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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20%26%20Webster
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Stone & Webster was an American engineering services company based in Stoughton, Massachusetts. It was founded as an electrical testing lab and consulting firm by electrical engineers Charles A. Stone and Edwin S. Webster in 1889. In the early 20th century, Stone & Webster was known for operating streetcar systems in many cities across the United States including Dallas, Houston and Seattle.
The company grew to provide engineering, construction, environmental, and plant operation and maintenance services, and it has long been involved in power generation projects, starting with hydroelectric plants of the late 19th-century; and with most American nuclear power plants.
Stone & Webster was acquired and integrated as a division of The Shaw Group in 2000, and in 2012, the French engineering conglomerate Technip acquired Stone & Webster's energy and chemical business, and process technologies and associated oil and gas engineering capabilities from The Shaw Group. The CB&I acquisition of other assets of The Shaw Group, also in 2012, resulted in the formation of a nuclear power subsidiary, CB&I Stone Webster, which operated for about 4 years, being sold in January 2016 to Westinghouse Electric Company.
History
Founding through 1930s
Charles A. Stone and Edwin S. Webster first met in 1884 and became close friends while studying electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1890, only two years after graduating, they formed the Massachusetts Electrical Engineering Company. The name was changed to Stone & Webster in 1893. Their company was one of the earliest electrical engineering consulting firms in the United States.
Stone & Webster's first major project was the construction of a hydroelectric plant for the New England paper company in 1890. Stone & Webster not only had valuable insight into developing and managing utilities but they also had keen intuition for businesses to invest in. For instance, due to the panic of 1893, Stone & Webster
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band%20%28algebra%29
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In mathematics, a band (also called idempotent semigroup) is a semigroup in which every element is idempotent (in other words equal to its own square). Bands were first studied and named by .
The lattice of varieties of bands was described independently in the early 1970s by Biryukov, Fennemore and Gerhard. Semilattices, left-zero bands, right-zero bands, rectangular bands, normal bands, left-regular bands, right-regular bands and regular bands are specific subclasses of bands that lie near the bottom of this lattice and which are of particular interest; they are briefly described below.
Varieties of bands
A class of bands forms a variety if it is closed under formation of subsemigroups, homomorphic images and direct product. Each variety of bands can be defined by a single defining identity.
Semilattices
Semilattices are exactly commutative bands; that is, they are the bands satisfying the equation
for all and .
Bands induce a preorder that may be defined as if . Requiring commutativity implies that this preorder becomes a (semilattice) partial order.
Zero bands
A left-zero band is a band satisfying the equation
,
whence its Cayley table has constant rows.
Symmetrically, a right-zero band is one satisfying
,
so that the Cayley table has constant columns.
Rectangular bands
A rectangular band is a band that satisfies
for all , or equivalently,
for all ,
In any semigroup the first identity is sufficient to characterize a Nowhere commutative semigroup.
Nowhere commutative semigroup implies the first identity.
In any flexible magma so every element commutes with its square. So in any Nowhere commutative semigroup every element is idempotent thus any Nowhere commutative semigroup is in fact a Nowhere commutative band.
Thus in any Nowhere commutative semigroup
So commutes with and thus - the first characteristic identity.
In a any semigroup the first identity implies idempotence since so so idempotent (a band). Then
nowhere commutativ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%20interoperability
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Web interoperability is producing web pages viewable with nearly every device and browser. There have been various projects to improve web interoperability, for example the Web Standards Project, Mozilla's Technology Evangelism and Web Standards Group, and the Web Essential Conference.
History
The term was first used in the Web Interoperability Pledge, which is a promise to adhere to current HTML recommendations as promoted by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The WIP was not a W3C initiative. but it was started by and has been run by ZDNet AnchorDesk.
This issue was known as "cross browsing" in the browser war between Internet Explorer and Netscape. Microsoft's Internet Explorer was the dominant browser after that, but modern web browsers such as Mozilla Firefox, Opera and Safari have become dominant, and support additional web standards beyond what Internet Explorer supports. Because of Internet Explorer's backwards compatibility, some web pages have continued to use non-standard HTML tags, DOM handling scripts, and platform-specific technologies such as ActiveX, which could potentially be harmful for Web accessibility and device independence.
Elements
Structural and semantic markup with HTML
CSS-based layout with layout elements that resize based on screen size
See also
Web accessibility
Computer accessibility
Multimodal interaction
Forward compatibility
Backward compatibility
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial%20%28radio%29
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In RF engineering, radial has three distinct meanings, both referring to lines which radiate from (or intersect at) a radio antenna, but neither meaning is related to the other.
Ground system radial wires
When used in the context of antenna construction, radial wires are physical objects: Wires running away from the base of the antenna, used to augment or replace the conductivity of the ground near the base of the antenna. The radial wires either may run above the surface of the earth (elevated radials), on the surface (on ground radials), or buried a centimeter or so under the earth (buried radials). The ends of the wires nearest the antenna base are connected to the antenna system electrical ground, and the far ends are either unconnected, or connected to metal stakes driven into the earth.
Top loading radial wires
Symmetrically arranged radial wires may also be attached to the top of an antenna, running horizontally away from its apex. For practical length radials, their effect is to improve feedpoint impedance of a short antenna almost the same as extending the height of the antenna by an amount equal to the combined length of all the radials, up to a point of diminishing returns around about a dozen radials. The radials do not themselves radiate, but may indirectly cause a small improvement in antenna radiation of short antennas by raising their point of maximum current upward along the main part of the mast.
Map radial lines
When used in the context of planning for a transmission system, radial lines are a concept used when describing a radio station's broadcast range: The radials in this case are several lines drawn on a map, radiating from the transmitter, with evenly spaced horizontal bearings. The radial extends as far as the transmitted signal can reach either by calculation or by measurement.
Ground system radial wires
Stations transmitting at low frequencies like the mediumwave and longwave AM broadcast bands, and some lower shortwave frequencies,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inocybe
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Inocybe is a large genus of mushroom-forming fungi with over 1400 species, including all forms and variations. Members of Inocybe are mycorrhizal, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation in the genus is due to adaptation to different trees and perhaps even local environments.
Etymology
The name Inocybe means "fibrous hat". It is taken from the Greek words (in the genitive , meaning "muscle, nerve, fiber, strength, vigor") and ("head").
History
The genus was first described as Agaricus tribe Inocybe by Swedish scholar Elias Magnus Fries in volume 1 of his work, Systema mycologicum (1821), and verified in the volume 2 of his book Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae in 1863. All other renaming attempts are accepted synonymous.
Description
Typical mushrooms of the genus have various shades of brown, although some lilac or purplish species exist. Caps are small and conical, though flattening somewhat in age, generally with a pronounced central umbo. The cap often appears fibrous, giving the genus its common name of "fiber caps". Many species have a distinctive odor, various described as musty or spermatic.
Description valid for most species:
Pileus: small to medium size, thin, fleshy, initially narrow conical or bell-shaped, or with a prominent or flattened umbo in the center. It is not hygrophanous and has a dry appearance. The pileus margin often shows at first a pale curtain that disappears quickly, and in old age it often presents short radial cracks. The cuticle is finely silky and sometimes sprinkled with remnants of the partial veil, further developing radial fibers. There are also species with a woolly surface (woolly in mycological sense). Coloring is at first all white to gray-whitish varieties. Some retain color, others change, varying between ocher-yellowish and brown, various shapes, even lilac-like to purple.
Lamellae: are dense, thick and crowded, with short intermediate sinus at the edge and only weakly attached to the sti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20landscape
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An evolutionary landscape is a metaphor or a construct used to think about and visualize the processes of evolution (e.g. natural selection and genetic drift) acting on a biological entity (e.g. a gene, protein, population, or species). This entity can be viewed as searching or moving through a search space. For example, the search space of a gene would be all possible nucleotide sequences. The search space is only part of an evolutionary landscape. The final component is the "y-axis", which is usually fitness. Each value along the search space can result in a high or low fitness for the entity. If small movements through search space cause changes in fitness that are relatively small, then the landscape is considered smooth. Smooth landscapes happen when most fixed mutations have little to no effect on fitness, which is what one would expect with the neutral theory of molecular evolution. In contrast, if small movements result in large changes in fitness, then the landscape is said to be rugged. In either case, movement tends to be toward areas of higher fitness, though usually not the global optima.
What exactly constitutes an "evolutionary landscape" is frequently confused in the literature; the term is often used interchangeably with "adaptive landscape" and "fitness landscape", although some authors have different definitions of adaptive and fitness landscapes. Additionally, there is a large disagreement whether the concept of an evolutionary landscape should be used as a visual metaphor disconnected from the underlying math, a tool for evaluating models of evolution, or a model in and of itself used to generate hypotheses and predictions.
History
Pre-Wright
According to McCoy (1979), the first evolutionary landscape was presented by Armand Janet of Toulon, France, in 1895. In Janet's evolutionary landscape, a species is represented as a point or an area on a polydimensional surface of phenotypes, which is reduced to two dimensions for simplicity. The size o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray%20T90
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The Cray T90 series (code-named Triton during development) was the last of a line of vector processing supercomputers manufactured by Cray Research, Inc, superseding the Cray C90 series. The first machines were shipped in 1995, and featured a 2.2 ns (450 MHz) clock cycle and two-wide vector pipes, for a peak speed of 1.8 gigaflops per processor; the high clock speed arises from the CPUs being built using ECL logic. As with the Cray J90, each CPU contained a scalar data cache, in addition to the instruction buffering/caching which has always been in Cray architectures.
Configurations were available with between four and 32 processors, and with either IEEE 754 or traditional Cray floating-point arithmetic; the processors shared an SRAM main memory of up to eight gigabytes, with a bandwidth of three 64-bit words per cycle per CPU (giving a 32-CPU STREAM bandwidth of 360 gigabytes per second). The clock signal is distributed via a fiber-optic harness to the processors.
The T90 series was available in three variants, the T94 (one to four processors), T916 (eight to 16 processors) and T932 (16 to 32 processors).
It is widely considered as being slightly ahead of the state of the art at the time it was shipped; the systems were never particularly reliable. At launch, a 32-processor T932 cost $35 million.
Cray T90 systems were installed at, amongst other places, at least three US government sites, at NAVOCEANO in Mississippi (Bay St. Louis) USA, at NTT and NIED in Japan, at the Ford Motor Company and at General Motors, at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, at Forschungszentrum Jülich in Germany, and at the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique in France.
The system chassis weighs , contains of fluorinert coolant, and is approximately the shape and size of a very large chest freezer, paneled in black and gold plastic.
Its successor, some years after the last T90s shipped, was the Cray X1.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20image
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In computing, a system image is a serialized copy of the entire state of a computer system stored in some non-volatile form such as a file. A system is said to be capable of using system images if it can be shut down and later restored to exactly the same state. In such cases, system images can be used for backup.
Hibernation is an example that uses an image of the entire machine's RAM.
Disk images
If a system has all its state written to a disk, then a system image can be produced by simply copying that disk to a file elsewhere, often with disk cloning applications. On many systems a complete system image cannot be created by a disk cloning program running within that system because information can be held outside of disks and volatile memory, for example in non-volatile memory like boot ROMs.
Process images
A process image is a copy of a given process's state at a given point in time. It is often used to create persistence within an otherwise volatile system. A common example is a database management system (DBMS). Most DBMS can store the state of its database or databases to a file before being closed down (see database dump). The DBMS can then be restarted later with the information in the database intact and proceed as though the software had never stopped. Another example would be the hibernate feature of many operating systems. Here, the state of all RAM memory is stored to disk, the computer is brought into an energy saving mode, then later restored to normal operation.
Some emulators provide a facility to save an image of the system being emulated. In video gaming this is often referred to as a savestate.
Another use is code mobility: a mobile agent can migrate between machines by having its state saved, then copying the data to another machine and restarting there.
Programming language support
Some programming languages provide a command to take a system image of a program. This is normally a standard feature in Smalltalk (inspired by FLEX) and Lisp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grothendieck%20connection
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In algebraic geometry and synthetic differential geometry, a Grothendieck connection is a way of viewing connections in terms of descent data from infinitesimal neighbourhoods of the diagonal.
Introduction and motivation
The Grothendieck connection is a generalization of the Gauss–Manin connection constructed in a manner analogous to that in which the Ehresmann connection generalizes the Koszul connection. The construction itself must satisfy a requirement of geometric invariance, which may be regarded as the analog of covariance for a wider class of structures including the schemes of algebraic geometry. Thus the connection in a certain sense must live in a natural sheaf on a Grothendieck topology. In this section, we discuss how to describe an Ehresmann connection in sheaf-theoretic terms as a Grothendieck connection.
Let be a manifold and a surjective submersion, so that is a manifold fibred over Let be the first-order jet bundle of sections of This may be regarded as a bundle over or a bundle over the total space of With the latter interpretation, an Ehresmann connection is a section of the bundle (over ) The problem is thus to obtain an intrinsic description of the sheaf of sections of this vector bundle.
Grothendieck's solution is to consider the diagonal embedding The sheaf of ideals of in consists of functions on which vanish along the diagonal. Much of the infinitesimal geometry of can be realized in terms of For instance, is the sheaf of sections of the cotangent bundle. One may define a first-order infinitesimal neighborhood of in to be the subscheme corresponding to the sheaf of ideals (See below for a coordinate description.)
There are a pair of projections given by projection the respective factors of the Cartesian product, which restrict to give projections One may now form the pullback of the fibre space along one or the other of or In general, there is no canonical way to identify and with each other.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Business%20%26%20Economic%20Statistics
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The Journal of Business & Economic Statistics is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Statistical Association. The journal covers a broad range of applied problems in business and economic statistics, including forecasting, seasonal adjustment, applied demand and cost analysis, applied econometric modeling, empirical finance, analysis of survey and longitudinal data related to business and economic problems, the impact of discrimination on wages and productivity, the returns to education and training, the effects of unionization, and applications of stochastic control theory to business and economic problems.
See also
List of scholarly journals in economics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technometrics
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Technometrics is a journal of statistics for the physical, chemical, and engineering sciences, published quarterly since 1959 by the American Society for Quality and the American Statistical Association.
Statement of purpose
The purpose of Technometrics is to contribute to the development and use of statistical methods in physical, chemical, and engineering sciences as well as information sciences and technology. This vision includes developments on the interface of statistics and computer science such as data mining, machine learning, large databases, and so on. The journal places a premium on clear communication among statisticians and practitioners of these sciences and an emphasis on the application of statistical concepts and methods to problems that occur in these fields. The journal will publish papers describing new statistical techniques, papers illustrating innovative application of known statistical methods, expository papers on particular statistical methods, and papers dealing with the philosophy and problems of applying statistical methods, when such papers are consistent with the journal's objective. Every article shall include adequate justification of the application of the technique, preferably by means of an actual application to a problem in the physical, chemical, engineering or information sciences. All papers must contain a short, clear summary of contents and conclusions. Mathematical derivations not essential to the flow of the text should be placed in an appendix or a supplementary file. Brief descriptions of problems requiring solution and short technical notes that clearly pertain to the journal's purpose will also be considered for publication. Concise letters to the editor will be published when they are considered timely and appropriate.
Editor
V. Roshan Joseph, Georgia Institute of Technology
Book Reviews Editor
S. Ejaz Ahmed, Brock University, Canada
Former Editors
J. Stuart Hunter (1959–1963)
Fred C. Leone (1964–1968
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20RS/6000
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The RISC System/6000 (RS/6000) is a family of RISC-based Unix servers, workstations and supercomputers made by IBM in the 1990s. The RS/6000 family replaced the IBM RT PC computer platform in February 1990 and was the first computer line to see the use of IBM's POWER and PowerPC based microprocessors. In October 2000, the RS/6000 brand was retired for POWER-based servers and replaced by the eServer pSeries. Workstations continued under the RS/6000 brand until 2002, when new POWER-based workstations were released under the IntelliStation POWER brand.
History
The first RS/6000 models used the Micro Channel bus, later models used PCI. Some later models conformed to the PReP and CHRP standard platforms, which were co-developed with Apple and Motorola, with Open Firmware. The plan was to enable the RS/6000 to run multiple operating systems such as Windows NT, NetWare, OS/2, Solaris, Taligent, AIX and Mac OS but in the end only IBM's Unix variant AIX was used and supported on RS/6000. Linux is widely used on CHRP based RS/6000s, but support was added after the RS/6000 name was changed to eServer pSeries in 2000.
The RS/6000 family also included the POWERserver servers, POWERstation workstations and Scalable POWERparallel supercomputer platform. While most machines were desktops, desksides, or rack-mounted, there were laptop models too. Famous RS/6000s include the PowerPC 604e-based Deep Blue supercomputer that beat world champion Garry Kasparov at chess in 1997, and the POWER3-based ASCI White which was the fastest supercomputer in the world during 20002002.
Architecture
Hardware
Service processor
Many RS/6000 and subsequent pSeries machines came with a service processor, which booted itself when power was applied and continuously ran its own firmware, independent of the operating system. The service processor could call a phone number (via a modem) in case of serious failure with the machine. Early advertisements and documentation called the service processor "Sy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo%20carmine
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Indigo carmine, or 5,5′-indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt, is an organic salt derived from indigo by aromatic sulfonation, which renders the compound soluble in water. It is approved for use as a food colorant in the U.S and E.U. to produce a blue color. It has the E number E132. It is also a pH indicator.
Uses
Indigo carmine in a 0.2% aqueous solution is blue at pH 11.4 and yellow at 13.0. Indigo carmine is also a redox indicator, turning yellow upon reduction. Another use is as a dissolved ozone indicator through the conversion to isatin-5-sulfonic acid. This reaction has been shown not to be specific to ozone, however: it also detects superoxide, an important distinction in cell physiology. It is also used as a dye in the manufacturing of capsules.
Medical uses
Indigotindisulfonate sodium, sold under the brand name Bludigo, is used as a diagnostic dye during surgical procedures. It is indicated for use as a visualization aid in the cystoscopic assessment of the integrity of the ureters in adults following urological and gynecological open, robotic, or endoscopic surgical procedures. It was approved for medical use in the United States in July 2022.
In obstetric surgery, indigo carmine solutions are sometimes employed to detect amniotic fluid leaks. In urologic surgery, intravenous injection of indigo carmine is often used to highlight portions of the urinary tract. The dye is filtered rapidly by the kidneys from the blood, and colors the urine blue. This enables structures of the urinary tract to be seen in the surgical field, and demonstrate if there is a leak. However, the dye can cause a potentially dangerous increase in blood pressure in some cases.
Although not absorbed by the cells, indigo carmine stain, sprayed onto regions of interest, highlights the topography of the mucosal surface with its blue coloring. Generally used at a concentration around 0.2%, indigo carmine stain is useful as a screening method for diagnosing minute lesions, to different
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillosis
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Aspergillosis is a fungal infection of usually the lungs, caused by the genus Aspergillus, a common mould that is breathed in frequently from the air, but does not usually affect most people. It generally occurs in people with lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis or tuberculosis, or those who are immunocompromized such as those who have had a stem cell or organ transplant or those who take medications such as steroids and some cancer treatments which suppress the immune system. Rarely, it can affect skin.
Aspergillosis occurs in humans, birds and other animals. Aspergillosis occurs in chronic or acute forms which are clinically very distinct. Most cases of acute aspergillosis occur in people with severely compromised immune systems such as those undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Chronic colonization or infection can cause complications in people with underlying respiratory illnesses, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most commonly, aspergillosis occurs in the form of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), aspergilloma, or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Some forms are intertwined; for example ABPA and simple aspergilloma can progress to CPA.
Other, noninvasive manifestations include fungal sinusitis (both allergic in nature and with established fungal balls), otomycosis (ear infection), keratitis (eye infection), and onychomycosis (nail infection). In most instances, these are less severe, and curable with effective antifungal treatment.
The most frequently identified pathogens are Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus, ubiquitous organisms capable of living under extensive environmental stress. Most people are thought to inhale thousands of Aspergillus spores daily but without effect due to an efficient immune response. Invasive aspergillosis has a 20% mortality at 6 months. The major chronic, invasive, and allergic forms of aspergillosis account for around
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METEOR
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METEOR (Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit ORdering) is a metric for the evaluation of machine translation output. The metric is based on the harmonic mean of unigram precision and recall, with recall weighted higher than precision. It also has several features that are not found in other metrics, such as stemming and synonymy matching, along with the standard exact word matching. The metric was designed to fix some of the problems found in the more popular BLEU metric, and also produce good correlation with human judgement at the sentence or segment level. This differs from the BLEU metric in that BLEU seeks correlation at the corpus level.
Results have been presented which give correlation of up to 0.964 with human judgement at the corpus level, compared to BLEU's achievement of 0.817 on the same data set. At the sentence level, the maximum correlation with human judgement achieved was 0.403.
Algorithm
As with BLEU, the basic unit of evaluation is the sentence, the algorithm first creates an alignment (see illustrations) between two sentences, the candidate translation string, and the reference translation string. The alignment is a set of mappings between unigrams. A mapping can be thought of as a line between a unigram in one string, and a unigram in another string. The constraints are as follows; every unigram in the candidate translation must map to zero or one unigram in the reference. Mappings are selected to produce an alignment as defined above. If there are two alignments with the same number of mappings, the alignment is chosen with the fewest crosses, that is, with fewer intersections of two mappings. From the two alignments shown, alignment (a) would be selected at this point. Stages are run consecutively and each stage only adds to the alignment those unigrams which have not been matched in previous stages. Once the final alignment is computed, the score is computed as follows: Unigram precision is calculated as:
Where is the num
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20message
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In computing, a private message, personal message, or direct message (abbreviated as PM or DM) refers to a private communication sent or received by a user of a private communication channel on any given platform. Unlike public posts, PMs are only viewable by the participants. Though long a function present on IRCs and Internet forums, private channels for PMs have recently grown in popularity due to the increasing demand for privacy and private collaboration on social media.
There are two main types of private messages. One type includes those found on IRCs and Internet forums, as well as on social media apps like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, where the focus is public posting, PMs allow users to communicate privately without leaving the platform. The second type are those relayed through instant messaging platforms such as WhatsApp, Kik, and Snapchat, where users create accounts primarily to exchange PMs. A third type, peer-to-peer messaging, occurs when users create and own the infrastructure used to transmit and store the messages; while features vary depending on application, they give the user full control over the data they transmit. An example of software that enables this kind of messaging is Classified-ads.
Besides serving as a tool to connect privately with friends and family, PMs have gained momentum in the workplace. Working professionals use PMs to reach coworkers in other spaces and increase efficiency during meetings. Although useful, using PMs in the workplace may blur the boundary between work and private lives.
History
The development of computers sparked the information revolution, which changed the way people communicate. Peter Drucker published an article centering on the theme that the computer is to the Information Revolution what the railroad was to the Industrial Revolution; railroads unified travel between the east and west coast of the United States, whereas computers unified communication across the entire globe. This revolutioni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Oberheim
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Thomas Elroy Oberheim (born July 7, 1936, Manhattan, Kansas), known as Tom Oberheim, is an American audio engineer and electronics engineer best known for designing effects processors, analog synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines. He has been the founder of four audio electronics companies, most notably Oberheim Electronics. He was also a key figure in the development and adoption of the MIDI standard. He is also a trained physicist.
Early life and education
Oberheim was born and raised in Manhattan, Kansas, also the home of Kansas State University. Beginning in junior high school, he put his interest in electronics into practice by building hi-fi components and amplifiers for friends. A fan of jazz music, Oberheim decided to move to Los Angeles after seeing an ad on the back of Downbeat Magazine about free jazz performances at a club there. He arrived in Los Angeles in July 1956 at the age of 20 with $10 in his pocket. He worked as a draftsman trainee at NCR Corporation where he was inspired to become a computer engineer. Oberheim enrolled at UCLA, studying computer engineering and physics while also taking music courses. Over the next nine years he worked toward his physics degree, serving in the U.S. Army for a short period of time, harmonizing with the Gregg Smith Singers, and working jobs at computer companies (most notably Abacus, where he first began designing computers).
Oberheim was attending a class during his last semester at UCLA when he met and became friends with trumpet player Don Ellis, and keyboardist Joseph Byrd of the band The United States of America, who were attending the same class. Oberheim stayed in touch with both Ellis and Byrd after leaving UCLA, and ended up building an amplifier for Ellis to use for his public address system. Oberheim also built guitar amplifiers for The United States of America, and their lead singer Dorothy Moskowitz asked him to build a ring modulator for the band (Joseph Byrd had used one while a band membe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimylacris
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Archimylacris (meaning "primitive Mylacris", in reference to another species of Carboniferous cockroach) is an extinct genus of cockroach-like blattopterans, a group of insects ancestral to cockroaches, mantids, and termites.
Archimylacris lived on the warm, swampy forest floors of North America and Europe 300 million years ago, in the Late Carboniferous times. Like modern cockroaches, this insect had a large head shield with long, curved antennae, or feelers, and folded wings. To a modern observer, it would likely appear as a moderate-sized cockroach, with a "tail" (ovipositor) in the female. Presumably, its habits would be cockroach-like, too, scurrying along the undergrowth eating anything edible, possibly falling prey to labyrinthodont amphibians and very early reptiles.
The average length of Archimylacris species was 2–3 cm.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholestane
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Cholestane is a saturated tetracyclic triterpene. This 27-carbon biomarker is produced by diagenesis of cholesterol and is one of the most abundant biomarkers in the rock record. Presence of cholestane, its derivatives and related chemical compounds in environmental samples is commonly interpreted as an indicator of animal life and/or traces of O2, as animals are known for exclusively producing cholesterol, and thus has been used to draw evolutionary relationships between ancient organisms of unknown phylogenetic origin and modern metazoan taxa. Cholesterol is made in low abundance by other organisms (e.g., rhodophytes, land plants), but because these other organisms produce a variety of sterols it cannot be used as a conclusive indicator of any one taxon. It is often found in analysis of organic compounds in petroleum.
Background
Cholestane is a saturated C-27 animal biomarker often found in petroleum deposits. It is a diagenetic product of cholesterol, which is an organic molecule made primarily by animals and make up ~30% of animal cell membranes. Cholesterol is responsible for membrane rigidity and fluidity, as well as intracellular transport, cell signaling and nerve conduction. In humans, it is also the precursor for hormones (i.e., estrogen, testosterone). It is synthesized via squalene and naturally assumes a specific stereochemical orientation (3β-ol, 5α (H), 14α (H), 17α (H), 20R). This stereochemical orientation is typically maintained throughout diagenetic processes, but cholestane can be found in the fossil record with many stereochemical configurations.
Biomarker
Cholestane in the fossil record is often interpreted as an indicator (biomarker) of ancient animal life and is often used by geochemists and geobiologists to reconstruct animal evolution (particularly in the Precambrian Earth history; e.g., Ediacaran, Cryogenian and Proterozoic in general). Molecular oxygen is required to produce cholesterol; thus, the presence of cholestane suggests some
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocaecilia
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Eocaecilia is an extinct genus of gymnophionan amphibian from the early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona, United States. One species is described, Eocaecilia micropodia.
Eocaecilia shared some characteristics with salamanders and the now extinct microsaur amphibians. It was of small size, about 15 cm in length. Unlike modern caecilians, which are legless, Eocaecilia possessed small legs, and while modern caecilians have poorly developed eyes and spend a lot of time under ground, Eocaecilia'''s eyes were somewhat better developed. Although the precise ancestry of Eocaecilia'' is debated (and other caecilians by extension), it likely resided among the ancestral lepospondyl or temnospondyl amphibians of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppForge
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AppForge, Inc. was a software company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, providing mobile application development services as well as CrossFire, a software tool simplifying mobile applications for Symbian, Windows Mobile, RIM BlackBerry, and Palm OS. Crossfire was a software plugin for Visual Basic 6 and for Microsoft Visual Studio .NET.
On March 13, 2007, AppForge ceased operations and has been assigned to the benefit of the creditors so it could begin
bidding. All AppForge License validation servers went dark on April 2, and all development platforms became invalid leaving its customers high and dry. Eight days later, the developers forum and shop parts of the website went offline. On April 12, the AppForge URL was redirected to Oracle's website. The assets of AppForge, Inc. have been assigned for benefit of creditors to Hays Financial Consulting, LLC.
On April 18, Oracle announced they had purchased the Intellectual Property of Appforge, Inc. Oracle announced that:
“Oracle did not acquire the AppForge...former customer contracts, so Oracle does not plan to sell or provide support for former AppForge products going forward.”
Effect of insolvency on AppForge CrossFire Users And Possible Solutions
AppForge used to sell an ISV version and a non-ISV version of Crossfire. The ISV version required yearly renewals of the development environment license. The non-ISV version required activation of the client license (the booster) upon deployment.
On April 2, 2007, ISV users were not able to update their applications once their yearly license expired. As of the same date, Non-ISV users were no longer able to install new software on their mobile units, or to re-install mobile units that ran out of batteries.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFiDog%20Captive%20Portal
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WiFiDog was an open source embeddable captive portal solution used to build wireless hotspots. It is no longer an active project after not being updated for several years.
WiFiDog consists of two components: the gateway and the authentication server. It was written by the technical team of Île Sans Fil and is included in the software package repository of OpenWrt.
Gateway
The WiFiDog gateway is written in C with no dependencies beyond the Linux kernel. This structure enables it to be embedded in devices such as the WRT54G router running OpenWrt, FreeWRT or DD-WRT or most PCs running Linux. Linux Journal reports that a working gateway install can be packaged in less than 15kB on an i386 platform.
Authentication server
The WiFiDog authentication server is a PHP and PostgreSQL or MySQL server based solution written to authenticate clients in a captive portal environment. WiFiDog Auth provides portal specific content management, allows users to create wireless internet access accounts using email access, provides gateway uptime statistics and connection specific and user log statistics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyckoff%20positions
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In crystallography, a Wyckoff position is any point in a set of points whose site symmetry groups (see below) are all conjugate subgroups one of another. Crystallography tables give the Wyckoff positions for different space groups.
History
The Wyckoff positions are named after Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff, an American X-ray crystallographer who authored several books in the field. His 1922 book, The Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups, contained tables with the positional coordinates, both general and special, permitted by the symmetry elements. This book was the forerunner of International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, which first appeared in 1935.
Definition
For any point in a unit cell, given by fractional coordinates, one can apply a symmetry operation to the point. In some cases it will move to new coordinates, while in other cases the point will remain unaffected. For example, reflecting across a mirror plane will switch all the points left and right of the mirror plane, but points exactly on the mirror plane itself will not move. We can test every symmetry operation in the crystal's point group and keep track of whether the specified point is invariant under the operation or not. The (finite) list of all symmetry operations which leave the given point invariant taken together make up another group, which is known as the site symmetry group of that point. By definition, all points with the same site symmetry group, or a conjugate site symmetry group, are assigned the same Wyckoff position.
The Wyckoff positions are designated by a letter, often preceded by the number of positions that are equivalent to a given position with that letter, in other words the number of positions in the unit cell to which the given position is moved by applying all the elements of the space group. For instance, 2a designates the positions left where they are by a certain subgroup, and indicates that other symmetry elements move the point to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Animatograph%20Corporation
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The Victor Animatograph Corporation was a maker of projection equipment founded in 1910 in Davenport, Iowa by Swedish-born American inventor Alexander F. Victor.
The firm introduced its first 16 mm camera and movie projector on August 12, 1923, the same year Eastman Kodak introduced the Cine-Kodak and Kodascope. Victor advertised through his entire career thereafter that he had marketed the first 16mm equipment, but his claim was incorrect by several weeks, since the Cine-Kodak had been introduced in July, substantially earlier than Victor's August marketing date. Victor's first 16mm camera was a hand-cranked rectangular aluminum box designed for the additional film economy of cranking only 14 frames per second instead of the standard sixteen. A later version of this first Victor was driven by an electric motor. Neither camera sold in large numbers, but Victor followed in 1927 with a more successful camera modeled on the Bell & Howell Filmo. Victor offered many models of 16mm projectors, most with only minor variations, but prior to military contracts won during World War II, all were made and sold in very small numbers, from 20 units to usually no more than a couple of thousand units.
The company was a large producer of lantern slides using their "Featherweight" method- a one piece glass positive with a durable emulsion framed by a cardboard mat.
See also
28 mm film
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsteroid
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Norsteroids (nor-, L. norma, from "normal" in chemistry, indicating carbon removal) are a structural class of steroids that have had an atom or atoms (typically carbon) removed, biosynthetically or synthetically, from positions of branching off of rings or side chains (e.g., removal of methyl groups), or from within rings of the steroid ring system. For instance, 19-norsteroids (e.g., 19-norprogesterone) constitute an important class of natural and synthetic steroids derived by removal of the methyl group of the natural product progesterone; the equivalent change between testosterone and 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone) is illustrated below.
Examples
Norsteroid examples include: 19-norpregnane (from pregnane), desogestrel, ethylestrenol, etynodiol diacetate, ethinylestradiol, gestrinone, levonorgestrel, norethisterone (norethindrone), norgestrel, norpregnatriene (from pregnatriene), quinestrol, 19-norprogesterone (from a progesterone), Nomegestrol acetate, 19-nortestosterone (from a testosterone), and norethisterone acetate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet%20cleaner
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Toilet cleaners are chemical solutions designed specifically for cleaning a toilet bowl, usually in conjunction with a toilet brush.
Usage
Toilet cleaner is sprayed around the rim and into the bowl of the toilet prior to the use of the toilet brush. The toilet brush is used to scrub the toilet, removing stubborn stains and biological debris. In recent times, automatic toilet bowl cleaners that clip onto the rim of the toilet and clean with every flush have also become prevalent.
Toilet cleaners tend to be toxic, as they contain disinfectants which can cause skin irritations. "Heavy duty" formulations often include hydrochloric acid (HCl) in varying amounts, necessitating care in handling and storage, as well as adequate ventilation while in use.
Commercial brands
Domestos
Harpic
Toilet Duck
Lysol
Poo-Pourri
Sani-Flush
Vanish
See also
Pumice stone, may be used for cleaning a hard water line
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture%20compression
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Texture compression is a specialized form of image compression designed for storing texture maps in 3D computer graphics rendering systems. Unlike conventional image compression algorithms, texture compression algorithms are optimized for random access.
Texture compression can be applied to reduce memory usage at runtime. Texture data is often the largest source of memory usage in a mobile application.
Tradeoffs
In their seminal paper on texture compression, Beers, Agrawala and Chaddha list four features that tend to differentiate texture compression from other image compression techniques. These features are:
Decoding Speed It is highly desirable to be able to render directly from the compressed texture data and so, in order not to impact rendering performance, decompression must be fast.
Random Access Since predicting the order that a renderer accesses texels would be difficult, any texture compression scheme must allow fast random access to decompressed texture data. This tends to rule out many better-known image compression schemes such as JPEG or run-length encoding.
Compression Rate and Visual Quality In a rendering system, lossy compression can be more tolerable than for other use cases. Some texture compression libraries, such as crunch, allow the developer to flexibly trade off compression rate vs. visual quality, using methods such as rate-distortion optimization (RDO).
Encoding Speed Texture compression is more tolerant of asymmetric encoding/decoding rates as the encoding process is often done only once during the application authoring process.
Given the above, most texture compression algorithms involve some form of fixed-rate lossy vector quantization of small fixed-size blocks of pixels into small fixed-size blocks of coding bits, sometimes with additional extra pre-processing and post-processing steps. Block Truncation Coding is a very simple example of this family of algorithms.
Because their data access patterns are well-defined, texture decom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Serbian%20flags
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This is a list of Serbian flags used in the past and present.
Current flags
National flags
Presidential standards
Military flags
Provincial flags
Flags of municipalities and cities
Historical flags
National flags
Royal standards
Presidential standards
Military flags
Flags of Serbian people in other countries
Republika Srpska
National flags
Presidential standards
Flags of municipalities and cities
Montenegro, Croatia, North Macedonia and Romania
Religious flags
Other historical flags
See also
List of flags of Montenegro
List of Yugoslav flags
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20mixing
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Harmonic mixing or key mixing (also referred to as mixing in key) is a DJ's continuous mix between two pre-recorded tracks that are most often either in the same key, or their keys are relative or in a subdominant or dominant relationship with one another.
The primary goal of harmonic mixing is to create a smooth transition between songs. Songs in the same key do not generate a dissonant tone when mixed. This technique enables DJs to create a harmonious and consonant mashup with any music genre.
The Camelot wheel can be used for harmonic mixing. It is based on the circle of fifths.
Traditional methods
A commonly known method of using harmonic mixing is to detect the key signature of every music file in the DJ collection by using a piano. The key signature can be used to create harmonic mash-ups with other tracks in the same key. Also considered compatible with the key signature in question are its related subdominant and dominant keys, as well as its relative major (or minor, as the case may be) key.
See also
Beatmatching
Segue in music
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUSHRA
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MUSHRA stands for Multiple Stimuli with Hidden Reference and Anchor and is a methodology for conducting a codec listening test to evaluate the perceived quality of the output from lossy audio compression algorithms. It is defined by ITU-R recommendation BS.1534-3. The MUSHRA methodology is recommended for assessing "intermediate audio quality". For very small audio impairments, Recommendation ITU-R BS.1116-3 (ABC/HR) is recommended instead.
The main advantage over the mean opinion score (MOS) methodology (which serves a similar purpose) is that MUSHRA requires fewer participants to obtain statistically significant results. This is because all codecs are presented at the same time, on the same samples, so that a paired t-test or a repeated measures analysis of variance can be used for statistical analysis. Also, the 0–100 scale used by MUSHRA makes it possible to rate very small differences.
In MUSHRA, the listener is presented with the reference (labeled as such), a certain number of test samples, a hidden version of the reference and one or more anchors. The recommendation specifies that a low-range and a mid-range anchor should be included in the test signals. These are typically a 7 kHz and a 3.5 kHz low-pass version of the reference. The purpose of the anchors is to calibrate the scale so that minor artifacts are not unduly penalized. This is particularly important when comparing or pooling results from different labs.
Listener behavior
Both, MUSHRA and ITU BS.1116 tests call for trained expert listeners who know what typical artifacts sound like and where they are likely to occur. Expert listeners also have a better internalization of the rating scale which leads to more repeatable results than with untrained listeners. Thus, with trained listeners, fewer listeners are needed to achieve statistically significant results.
It is assumed that preferences are similar for expert listeners and naive listeners and thus results of expert listeners are also predic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuson
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In condensed matter physics, the diffuson is a disorder-averaged electron-hole propagator, a mathematical object which often appears in the theory of disordered electronic systems. The poles of the propagator can be identified with diffusion modes.
In a disordered system, the motion of an electron is not ballistic, but diffusive: i.e., the electron does not move along a straight line, but experiences a series of random scatterings off of impurities. This random motion (diffusion) is described by a differential equation, known as the diffusion equation. The diffuson is the Green's function of the diffusion equation.
The diffuson plays an important role in the theory of electron transport in disordered systems, especially for phase coherent effects such as universal conductance fluctuations.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20organ%20%28fish%29
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In biology, the electric organ is an organ that an electric fish uses to create an electric field. Electric organs are derived from modified muscle or in some cases nerve tissue, and have evolved at least six times among the elasmobranchs and teleosts. These fish use their electric discharges for navigation, communication, mating, defence, and in strongly electric fish also for the incapacitation of prey.
The electric organs of two strongly electric fish, the torpedo ray and the electric eel were first studied in the 1770s by John Walsh, Hugh Williamson, and John Hunter. Charles Darwin used them as an instance of convergent evolution in his 1859 On the Origin of Species. Modern study began with Hans Lissmann's 1951 study of electroreception and electrogenesis in Gymnarchus niloticus.
Research history
Detailed descriptions of the powerful shocks that the electric catfish could give were written in ancient Egypt.
In the 1770s the electric organs of the torpedo ray and electric eel were the subject of Royal Society papers by John Walsh, Hugh Williamson, and John Hunter, who discovered what is now called Hunter's organ. These appear to have influenced the thinking of Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta – the founders of electrophysiology and electrochemistry.
In the 19th century, Charles Darwin discussed the electric organs of the electric eel and the torpedo ray in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species as a likely example of convergent evolution: "But if the electric organs had been inherited from one ancient progenitor thus provided, we might have expected that all electric fishes would have been specially related to each other…I am inclined to believe that in nearly the same way as two men have sometimes independently hit on the very same invention, so natural selection, working for the good of each being and taking advantage of analogous variations, has sometimes modified in very nearly the same manner two parts in two organic beings". In 1877, Carl Sachs stud
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak%20localization
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Weak localization is a physical effect which occurs in disordered electronic systems at very low temperatures. The effect manifests itself as a positive correction to the resistivity of a metal or semiconductor. The name emphasizes the fact that weak localization is a precursor of Anderson localization, which occurs at strong disorder.
General principle
The effect is quantum-mechanical in nature and has the following origin: In a disordered electronic system, the electron motion is diffusive rather than ballistic. That is, an electron does not move along a straight line, but experiences a series of random scatterings off impurities which results in a random walk.
The resistivity of the system is related to the probability of an electron to propagate between two given points in space. Classical physics assumes that the total probability is just the sum of the probabilities of the paths connecting the two points. However quantum mechanics tells us that to find the total probability we have to sum up the quantum-mechanical amplitudes of the paths rather than the probabilities themselves. Therefore, the correct (quantum-mechanical) formula for the probability for an electron to move from a point A to a point B includes the classical part (individual probabilities of diffusive paths) and a number of interference terms (products of the amplitudes corresponding to different paths). These interference terms effectively make it more likely that a carrier will "wander around in a circle" than it would otherwise, which leads to an increase in the net resistivity. The usual formula for the conductivity of a metal (the so-called Drude formula) corresponds to the former classical terms, while the weak localization correction corresponds to the latter quantum interference terms averaged over disorder realizations.
The weak localization correction can be shown to come mostly from quantum interference between self-crossing paths in which an electron can propagate in the clock-wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOS%20%28Portuguese%20company%29
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NOS, SGPS S.A. is a Portuguese telecommunications and media company who provides mobile and fixed telephony, cable television, satellite television and internet. The company resulted from the merger in 2013 of two of the country's major telecommunications companies: Zon Multimédia (formerly known as PT Multimédia, a spun-off media arm of Portugal Telecom) and Sonae's Optimus Telecommunications.
NOS owns premium movie channels TVCine and has a 25% stake in the Sport TV television network. It also operates 4 channels in joint-venture with AMC Networks International Southern Europe. NOS Audiovisuais (formerly ZON Lusomundo) is a home-video and cinema film distributor and operates Nos Cinema, the largest cinema chain of Portugal.
History
NOS was founded as TVCabo in 1994, and was the third cable operator to be founded in Portugal (the first was the regional Cabo TV Madeirense, which was founded in 1992, followed by Bragatel early on in 1994). The first customer was connected in November 1994. Initially the channel offer consisted of thirty channels and the number of Portuguese-speaking channels was initially limited to the terrestrial channels, with the number of Portuguese-speaking channels increasing as the years went on.
The company might be considered a Portuguese dot-com. In the PT Multimédia days, it brought Portugal Telecom SAPO (a successful web portal and search engine, sold to its parent company in 2005), Lusomundo (a successful movie distributor, movie theater operator included in the spun off company and, formerly, the owner of the Diário de Notícias newspaper and the TSF radio, which were sold to Controlinveste the same year as SAPO was sold) and several TV channels such as SportTV, CNL (now SIC Notícias) and TVCine (MOV was only created after the spin-off).
On 17 January 2008, ZON announced it would acquire TVTEL, its main competitor in both cable and satellite broadcasting in Porto region. Thus, ZON was strengthening its position due to the appearance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosperma%20erubescens
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Inocybe erubescens, also known as I. patouillardii, commonly known as the deadly fibrecap, brick-red tear mushroom or red-staining Inocybe, is a poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Inocybe and one of the few known to have caused death. It is found growing in small groups on leaf litters in association with beech. All mushroom guidebooks as well as mushroom hunters advise that the entire Inocybaceae should be avoided for consumption. The fruit bodies (i.e., the mushrooms) appear in spring and summer; the bell-shaped caps are generally pale pinkish in colour with red stains, with a reddish-pink stipe and gills.
Taxonomy and naming
The red-staining inocybe was first described by Norwegian naturalist Axel Gudbrand Blytt in 1904 as Inocybe erubescens. However, it was widely known for many years as I. patouillardii, as named by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola in 1905 in honour of the French botanist Narcisse Théophile Patouillard. However, the former name takes priority due to age.
A 2019 multigene phylogenetic study by Matheny and colleagues found that I. erubescens and its relatives in the subgenus Inosperma were only distantly related to the other members of the genus Inocybe. Inosperma was raised to genus rank and the species became Inosperma erubescens.
Description
The cap is hemispherical before flattening out and can reach 8 cm (3.4 in) in diameter. It is variable in colour, initially white though becoming yellow or brownish with age, and stained with pink-white and red marks or lines. The edge of the cap is often irregular with split edges and rough texture. The adnexed gills are reddish-pink. The stipe, dark red-pink, is thin with no ring. The flesh is initially yellowish, later dark pink. The colour tends to fade in direct sunlight. It may be mistaken for Calocybe gambosa, though the latter does not stain red, Agaricus species or Cortinarius caperatus.
Distribution and habitat
It is commonest in beech woods and chalky soils, but gro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20Interface%20Adapter
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A Virtual Interface Adapter ("VIA") is a network protocol (such as TCP/IP ...). As of July 2006 Microsoft SQL Server 2005 supports it. The specific implementation of VIA will vary from vendor to vendor. In general, it is usually a network kind of interface but is usually a very high-performance, dedicated connection between two systems. Part of that high performance comes from specialized, dedicated hardware that knows that it has a dedicated connection and therefore doesn't have to deal with normal network addressing issues.
The VIA protocol is used to support VIA devices such as VIA Storage Area Network devices.
Comes in the concept of clustering (i.e.) load balancing method.
The load balancer will have this VIA and through VIA it will connect the databases.
The VIA protocol is deprecated by Microsoft, and will be removed in a future version of Microsoft SQL Server. It is however supported in SQL Server 2008, SQL Server 2008 R2, SQL Server 2012, and SQL Server 2014.
See also
System Area Network
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symantec%20Workspace%20Virtualization
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Symantec Workspace Virtualization (abbreviated as SWV) is an application virtualization solution for Microsoft Windows by Symantec, now known as Symantec Endpoint Virtualization Suite (SEVS).
Originally pioneered by Altiris and based on technology acquired from FSLogic and named Software Virtualization Solution, SWV allows applications and data to be put into virtual layers (application layers and data layers) instead of being installed to the base file system and Registry. This is achieved through the use of a filter driver and layering technology Altiris acquired from FSLogic. By placing applications and data into managed layers called Virtual Software Packages (VSP's), SWV allows on-the-fly activation, deactivation, or resetting of applications, to avoid conflicts between applications, and to remove them cleanly without altering the base Windows installation.
Altiris was acquired by Symantec Corporation in 2007, who are the makers of Norton AntiVirus, amongst other things. SWV is available on a trial basis, but must be purchased to enable the full features. SWV is free for private use.
In 2008, Symantec acquired AppStream to incorporate the streaming of virtual applications. According to a quote from DABCC.com, this will "deliver virtualized, on-demand application delivery and management".
Previous names for SWV are the before-mentioned SVS and Software Virtualization Professional.
See also
Citrix XenApp
App-V
VMware ThinApp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Budan%20de%20Boislaurent
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Ferdinand François Désiré Budan de Boislaurent (28 September 1761 – 6 October 1840) was a French amateur mathematician, best known for a tract, Nouvelle méthode pour la résolution des équations numériques,
first published in Paris in 1807, but based on work from 1803.
Budan was born in Limonade, Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) on 28 September 1761. His early education was at Juilly, France. He then proceeded to Paris where he studied medicine, receiving a doctorate for a thesis entitled Essai sur cette question d'économie médicale : Convient-il qu'un malade soit instruit de sa situation? Budan died in Paris on 6 October 1840.
Budan explains in his book how, given a monic polynomial p(x), the coefficients of p(x+1) can be obtained by developing a Pascal-like triangle with first row the coefficients of p(x), rather than by expanding successive powers of x+1, as in Pascal's triangle proper, and then summing; thus, the method has the flavour of lattice path combinatorics. Taken together with Descartes' Rule of Signs, this leads to an upper bound on the number of the real roots a polynomial has inside an open interval. Although Budan's Theorem, as this result was known, was taken up by, among others, Pierre Louis Marie Bourdon (1779-1854), in his celebrated algebra textbook, it tended to be eclipsed by an equivalent result due to Joseph Fourier, as the consequence of a priority dispute. Interest in Budan's theorem has been revived because some further computational results are more easily deducible from it than from Fourier's version of the theorem.
Budan's book was read across the English Channel; for example, Peter Barlow includes mention of it in his entry on Approximation in his Dictionary (1814), although grouping it with the method of Joseph-Louis Lagrange as being accurate, but of more theoretical interest than practical use. Budan's work on approximation was studied by Horner in preparing his celebrated article in the Philosophical Transactions of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20Reid
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Miles Anthony Reid FRS (born 30 January 1948) is a mathematician who works in algebraic geometry.
Education
Reid studied the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos at Trinity College, Cambridge and obtained his Ph.D. in 1973 under the supervision of Peter Swinnerton-Dyer and Pierre Deligne.
Career
Reid was a research fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge from 1973 to 1978. He became a lecturer at the University of Warwick in 1978 and was appointed professor there in 1992. He has written two well known books: Undergraduate Algebraic Geometry and Undergraduate Commutative Algebra.
Awards and honours
Reid was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2002. In the same year, he participated as an Invited Speaker in the
International Congress of Mathematicians in Beijing. Reid was awarded the Senior Berwick Prize in 2006 for his paper with Alessio Corti and Aleksandr Pukhlikov, "Fano 3-fold hypersurfaces", which made a big advance in the study of 3-dimensional algebraic varieties. In 2023 he was awarded the Sylvester Medal of the Royal Society.
Personal life
Reid speaks Japanese and Russian and has given lectures in Japanese.
Bibliography
His most famous book is
Undergraduate Algebraic Geometry, Cambridge University Press 1988 ()
Other books
Undergraduate commutative algebra, Cambridge University Press 1995,
with Balazs Szendroi: Geometry and topology, Cambridge University Press 2007
His most famous translation is the two volume work by Shafarevich
Basic Algebraic Geometry 1 ()
Basic Algebraic Geometry 2 ()
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDJ
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A CDJ is a specialized digital music player for DJing. Originally designed to play music from compact discs, many CDJs can play digital music files stored on USB flash drives or SD cards. In typical use, at least two CDJs are plugged into a DJ mixer. CDJs have jog wheels and pitch faders that allow manipulation of the digital music similar to a vinyl record on a DJ turntable. Many have additional features such as loops and beat analysis that are not present on turntables. Additionally, some can function as DJ controllers to control the playback of digital files in DJ software running on a laptop instead of playing the files on the CDJ.
Many pro audio companies such as Gemini, Denon DJ, Numark, Stanton, and Vestax produced DJ quality CD players. In 1993 Denon DJ was the first to implement a 2-piece rackmounted dual-deck variable-pitch CD player with a jog wheel and instant cue button for DJs. It quickly became the industry standard and was widely adopted in most clubs and mobile DJs throughout the 90s up until 2004 when Pioneer made an impact with the CDJ-1000. Pioneer DJ CDJs have since become widely regarded as the industry standard.
The Pioneer CDJ-400, CDJ-800, CDJ-850K, CDJ-1000, CDJ-900, CDJ-2000 and the latest model CDJ-3000 have a vinyl emulation mode that allows the operator to manipulate music on a CD as if it were on a turntable. Models released prior to the CDJ-1000 lacked this feature. Pioneer CDJs released after the CDJ-400 can play from USB sticks as well as CDs. Pioneer integrated its software rekordbox with the CDJs to prepare music with cue points, accurate BPM, and search/playlist functions. For unknown reasons, the Pioneer CDJ-300 is left out of most popular accounts on CDJs.
1990s
CDJ-500
The CDJ-500 (known as the Mark 1 once the second version was released) was recognized by Pioneer DJ as their first CDJ CD player, released in 1994. However, there was a Pioneer CDJ-300 that was released in 1994 as a budget model for the CDJ-500.
The CDJ-50
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jervine
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Jervine is a steroidal alkaloid with molecular formula C27H39NO3 which is derived from the plant genus Veratrum. Similar to cyclopamine, which also occurs in the genus Veratrum, it is a teratogen implicated in birth defects when consumed by animals during a certain period of their gestation.
Physiological effects
Jervine is a potent teratogen causing birth defects in vertebrates. In severe cases it can cause cyclopia and holoprosencephaly.
Mechanism of action
Jervine's biological activity is mediated via its interaction with the 7 pass trans membrane protein smoothened. Jervine binds with and inhibits smoothened, which is an integral part of the hedgehog signaling pathways. With smoothened inhibited, the GLI1 transcription cannot be activated and hedgehog target genes cannot be transcribed.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse%20noise%20%28acoustics%29
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Impulse noise is a category of (acoustic) noise that includes unwanted, almost instantaneous (thus impulse-like) sharp sounds (like clicks and pops)—typically caused by electromagnetic interference, scratches on disks, gunfire, explosions, and synchronization issues in digital audio. High levels of such a noise (200+ decibels) may damage internal organs, while 180 decibels are enough to damage human ears.
An impulse noise filter can enhance the quality of noisy signals to achieve robustness in pattern recognition and adaptive control systems. A classic filter used to remove impulse noise is the median filter, at the expense of signal degradation. Thus it's quite common to get better performing impulse noise filters with model-based systems, which are programmed with the time and frequency properties of the noise to remove only impulse obliterated samples.
See also
Audio synchronizer
Crackling noise
Record restoration
Gaussian noise
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege%20revocation%20%28computing%29
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Privilege revocation is the act of an entity giving up some, or all of, the privileges they possess, or some authority taking those (privileged) rights away.
Information theory
Honoring the Principle of least privilege at a granularity provided by the base system such as sandboxing of (to that point successful) attacks to an unprivileged user account helps in reliability of computing services provided by the system. As the chances of restarting such a process are better, and other services on the same machine aren't affected (or at least probably not as much as in the alternative case: i.e. a privileged process gone haywire instead).
Computer security
In computing security privilege revocation is a measure taken by a program to protect the system against misuse of itself.
Privilege revocation is a variant of privilege separation whereby the program terminates the privileged part immediately after it has served its purpose. If a program doesn't revoke privileges, it risks the escalation of privileges.
Revocation of privileges is a technique of defensive programming.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Diefendorff
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Keith Diefendorff is a computer architect and veteran in the microprocessor industry.
Diefendorff is one of the persons that has led the industry in developing RISC processors, both for embedded systems and superscalar high performance systems. He is one of the main designers of the PowerPC family of processors.
Background
Keith Diefendorff started at Texas Instruments, designing integrated circuits processors and systems. Later Diefendorff joined Motorola and was the chief architect of a second-generation implementation of the 88000 instruction set architecture, the 88110. The 88110 was not a commercial success, and when Motorola shifted focus to creating a new RISC architecture with IBM, Diefendorff was assigned as chief architect for the PowerPC.
After his work at Motorola Diefendorrf moved to NexGen as director of technical x86-strategy. Diefendorff joined AMD when NexGen was acquired by AMD.
From AMD Diefendorrf then moved to Apple as architect for the AltiVec media extensions developed for the PowerPC processors used by Apple.
Keith Diefendorff has been working in the embedded processor space. First at the embedded processor IP-core company ARC International. After ARC Diefendorrf moved to MIPS Technologies.
Diefendorrf has also worked as processor analyst, and editor in chief (1998–2001) for the industry magazine Microprocessor Report.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie%27s%20law
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In petrophysics, Archie's law relates the in-situ electrical conductivity (C) of a porous rock to its porosity () and fluid saturation () of the pores:
Here, denotes the porosity, the electrical conductivity of the fluid saturated rock, represents the electrical conductivity of the aqueous solution (fluid or liquid phase), is the water saturation, or more generally the fluid saturation, of the pores, is the cementation exponent of the rock (usually in the range 1.8–2.0 for sandstones), is the saturation exponent (usually close to 2) and is the tortuosity factor.
Reformulated for the electrical resistivity (R), the inverse of the electrical conductivity , the equation reads
with for the total fluid saturated rock resistivity, and for the resistivity of the fluid itself (w meaning water or an aqueous solution containing dissolved salts with ions bearing electricity in solution).
The factor
is also called the formation factor, where (index standing for total) is the resistivity of the rock saturated with the fluid and is the resistivity of the fluid (index standing for water) inside the porosity of the rock. The porosity being saturated with the fluid (often water, ), .
In case the fluid filling the porosity is a mixture of water and hydrocarbon (petroleum, oil, gas), a resistivity index () can be defined:
Where is the resistivity of the rock saturated in water only.
It is a purely empirical law attempting to describe ion flow (mostly sodium and chloride) in clean, consolidated sands, with varying intergranular porosity. Electrical conduction is only performed by ions dissolved in aqueous solution. So, electrical conduction is considered to be absent in the rock grains of the solid phase or in organic fluids other than water (oil, hydrocarbon, gas).
Archie's law is named after Gus Archie (1907–1978) who developed this empirical quantitative relationship between porosity, electrical conductivity, and fluid saturation of rocks. Archie's law
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano%E2%80%93vocal%20score
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A vocal score or piano–vocal score is a music score of an opera, or a vocal or choral composition written for orchestral accompaniment, such as an oratorio or cantata. In a piano–vocal score, the vocal parts are written out in full, but the accompaniment is reduced and adapted for keyboard (usually piano). The music is usually reduced to two staves; however, more staves, a second keyboardist (piano four hands), or a second keyboard part can be added, as needed.
There are two main types of piano–vocal scores. The first kind consists of those scores created by a composer in the process of composing, usually as a harmonic map or "sketch" of the piece to be later orchestrated. The second category includes scores that are arrangements or transcriptions made after the completion of the work, usually by someone other than the composer.
Piano–vocal scores are generally created to enable a conductor or choir leader to rehearse the singers with a piano accompanist before the choir begins rehearsals with the orchestra. The cost of rehearsing with a professional orchestra is so high that choirs typically hold a number of rehearsals with piano accompaniment to prepare the choir, as the cost of hiring a single piano accompanist is much lower than hiring 50–100 orchestral musicians.
Piano–vocal scores are also used by music students, singers and conductors to study the compositional structure of the score. Before the widespread availability of sound recordings, piano–vocal scores were also sold for amateur home performance or small-scale professional performance of the piece, where a full orchestra would not be feasible from an economic or performance space perspective.
Piano-conductor scores
While piano-vocal scores tend to consist of the vocal lines and a piano reduction of the whole orchestra onto two staves, piano-conductor scores tend to consist of the vocal lines and one of the orchestral piano parts that already exists, coupled with another staff containing the res
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20for%20Cellular%20and%20Molecular%20Biology
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The Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (, IAST: Kośikīya evam āṇavik jīvavijñāna kendra) or CCMB is an Indian fundamental life science research establishment located in Hyderabad that operates under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. CCMB is a designated "Centre of Excellence" by the Global Molecular and Cell Biology Network, UNESCO.
The center collaborates with the University of Nebraska Medical Center for translational research on glaucoma. In addition, the centre receives funding for specific collaborative projects from establishments outside India, such as the National Institutes of Health, Harvard Medical School and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States, the Imperial Cancer Research Fund and Cambridge University in the United Kingdom, the India-Japan Science Council and the University of Ryukyus in Japan, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique and the Pasteur Institute in France and the Volkswagen Foundation in Germany.
History
CCMB was set up initially as a semi-autonomous Centre on 1 April 1977 with the Biochemistry Division of the then Regional Research Laboratory (presently, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, IICT) in Habsiguda, Hyderabad forming its nucleus and Dr P M Bhargava heading the new Centre. Earlier, the Governing Board of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) New Delhi, the apex body which constituted 44 research institutions (now 38) in the country, approved the proposal in 1976 to establish such a Centre in view of the importance of research in the frontier and multi-disciplinary areas of modern biology. During 1981–82, the CCMB was accorded the status of a full-fledged national laboratory with its own Executive Committee and Scientific Advisory Council. With major expansion plans, it was decided to relocate the centre to a spacious campus.
Former directors
The list of former directors.
Research
The ongoing research programmes at the CCMB are in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ns%20%28simulator%29
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ns (from network simulator) is a name for a series of discrete event network simulators, specifically ns-1, ns-2, and ns-3. All are discrete-event computer network simulators, primarily used in research and teaching.
History
ns-1
The first version of ns, known as ns-1, was developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in the 1995-97 timeframe by Steve McCanne, Sally Floyd, Kevin Fall, and other contributors. This was known as the LBNL Network Simulator, and derived in 1989 from an earlier simulator known as REAL by S. Keshav.
ns-2
Ns-2 began as a revision of ns-1. From 1997 to 2000, ns development was supported by DARPA through the VINT project at LBL, Xerox PARC, UC Berkeley, and USC/ISI. In 2000, ns-2 development was supported through DARPA with SAMAN and through NSF with CONSER, both at USC/ISI, in collaboration with other researchers including ACIRI.
Features of NS2
1. It is a discrete event simulator for networking research.
2. It provides substantial support to simulate bunch of protocols like TCP, FTP, UDP, https and DSR.
3. It simulates wired and wireless network.
4. It is primarily Unix based.
5. Uses TCL as its scripting languages.
6. Otcl: Object oriented support
7. Tclcl: C++ and otcl linkage
8. Discrete event schedule
Ns-2 incorporates substantial contributions from third parties, including wireless code from the UCB Daedelus and CMU Monarch projects and Sun Microsystems.
ns-3
In 2003, a team led by Tom Henderson, George Riley, Sally Floyd, and Sumit Roy, applied for and received funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) to build a replacement for ns-2, called ns-3. This team collaborated with the Planete project of INRIA at Sophia Antipolis, with Mathieu Lacage as the software lead, and formed a new open source project.
In the process of developing ns-3, it was decided to completely abandon backward-compatibility with ns-2. The new simulator would be written from scratch, using the C++ programming language
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur%20%28input%20device%29
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The Lemur was a highly customizable multi-touch device from French company JazzMutant founded by Yoann Gantch, Pascal Joguet, Guillaume Largillier and Julien Olivier in 2002, which served as a controller for musical devices such as synthesizers and mixing consoles, as well as for other media applications such as video performances. As an audio tool, the Lemur's role was equivalent to that of a MIDI controller in a MIDI studio setup, except that the Lemur used the Open Sound Control (OSC) protocol, a high-speed networking replacement for MIDI. The controller was especially well-suited for use with Reaktor and Max/MSP, tools for building custom software synthesizers.
Creating an interface
The Lemur came with its own proprietary software called the JazzEditor to create interfaces. Users could build interfaces using a selection of 15 different objects (including fader, knobs, pads, sliders...), group them as modules and arrange them using as many pages as needed. Each object could then receive any MIDI or OSC attribute. A particularity of the Lemur was the ability to modify the physical behavior of each object (for instance adding or removing friction on faders).
The internal memory of the Lemur enabled the storage of many interfaces, each one controlling a specific software for instance.
Discontinuation
JazzMutant discontinued production of the Lemur in 2010, citing competition from more mainstream multi-touch capable computers and tablets. The multi-touch interface was recreated as an iOS, macOS and Android app by the software company Liine (founded by Richie Hawtin).
In September 2022, Liine announced the discontinuation of the Lemur app.
Users
The Lemur had been used by several famous artists.
Alexander Hacke
Richie Hawtin
Matthew Herbert
Kraftwerk
Modeselektor
Emilie Simon
Daft Punk
See also
Haptic technology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPU%20cluster
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A GPU cluster is a computer cluster in which each node is equipped with a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). By harnessing the computational power of modern GPUs via General-Purpose Computing on Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU), very fast calculations can be performed with a GPU cluster.
Hardware (GPU)
The hardware classification of GPU clusters fall into two categories:
Heterogeneous and Homogeneous.
Heterogeneous
Hardware from both of the major IHV's can be used (AMD and nVidia). Even if different models of the same GPU are used (e.g. 8800GT mixed with 8800GTX) the GPU cluster is considered heterogeneous.
Homogeneous
Every single GPU is of the same hardware class, make, and model. (i.e. a homogeneous cluster comprising 100 8800GTs, all with the same amount of memory)
Classifying a GPU cluster according to the above semantics largely directs software development on the cluster, as different GPUs have different capabilities that can be utilized.
Hardware (Other)
Interconnect
In addition to the computer nodes and their respective GPUs, a fast enough interconnect is needed in order to shuttle data amongst the nodes. The type of interconnect largely depends on the number of nodes present. Some examples of interconnects include Gigabit Ethernet and InfiniBand.
Vendors
NVIDIA provides a list of dedicated Tesla Preferred Partners (TPP) with the capability of building and delivering a fully configured GPU cluster using the Tesla 20-series GPGPUs. AMAX Information Technologies, Dell, Hewlett-Packard and Silicon Graphics are some of the few companies that provide a complete line of GPU clusters and systems.
Software
The software components that are required to make many GPU-equipped machines act as one include:
Operating System
GPU driver for the each type of GPU present in each cluster node.
Clustering API (such as the Message Passing Interface, MPI).
VirtualCL (VCL) cluster platform is a wrapper for OpenCL™ that allows most unmodified applications to transp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottky%20group
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In mathematics, a Schottky group is a special sort of Kleinian group, first studied by .
Definition
Fix some point p on the Riemann sphere. Each Jordan curve not passing through p divides the Riemann sphere into two pieces, and we call the piece containing p the "exterior" of the curve, and the other piece its "interior". Suppose there are 2g disjoint Jordan curves A1, B1,..., Ag, Bg in the Riemann sphere with disjoint interiors. If there are Möbius transformations Ti taking the outside of Ai onto the inside of Bi, then the group generated by these transformations is a Kleinian group. A Schottky group is any Kleinian group that can be constructed like this.
Properties
By work of , a finitely generated Kleinian group is Schottky if and only if it is finitely generated, free, has nonempty domain of discontinuity, and all non-trivial elements are loxodromic.
A fundamental domain for the action of a Schottky group G on its regular points Ω(G) in the Riemann sphere is given by the exterior of the Jordan curves defining it. The corresponding quotient space Ω(G)/G is given by joining up the Jordan curves in pairs, so is a compact Riemann surface of genus g. This is the boundary of the 3-manifold given by taking the quotient (H∪Ω(G))/G of 3-dimensional hyperbolic H space plus the regular set Ω(G) by the Schottky group G, which is a handlebody of genus g. Conversely any compact Riemann surface of genus g can be obtained from some Schottky group of genus g.
Classical and non-classical Schottky groups
A Schottky group is called classical if all the disjoint Jordan curves corresponding to some set of generators can be chosen to be circles. gave an indirect and non-constructive proof of the existence of non-classical Schottky groups, and gave an explicit example of one. It has been shown by that all finitely generated classical Schottky groups have limit sets of Hausdorff dimension bounded above strictly by a universal constant less than 2. Conversely, has proved
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedlam%20cube
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The Bedlam cube is a solid dissection puzzle invented by British puzzle expert Bruce Bedlam.
Design
The puzzle consists of thirteen polycubic pieces: twelve pentacubes and one tetracube. The objective is to assemble these pieces into a 4 x 4 x 4 cube. There are 19,186 distinct ways of doing so, up to rotations and reflections.
The Bedlam cube is one unit per side larger than the 3 x 3 x 3 Soma cube, and is much more difficult to solve.
History
Two of the BBC's 'Dragons' from Dragons' Den, Rachel Elnaugh and Theo Paphitis, were to invest in the Bedlam cube during the 2005 series. They offered £100,000 for a 30% share of equity in Bedlam Puzzles. Danny Bamping (the entrepreneur behind Bedlam cube) finally chose a bank loan instead of their investment, as seen in the relevant "Where Are They Now" episode of Dragons' Den.
Records
According to Guinness World Records, the official world record for assembling the Bedlam Cube is 11.03 seconds by Danny Bamping on 9 November 2006. The blindfolded record is 27.21 seconds by Aleksandr Iljasov on 25 February 2008.
See also
Slothouber–Graatsma puzzle
Conway puzzle
Polycube
Soma cube
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-cloud%20effect
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The electron-cloud effect is a phenomenon that occurs in particle accelerators and reduces the quality of the particle beam.
Explanation
Electron clouds are created when accelerated charged particles disturb stray electrons already floating in the tube, and bounce or slingshot the electrons into the wall. These stray electrons can be photo-electrons from synchrotron radiation or electrons from ionized gas molecules. When an electron hits the wall, the wall emits more electrons due to secondary emission. These electrons in turn hit another wall, releasing more and more electrons into the accelerator chamber.
Exacerbating factors
This effect is especially a problem in positron accelerations, where electrons are attracted and slingshot into the walls at variable incident angles. Negatively charged electrons liberated from the accelerator walls are attracted to the positively charged beam, and form a "cloud" around it.
The effect is most pronounced for electrons with around 300eV of kinetic energy - with a steep drop-off of the effect at less than that energy, and a gradual drop-off at higher energies, which occurs because electrons "bury" themselves deep inside the walls of the accelerator tube, making it difficult for secondary electrons to escape into the tube.
The effect is also more pronounced for higher incidence angles (angles farther from the normal).
Electron cloud growth can be a grave limitation in bunch currents and total beam currents if multipacting occurs. Multipacting can occur when the electron cloud dynamics can achieve a resonance with the bunch spacing of the accelerator beam. This can cause instabilities along a bunch train and even instabilities within a single bunch, which are known as head-tail instabilities.
Proposed remedies
A few remedies have been proposed to deal with this, such as putting ridges in the accelerator tube, adding antechambers to the tube, coating the tube to reduce the yield of electrons from the surface, or creat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial%20sodium%20channel
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The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), (also known as amiloride-sensitive sodium channel) is a membrane-bound ion channel that is selectively permeable to sodium ions (). It is assembled as a heterotrimer composed of three homologous subunits α or δ, β, and γ, These subunits are encoded by four genes: SCNN1A, SCNN1B, SCNN1G, and SCNN1D. The ENaC is involved primarily in the reabsorption of sodium ions at the collecting ducts of the kidney's nephrons. In addition to being implicated in diseases where fluid balance across epithelial membranes is perturbed, including pulmonary edema, cystic fibrosis, COPD and COVID-19, proteolyzed forms of ENaC function as the human salt taste receptor.
The apical membranes of many tight epithelia contain sodium channels that are characterized primarily by their high affinity for the diuretic blocker amiloride. These channels mediate the first step of active sodium reabsorption essential for the maintenance of body salt and water homeostasis. In vertebrates, the channels control reabsorption of sodium in kidney, colon, lung and sweat glands; they also play a role in taste perception.
The epithelial sodium channels are structurally and probably evolutionary related to P2X purinoreceptors, pain receptors that activate when they detect ATP.
Location and function
ENaC is located in the apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells in particular in the kidney (primarily in the collecting tubule), the lung, the skin, the male and female reproductive tracts and the colon. Epithelial sodium channels facilitate Na⁺ reabsorption across the apical membranes of epithelia in the distal nephron, respiratory and reproductive tracts and exocrine glands. Since Na⁺ ion concentration is a major determinant of extracellular fluid osmolarity, changes in Na⁺ concentration affect the movement of fluids and consequently fluid volume and blood pressure. The activity of ENaC in the colon and kidney is modulated by the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. It can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20longitudinal%20ligament
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The posterior longitudinal ligament is a ligament connecting the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies of all of the vertebrae of humans. It weakly prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column. It also prevents posterior spinal disc herniation, although problems with the ligament can cause it.
Anatomy
The posterior longitudinal ligament is situated within the vertebral canal. It extends across the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae. It extends superoinferiorly between the body of the axis superiorly, and (sources differ) the sacrum and possibly the coccyx or upper sacral canal inferiorly. It is continuous with the tectorial membrane of atlanto-axial joint superiorly, and with the deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament inferiorly.
The ligament gradually grows narrower inferiorly. The ligament is thicker in the thoracic than in the cervical and lumbar regions. In the thoracic and lumbar regions, it presents a series of dentations with intervening concave margins.
The posterior longitudinal ligament is generally quite wide and thin, and has serrated edges. It is narrow at the vertebral bodies (where it is firmly attached and where it covers the basivertebral veins), and broader over the intervertebral discs (to which it attaches less firmly to allow for the passage of the basivertebral veins).
Structure
This ligament is composed of smooth, shining, longitudinal fibers - denser and more compact than those of the anterior longitudinal ligament - and consists of superficial layers occupying the interval between three or four vertebræ, and deeper layers which extend between adjacent vertebrae. Deep fibres run between each vertebral body. Superficial fibres run between multiple vertebrae.
Function
The posterior longitudinal ligament weakly prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column. It also limits spinal disc herniation, although it is much narrower than the anterior longitudinal ligament.
Clinical significance
The posterior longitudinal ligam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costoxiphoid%20ligaments
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The costoxiphoid ligaments (chondroxiphoid ligaments) are inconstant strand-like fibrous bands that connect the anterior and posterior surfaces of the seventh costal cartilage, and sometimes those of the sixth, to the front and back of the xiphoid process the sternum.
They vary in length and breadth in different subjects; those on the back of the joint are less distinct than those in front.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20sacrococcygeal%20ligament
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The posterior sacrococcygeal ligament or dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament is a ligament which stretches from the sacrum to the coccyx and thus dorsally across the sacrococcygeal symphysis shared by these two bones.
This ligament is divisible in two parts: A short deep part which unites the two bones, and a larger superficial portion which completes the lower back part of the sacral canal. On either side, two lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments run between the transverse processes of the coccyx and the inferior lateral angle of the sacrum.
It is in relation, behind, with the gluteus maximus.
Deep part
The deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament (ligamentum sacrococcygeum posterius profundum) is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament. A flat band arising inside the sacral canal, posteriorly at the orifice of the fifth sacral segment, it descends to the dorsal surface of the coccyx under its longer fellow described below.
Superficial part
The superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament (ligamentum sacrococcygeum posterius superficiale) originates on the free margin of the sacral hiatus to attach on the dorsal surface of the coccyx. It closes the posterior aspect of the most distal part of the sacral canal and corresponds to the ligamenta flava.
See also
Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Coccydynia (coccyx pain, tailbone pain)
Ganglion impar
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding%20period%20return
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In finance, holding period return (HPR) is the return on an asset or portfolio over the whole period during which it was held. It is one of the simplest and most important measures of investment performance.
HPR is the change in value of an investment, asset or portfolio over a particular period. It is the entire gain or loss, which is the sum income and capital gains, divided by the value at the beginning of the period.
HPR = (End Value - Initial Value) / Initial Value
where the End Value includes income, such as dividends, earned on the investment:
where is the value at the start of the holding period and is the total value at the end of the holding period.
Annualizing the holding period return
Over multiple years
To annualize a holding period return means to find the equivalent rate of return per year. Assuming income and capital gains and losses are reinvested, i.e. retained in the portfolio, then:
t being the length of the holding period, measured in years. For example, if you have held the item for half a year, t would equal 1/2, so 1/t would equal 2. (However, investment performance professionals generally advise against quoting annualized return over a holding period of less than a year).
From quarterly holding period returns
To calculate an annual HPR from four quarterly HPRs, it is necessary to know whether income is reinvested within each quarter or not.
If HPR1 through HPR4 are the holding period returns for four consecutive periods, assuming that income is reinvested, the annual HPR obeys the relation:
To the right is an example of a stock investment of one share purchased at the beginning of the year for $100. Assume dividends are not reinvested.
At the end of the first quarter the stock price is $98. The stock share bought for $100 can only be sold for $98, which is the value of the investment at the end of the first quarter. This is less than the purchase price, so the investment has suffered a capital loss. The first quarter holding per
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclade
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In genetics, a subclade is a subgroup of a haplogroup.
Naming convention
Although human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups and subclades are named in a similar manner, their names belong to completely separate systems.
mtDNA
mtDNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in the hypervariable regions and the coding region of mitochondrial DNA. They are named with the capital letters A through Z, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters.
Y-DNA
Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of SNP markers on the Y chromosome. Subclades are defined by a terminal SNP, the SNP furthest down in the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree.
Human Y-DNA
The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system of naming major human Y-DNA haplogroups with the capital letters A through T, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters (YCC longhand nomenclature). YCC shorthand nomenclature names Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades with the first letter of the major Y-DNA haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP. Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree. This change in nomenclature has resulted in inconsistent nomenclature being used in different sources. This inconsistency, and increasingly cumbersome longhand nomenclature, has prompted a move towards using the simpler shorthand nomenclature.
See also
Clade
Cladistics
Haplotype
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcescence
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Marcescence is the withering and persistence of plant organs that normally are shed, and is a term most commonly applied to plant leaves. The underlying physiological mechanism is that trees transfer water and sap from the roots to the leaves through their vascular cells, but in some trees as autumn begins, the veins carrying the sap slowly close until a layer of cells called the abscission layer completely closes off the vein allowing the tree to rid itself of the leaf. Leaf marcescence is most often seen on juvenile plants and may disappear as the tree matures. It also may not affect the entire tree; sometimes leaves persist only on scattered branches. Marcescence is most obvious in deciduous trees that retain leaves through the winter. Trees that exhibit marcescence are known as "everciduous". Several trees normally have marcescent leaves such as oak (Quercus), beech (Fagus) and hornbeam (Carpinus), or marcescent stipules as in some but not all species of willows (Salix). All oak trees may display foliage marcescence, even species that are known to fully drop leaves when the tree is mature. Marcescent leaves of pin oak (Quercus palustris) complete development of their abscission layer in the spring. The base of the petiole remains alive over the winter. Many other trees may have marcescent leaves in seasons where an early freeze kills the leaves before the abscission layer develops or completes development. Diseases or pests can also kill leaves before they can develop an abscission layer.
Marcescent leaves may be retained indefinitely and do not break off until mechanical forces (wind for instance) cause the dry and brittle petioles to snap. The evolutionary reasons for marcescence are not clear, theories include: protection of leaf buds from winter desiccation, and as a delayed source of nutrients or moisture-conserving mulch when the leaves finally fall and decompose in spring.
Many palms form a skirt-like or shuttlecock-like crown of marcescent leaves unde
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20case%20management
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Medical case management is a collaborative process that facilitates recommended treatment plans to assure the appropriate medical care is provided to disabled, ill or injured individuals. It is a role frequently overseen by patient advocates.
It refers to the planning and coordination of health care services appropriate to achieve the goal of medical rehabilitation. Medical case management may include, but is not limited to, care assessment, including personal interview with the injured employee, and assistance in developing, implementing and coordinating a medical care plan with health care providers, as well as the employee and his/her family and evaluation of treatment results.
Medical case management requires the evaluation of a medical condition, developing and implementing a plan of care, coordinating medical resources, communicated healthcare needs to the individual, monitors an individual's progress and promotes cost-effective care.
The term also has usage in the USA health care system, referring to the case management coordination in the managed care environment.
See also
Case management (mental health)
Disease management (health)
Case management (US healthcare system)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidogen
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Nidogens, formerly known as entactins, are a family of sulfated monomeric glycoproteins located in the basal lamina of parahoxozoans. Two nidogens have been identified in humans: nidogen-1 (NID1) and nidogen-2 (NID2). Remarkably, vertebrates are still capable of stabilizing basement membrane in the absence of either identified nidogen. In contrast, those lacking both nidogen-1 and nidogen-2 typically die prematurely during embryonic development as a result of defects existing in the heart and lungs. Nidogen have been shown to play a crucial role during organogenesis in late embryonic development, particularly in cardiac and lung development. From an evolutionary perspective, nidogens are highly conserved across vertebrates and invertebrates, retaining their ability to bind laminin.
In nematodes, nidogen-1 is necessary for axon guidance, but not for basement membrane assembly.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic%20star
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The Arabic star is a punctuation mark added to Unicode 1.1 because the asterisk (*) might appear similar to a Star of David in its six-lobed form (✻).
The Arabic star is given a distinct character in Unicode, , in the range Arabic punctuation.
Variants
In many modern fonts, however, the asterisk is five-pointed, and the Arabic star is sometimes six- or eight-pointed. The two symbols are compared below (the display depends on your browser's font).
Unicode
In Unicode, Arabic and similar stars are encoded at:
In some displays, the use of the ٭ character can cause the text directionality to change.
See also
Star (glyph)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%20programming
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IC programming is the process of transferring a computer program into an integrated computer circuit. Older types of IC including PROMs and EPROMs and some early programmable logic was typically programmed through parallel busses that used many of the device's pins and basically required inserting the device in a separate programmer.
Modern ICs are typically programmed in circuit though a serial protocol (sometimes JTAG sometimes something manufacturer specific). Some (particularly FPGAs) even load the data serially from a separate flash or prom chip on every startup.
Notes
Embedded systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse%20metatarsal%20ligament
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The transverse metatarsal ligament is a narrow band which runs across and connects together the heads of all the metatarsal bones. It is blended anteriorly with the plantar (glenoid) ligaments of the metatarsophalangeal articulations.
Its plantar surface is concave where the Flexor tendons run below it. Above it, the tendons of the Interossei pass to their insertions.
Its homologue in the hand is the transverse metacarpal ligament, which connects the metacarpals to each other.
Clinical significance
The dorsal digital nerves of the foot may be compressed by the transverse metatarsal ligament. This causes Morton's neuroma, which causes foot pain.
See also
Deep transverse metacarpal ligament
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20transverse%20metacarpal%20ligament
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The deep transverse metacarpal ligament (also called the deep transverse palmar ligament) connects the palmar surfaces of metacarpophalangeal joints of all the fingers of the hand except the thumb.
Structure
The deep transverse metacarpal ligament is a narrow fibrous band. It blends with the palmar metacarpophalangeal ligaments.
Its palmar surface is concave where the flexor tendons pass over it. it, the tendons of the interosseous muscles of the hand pass to their insertions.
Clinical significance
Rarely, the deep transverse metacarpal ligament may rupture.
Additional Images
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal%20talonavicular%20ligament
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The dorsal talonavicular ligament is a broad, thin band, which connects the neck of the talus to the dorsal surface of the navicular bone; it is covered by the Extensor tendons.
The plantar calcaneonavicular supplies the place of a plantar ligament for this joint.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneonavicular%20joint
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The cuneonavicular joint is a joint (articulation) in the human foot. It is formed between the navicular bone and the three cuneiform bones. The navicular and cuneiform bones are connected by dorsal and plantar ligaments.
Dorsal ligaments
The dorsal ligaments are three small bundles, one attached to each of the cuneiform bones.
The bundle connecting the navicular with the medial cuneiform bone is continuous around the medial side of the articulation with the plantar ligament which unites these two bones.
Plantar ligaments
The plantar ligaments have a similar arrangement to the dorsal, and are strengthened by slips from the tendon of the tibialis posterior.
Synovial membrane
The synovial membrane of these joints is part of the great tarsal synovial membrane.
Movements
Mere gliding movements are permitted between the navicular and cuneiform bones.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboideonavicular%20joint
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The cuboideonavicular joint is a joint (articulation) in the foot formed between the navicular bone and cuboid bone.
The navicular bone is connected with the cuboid bone by the dorsal, plantar, and interosseous cuboideonavicular ligaments. It is a syndesmosis type fibrous joint.
The dorsal ligaments
The dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament connects the lateral portion of the navicular to the posteromedial portion of the cuboid on the dorsal side.
The plantar ligaments
The plantar cuboideonavicular ligaments have a similar arrangement to the dorsal, and are strengthened by slips from the tendon of the tibialis posterior.
Synovial membrane
The synovial membrane of this joints is part of the great tarsal synovial membrane.
Movements
The movements at this joint are slight gliding and rotation. Mere gliding movements are permitted between the navicular and cuneiform bones.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talocalcaneonavicular%20joint
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The talocalcaneonavicular joint is a ball and socket joint; the rounded head of the talus is received into the concavity formed by the posterior surface of the navicular, the anterior articular surface of the calcaneus, and the upper surface of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament.
Structure
As its shape suggests, this joint is a synovial ball-and-socket joint. It is composed of three articular surfaces:
The articulation between the medial talar articular surface on the sustentaculum tali of the superior Calcaneus and the corresponding medial facet found inferiorly on the Talus neck
The articulation between the anterior talar articular surface of the superior calcaneus and the anterior facet of the corresponding talus found inferiorly on the talar head
The articulation between the articular surface of Navicular and the head of talus (talonavicular joint)
Ligaments
The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament also called the spring ligament forms the whole floor of the talus as it extends inferior to the talus. It attaches to the anterior aspect of sustentaculum tali inserting into the plantar surface of navicular. By beginning from sustentaculum tali it covers the plantar surfaces of the middle and anterior articulations between the calcaneus and talus and by attaching to the navicular it covers the articulation between the talus and navicular. That is a reason why the medial longitudinal arch of the foot is a bit higher than the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot as this ligament is a main part of it.
The calcaneonavicular part of the bifurcated ligament extends from the dorsolateral side of calcaneus (near the tarsal sinus ) to the lateral side of the navicular. It reinforces the joint particularly laterally where the talus articulates with the navicular.
The dorsal talonavicular ligament extends from the dorsal aspect of the foot from the neck of the talus to the navicular.
The socket of this joint is formed by the concave articular facets of the navicul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneocuboid%20joint
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The calcaneocuboid joint is the joint between the calcaneus and the cuboid bone.
Structure
The calcaneocuboid joint is a type of saddle joint between the calcaneus and the cuboid bone.
Ligaments
There are five ligaments connecting the calcaneus and the cuboid bone, forming parts of the articular capsule:
the dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament.
part of the bifurcated ligament.
the long plantar ligament.
and the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament.
Function
The calcaneocuboid joint is conventionally described as among the least mobile joints in the human foot. The articular surfaces of the two bones are relatively flat with some irregular undulations, which seem to suggest movement limited to a single rotation and some translation. However, the cuboid rotates as much as 25° about an oblique axis during inversion-eversion in a movement that could be called involution.
Clinical significance
The calcaneocuboid joint may be affected by a calcaneal fracture. This may be a sign of a worse fracture, associated with worse outcomes (such as osteoarthritis) after treatment.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromioclavicular%20ligament
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The acromioclavicular ligament is part of the acromioclavicular joint. It is divided into two parts: superior and inferior.
Superior acromioclavicular ligament
This ligament is a quadrilateral band, covering the superior part of the articulation, and extending between the upper part of the lateral end of the clavicle and the adjoining part of the upper surface of the acromion.
It is composed of parallel fibers, which interlace with the aponeuroses of the trapezius and deltoideus; below, it is in contact with the articular disk when this is present.
This ligament provides horizontal stability to the acromioclavicular joint
Inferior acromioclavicular ligament
This ligament is somewhat thinner than the preceding; it covers the under part of the articulation, and is attached to the adjoining surfaces of the two bones.
It is in relation, above, in rare cases with the articular disk; below, with the tendon of the supraspinatus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conoid%20ligament
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The conoid ligament is the posterior and medial fasciculus of the coracoclavicular ligament. It is formed by a dense band of fibers, conical in form, with its base directed upward.
It is attached by its apex to a rough impression at the base of the coracoid process on the scapula, medial to the trapezoid ligament; above, by its expanded base, to the conoid tubercle on the under surface of the clavicle, and to a line proceeding medialward from it for 1.25 cm.
These ligaments are in relation, in front, with the subclavius and deltoid muscles; behind, with the trapezius.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid%20ligament
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The trapezoid ligament is a ligament connecting the coracoid process of the scapula (the shoulder blade) to the trapezoid line of the clavicle (collarbone). It is an anterior and lateral fasciculus, and is broad, thin, and quadrilateral. Its anterior border is free; its posterior border is joined with the conoid ligament, the two forming, by their junction, an angle projecting backward.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracoacromial%20ligament
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The coracoacromial ligament is a strong triangular ligament between the coracoid process and the acromion. It protects the head of the humerus. Its acromial attachment may be repositioned to the clavicle during reconstructive surgery of the acromioclavicular joint (shoulder joint).
Structure
The coracoacromial ligament originates from the summit of the acromion of the scapula, just in front of the articular surface for the clavicle. It inserts by its broad base along the whole length of the lateral border of the coracoid process of the scapula.
The clavicle and under surface of the deltoid muscle are above it. The tendon of the supraspinatus muscle (and its bursa) are below it.
Its lateral border is continuous with a dense lamina that passes beneath the deltoid muscle upon the tendons of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle.
The ligament is sometimes described as consisting of two marginal bands and a thinner intervening portion, the two bands being attached respectively to the apex and the base of the coracoid process, and joining at the acromion.
When the pectoralis minor is inserted, as occasionally is the case, into the capsule of the shoulder-joint instead of into the coracoid process, it passes between these two bands, and the intervening portion of the ligament is then deficient.
Function
Together with the coracoid process and the acromion, the coracoacromial ligament forms a vault or arch that protects the head of the humerus.
Clinical significance
The coracoacromial ligament may impinge and compress rotator cuff muscle or tendon. It may be damaged during a shoulder injury.
The attachment of the coracoacromial ligament may be moved from acromion to the end of the clavicle when reconstructing the acromioclavicular joint. This often fails. It has lower strength than the coracoclavicular ligament.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inviscid%20flow
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In fluid dynamics, inviscid flow is the flow of an inviscid (zero-viscosity) fluid, also known as a superfluid. The Reynolds number of inviscid flow approaches infinity as the viscosity approaches zero. When viscous forces are neglected, such as the case of inviscid flow, the Navier–Stokes equation can be simplified to a form known as the Euler equation. This simplified equation is applicable to inviscid flow as well as flow with low viscosity and a Reynolds number much greater than one. Using the Euler equation, many fluid dynamics problems involving low viscosity are easily solved, however, the assumed negligible viscosity is no longer valid in the region of fluid near a solid boundary (the boundary layer) or, more generally in regions with large velocity gradients which are evidently accompanied by viscous forces.
Inviscid flows are broadly classified into potential flows (or, irrotational flows) and rotational inviscid flows.
Prandtl hypothesis
Ludwig Prandtl developed the modern concept of the boundary layer. His hypothesis establishes that for fluids of low viscosity, shear forces due to viscosity are evident only in thin regions at the boundary of the fluid, adjacent to solid surfaces. Outside these regions, and in regions of favorable pressure gradient, viscous shear forces are absent so the fluid flow field can be assumed to be the same as the flow of an inviscid fluid. By employing the Prandtl hypothesis it is possible to estimate the flow of a real fluid in regions of favorable pressure gradient by assuming inviscid flow and investigating the irrotational flow pattern around the solid body.
Real fluids experience separation of the boundary layer and resulting turbulent wakes but these phenomena cannot be modelled using inviscid flow. Separation of the boundary layer usually occurs where the pressure gradient reverses from favorable to adverse so it is inaccurate to use inviscid flow to estimate the flow of a real fluid in regions of unfavorable pre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracohumeral%20ligament
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The coracohumeral ligament is a broad ligament of the shoulder. It attaches to the coracoid process at one end, and to the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus at the other (as two discrete bands). It strengthens the upper part of the joint capsule of the shoulder joint.
Anatomy
The coracohumeral ligament arises from the lateral border or the base of the coracoid process. It passes obliquely downwards and laterally to the front of the greater tubercle of the humerus. It forms two bands - an anterior one and a posterior one - that insert into the lesser and greater tubercles of the humerus, respectively.
The two bands of the CCL blend with the joint capsule; the ligament is intimately united with the capsule by its posterior and inferior border, but its anterior and superior border presents a free edge which overlaps the capsule. The CCL also blends with the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle, and the subscapularis muscle.
Anatomical relations
The CCL is situated superior to the head of the humerus.
Function
The coracohumeral ligament strengthens the upper part of the shoulder joint capsule. It becomes taut with external rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
Clinical significance
The coracohumeral ligament may be viewed using ultrasound of the shoulder.
See also
Glenohumeral ligaments
Coraco-acromial ligament
Acromioclavicular ligament
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenohumeral%20ligaments
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In human anatomy, the glenohumeral ligaments (GHL) are three ligaments on the anterior side of the glenohumeral joint (i.e. between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus; colloquially called the shoulder joint). Reinforcing the anterior glenohumeral joint capsule, the superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligaments play different roles in the stability of the head of the humerus depending on arm position and degree of rotation.
Location
The ligaments may be best seen by opening the capsule at the back of the joint and removing the head of the humerus:
One on the medial side of the joint passes from the medial edge of the glenoid cavity to the lower part of the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
A second at the lower part of the joint extends from the under edge of the glenoid cavity to the under part of the anatomical neck of the humerus.
A third at the upper part of the joint is fixed above to the apex of the glenoid cavity close to the root of the coracoid process, and passing downward along the medial edge of the tendon of the Biceps brachii, is attached below to a small depression above the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
In addition to these, the capsule is strengthened in front by two bands derived from the tendons of the Pectoralis major and Teres major respectively.
Function
The most important ligament involved in shoulder joint stability is the Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament. During abduction of the arm the middle and inferior ligaments become taut while the superior ligament relaxes. The radius of curvature of the head of the humerus is greater superiorly than inferiorly, which further stretches these ligaments so that they keep the articular surfaces of the joint in their close-packed position.
During abduction the greater tubercle of the humerus comes in contact with the upper margin of the glenoid cavity, which limits maximum abduction. By rotating the humerus laterally, this contact is delayed because the greater tub
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenoid%20labrum
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The glenoid labrum (glenoid ligament) is a fibrocartilaginous structure (not a fibrocartilage as previously thought) rim attached around the margin of the glenoid cavity in the shoulder blade. The shoulder joint is considered a ball and socket joint. However, in bony terms the 'socket' (the glenoid fossa of the scapula) is quite shallow and small, covering at most only a third of the 'ball' (the head of the humerus). The socket is deepened by the glenoid labrum, stabilizing the shoulder joint.
The labrum is triangular in section; the base is fixed to the circumference of the cavity, while the free edge is thin and sharp.
It is continuous above with the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii, which gives off two fascicles to blend with the fibrous tissue of the labrum.
Structure
Clinical significance
Injury
Tearing of the labrum can occur from either acute trauma or repetitive shoulder motion such as in the sports of swimming, baseball and football. Acute trauma may be from dislocation of the shoulder, direct blows to the shoulder, and other accidents of the sort. Tears are classified as either superior or inferior in regards to where the tear is in the glenoid cavity. A SLAP lesion (superior labrum, anterior to posterior) is a tear where the glenoid labrum meets the tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle. Symptoms include increased pain with overhead activity, popping or grinding, loss of strength, and trouble localizing a specific point of pain. Because a SLAP lesion involves the biceps, pain and weakness may also be felt when performing elbow flexion with resistance.
Diagnosis
Clinicians can use any combination of the following manual tests to assist in determining if a labral tear has occurred; Jobe Relocation, O'Brien, Anterior Apprehension, Bicipital Groove Tenderness, Crank, Speed, and Yergason tests. As a general rule, abnormal pain experienced during any of these tests will indicate a positive result, or a tear of the glenoid labrum. All
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse%20humeral%20ligament
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The transverse humeral ligament (Brodie's ligament) forms a broad band bridging the lesser and greater tubercle of the humerus. Its attachments are limited superior to the epiphysial line. By enclosing the canal of the bicipital groove (intertubercular groove), it functions to hold the long head of the biceps tendon within the bicipital groove.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmar%20radiocarpal%20ligament
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The palmar radiocarpal ligament (anterior ligament, volar radiocarpal ligament) is a broad membranous band, attached above to the distal end of the radius, and passing downward to the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum and capitate of the carpal bones in the wrist.
In addition to this broad membrane, there is a rounded fasciculus, superficial to the rest, which reaches from the base of the styloid process of the ulna to the lunate and triangular bones.
Perforations
The ligament is perforated by apertures for the passage of vessels,
Relations
It is in relation, in front, with the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus.
Behind, it is closely adherent to the anterior border of the articular disk of the distal radioulnar articulation.
Components
Some sources break down the components of the ligament as follows: radiolunate, radiocapitate, radiotriquetral, and radioscaphoid.
Other sources combine the radioscaphoid and radiocapitate into a "radioscaphocapitate".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisometacarpal%20ligament
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The pisometacarpal ligament joins the pisiform to the base of the fifth metacarpal bone. It is a continuation of the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris.
Additional images
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermetacarpal%20joints
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The intermetacarpal joints are in the hand formed between the metacarpal bones. The bases of the second, third, fourth and fifth metacarpal bones articulate with one another by small surfaces covered with cartilage. The metacarpal bones are connected together by dorsal, palmar, and interosseous ligaments.
The dorsal metacarpal ligaments (ligamenta metacarpalia dorsalia) and palmar metacarpal ligaments (ligamenta metacarpalia palmaria) pass transversely from one bone to another on the dorsal and palmar surfaces.
The interosseous metacarpal ligaments (ligamenta metacarpalia interossea) connect their contiguous surfaces, just distal to their collateral articular facets.
The synovial membrane for these joints is continuous with that of the carpometacarpal joints.
Additional images
See also
Transverse metacarpal ligament
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar%20calcaneocuboid%20ligament
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The plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (short calcaneocuboid ligament; short plantar ligament) is a ligament on the bottom of the foot that connects the calcaneus to the cuboid bone. It lies deep to the long plantar ligament.
Structure
The plantar calcaneocuboid ligament lies nearer to the bones than the long plantar ligament, from which it is separated by a little areolar tissue.
It is a short but wide band of great strength, and extends from the anterior tubercle of calcaneus and the depression in front of it, on the forepart of the plantar surface of the calcaneus, to the plantar surface of the cuboid posterior to the groove for the fibularis longus tendon.
See also
Arches of the foot
Long plantar ligament
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar%20calcaneonavicular%20ligament
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The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (also known as the spring ligament or spring ligament complex) is a complex of three ligaments on the underside of the foot that connect the calcaneus with the navicular bone.
Structure
The plantar calcaneonavicular ligamentous complex is a broad and thick band with three constituent ligaments. These connect the anterior margin of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus to the plantar surface of the navicular bone. Its individual components are the:
superomedial calcaneonavicular ligament.
medioplantar oblique ligament.
inferior calcaneonavicular ligament.
These ligament components attach to different parts of the navicular bone.
The dorsal or superomedial component of the ligament presents a fibrocartilaginous facet, lined by the synovial membrane, upon which a portion of the head of the talus rests. Its plantar surface, consisting of the intermedial and lateral ligaments, is supported by the tendon of the tibialis posterior; its medial border is blended with the forepart of the deltoid ligament of the ankle-joint.
Function
This ligamentous complex not only serves to connect the calcaneus and navicular bone, but supports the head of the talus, forming part of the articular cavity in which it is received. It helps to maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. By providing support to the head of the talus, it bears most of the body weight in a normally functioning foot.
Clinical significance
A sprain to the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament can result in flatfoot deformity, which can impair mobility.
See also
Long plantar ligament
Short plantar ligament
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifurcated%20ligament
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The bifurcated ligament (internal calcaneocuboid, interosseous ligament or bifurcate ligament) is a strong band, attached behind to the deep hollow on the upper surface of the calcaneus and dividing in front in a Y-shaped manner into a calcaneocuboid and a calcaneonavicular part.
The calcaneocuboid ligament (ligamentum calcaneocuboideum) is fixed to the medial side of the cuboid and forms one of the principal bonds between the first and second rows of the tarsal bones.
The calcaneonavicular ligament (ligamentum calcaneonaviculare) is attached to the lateral side of the navicular. (Note this is NOT the spring ligament which is commonly called the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament).
It is commonly injured in "sprain-type" inversion injuries producing an avulsion fracture at the anterolateral process of the calcaneus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsal%20joints
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The tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc joints) are arthrodial joints in the foot. The tarsometatarsal joints involve the first, second and third cuneiform bones, the cuboid bone and the metatarsal bones.
The eponym of Lisfranc joint is 18th–19th-century surgeon and gynecologist Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin.
Structure
Bones
The bones entering into their formation are the first, second, and third cuneiforms, and the cuboid bone, which articulate with the bases of the metatarsal bones.
The first metatarsal bone articulates with the first cuneiform; the second is deeply wedged in between the first and third cuneiforms articulating by its base with the second cuneiform; the third articulates with the third cuneiform; the fourth, with the cuboid and third cuneiform; and the fifth, with the cuboid.
The bones are connected by dorsal, plantar, and interosseous ligaments.
Dorsal ligaments
The dorsal ligaments are strong, flat bands.
The first metatarsal is joined to the first cuneiform by a broad, thin band; the second has three, one from each cuneiform bone; the third has one from the third cuneiform; the fourth has one from the third cuneiform and one from the cuboid; and the fifth, one from the cuboid.
Plantar ligaments
The plantar ligaments consist of longitudinal and oblique bands, disposed with less regularity than the dorsal ligaments.
Those for the first and second metatarsals are the strongest; the second and third metatarsals are joined by oblique bands to the first cuneiform; the fourth and fifth metatarsals are connected by a few fibers to the cuboid.
Interosseous ligaments
The interosseous ligaments are three in number.
The first is the strongest, and passes from the lateral surface of the first cuneiform to the adjacent angle of the second metatarsal.
The second connects the third cuneiform with the adjacent angle of the second metatarsal.
The third connects the lateral angle of the third cuneiform with the adjacent side of the base of the third me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermetatarsal%20joints
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The intermetatarsal joints are the articulations between the base of metatarsal bones.
The base of the first metatarsal is not connected with that of the second by any ligaments; in this respect the great toe resembles the thumb.
The bases of the other four metatarsals are connected by the dorsal, plantar, and interosseous ligaments.
The dorsal ligaments pass transversely between the dorsal surfaces of the bases of the adjacent metatarsal bones.
The plantar ligaments have a similar arrangement to the dorsal.
The interosseous ligaments consist of strong transverse fibers which connect the rough non-articular portions of the adjacent surfaces.
Synovial membranes
The synovial membranes between the second and third, and the third and fourth metatarsal bones are part of the great tarsal synovial membrane; that between the fourth and fifth is a prolongation of the synovial membrane of the cuboideometatarsal joint.
Movements
The movement permitted between the tarsal ends of the metatarsal bones is limited to a slight gliding of the articular surfaces upon one another.
See also
Transverse metatarsal ligament
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartz%E2%80%93Bruhat%20function
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In mathematics, a Schwartz–Bruhat function, named after Laurent Schwartz and François Bruhat, is a complex valued function on a locally compact abelian group, such as the adeles, that generalizes a Schwartz function on a real vector space. A tempered distribution is defined as a continuous linear functional on the space of Schwartz–Bruhat functions.
Definitions
On a real vector space , the Schwartz–Bruhat functions are just the usual Schwartz functions (all derivatives rapidly decreasing) and form the space .
On a torus, the Schwartz–Bruhat functions are the smooth functions.
On a sum of copies of the integers, the Schwartz–Bruhat functions are the rapidly decreasing functions.
On an elementary group (i.e., an abelian locally compact group that is a product of copies of the reals, the integers, the circle group, and finite groups), the Schwartz–Bruhat functions are the smooth functions all of whose derivatives are rapidly decreasing.
On a general locally compact abelian group , let be a compactly generated subgroup, and a compact subgroup of such that is elementary. Then the pullback of a Schwartz–Bruhat function on is a Schwartz–Bruhat function on , and all Schwartz–Bruhat functions on are obtained like this for suitable and . (The space of Schwartz–Bruhat functions on is endowed with the inductive limit topology.)
On a non-archimedean local field , a Schwartz–Bruhat function is a locally constant function of compact support.
In particular, on the ring of adeles over a global field , the Schwartz–Bruhat functions are finite linear combinations of the products over each place of , where each is a Schwartz–Bruhat function on a local field and is the characteristic function on the ring of integers for all but finitely many . (For the archimedean places of , the are just the usual Schwartz functions on , while for the non-archimedean places the are the Schwartz–Bruhat functions of non-archimedean local fields.)
The space of Schwartz–Bruhat function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interphalangeal%20joints%20of%20the%20foot
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The interphalangeal joints of the foot are between the phalanx bones of the toes in the feet.
Since the great toe only has two phalanx bones (proximal and distal phalanges), it only has one interphalangeal joint, which is often abbreviated as the "IP joint". The rest of the toes each have three phalanx bones (proximal, middle, and distal phalanges), so they have two interphalangeal joints: the proximal interphalangeal joint between the proximal and middle phalanges (abbreviated "PIP joint") and the distal interphalangeal joint between the middle and distal phalanges (abbreviated "DIP joint").
All interphalangeal joints are ginglymoid (hinge) joints, and each has a plantar (underside) and two collateral ligaments. In the arrangement of these ligaments, extensor tendons supply the places of dorsal ligaments, which is similar to that in the metatarsophalangeal articulations.
Movements
The only movements permitted in the joints of the digits are flexion and extension; these movements are more extensive between the first and second phalanges than between the second and third. The flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus flex the interphalangeal joint of the big toe and lateral four toes, respectively. The tendons of both of these muscles cross as they reach their distal attachments. In other words, the flexor hallucis longus arises laterally, while the flexor digitorum longus arises medially.
The amount of flexion is very considerable, but extension is limited by the plantar and collateral ligaments.
See also
Interphalangeal joints of hand
Metatarsophalangeal joints
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercuneiform%20joints
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The intercuneiform joints are the joints (articulations among) the cuneiform bones.
The term "cuneocuboid joint" is sometimes used to describe the joint between the cuboid and lateral cuneiform, but this term is not recognized by Terminologia Anatomica.
Ligaments
The three cuneiform bones and the cuboid bone are connected together by dorsal, plantar, and interosseous ligaments.
Dorsal ligaments
The dorsal ligaments consist of three transverse bands: one connects the first with the second cuneiform, another the second with the third cuneiform, and another the third cuneiform with the cuboid.
Plantar ligaments
The plantar ligaments have a similar arrangement to the dorsal, and are strengthened by slips from the tendon of the tibialis posterior.
Interosseous ligaments
The interosseous ligaments consist of strong transverse fibers which pass between the rough non-articular portions of the adjacent surfaces of the bones.
Synovial membrane
The synovial membrane of these joints is part of the great tarsal synovial membrane.
Movements
The movements permitted between these bones are limited to a slight gliding upon each other.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20animal
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Terrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land (e.g. cats, chickens, ants, spiders), as compared with aquatic animals, which live predominantly or entirely in the water (e.g. fish, lobsters, octopuses), and amphibians, which rely on aquatic and terrestrial habitats (e.g. frogs and newts). Some groups of insects are terrestrial, such as ants, butterflies, earwigs, cockroaches, grasshoppers and many others, while other groups are partially aquatic, such as mosquitoes and dragonflies, which pass their larval stages in water.
Terrestrial classes
The term "terrestrial" is typically applied to species that live primarily on the ground, in contrast to arboreal species, which live primarily in trees.
There are other less common terms that apply to specific groups of terrestrial animals:
Saxicolous creatures are rock dwelling. "Saxicolous" is derived from the Latin word saxum, meaning a rock.
Arenicolous creatures live in the sand.
Troglofauna predominantly live in caves.
Taxonomy
Terrestrial invasion is one of the most important events in the history of life. Terrestrial lineages evolved in several animal phyla, among which arthropods, vertebrates and mollusks are representatives of more successful groups of terrestrial animals.
Terrestrial animals do not form a unified clade; rather, they share only the fact that they live on land. The transition from an aquatic to terrestrial life by various groups of animals has occurred independently and successfully many times. Most terrestrial lineages originated under a mild or tropical climate during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, whereas few animals became fully terrestrial during the Cenozoic.
If internal parasites are excluded, free living species in terrestrial environments are represented by the following eleven phyla:
Gastrotrichs (hairy-backs) live in transient terrestrial water and go dormant during desiccation
Rotifers (wheel animals) live in transient terrestrial water and go dormant durin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSID
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Life Science Identifiers are a way to name and locate pieces of information on the web. Essentially, an LSID is a unique identifier for some data, and the LSID protocol specifies a standard way to locate the data (as well as a standard way of describing that data). They are a little like DOIs used by many publishers.
An LSID is represented as a uniform resource name (URN) with the following format:
urn:lsid:<Authority>:<Namespace>:<ObjectID>[:<Version>]
The lsid: namespace, however, is not registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and so these are not strictly URNs or URIs.
LSIDs may be resolved in URLs, e.g. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CDC8D258-8F57-41DC-B560-247E17D3DC8C
Controversy over the use of LSIDs
There has been a lot of interest in LSIDs in both the bioinformatics and the biodiversity communities, with the latter continuing to use them as a way of identifying species in global catalogues. However, more recently, as understanding has increased of how HTTP URIs can perform a similar naming task, the use of LSIDs as identifiers has been criticized as violating the Web Architecture good practice of reusing existing URI schemes. Nevertheless, the explicit separation of data from metadata; specification of a method for discovering multiple locations for data-retrieval; and the ability to discover multiple independent sources of metadata for any identified thing were crucial parts of the LSID and its resolution specification that have not successfully been mimicked by an HTTP-only approach.
The World Wide Web provides a globally distributed communication framework that is essential for almost all scientific collaboration, including bioinformatics. However, several limits and inadequacies were thought to exist, one of which was the inability to programmatically identify locally named objects that may be widely distributed over the network. This perceived shortcoming would have limited our ability to integrate multiple
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercarpal%20joints
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The intercarpal joints (joints of the carpal bones of the wrist) can be subdivided into three sets of joints (also called articulations): Those of the proximal row of carpal bones, those of the distal row of carpal bones, and those of the two rows with each other.
Articulations
The bones in each carpal row interlock with each other and each row can therefore be considered a single joint. In the proximal row a limited degree of mobility is possible, but the bones of the distal row are connected to each other and to the metacarpal bones by strong ligaments that make this row and the metacarpus a functional entity.
Proximal row
The joints of the proximal row are arthrodial joints, The scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum are connected by dorsal, volar, and interosseous ligaments.
The dorsal intercarpal ligament are two in number and placed transversely behind the bones of the first row; they connect the scaphoid and lunate, and the lunate and triquetrum.
The palmar intercarpal ligaments are also two, connect the scaphoid and lunate, and the lunate and triangular; they are less strong than the dorsal, and placed very deeply behind the Flexor tendons and the volar radiocarpal ligament.
The interosseous intercarpal ligaments are two narrow bundles, one connecting the lunate with the scaphoid, the other joining it to the triangular. They are on a level with the superior surfaces of these bones, and their upper surfaces are smooth, and form part of the convex articular surface of the wrist-joint.
The ligaments connecting the pisiform bone are the articular capsule and the two volar ligaments. The articular capsule is a thin membrane which connects the pisiform to the triangular; it is lined by synovial membrane.
The two volar ligaments are strong fibrous bands; one, the pisohamate ligament, connects the pisiform to the hamate, the other, the pisometacarpal ligament, joins the pisiform to the base of the fifth metacarpal bone. These ligaments are, in reality, prolong
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patellar%20tendon
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The patellar tendon is the distal portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris, which is continued from the patella to the tibial tuberosity. It is also sometimes called the patellar ligament as it forms a bone to bone connection when the patella is fully ossified.
Structure
The patellar tendon is a strong, flat ligament, which originates on the apex of the patella distally and adjoining margins of the patella and the rough depression on its posterior surface; below, it inserts on the tuberosity of the tibia; its superficial fibers are continuous over the front of the patella with those of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris. It is about 4.5 cm long in adults (range from 3 to 6 cm).
The medial and lateral portions of the quadriceps tendon pass down on either side of the patella to be inserted into the upper extremity of the tibia on either side of the tuberosity; these portions merge into the capsule, as stated above, forming the medial and lateral patellar retinacula.
The posterior surface of the patellar tendon is separated from the synovial membrane of the joint by a large infrapatellar pad of fat, and from the tibia by a bursa.
Clinical significance
The patellar tendon can be injured in a patellar tendon rupture. Because tendon does not regenerate fully in humans, there is a significant clinical need for research into therapies for patellar tendon rupture.
It can be used as a tissue source in the repair of other ligaments. In the event of a torn anterior cruciate ligament, the patellar tendon can be used in the rehabilitation process. In this case, the middle one third of the patellar tendon is harvested and inserted through tunnels that are drilled into the femur and tibia. The portion of the patellar tendon is then drawn through these tunnels in the bone and will be affixed to the bone via screws. The recovery process takes approximately 4–6 months upon the completion of surgery. This patellar tendon method of reconstruction was traditionally
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique%20popliteal%20ligament
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The oblique popliteal ligament (posterior ligament) is a broad, flat, fibrous ligament on the posterior knee. It is an extension of the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle. It attaches onto the intercondylar fossa and lateral condyle of the femur. It reinforces the posterior central portion of the knee joint capsule.
Anatomy
The oblique popliteal ligament is formed as a lateral expansion of the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle and represents one of the muscle's five insertions. The ligament blends with the posterior portion of the knee joint capsule. It exhibits a large opening through which nerves and vessels pass.
Attachments
The ligament extends superolaterally from the semimembranosus tendon to attach onto the intercondylar fossa and lateral condyle of the femur.
Relations
The oblique popliteal ligament forms part of the floor of the popliteal fossa; the popliteal artery lies upon the ligament. The ligament is pierced by posterior division of the obturator nerve, as well as the middle genicular nerve, the middle genicular artery, and the middle genicular vein.
Clinical significance
The oblique popliteal ligament may be damaged, causing a valgus deformity. Surgical repair of the ligament often leads to better outcomes than conservative management.
The oblique popliteal ligament may be cut during arthroscopic meniscus repair surgery.
Additional images
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20plant
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A terrestrial plant is a plant that grows on, in, or from land. Other types of plants are aquatic (living in water), epiphytic (living on trees) and lithophytic (living in or on rocks).
The distinction between aquatic and terrestrial plants is often blurred because many terrestrial plants are able to tolerate periodic submersion and many aquatic species have both submersed and emersed forms. There are relatively few obligate submersed aquatic plants (species that cannot tolerate emersion for even relatively short periods), but some examples include members of Hydrocharitaceae and Cabombaceae, Ceratophyllum, and Aldrovanda, and most macroalgae (e.g. Chara and Nitella). Most aquatic plants can, or prefer to, grow in the emersed form, and most only flower in that form. Many terrestrial plants can tolerate extended periods of inundation, and this is often part of the natural habitat of the plant where flooding is common. These plants (termed helophytes) tolerate extended periods of waterlogging around the roots and even complete submersion under flood waters. Growth rates of helophytes decrease significantly during these periods of complete submersion and if water levels do not recede the plant will ultimately decline and perish.
See also
Aquatic animal
Aquatic ecosystem
Aquatic locomotion
Aquatic mammal
Aquatic plant
Botany
Plant community
Raunkiær plant life-form
Terrestrial animal
Terrestrial
Terrestrial ecosystem
Terrestrial locomotion
Wetland indicator status
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interclavicular%20ligament
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The interclavicular ligament is a flattened band, which varies considerably in form and size in different individuals, it passes in a curved direction from the upper part of the sternal end of one clavicle to that of the other, and is also attached to the upper margin of the sternum.
It is in relation, in front, with the integument and Sternocleidomastoidei; behind, with the Sternothyreoidei.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytomics
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Cytomics is the study of cell biology (cytology) and biochemistry in cellular systems at the single cell level. It combines all the bioinformatic knowledge to attempt to understand the molecular architecture and functionality of the cell system (Cytome). Much of this is achieved by using molecular and microscopic techniques that allow the various components of a cell to be visualised as they interact in vivo.
Cytome
Cytomes are the cellular systems, subsystems, and functional components of the
body. The cytome is the collection of the complex and dynamic cellular processes (structure and function) underlying physiological processes. It describes the structural and functional heterogeneity of the cellular diversity of an organism.
Human Cytome Project
The Human Cytome Project is aimed at the study of the biological system structure and function of an organism at the cytome level.
See also
Flow cytometry
Genomics
Omics
Proteomics
Lipidomics
List of omics topics in biology
Metabolomics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonflyTV
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DragonflyTV is an Emmy Award-winning science education television series produced by Twin Cities Public Television. The show aired on PBS Kids and PBS Kids Go! from January 19, 2002, to December 20, 2008. It was aimed at ages 9–12. Seasons 1–4 were co-hosted by Michael Brandon Battle and Mariko Nakasone. Seasons 5–7 were hosted by Eric Artell and were produced in partnership with science museums. DragonflyTV was created in collaboration with Project Dragonfly at Miami University, which founded Dragonfly magazine, the first national magazine to feature children's investigations, experiments, and discoveries. DragonflyTV pioneered a "real kids, real science" approach to children's science television and led to the development of the SciGirls television series. DragonflyTV and SciGirls were funded in part by the National Science Foundation to provide a national forum for children's scientific investigations. Reruns of DragonflyTV aired on select PBS stations until 2010, and later in off-network cable syndication to allow commercial stations to meet federal E/I mandates.
Episodes
Season 1 (2002)
Season 2 (2003)
Teams of DFTV's kid scientists demonstrate different approaches to investigations – experimental, engineering, and observational.
Season 3 (2004)
Season 4 (2005)
Season 5 (2006)
Season 6 (2007)
Season 7 (2008)
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