Crystal Palace in 1862, in order to serve the attraction of the Crystal Palace.
History
The station was opened by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway on 1 August 1884. It was temporarily closed from 1 January 1917 until 1 March 1919, and again between 22 May 1944 and 4 March 1946. Permanent closure occurred on 20 September 1954.
Upper Sydenham station was the penultimate station on the route before Crystal Palace, sitting in the wooded area at the top of Sydenham Hill, overlooking Dulwich and Sydenham. The station and the line was poorly used despite new houses being built in the area as passengers preferred to use other stations near-by (Sydenham Hill, Crystal Palace (Lower Level) and Sydenham) which were on more direct routes. The line was one of the first of the former South Eastern and Chatham Railway to be electrified by Southern Railway, under "South Eastern Electrification - Stage 1" in July 1925. The destruction of the Crystal Palace in 1936 saw patronage reduced.
During the Second World War the branch line suffered damage from enemy action. After the war the cost of repairing the war damage with declining receipts led to the decision to close the line to close on 20 September 1954, the first permanent closure of a Southern Electric line. The dismantling of the station took place in 1957.
Current
Today all that remains of Upper
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner%20mitochondrial%20membrane
|
The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is the mitochondrial membrane which separates the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space.
Structure
The structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane is extensively folded and compartmentalized. The numerous invaginations of the membrane are called cristae, separated by crista junctions from the inner boundary membrane juxtaposed to the outer membrane. Cristae significantly increase the total membrane surface area compared to a smooth inner membrane and thereby the available working space for oxidative phosphorylation.
The inner membrane creates two compartments. The region between the inner and outer membrane, called the intermembrane space, is largely continuous with the cytosol, while the more sequestered space inside the inner membrane is called the matrix.
Cristae
For typical liver mitochondria, the area of the inner membrane is about 5 times as large as the outer membrane due to cristae. This ratio is variable and mitochondria from cells that have a greater demand for ATP, such as muscle cells, contain even more cristae. Cristae membranes are studded on the matrix side with small round protein complexes known as F1 particles, the site of proton-gradient driven ATP synthesis. Cristae affect overall chemiosmotic function of mitochondria.
Cristae junctions
Cristae and the inner boundary membranes are separated by junctions. The end of cristae are partially closed by transmembrane protein complexes that bind head to h
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GURT
|
GURT may refer to:
Genetic Use Restriction Technology, proposed methods for restricting the use of genetically modified plants
Giant Ukrainian Radio Telescope, a low-frequency radio telescope in Kharkiv oblast, Ukraine
See also
Gogurt
Yogurt (disambiguation)
Yurt (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PelB%20leader%20sequence
|
The pelB leader sequence is a sequence of amino acids which, when attached to a protein, directs the protein to the bacterial periplasm, where the sequence is removed by a signal peptidase. Specifically, pelB refers to pectate lyase B of Erwinia carotovora CE. The leader sequence consists of the 22 N-terminal amino acid residues. This leader sequence can be attached to any other protein (on the DNA level) resulting in a transfer of such a fused protein to the periplasmic space of Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, often used in genetic engineering.
Protein secretion can increase the stability of cloned gene products. For instance it was shown that the half-life of the recombinant proinsulin is increased 10-fold when the protein is secreted to the periplasmic space. (vijji. Narne, R.S.Ramya)
One of pelB's possible applications is to direct coat protein-antigen fusions to the cell surface for the construction of engineered bacteriophages for the purpose of phage display.
The Pectobacterium carotovorum pelB leader sequence commonly used in molecular biology has the sequence MKYLLPTAAAGLLLLAAQPAMA (UniProt Q04085).
References
SP Lei et al., Characterization of the Erwinia carotovora pelB gene and its product pectate lyase. J. Bacteriol. 169(9): 4379–4383 (1987).
Amino acids
Bacteria
Genetic engineering
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%20Soucek
|
Svat Soucek (full name Svatopluk Souček) is a compiler and author of works in relation to Central Asia, and Central Asian studies. He was born in Prague, Czech Republic. He has a PhD in Turkish and Arabic studies from Columbia University. He worked in the Oriental Division of the New York Public Library, and as a professor of history at Princeton University, specialising in historical cartography. His works include Piri Reis and Turkish Mapmaking After Columbus (1996), A History of Inner Asia (2000), The Persian Gulf: Its Past and Present (2008), and The History of the Maritime Wars of the Turks (2012).
References
Further reading
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Central Asian studies scholars
21st-century Czech historians
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20I%20PI%203-kinases
|
Class I PI 3-kinases are a subgroup of the enzyme family, phosphoinositide 3-kinase that possess a common protein domain structure, substrate specificity, and method of activation. Class I PI 3-kinases are further divided into two subclasses, class IA PI 3-kinases and class IB PI 3-kinases.
Class IA PI 3-kinases
Class IA PI 3-kinases are activated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs).
There are three catalytic subunits that are classified as class IA PI 3-kinases:
p110α
p110β
p110δ
There are currently five regulatory subunits that are known to associate with class IA PI 3-kinases catalytic subunits:
p85α and p85β
p55α and p55γ
p50α
Class IB PI 3-kinases
Class IB PI 3-kinases are activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
The only known class IB PI 3-kinase catalytic subunit is p110γ.
There are two known regulatory subunits for p110γ:
p101
p84/ p87PIKAP.
See also
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase#Class I
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor
References
EC 2.7.1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20II%20PI%203-kinases
|
Class II PI 3-kinases are a subgroup of the enzyme family, phosphoinositide 3-kinase that share a common protein domain structure, substrate specificity and method of activation.
Class II PI 3-kinases were the most recently identified class of PI 3-kinases.
There are three class II PI 3-kinase isoforms expressed in mammalian cells;
PI3K-C2α encoded by the PIK3C2A gene
PI3K-C2β encoded by the PIK3C2B gene
PI3K-C2γ encoded by the PIK3C2G gene
See also
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
References
Stein RC (2001) Prospects for phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition as a cancer treatment Endocr Relat Cancer 8:237-248
Foster FM, Traer CJ, Abraham SM, and Fry MJ (2003) The phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase family J Cell Sci 116:3037-3040.
Vanhaesebroeck B, Waterfield MD.(1999) Signaling by distinct classes of phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Exp Cell Res. 253(1):239-54.
EC 2.7.1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20III%20PI%203-kinase
|
Class III PI 3-kinase is a subgroup of the enzyme family, phosphoinositide 3-kinase that share a common protein domain structure, substrate specificity and method of activation.
There is only one known class III PI 3-kinase, Vps34, which is also the only PI 3-kinase expressed in all eukaryotic cells. In humans it is encoded by the PIK3C3 gene. In human cells Vps34 associates with a regulatory subunit, PIK3R4(p150, Vps15).
Substrate specificity
Vps34 is more accurately described as a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In vivo Vps34 can phosphorylate only phosphatidylinositol to form phosphatidylinositol (3)-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P).
Functions
Vps34 was first identified in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) screen for proteins involved vesicle-mediated vacuolar protein sorting (hence Vps). A number of proteins containing a phosphoinositide binding domain specific for PtdIns(3)P that function in cellular protein trafficking have been identified.
Vps34 has been shown to interact with Vps15 (PIK3R4, p150), a protein kinase. Vps15 can activate the lipid kinase activity of Vps34 and interact with Rab5, which has been hypothesized to recruit the Vps34/15 complex to early endosomes. Vps15 has a myristoylation tag that associates the complex with the membrane. The Vps34/15 complex also can interact with Rab7. Together, the complex can function at early to late endosomes.
Vps34 has a calmodulin binding domain, but its activity has been clearly shown to be calcium-independent i
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium%20diboride
|
Uranium boride (UB2), a compound of uranium and boron, is a very stable glassy boride material that is insoluble in water.
It is being explored as an ingredient in high entropy alloys, and as a method of immobilizing uranium-based radioactive waste, and rendering it safe for long-term storage. It has some applications in endocurietherapy, a method of radiation therapy wherein radioactive microspheres are implanted directly into the treatment site and allowed to remain for an extended period of time, may also use this class of material as it would not be attacked while in situ.
It is being considered as a nuclear fuel material as it has a high density and thermal conductivity
References
Uranium compounds
Borides
Nuclear materials
Non-oxide glasses
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resampling%20%28statistics%29
|
In statistics, resampling is the creation of new samples based on one observed sample.
Resampling methods are:
Permutation tests (also re-randomization tests)
Bootstrapping
Cross validation
Permutation tests
Permutation tests rely on resampling the original data assuming the null hypothesis. Based on the resampled data it can be concluded how likely the original data is to occur under the null hypothesis.
Bootstrap
Bootstrapping is a statistical method for estimating the sampling distribution of an estimator by sampling with replacement from the original sample, most often with the purpose of deriving robust estimates of standard errors and confidence intervals of a population parameter like a mean, median, proportion, odds ratio, correlation coefficient or regression coefficient. It has been called the plug-in principle, as it is the method of estimation of functionals of a population distribution by evaluating the same functionals at the empirical distribution based on a sample.
For example, when estimating the population mean, this method uses the sample mean; to estimate the population median, it uses the sample median; to estimate the population regression line, it uses the sample regression line.
It may also be used for constructing hypothesis tests. It is often used as a robust alternative to inference based on parametric assumptions when those assumptions are in doubt, or where parametric inference is impossible or requires very complicated formulas for the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana%20Doughnut%20theory
|
The Banana Doughnut theory - also sometimes known as Born-Fréchet kernel theory, or Finite-frequency theory - is a model in seismic tomography that describes the shape of the Fresnel zone along the entire ray path of a body wave. This theory suggests that the area that influences the ray velocity is the surrounding material and not the infinitesimally small ray path. This surrounding material forms a tube enclosing the ray, but does not incorporate the ray path itself.
The name was coined by Princeton University postdoc Henk Marquering. This theory gets the name "banana" because the tube of influence along the entire ray path from source to receiver is an arc resembling the fruit. The "doughnut" part of the name comes from the ring shape of the cross-section. The ray path is a hollow banana, or a banana-shaped doughnut.
Mohammad Youssof and colleagues (Youssof et al., 2015) of Rice University and the University of Copenhagen conducted one of the studies that compared both the Born-Fréchet kernel theory and the infinitesimal geometrical ray theory when they used the same datasets to see the resolving power on real datasets from the South African Seismic Array [SASE] in Kalahari (Carlson et al., 1996) and compared their results when using one and multiple frequencies to previous studies by Fouch et al. (2004), Priestley et al. (2006), and Silver et al. (2001). Youssof et al. (2015) models are similar in some ways, but they also have significant differences which include new
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD14
|
CD14 (cluster of differentiation 14) is a human protein made mostly by macrophages as part of the innate immune system. It helps to detect bacteria in the body by binding lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP).
CD14 exists in two forms, one anchored to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) tail (mCD14), the other a soluble form (sCD14). Soluble CD14 either appears after shedding of mCD14 (48 kDa) or is directly secreted from intracellular vesicles (56 kDa).
The x-ray crystal structure of human CD14 reveals a monomeric, bent solenoid structure containing a hydrophobic amino-terminal pocket.
CD14 was the first described pattern recognition receptor.
Function
CD14 acts as a co-receptor (along with the Toll-like receptor TLR 4 and MD-2) for the detection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CD14 can bind LPS only in the presence of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP).
Although LPS is considered its main ligand, CD14 also recognizes other pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as lipoteichoic acid. cluster of differentiation (CD)-14 is a
receptor for a very wide range of microbial products including lipopolysaccharide (released from Gram-negative bacteria), peptidoglycans, and lipoteichoic acid (constituents of Gram-positive bacteria).
Tissue distribution
CD14 is expressed mainly by macrophages and (at 10-times lesser extent) by neutrophils. It is also expressed by dendritic cells. The soluble form of the receptor
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddie
|
Laddie is the word for boy in Scottish English.
Laddie may also refer to:
Novel and film adaptations
Laddie, a True Blue Story, a 1913 novel by Gene Stratton-Porter, and its adaptations:
Laddie (1926 film), an American drama
Laddie (1935 film), an American film
Laddie (1940 film), an American film
Fictional characters
"Laddie", the title character in Son of Lassie, a 1945 film
"Laddie", a dog in The Simpsons episode "The Canine Mutiny"
"Laddie", a counterpart-of-sorts to Gaspode in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series
"Laddie", in the novel Cowboys for Christ
"Laddie", a fictional toy character in the Wee Sing 1988 video: Grandpa's Magical Toys
People
Laddie Cliff, British dancer, choreographer, actor, producer, writer and director born Clifford Albyn Perry (1891–1937)
Lauren Laddie Gale (1917–1996), American Hall-of-Fame basketball player
Laddie Lewis, Guyanese cyclist who competed in the 1948 Olympics
Laddie Lucas (1915–1998), Second World War Royal Air Force officer, journalist, amateur golfer and Member of Parliament nicknamed "Laddie"
Ladislaus Laddie Outschoorn (1918–1994), Ceylonese cricketer
Indra Lal Roy (1898–1918), Indian First World War flying ace nicknamed "Laddie"
Hugh Laddie (1946–2008), British judge, lawyer and academic
Mitch Laddie (born 1990), English guitarist, vocalist, songwriter and producer
Other uses
"Laddie", a nickname for the whiskies from the Bruichladdich distillery
Laddie Island, Canada, along with Split Island part of th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment%20of%20West%20Virginia
|
The Environment of West Virginia encompasses terrain and ecosystems ranging from plateaus to mountains. Most of West Virginia lies within the Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests ecoregion, while the higher elevations along the eastern border and in the panhandle lie within the Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests.
West Virginia is situated in the Appalachian Mountains of the Upper South region of the 48 contiguous states. Usually considered part of the South Eastern United States, West Virginia is bounded on the northeast by Pennsylvania and Maryland, on the southeast by Virginia, on the northwest by Ohio, and on the southwest by Kentucky.
A portion of the Appalachian Mountains stretches into eastern West Virginia, and in the state's northeastern corner, Spruce Knob, is officially regarded as the tallest mountain in the Allegheny Mountains, a vast section of the Appalachians. West Virginia covers an area of , with of land and of water, making it the 41st-largest state in the United States. Generally, it is divided into four geographical regions: Ohio River Valley, Allegheny Plateau, Allegheny Highlands, and Potomac Section.
Climate
The climate of West Virginia is generally a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa, except Dfb at higher elevations) with warm to hot, humid summers and chilly winters, increasing in severity with elevation. Some southern highland areas also have a mountain temperate climate (Köppen Cfb) where winter temperatures are more m
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrialite
|
Idrialite is a rare hydrocarbon mineral with approximate chemical formula C22H14.
Idrialite usually occurs as soft orthorhombic crystals, is usually greenish yellow to light brown in color with bluish fluorescence. It is named after Idrija, town in Slovenia, where its occurrence was first described.
The mineral has also been called idrialine, and branderz in German It has also been called inflammable cinnabar due to its combustibility and association with cinnabar ores in the source locality. A mineral found in the Skaggs Springs location of California was described in 1925 and named curtisite, but was eventually found to consist of the same compounds as idrialite, in somewhat different amounts. Thus curtisite is now considered to be merely a variety of idrialite.
Discovery and occurrence
Idrialite was first described in 1832 for an occurrence in the Idrija region west of Ljubljana, northwestern Slovenia, mixed with clay, pyrite, quartz and gypsum associated with cinnabar.
It also occurs at the Skaggs Springs location in Sonoma County, in western Lake County, and in the Knoxville Mine in Napa County, California. It has also been reported from localities in France, Slovakia and Ukraine.
In the Skaggs Springs occurrence, the mineral occurs in a hot spring area of the Franciscan formation, around a vent in the sandstone that gave off inflammable gases. The mineral was described in 1925 and named "curtisite" after the local resident L. Curtis who called attention to it. T
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyring%20equation
|
The Eyring equation (occasionally also known as Eyring–Polanyi equation) is an equation used in chemical kinetics to describe changes in the rate of a chemical reaction against temperature. It was developed almost simultaneously in 1935 by Henry Eyring, Meredith Gwynne Evans and Michael Polanyi. The equation follows from the transition state theory, also known as activated-complex theory. If one assumes a constant enthalpy of activation and constant entropy of activation, the Eyring equation is similar to the empirical Arrhenius equation, despite the Arrhenius equation being empirical and the Eyring equation based on statistical mechanical justification.
General form
The general form of the Eyring–Polanyi equation somewhat resembles the Arrhenius equation:
where is the rate constant, is the Gibbs energy of activation, is the transmission coefficient, is the Boltzmann constant, is the temperature, and is the Planck constant.
The transmission coefficient is often assumed to be equal to one as it reflects what fraction of the flux through the transition state proceeds to the product without recrossing the transition state. So, a transmission coefficient equal to one means that the fundamental no-recrossing assumption of transition state theory holds perfectly. However, is typically not one because (i) the reaction coordinate chosen for the process at hand is usually not perfect and (ii) many barrier-crossing processes are somewhat or even strongly diffusive in nature.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20of%20activation
|
In chemical kinetics, the entropy of activation of a reaction is one of the two parameters (along with the enthalpy of activation) which are typically obtained from the temperature dependence of a reaction rate constant, when these data are analyzed using the Eyring equation of the transition state theory. The standard entropy of activation is symbolized and equals the change in entropy when the reactants change from their initial state to the activated complex or transition state ( = change, = entropy, = activation).
Importance
Entropy of activation determines the preexponential factor of the Arrhenius equation for temperature dependence of reaction rates. The relationship depends on the molecularity of the reaction:
for reactions in solution and unimolecular gas reactions
,
while for bimolecular gas reactions
.
In these equations is the base of natural logarithms, is the Planck constant, is the Boltzmann constant and the absolute temperature. ' is the ideal gas constant in units of (bar·L)/(mol·K). The factor is needed because of the pressure dependence of the reaction rate. (bar·L)/(mol·K).
The value of provides clues about the molecularity of the rate determining step in a reaction, i.e. the number of molecules that enter this step. Positive values suggest that entropy increases upon achieving the transition state, which often indicates a dissociative mechanism in which the activated complex is loosely bound and about to dissociate. Negative values f
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented%20Dickey%E2%80%93Fuller%20test
|
In statistics, an augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF) tests the null hypothesis that a unit root is present in a time series sample. The alternative hypothesis is different depending on which version of the test is used, but is usually stationarity or trend-stationarity. It is an augmented version of the Dickey–Fuller test for a larger and more complicated set of time series models.
The augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) statistic, used in the test, is a negative number. The more negative it is, the stronger the rejection of the hypothesis that there is a unit root at some level of confidence.
Testing procedure
The testing procedure for the ADF test is the same as for the Dickey–Fuller test but it is applied to the model
where is a constant, the coefficient on a time trend and the lag order of the autoregressive process. Imposing the constraints and corresponds to modelling a random walk and using the constraint corresponds to modeling a random walk with a drift. Consequently, there are three main versions of the test, analogous to the ones discussed on Dickey–Fuller test (see that page for a discussion on dealing with uncertainty about including the intercept and deterministic time trend terms in the test equation.)
By including lags of the order p the ADF formulation allows for higher-order autoregressive processes. This means that the lag length p has to be determined when applying the test. One possible approach is to test down from high orders and examine the t-valu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SnRNP
|
snRNPs (pronounced "snurps"), or small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, are RNA-protein complexes that combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs. The action of snRNPs is essential to the removal of introns from pre-mRNA, a critical aspect of post-transcriptional modification of RNA, occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Additionally, U7 snRNP is not involved in splicing at all, as U7 snRNP is responsible for processing the 3′ stem-loop of histone pre-mRNA.
The two essential components of snRNPs are protein molecules and RNA. The RNA found within each snRNP particle is known as small nuclear RNA, or snRNA, and is usually about 150 nucleotides in length. The snRNA component of the snRNP gives specificity to individual introns by "recognizing" the sequences of critical splicing signals at the 5' and 3' ends and branch site of introns. The snRNA in snRNPs is similar to ribosomal RNA in that it directly incorporates both an enzymatic and a structural role.
SnRNPs were discovered by Michael R. Lerner and Joan A. Steitz.
Thomas R. Cech and Sidney Altman also played a role in the discovery, winning the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1989 for their independent discoveries that RNA can act as a catalyst in cell development.
Types
At least five different kinds of snRNPs join the spliceosome to participate in splicing. They can be visualized by gel electrophores
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered%20logit
|
In statistics, the ordered logit model (also ordered logistic regression or proportional odds model) is an ordinal regression model—that is, a regression model for ordinal dependent variables—first considered by Peter McCullagh. For example, if one question on a survey is to be answered by a choice among "poor", "fair", "good", "very good" and "excellent", and the purpose of the analysis is to see how well that response can be predicted by the responses to other questions, some of which may be quantitative, then ordered logistic regression may be used. It can be thought of as an extension of the logistic regression model that applies to dichotomous dependent variables, allowing for more than two (ordered) response categories.
The model and the proportional odds assumption
The model only applies to data that meet the proportional odds assumption, the meaning of which can be exemplified as follows. Suppose there are five outcomes: "poor", "fair", "good", "very good", and "excellent". We assume that the probabilities of these outcomes are given by p1(x), p2(x), p3(x), p4(x), p5(x), all of which are functions of some independent variable(s) x. Then, for a fixed value of x, the logarithms of the odds (not the logarithms of the probabilities) of answering in certain ways are:
The proportional odds assumption states that the numbers added to each of these logarithms to get the next are the same regardless of x. In other words, the difference between the logarithm of the o
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20laboratory%20scientist
|
A medical laboratory scientist (MLS) or clinical laboratory scientist (CLS) or medical technologist (MT) performs diagnostic testing of blood and body fluids in clinical laboratories. The scope of a medical laboratory scientist's work begins with the receipt of patient or client specimens and terminates with the delivery of test results to physicians and other healthcare providers. The utility of clinical diagnostic testing relies squarely on the validity of test methodology. To this end, much of the work done by medical laboratory scientists involves ensuring specimen quality, interpreting test results, data-logging, testing control products, performing calibration, maintenance, validation, and troubleshooting of instrumentation as well as performing statistical analyses to verify the accuracy and repeatability of testing. Medical laboratory scientists may also assist healthcare providers with test selection and specimen collection and are responsible for prompt verbal delivery of critical lab results. Medical Laboratory Scientists in healthcare settings also play an important role in clinical diagnosis. An estimated 70% of medical decisions are based on laboratory test results and MLS contributions affect 95% of a health system's costs.
The most common tests performed by medical laboratory scientists are complete blood count (CBC), comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), electrolyte panel, liver function tests (LFT), renal function tests (RFT), thyroid function test (TFT), ur
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector-valued%20differential%20form
|
In mathematics, a vector-valued differential form on a manifold M is a differential form on M with values in a vector space V. More generally, it is a differential form with values in some vector bundle E over M. Ordinary differential forms can be viewed as R-valued differential forms.
An important case of vector-valued differential forms are Lie algebra-valued forms. (A connection form is an example of such a form.)
Definition
Let M be a smooth manifold and E → M be a smooth vector bundle over M. We denote the space of smooth sections of a bundle E by Γ(E). An E-valued differential form of degree p is a smooth section of the tensor product bundle of E with Λp(T ∗M), the p-th exterior power of the cotangent bundle of M. The space of such forms is denoted by
Because Γ is a strong monoidal functor, this can also be interpreted as
where the latter two tensor products are the tensor product of modules over the ring Ω0(M) of smooth R-valued functions on M (see the seventh example here). By convention, an E-valued 0-form is just a section of the bundle E. That is,
Equivalently, an E-valued differential form can be defined as a bundle morphism
which is totally skew-symmetric.
Let V be a fixed vector space. A V-valued differential form of degree p is a differential form of degree p with values in the trivial bundle M × V. The space of such forms is denoted Ωp(M, V). When V = R one recovers the definition of an ordinary differential form. If V is finite-dimensional, then one
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLEU
|
BLEU (bilingual evaluation understudy) is an algorithm for evaluating the quality of text which has been machine-translated from one natural language to another. Quality is considered to be the correspondence between a machine's output and that of a human: "the closer a machine translation is to a professional human translation, the better it is" – this is the central idea behind BLEU. Invented at IBM in 2001, BLEU was one of the first metrics to claim a high correlation with human judgements of quality, and remains one of the most popular automated and inexpensive metrics.
Scores are calculated for individual translated segments—generally sentences—by comparing them with a set of good quality reference translations. Those scores are then averaged over the whole corpus to reach an estimate of the translation's overall quality. Intelligibility or grammatical correctness are not taken into account.
BLEU's output is always a number between 0 and 1. This value indicates how similar the candidate text is to the reference texts, with values closer to 1 representing more similar texts. Few human translations will attain a score of 1, since this would indicate that the candidate is identical to one of the reference translations. For this reason, it is not necessary to attain a score of 1. Because there are more opportunities to match, adding additional reference translations will increase the BLEU score.
Mathematical definition
Basic setup
A basic, first attempt at defining the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20deviations%20theory
|
In probability theory, the theory of large deviations concerns the asymptotic behaviour of remote tails of sequences of probability distributions. While some basic ideas of the theory can be traced to Laplace, the formalization started with insurance mathematics, namely ruin theory with Cramér and Lundberg. A unified formalization of large deviation theory was developed in 1966, in a paper by Varadhan. Large deviations theory formalizes the heuristic ideas of concentration of measures and widely generalizes the notion of convergence of probability measures.
Roughly speaking, large deviations theory concerns itself with the exponential decline of the probability measures of certain kinds of extreme or tail events.
Introductory examples
An elementary example
Consider a sequence of independent tosses of a fair coin. The possible outcomes could be heads or tails. Let us denote the possible outcome of the i-th trial by where we encode head as 1 and tail as 0. Now let denote the mean value after trials, namely
Then lies between 0 and 1. From the law of large numbers it follows that as N grows, the distribution of converges to (the expected value of a single coin toss).
Moreover, by the central limit theorem, it follows that is approximately normally distributed for large The central limit theorem can provide more detailed information about the behavior of than the law of large numbers. For example, we can approximately find a tail probability of that is greater th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto%20Trek
|
Alto Trek is a computer game, developed by Gene Ball and Rick Rashid for the Xerox Alto while they were graduate students at the University of Rochester during the late 1970s. It is one of the first networked multiplayer games.
Gameplay
Alto Trek is a multiplayer game where each player uses their own Alto workstation to control a starship. The objective of the game is to destroy the enemy without being destroyed. A player can choose between being a Klingon, Romulan, or Terran. The game can be played by one player, but there will be no enemy to destroy.
There is no central server that maintains the game state. Each Alto "multicasts" it's game information on the shared Ethernet that all players must be on. The "multicast" address on which to rendezvous is a function of the number of stellar systems in the game.
Development
The manual for version 2.1 is dated August 1979 and authored by Allen Wells, Bob Baldwin, and Steve Quarterman. It confirms that the game was authored primarily by Ball.
Around 1997, while a vice president at Microsoft, Rashid began to re-implement the game as a way to teach himself to use the DirectX programming API. This resulted in the development of Microsoft Allegiance.
References
External links
Internet Archive - Alto Trek 2.1 manual
1978 video games
Video games based on Star Trek
Xerox Alto games
Video games developed in the United States
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P110%CE%B1
|
The phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (the HUGO-approved official symbol = PIK3CA; HGNC ID, HGNC:8975), also called p110α protein, is a class I PI 3-kinase catalytic subunit. The human p110α protein is encoded by the PIK3CA gene.
Its role was uncovered by molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE).
Function
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (also called phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)) is composed of an 85 kDa regulatory subunit and a 110 kDa catalytic subunit. The protein encoded by this gene represents the catalytic subunit, which uses ATP to phosphorylate phosphatidylinositols (PtdIns), PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2.
The involvement of p110α in human cancer has been hypothesized since 1995. Support for this hypothesis came from genetic and functional studies, including the discovery of common activating PIK3CA missense mutations in common human tumors. It has been found to be oncogenic and is implicated in cervical cancers. PIK3CA mutations are present in over one-third of breast cancers, with enrichment in the luminal and in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive subtypes (HER2 +). The three hotspot mutation positions (GLU542, GLU545, and HIS1047) have been widely reported till date. While substantial preclinical data show an association with robust activation of the pathway and resistance to common therapies, clinical data do not indicate that such mutations are associated with high levels of pathway act
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20G.%20Abrell
|
Charles Gene Abrell (August 12, 1931 – June 10, 1951) was a United States Marine Corps corporal who was killed in action during the UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive in the Korean War.
Abrell was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions and sacrifice of life on June 10, 1951, at Hwacheon, Korea while advancing under fire with his platoon against enemy hill positions. After being wounded twice during a single-handed assault against an enemy bunker, he pulled the pin from a hand grenade and hurled himself into the bunker, killing the enemy gun crew and himself in the explosion.
Biography
Charles Abrell was born in Terre Haute, Indiana in 1931. He attended public schools in Las Vegas, Nevada, and then enlisted in the Marine Corps on August 17, 1948, at age 17.
U.S. Marine Corps
Following recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, Abrell was assigned as a rifleman to Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. He deployed from San Diego on August 17, 1950, to Kobe, Japan at the beginning of the Korean War aboard the attack transport USS Noble (was previously used for large scale amphibious training exercises with Marines from Camp Lejeune) with the 1st Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division, arriving September 2. The USS Noble departed Kobe on September 9 and arrived off South Korea on September 13 for the Inchon Invasion on September 15.
He was in combat at the Battle of Inchon on September 15 to 19, 1950, Seoul, Wo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20DNA-tested%20mummies
|
This is a purported list of ancient humans remains, including mummies, that may have been DNA tested. Provided as evidence of the testing are links to the mitochondrial DNA sequences, and/or to the human haplogroups to which each case has been assigned. Also provided is a brief description of when and where they lived. Entries lacking a citation should be viewed with skepticism; in particular, cases with no sequence or haplogroup links, with citation, have no evidentiary basis for appearing.
mtDNA and YDNA tests
The following mummies have undergone mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) and YDNA tests, of remains with the indicated name, from the indicated locations:
DNA tests
The following mummies have undergone DNA tests, of remains with the indicated name, from the indicated locations:
See also
Ancient DNA
Cambridge Reference Sequence
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
List of genetic results derived from historical figures
List of mummies
References
Further reading
The Seven Daughters of Eve by Bryan Sykes.
External links
Famous DNA
Ancient DNA
British teacher finds long-lost relative: 9,000-year-old man
Unravelling the mummy mystery - using DNA
Evidence of the Past: A Map and Status of Ancient Remains
Genetic genealogy
DNA
Human population genetics
Kinship and descent
Egyptology
Archaeology of Italy
History of Peru
DNA
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamao%20Umezawa
|
was a Japanese scientist who discovered several antimicrobial agents and enzyme inhibitors.
Umezawa was born in Obama City, Fukui Prefecture, as the second son in a family of seven children. After graduating from Musashi Junior and Senior High School, he entered the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine in 1933, and completed his medical degree in 1937. After serving in the Japanese army during World War II, Umezawa did work on tuberculosis which led to his discovery, in 1955, of the aminoglycoside antibiotic kanamycin. By this stage Umezawa was heading the Institute of Microbial Chemistry in Tokyo where his main focus was antimicrobial agents manufactured through fermentation processes. In 1963, he discovered the anticancer drug bleomycin, and in 1965 he discovered kasugamycin, a compound useful in combating rice molds.
His elder brother, Sumio Umezawa, was a chemist who had sometimes assisted in his work. He was married to Mieko Ishizaki on December 2, 1944; they had two sons.
Umezawa died of pneumonia on December 25, 1986. The Hamao Umezawa Memorial Museum in Setagaya, Tokyo was named in his honor.
Awards
Asahi Prize 1958
Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize 1980
References
External links
A biography of Umezawa in the Fujitsu Journal
Japanese microbiologists
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
1914 births
1986 deaths
Japanese pulmonologists
Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II
Japanese inventors
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sci
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20display
|
Bacterial display (or bacteria display or bacterial surface display) is a protein engineering technique used for in vitro protein evolution. Libraries of polypeptides displayed on the surface of bacteria can be screened using flow cytometry or iterative selection procedures (biopanning). This protein engineering technique allows us to link the function of a protein with the gene that encodes it. Bacterial display can be used to find target proteins with desired properties and can be used to make affinity ligands which are cell-specific. This system can be used in many applications including the creation of novel vaccines, the identification of enzyme substrates and finding the affinity of a ligand for its target protein.
Bacterial display is often coupled with magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques. Competing methods for protein evolution in vitro are phage display, ribosome display, yeast display, and mRNA display. Bacteriophage display is the most common type of display system used although bacterial display is becoming increasingly popular as technical challenges are overcome. Bacterial display combined with FACS also has the advantage that it is a real-time technique.
History
Cell display systems were first used in 1985, when peptides were genetically fused with proteins displayed on the M13 bacteriophage. Bacteriophage display is a commonly used cell display system, although it carries limitations in the size of
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Iceland
|
Islam in Iceland is a minority religion. The Pew Research Center estimated that the number of Muslims in Iceland was below its 10,000 minimum threshold, and official statistics put the figure at under 1,300, or 0.33% out of the total population of 385,230.In 2011, Icelandic Muslims attracted the interest of Al Jazeera; the channel planned a documentary dealing with Muslims in Iceland and New Zealand. Al Jazeera was interested in how Ramadan is honored in the higher latitudes where the night can be of unusual length when compared to the majority-Muslim lands.
History
The earliest mention of Iceland in Muslim sources originates in the works of Muhammad al-Idrisi (1099–1165/66) in his famous Tabula Rogeriana, which mentions Iceland's location in the North Sea.
The long-distance trading and raiding networks of the Vikings will have meant that various Icelanders, like the Norwegians Rögnvald Kali Kolsson or Harald Hardrada, came into direct contact with the Muslim world during the Middle Ages; indirect connections are best attested by finds of Arabic coins in Iceland, as also widely in the Viking world.
Following Iceland's conversion to Christianity around 1000, some Icelanders encountered the Islamic world through pilgrimage, for example to Jerusalem, of the kind described by Abbot Nikulás Bergsson in his Leiðarvísir og borgarskipan.
From around the late thirteenth century, a fantastical version of the Islamic world is prominent in medieval Icelandic romance, partly inspired
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%20padding
|
In sports, stat padding is an action that improves a player's statistics despite being of little benefit to his or her team or its chance of winning.
Notable players accused of stat padding
Basketball
Russell Westbrook holds the record for most career triple-doubles in the NBA, most of which involved heavy stat padding, many theorise.
Giannis Antetokounmpo was accused of stat padding after he intentionally missed a last-second shot to get the rebound he needed to secure a triple-double. The rebound was later rescinded by the NBA.
See also
Running up the score
References
Sports records and statistics
Sports terminology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Mud is a liquid or semi-liquid mixture of water and soil.
Mud or MUD may also refer to:
Construction material
Drilling fluid, commonly called drilling mud
Joint compound, powdered gypsum mixed with water
Film and television
Mud (TV series), a BBC television program
Mud (1997 film), a Bulgarian short film
Mud (2012 film), a coming-of-age drama film directed by Jeff Nichols
Music
Mud (band), British glam rock band
"Mud", a song by Peaches from the album I Feel Cream
"Mud", a single by The Road Hammers from the album Wheels
Places
Metropolitan Utilities District (MUD), Omaha, Nebraska
Mud, West Virginia
Mud village, Spiti, a village in Himachal Pradesh, India
Mud, Iran, a city in South Khorasan Province
Mud District, an administrative subdivision in South Khorasan Province
Mud Rural District, an administrative subdivision in South Khorasan Province
Mud-e Olya, a village in South Khorasan Province, Iran
Mud (river), a river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Mud River (disambiguation), several titles
Municipal utility district, a special-purpose district in the United States that provides public utilities.
Other uses
Mark Grant (baseball) (born 1963), nicknamed "Mud", American baseball player and sportscaster
Mesa de la Unidad Democrática, a Venezuelan electoral coalition
Middle-Up-Down, a lead convention in
Multi-user dungeon, a multiplayer real-time virtual world (also Multi-user dimension, or Multi-user domain)
See also
MUD1, the first virtual world in video gaming
MUD2,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20current
|
Energy current is a flow of energy defined by the Poynting vector (), as opposed to normal current (flow of charge). It was originally postulated by Oliver Heaviside. It is also an informal name for Energy flux.
Explanation
"Energy current" is a somewhat informal term that is used, on occasion, to describe the process of energy transfer in situations where the transfer can usefully be viewed in terms of a flow. It is particularly used when the transfer of energy is more significant to the discussion than the process by which the energy is transferred. For instance, the flow of fuel oil in a pipeline could be considered as an energy current, although this would not be a convenient way of visualising the fullness of the storage tanks.
The units of energy current are those of power (W). This is closely related to energy flux, which is the energy transferred per unit area per unit time (measured in W/m).
Energy current in electromagnetism
A specific use of the concept of energy current was promulgated by Oliver Heaviside in the last quarter of the 19th century. Against heavy resistance from the engineering community, Heaviside worked out the physics of signal velocity/impedance/distortion on telegraph, telephone, and undersea cables. He invented the inductor-loaded "distortionless line" later patented by Michael Pupin in the USA.
Building on the concept of the Poynting vector, which describes the flow of energy in a transverse electromagnetic wave as the vector product
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow%20House
|
Meadow House is the nom de plume of English musician, instrument builder and composer, Dan Wilson. Meadow House came to prominence after airplay on London's radio station, Resonance FM. His debut album, Tongue Under a Ton of Nine Volters, was released on the Alcohol Records record label in 2006. He was the winner of the 2007 Arts Foundation fellowship for electroacoustic music and was Sound and Music's "Embedded" composer-in-residence between 2014 and 2016 at Resonance FM. He is known to employ unusual methods of distributing his work, such as leaving cassettes or CDs anonymously in public places.
Discography
Albums
For Thee (cassette) - Cistern Overflow
Making Naff Plumbers Blush (CD) - Cistern Overflow
Hearts Should Fear Cloudy Counsel (CD) - Cistern Overflow
Tongue Under a Ton Of Nine Volters (CD) - Alcohol Records
Radionics Radio: An Album of Musical Radionic Thought Frequencies (2016) - Sub Rosa
Singles
Ashfordaisyak/ARC Split as Ashfordaisyak (CD) - Menschenfiend Productions
"The Hermit" b/w "Leper In A Tumbledryer" (7") - Jonathon Whiskey
Appears on compilations
"Printar Study" - Leonardo Music Journal No. 17 My Favorite Supplement: The Joy of the Gizmo
"Tit For Tat" - The Wire Tapper No. 12 - The Wire issue 250
"The Penguin Story" - Unknown Public No. 14 Bloody Amateurs
References
External links
Dan Wilson's Youtube account
Living people
English electronic musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouangani
|
Ouangani () is a commune in the French overseas department of Mayotte, in the Indian Ocean.
Geography
Climate
Ouangani has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). The average annual temperature in Ouangani is . The average annual rainfall is with January as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around , and lowest in August, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Ouangani was on 6 October 1999; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 21 September 2001.
References
Populated places in Mayotte
Communes of Mayotte
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi%20Rolle%20Radio
|
Multi Rolle Radio (English: Multi Role Radio) is a modular radio set which supports high speed frequency hopping and strong encryption. It was ordered in early 1993 and first put to operative use in mid-1995.
It operates on standard military VHF frequencies ranging from 30.000 to 87.975 MHz.
The system was developed in Norway, mainly by Kongsberg Defence Communication and Thales Group Norway, with support from the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment. It has been exported to Hungary.
The radio is modular, and can be configured both as portable (PRC) and vehicle-mounted (VRC). The VRC can be fitted with two receive/transmit modules in a single mounting, for use as a relay.
Although most transmit specifications are classified, it is known that the radio uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying and M-ary encoding. It can also be used in an analog FM mode, in which it is compatible with other radios like AN/PRC-77 and civilian radios.
It has several features besides being a traditional radio set, amongst them message relaying of digital messages, cell area mobile capabilities and Digital Tadkom access.
The lighter, more mobile set for the Norwegian military is Lett Feltradio (Light multi role radio). This is fully interoperable with MRR both in plain and encrypted mode.
Military radio systems
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faba%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Vicia faba is a species of vetch, a flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae.
Faba may also refer to:
Faba Mill., a synonym of Vicia L.
3-hydroxyoctanoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) dehydratase, an enzyme
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20Genome%20Project
|
The Personal Genome Project (PGP) is a long term, large cohort study which aims to sequence and publicize the complete genomes and medical records of 100,000 volunteers, in order to enable research into personal genomics and personalized medicine. It was initiated by Harvard University's George M. Church in 2005. As of November 2017, more than 10,000 volunteers had joined the project. Volunteers were accepted initially if they were permanent residents of the US and were able to submit tissue and/or genetic samples. Later the project was expanded to other countries.
The Study
The Project was initially launched in the US in 2005 and later extended to Canada (2012), United Kingdom (2013), Austria (2014), Korea (2015) and China (2017).
The project allowed participants to publish the genotype (the full DNA sequence of all 46 chromosomes) of the volunteers, along with extensive information about their phenotype: medical records, various measurements, MRI images, etc. All data were placed within the public domain and made available over the Internet so that researchers could test various hypotheses about the relationships among genotype, environment and phenotype. Participants could decide what data they are comfortable to publish publicly and could choose to upload additional data or remove existing data at their own convenience.
An important part of the project was the exploration of the resulting risks to the participants, such as possible discrimination by insurers and empl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20card%20%28foresight%29
|
In a view of the future, a wild card is a low-probability, large-effect event. This concept may be introduced into anticipatory decision-making activity in order to increase the ability of organizations and governments to adapt to surprises arising in turbulent (business) environments. Such sudden and unique incidents might constitute turning points in the evolution of a certain trend or system. Wild cards may or may not be announced by weak signals, which are incomplete and fragmented data from which foresight information might be inferred.
Description
Arguably the best known work in wild cards comes from John Petersen, the author of Out of The Blue – How to Anticipate Big Future Surprises. Petersen's book articulates a series of events that due to their likelihood to surprise and potential for effect might be considered 'Wildcards'. He defines wild cards as "Low Probability, High Impact events that, were they to occur, would severely impact the human condition".
Building on Petersen's work, futurist Marcus Barber developed an additional wild card tool called a "Reference Impact Grid" (RIG) in 2004 which helps strategists and risk managers define vulnerabilities within a given system and to then consider what type of event might destabilize that system. Challenging Petersen's hypothesis, his additional thoughts on cascading discontinuity sets' broke away from idea that wild cards are always a singular one off event, to introduce the idea that a series of interrelated eve
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preribosomal%20RNA
|
Preribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) is the precursor to mature ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which is a component of ribosomes. Pre-rRNA is first transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA), then cleaved and processed into mature rRNA.
Overview
During or immediately following transcription of pre-rRNA from rDNA in the nucleolus, the ribosomal RNA precursor (pre-rRNA) is modified and associates with a few ribosomal proteins. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA) dictate the modifications, by base-pairing with target sites in eukaryotic pre-rRNA and may also play a role in pre-rRNA folding. Pre-rRNA contains external transcribed spacers (5'-ETS, 3'-ETS) at both ends as well as internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, ITS2). Cleavages at sites A’ and T1 remove the 5’-ETS and 3’-ETS, respectively. Cleavages at sites A0, 1 and 2 give rise to 18S rRNA. Site 3 cleavage can take place before or after cleavage at sites A0, 1, and 2 and may be responsible for the linkage between 18S and 28S rRNA processing pathways. The last steps of rRNA processing require cleavages at 3, 4’, 4 and 5 in order to generate mature 5.8S and 28S rRNA.
Modifications
Research suggests that either simultaneous to or immediately following synthesis of pre-rRNA, internal modifications are made at regions in the rRNA components, 18S, 5.8S, and 28S, which vary depending on cell type. Xenopus pre-rRNA modifications include ten base methylations, 105 2’-O-methylations of ribose and around 100 pseudouridines while yeast rRNA has merely half of the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20monitoring
|
Entropy monitoring is a method of assessing the effect of certain anaesthetic drugs on the brain's EEG. It was commercially developed by Datex-Ohmeda, which is now part of GE Healthcare.
Entropy is a quantitative EEG device which captures a single-lead frontal EEG via a 3-electrode sensor applied to the patient's forehead. The system calculates the "spectral entropy" of the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, which is a measure of the degree that the power spectrum is uniform. Increasing brain levels of anaesthetic drugs causes the predominant frequencies in the EEG to be lower than when awake, and this is reflected in a decrease in the spectral entropy.
Entropy monitors generate two numbers that are derived from different frequency bands used. The State Entropy (SE) is calculated from the 0.8 Hz to 32 Hz range, whereas the Response Entropy (RE) uses frequencies up to 47 Hz. Electromyogram activity is more predominant in those higher frequencies, and so the Response Entropy may respond more quickly when muscle activity is present.
Published studies show that Entropy values do relate to clinical levels of anaesthetic depth. Most of the commonly used anaesthetic drugs are detectable by Entropy monitoring, a notable exception being nitrous oxide, in common with BIS monitoring.
Other vital signs such as pulse, heart rate, blood pressure, and movement are indirect indicators of consciousness, but are unreliable. When these are combined with expired gas analysis of inhalational
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Likens
|
Gene Elden Likens (born January 6, 1935) is an American limnologist and ecologist. He co-founded the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in 1963, and founded the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, New York in 1983.
A leading pioneer in long-term multidisciplinary ecological studies, Likens examines energy flow and biogeochemical flux models in the ecosystems of forests, streams and lakes. Likens is best known for leading the team of scientists that discovered acid rain in North America, and connected fossil fuels with increasing acidity of precipitation. In addition to its scientific impact, this work has influenced public debate and governmental policy, particularly the United States Congress's Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
Education
Gene Likens was born in Pierceton, Indiana.
Likens received his B.S. in zoology at Manchester University (North Manchester, Indiana) in 1957, followed by his M.S. in zoology in 1959 from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He received his Ph.D. in zoology in 1962, also from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, for his thesis on Transport of radioisotopes in lakes.
Career
Dartmouth College
Likens was an instructor and associate professor at Dartmouth College from 1963 to 1969. In the 1960s, Likens did early work in the dry valleys of Antarctica, examining the thermal structures of Lake Vanda and Lake Bonney.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
Likens was co-founder in 1963 of a group
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol%204%2C5-bisphosphate
|
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate or PtdIns(4,5)P2, also known simply as PIP2 or PI(4,5)P2, is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes. PtdIns(4,5)P2 is enriched at the plasma membrane where it is a substrate for a number of important signaling proteins. PIP2 also forms lipid clusters that sort proteins.
PIP2 is formed primarily by the type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases from PI(4)P. In metazoans, PIP2 can also be formed by type II phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinases from PI(5)P.
The fatty acids of PIP2 are variable in different species and tissues, but the most common fatty acids are stearic in position 1 and arachidonic in 2.
Signaling pathways
PIP2 is a part of many cellular signaling pathways, including PIP2 cycle, PI3K signalling, and PI5P metabolism. Recently, it has been found in the nucleus with unknown function.
Functions
Cytoskeleton dynamics near membranes
PIP2 regulates the organization, polymerization, and branching of filamentous actin (F-actin) via direct binding to F-actin regulatory proteins.
Endocytosis and exocytosis
The first evidence that indicated phosphoinositides(PIs) (especially PI(4,5)P2) are important during the exocytosis process was in 1990. Emberhard et al.
found that the application of PI-specific phospholipase C into digitonin-permeabilized chromaffin cells decreased PI levels, and inhibited calcium-triggered exocytosis. This exocytosis inhibition was preferential for an ATP-dependent stage, indicati
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arax%C3%A1
|
Araxá () is a municipality in Western Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Its estimated population by IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) in 2020 is 107,337 inhabitants and the area of the municipality is , with making up the urban perimeter.
Geography
The elevation of the city center is . The highest point in the municipality is Serrra da Bocaina at , and the lowest point is the Capivara river at . In 2004 the annual average temperature was . The annual rainfall was .
Demographics
Population in 1970: 35,676
Population in 1980: 53,404
Population in 1991: 65,911
Population in 2000: 78,997 (77,743 lived in the urban area)
Population in 2010: 93,071
Population in 2020: 107,337
Origin of the name
The town was named after the Amerindian tribe of the Araxás who lived there at the time it was first discovered. The name means "the place from where the sun is seen first".
Araxó, an extinct Jê language, was once spoken in the municipality.
Micro-region
Araxá is the center of a statistical micro-region including 10 municipalities: Araxá, Campos Altos, Ibiá, Nova Ponte, Pedrinópolis, Perdizes, Pratinha, Sacramento, Santa Juliana, and Tapira. The population of this micro-region was 233,114 (2020) in an area of .
Neighboring municipalities
The neighboring municipalities are Perdizes (N and NW), Ibiá (E), Tapira (S), and Sacramento (SW).
Communications
Araxá is served by a good system of federal and state highways that link the municipality to the main economic center
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equate%20%28game%29
|
Equate is a board game made by Conceptual Math Media where players score points by forming equations on a 19x19 game board. Equations appear across and down in a crossword fashion and must be mathematically correct. Because of its characteristics, the game is often described as a Scrabble with math.
About
Equate can be beneficially used in both a classroom and as a board game for the family. To earn higher scores, a player must use division or fraction or land premium board positions. For 2 to 4 players or teams. It is recommended to be played by ages 8 and up.
Benefits
The use of fractions stimulates the players interest towards fractions and motives them to want to learn more about fractions. In order to get higher scores, players are constantly taking advantage of premium board positions. Equate uses large numbers. Single digits placed adjacent to one another creates even larger numbers. Equate is also strategically challenging for advanced players who are already good at math. The game adapts to many different levels of play.
Junior Tile Set
Beginner version. Contains counters that include whole numbers with more 0s and 1s than the original set of counters, fractions with denominator 2, the four basic operations with more addition and subtraction than multiplication and division counters, and equality symbols.
Advanced Tile Sets
Advanced Tile Sets take the game of Equate to a higher mathematical level. This particular sets includes 197 tiles with positive and negativ
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log%20probability
|
In probability theory and computer science, a log probability is simply a logarithm of a probability. The use of log probabilities means representing probabilities on a logarithmic scale , instead of the standard unit interval.
Since the probabilities of independent events multiply, and logarithms convert multiplication to addition, log probabilities of independent events add. Log probabilities are thus practical for computations, and have an intuitive interpretation in terms of information theory: the negative of the average log probability is the information entropy of an event. Similarly, likelihoods are often transformed to the log scale, and the corresponding log-likelihood can be interpreted as the degree to which an event supports a statistical model. The log probability is widely used in implementations of computations with probability, and is studied as a concept in its own right in some applications of information theory, such as natural language processing.
Motivation
Representing probabilities in this way has several practical advantages:
Speed. Since multiplication is more expensive than addition, taking the product of a high number of probabilities is often faster if they are represented in log form. (The conversion to log form is expensive, but is only incurred once.) Multiplication arises from calculating the probability that multiple independent events occur: the probability that all independent events of interest occur is the product of all these event
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsail%20Island
|
Topsail Island (, TOP-sill) is a 26-mile (41.8 km) long barrier island off the coast of North Carolina, roughly equidistant between the barrier islands of the Crystal Coast and the beaches of the Cape Fear region, lying south of Jacksonville, North Carolina and Camp Lejeune. The northeastern edge of the island is the New River Inlet, and the southwestern edge is New Topsail Inlet. It is separated from the mainland by a series of small sounds and channels that make up a portion of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway.
It includes the communities of North Topsail Beach, Surf City, and Topsail Beach. Along with its thick maritime forests, Topsail Island is also a sanctuary for sea turtles and is known for its beautiful beaches. The island lies in Onslow County in the north and in Pender County in the south. There are only two ways on and off the island: a high-rise bridge in Surf City and a high-rise bridge in North Topsail Beach. It is also known for its varieties of Coral and fossils and supports team
seas
Name origin
Topsail Island's name is supposedly derived from its nefarious history; however, this is still debatable among the locals on the island. According to popular belief, pirates used to hide in the channel between the island and the mainland, waiting for merchant ships loaded with goods to pass. The head captain of these ships was named Kevin Regan. The pirates would attack the ships and claim the cargo as their own. Eventually, the merchants became aware of the hidi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy%20of%20Kain%3A%20Defiance
|
Legacy of Kain: Defiance is an action-adventure video game developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Eidos Interactive for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. It is the fifth and final game in the Legacy of Kain series.
Defiance continues the journey of the Vampire lord Kain and his lieutenant-turned-wraith Raziel. After having Raziel killed to be revived by the Elder God as a wraith during the events of Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver, Kain travels backwards through time and is followed by Raziel into Nosgoth's past, uncovering the conspiratorial events that led to the land being doomed to an eternity of corruption. After establishing his free will by refusing to kill Kain when prophesied, Raziel discovers that Moebius the Time Streamer had originally manipulated Kain into igniting a genocidal war against Vampires until he was the last of his kind. In manipulating Raziel who has free will and thus whose decisions and actions cannot be foreseen by Moebius, Kain hopes to find a way to undo the consequences of his actions and restore Nosgoth to its former glory.
Gameplay
Defiance is the only game in the series where both Raziel and Kain are playable: previous Soul Reaver installments focused on Raziel while the Blood Omen series focused on Kain. Unlike previous games where Kain could acquire different types of weapons, in Defiance the only available weapon for Kain is the Soul Reaver - Kain possesses the material Reaver while Raziel possesses the Reaver's spectral fo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicon
|
Replicon may refer to:
Replicon (genetics), a region of DNA or RNA that replicates from a single origin of replication
Replicon (company), a software company providinand expense management software
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicon%20%28genetics%29
|
A replicon is a region of an organism's genome that is independently replicated from a single origin of replication. A bacterial chromosome contains a single origin, and therefore the whole bacterial chromosome is a replicon. The chromosomes of archaea and eukaryotes can have multiple origins of replication, and so their chromosomes may consist of several replicons. The concept of the replicon was formulated in 1963 by François Jacob, Sydney Brenner, and Jacques Cuzin as a part of their replicon model for replication initiation. According to the replicon model, two components control replication initiation: the replicator and the initiator. The replicator is the entire DNA sequence (including, but not limited to the origin of replication) required to direct the initiation of DNA replication. The initiator is the protein that recognizes the replicator and activates replication initiation.
Sometimes in bacteriology, the term "replicon" is only used to refer to chromosomes containing a single origin of replication and therefore excludes the genomes of archaea and eukaryotes which can have several origins.
Prokaryotes
For most prokaryotic chromosomes, the replicon is the entire chromosome. One notable exception comes from archaea, where two Sulfolobus species have been shown to contain three replicons. Examples of bacterial species that have been found to possess multiple replicons include Rhodobacter sphaeroides (two), Vibrio cholerae, and Burkholderia multivorans (three). The
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical%20conization
|
Cervical conization (CPT codes 57520 (Cold Knife) and 57522 (Loop Excision)) refers to an excision of a cone-shaped sample of tissue from the mucous membrane of the cervix. Conization may be used for either diagnostic purposes as part of a biopsy or therapeutic purposes to remove pre-cancerous cells.
Types include:
Cold knife conization (CKC): usually outpatient, occasionally inpatient
Loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP): usually outpatient.
Conization of the cervix is a common treatment for dysplasia following abnormal results from a pap smear.
Side effects
Cervical conization causes a risk for subsequent pregnancies ending up in preterm birth of approximately 30% on average, due to cervical incompetence.
See also
Cervicectomy
References
Biopsy
Diagnostic obstetrics and gynaecology
Medical terminology
Surgical oncology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine%20serum%20albumin
|
Bovine serum albumin (BSA or "Fraction V") is a serum albumin protein derived from cows. It is often used as a protein concentration standard in lab experiments.
The nickname "Fraction V" refers to albumin being the fifth fraction of the original Edwin Cohn purification methodology that made use of differential solubility characteristics of plasma proteins. By manipulating solvent concentrations, pH, salt levels, and temperature, Cohn was able to pull out successive "fractions" of blood plasma. The process was first commercialized with human albumin for medical use and later adopted for production of BSA.
Properties
The full-length BSA precursor polypeptide is 607 amino acids (AAs) in length. An N-terminal 18-residue signal peptide is cut off from the precursor protein upon secretion, hence the initial protein product contains 589 amino acid residues. An additional six amino acids are cleaved to yield the mature BSA protein that contains 583 amino acids.
BSA has three homologous but structurally different domains. The domains, named I, II, and III, are broken down into two sub-domains, A and B.
Physical properties of BSA:
Number of amino acid residues: 583
Molecular weight: 66,463 Da (= 66.5 kDa)
isoelectric point in water at 25 °C: 4.7
Extinction coefficient of 43,824 M−1cm−1 at 279 nm
Dimensions: 140 × 40 × 40 Å (prolate ellipsoid where a = b < c)
pH of 1% Solution: 5.2-7
Optical Rotation: [α]259: -61°; [α]264: -63°
Stokes Radius (rs): 3.48 nm
Sediment
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly%20%28options%29
|
In finance, a butterfly (or simply fly) is a limited risk, non-directional options strategy that is designed to have a high probability of earning a limited profit when the future volatility of the underlying asset is expected to be lower (when long the butterfly) or higher (when short the butterfly) than that asset's current implied volatility.
Long butterfly
A long butterfly position will make profit if the future volatility is lower than the implied volatility.
A long butterfly options strategy consists of the following options:
Long 1 call with a strike price of (X − a)
Short 2 calls with a strike price of X
Long 1 call with a strike price of (X + a)
where X = the spot price (i.e. current market price of underlying) and a > 0.
Using put–call parity a long butterfly can also be created as follows:
Long 1 put with a strike price of (X + a)
Short 2 puts with a strike price of X
Long 1 put with a strike price of (X − a)
where X = the spot price and a > 0.
All the options have the same expiration date.
At expiration the value (but not the profit) of the butterfly will be:
zero if the price of the underlying is below (X − a) or above (X + a)
positive if the price of the underlying is between (X - a) and (X + a)
The maximum value occurs at X (see diagram).
Short butterfly
A short butterfly position will make profit if the future volatility is higher than the implied volatility.
A short butterfly options strategy consists of the same options as a long butterf
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHIS
|
NHIS may refer to:
National Health Insurance Scheme (Ghana)
National Health Insurance Scheme (Nigeria)
National Health Interview Survey, annual survey by the National Center for Health Statistics in the United States
National Homelessness Information System, a system to collect and analyze data on the use of homeless shelters in Canada
New Hampshire International Speedway, former name of the New Hampshire Motor Speedway in the United States
See also
National Health Insurance Scheme (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniculate%20ganglion
|
The geniculate ganglion (from Latin genu, for "knee") is a collection of pseudounipolar sensory neurons of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head. It receives fibers from the facial nerve. It sends fibers that supply the lacrimal glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands, tongue, palate, pharynx, external auditory meatus, stapedius muscle, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, and muscles of facial expression.
The geniculate ganglion is one of several ganglia of the head and neck. Like the others, it is a bilaterally distributed structure, with each side of the face having a geniculate ganglion.
Structure
The geniculate ganglion is located close to the internal auditory meatus. It is covered superiorly by the petrous part of the temporal bone (which is sometimes absent over the ganglion).
The geniculate ganglion receives fibers from the motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components of the facial nerve. It contains special sensory neuronal cell bodies for taste, from fibers coming up from the tongue through the chorda tympani and from fibers coming up from the roof of the palate through the greater petrosal nerve. Sensory and parasympathetic inputs are carried into the geniculate ganglion via the nervus intermedius. Motor fibers are carried via the facial nerve proper. The greater petrosal nerve, which carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, emerges from the anterior aspect of the ganglion.
The motor fibers of the facia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintext-aware%20encryption
|
Plaintext-awareness is a notion of security for public-key encryption. A cryptosystem is plaintext-aware if it is difficult for any efficient algorithm to come up with a valid ciphertext without being aware of the corresponding plaintext.
From a lay point of view, this is a strange property. Normally, a ciphertext is computed by encrypting a plaintext. If a ciphertext is created this way, its creator would be aware, in some sense, of the plaintext. However, many cryptosystems are not plaintext-aware. As an example, consider the RSA cryptosystem without padding. In the RSA cryptosystem, plaintexts and ciphertexts are both values modulo N (the modulus). Therefore, RSA is not plaintext aware: one way of generating a ciphertext without knowing the plaintext is to simply choose a random number modulo N.
In fact, plaintext-awareness is a very strong property. Any cryptosystem that is semantically secure and is plaintext-aware is actually secure against a chosen-ciphertext attack, since any adversary that chooses ciphertexts would already know the plaintexts associated with them.
History
The concept of plaintext-aware encryption was developed by Mihir Bellare and Phillip Rogaway in their paper on optimal asymmetric encryption, as a method to prove that a cryptosystem is chosen-ciphertext secure.
Further research
Limited research on plaintext-aware encryption has been done since Bellare and Rogaway's paper. Although several papers have applied the plaintext-aware techn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfu%20DNA%20polymerase
|
Pfu DNA polymerase is an enzyme found in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus, where it functions to copy the organism's DNA during cell division. In the laboratory setting, Pfu is used to amplify DNA in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), where the enzyme serves the central function of copying a new strand of DNA during each extension step.
It is a family B DNA polymerase. It has an RNase H-like 3'-5' exonuclease domain, typical of B-family polymerase such as DNA polymerase II.
Proofreading ability of Pfu polymerase
Pfu DNA polymerase has superior thermostability and proofreading properties compared with Taq DNA polymerase. Unlike Taq DNA polymerase, Pfu DNA polymerase possesses 3' to 5' exonuclease proofreading activity, meaning that as the DNA is assembled from the 5' end to 3' end, the exonuclease activity immediately removes nucleotides misincorporated at the 3' end of the growing DNA strand. Consequently, Pfu DNA polymerase-generated PCR fragments will have fewer errors than Taq-generated PCR inserts.
Commercially available Pfu typically results in an error rate of 1 in 1.3 million base pairs and can yield 2.6% mutated products when amplifying 1 kb fragments using PCR. However, Pfu is slower and typically requires 1–2 minutes per cycle to amplify 1kb of DNA at 72 °C. Using Pfu DNA polymerase in PCR reactions also results in blunt-ended PCR products.
Pfu DNA polymerase is hence superior to Taq DNA polymerase for techniques that require high-fidelity
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Simmons
|
Norman Simmons (1915–2004) was a DNA research pioneer.
Simmons worked with Elkan Blout on proteins and polypeptides and was also recognized for isolating a structurally pure form of DNA. This was, in fact, the DNA which Rosalind Franklin used in her X-ray diffraction studies that rewarded Maurice Wilkins, James Watson and Francis Crick with the Nobel Prize for the double helix model of DNA. In his Nobel Prize lecture of 1962, Wilkins thanked Simmons "for having refined techniques of isolating DNA, and thereby helping a great many workers including ourselves."
References
External links
In Memoriam: Norman Simmons on University of California website
American molecular biologists
American biochemists
American dentists
1915 births
2004 deaths
American dentistry academics
20th-century dentists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochen%E2%80%93Specker%20theorem
|
In quantum mechanics, the Kochen–Specker (KS) theorem, also known as the Bell–Kochen–Specker theorem, is a "no-go" theorem proved by John S. Bell in 1966 and by Simon B. Kochen and Ernst Specker in 1967. It places certain constraints on the permissible types of hidden-variable theories, which try to explain the predictions of quantum mechanics in a context-independent way. The version of the theorem proved by Kochen and Specker also gave an explicit example for this constraint in terms of a finite number of state vectors.
The theorem is a complement to Bell's theorem (to be distinguished from the (Bell–)Kochen–Specker theorem of this article). While Bell's theorem established nonlocality to be a feature of any hidden variable theory that recovers the predictions of quantum mechanics, the KS theorem established contextuality to be an inevitable feature of such theories.
The theorem proves that there is a contradiction between two basic assumptions of the hidden-variable theories intended to reproduce the results of quantum mechanics: that all hidden variables corresponding to quantum-mechanical observables have definite values at any given time, and that the values of those variables are intrinsic and independent of the device used to measure them. The contradiction is caused by the fact that quantum-mechanical observables need not be commutative. It turns out to be impossible to simultaneously embed all the commuting subalgebras of the algebra of these observables in one co
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean%20interval
|
In musical tuning theory, a Pythagorean interval is a musical interval with a frequency ratio equal to a power of two divided by a power of three, or vice versa. For instance, the perfect fifth with ratio 3/2 (equivalent to 31/ 21) and the perfect fourth with ratio 4/3 (equivalent to 22/ 31) are Pythagorean intervals.
All the intervals between the notes of a scale are Pythagorean if they are tuned using the Pythagorean tuning system. However, some Pythagorean intervals are also used in other tuning systems. For instance, the above-mentioned Pythagorean perfect fifth and fourth are also used in just intonation.
Interval table
Notice that the terms ditone and semiditone are specific for Pythagorean tuning, while tone and tritone are used generically for all tuning systems. Despite its name, a semiditone (3 semitones, or about 300 cents) can hardly be viewed as half of a ditone (4 semitones, or about 400 cents).
12-tone Pythagorean scale
The table shows from which notes some of the above listed intervals can be played on an instrument using a repeated-octave 12-tone scale (such as a piano) tuned with D-based symmetric Pythagorean tuning. Further details about this table can be found in Size of Pythagorean intervals.
Fundamental intervals
The fundamental intervals are the superparticular ratios 2/1, 3/2, and 4/3. 2/1 is the octave or diapason (Greek for "across all"). 3/2 is the perfect fifth, diapente ("across five"), or sesquialterum. 4/3 is the perfect fourth, diatessaro
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICNS
|
ICNS can refer to
Apple Icon Image, uses the extension .icns
A resource in the resource fork used for icon data
The International Conference on Nitride Semiconductors
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazur%E2%80%93Ulam%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the Mazur–Ulam theorem states that if and are normed spaces over R and the mapping
is a surjective isometry, then is affine. It was proved by Stanisław Mazur and Stanisław Ulam in response to a question raised by Stefan Banach.
For strictly convex spaces the result is true, and easy, even for isometries which are not necessarily surjective. In this case, for any and in , and for any in , write
and denote the closed ball of radius around by . Then is the unique element of , so, since is injective, is the unique element of
and therefore is equal to . Therefore is an affine map. This argument fails in the general case, because in a normed space which is not strictly convex two tangent balls may meet in some flat convex region of their boundary, not just a single point.
See also
Aleksandrov–Rassias problem
References
Normed spaces
Theorems in functional analysis
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Morgan
|
Roy Morgan, formerly known as Roy Morgan Research, is an independent Australian social and political market research and public opinion statistics company headquartered in Melbourne, Victoria. It operates nationally as Roy Morgan and internationally as Roy Morgan International. The Morgan Poll, a political poll that tracks voting intentions, is its most well-known product in Australia.
Foundation
The company was founded by Roy Morgan (1908–1985) in 1941; its Executive Chairman today is his son, Gary Morgan; CEO is Michele Levine.
Commercial performance
The company has annual turnover of more than A$40 million, and along with the head office in Melbourne, also has offices in Sydney, Perth and Brisbane as well as offices of Roy Morgan International in Auckland, London, New York City, Princeton and Jakarta.
The results are published on their website and by media sources (newspapers, magazines, television, radio, the Internet and online subscription services such as Crikey and Henry Thornton magazine).
Products and services
Morgan Poll
The Morgan Poll is a political polling service that tracks the voting intentions of Australian voters, which caters for detailed demographic and geographic analyses of the results and is widely reported.
The Worm
The company is a major provider of advertising and media planning data and undertakes large government, social and corporate research programs.
Roy Morgan developed the Worm, which first appeared on live TV on the Network Ten poli
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%E2%80%93Exner%20bodies
|
Call–Exner bodies, giving a follicle-like appearance, are small eosinophilic fluid-filled punched out spaces between granulosa cells. The granulosa cells are usually arranged haphazardly around the space.
They are pathognomonic for granulosa cell tumors.
Histologically, these tumors consists of monotonous islands of granulosa cells with "coffee-bean" nuclei. That same nuclear groove appearance noted in Brenner tumour, an epithelial-stromal ovarian tumor distinguishable by nests of transitional epithelial cells (urothelial) with longitudinal nuclear grooves (coffee bean nuclei) in abundant fibrous stroma.
They are composed of membrane-packaged secretion of granulosa cells and have relations to the formation of liquor folliculi which are seen among closely arranged granulosa cells.
They are named for Emma Louise Call (1847–1937), an American physician, and Sigmund Exner (1846–1926), an Austrian physiologist.
References
External links
WebPathology
Histopathology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARSA
|
ARSA or Arsa may refer to:
Arylsulfatase A, gene for a human protein
All-Russian Scout Association
Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, insurgent group in Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma)
Arsa, a settlement in Albești, Constanța, Romania
Arsenije Milošević "Arsa" (1931–2006), Yugoslav Serbian film and television director
Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy
Automated Radioxenon Sampler Analyzer
See also
Arsha (community development block) in India
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20Institute%20of%20Public%20Opinion%20and%20Statistics
|
The Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics (IBOPE based on the Portuguese language name, Instituto Brasileiro de Opinião Pública e Estatística) does market research to provide information regarding Brazilian and Latin American markets. IBOPE provides data on media, public opinion, voting intention, consumption, behavior, marketing, branding and other issues as required by clients.
Established in 1942, it is listed in the Honomichl Top 25 Global Research Organizations rating. The name IBOPE is listed in the Brazilian dictionary as a synonym of audience ratings research.
History
IBOPE was created in 1942 by the radio broadcaster Auricélio Penteado, owner of Radio Kosmos in São Paulo. In that year, he decided to apply research methodologies he had learned while studying in the United States under George Gallup, the founder of the American Institute of Public Opinion, in order to quantify the size of the audience of his broadcast in Brazil.
When he measured the radio audience in São Paulo, Auricélio proved that Radio Kosmos wasn't among the most listened to stations. Therefore, he would dedicate himself exclusively to research. In 1950, Penteado leaves the presidency of the company in charge to a group of directors.
In 1977, Paulo de Tarso Montenegro became the president of the company. One year later, he invited his children, Carlos Augusto Montenegro and Luís Paulo Montenegro, to join the company. IBOPE carried out the first voting intention polls, anticipat
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule%2030
|
Rule 30 is an elementary cellular automaton introduced by Stephen Wolfram in 1983. Using Wolfram's classification scheme, Rule 30 is a Class III rule, displaying aperiodic, chaotic behaviour.
This rule is of particular interest because it produces complex, seemingly random patterns from simple, well-defined rules. Because of this, Wolfram believes that Rule 30, and cellular automata in general, are the key to understanding how simple rules produce complex structures and behaviour in nature. For instance, a pattern resembling Rule 30 appears on the shell of the widespread cone snail species Conus textile. Rule 30 has also been used as a random number generator in Mathematica, and has also been proposed as a possible stream cipher for use in cryptography.
Rule 30 is so named because 30 is the smallest Wolfram code which describes its rule set (as described below). The mirror image, complement, and mirror complement of Rule 30 have Wolfram codes 86, 135, and 149, respectively.
Rule set
In all of Wolfram's elementary cellular automata, an infinite one-dimensional array of cellular automaton cells with only two states is considered, with each cell in some initial state. At discrete time intervals, every cell spontaneously changes state based on its current state and the state of its two neighbors. For Rule 30, the rule set which governs the next state of the automaton is:
The corresponding formula is [left_cell XOR (central_cell OR right_cell)]. It is called Rule 30 because i
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Hwa%20Chung%20theorem
|
The Lee Hwa Chung theorem is a theorem in symplectic topology.
The statement is as follows. Let M be a symplectic manifold with symplectic form ω. Let be a differential k-form on M which is invariant for all Hamiltonian vector fields. Then:
If k is odd,
If k is even, , where
References
Lee, John M., Introduction to Smooth Manifolds, Springer-Verlag, New York (2003) . Graduate-level textbook on smooth manifolds.
Hwa-Chung, Lee, "The Universal Integral Invariants of Hamiltonian Systems and Application to the Theory of Canonical Transformations", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 62(03), 237–246. doi:10.1017/s0080454100006646
Symplectic topology
Theorems in differential geometry
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20James%20English
|
Leo James English (August 1907 – 1997) was the Australian compiler and editor of two of among the first most widely used bilingual dictionaries in the Philippines. He was the author of the two companion dictionaries namely, the English–Tagalog Dictionary (1965) and the Tagalog–English Dictionary (1986). English saw the successful completion of his dictionaries that were carried out in the course of his 51 years of religious service in the Philippines. He was a member of the Redemptorists or the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, a religious order that has been engaged in preaching missions using the vernacular language in the Philippines for more than seventy years. English was instrumental in the introduction and revision of the Novena to Our Mother of Perpetual Help.
His dictionaries
The Tagalog–English dictionary contains about 16,000 Tagalog main words, 21,000 derivatives and 30,000 translated sentences that illustrate the use of the words. For some entries, synonyms and explanatory notes are added. The English–Tagalog dictionary contains more than 14,000 main English entries and an addition of 40,000 nuances, each both defined in English and translated into Tagalog, as well as 30,000 exemplifying sentences. Together, they are one of the most exhaustive published collections of the Tagalog language.
The dual dictionaries of English pioneered the launching of many bilingual dictionaries and thesauruses in the Philippines including those authored by the Filipino comp
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol%203-phosphate
|
Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) is a phospholipid found in cell membranes that helps to recruit a range of proteins, many of which are involved in protein trafficking, to the membranes. It is the product of both the class II and III phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases) activity on phosphatidylinositol.
PtdIns3P is dephosphorylated by the myotubularin family of phosphatases, on the D3 position of the inositol ring, and can be converted to PtdIns(3,5)P2 by the lipid kinase PIKfyve.
Both FYVE domains and PX domains – found in proteins such as SNX1, HGS, and EEA1 – bind to PtdIns3P.
The majority of PtdIns3P appears to be constitutively synthesised by the class III PI 3-kinase, PIK3C3 (Vps34), at endocytic membranes. Class II PI 3-kinases also appear to synthesise PtdIns3P, their activity however appears to be regulated by a range of stimuli, including growth factors. This suggests that specific pools of PtdIns3P may be synthesised upon cell stimulation.
See also
Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-binding protein 2
References
Phospholipids
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol%203%2C4-bisphosphate
|
Phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2) is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes, yet an important second messenger. The generation of PtdIns(3,4)P2 at the plasma membrane activates a number of important cell signaling pathways.
Of all the phospholipids found within the membrane, inositol phospholipids make up less than 10%. Phosphoinositide’s (PI’s), also known as phosphatidylinositol phosphates, are synthesized in the cell's endoplasmic reticulum by the protein phosphatidylinositol synthase (PIS). PI’s are highly compartmentalized; their main components include a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains enriched with stearic acid and arachidonic acid, and an inositol ring whose phosphate groups' regulation differs between organelles depending on the specific PI and PIP kinases and PIP phosphatases present in the organelle. These kinases and phosphatases conduct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation at the inositol sugar head groups 3’, 4’, and 5’ positions, producing differing phosphoinositides, including PtdIns(3,4)P2.[1] PI kinases catalyze phosphate groups binding while PI phosphatases remove phosphate groups at the three positions on the PI inositol ring, giving seven different combinations of PI’s.
PtdIns(3,4)P2 is dephophosphorylated by the phosphatase INPP4B on the 4' position of the inositol ring and by the TPTE (transmembrane phosphatases with tensin homology) family of phosphatases on the 3 position of the inositol ring.
The PH domain
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20tagging%20velocimetry
|
Molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV) is a specific form of flow velocimetry, a technique for determining the velocity of currents in fluids such as air and water. In its simplest form, a single "write" laser beam is shot once through the sample space. Along its path an optically induced chemical process is initiated, resulting in the creation of a new chemical species or in changing the internal energy state of an existing one, so that the molecules struck by the laser beam can be distinguished from the rest of the fluid. Such molecules are said to be "tagged".
This line of tagged molecules is now transported by the fluid flow. To obtain velocity information, images at two instances in time are obtained and analyzed (often by correlation of the image intensities) to determine the displacement. If the flow is three-dimensional or turbulent the line will not only be displaced, it will also be deformed.
Description
There are three optical ways via which these tagged molecules can be visualized: fluorescence, phosphorescence and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). In all three cases molecules relax to a lower state and their excess energy is released as photons. In fluorescence this energy decay occurs rapidly (within s to s at atmospheric pressure), thus making "direct" fluorescence impractical for tagging. In phosphorescence the decay is slower, because the transition is quantum-mechanically forbidden.
In some "writing" schemes, the tagged molecule ends up in an excited state
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Asimov%27s%20Robots%20in%20Time
|
Isaac Asimov's Robots in Time is a series of six science fiction novels featuring Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics. Written by American author William F. Wu as novels for children, they were the first series authorized to use Asimov's fictional universe after his death in 1992.
Plot outline
Set on Earth, it tells the story of the Governors, a series of state-of-the-art administrative robots. Each Governor is physically composed of six smaller units and is responsible for single-handedly directing the operations of a human-inhabited city. When the Governor robots begin to fail mysteriously, Mojave Center (MC) Governor acts to protect his own existence by separating into his components and traveling into the remote past to escape disassembly.
MC Governor is not aware, however, that the time travel method used alters its molecular structure, with the result that his components explode via nuclear blasts when they reach the moment in which they were originally altered. A team composed of three humans and one robot embarks on a series of missions to the past to retrieve the robots before they can alter history. Opposing their efforts are a renegade roboticist and his robot companion, who seek to track down the Governors in order to solve the problem of their mysterious failure before their team can.
Books in the series
Predator (1993) - A new robot named Hunter assembles a team of humans and journeys to the age of dinosaurs to find the first component robot, MC 1, before h
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlayer
|
An overlayer is a layer of adatoms adsorbed onto a surface, for instance onto the surface of a single crystal.
On single crystals
Adsorbed species on single crystal surfaces are frequently found to exhibit long-range ordering; that is to say that the adsorbed species form a well-defined overlayer structure. Each particular structure may only exist over a limited coverage range of the adsorbate, and in some adsorbate/substrate systems a whole progression of adsorbate structure are formed as the surface coverage is gradually increased.
The periodicity of the overlayer (which often is larger than that of the substrate unit cell) can be determined by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), because there will be additional diffraction beams associated with the overlayer.
Types
There are two types of overlayers: commensurate and incommensurate. In the former the substrate-adsorbate interaction tends to dominate over any lateral adsorbate-adsorbate interaction, while in the latter the adsorbate-adsorbate interactions are of similar magnitude to those between adsorbate and substrate.
Notation
An overlayer on a substrate can be notated in either Wood's notation or matrix notation.
Wood's notation
Wood's notation takes the form
where M is the chemical symbol of the substrate, A is the chemical symbol of the overlayer, are the Miller indices of the surface plane, R and correspond to the rotational difference between the substrate and overlayer vectors, and the vector magnitudes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorboating%20%28electronics%29
|
In electronics, motorboating is a type of low frequency parasitic oscillation (unwanted cyclic variation of the output voltage) that sometimes occurs in audio and radio equipment and often manifests itself as a sound similar to an idling motorboat engine, a "put-put-put", in audio output from speakers or earphones. It is a problem encountered particularly in radio transceivers and older vacuum tube audio systems, guitar amplifiers, PA systems and is caused by some type of unwanted feedback in the circuit. The amplifying devices in audio and radio equipment are vulnerable to a variety of feedback problems, which can cause distinctive noise in the output. The term motorboating is applied to oscillations whose frequency is below the range of hearing, from 1 to 10 hertz, so the individual oscillations are heard as pulses. Sometimes the oscillations can even be seen visually as the woofer cones in speakers slowly moving in and out.
Besides sounding annoying, motorboating can cause clipping of the audio output waveform, and thus distortion in the output.
Occurrence
Although low frequency parasitic oscillations in audio equipment may be due to a range of causes, there are a few types of equipment in which it is frequently seen:
Older audio amplifiers with capacitive (RC) or inductive (transformer) coupling between stages. This design is mostly used in vacuum tube (valve) equipment. Motorboating was a problem throughout the era of vacuum tube electronics but became rare as va
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%20University%20Forensic%20Science%20Center
|
The Marshall University Forensic Science Center, located in Huntington, West Virginia, houses a two-year graduate program in forensic science and the state of West Virginia's Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) laboratory facility.
Marshall University
Forensics organizations
Buildings and structures in Huntington, West Virginia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851%20in%20art
|
Events from the year 1851 in art.
Events
March – English sculptor Frederick Scott Archer makes public the wet plate collodion photographic process.
May 1 – The Great Exhibition opens at Crystal Palace, London. Works of art on display include the Tara Brooch, handicrafts and ornaments by the Sindhis, an electrotype of John Evan Thomas' sculpture Death of Tewdric Mawr, King of Gwent, and a demonstration by makers of Bristol blue glass.
Pinacoteca Tosio Martinengo opens in Brescia, Italy.
Missions Héliographiques established by Prosper Mérimée to photograph historical French architecture.
Works
Edward Hodges Baily – Peel Memorial, Bury (sculpture)
John Bell – sculptures at The Great Exhibition
Andromeda
The Eagle Slayer (cast iron)
Una and the Lion
Charles Allston Collins – Convent Thoughts
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot – La Danse des Nymphes
Jean-Léon Gérôme - Black Panther Stalking a Herd of Deer
Francesco Hayez
Antonietta Tarsis Basilico
Matilde Juva-Branca
The Meditation (second version)
William Holman Hunt – The Hireling Shepherd
Sir Edwin Landseer
Monarch of the Glen
Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream
Frederick Richard Lee – Shattered Oak in Bedfordshire
Emanuel Leutze – Washington Crossing the Delaware
Daniel Maclise – Caxton Showing the First Specimen of His Printing to King Edward IV at the Almonry, Westminster
John Jabez Edwin Mayall – The Lord's Prayer (daguerrotype)
John Everett Millais
Mariana
The Return of the Dove to the Ark
Karl H
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary%20lamina%20of%20choroid
|
The capillary lamina of choroid or choriocapillaris is a part of the choroid of the eye. It is a layer of capillaries immediately adjacent to Bruch's membrane of the choroid. The choriocapillaris consists of a dense network of freely anastomosing highly permeable fenestrated large-calibre capillaries. It nourishes the outer avascular layers of the retina.
Structure
Microstructure
In the capillaries that compose the choriocapillaris, the fenestrations are densest at the aspect of the capillaries that faces retina, whereas pericytes are situated at the obverse aspect.
The choroidal blood vessels can be divided into two categories: the choriocapillaris, and the larger caliber arteries and veins that lie just posterior to the choriocapillaris (these can easily be seen in an albino fundus because there is minimal pigment obscuring the vessels). The choriocapillaris forms a single layer of anastomosing, fenestrated capillaries having wide lumina with most of the fenestrations facing toward the retina. The lumen is approximately three to four times that of ordinary capillaries, such that two or three red blood cells can pass through the capillary abreast, whereas in ordinary capillaries the cells usually course single file. The cell membrane is reduced to a single layer at the fenestrations, facilitating the movement of material through the vessel walls. Occasional (pericyte)s (Rouget cells), which may have a contractile function, are found around the capillary wall. Pericytes h
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3ZE
|
3ZE was a radio station in Ashburton, New Zealand.
The station was originally launched on 873 AM frequency as a local station operated by the government owned Radio New Zealand, the station was originally branded as its callsign 3ZE. The station operated out of the second floor of the former Loan Society Building on Tancred Street, before moving across the road to Highgate House in the early 1990s.
Change of ownership
In July 1996 the New Zealand Government sold off the commercial arm of Radio New Zealand, the sale included 3ZE. The new owner was The Radio Network, a subsidiary of APN News & Media and Clear Channel Communications, which operated as a division of the Australian Radio Network.
In 1998 The Radio Network grouped all their local stations in smaller markets together to form the Community Radio Network. 3ZE continued to run a local breakfast show between 6am and 10am but outside breakfast all stations part of the Community Radio Network took network programming from a central studio based in Taupo. The station added an FM frequency which improved reception and suited the inclusion of a significant amount of music within its programme, becoming 92.5 3ZE FM. 3ZE's AM frequency is now used to re-broadcast Newstalk ZB.
Rebranding to Classic Hits 92.5 ZEFM
On December 1, 2000 the Community Radio Network was discontinued and all stations become part of the Classic Hits FM network, as a result 3ZE was rebranded as Classic Hits 92.5 ZEFM. The station continued to run a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeilberger
|
Zeilberger () may refer to:
Doron Zeilberger (born 1950), an Israeli mathematician
Wilf–Zeilberger pair
Zeilberger-Bressoud theorem
Johann Zeilberger (1831–1881), Austrian politician
Rabbi Binyamin Zeilberger
German-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin
Yiddish-language surnames
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes%27s%20cattle%20problem
|
Archimedes's cattle problem (or the or ) is a problem in Diophantine analysis, the study of polynomial equations with integer solutions. Attributed to Archimedes, the problem involves computing the number of cattle in a herd of the sun god from a given set of restrictions. The problem was discovered by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing in a Greek manuscript containing a poem of 44 lines, in the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel, Germany in 1773.
The problem remained unsolved for a number of years, due partly to the difficulty of computing the huge numbers involved in the solution. The general solution was found in 1880 by (1845–1916), headmaster of the (Gymnasium of the Holy Cross) in Dresden, Germany. Using logarithmic tables, he calculated the first digits of the smallest solution, showing that it is about cattle, far more than could fit in the observable universe. The decimal form is too long for humans to calculate exactly, but multiple-precision arithmetic packages on computers can write it out explicitly.
History
In 1769, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was appointed librarian of the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel, Germany, which contained many Greek and Latin manuscripts. A few years later, Lessing published translations of some of the manuscripts with commentaries. Among them was a Greek poem of forty-four lines, containing an arithmetical problem which asks the reader to find the number of cattle in the herd of the god of the sun. It is now generally credited to Arc
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating%20body%20effect
|
The floating body effect is the effect of dependence of the body potential of a transistor realized by the silicon on insulator (SOI) technology on the history of its biasing and the carrier recombination processes. The transistor's body forms a capacitor against the insulated substrate. The charge accumulates on this capacitor and may cause adverse effects, for example, opening of parasitic transistors in the structure and causing off-state leakages, resulting in higher current consumption and in case of DRAM in loss of information from the memory cells. It also causes the history effect, the dependence of the threshold voltage of the transistor on its previous states. In analog devices, the floating body effect is known as the kink effect.
One countermeasure to floating body effect involves use of fully depleted (FD) devices. The insulator layer in FD devices is significantly thinner than the channel depletion width. The charge and thus also the body potential of the transistors is therefore fixed. However, the short-channel effect is worsened in the FD devices, the body may still charge up if both source and drain are high, and the architecture is unsuitable for some analog devices that require contact with the body. Hybrid trench isolation is another approach.
While floating body effect presents a problem in SOI DRAM chips, it is exploited as the underlying principle for Z-RAM and T-RAM technologies. For this reason, the effect is sometimes called the Cinderella effect
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathryn%20Mataga
|
Cathryn Mataga (born William Mataga) is a game programmer and founder of independent video game company Junglevision. Under the name William, she wrote Atari 8-bit family games for Synapse Software in the early to mid 1980s, including Shamus, a flip-screen shooter.
Career
Mataga designed the game Shamus in 1982, credited under the name William for the Atari 8-bit family. Much of the game's appeal was said to come from Mataga's sense of humor, such as creating a "grand rendition" of the Alfred Hitchcock theme song in the game's introduction. Mataga followed it with a sequel Shamus: Case II and scrolling shooter Zeppelin.
Steve Hales of Synapse Software, in an interview for the book Halcyon Days, states that he and Mataga convinced company founder Ihor Wolosenko to get the company into interactive fiction.
Mataga developed an interactive fiction programming language known as BtZ (Better than Zork) for Broderbund, in the early 1980s. Mataga worked with Hales and poet Robert Pinsky on the interactive fiction game Mindwheel (1984).
Mataga was one of the programmers working at Stormfront Studios on the original Neverwinter Nights MMORPG. Don Daglow credits Mataga as one of the programmers who proved Daglow's assertion that he could make Neverwinter Nights a success.
Games
Shamus (1982), Synapse Software
Shamus: Case II (1983), Synapse Software
Zeppelin (1983), Synapse Software
Mindwheel (1984), Broderbund Software
Essex (1985), Broderbund
Brimstone (1985), Broderbund
Breakers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20robot
|
A mobile robot is an automatic machine that is capable of locomotion. Mobile robotics is usually considered to be a subfield of robotics and information engineering.
Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. Mobile robots can be "autonomous" (AMR - autonomous mobile robot) which means they are capable of navigating an uncontrolled environment without the need for physical or electro-mechanical guidance devices. Alternatively, mobile robots can rely on guidance devices that allow them to travel a pre-defined navigation route in relatively controlled space. By contrast, industrial robots are usually more-or-less stationary, consisting of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and gripper assembly (or end effector), attached to a fixed surface. The joint.
Mobile robots have become more commonplace in commercial and industrial settings. Hospitals have been using autonomous mobile robots to move materials for many years. Warehouses have installed mobile robotic systems to efficiently move materials from stocking shelves to order fulfillment zones. Mobile robots are also a major focus of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs that focus on mobile robot research. Mobile robots are also found in industrial, military and security settings.
The components of a mobile robot are a controller, sensors, actuators and power system. The controller is generally a microprocessor,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFP-cDNA
|
The GFP-cDNA project documents the localisation of proteins to subcellular compartments of the eukaryotic cell applying fluorescence microscopy. Experimental data are complemented with bioinformatic analyses and published online in a database. A search function allows the finding of proteins containing features or motifs of particular interest. The project is a collaboration of the research groups of Rainer Pepperkok at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and Stefan Wiemann at the German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ).
What kinds of experiments are made?
The cDNAs of novel identified Open Reading Frames(ORF) are tagged with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and expressed in eukaryotic cells. Subsequently, the subcellular localisation of the fusion proteins is recorded by fluorescence microscopy.
Steps:
1. Large-scale cloning
Any large-scale manipulation of ORFs requires cloning technologies which are free of restriction enzymes. In this respect those that utilise recombination cloning (Gateway of Invitrogen or Creator of BD Biosciences) have proved to be the most suitable. This cloning technology is based on recombination mechanisms used by phages to integrate their DNA into the host genome. It allows the ORFs to be rapidly and conveniently shuttled between functionally useful vectors without the need for conventional restriction cloning. In the cDNA-GFP project the ORFs are transferred into CFP/YFP expression vectors. For the localisation analysis both N- and C-
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%20circuit
|
In electronics, a driver is a circuit or component used to control another circuit or component, such as a high-power transistor, liquid crystal display (LCD), stepper motors, SRAM memory, and numerous others.
They are usually used to regulate current flowing through a circuit or to control other factors such as other components and some other devices in the circuit. The term is often used, for example, for a specialized integrated circuit that controls high-power switches in switched-mode power converters. An amplifier can also be considered a driver for loudspeakers, or a voltage regulator that keeps an attached component operating within a broad range of input voltages.
Typically the driver stage(s) of a circuit requires different characteristics to other circuit stages. For example, in a transistor power amplifier circuit, typically the driver circuit requires current gain, often the ability to discharge the following transistor bases rapidly, and low output impedance to avoid or minimize distortion.
In SRAM memory driver circuits are used to rapidly discharge necessary bit lines from a precharge level to the write margin or below.
See also
Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller
References
External links
ADP3418
Driver Circuits
Analog circuits
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation%20International
|
Conservation International (CI) is an American nonprofit environmental organization headquartered in Crystal City, Arlington, Virginia.
CI's work focuses on science, policy and partnership with businesses, governments and communities. The organization employs nearly 1,000 people and works with more than 2,000 partners in 29 countries. CI has helped support 1,200 protected areas and interventions across 77 countries, protecting more than 6 million square kilometers (2.3 million square miles) of land and sea.
History
Conservation International was founded in 1987 with the goal of protecting nature for the benefit of people.
In 1989, CI formally committed to the protection of biodiversity hotspots, ultimately identifying 36 such hotspots around the world and contributing to their protection. The model of protecting hotspots became a key way for organizations to do conservation work.
On July 1, 2017, Peter Seligmann stepped down as CEO of CI and a new executive team made up of senior CI leadership was announced. Conservation scientist M. Sanjayan was named chief executive officer. Sebastian Troeng is executive vice president of conservation partnerships, and Daniela Raik is executive vice president of field programs. Peter Seligmann remains chairman of the board.
Growth and mission shift
The organization's leadership grew to believe that CI's focus on biodiversity conservation was inadequate to protect nature and those who depended on it. CI updated its mission in 2008 to f
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach%27s%20algorithm
|
Bach's algorithm is a probabilistic polynomial time algorithm for generating random numbers along with their factorizations, named after its discoverer, Eric Bach. It is of interest because no algorithm is known that efficiently factors numbers, so the straightforward method, namely generating a random number and then factoring it, is impractical.
The algorithm performs, in expectation, O(log n) primality tests.
A simpler, but less efficient algorithm (performing, in expectation, primality tests), is due to Adam Kalai.
Bach's algorithm may theoretically be used within cryptographic algorithms.
Overview
Bach's algorithm produces a number uniformly at random in the range (for a given input ), along with its factorization. It does this by picking a prime number and an exponent such that , according to a certain distribution. The algorithm then recursively generates a number in the range , where , along with the factorization of . It then sets , and appends to the factorization of to produce the factorization of . This gives with logarithmic distribution over the desired range; rejection sampling is then used to get a uniform distribution.
References
Further reading
Bach, Eric. Analytic methods in the Analysis and Design of Number-Theoretic Algorithms, MIT Press, 1984. Chapter 2, "Generation of Random Factorizations", part of which is available online here.
Cryptographic algorithms
Random number generation
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronizer%20%28algorithm%29
|
In computer science, a synchronizer is an algorithm that can be used to run a synchronous algorithm on top of an asynchronous processor network, so enabling the asynchronous system to run as a synchronous network.
The concept was originally proposed in (Awerbuch, 1985) along with three synchronizer algorithms named alpha, beta and gamma which provided different tradeoffs in terms of time and message complexity. Essentially, they are a solution to the problem of asynchronous algorithms (which operate in a network with no global clock) being harder to design and often less efficient than the equivalent synchronous algorithms. By using a synchronizer, algorithm designers can deal with the simplified "ideal network" and then later mechanically produce a version that operates in more realistic asynchronous cases.
Available synchronizer algorithms
The three algorithms that Awerbuch provided in his original paper are as follows:
Alpha synchronizer: This has low time complexity but high message complexity.
Beta synchronizer: This has high time complexity but low message complexity.
Gamma synchronizer: This provides a reasonable tradeoff between alpha and beta by providing fairly low time and message complexity.
Since the original paper, other synchronizer algorithms have been proposed in the literature.
References
Distributed algorithms
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antler%2C%20Saskatchewan
|
Antler is a special service area in the Rural Municipality of Antler No. 61, Saskatchewan, Canada. Listed as a designated place by Statistics Canada, the community had a population of 40 in the Canada 2016 Census.
The community is approximately 120 km east of the city of Estevan and 3 km from the Manitoba border. Antler was dissolved from village status to become part of the Rural Municipality of Antler No. 61 on December 31, 2013.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Antler had a population of 30 living in 14 of its 17 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 40. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
See also
List of communities in Saskatchewan
Special service area
Block settlement
References
External links
Antler No. 61, Saskatchewan
Designated places in Saskatchewan
Former villages in Saskatchewan
Special service areas in Saskatchewan
Populated places disestablished in 2013
Division No. 1, Saskatchewan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20nitrate
|
Aluminium nitrate is a white, water-soluble salt of aluminium and nitric acid, most commonly existing as the crystalline hydrate, aluminium nitrate nonahydrate, Al(NO3)3·9H2O.
Preparation
Aluminium nitrate cannot be synthesized by the reaction of aluminium with concentrated nitric acid, as the aluminium forms a passivation layer.
Aluminium nitrate may instead be prepared by the reaction of nitric acid with aluminium(III) chloride. Nitrosyl chloride is produced as a by-product; it bubbles out of the solution as a gas. More conveniently, the salt can be made by reacting nitric acid with aluminium hydroxide.
Aluminium nitrate may also be prepared a metathesis reaction between aluminium sulfate and a nitrate salt with a suitable cation such as barium, strontium, calcium, silver, or lead. e.g. Al2(SO4)3 + 3 Ba(NO3)2 → 2 Al(NO3)3 + 3 BaSO4.
Uses
Aluminium nitrate is a strong oxidizing agent. It is used in tanning leather, antiperspirants, corrosion inhibitors, extraction of uranium, petroleum refining, and as a nitrating agent.
The nonahydrate and other hydrated aluminium nitrates have many applications. These salts are used to produce alumina for preparation of insulating papers, in cathode ray tube heating elements, and on transformer core laminates. The hydrated salts are also used for the extraction of actinide elements.
It is used in the laboratory and classroom such as in the reaction
Al(NO3)3 + 3 NaOH → Al(OH)3 + 3 NaNO3
It is, however, much less often encountered
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered%20probit
|
In statistics, ordered probit is a generalization of the widely used probit analysis to the case of more than two outcomes of an ordinal dependent variable (a dependent variable for which the potential values have a natural ordering, as in poor, fair, good, excellent). Similarly, the widely used logit method also has a counterpart ordered logit. Ordered probit, like ordered logit, is a particular method of ordinal regression.
For example, in clinical research, the effect a drug may have on a patient may be modeled with ordered probit regression. Independent variables may include the use or non-use of the drug as well as control variables such as age and details from medical history such as whether the patient suffers from high blood pressure, heart disease, etc. The dependent variable would be ranked from the following list: complete cure, relieve symptoms, no effect, deteriorate condition, death.
Another example application are Likert-type items commonly employed in survey research, where respondents rate their agreement on an ordered scale (e.g., "Strongly disagree" to "Strongly agree"). The ordered probit model provides an appropriate fit to these data, preserving the ordering of response options while making no assumptions of the interval distances between options.
Conceptual underpinnings
Suppose the underlying relationship to be characterized is
,
where is the exact but unobserved dependent variable (perhaps the exact level of improvement by the patient); is t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasser%20effect
|
The Glasser effect describes the creation of singularities in the flow field of a magnetically confined plasma when small resonant perturbations modify the gradient of the pressure field.
External links
Physics of magnetically confined plasmas
Fusion power
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Federation%20of%20Football%20History%20%26%20Statistics
|
The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS) is an organisation that chronicles the history and records of association football. It was founded in 1984 by Alfredo Pöge in Leipzig. The IFFHS was based in Abu Dhabi for some time but, in 2010, relocated to Bonn, Germany, and then in 2014 to Zürich.
From its early stages to 2002, the IFFHS concentrated on publishing the quarterly magazines Fußball-Weltzeitschrift, Libero spezial deutsch and Libero international. When these had to be discontinued for reasons which were not officially told, the organisation published its material in a series of multi-lingual books in co-operation with sponsors. The statistical organisation has now confined its publishing activities to its website. IFFHS has no affiliation with FIFA, but FIFA has cited awards and records conducted by IFFHS on their website.
In 2008, Karl Lennartz, a sports historian and professor at the University of Cologne, Germany, called the organisation "obscure", describing it as a one-man show of its founder Alfredo Pöge. IFFHS rankings and their significance have been a matter of criticism and the largest German news agency, Deutsche Presse-Agentur, refuse to publish them. Furthermore, German die Tageszeitung stated that the IFFHS rankings serves merely for publicity, although Bild, Deutsche Welle, Kicker-Sportmagazin, German Football Association (DFB), and former president of the Association of West German Sports Journalists ( — VWS) Heribert Faß
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.