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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunham%20classification
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The Dunham classification system for carbonate sedimentary rocks was originally devised by Robert J. Dunham in 1962, and subsequently modified by Embry and Klovan in 1971 to include coarse-grained limestones and sediments that had been organically bound at the time of deposition. The modified Dunham Classification has subsequently become the most widely employed system for the classification of carbonate sedimentary rocks with 89% of workers currently adopting this system over the alternative Folk classification scheme
History
Original classification
Robert J. Dunham published his classification system for limestone in 1962. The original Dunham classification system was developed in order to provide convenient depositional-texture based class names that focus attention on the textural properties that are most significant for interpreting the depositional environment of the rocks.
The three criteria used to define the original Dunham classes were:
the supporting fabric of the original sediment
the presence or absence of mud (the fraction <20 μm in size)
evidence that the sediments were organically-bound at the time of deposition
On the basis of these criteria, the following four classes were defined:
Mudstone a mud-supported carbonate rock containing <10% grains
Wackestone a mud-supported carbonate lithology containing >10% grains
Packstone a grain-supported fabric containing 1% or more mud-grade fraction
Grainstone a grain-supported carbonate rock with <1% mud.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric%20monoidal%20category
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a symmetric monoidal category is a monoidal category (i.e. a category in which a "tensor product" is defined) such that the tensor product is symmetric (i.e. is, in a certain strict sense, naturally isomorphic to for all objects and of the category). One of the prototypical examples of a symmetric monoidal category is the category of vector spaces over some fixed field k, using the ordinary tensor product of vector spaces.
Definition
A symmetric monoidal category is a monoidal category (C, ⊗, I) such that, for every pair A, B of objects in C, there is an isomorphism called the swap map that is natural in both A and B and such that the following diagrams commute:
The unit coherence:
The associativity coherence:
The inverse law:
In the diagrams above, a, l, and r are the associativity isomorphism, the left unit isomorphism, and the right unit isomorphism respectively.
Examples
Some examples and non-examples of symmetric monoidal categories:
The category of sets. The tensor product is the set theoretic cartesian product, and any singleton can be fixed as the unit object.
The category of groups. Like before, the tensor product is just the cartesian product of groups, and the trivial group is the unit object.
More generally, any category with finite products, that is, a cartesian monoidal category, is symmetric monoidal. The tensor product is the direct product of objects, and any terminal object (empty product) is the un
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20protein%20liquid%20chromatography
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Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) is a form of liquid chromatography that is often used to analyze or purify mixtures of proteins. As in other forms of chromatography, separation is possible because the different components of a mixture have different affinities for two materials, a moving fluid (the mobile phase) and a porous solid (the stationary phase). In FPLC the mobile phase is an aqueous buffer solution. The buffer flow rate is controlled by a positive-displacement pump and is normally kept constant, while the composition of the buffer can be varied by drawing fluids in different proportions from two or more external reservoirs. The stationary phase is a resin composed of beads, usually of cross-linked agarose, packed into a cylindrical glass or plastic column. FPLC resins are available in a wide range of bead sizes and surface ligands depending on the application.
FPLC was developed and marketed in Sweden by Pharmacia in 1982, and was originally called fast performance liquid chromatography to contrast it with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). FPLC is generally applied only to proteins; however, because of the wide choice of resins and buffers it has broad applications. In contrast to HPLC, the buffer pressure used is relatively low, typically less than 5 bar, but the flow rate is relatively high, typically 1-5 ml/min.
FPLC can be readily scaled from analysis of milligrams of mixtures in columns with a total volume of 5 ml or less to industrial
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary%20layer%20control
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Boundary layer control refers to methods of controlling the behaviour of fluid flow boundary layers.
It may be desirable to reduce flow separation on fast vehicles to reduce the size of the wake (streamlining), which may reduce drag. Boundary layer separation is generally undesirable in aircraft high lift coefficient systems and jet engine intakes.
Laminar flow produces less skin friction than turbulent but a turbulent boundary layer transfers heat better. Turbulent boundary layers are more resistant to separation.
The energy in a boundary layer may need to be increased to keep it attached to its surface. Fresh air can be introduced through slots or mixed in from above. The low momentum layer at the surface can be sucked away through a perforated surface or bled away when it is in a high pressure duct. It can be scooped off completely by a diverter or internal bleed ducting. Its energy can be increased above that of the free stream by introducing high velocity air.
Nature
Frank E. Fish states that dolphins appear to have a turbulent boundary layer to reduce the likelihood of separation and minimize drag, and that mechanisms for maintaining a laminar boundary layer to reduce skin friction have not been demonstrated for dolphins.
The wings of birds have a leading edge feature called the Alula which delays wing stalling at low speeds in a similar manner to the leading edge slat on an aircraft wing.
Thin membrane wings found on bats and insects have features which appear to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECFA
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ECFA may refer to:
Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis, released from mast cell granules.
Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement, agreement between Mainland China and Taiwan
Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability, accrediting association for evangelical Christian organizations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopid%20race
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Ethiopid (also spelled Aethiopid) is an outdated racial classification of humans indigenous to Northeast Africa, who were typically classified as part of the Caucasian race – the Hamitic sub-branch, or in rare instances the Negroid race. The racial classification was generally made up of mostly Afroasiatic-speaking populations of the Horn of Africa, but to an extent also includes several Nilo-Saharan-speaking populations of the Nile Valley and African Great Lakes region (including but not limited to Nilotic and Sudanic-speaking populations).
According to John Baker (1974), in their stable form, their center of distribution was considered to be Horn of Africa, among that region's Hamito-Semitic-speaking populations. Baker described them as being of medium height, with a dolicocephalic or mesocephalic skull (see cephalic index), an essentially Caucasoid facial form, an orthognathic profile (no prognathism) and a rather prominent, narrow nose, often ringlety hair, and an invariably brown skin, with either a reddish or blackish tinge.
The concept of dividing humankind into three races called Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid (originally named "Ethiopian") was introduced in the 1780s by members of the Göttingen School of History and further developed by Western scholars in the context of racist ideologies during the age of colonialism.
With the rise of modern genetics, the concept of distinct human races in a biological sense has become obsolete. In 2019, the American Associati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbornane
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Norbornane (also known as bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) is an organic compound and a saturated hydrocarbon with chemical formula C7H12. It is a crystalline compound with a melting point of 88 °C. The carbon skeleton is derived from cyclohexane ring with a methylene bridge in the 1,4- position, and is a bridged bicyclic compound. The compound is a prototype of a class of strained bicyclic hydrocarbons.
The compound was originally synthesized by reduction of norcamphor.
The name norbornane is derived from bornane, which is 1,7,7-trimethylnorbornane, being a derivative of camphor (bornanone). The prefix nor refers to the stripping of the methyl groups from the parent molecule bornane.
See also
2-Norbornyl cation
Norbornene
Norbornadiene
Bornane
endo-Norborneol
exo-Norborneol
Norcamphor, the ketone derivative of norbornane
References
External links
Norbornane in 3D
Datasheet at Sigma-Aldrich
Bicycloalkanes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lag%20compensator
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A lead–lag compensator is a component in a control system that improves an undesirable frequency response in a feedback and control system. It is a fundamental building block in classical control theory.
Applications
Lead–lag compensators influence disciplines as varied as robotics,
satellite control, automobile diagnostics, LCDs and laser frequency stabilisation. They are an important building block in analog control systems, and
can also be used in digital control.
Given the control plant, desired specifications can be achieved using compensators. I, P, PI, PD, and PID, are optimizing controllers which are used to improve system parameters (such as reducing steady state error, reducing resonant peak, improving system response by reducing rise time). All these operations can be done by compensators as well,
used in cascade compensation technique.
Theory
Both lead compensators and lag compensators introduce a pole–zero pair into the open loop transfer function. The transfer function can be written in the Laplace domain as
where X is the input to the compensator, Y is the output, s is the complex Laplace transform variable, z is the zero frequency and p is the pole frequency. The pole and zero are both typically negative, or left of the origin in the complex plane. In a lead compensator, ,
while in a lag compensator .
A lead-lag compensator consists of a lead compensator cascaded with a lag compensator. The overall transfer function can be written as
Typ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Puiseux
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Victor Alexandre Puiseux (; 16 April 1820 – 9 September 1883) was a French mathematician and astronomer. Puiseux series are named after him, as is in part the Bertrand–Diquet–Puiseux theorem. His work on algebraic functions and uniformization makes him a direct precursor of Bernhard Riemann, for what concerns the latter's work on this subject and his introduction of Riemann surfaces. He was also an accomplished amateur mountaineer. A peak in the French alps, which he climbed in 1848, is named after him.
A species of Israeli gecko, Ptyodactylus puiseuxi, is named in his honor.
Life
He was born in 1820 in Argenteuil, Val-d'Oise. He occupied the chair of celestial mechanics at the Sorbonne. Excelling in mathematical analysis, he introduced new methods in his account of algebraic functions, and by his contributions to celestial mechanics advanced knowledge in that direction. In 1871, he was unanimously elected to the French Academy.
One of his sons, Pierre Henri Puiseux, was a famous astronomer.
He died in 1883 in Frontenay, France.
References
1820 births
1883 deaths
People from Argenteuil
French Roman Catholics
19th-century French mathematicians
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoxygen
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Repoxygen was the tradename for a type of gene therapy to produce erythropoietin (EPO). It was under preclinical development by Oxford Biomedica as a possible treatment for anaemia but was abandoned in 2003.
The project became infamous when it was mentioned during the criminal trial of Thomas Springstein, a former track coach for some German athletes, who was found guilty of giving athletes performance enhancing drugs without their knowledge. An email in which Springstein attempted to obtain Repoxygen was read by a prosecutor, which led to a flurry of media coverage.
The World Anti-Doping Agency banned "gene doping" in 2003 and as of 2009 was researching detection methods for substances such as repoxygen.
References
Further reading
Patrick Barry. Aug. 2, 2008 Finding the Golden Genes. Science News 174(3):16-21
Yoshimi M, Maeyama T, Yamada M, Hamada N, Fukumoto J, Kawaguchi T, Kuwano K, & Nakanishi Y. (2008). Recombinant human erythropoietin reduces epithelial cell apoptosis and attenuates bleomycin-induced pneumonitis in mice. Respirology 13(5). 639-645.
Percy MJ. (2008). Familial erythrocytosis arising from a gain-of-function mutation in the HIF2A gene of the oxygen sensing pathway. Ulster Medical Journal 77(2). 86-88.
Applied genetics
Medical genetics
Doping in sport
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selected%20area%20diffraction
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Selected area (electron) diffraction (abbreviated as SAD or SAED) is a crystallographic experimental technique typically performed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is a specific case of electron diffraction used primarily in material science and solid state physics as one of the most common experimental techniques. Especially with appropriate analytical software, SAD patterns (SADP) can be used to determine crystal orientation, measure lattice constants or examine its defects.
Principle
In transmission electron microscope, a thin crystalline sample is illuminated by parallel beam of electrons accelerated to energy of hundreds of kiloelectron volts. At these energies samples are transparent for the electrons if the sample is thinned enough (typically less than 100 nm). Due to the wave–particle duality, the high-energetic electrons behave as matter waves with wavelength of a few thousandths of a nanometer. The relativistic wavelength is given by
where is Planck's constant, is the electron rest mass, is the elementary charge, is the speed of light and is an electric potential accelerating the electrons (also called acceleration voltage). For instance the acceleration voltage of 200 000 kV results in a wavelength of 2.508 pm.
Since the spacing between atoms in crystals is about a hundred times larger, the electrons are diffracted on the crystal lattice, acting as a diffraction grating. Due to the diffraction, part of the electrons is scattered
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20pressure
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In fluid mechanics the term static pressure has several uses:
In the design and operation of aircraft, static pressure is the air pressure in the aircraft's static pressure system.
In fluid dynamics, many authors use the term static pressure in preference to just pressure to avoid ambiguity. Often however, the word ‘static’ may be dropped and in that usage pressure is the same as static pressure at a nominated point in a fluid.
The term static pressure is also used by some authors in fluid statics.
Static pressure in design and operation of aircraft
An aircraft's static pressure system is the key input to its altimeter and, along with the pitot pressure system, also drives the airspeed indicator.
The static pressure system is open to the aircraft's exterior through a small opening called the static port, which allows sensing the ambient atmospheric pressure at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying. In flight, the air pressure varies slightly at different positions around the aircraft's exterior, so designers must select the static ports' locations carefully. Wherever they are located, the air pressure that the ports observe will generally be affected by the aircraft's instantaneous angle of attack. The difference between that observed pressure and the actual atmospheric pressure (at altitude) causes a small position error in the instruments' indicated altitude and airspeed. A designer's objective in locating the static port is to minimize the resulting position
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%20Crystal
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is a 1990 video game developed and published by Sega for their Game Gear and Master System. The game is similar to and shares assets with Fatal Labyrinth, which was also released around that time.
Plot
As the player rides a bicycle one late afternoon, he turns down an alley never before noticed and enters an antique shop. There, a mysterious glowing crystal is sitting on a shelf. Upon approaching the crystal and gazing into it, a powerful force pulls the player in, causing a blackout.
The player awakens in a forest with a large egg following behind. This forest is a huge maze, crawling with dangerous creatures. The player finds weapons and other items scattered around with which to fight the monsters. The only way out is to continue onward, defeating monsters and growing in power along the way.
Gameplay
The player starts off in the middle of a maze level covered by fog. The first ten levels are a mix of trees, cacti, sunflowers, and Easter Island style statues. Progress is achieved by completing each floor and warping to the next by walking the character to a differently colored square, found by clearing the level.
Weapons, armor, potions, rings, food, money and enemies are randomly placed on the ground. If a player walks around for too long without picking up food, he will die of starvation. Cake objects give 11 to 27 and meat objects 42 to 46 food points and each food point allows the character to move six spaces on the screen and the maximum number of food points is 99
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangeretin
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Tangeretin is an O-polymethoxylated flavone that is found in tangerine and other citrus peels. Tangeretin strengthens the cell wall and acts as a plant's defensive mechanism against disease-causing pathogens.
It has also been used as a marker compound to detect contamination in citrus juices.
The following is a list of methods used to extract tangeretin from citrus peels:
column chromatography
preparative-high performance liquid chromatography
super critical fluid chromatography
high speed counter current chromatography
a combination of vacuum flash silica gel chromatography and flash C8 column chromatography
flash chromatography
isolation using ionic liquids and a cycle of centrifugation and decantation
The low solubility of Tangeretin is one of the main reasons for the low bioavailability of Tangeretin (and other flavonoids in general), and has been reported as a major challenge when using the compound in laboratory procedures.
However, methods for tangeretin extraction are currently being tested to maximize efficiency and percent yields as its uses in treatment of cancer and other diseases are becoming better understood.
Tangeretin is commercially available as a dietary supplement. Tangeretin has also demonstrated beneficial applications in other pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic processes.
Tangeretin can be found as various synonyms throughout literature and research, including Tangeritin and 5,6,7,8,4’-pentamethoxyflavone (VIII).
References
O-me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APCR
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APCR may refer to:
Armour-Piercing Composite Rigid - a type of armor piercing projectile
Association for Protection of Civil Rights - a non-governmental organization
Activated protein C resistance - a hemostatic disorder
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurobismuthite
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Tellurobismuthite, or tellurbismuth, is a telluride mineral: bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3). It crystallizes in the trigonal system. There are natural cleavage planes in the (0001) direction as the crystal is effectively lamellar (layered) in that plane. The Mohs hardness is 1.5 - 2 and the specific gravity is 7.815. It is a dull grey color, which exhibits a splendent luster on fresh cleavage planes.
Discovery and occurrence
It was first described in 1815 and type localities include the Mosnap mine in Toke, Telemark, Norway; the Little Mildred mine, Sylvanite District, Hidalgo County, New Mexico and the Boly Field Mine, Dahlonega, Lumpkin County, Georgia.
It occurs in low sulfur hydrothermal gold-quartz veins and occurs with native gold, native bismuth, gold tellurides, tetradymite, altaite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite.
See also
List of minerals
References
D. M Chizhikov and V. P. Shchastlivyi, 1966, Tellurium and Tellurides, Nauka Publishing, Moscow
Bismuth minerals
Telluride minerals
Tetradymite group
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 166
Minerals described in 1815
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonule%20of%20Zinn
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The zonule of Zinn () (Zinn's membrane, ciliary zonule) (after Johann Gottfried Zinn) is a ring of fibrous strands forming a zonule (little band) that connects the ciliary body with the crystalline lens of the eye. These fibers are sometimes collectively referred to as the suspensory ligaments of the lens, as they act like suspensory ligaments.
Development
The non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells of the eye synthesize portions of the zonules.
Anatomy
The zonule of Zinn is split into two layers: a thin layer, which lies near the hyaloid fossa, and a thicker layer, which is a collection of zonular fibers. Together, the fibers are known as the suspensory ligament of the lens. The zonules are about 1–2 μm in diameter.
The zonules attach to the lens capsule 2 mm anterior and 1 mm posterior to the equator, and arise of the ciliary epithelium from the pars plana region as well as from the valleys between the ciliary processes in the pars plicata.
When colour granules are displaced from the zonules of Zinn (by friction against the lens), the irises slowly fade. In some cases those colour granules clog the channels and lead to glaucoma pigmentosa.
The zonules are primarily made of fibrillin, a connective tissue protein. Mutations in the fibrillin gene lead to the condition Marfan syndrome, and consequences include an increased risk of lens dislocation.
Clinical appearance
The zonules of Zinn are difficult to visualize using a slit lamp, but may be seen with exceptional dil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilbenoid
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Stilbenoids are hydroxylated derivatives of stilbene. They have a C6–C2–C6 structure. In biochemical terms, they belong to the family of phenylpropanoids and share most of their biosynthesis pathway with chalcones. Most stilbenoids are produced by plants, and the only known exception is the antihelminthic and antimicrobial stilbenoid, 2-isopropyl-5-[(E)-2-phenylvinyl]benzene-1,3-diol, biosynthesized by the Gram-negative bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens.
Chemistry
Stilbenoids are hydroxylated derivatives of stilbene and have a C6–C2–C6 structure. They belong to the family of phenylpropanoids and share most of their biosynthesis pathway with chalcones. Under UV irradiation, stilbene and its derivatives undergo intramolecular cyclization, called stilbene photocyclization to form dihydrophenanthrenes. Oligomeric forms are known as oligostilbenoids.
Types
Aglycones
Piceatannol in the roots of Norway spruces
Pinosylvin is a fungal toxin protecting wood from fungal infection, found in trees of the pine family
Pterostilbene in almonds, pine and vaccinium berries
Resveratrol in grapes
Glycosides
Astringin in the bark of Norway spruce
Piceid is a resveratrol derivative in grape juices
Production
Stilbenoids are produced in various plants, for example they are secondary products of heartwood formation in trees that can act as phytoalexins. Another example is resveratrol, an antifungal which is found in grapes and which has been suggested to have health benefits. Ampelops
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu%E2%80%93Takaoka%20string%20matching%20algorithm
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In computer science, the Zhu–Takaoka string matching algorithm is a variant of the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm. It uses two consecutive text characters to compute the bad-character shift. It is faster when the alphabet or pattern is small, but the skip table grows quickly, slowing the pre-processing phase.
References
http://www-igm.univ-mlv.fr/~lecroq/string/node20.html
String matching algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation%20of%20exchange
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In monetary economics, the equation of exchange is the relation:
where, for a given period,
is the total money supply in circulation on average in an economy.
is the velocity of money, that is the average frequency with which a unit of money is spent.
is the price level.
is an index of real expenditures (on newly produced goods and services).
Thus PQ is the level of nominal expenditures. This equation is a rearrangement of the definition of velocity: V = PQ / M. As such, without the introduction of any assumptions, it is a tautology. The quantity theory of money adds assumptions about the money supply, the price level, and the effect of interest rates on velocity to create a theory about the causes of inflation and the effects of monetary policy.
In earlier analysis before the wide availability of the national income and product accounts, the equation of exchange was more frequently expressed in transactions form:
where
is the transactions velocity of money, that is the average frequency across all transactions with which a unit of money is spent (including not just expenditures on newly produced goods and services, but also purchases of used goods, financial transactions involving money, etc.).
is an index of the real value of aggregate transactions.
Foundation
The foundation of the equation of exchange is the more complex relation:
where:
and are the respective price and quantity of the i-th transaction.
is a row vector of the .
is a column vector of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P110%CE%B4
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Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform also known as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) delta isoform or p110δ is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIK3CD gene.
p110δ regulates immune function. In contrast to the other class IA PI3Ks p110α and p110β, p110δ is principally expressed in leukocytes (white blood cells). Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of p110δ has revealed that this enzyme is important for the function of T cells, B cell, mast cells and neutrophils. Hence, p110δ is a promising target for drugs that aim to prevent or treat inflammation, autoimmunity and transplant rejection.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) phosphorylate the 3-prime OH position of the inositol ring of inositol lipids. The class I PI3Ks display a broad phosphoinositide lipid substrate specificity and include p110α, p110β and p110γ. p110α and p110β interact with SH2/SH3-domain-containing p85 adaptor proteins and with GTP-bound Ras.
Biochemistry
Like the other class IA PI3Ks, p110δ is a catalytic subunit, whose activity and subcellular localisation are controlled by an associated p85α, p55α, p50α or p85β regulatory subunit. The p55γ regulatory subunit is not thought to be expressed at significant levels in immune cells. There is no evidence for selective association between p110α, p110β or p110δ for any particular regulatory subunit. The class IA regulatory subunits (collectively referred to here as p85) bind to proteins that have been pho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%20telluride
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Lead telluride is a compound of lead and tellurium (PbTe). It crystallizes in the NaCl crystal structure with Pb atoms occupying the cation and Te forming the anionic lattice. It is a narrow gap semiconductor with a band gap of 0.32 eV. It occurs naturally as the mineral altaite.
Properties
Dielectric constant ~1000.
Electron Effective mass ~ 0.01me
Hole mobility, μp = 600 cm2 V−1 s−1 (0 K); 4000 cm2 V−1 s−1 (300 K)
Applications
PbTe has proven to be a very important intermediate thermoelectric material. The performance of thermoelectric materials can be evaluated by the figure of merit, , in which is the Seebeck coefficient, is the electrical conductivity and is the thermal conductivity. In order to improve the thermoelectric performance of materials, the power factor () needs to be maximized and the thermal conductivity needs to be minimized.
The PbTe system can be optimized for power generation applications by improving the power factor via band engineering. It can be doped either n-type or p-type with appropriate dopants. Halogens are often used as n-type doping agents. PbCl2, PbBr2 and PbI2 are commonly used to produce donor centers. Other n-type doping agents such as Bi2Te3, TaTe2, MnTe2, will substitute for Pb and create uncharged vacant Pb-sites. These vacant sites are subsequently filled by atoms from the lead excess and the valence electrons of these vacant atoms will diffuse through crystal. Common p-type doping agents are Na2Te, K2Te and Ag2Te. They su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badil
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Badil may refer to:
Badil, Iran, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Al-badil (disambiguation), Arabic for the alternative
Crystal violet, by the trade name Badil
BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDF-1
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SDF-1 may refer to:
Stromal cell-derived factor 1, a protein in cell biology
SDF-1 Macross, a fictional spaceship from the anime series The Super Dimension Fortress Macross
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGAS
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Agas or AGAS may refer to:
Agăș, a commune in Bacău County, Romania
Agăș River, Romania
Antiglobalization activists in Syria
Amino-acid N-acetyltransferase, an enzyme
Neoabietadiene synthase, an enzyme
Ralph Agas (1540–1621), English land surveyor
Agas operations, Australian reconnaissance commandos operations in Borneo during World War II
Agha (Ottoman Empire)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef%20Hmimssa
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Youssef Hmimssa is a citizen of Morocco, who was convicted in a Detroit, Michigan court of fraud and who was a key witness in the case against the Detroit Sleeper Cell.
Biography
Hmimssa left Morocco in 1990, when he was 18. He spent the next four years in Europe, using false identity papers under the name Patrick Vuillame.
In 1994 he arrived in the United States. Hmimssa claims that other than living under a false identity he wasn't breaking any laws. He drove a cab, in Chicago, Illinois while he attended Northeastern University. In 1999 he received a bachelor's degree in Computer Science and Microsoft certified system engineer certificate.
Hmimssa says he was cheated of two months pay at his last computer job. He said the firm purposely hired illegal immigrants, knowing it could cheat them of their pay, without repercussions. He claimed this drove him to a life of crime.
Hmimssa returned to driving a cab, and acquired a clandestine credit card reader, and stole the information necessary to duplicate hundreds of credit cards from his cab fares.
In 2001 he moved to Detroit, where he met the men he testified against in the sleeper cell case. Richard Convertino characterized the defendants as "Takfiris" -- Jihadists so radical they would refrain from praying, and drink alcohol, so they could pass as westernised, secular Muslims, in order to plan clandestine terrorist attacks.
But the case unraveled on Hmimssa's testimony.
Alleged role in the aftermath of 9/11
Imm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude%20modulation%20signalling%20system
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The amplitude modulation signalling system (AMSS or the AM signalling system) is a digital system for adding low bit rate information to an analogue amplitude modulated broadcast signal in the same manner as the Radio Data System (RDS) for frequency modulated (FM) broadcast signals.
This system has been standardized in March 2006 by ETSI (TS 102 386) as an extension to the Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) system.
Broadcasting
AMSS data are broadcast from the following transmitters:
LW
RTL France: 234 kHz
SW
BBC World Service: 15.575 MHz
Formerly it was also used by:
MW
Truckradio 531 kHz
BBC World Service: 648 kHz
Deutschlandradio Kultur: 990 kHz
External links
ETSI TS 102 386 V1.2.1 (2006-03) directly from ETSI Publications Download Area (account or free registration required)
Radio technology
Broadcast engineering
2006 introductions
2006 establishments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMSS
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AMSS may stand for:
Metropolitan Area of San Salvador (Área Metropolitana de San Salvador)
Amarchand & Mangaldas & Suresh A Shroff & Co, an Indian law firm
Amplitude modulation signalling system, a digital system for adding information to AM broadcast signals
Ainsworth's Maternal Sensitivity Scale, a measure of maternal sensitivity
Aeronautical mobile-satellite service
Auto-Moto Association of Serbia, an FIA member organisation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20County%20Cricket%20Club
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London County Cricket Club was a short-lived cricket club founded by the Crystal Palace Company. In 1898 they invited WG Grace to help them form a first-class cricket club. Grace accepted the offer and became the club's secretary, manager and captain. As a result, he severed his connection with Gloucestershire CCC during the 1899 season. The club played first-class matches between 1900 and 1904.
The club's home ground was Crystal Palace Park Cricket Ground in south London. Some of the leading players of the time played matches for the club while continuing to play for their usual teams, among them CB Fry, JWHT Douglas, Albert Trott and Ranjitsinhji. The increase in the importance of the County Championship, Grace's own inevitable decline in form (given that he was over fifty years old) and the lack of a competitive element in the matches led to a decline in attendances and consequently meant the team lost money. The final first-class matches were played in 1904 and the enterprise folded in 1908.
In 2004 the club was relaunched by former Essex, Somerset and Leicestershire wicketkeeper-batsman Neil Burns as a mentoring organisation for the development and support of cricketers.
See also
List of London County Cricket Club players
Notes
References
WG Grace gets the hump, Cricinfo, 28 January 2006
Cricket Archive Scorecard Oracle
London County Cricket Club (home page of the modern club)
Further reading
Brian Pearce, Cricket at the Crystal Palace: W.G. Grace and the Lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuSK%20protein
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MuSK (for Muscle-Specific Kinase) is a receptor tyrosine kinase required for the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction. It is activated by a nerve-derived proteoglycan called agrin, which is similarly also required for neuromuscular junction formation.
MuSK signaling
Upon activation by its ligand agrin, MuSK signals via the proteins called casein kinase 2 (CK2), Dok-7 and rapsyn, to induce "clustering" of acetylcholine receptors (AChR). Both CK2 and Dok-7 are required for MuSK-induced formation of the neuromuscular junction, since mice lacking Dok-7 failed to form AChR clusters or neuromuscular synapses, and since downregulation of CK2 also impedes recruitment of AChR to the primary MuSK scaffold. In addition to the proteins mentioned, other proteins are then gathered, to form the endplate to the neuromuscular junction. The nerve terminates onto the endplate, forming the neuromuscular junction - a structure required to transmit nerve impulses to the muscle, and thus initiating muscle contraction.
Role in disease
Antibodies directed against this protein (Anti-MuSK autoantibodies) are found in some people with myasthenia gravis not demonstrating antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor. The disease still causes loss of acetylcholine receptor activity, but the symptoms affected people experience may differ from those of people with other causes of myasthenia gravis.
References
Tyrosine kinase receptors
Developmental neuroscience
Proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20sea%20anemone%20families
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Actiniaria form an order of animals in the class Anthozoa that includes sea anemones.
Taxonomy
Rodriguez et al proposed a new classification for the Actiniaria based on extensive DNA results.
Suborders, Superfamilies and Families included in Actiniaria are:
Suborder Anenthemonae
Superfamily Edwardsioidea
Family Edwardsiidae
Superfamily Actinernoidea
Family Actinernidae
Family Halcuriidae
Suborder Enthemonae
Superfamily Actinostoloidea
Family Actinostolidae
Family Halcampulactidae
Superfamily Actinioidea
Family Actiniidae
Family Actinodendridae
Family Andresiidae
Family Capneidae
Family Condylanthidae
Family Haloclavidae
Family Homostichanthidae
Family Iosactinidae
Family Limnactiniidae
Family Liponematidae
Family Minyadidae
Family Oractinidae
Family Phymanthidae
Family Preactiniidae
Family Ptychodactinidae
Family Stichodactylidae
Family Thalassianthidae
Superfamily Metridioidea
Family Acontiophoridae
Family Actinoscyphiidae
Family Aiptasiidae
Family Aiptasiomorphidae
Family Aliciidae
Family Amphianthidae
Family Andvakiidae
Family Antipodactinidae
Family Bathyphelliidae
Family Boloceroididae
Family Diadumenidae
Family Exocoelactinidae
Family Gonactiniidae
Family Halcampidae
Family Haliactinidae
Family Haliplanellidae
Family Hormathiidae
Family Isanthidae
Family Kadosactinidae
Family Metridiidae
Family Mimetridiidae
Family Nemanthidae
Family Nevadneidae
Family Octineonidae
Family Ostiactinidae
Family Phelliidae
Family R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Harrington%20theorem
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In mathematical logic, the Paris–Harrington theorem states that a certain combinatorial principle in Ramsey theory, namely the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem, which is expressible in Peano arithmetic, is not provable in this system. The combinatorial principle is however provable in slightly stronger systems.
This result has been described by some (such as the editor of the Handbook of Mathematical Logic in the references below) as the first "natural" example of a true statement about the integers that could be stated in the language of arithmetic, but not proved in Peano arithmetic; it was already known that such statements existed by Gödel's first incompleteness theorem.
Strengthened finite Ramsey theorem
The strengthened finite Ramsey theorem is a statement about colorings and natural numbers and states that:
For any positive integers n, k, m, such that m ≥ n, one can find N with the following property: if we color each of the n-element subsets of S = {1, 2, 3,..., N} with one of k colors, then we can find a subset Y of S with at least m elements, such that all n-element subsets of Y have the same color, and the number of elements of Y is at least the smallest element of Y.
Without the condition that the number of elements of Y is at least the smallest element of Y, this is a corollary of the finite Ramsey theorem in , with N given by:
Moreover, the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem can be deduced from the infinite Ramsey theorem in almost exactly the same way th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran%20Saposoa
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Gran Saposoa is the name given to a series of ruins in the Andean cloud forests of the Amazonas region of Peru by American explorer Gene Savoy. Savoy hypothesized that this site is the Pre-Columbian city of Cajamarquilla, built by the Chachapoyas culture, but "Cajamarquilla" is clearly identifiable in historical documents as the renamed modern highland town of Bolívar, Peru. Savoy claims that the ruins, consisting of hundreds of round stone structures, cover approximately 80 square miles (that's about the size of Baltimore, MD). He estimates that the settlement was home to 20,000 occupants.
The ruins of Gran Saposoa were encountered by Savoy and his team in 1999 and the discovery was highly publicized. Savoy received especially harsh criticism from Danish, German and American scholars who were already familiar with the site, and had even documented portions of it. In September 2005, Gene’s son Sean Savoy released a statement to the Associated Press indicating that upon a recent return to the archaeological site at Gran Saposoa, the team found the site had been looted. The news raised criticism not only of the Peruvian government for not adequately protecting the site, but also of Savoy and his team for revealing the location of the site and not providing adequate protection on their own. Protection of archaeological ruins remains an issue in Peru, since looters and black market sellers are extremely well financed.
See also
Gran Pajaten
History of Peru
External links
AP
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication%20factor%20C
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The replication factor C, or RFC, is a five-subunit protein complex that is required for DNA replication.
The subunits of this heteropentamer are named Rfc1, Rfc2, Rfc3, Rfc4, and Rfc5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RFC is used in eukaryotic replication as a clamp loader, similar to the γ Complex in Escherichia coli. Its role as a clamp loader involves catalyzing the loading of PCNA onto DNA. It binds to the 3' end of the DNA and uses ATP to open the ring of PCNA so that it can encircle the DNA. ATP hydrolysis causes the release of RFC, with concomitant clamp loading onto DNA. For DNA polymerase, RFC serves as primer identification. RFC plays an important role in the proliferation, invasion, and progression of various malignant tumors. RFC acts as a tumor suppressor gene.
RFC sub-units
The 5 subunits of replication factor C are
1.RFC1[140KDa]
2.RFC2[40KDa]
3.RFC3[38KDa]
4.RFC4[37KDa]
5.RFC5[36KDa]
Eukaryotes, yeast, mice, drosophila, calf thymus, humans, rice, and Arabidopsis all contain 5 subunits. There are genes such as 13q12.3-q13, 3q27, and p140 [RFC1], p40[RFC2], p38[RFC3], p37[RFC4],p36 [RFC5] are located on human chromosomal segments. RFC Boxes [1-8] are the amino acid sequences found in human replication factor C. RFC 1 is the largest RFC subunit, with 8RFC Boxes. Other RFC subunits also have 7 RFC boxes. RFC box 1 has a 90 amino acid-long region, while RFC box 2 is a highly conserved subunit. RFC box 3 includes a phosphate-binding loop. RFC box 5 is the sec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaiosome
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Elaiosomes ( élaion "oil" + sóma "body") are fleshy structures that are attached to the seeds of many plant species. The elaiosome is rich in lipids and proteins, and may be variously shaped. Many plants have elaiosomes that attract ants, which take the seed to their nest and feed the elaiosome to their larvae. After the larvae have consumed the elaiosome, the ants take the seed to their waste disposal area, which is rich in nutrients from the ant frass and dead bodies, where the seeds germinate. This type of seed dispersal is termed myrmecochory from the Greek "ant" (myrmex) and "circular dance" (khoreíā). This type of symbiotic relationship appears to be mutualistic, more specifically dispersive mutualism according to Ricklefs, R.E. (2001), as the plant benefits because its seeds are dispersed to favorable germination sites, and also because it is planted (carried underground) by the ants.
Elaiosomes develop in various ways either from seed tissues (chalaza, funiculus, hilum, raphe-antiraphe) or from fruit tissues (exocarp, receptacle, flower tube, perigonium, style or spicule). The various origins and developmental pathways apparently all serve the same main function, i.e. attracting ants. Because elaiosomes are present in at least 11,000, but possibly up to 23,000 species of plants, elaiosomes are a dramatic example of convergent evolution in flowering plants.
Caruncle
The particular elaiosome in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae is called caruncle (Latin caruncula "wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt%20descriptor%20table
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The interrupt descriptor table (IDT) is a data structure used by the x86 architecture to implement an interrupt vector table. The IDT is used by the processor to determine the correct response to interrupts and exceptions.
The details in the description below apply specifically to the x86 architecture. Other architectures have similar data structures, but may behave differently.
Use of the IDT is triggered by three types of events: hardware interrupts, software interrupts, and processor exceptions, which together are referred to as interrupts. The IDT consists of 256 interrupt vectors–the first 32 (0–31 or 0x00–0x1F) of which are used for processor exceptions.
Real mode
In real mode, the interrupt table is called IVT (interrupt vector table). Up to the 80286, the IVT always resided at the same location in memory, ranging from 0x0000 to 0x03ff, and consisted of 256 far pointers. Hardware interrupts may be mapped to any of the vectors by way of a programmable interrupt controller. On the 80286 and later, the size and locations of the IVT can be changed in the same way as it is done with the IDT (Interrupt descriptor table) in protected mode (i.e., via the LIDT (Load Interrupt Descriptor Table Register) instruction) though it does not change the format of it.
BIOS interrupts
The BIOS provides simple real-mode access to a subset of hardware facilities by registering interrupt handlers. They are invoked as software interrupts with the INT assembly instruction and the parame
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%28D%29J%20recombination
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V(D)J recombination is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. It results in the highly diverse repertoire of antibodies/immunoglobulins and T cell receptors (TCRs) found in B cells and T cells, respectively. The process is a defining feature of the adaptive immune system.
V(D)J recombination in mammals occurs in the primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow for B cells and thymus for T cells) and in a nearly random fashion rearranges variable (V), joining (J), and in some cases, diversity (D) gene segments. The process ultimately results in novel amino acid sequences in the antigen-binding regions of immunoglobulins and TCRs that allow for the recognition of antigens from nearly all pathogens including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and worms as well as "altered self cells" as seen in cancer. The recognition can also be allergic in nature (e.g. to pollen or other allergens) or may match host tissues and lead to autoimmunity.
In 1987, Susumu Tonegawa was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity".
Background
Human antibody molecules (including B cell receptors) are composed of heavy and light chains, each of which contains both constant (C) and variable (V) regions, genetically encoded on three loci:
The immunoglobulin heavy locus (IGH@) on chromosome 14, containing the gene segments for the immuno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20literary%20terms
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This glossary of literary terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in the discussion, classification, analysis, and criticism of all types of literature, such as poetry, novels, and picture books, as well as of grammar, syntax, and language techniques. For a more complete glossary of terms relating to poetry in particular, see Glossary of poetry terms.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
See also
Glossary of poetry terms
Index of literature articles
Literary criticism
Literary theory
References
Further reading
M. H. Abrams. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Thomson-Wadsworth, 2005. .
Chris Baldick. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford Univ. Press, 2001. .
Edwin Barton & G. A. Hudson. Contemporary Guide To Literary Terms. Houghton-Mifflin, 2003. .
Mark Bauerlein. Literary Criticism: An Autopsy. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1997. .
Karl Beckson & Arthur Ganz. Literary Terms: A Dictionary. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989. .
Peter Childs. The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms. Routledge, 2005. .
J. A. Cuddon. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Penguin Books, 2000. .
Dana Gioia. The Longman Dictionary of Literary Terms: Vocabulary for the Informed Reader. Longman, 2005. .
Garner, Bryan. Garner's Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press, 2016.
Sharon Hamilton. Essential Literary Terms: A Brief Norton Guide with Exercises. W. W. Norton, 2006. .
William Harmon. A Handbook t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innisfree%2C%20Alberta
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Innisfree is a village in central Alberta, Canada. It is located 52 km west of Vermilion along the Yellowhead Highway.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Innisfree had a population of 187 living in 94 of its 124 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 193. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
The population of the Village of Innisfree according to its 2017 municipal census is 223.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Innisfree recorded a population of 193 living in 96 of its 126 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 220. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of villages in Alberta
References
External links
1911 establishments in Alberta
County of Minburn No. 27
Villages in Alberta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch%20angle%20%28particle%20motion%29
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The pitch angle of a charged particle is the angle between the particle's velocity vector and the local magnetic field. This is a common measurement and topic when studying the magnetosphere, magnetic mirrors, biconic cusps and polywells. See Aurora and Ring current
Usage: particle motion
It is customary to discuss the direction a particle is heading by its pitch angle. A pitch angle of 0 degrees is a particle whose parallel motion is perfectly along the local magnetic field. In the northern hemisphere this particle would be heading down toward the Earth (and the opposite in the southern hemisphere). A pitch angle of 90 degrees is a particle that is locally mirroring (see: Magnetosphere particle motion).
Special case: equatorial pitch angle
The equatorial pitch angle of a particle is the pitch angle of the particle at the Earth's geomagnetic equator. This angle defines the loss cone of a particle. The loss cone is the set of angles where the particle will strike the atmosphere and no longer be trapped in the magnetosphere while particles with pitch angles outside the loss cone will mirror and continue to be trapped.
Where is the equatorial pitch angle of the particle, is the equatorial magnetic field strength at the surface of the earth, and is the field strength at the mirror point. Notice that this is independent of charge, mass, or kinetic energy.
This is due to the invariance of the magnetic moment . At the point of reflection, the particle has zero para
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions%20on%20surfaces
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Reactions on surfaces are reactions in which at least one of the steps of the reaction mechanism is the adsorption of one or more reactants. The mechanisms for these reactions, and the rate equations are of extreme importance for heterogeneous catalysis. Via scanning tunneling microscopy, it is possible to observe reactions at the solid gas interface in real space, if the time scale of the reaction is in the correct range. Reactions at the solid–gas interface are in some cases related to catalysis.
Simple decomposition
If a reaction occurs through these steps:
A + S ⇌ AS → Products
where A is the reactant and S is an adsorption site on the surface and the respective rate constants for the adsorption, desorption and reaction are k1, k−1 and k2, then the global reaction rate is:
where:
r is the rate, mol·m−2·s−1
is the concentration of adsorbate, mol·m−3
is the surface concentration of occupied sites, mol·m−2
is the concentration of all sites (occupied or not), mol·m−2
is the surface coverage, (i.e. ) defined as the fraction of sites which are occupied, which is dimensionless
is time, s
is the rate constant for the surface reaction, s−1.
is the rate constant for surface adsorption, m3·mol−1·s−1
is the rate constant for surface desorption, s−1
is highly related to the total surface area of the adsorbent: the greater the surface area, the more sites and the faster the reaction. This is the reason why heterogeneous catalysts are usually chosen to have great surface a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI
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RTI or Rti may refer to:
Broadcasters
Radiodiffusion Television Ivoirienne, state broadcaster of Ivory Coast
Radio Taiwan International, an international radio station in Taiwan
Reti Televisive Italiane, a subsidiary of Italian media company Mediaset
Other businesses
RTI International, formerly Research Triangle Institute, a not-for-profit American research organization
RTI International Metals, an American company producing titanium
RTI Producciones, a Colombian television production company
In science and technology
In computing and telecommunications
Run-time infrastructure (simulation)
In medicine
Reproductive tract infection
Respiratory tract infection
Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, a class of antiretroviral drug
Other uses in science and technology
Ramp travel index, a measure of an off road vehicle articulation, ability to keep all wheels in contact with the ground over uneven terrain
Rayleigh–Taylor instability, an instability of an interface between two fluids of different densities which occurs when the lighter fluid is pushing the heavier fluid
referred-to-input
Reflectance Transformation Imaging, a computational photographic method that can reveal hidden details about cultural or forensic artifacts
Receiver Transmitter line card, in the MIDS radio communication standard
Response Time Index, a measure of the thermal responsiveness of fire sprinklers
Relative temperature index, UL plastic thermal-aging criteria
Other uses
Response to in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20partial%20derivative%20test
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In mathematics, the second partial derivative test is a method in multivariable calculus used to determine if a critical point of a function is a local minimum, maximum or saddle point.
Functions of two variables
Suppose that is a differentiable real function of two variables whose second partial derivatives exist and are continuous. The Hessian matrix of is the 2 × 2 matrix of partial derivatives of :
Define to be the determinant
of . Finally, suppose that is a critical point of , that is, that . Then the second partial derivative test asserts the following:
If and then is a local minimum of .
If and then is a local maximum of .
If then is a saddle point of .
If then the point could be any of a minimum, maximum, or saddle point (that is, the test is inconclusive).
Sometimes other equivalent versions of the test are used. In cases 1 and 2, the requirement that is positive at implies that and have the same sign there. Therefore, the second condition, that be greater (or less) than zero, could equivalently be that or be greater (or less) than zero at that point.
A condition implicit in the statement of the test is that if or , it must be the case that and therefore only cases 3 or 4 are possible.
Functions of many variables
For a function f of three or more variables, there is a generalization of the rule above. In this context, instead of examining the determinant of the Hessian matrix, one must look at the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonic%20field
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In quantum field theory, a bosonic field is a quantum field whose quanta are bosons; that is, they obey Bose–Einstein statistics. Bosonic fields obey canonical commutation relations, as distinct from the canonical anticommutation relations obeyed by fermionic fields.
Examples include scalar fields, describing spin-0 particles such as the Higgs boson, and gauge fields, describing spin-1 particles such as the photon.
Basic properties
Free (non-interacting) bosonic fields obey canonical commutation relations. Those relations also hold for interacting bosonic fields in the interaction picture, where the fields evolve in time as if free and the effects of the interaction are encoded in the evolution of the states. It is these commutation relations that imply Bose–Einstein statistics for the field quanta.
Examples
Examples of bosonic fields include scalar fields, gauge fields, and symmetric 2-tensor fields, which are characterized by their covariance under Lorentz transformations and have spins 0, 1 and 2, respectively. Physical examples, in the same order, are the Higgs field, the photon field, and the graviton field. Of the last two, only the photon field can be quantized using the conventional methods of canonical or path integral quantization. This has led to the theory of quantum electrodynamics, one of the most successful theories in physics. Quantization of gravity, on the other hand, is a long-standing problem that has led to development of theories such as string theor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming%20language%20theory
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Programming language theory (PLT) is a branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, analysis, characterization, and classification of formal languages known as programming languages. Programming language theory is closely related to other fields including mathematics, software engineering, and linguistics. There are a number of academic conferences and journals in the area.
History
In some ways, the history of programming language theory predates even the development of programming languages themselves. The lambda calculus, developed by Alonzo Church and Stephen Cole Kleene in the 1930s, is considered by some to be the world's first programming language, even though it was intended to model computation rather than being a means for programmers to describe algorithms to a computer system. Many modern functional programming languages have been described as providing a "thin veneer" over the lambda calculus, and many are easily described in terms of it.
The first programming language to be invented was Plankalkül, which was designed by Konrad Zuse in the 1940s, but not publicly known until 1972 (and not implemented until 1998). The first widely known and successful high-level programming language was Fortran, developed from 1954 to 1957 by a team of IBM researchers led by John Backus. The success of FORTRAN led to the formation of a committee of scientists to develop a "universal" computer language; the result of their effort was ALGOL 58. Separatel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion%20flame
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In combustion, a diffusion flame is a flame in which the oxidizer and fuel are separated before burning. Contrary to its name, a diffusion flame involves both diffusion and convection processes. The name diffusion flame was first suggested by S.P. Burke and T.E.W. Schumann in 1928, to differentiate from premixed flame where fuel and oxidizer are premixed prior to burning. The diffusion flame is also referred to as nonpremixed flame. The burning rate is however still limited by the rate of diffusion. Diffusion flames tend to burn slower and to produce more soot than premixed flames because there may not be sufficient oxidizer for the reaction to go to completion, although there are some exceptions to the rule. The soot typically produced in a diffusion flame becomes incandescent from the heat of the flame and lends the flame its readily identifiable orange-yellow color. Diffusion flames tend to have a less-localized flame front than premixed flames.
The contexts for diffusion may vary somewhat. For instance, a candle uses the heat of the flame itself to vaporize its wax fuel and the oxidizer (oxygen) diffuses into the flame from the surrounding air, while a gaslight flame (or the safety flame of a Bunsen burner) uses fuel already in the form of a vapor.
Diffusion flames are often studied in counter flow (also called opposed jet) burners. Their interest is due to possible application in the flamelet model for turbulent combustion. Furthermore they provide a convenient way to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosameric
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Eicosameric refers to biological polymers or multimers having exactly twenty 'monomers' (or 20 repeating components).
Protein complexes having exactly 20 subunits are referred to as eicosameric (or sometimes 20-Meric).
Examples of eicosameric protein complexes include;
The rat GTPCHI/GFRP stimulatory complex (involved in regulating sub cellular signalling cascades)
See also
Protein quaternary structure
External links
The Macromolecular Structure Database (MSD) at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) serves a list of the Probabable Quaternary Structure (PQS) for every protein in the Protein Data Bank (PDB).
The Protein Interfaces, Surfaces and Assemblies (Pisa) server at the MSD.
Protein structure
Polymers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic%20Bird%20Areas%20of%20the%20World
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Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation represents an effort to document in detail the endemic biodiversity conservation importance of the world's Endemic Bird Areas.
The authors are Alison J. Stattersfield, Michael J. Crosby, Adrian J. Long, and David C. Wege, with a foreword by Queen Noor of Jordan. Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation contains 846 pages, and is a 1998 publication by Birdlife International, No. 7 in their Birdlife Conservation Series.
Six Introductory Sections
The book has six introductory sections:
"Biodiversity and Priority setting"
"Identifying Endemic Bird Areas"
"Global Analyses"
"The Prioritization of Endemic Bird Areas"
"The Conservation Relevance of Endemic Bird Areas"
"Endemic Bird Areas as Targets for Conservation Action"
Six Regional Introductions
These are then followed by six Regional Introductions, in which Endemic Bird Areas are grouped into six major regions:
North and Central America
South America
Africa, Europe, and the Middle East
Continental Asia
South-east Asian Islands, New Guinea and Australia
Pacific Islands
Endemic Bird Areas
The bulk of the book consists of accounts of each of the 218 Endemic Bird Areas. Each account contains the following information:
summary statistics about the EBA
A "General Characteristics" section
A section giving an overview of the restricted-range endemic bird species found in the EBA
A Threats and Conservation sectio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caput%20succedaneum
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Caput succedaneum is a neonatal condition involving a serosanguinous, subcutaneous, extraperiosteal fluid collection with poorly defined margins caused by the pressure of the presenting part of the scalp against the dilating cervix (tourniquet effect of the cervix) during delivery.
It involves bleeding below the scalp and above the periosteum.
See also
Cephalohematoma
Cephalic
Chignon (medical term)
Hematoma
Subgaleal hemorrhage
References
External links
Birth trauma
Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphamosaic
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Alphamosaic Ltd was a fabless semiconductor company specialising in low power mobile multimedia processors, based on their VideoCore architecture.
Alphamosaic was founded in Cambridge, UK by Robert Swann and Steve Barlow in October 2000, as a spin out from Cambridge Consultants supported by venture capital from Prelude Trust, ACT and TTP Ventures.
Developed at a time when video and multimedia processing was challenging on mobile devices, the technology centered round a novel 2D digital signal processor (DSP) architecture called VideoCore for low-power processing of video and images. It was used in consumer devices including phones from Samsung and the first Apple video iPod to handle video record and playback, image capture and processing, audio capture and processing, graphics, games and ringtones.
In September 2004, Alphamosaic was acquired by Broadcom for $123 million, forming its Mobile Multimedia group on the Cambridge Science Park site.
Initial products VC01 and VC02 were multimedia coprocessors, later products were application processors. For a list of products, see VideoCore.
See also
VideoCore
References
Broadcom
Companies based in Cambridge
2004 mergers and acquisitions
Defunct computer companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance%20decomposition%20of%20forecast%20errors
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In econometrics and other applications of multivariate time series analysis, a variance decomposition or forecast error variance decomposition (FEVD) is used to aid in the interpretation of a vector autoregression (VAR) model once it has been fitted. The variance decomposition indicates the amount of information each variable contributes to the other variables in the autoregression. It determines how much of the forecast error variance of each of the variables can be explained by exogenous shocks to the other variables.
Calculating the forecast error variance
For the VAR (p) of form
.
This can be changed to a VAR(1) structure by writing it in companion form (see general matrix notation of a VAR(p))
where
, , and
where , and are dimensional column vectors, is by dimensional matrix and , and are dimensional column vectors.
The mean squared error of the h-step forecast of variable is
and where
is the jth column of and the subscript refers to that element of the matrix
where is a lower triangular matrix obtained by a Cholesky decomposition of such that , where is the covariance matrix of the errors
where so that is a by dimensional matrix.
The amount of forecast error variance of variable accounted for by exogenous shocks to variable is given by
See also
Analysis of variance
Notes
Multivariate time series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelkar
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Shelkar or Shekar, (Tibetan: , "white crystal") also called New Tingri, is the administrative centre for Tingri County, Shigatse Prefecture in southern Tibet Autonomous Region.
Location
The town lies 7 km off the Friendship Highway between Lhatse and Tingri, at an altitude of about 4,300 metres (approx. 14,107 feet), at the southern foot of 5,260 m high Gyatso La. It is approximately 60 km north-west of Mount Everest and just over 50 km from the Nepali border in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.
Landmarks
Shelkar is famous for the Shelkar Chode Monastery, a Gelug monastery which was completely destroyed but is being restored. Despite being founded in 1266 by a Kagyu lama, it has been a Gelugpa monastery since the 17th century, and formerly had some 400 monks. Although, destroyed by the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution, the assembly hall has been rebuilt, and there is an active branch monastery in Boudhanath, Nepal.
The old Shekar Dorje dzong, or fort, is above the new town and used to enclose Shekar Chode. The ruins of the old Dzong are located on the hill behind the monastery.
Gateway to Everest
The early British expeditions to Mount Everest in 1921, 1922 and 1924 all stopped at Shelkar Dzong on their way from Darjeeling to the northern side of Everest.
Footnotes
References
External links
Photograph of Shekar Dzong in 1924 at The Bentley Beetham Collection
Populated places in Shigatse
Township-level divisions of Tibet
Buddhist monasteries in Tibet
B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefimenko%27s%20equations
|
In electromagnetism, Jefimenko's equations (named after Oleg D. Jefimenko) give the electric field and magnetic field due to a distribution of electric charges and electric current in space, that takes into account the propagation delay (retarded time) of the fields due to the finite speed of light and relativistic effects. Therefore they can be used for moving charges and currents. They are the particular solutions to Maxwell's equations for any arbitrary distribution of charges and currents.
Equations
Electric and magnetic fields
Jefimenko's equations give the electric field E and magnetic field B produced by an arbitrary charge or current distribution, of charge density ρ and current density J:
where r′ is a point in the charge distribution, r is a point in space, and
is the retarded time. There are similar expressions for D and H.
These equations are the time-dependent generalization of Coulomb's law and the Biot–Savart law to electrodynamics, which were originally true only for electrostatic and magnetostatic fields, and steady currents.
Origin from retarded potentials
Jefimenko's equations can be found from the retarded potentials φ and A:
which are the solutions to Maxwell's equations in the potential formulation, then substituting in the definitions of the electromagnetic potentials themselves:
and using the relation
replaces the potentials φ and A by the fields E and B.
Heaviside–Feynman formula
The Heaviside–Feynman formula, also known as the Jefimenk
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaccagnaite
|
Zaccagnaite is a mineral, with a formula Zn4Al2CO3(OH)12·3H2O. It occurs as white hexagonal crystals associated with calcite in cavites in Carrara marble of the Italian Alps and is thought to have formed by hydrothermal alteration of sphalerite in an aluminium rich environment. It is named after Domenico Zaccagna (1851–1940), an Italian mineral collector.
See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people
References
Webmineral data
Mindat.org
Zinc minerals
Aluminium minerals
Carbonate minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 194
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewcell
|
Dewcells, dewcels or dew cell are instruments used for determining the dew point. They consist of a small heating element surrounded by a solution of lithium chloride. As the LiCl absorbs moisture from the air, conduction across the heating element increases, current in it increases, and heat increases, evaporating moisture from the salt solution. At a certain temperature the amount of moisture absorbed by the salt solution equals the amount evaporated (equilibrium).
Inside the dewcell core a thermistor composite (or other temperature measurement device) changes electrical resistance with the temperature created by the heating. A front end processor provides a reference voltage, measures the output of the network, and calculates the dew point.
References
External links
Foxboro Dewcel documentation
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological%20examination
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A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired. This typically includes a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history, but not deeper investigation such as neuroimaging. It can be used both as a screening tool and as an investigative tool, the former of which when examining the patient when there is no expected neurological deficit and the latter of which when examining a patient where you do expect to find abnormalities. If a problem is found either in an investigative or screening process, then further tests can be carried out to focus on a particular aspect of the nervous system (such as lumbar punctures and blood tests).
In general, a neurological examination is focused on finding out whether there are lesions in the central and peripheral nervous systems or there is another diffuse process that is troubling the patient. Once the patient has been thoroughly tested, it is then the role of the physician to determine whether these findings combine to form a recognizable medical syndrome or neurological disorder such as Parkinson's disease or motor neurone disease. Finally, it is the role of the physician to find the cause for why such a problem has occurred, for example finding whether the problem is due to inflammation or is congenital.
Indications
A neurological examination is indicated whenever a healthcare provider suspects that a patient
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoliquiritigenin
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Isoliquiritigenin is a phenolic chemical compound found in licorice.
Metabolism
The enzyme 6'-deoxychalcone synthase uses malonyl-CoA, 4-coumaroyl-CoA, NADPH, and H+ to produce CoA, isoliquiritigenin, CO2, NADP+, and H2O.
The enzyme isoliquiritigenin 2'-O-methyltransferase further transforms isoliquiritigenin into 2'-O-methylisoliquiritigenin.
Mechanism of action
Isoliquiritigenin has been found to be a potent (65 times higher affinity than diazepam) GABA-A benzodiapine receptor positive allosteric modulator. It can target miR-301b/LRIG1 signaling pathways, resulting in the inhibition of melanoma growth in vitro.
References
Chalconoids
Phenols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Bureau%20of%20Statistics%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Moldova
|
The National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (NBS; , abbr. BNS) is the central administrative authority which, as the central statistical body, manages and coordinates the activity in the field of statistics from the country.
In its activity, NBS acts according to the Constitution of the Republic of Moldova, the Law on official statistics, other legislative acts, Parliament decisions, decrees of the President of the Republic of Moldova, ordinances, decisions and Government orders, international treaties of which the Republic of Moldova is part of.
The NBS elaborates independently or in collaboration with other central administrative bodies and approves the methodologies of statistical and calculation surveys of statistical indicators, in accordance with international standards, especially those of the European Union, and with the advanced practice of other countries, as well as taking into account the peculiarities of the socio-economic conditions of the Republic of Moldova, organizes, following the programme of statistical works, annually approved by the Government, statistical surveys regarding the situation and economic, social, demographic development of the country, performing the works related to the collection, processing, centralizing, storage and dissemination of statistical data.
The content published by National Bureau of Statistics on its website may be reused completely or partly, in original or modified, as well as its storage in a retrieval s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20activity
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Star activity is the relaxation or alteration of the specificity of restriction enzyme mediated cleavage of DNA that can occur under reaction conditions that differ significantly from those optimal for the enzyme. The result is typically cleavage at non-canonical recognition sites, or sometimes complete loss of specificity.
Differences which can lead to star include low ionic strength, high pH, and high (> 5% v/v) glycerol concentrations. The latter condition is of particular practical interest, since commercial restriction enzymes are usually supplied in a buffer containing a substantial amount of glycerol (50% v/v is typical), meaning insufficient dilution of the enzyme solution can cause star activity; this problem most often arises during double or multiple digests.
Star activity can happen because of presence of Mg2+, as is seen in HindIII, for example.
The term star activity was introduced by Mayer who characterized the modified activity in EcoRI.
External links
Star Activity - New England Biolabs
Star Activity (Relaxation of Specificity) - Fermentas
Star activity of restriction enzymes - a detailed list from TaKaRa
References
Restriction enzymes
DNA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8A
|
8A, VIII-A or 8a may refer to :
Aisle 8A, the 64th episode of the animated situation comedy King of the Hill
Bone morphogenetic protein 8A in biochemistry
Cyg OB2 -8A, a blue star
Greek National Road 8A
GCR Class 8A, a class of British 0-8-0 steam locomotive
Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8A, a successor to the Tipo 8 model car
Massachusetts Route 8A
Nevada State Route 8A
Secondary State Highway 8A (Washington)
Stalag VIII-A, a German prisoners of war camp
and also :
Atlas Blue IATA airline designator
8(a) Business Development Program a loan program administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration
See also
A8 (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8F
|
8F or VIII-F may refer to :
LMS Stanier Class 8F, a 1935 British 2-8-0 heavy freight steam locomotive
A classification of steam locomotives by British Railways, denoting a locomotive rated for large freight duties
Oflag VIII-F, a German prisoner of war camp
Stalag VIII-F, a German prisoner of war camp
Fischer Air IATA airline designator
See also
F8 (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7F
|
7F or 7-F can refer to:
IATA code for First Air
Vought YA-7F attack aircraft
VE-7F, a model of Vought VE-7
TRANSYT-7F traffic simulation and signal timing optimization program
S&DJR 7F 2-8-0, or Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR) 7F 2-8-0
AL-7F, a model of Lyulka AL-7
AIM-7F, a model of AIM-7 Sparrow
7F, the hexadecimal value for DEL in binary to ASCII conversion.
7F, the production code for the 1987 Doctor Who serial Delta and the Bannermen
See also
F7 (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corum
|
Corum may refer to:
People
Gene Corum (1921-2010), American football coach
James Corum, American military historian
Lora L. Corum (1899-1949), American racecar driver
Places
Çorum, city in Turkey; capital of Çorum Province
Çorum Province, district in Turkey's Black Sea Region
Corum, Acıpayam
Corum (Montpellier), building in Montpellier, France
Corum, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community in the American state.
Elements in works of English author Michael Moorcock
Corum Jhaelen Irsei, protagonist in a series of books published between 1971 and 1974
Corum, supplement to role-playing game Stormbringer, published in 2001 by Darcsyde Productions
Other uses
Corum (watchmakers), Swiss watch manufacturing concern based in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Canton of Neuchâtel
Corum II: Dark Lord, 1999 video game
Corum Jhaelen Irsei, fictional character
See also
Coram (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliverdin%20reductase
|
Biliverdin reductase (BVR) is an enzyme () found in all tissues under normal conditions, but especially in reticulo-macrophages of the liver and spleen. BVR facilitates the conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin via the reduction of a double-bond between the second and third pyrrole ring into a single-bond.
There are two isozymes, in humans, each encoded by its own gene, biliverdin reductase A (BLVRA) and biliverdin reductase B (BLVRB).
Mechanism of catalysis
BVR acts on biliverdin by reducing its double-bond between the pyrrole rings into a single-bond. It accomplishes this using NADPH + H+ as an electron donor, forming bilirubin and NADP+ as products.
BVR catalyzes this reaction through an overlapping binding site including Lys18, Lys22, Lys179, Arg183, and Arg185 as key residues. This binding site attaches to biliverdin, and causes its dissociation from heme oxygenase (HO) (which catalyzes reaction of ferric heme --> biliverdin), causing the subsequent reduction to bilirubin.
Structure
BVR is composed of two closely packed domains, between 247-415 amino acids long and containing a Rossmann fold. BVR has also been determined to be a zinc-binding protein with each enzyme protein having one strong-binding zinc atom.
The C-terminal half of BVR contains the catalytic domain, which adopts a structure containing a six-stranded beta-sheet that is flanked on one face by several alpha-helices. This domain contains the catalytic active site, which reduces the gamma-methene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coacervate
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Coacervate ( or ) is an aqueous phase rich in macromolecules such as synthetic polymers, proteins or nucleic acids. It forms through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), leading to a dense phase in thermodynamic equilibrium with a dilute phase. The dispersed droplets of dense phase are also called coacervates, micro-coacervates or coacervate droplets. These structures draw a lot of interest because they form spontaneously from aqueous mixtures and provide stable compartmentalization without the need of a membrane.
The term coacervate was coined in 1929 by Dutch chemist Hendrik G. Bungenberg de Jong and Hugo R. Kruyt while studying lyophilic colloidal dispersions. The name is a reference to the clustering of colloidal particles, like bees in a swarm. The concept was later borrowed by Russian biologist Alexander I. Oparin to describe the proteinoid microspheres proposed to be primitive cells (protocells) on early Earth. Coacervate-like protocells are at the core of the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis.
A reawakening of coacervate research was seen in the 2000s, starting with the recognition in 2004 by scientists at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) that some marine invertebrates (such as the sandcastle worm) exploit complex coacervation to produce water-resistant biological adhesives. A few years later in 2009 the role of liquid-liquid phase separation was further recognized to be involved in the formation of certain membraneless organelles by the biophysicists Cli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPD-Link
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Flat Panel Display Link, more commonly referred to as FPD-Link, is the original high-speed digital video interface created in 1996 by National Semiconductor (now within Texas Instruments). It is a free and open standard for connecting the output from a graphics processing unit in a laptop, tablet computer, flat panel display, or LCD television to the display panel's timing controller.
Most laptops, tablet computers, flat-panel monitors, and TVs used the interface internally through 2010, when industry leaders AMD, Dell, Intel, Lenovo, LG, and Samsung together announced that they would be phasing out this interface by 2013 in favor of embedded DisplayPort (eDP).
FPD-Link and LVDS
FPD-Link was the first large-scale application of the low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) standard. National Semiconductor immediately provided interoperability specifications for the FPD-Link technology in order to promote it as a free and open standard, and thus other IC suppliers were able to copy it. FlatLink by TI was the first interoperable version of FPD-Link.
By the end of the twentieth century, the major notebook computer manufacturers created the Standard Panels Working Group (SPWG) and made FPD-Link / FlatLink the standard for transferring graphics and video through the notebook's hinge.
Automotive and more applications
In automotive applications, FPD-Link is commonly used for navigation systems, in-car entertainment, and backup cameras, as well as other advanced driver-assist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBE
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PBE may refer to:
Population balance equation
Potential buoyant energy or convective available potential energy (CAPE)
Programming by example, in computing
Password-based encryption
Protective Breathing Equipment, smoke hoods on aircraft
Phi Beta Epsilon, an MIT fraternity
Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20kernel
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In the mathematical study of heat conduction and diffusion, a heat kernel is the fundamental solution to the heat equation on a specified domain with appropriate boundary conditions. It is also one of the main tools in the study of the spectrum of the Laplace operator, and is thus of some auxiliary importance throughout mathematical physics. The heat kernel represents the evolution of temperature in a region whose boundary is held fixed at a particular temperature (typically zero), such that an initial unit of heat energy is placed at a point at time t = 0.
The most well-known heat kernel is the heat kernel of d-dimensional Euclidean space Rd, which has the form of a time-varying Gaussian function,
This solves the heat equation
for all t > 0 and x,y ∈ Rd, where Δ is the Laplace operator, with the initial condition
where δ is a Dirac delta distribution and the limit is taken in the sense of distributions. To wit, for every smooth function ϕ of compact support,
On a more general domain Ω in Rd, such an explicit formula is not generally possible. The next simplest cases of a disc or square involve, respectively, Bessel functions and Jacobi theta functions. Nevertheless, the heat kernel (for, say, the Dirichlet problem) still exists and is smooth for t > 0 on arbitrary domains and indeed on any Riemannian manifold with boundary, provided the boundary is sufficiently regular. More precisely, in these more general domains, the heat kernel for the Dirichlet problem is the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Fortran
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GNU Fortran (GFortran) is an implementation of the Fortran programming language in the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), an open-source and free software project maintained in the open-source programmer community under the umbrella of the GNU Project. It is the successor to previous compiler versions in the suite, such as g77.
History
As of July 2020, GFortran had almost fully implemented Fortran 2008, and about 20% of Fortran 2018. It supports the OpenMP multi-platform shared memory multiprocessing, up to its latest version (4.5). GFortran is also compatible with most language extensions and compilation options supported by g77, and many other popular extensions of the Fortran language.
Since GCC version 4.0.0, released in April 2005, GFortran has replaced the older g77 compiler. The new Fortran front-end for GCC was rewritten from scratch, after the principal author and maintainer of g77, Craig Burley, decided in 2001 to stop working on the g77 front end. GFortran forked off from g95 in January 2003, which itself started in early 2000. The two codebases have "significantly diverged" according to GCC developers, and g95 is not maintained anymore since 2013. Since 2010 the front-end, like the rest of the GCC project, has been migrated to C++, where it was previously written in C. Development of the compiler by volunteer users continues and each new version of GCC incorporates better support for the latest language standards and bug fixes.
See also
Cray pointer
Quadruple pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofilament
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Myofilaments are the three protein filaments of myofibrils in muscle cells. The main proteins involved are myosin, actin, and titin. Myosin and actin are the contractile proteins and titin is an elastic protein. The myofilaments act together in muscle contraction, and in order of size are a thick one of mostly myosin, a thin one of mostly actin, and a very thin one of mostly titin.
Types of muscle tissue are striated skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, obliquely striated muscle (found in some invertebrates), and non-striated smooth muscle. Various arrangements of myofilaments create different muscles. Striated muscle has transverse bands of filaments. In obliquely striated muscle, the filaments are staggered. Smooth muscle has irregular arrangements of filaments.
Structure
There are three different types of myofilaments: thick, thin, and elastic filaments.
Thick filaments consist primarily of a type of myosin, a motor protein – myosin II. Each thick filament is approximately 15 nm in diameter, and each is made of several hundred molecules of myosin. A myosin molecule is shaped like a golf club, with a tail formed of two intertwined chains and a double globular head projecting from it at an angle. Half of the myosin heads angle to the left and half of them angle to the right, creating an area in the middle of the filament known as the M-region or bare zone.
Thin filaments, are 7 nm in diameter, and consist primarily of the protein actin, specifically filamentous F-actin.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintile
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Quintile may refer to:
In statistics, a quantile for the case where the sample or population is divided into fifths
Quintiles, a biotechnology research company based in the United States
Quintile (astrology), a type of astrological aspect formed by a 72° angle
See also
1/5 (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%E2%80%93Mauguin%20notation
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In geometry, Hermann–Mauguin notation is used to represent the symmetry elements in point groups, plane groups and space groups. It is named after the German crystallographer Carl Hermann (who introduced it in 1928) and the French mineralogist Charles-Victor Mauguin (who modified it in 1931). This notation is sometimes called international notation, because it was adopted as standard by the International Tables For Crystallography since their first edition in 1935.
The Hermann–Mauguin notation, compared with the Schoenflies notation, is preferred in crystallography because it can easily be used to include translational symmetry elements, and it specifies the directions of the symmetry axes.
Point groups
Rotation axes are denoted by a number n — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ... (angle of rotation φ = ). For improper rotations, Hermann–Mauguin symbols show rotoinversion axes, unlike Schoenflies and Shubnikov notations, that shows rotation-reflection axes. The rotoinversion axes are represented by the corresponding number with a macron, — , , , , , , , , ... . is equivalent to a mirror plane and usually notated as m. The direction of the mirror plane is defined as the direction perpendicular to it (the direction of the axis).
Hermann–Mauguin symbols show non-equivalent axes and planes in a symmetrical fashion. The direction of a symmetry element corresponds to its position in the Hermann–Mauguin symbol. If a rotation axis n and a mirror plane m have the same direction (i.e. the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotoga
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Thermotoga is a genus of the phylum Thermotogota. Members of Thermotoga are hyperthermophilic bacteria whose cell is wrapped in a unique sheath-like outer membrane, called a "toga".
The members of the phylum stain Gram-negative as they possess a thin peptidoglycan in between two lipid bilayers, albeit both peculiar. The peptidoglycan is unusual as the crosslink is not only meso-diaminopimelate as occurs in Pseudomonadota, but D-lysine.
The species are anaerobes with varying degrees of oxygen tolerance. They are capable of reducing elemental sulphur (S0) to hydrogen sulphide.
Whether thermophily is an innovation of the lineage or an ancestral trait is unclear and cannot be determined.
The genome of Thermotoga maritima was sequenced in 1999, revealing several genes of archaeal origin, possibly allowing its thermophilic adaptation. The CG (cytosine-guanine) content of T. maritima is 46.2%; most thermophiles in fact have high CG content; this has led to the speculation that CG content may be a non-essential consequence to thermophily and not the driver towards thermophily.
Members and relatives
The precise relation of the Thermotogota to other phyla is debated (v. bacterial phyla): several studies have found it to be deep-branching (in Bergey's manual it appeared in fact in "Volume I: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria"), while other have found Firmicutes to be deep-branching with Thermotogota clustering away from the base.
The type species of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20NXP%20products
|
The following is a partial list of NXP and Freescale Semiconductor products, including products formerly manufactured by Motorola until 2004. Note that NXP and Freescale merged in 2015.
Microprocessors
Early microprocessors
Motorola MC10800 (4-bit)
Motorola MC14500B Industrial Control Unit (ICU) (1-bit)
Signetics 2650 (8-bit)
Motorola 6800 (8-bit)
Motorola 6802 (8-bit)
Motorola 6808 (8-bit)
Motorola 6809 (8/16-bit)
68000 series
Motorola 68000 (16/32-bit)
Motorola 68008 (8/16/32-bit)
Motorola 68010 (16/32-bit)
Motorola 68012 (16/32-bit)
Motorola 68020 (32-bit)
Motorola 68030 (32-bit)
Motorola 68851 (MMU)
Motorola 68881 (FPU)
Motorola 68882 (FPU)
Motorola 68040 (w/FPU)
Motorola 68060 (w/FPU)
88000 series (RISC)
Motorola 88100
Motorola 88110
PowerPC and Power ISA processors
PPC 601 ("G1")
PPC 603/PPC 603ev ("G2")
PPC 604/PPC 604e/PPC 604ev
PPC 620
PowerPC 7xx family, PowerPC 740, 750, 745, and 755 only ("PowerPC G3")
MPC8xx (PowerQUICC)
MPC82xx (PowerQUICC II, G2 core)
MPC83xx (PowerQUICC II Pro, e300 core)
MPC85xx (PowerQUICC III, e500 core)
MPC86xx (e600 core)
MPC87xx (future e700 core)
Pxxxx (QorIQ, e500 cores, e5500 cores)
Txxxx (QorIQ, e6500 cores))
ARM cores
i.MX
ARM920 based:
i.MX1 (MC9328MX1)
i.MXL (MC9328MXL)
i.MXS (MC9328MXS)
ARM926 based:
i.MX21 (MC9328MX21)
i.MX23 (MCIMX23)
i.MX25 (MCIMX25)
i.MX27 (MCIMX27)
i.MX28 (MCIMX28)
ARM11 based:
i.MX31 (MCIMX31)
i.MX35 (MCIMX355)
i.MX37 (MCIMX37)
Cortex-A8 based:
i.MX51
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip%20%28materials%20science%29
|
In materials science, slip is the large displacement of one part of a crystal relative to another part along crystallographic planes and directions. Slip occurs by the passage of dislocations on close/packed planes, which are planes containing the greatest number of atoms per area and in close-packed directions (most atoms per length). Close-packed planes are known as slip or glide planes. A slip system describes the set of symmetrically identical slip planes and associated family of slip directions for which dislocation motion can easily occur and lead to plastic deformation. The magnitude and direction of slip are represented by the Burgers vector, .
An external force makes parts of the crystal lattice glide along each other, changing the material's geometry. A critical resolved shear stress is required to initiate a slip.
Slip systems
Face centered cubic crystals
Slip in face centered cubic (fcc) crystals occurs along the close packed plane. Specifically, the slip plane is of type {111}, and the direction is of type <10>. In the diagram on the right, the specific plane and direction are (111) and [10], respectively.
Given the permutations of the slip plane types and direction types, fcc crystals have 12 slip systems. In the fcc lattice, the norm of the Burgers vector, b, can be calculated using the following equation:
Where a is the lattice constant of the unit cell.
Body centered cubic crystals
Slip in body-centered cubic (bcc) crystals occurs along the plane of s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malonyl-CoA%20decarboxylase%20deficiency
|
Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency (MCD) is an autosomal-recessive metabolic disorder caused by a genetic mutation that disrupts the activity of Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase. This enzyme breaks down Malonyl-CoA (a fatty acid precursor and a fatty acid oxidation blocker) into acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide.
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of this disorder typically appear in early childhood. Almost all affected children have delayed development. Additional signs and symptoms can include weak muscle tone (hypotonia), seizures, diarrhea, vomiting, and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). A heart condition called cardiomyopathy, which weakens and enlarges the heart muscle, is another common feature of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency.
Some common symptoms in Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, such as cardiomyopathy and metabolic acidosis, are triggered by the high concentrations of Malonyl-CoA in the cytoplasm. High levels of Malonyl-CoA will inhibit β-oxidation of fatty acids through deactivating the carrier of fatty acyl group, CPT1, and thus, blocking fatty acids from going into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation.
A research conducted in Netherlands has suggested that carnitine supplements and a low fat diet may help to reduce the level of malonic acid in our body.
Genetics
Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency is caused by mutations in the MLYCD gene, located on chromosome 16q24. The gene encodes the enzyme malonyl-CoA decarboxylase. Within cells, this enzym
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20neural%20network
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The term hybrid neural network can have two meanings:
Biological neural networks interacting with artificial neuronal models, and
Artificial neural networks with a symbolic part (or, conversely, symbolic computations with a connectionist part).
As for the first meaning, the artificial neurons and synapses in hybrid networks can be digital or analog. For the digital variant voltage clamps are used to monitor the membrane potential of neurons, to computationally simulate artificial neurons and synapses and to stimulate biological neurons by inducing synaptic. For the analog variant, specially designed electronic circuits connect to a network of living neurons through electrodes.
As for the second meaning, incorporating elements of symbolic computation and artificial neural networks into one model was an attempt to combine the advantages of both paradigms while avoiding the shortcomings. Symbolic representations have advantages with respect to explicit, direct control, fast initial coding, dynamic variable binding and knowledge abstraction. Representations of artificial neural networks, on the other hand, show advantages for biological plausibility, learning, robustness (fault-tolerant processing and graceful decay), and generalization to similar input. Since the early 1990s many attempts have been made to reconcile the two approaches.
References
Biological and artificial neurons
Connecting symbolic and connectionist approaches
See also
Connectionism vs. Computationa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation%20II%20reactor
|
A generation II reactor is a design classification for a nuclear reactor, and refers to the class of commercial reactors built until the end of the 1990s. Prototypical and older versions of PWR, CANDU, BWR, AGR, RBMK and VVER are among them.
These are contrasted to reactors, which refer to the early prototype of power reactors, such as Shippingport, Magnox/UNGG, AMB, Fermi 1, and Dresden 1. The last commercial Gen I power reactor was located at the Wylfa Nuclear Power Station and ceased operation at the end of 2015. The nomenclature for reactor designs, describing four 'generations', was proposed by the US Department of Energy when it introduced the concept of generation IV reactors.
The designation generation II+ reactor is sometimes used for modernized generation II designs built post-2000, such as the Chinese CPR-1000, in competition with more expensive generation III reactor designs. Typically, the modernization includes improved safety systems and a 60-year design life.
Generation II reactor designs generally had an original design life of 30 or 40 years. This date was set as the period over which loans taken out for the plant would be paid off. However, many generation II reactors are being life-extended to 50 or 60 years, and a second life-extension to 80 years may also be economical in many cases. By 2013 about 75% of still operating U.S. reactors had been granted life extension licenses to 60 years.
Chernobyl's No.4 reactor that exploded was a generation II rea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed%20dormancy
|
Seed dormancy is an evolutionary adaptation that prevents seeds from germinating during unsuitable ecological conditions that would typically lead to a low probability of seedling survival. Dormant seeds do not germinate in a specified period of time under a combination of environmental factors that are normally conducive to the germination of non-dormant seeds.
An important function of seed dormancy is delayed germination, which allows dispersal and prevents simultaneous germination of all seeds. The staggering of germination safeguards some seeds and seedlings from suffering damage or death from short periods of bad weather or from transient herbivores; it also allows some seeds to germinate when competition from other plants for light and water might be less intense. Another form of delayed seed germination is seed quiescence, which is different from true seed dormancy and occurs when a seed fails to germinate because the external environmental conditions are too dry or warm or cold for germination.
Many species of plants have seeds that delay germination for many months or years, and some seeds can remain in the soil seed bank for more than 50 years before germination. Seed dormancy is especially adaptive in fire-prone ecosystems. Some seeds have a very long viability period, and the oldest documented germinating seed was nearly 2000 years old based on radiocarbon dating.
Overview
True dormancy or inherent (or innate) dormancy is caused by conditions within the seed th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian%20Green
|
Meridian Green is a California-based folk musician, and one half of Parsons Green, a collaboration with multi-instrumentalist Gene Parsons, former drummer with The Byrds.
History
Green was born to folk musician Bob Gibson in Greenwich Village. She moved to California's Mendocino area and began playing with the Gypsy Gulch International String Band. She also began playing bluegrass music with Gene Parsons, and they released some music commercially.
As a solo artist and duetist, her work has been featured on the BBC and New York Times as well as smaller papers such as the Lincoln Chronicle . She has also performed internationally, both by herself and at numerous festivals.
In addition to her musical career, she co-created the Parsons/Green B-Bender device used in the Fender Nashville B-Bender Telecaster guitar.
In 2009, Green began a tour featuring the works of Bob Gibson as one-third of the Fare-Thee-Wells, along with John Heller and Rick Grumbecker. As of February 2009, The Bob Gibson Legacy Tour, which features several acts, was slated for 28 dates.
Discography
Meridian Green has performed in a variety of acts.
Solo
In the Heart of This Town (CD)
"Walking to Washington," a politically oriented single.
Parsons Green
Birds of a Feather (CD) - 1986
Live From Caspar (CD) - 1999
Other work
Chuck McCabe - Bad Gravity Day (backup singing)
Julian Dawson - Hillbilly Zen (backup singing)
Antonia Lamb - Amazing Tracks (backup singing)
Dan Paul - World Without Wa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinolf%20Sellmann
|
Meinolf Sellmann, born in Holzminden, Germany, computer scientist, best known for algorithmic research, with a special focus on self-improving algorithms, automatic algorithm configuration and algorithm portfolios based on artificial intelligence, combinatorial optimization, and the hybridization thereof.
He received a doctorate degree (Dr. rer. nat.) in 2002 from Paderborn University (Germany) and is now CTO of InsideOpt, an optimization company he founded in 2021. Prior to this current engagement he was Director for Network Optimization at Shopify, Lab Director for machine learning and knowledge discovery at the global research center of General Electric, held a position as senior manager for data curation in the cognitive computing department at IBM Research, Assistant Professor at Brown University, and Postdoctoral Scholar at Cornell University.
His honors include the Prize of the Faculty of the University of Paderborn (Germany) for his doctoral thesis, an NSF Career Award in 2007, two Gold Medals at the SAT Competition 2011, a winning Solver at the 2012 SAT Challenge, two Gold Medals at the SAT Competition 2013, seventeen winning solvers at the 2013-2016 MaxSAT Evaluations, and two first places at the 2021 AI for TSP Competition.
He also received IBM Outstanding Technical Innovation Awards in 2013 and 2014, an A-level Business Accomplishment 2015, and won the Shopify Fulfillment Network Sharktank competition in 2021. He was invited Keynote Speaker at Gecco 2022, Anzia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOX%20gene%20family
|
SOX genes (SRY-related HMG-box genes) encode a family of transcription factors that bind to the minor groove in DNA, and belong to a super-family of genes characterized by a homologous sequence called the HMG-box (for high mobility group). This HMG box is a DNA binding domain that is highly conserved throughout eukaryotic species. Homologues have been identified in insects, nematodes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and a range of mammals. However, HMG boxes can be very diverse in nature, with only a few amino acids being conserved between species.
Sox genes are defined as containing the HMG box of a gene involved in sex determination called SRY, which resides on the Y-chromosome. There are 20 SOX genes present in humans and mice, and 8 present in Drosophila. Almost all Sox genes show at least 50% amino acid similarity with the HMG box in Sry. The family is divided into subgroups according to homology within the HMG domain and other structural motifs, as well as according to functional assays.
The developmentally important Sox family has no singular function, and many members possess the ability to regulate several different aspects of development. While many Sox genes are involved in sex determination, some are also important in processes such as neuronal development. For example, Sox2 and Sox3 are involved in the transition of epithelial granule cells in the cerebellum to their migratory state. Sox 2 is also a transcription factor in the maintenance of pluripotency in both Ea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester%20Numismatic%20Association
|
The Rochester Numismatic Association (RNA) is a not-for-profit organization with an educational mission. The RNA was organized in 1912 by a group of local collectors to attract the American Numismatic Association's annual convention to Rochester, New York, USA. They met with success as the ANA did hold their convention in Rochester. The RNA has met continuously since 1912. Only one local coin club, the Boston Numismatic Society, founded in 1860, has a longer record of continuous meetings.
The RNA is located in Rochester, New York with a very active regional membership. Many members have retained their membership after leaving the area. Now, the RNA boasts a membership that reaches across the continental US.
Each fall the RNA holds a regional coin show at the Rochester Museum and Science Center which attracts dealers and attendees from around Western New York.
History
The RNA was formed in January 1912 by Dr. George P. French with 32 charter members. The first meeting attracted 15 coin collectors. Dr. French collected other curiosities besides coins. His curios included the clothes worn by General Tom Thumb, one of the world's smallest men, and Peter the Great.
One of the first acts of Dr. French was to have the RNA join the American Numismatic Association as Branch 2. The Chicago Numismatic Society had become ANA Branch 1 in 1904.
At the first annual banquet in 1913, a two-inch bronze portrait medal was presented to Dr. French, the retiring president. This t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-chain%20acyl-coenzyme%20A%20dehydrogenase%20deficiency
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Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (SCADD) is an autosomal recessive fatty acid oxidation disorder which affects enzymes required to break down a certain group of fats called short chain fatty acids.
Signs and symptoms
Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency affected infants will have vomiting, low blood sugar, a lack of energy (lethargy), poor feeding, and failure to gain weight and grow. Additional features of this disorder may include poor muscle tone (hypotonia), seizures, developmental delays, and microcephaly. The symptoms of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency may be triggered during illnesses such as viral infections. In some cases, signs and symptoms may not appear until adulthood, when some individuals may develop muscle weakness, while other individuals mild symptoms may never be diagnosed.
Genetics
SCADD is caused genetically by mutations in the ACADS gene, located on chromosome 12q22-qter. Mutations in the ACADS gene lead to inadequate levels of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which is important for breaking down short-chain fatty acids. Low levels of this enzyme halt short-chain fatty acids from being further broken down and processed in the mitochondria, consequently, these short-chain fatty acids are not converted into energy.
The disorder is inherited via autosomal recessive. This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome (chromosome 12 is an autosome), and two copies of th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C4%20Dienoyl-CoA%20reductase%20deficiency
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2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism resulting in defective fatty acid oxidation caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase. Lysine degradation is also affected in this disorder leading to hyperlysinemia. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning an individual must inherit mutations in NADK2, located at 5p13.2 from both of their parents. NADK2 encodes the mitochondrial NAD kinase. A defect in this enzyme leads to deficient mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate levels. 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase, but also lysine degradation are performed by NADP-dependent oxidoreductases explaining how NADK2 deficiency can lead to multiple enzyme defects.
2,4-Dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency was initially described in 1990 based on a single case of a black female who presented with persistent hypotonia. Laboratory investigations revealed elevated lysine, low levels of carnitine and an abnormal acylcarnitine profile in urine and blood. The abnormal acylcarnitine species was eventually identified as 2-trans,4-cis-decadienoylcarnitine, an intermediate of linoleic acid metabolism. The index case died of respiratory failure at four months of age. Postmortem enzyme analysis on liver and muscle samples revealed decreased 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase activity when compared to normal controls. A second case with failure to thrive, developmental delay, lactic acidosis and severe encephalopathy was report
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA%20carboxylase%20deficiency
|
3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency also known as 3-Methylcrotonylglycinuria or BMCC deficiency is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to process certain proteins properly. People with this disorder have inadequate levels of an enzyme that helps break down proteins containing the amino acid leucine. This condition affects an estimated 1 in 50,000 individuals worldwide.
Presentation
Infants with this disorder appear normal at birth but usually develop signs and symptoms during the first year of life or in early childhood. The characteristic features of this condition, which can range from mild to life-threatening, include feeding difficulties, recurrent episodes of vomiting and diarrhea, excessive tiredness (lethargy), and weak muscle tone (hypotonia). If untreated, this disorder can lead to delayed development, seizures, and coma. Early detection and lifelong management (following a low-protein diet and using appropriate supplements) may prevent many of these complications. In some cases, people with gene mutations that cause 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency never experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder.
The characteristic features of this condition are similar to those of Reye syndrome, a severe disorder that develops in children while they appear to be recovering from viral infections such as chicken pox or flu. Most cases of Reye syndrome are associated with the use of aspirin during these viral infections.
Genetics
The MCCC1 an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoA%20mutase%20deficiency
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Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase is a mitochondrial homodimer apoenzyme (EC. 5. 4.99.2) that focuses on the catalysis of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. The enzyme is bound to adenosylcobalamin, a hormonal derivative of vitamin B12 in order to function. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency is caused by genetic defect in the MUT gene responsible for encoding the enzyme. Deficiency in this enzyme accounts for 60% of the cases of methylmalonic acidemia.
Symptoms
People with methylmalonyl CoA mutase deficiency exhibit many symptoms similar to other diseases involving inborn errors of metabolism.
Newborn babies experience with vomiting, acidosis, hyperammonemia, hepatomegaly (enlarged livers), hyperglycinemia (high glycine levels), and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Later, cases of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia can occur.
In some cases intellectual and developmental disabilities, such as autism, were noted with increased frequency in populations with methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency.
Causes
Although methylmalonic acidemia has a variety of causes, both genetic and dietary, methylmalonyl CoA mutase deficiency is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. Patients with the deficiency either have a complete gene lesion, designated as mut0 or a partial mutation in the form of a frameshift designated as mut-. This frameshift affects the folding of the enzyme rendering its binding domain less effective. Patients with a complete deletion have an inactivation of methylmalonyl CoA mut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated%20protein
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A conjugated protein is a protein that functions in interaction with other (non-polypeptide) chemical groups attached by covalent bonding or weak interactions.
Many proteins contain only amino acids and no other chemical groups, and they are called simple proteins. However, other kind of proteins yield, on hydrolysis, some other chemical component in addition to amino acids and they are called conjugated proteins. The non-amino part of a conjugated protein is usually called its prosthetic group. Most prosthetic groups are formed from vitamins. Conjugated proteins are classified on the basis of the chemical nature of their prosthetic groups.
Examples
Some examples of conjugated proteins are lipoproteins, glycoproteins, Nucleoproteins, phosphoproteins, hemoproteins, flavoproteins, metalloproteins, phytochromes, cytochromes, opsins, and chromoproteins.
Hemoglobin contains the prosthetic group known as heme. Each heme group contains an iron ion (Fe2+) which forms a co-ordinate bond with an oxygen molecule (O2), allowing hemoglobin to transport oxygen through the bloodstream. As each of the four protein subunits of hemoglobin possesses its own prosthetic heme group, each hemoglobin can transport four molecules of oxygen.
Glycoproteins are generally the largest and most abundant group of conjugated proteins. They range from glycoproteins in cell surface membranes that constitute the glycocalyx, to important antibodies produced by leukocytes.
Chemical synthesized polysaccha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoprotein
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A holoprotein or conjugated protein is an apoprotein combined with its prosthetic group.
Some enzymes do not need additional components to show full activity. Others require non-protein molecules called cofactors to be bound for activity. Cofactors can be either inorganic (e.g., metal ions and iron-sulfur clusters) or organic compounds (e.g., flavin and heme). Organic cofactors can be either coenzymes, which are released from the enzyme's active site during the reaction, or prosthetic groups, which are tightly bound to an enzyme. Organic prosthetic groups can be covalently bound (e.g., biotin in enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase).
An example of an enzyme that contains a cofactor is carbonic anhydrase, which has a zinc cofactor bound as part of its active site. These tightly bound ions or molecules are usually found in the active site and are involved in catalysis. For example, flavin and heme cofactors are often involved in redox reactions.
Enzymes that require a cofactor but do not have one bound are called apoenzymes or apoproteins. An enzyme together with the cofactor(s) required for activity is called a holoenzyme (or haloenzyme). The term holoenzyme can also be applied to enzymes that contain multiple protein subunits, such as the DNA polymerases; here the holoenzyme is the complete complex containing all the subunits needed for activity.
References
Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5th edition. New York: W H Freeman; 2002. Available from: https://www
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2V
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2V or 2-V may refer to:
2V, IATA code for Amtrak
2V angle, curved isogyre differences in a conoscopic interference pattern in optical crystallography
P-2V, a model of Lockheed P-2 Neptune
An-2V, a model of Antonov An-2
2V (V-69), manufacturer's designation for Venera 5 spacecraft
2VLY, call sign for Power FM 98.1
See also
V2 (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty%20Cramp
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Scottie Cramp is a disease in Scottish Terriers causing spasms and hyperflexion and hyperextension of the legs. It is caused by a disorder in serotonin metabolism that causes a deficiency of available serotonin. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Scotty Cramp occurs in puppies and young dogs. Symptoms present after exercise or excitement and last a few minutes. A goose-stepping gait and arched spine are often seen, and the dog may turn somersaults as it runs. The symptoms usually resolve after ten minutes, but they may repeat several times in a day. Episodes of Scottie Cramp can also be triggered by added stress on the dog. At this time there is known genetic testing available for Scottie Cramp, even though this is considered a genetic disease. To diagnose Scottie Cramp, the veterinarian will perform a physical exam, a complete blood count, a biochemistry profile, and a urinalysis of the dog. If the diagnosis is unsure, a dose of methysergide can be given. In affected dogs, this will block serotonin and increase the frequency and severity of the symptoms. Diazepam or acepromazine is used to control the symptoms of Scotty Cramp. Vitamin E may also be of some benefit. Because Scotty Cramp is inherited, affected dogs and their parents and siblings should not be bred.
References
Dog diseases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary%20pressure
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In fluid statics, capillary pressure () is the pressure between two immiscible fluids in a thin tube (see capillary action), resulting from the interactions of forces between the fluids and solid walls of the tube. Capillary pressure can serve as both an opposing or driving force for fluid transport and is a significant property for research and industrial purposes (namely microfluidic design and oil extraction from porous rock). It is also observed in natural phenomena.
Definition
Capillary pressure is defined as:
where:
is the capillary pressure
is the pressure of the non-wetting phase
is the pressure of the wetting phase
The wetting phase is identified by its ability to preferentially diffuse across the capillary walls before the non-wetting phase. The "wettability" of a fluid depends on its surface tension, the forces that drive a fluid's tendency to take up the minimal amount of space possible, and it is determined by the contact angle of the fluid. A fluid's "wettability" can be controlled by varying capillary surface properties (e.g. roughness, hydrophilicity). However, in oil-water systems, water is typically the wetting phase, while for gas-oil systems, oil is typically the wetting phase. Regardless of the system, a pressure difference arises at the resulting curved interface between the two fluids.
Equations
Capillary pressure formulas are derived from the pressure relationship between two fluid phases in a capillary tube in equilibrium, which is that force
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Drummond
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Ronald N. Drummond (born 1959 in Seattle, Washington) is a writer, editor, and independent scholar.
Writer
Ron Drummond is the author of "The Sonic Rituals of Pauline Oliveros"; "The Frequency of Liberation", a critical fiction about the novels of Steve Erickson; "Ducré in Euphonia: Ideal and Influence in Berlioz"; "Broken Seashells,", an essay/meditation on ancestral memory and the music of Jethro Tull; and the introductory essays for the 8-volume edition in score and parts of The Vienna String Quartets of Anton Reicha; and other essays, fictions, poems, reviews, and interviews. More recent publications include a short story, "Troll," published in Black Clock, and a performance essay on the Tokyo String Quartet.
Editor
As an editor, Drummond worked with the novelist and critic Samuel R. Delany on the essay collections The Straits of Messina (1989), Longer Views (1996), the novel They Fly at Çiron (1993), collection Atlantis: Three Tales (1995), a novel-in-progress, Shoat Rumblin (2002), and Dark Reflections (2007); he was the publisher of Çiron and Atlantis. Drummond is also a proofreader and editorial redactor of Delany's most famous novel, Dhalgren (Bantam Books, 1974; Wesleyan University Press, 1996; Vintage Books, 2001). Delany wrote, "Ron's editorial acumen is the highest I have encountered in a professional writing career of more than thirty years." In March 2006, Drummond gave a talk on "Editing Samuel R. Delany" at an international academic conference on Delany's l
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudal%20regression%20syndrome
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Caudal regression syndrome, or sacral agenesis (or hypoplasia of the sacrum), is a rare birth defect. It is a congenital disorder in which the fetal development of the lower spine—the caudal partition of the spine—is abnormal. It occurs at a rate of approximately one per 60,000 live births.
Some babies are born with very small differences compared to typical development, and others have significant changes. Most grow up to be otherwise typical adults who have difficulty with walking and incontinence.
Signs and symptoms
This condition exists in a variety of forms, ranging from partial absence of the tail bone regions of the spine to absence of the lower vertebrae, pelvis and parts of the thoracic and/or lumbar areas of the spine. In some cases, where only a small part of the spine is absent, there may be no outward sign of the condition. In cases where more substantial areas of the spine are absent, there may be fused, webbed or smaller lower extremities and paralysis. Bowel and bladder control is usually affected.
Cause
The condition arises from some factor or set of factors present during approximately the 3rd week to 7th week of fetal development. Formation of the sacrum/lower back and corresponding nervous system is usually nearing completion by the 4th week of development. Due to abnormal gastrulation, the mesoderm migration is disturbed. This disturbance results in symptoms varying from minor lesions of the lower vertebrae to more severe symptoms such as complete fus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhemchuzhnikovite
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Zhemchuzhnikovite is an oxalate mineral of organic origin; formula NaMg(FeAl)C2O4·8H2O. It forms smokey green crystals with a vitreous lustre and is found in Russian coal mines. It is named after Yury Zhemchuzhnikov (1885–1957), a Russian clay mineralogist.
See also
List of minerals named after people
References
Organic minerals
Oxalate minerals
Sodium minerals
Magnesium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Iron minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals described in 1963
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFO
|
WFO may refer to:
Well-founded ordering, in mathematics, see well-founded relation
W.F.O. (album), a 1994 album by the thrash metal band Overkill
Workforce optimization, strategy for managing contact center staffing, processes, and workflows.
Weather Forecast Office, a local forecasting and warning office of the United States National Weather Service: See List of National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices
Washington Field Office, of the United States Secret Service
Washington Field Office, of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
World Flora Online
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamorphism
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Polyamorphism is the ability of a substance to exist in several different amorphous modifications. It is analogous to the polymorphism of crystalline materials. Many amorphous substances can exist with different amorphous characteristics (e.g. polymers). However, polyamorphism requires two distinct amorphous states with a clear, discontinuous (first-order) phase transition between them. When such a transition occurs between two stable liquid states, a polyamorphic transition may also be referred to as a liquid–liquid phase transition.
Overview
Even though amorphous materials exhibit no long-range periodic atomic ordering, there is still significant and varied local structure at inter-atomic length scales (see structure of liquids and glasses). Different local structures can produce amorphous phases of the same chemical composition with different physical properties such as density. In several cases sharp transitions have been observed between two different density amorphous states of the same material. Amorphous ice is one important example (see also examples below). Several of these transitions (including water) are expected to end in a second critical point.
Liquid–liquid transitions
Polyamorphism may apply to all amorphous states, i.e. glasses, other amorphous solids, supercooled liquids, ordinary liquids or fluids. A liquid–liquid transition however, is one that occurs only in the liquid state (red line in the phase diagram, top right). In this article liquid–liquid tr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Austin%20%28footballer%29
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Terence Willis Austin (born 1 February 1954, in Isleworth) is an English former professional footballer.
He started playing at Crystal Palace for their juniors, but in May 1973 was sold to Ipswich Town. He stayed with Town for three years, before moving to Plymouth Argyle in October 1976. Almost eighteen months later, he was transferred to Walsall in March 1978, and from there, he moved to Mansfield Town, where he had his most productive spell, appearing 84 times, and scoring 31 goals. In December 1980 he moved again to Huddersfield Town where he played for two years. He was sold to Doncaster Rovers in September 1982, and from there, he transferred in August 1983 to Northampton Town where he finished his professional playing career.
He returned to Mansfield once his playing days were over, where he is a financial advisor.
Austin is now semi-retired and spends much of his time at second home in Gran Canaria.
References
External links
Profile on Pride of Anglia website (Requires subscription)
1954 births
Living people
Footballers from Isleworth
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
English Football League players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20learning
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Transfer learning (TL) is a technique in machine learning (ML) in which knowledge learned from a task is re-used in order to boost performance on a related task. For example, for image classification, knowledge gained while learning to recognize cars could be applied when trying to recognize trucks. This topic is related to the psychological literature on transfer of learning, although practical ties between the two fields are limited. Reusing/transferring information from previously learned tasks to new tasks has the potential to significantly improve learning efficiency.
History
In 1976, Bozinovski and Fulgosi published a paper addressing transfer learning in neural network training. The paper gives a mathematical and geometrical model of the topic. In 1981, a report considered the application of transfer learning to a dataset of images representing letters of computer terminals, experimentally demonstrating positive and negative transfer learning.
In 1993, Pratt formulated the discriminability-based transfer (DBT) algorithm.
In 1997, Pratt and Thrun guest-edited a special issue of Machine Learning devoted to transfer learning, and by 1998, the field had advanced to include multi-task learning, along with more formal theoretical foundations. Learning to Learn, edited by Thrun and Pratt, is a 1998 review of the subject.
Transfer learning has been applied in cognitive science. Pratt guest-edited an issue of Connection Science on reuse of neural networks through transfer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-derivative
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In mathematics, in the area of combinatorics and quantum calculus, the q-derivative, or Jackson derivative, is a q-analog of the ordinary derivative, introduced by Frank Hilton Jackson. It is the inverse of Jackson's q-integration. For other forms of q-derivative, see .
Definition
The q-derivative of a function f(x) is defined as
It is also often written as . The q-derivative is also known as the Jackson derivative.
Formally, in terms of Lagrange's shift operator in logarithmic variables, it amounts to the operator
which goes to the plain derivative, as .
It is manifestly linear,
It has a product rule analogous to the ordinary derivative product rule, with two equivalent forms
Similarly, it satisfies a quotient rule,
There is also a rule similar to the chain rule for ordinary derivatives. Let . Then
The eigenfunction of the q-derivative is the q-exponential eq(x).
Relationship to ordinary derivatives
Q-differentiation resembles ordinary differentiation, with curious differences. For example, the q-derivative of the monomial is:
where is the q-bracket of n. Note that so the ordinary derivative is regained in this limit.
The n-th q-derivative of a function may be given as:
provided that the ordinary n-th derivative of f exists at x = 0. Here, is the q-Pochhammer symbol, and is the q-factorial. If is analytic we can apply the Taylor formula to the definition of to get
A q-analog of the Taylor expansion of a function about zero follows:
Higher order q-deriva
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