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after the intervention, are warranted to consider long-term prognosis.
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Molecular and Carbon Isotopic Variation during Canister Degassing of Terrestrial Shale: A Case Study from Xiahuayuan Formation in the Xuanhua Basin, North China Molecular and carbon isotopic variation during degassing process have been observed in marine shale reservoirs, however, this behavior remains largely unexplored in terrestrial shale reservoirs. Here, we investigate the rock parameters of five terrestrial shale core samples from the Xiahuayuan Formation and the geochemical parameters of thirty natural gas samples collected during field canister degassing experiments. Based on these new data, the gas composition and carbon isotope variation during canister degassing are discussed and, further, the relationship between petrophysics and the carbon isotope variation is explored. The results show that methane content first increases and then decreases, the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen gas (N2) peak in the early degassing stage, while heavier hydrocarbons gradually increase over time. Shale gas generated from humic source rocks contains more non-hydrocarbon and less heavy hydrocarbon components than that generated from sapropelic source rocks with similar maturity. Time-series sampling presents an upward increase in δ13C1 value during the degassing process with the largest variation up to 5.7‰, while the variation in δ13C3 and δ13C2 is insignificant compared to δ13C1. Moreover, we find that there is only a small variation in δ13C1 in shale samples with high permeability and relatively undeveloped micropores, which is similar to the limited δ13C1 variation in conventional natural gas. For our studied samples, the degree of carbon isotope variation is positively correlated with the TOC content, micropore volume, and micropore surface,
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suggesting that these three factors may play a significant role in carbon isotope shifts during shale gas degassing. We further propose that the strong 13C1 and C2+depletion of shale gas observed during the early degassing stage may have resulted from the desorption and diffusion effect, which may lead to deviation in the identification of natural gas origin. It is therefore shale gas of the late degassing stage that would be more suitable for study to reduce analytic deviations. In most samples investigated, significant isotopic variation occurred during the degassing stage at room temperature, indicating that the adsorbed gas had already been desorbed at this stage Our results therefore suggest that more parameters may need to be considered when evaluating the lost gas of shales.
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The barriers to patient-driven treatment in mental health: why patients may choose to follow their own path. PURPOSE The paper aims to explore the barriers that currently exist to patient-driven treatment within the field of mental health care and reform. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This study represents action learning research using grounded theory to explore a possible causal basis for recidivism related to non-compliance with medication. Interviews addressed concerns from the literature around perceived barriers to patient-driven treatment evidenced by non-compliance with medically recommended pharmaceutical treatment. Results were correlated to look for emergent themes that were used to form the basis for subsequent interview questions. FINDINGS An analysis of the resulting emergent themes illustrated the importance of participatory treatment and coaching rather than medically applied paternalistic care, which is seen as encouraging learned helplessness on the part of patients. Similar helplessness was also revealed in clinicians themselves. Patients' awareness of their own needs and demands for more services place clients and the caregivers at odds over appropriate care in an environment of limited resources. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS The research was limited to only a small number of interviewees in one institution, all of whom were closely associated with mental illness in various capacities. The grounded theory nature of the research does, however, provide a framework for more research in other institutions to test and further explore some of the findings. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The study demonstrated a reinforcement of Maslow's theory of needs hierarchy. The study illustrated a step-wise approach to treatment to decrease the rate of failure and recidivism in
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mental health care. The provision of a stable living environment was viewed as instrumental in improving patients' compliance with pharmaceutical treatment. An action plan was therefore created to initiate the support of a transitional/emergency house by various community groups in partnership with pharmaceutical manufacturing companies. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Recidivism in mental health-created by non-compliance in pharmaceutical treatment, is a major issue in Canada's health care system. This study brings to the forefront issues from a number of perspectives in order to form a course of action in response to its findings.
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Control Model for an Elastomer Extrusion Process Obtained via a Comparative Analysis of Data Mining and Artificial Intelligence Techniques Some elastomer profile extrusion processes in the automotive industry are still hard to control, generally because they are open loop systems with continual changes in manufacturing conditions. It is at the start-up stage that most time and raw materials are lost. This article describes the development of a dynamic extruder velocity control model that is capable of learning from good start-ups in earlier in manufacturing processes. The process of creating the model focuses on selecting the best technique from a set of data mining (DM) and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, which are put to the test with a database containing historical data on the start-up processes that have reached the steady state most quickly in the past. With the new models obtained, the process can be automated, and the time required for start-up in profile manufacturing can be reduced. This will result in increased output, higher quality, less faulty material and lower stress levels among production workers.
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The attainment set of the $\varphi$-envelope and genericity properties The attainment set of the $\varphi$-envelope of a function at a given point is investigated. The inclusion of the attainment set of the $\varphi$-envelope of the closed convex hull of a function into the attainment set of the function is preserved in sufficiently general settings to encompass the case $\varphi$ being a norm in a power not less than $1$. The non-emptiness of the attainment set is guaranteed on generic subsets of a given space, in several fundamental cases.
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The Link Between Wedge‐Like and Nose‐Like Ion Spectral Structures in the Inner Magnetosphere The wedge‐like and nose‐like ion spectral structures, named after their characteristic shapes in the energy‐time spectrograms, appear to be distinctively different structures in the Earth's inner magnetosphere. Here. we present a case study with conjugate observations from the Arase spacecraft and the twin Van Allen Probes on July 1 and 2, 2017, which displayed the characteristic signatures of the wedge‐like and nose‐like ion structures, respectively. When the spacecraft nearly intersected at L = 2.8, the two structures overlapped with enhanced ion fluxes in the energy range of 1–10 keV. These observations suggest that the wedge‐like and nose‐like spectral signatures are merely the manifestations of one single structure along different spacecraft trajectories. This finding is further validated by the reproduction of both structures from a particle‐tracing model, which also indicates their formation processes associated with the intermittent substorm injections in the nightside magnetosphere.
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A cognitive tool for classification learning This paper describes InterModeller, a computer program intended to assist children in primary and secondary schools to learn concepts and skills associated with classification. The design of the program consolidates and extends previous work by including support for multiple forms of representation, provision for automatic transformation between representational forms, and the ability to convert an inefficient model into an efficient one. A "seven steps" methodology for classroom model-building is proposed and justified. Evaluation evidence suggests that the program engages learners effectively in constructive thinking and that its incorporation of a variety of forms of representation enriches the model-building process.
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Study of Robotic System Design in Iron and Steel Enterprises The intelligent structure system is described in the paper based on three modules, including intelligent workshop, intelligent production and intelligent monitoring. The intelligent workshop is the starting point to design and study the system structure of robot. The classical application of robot in the region of steel rolling is introduced in the paper. The application of zinc dross removing robot in practice is also demonstrated.
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Image Decomposition Model Using Curvelets and Wave Atoms The aim of this paper is to combine curvelets with wave atoms by using the mixed constraints, namely smoothness of semi-norm of decomposition spaces and sparsity. It fully considers the sparse representation of curvelets and wave atoms. Curvelets are an essentially optimal representation of objects which is C^2 away from a C^2 edge, while wave atoms have a significantly sparser representation of the warped oscillatory functions or oriented textures than other fixed standard representations like wavelets, Gabor atoms, or curvelets. Moreover, the correlation of piecewise smooth component and textural component is employed as a stopping criterion to control the iterations. Experimental results and comparisons show the efficiency of the proposed models for image decomposition.
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Ultrastructural study of unidentified inclusions in the cornea and iridocorneal angle of dogs with pannus. The corneas and/or the iridocorneal angles of 13 dogs were examined morphologically by use of transmission electron microscopy. Virologic identification techniques also were used for tissue from 2 dogs. Four dogs had clinical signs of chronic superficial keratitis or pannus, 9 dogs had normal eyes. In the tissue from 7 dogs (4 German Shepherd Dogs with chronic superficial keratitis; 2 German Shepherd Dogs and 1 mixed-breed dog with normal eyes) we found unusual cytoplasmic inclusions. Inclusions were not found in dogs of other breeds with normal eyes. The inclusions were observed in corneal fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and macrophages, as well as in trabecular cells and fibroblasts of the iridocorneal angle. They were often grouped within the rough endoplasmic reticulum or found free in the cytoplasm. The cylindrical particles had a helical substructure, measuring 20 nm in diameter and up to 400 nm long, with a distance of 10 nm for the repeating turns. Results of virologic culturing on canine and seal kidney cells were negative, as was staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled antibodies against canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus, canine parvovirus, and canine adenovirus. Relevance of the inclusion bodies described is discussed. Because our results seem to hint at a correlation between presence of the rod shaped particles and German Shepherd Dogs with pannus, we suggest that an etiologic or pathogenic connection exists that merits further examination.
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A Pivotal Role for Thiamine Deficiency in the Expression of Neuroinflammation Markers in Models of Alcohol‐Related Brain Damage BACKGROUND Alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) is associated with neurotoxic effects of heavy alcohol use and nutritional deficiency, in particular thiamine deficiency (TD), both of which induce inflammatory responses in brain. Although neuroinflammation is a critical factor in the induction of ARBD, few studies have addressed the specific contribution(s) of ethanol (EtOH) versus TD. METHODS Adult rats were randomly divided into 6 conditions: chronic EtOH treatment (CET) where rats consumed a 20% v/v solution of EtOH for 6 months; CET with injections of thiamine (CET + T); severe pyrithiamine-induced TD (PTD); moderate PTD; moderate PTD during CET; and pair-fed controls. After the treatments, the rats were split into 3 recovery phase time points: the last day of treatment (time point 1), acute recovery (time point 2: 24 hours posttreatment), and delayed recovery (time point 3: 3 weeks posttreatment). At these time points, vulnerable brain regions (thalamus, hippocampus, frontal cortex) were collected and changes in neuroimmune markers were assessed using a combination of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and protein analysis. RESULTS CET led to minor fluctuations in neuroimmune genes, regardless of the structure being examined. In contrast, PTD treatment led to a profound increase in neuroimmune genes and proteins within the thalamus. Cytokine changes in the thalamus ranged in magnitude from moderate (3-fold and 4-fold increase in interleukin-1β [IL-1β] and IκBα) to severe (8-fold and 26-fold increase in tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6, respectively). Though a similar pattern was
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observed in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, overall fold increases were moderate relative to the thalamus. Importantly, neuroimmune gene induction varied significantly as a function of severity of TD, and most genes displayed a gradual recovery across time. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest an overt brain inflammatory response by TD and a subtle change by CET alone. Also, the prominent role of TD in the immune-related signaling pathways leads to unique regional and temporal profiles of induction of neuroimmune genes.
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Encoding strategies in multilayer neural networks Neural networks capable of encoding sets of patterns are analysed. Solutions are found by theoretical treatment instead of by supervised learning. The behaviour of 2R (R in N) input units is studied and its characteristic features are discussed. The accessibilities for non-spurious patterns are calculated by analytic methods. Although thermal noise may induce wrong encoding, the authors show how it can rid the output of spurious sequences. Further, they compute error bounds at finite temperature.
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A MULTI-D MODEL FOR RAMAN AMPLIFICATION In this paper, we continue the study of the Raman amplification in plasmas that we initiated in [Colin and Colin, Diff. Int. Eqs. 17 (2004) 297–330; Colin and Colin, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 193 (2006) 535–562]. We point out that the Raman instability gives rise to three components. The first one is collinear to the incident laser pulse and counter propagates. In 2-D, the two other ones make a non-zero angle with the initial pulse and propagate forward. Furthermore they are symmetric with respect to the direction of propagation of the incident pulse. We construct a non-linear system taking into account all these components and perform some 2-D numerical simulations.
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Color Image Segmentation using Fuzzy Histon Fuzzy histon, an extension of histon, is a contour plotted on the top of the histograms of the color components such that the pixels with high degree of correlation are visualized as belonging to one singular value. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy histon roughness index based thresholding algorithm for the segmentation of color images. The quantitative evaluation of the proposed approach against the existing thresholding technique and Compression-based Texture Merging (CTM) algorithm proves its effectiveness.
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Curcumin as Natural Bioactive compound of Medicinal Plant Curcuma longa to combat against different Diseases Plants are gifts by nature as they gives alot of benefits to human race. Medicinal herb Curcuma longa has a long history of use in medicine due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antimicrobial and against cancer progression. Turmeric contain two classes of secondary metabolites, Curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin) and turmeric essential oils (TEO). Curcumin is an active constituent of it and is highly pleriopiotic molecule. It works as antimicrobial agent against different strains of fungus, bacteria and viruses by targeting their membrane efficiency and can active against various types of cancers by targeting molecular markers. This compound also shows drastic effects against various diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases and can also prevent selenium and ionizing radiations induced cataractogenesis. Bioavailability, stability and solubility power of curcumin is increasing as research expands by modifying it by functional groups or in combinational therapeutics. These effects are mediated through its regulation of various transcription factors, modulates mitochondrial functions, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases and other enzymes. Spoilage of food is also minimized by design of a papain that is immobilized in food packaging with curcumin is crosslinked and act as antimicrobial. Curcumin as natural medicinal compound is a novel targeted agent of modern era as it shows beneficial effects in different health perspectives without giving comparatively any side effects. Research reveals that it also has capability to target stem cells, restores immune system and activate self-renewal pathways. This component is easily available,
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safe and target different diseases at molecular level to eradicate it.
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A Fusion of Face Symmetry of Two-Dimensional Principal Component Analysis and Face Recognition In this paper, a fusion of facial symmetry information method is developed for improving two-dimensional principal component analysis. The proposed method uses the characteristic of facial symmetry to generate odd-even symmetry images, by weighting odd-even symmetry matrix to replace original image matrix extracting features, and at last minimum distance classifier is used for classification. The predominance of this method is that it takes full advantages of facial symmetry information and considers the impact of odd symmetry matrix which reflects the non-symmetric in Face Recognition. The experiment results on the YALE and ORL face database show that this method has better performance and robustness than the classical PCA and 2DPCA.
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An improvement SSL protocol application research SSL protocol affords the data of network secure transmission dependable ensuring. The pivotal factor effecting on the performance of the server is the SSL connection on the server is raised, the throughput will be decreased. According to the standard SSL protocol, an optimized model of SSL combines Diffie-Hellman algorithm is proposed, which will improve the response speed and enhance the performance of the server.
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RPA and ERPA with Correlated Realistic NN Interactions The Unitary Correlation Operator Method (UCOM) provides a powerful scheme for carrying out ab initio nuclear structure calculations [1, 2, 3, 4]. In particular, it makes it possible to combine numerically affordable manybody Hilbert spaces with modern realistic NN interactions. Short-range correlations are explicitly taken into account. First results ranging from no-core shell model to HartreeFock (HF) and perturbation-theory calculations using correlated NN interactions have been reported previously. In this work we employ correlated interactions in RPA studies of nuclear response. Only natural-parity excitations of spherical, closed-shell nuclei have been considered so far. First, HF calculations of the nuclear ground state are performed. The RPA is self-consistently formulated in the HF single-particle basis (HF+RPA model). We have also used an extended RPA version [5] (ERPA), which is built on top of the true RPA ground state and involves an iterative solution of the RPA equations. The influence of groundstate correlations on excitation properties can then be assessed. Corrected single-particle energies and occupation numbers can also be obtained. We use the correlated interactions discussed in Ref. [4], based on the Argonne V18 potential. The results presented here were obtained in a harmonic-oscillator basis of 13 shells with the optimal value of the tensor correlation volume, I θ = 0.09 fm . Our RPA results on the isoscalar (IS) giant monopole resonance (ISGMR), for various medium and heavy nuclei, are in good agreement with the experimental data. An example is shown in Fig. 1, where we see also that the
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Broadband superluminescent diodes and semiconductor optical amplifiers for the spectral range 750 — 800 nm We have studied superluminescent diodes (SLDs) and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) based on an (AlxGa1-x)As/GaAs single quantum well structure with an Al content x ∼ 0.1 in a 10-nm-thick active layer. Depending on the length of the active channel, the single-mode fibre coupled cw output power of the SLDs is 1 to 30 mW at a spectral width of about 50 nm. The width of the optical gain band in the active channel exceeds 40 nm. Preliminary operating life tests have demonstrated that the devices are sufficiently reliable.
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A Discourse on Impact Evaluation Evaluation of the impact of a social intervention is complex. A social intervention cannot be designed as an invariant input for un-mixed and singular results. Agents and conditions of implementation confound outcomes. But evaluators of impact in search of certainties have often focused on direct and more immediate outputs. When intermediate and long-term outcomes are studied, the focus is on the concrete and the measurable. The discourse on impact evaluation presented here includes a model and methodology for the evaluation of impact. The model as elaborated posits three categories of impact: (1) impact by design– outputs resulting directly and immediately from the intervention; (2) impact by interaction– outcomes arising from interactivity with concurrent interventions by other agents; and (3) impact by emergence– unimagined outcomes emerging from the original intervention through its interactions with other interventions and its interfaces with historical and cultural processes in place but not easily discernable. The methodology proposed for the study of impact is pluralistic. The model and methodology are confirmed in the context of the Ghana Literacy and Functional Skills Programme (LFSP) at the end of its first phase, 1992–7, showing how the comprehensive conceptualization of impact, together with methodological pluralism, can deliver rich data on the impact of interventions which can serve the needs of both policymakers and the public.
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Disparity Estimation for Camera Arrays Using Reliability Guided Disparity Propagation Light field cameras become increasingly popular recently, as they can capture 3-D geometry of the scene in a single snap-shot. Many post-capture adjustments can be realized after the disparity map or the equivalent depth map being estimated. Recent studies about light field depth recovery are more designed for commercial microlens cameras, such as Lytro and Raytrix. However, camera arrays capture scenes with sparser angular samplings and lower angular resolution than microlens cameras. When previous approaches are employed, there will be larger noise and more depth ambiguities in the estimated disparity map, especially, in the textureless regions. In this paper, we propose a method to estimate the disparity from camera arrays. The local disparity with the corresponding reliability is first computed by analyzing the angular variance of the input sub-images. We further optimize the local disparity map by introducing a novel prior and inferring the corresponding implementation algorithm named reliability guided disparity propagation (RGDP). With the global optimization using RGDP, a high-quality disparity map can be generated with noise being suppressed and edges being protected. We conduct experiments on both public data sets and real-world scenes. The effectiveness and outperformance of our method are demonstrated as compared with other state-of-the-art methods.
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Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: modern management guidelines. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a structural lateral curvature of the spine of uncertain etiology, is the most common cause of spinal deformity in adolescents. In its most severe form, AIS is characterized by progressive spinal curvature that may lead to a permanent deformity. Thus, the goal of treatment is early detection and prevention of progression. This article provides a review of general spinal anatomy relevant to AIS and its etiology, describes several proposed methods of classifying curves in AIS, delineates the natural history of AIS, and discusses the nonoperative and operative treatment options.
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Paediatric Infectious Diseases. A Comprehensive Guide to the Subspecialty. Paediatric Infectious Diseases. A Comprehensive Guide to the Subspecialty. By G J Noel, J J Stavola, and V Schauf. (Pp 361; £20 paperback.) Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8018-5564-0. Is paediatric infectious disease a subspecialty? In the UK this is only true in some tertiary centres. Elsewhere children with infectious diseases are cared for by general paediatricians working with microbiologists. Whatever the arguments for or against …
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[H. pylori in development of allergic diseases in patients with gastroduodenal diseases]. AIM To discover relations between allergic diseases and H. pylori infection in patients with gastroduodenal diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was made of 113 patients (age 22-65, 34 males and 79 females) with chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer. Of them, 60 patients (group 1) had concomitant allergy (urticaria, bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, pollinosis), while 53 patients (group 2) had no allergy. H. pylori infection was diagnosed with the respiratory and rapid urease test, histological and cytological tests. Enzyme immunoassay determined total antibodies (AB) to H. pylori in IgG, IgA, IgM classes; IgA-AB in the kits Vector Best (Russia), IgG-AB to H. pylori in the kits of ECOLab (Russia) and total IgE in the kits IgE-EIA (Stavropol). RESULTS In group 1 total AB to H. pylori were positive in 48 (80%), IgG-AB and IgA-AB to H. pylori in 38 (63.3%) and 43 (71.6%) patients, respectively. In elevated concentration of AgG-AB to H. pylori 46 (76.6%) patients had elevated total IgE (mean 364 IU.l). In group 2 total AB to H. pylori were detected in 45 (85.0%) patients, IgG-AB and IgA-AB to H. pylori in 47 (88.6%) and 32 (60.3%), respectively. Among patients with high level of IgG-AB to H. pylori in the serum high total IgE was only in 35.8% patients. Mean IgE was 250 IU/l. CONCLUSION Patients with gastroduodenal diseases associated with H. pylori and allergy and not associated had similar level of total AB to H.pylori, while higher total IgE
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and specific IgE-AT to H. pylori occurred in the former. Thus, H. pylori infection is associated with allergic (atopic) immune response.
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Data-driven SOH prediction for EV batteries As electric vehicles (EVs) have been popularized, research on battery management system (BMS) of EVs' core technology has considerably drawn attention. Among various functions of BMS, predicting state-of-health (SOH) that indexes batteries' aging is the most crucial to determine replacement time of the battery or to estimate driving mileage. This paper studies how to predict SOH in practical EV environments where the batteries are charged and discharged dynamically.
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[Comparison of antiemesis effects of granisetron, aprepitant and dexamethasone to palonosetron, aprepitant and dexamethasone in treatment of high-emetic risk chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting - a retrospective study for efficacy and safety in a single institute]. Nausea and vomiting are among the most problematic symptoms experienced by patients with cancer who are receiving chemotherapy. 5-hydroxytryptamine 3(5-HT3)-receptor antagonists, NK1 receptor antagonists(aprepitant)and dexamethasone are now the standard therapies for preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting(CINV)that follow highly emetogenic chemotherapy, such as cisplatin and anthracycline. However, since it is not cleared which 5-HT3-recepter antagonist is a proper treatment for combined use with aprepitant and dexamethasone, we conducted a questionnaire survey, which used the numerical rating scale(NRS), for comparing palonosetron with granisetron in the same patient. Palonosetron showed a significant improvement of nausea for both acute(within 24 hours)and delayed phase(24-120 hours later), regardless of the type of chemotherapy(cisplatin or anthracycline-based regimen). Furthermore, palonosetron had a tolerable safety profile. Our study suggests that palonosetron-based antiemetic treatment will be a preferred choice for preventing CINV following highly emetogenic chemotherapy.
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The 57 club I rarely feel moved to turn my birthday into a public celebration. That might have been a problem if I had been Queen, but as things are it has been easy to let my 30th, 40th, and 50th birthdays sidle past with some bubbly and a family meal. Soon my 57th will do the same. Fifty-seven is a special age for male doctors. With statutory retirement at 65 we are into the last eight, in Olympic phraseology. It is …
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Embodied Meaning in Hegel and Merleau-Ponty Abstract In this paper it is argued that the conceptions of embodied meaning and of intuition that Hegel appeals to in the Aesthetics anticipate some of Merleau-Ponty’s insights concerning the distinctive character of pre-conceptual, sensuous forms of meaning. It is argued that, for Hegel, our aesthetic experience of the beautiful is such that we cannot readily differentiate in it the purportedly distinct roles that sensation and thought play, and so that the account of sensuous intuition operative here differs from the one appealed to in more familiar, ‘intellectualist’ conceptions that are premised upon our being able to make such a distinction. Some of Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenological insights are brought to bear to help support and illuminate some of the implications of Hegel’s conception of such sensuously embodied meaning.
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[Effect of phase transitions in microsomal membranes on energetic characteristics of oxidation]. Naphthalene and aniline oxidation by intact and induced enzyme systems of rat liver microsomes, NADPH and O2 has been studied in a broad temperature range. The oxidation of the same substrates has also been studied in the systems "microsomes--cumene hydroperoxide" and "purified cytochrome P-450--cumene hydroperoxide". The temperature curves of catalytic constants for type I substrate (naphthalene-oxidation) in the system with cofactors is characterized by break on Arrenius dependence near 18--24 degrees C and explained by phase transitions of microsomal membrane lipids. The temperature curves of catalytic constants for type II substrate (aniline-oxidation) in all studied systems do not break on Arrenius plots. Catalytic oxidation contants of both substrates in systems "microsomes--hydroperoxide" and "cytochrome P-450--hydroperoxide" are characterized by constant activation energies in broad temperature range. The results obtained are discussed from the point of view of the effect of phospholipids phase transitions in microsomal membrane on a rate limiting step.
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Simulation Research on Asynchronous Motor Vector Control System Abstract: the vector control of asynchronous motor variable frequency speed regulating system is a high performance control system, has been used in many high precision, high performance applications applications. In vector transform based many control methods, such as the speed sensorless control and adaptive control, is the development of. In the MATLAB environment, the control of slip frequency vector control system simulation, the simulation experiment shows the fuzzy control simulation results superior to the traditional PI control.
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Performance improvement analysis by dispersion and non-linearity compensation for OOFDM transmission This paper introduces a joint equalizer compensating chromatic dispersion, nonlinearity with reduced complexity and improved performance for Optical orthogonal frequency multiplexing (OOFDM) transmission. It presents performance comparison for M-ary Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) by varying M to 16 and 64. Simulated results with dispersion and non-linearity compensation achieve bit error rate (BER) of 10−9 at 21 dB SNR for 16-QAM-OOFDM transmission, at 23 dB SNR for 64-QAM-OOFDM transmission. Proposed equalizer reports improvement in signal to noise ratio (SNR) by approximately 1–1.5 dB in comparison to conventional results.
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Finite Element Analysis on Mirco-Steel Tubular Pile Refilled Concrete Reinforced Structure Foundation Steel tubular pile technology is an effective method to reinforced foundation in retrofitting of existing buildings. Mirco-steel tubular pile is constructed with concrete filled steel tubular, the infilled concrete could reinforced the strength of mirco-pile and prevented the local-buckling of steel tubular. According to ANSYS software, a mode of finite element analysis was built with some function between mirco-pile and soil foundation, the mode was confirmed by some test data. The slenderness ratio and material strength were two important factors for the bearing capability of mirco-pile with concrete filled steel tubular. The bearing capability and some influence factors on concrete filled mirco-steel tubular piles were analyzed by factors analysis method. The mode of finite element analysis and factors analysis method on were applied for reinforced building foundation and referred to other application of concrete filled steel tubular.
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Temperature behaviour of electron mobility in double-gate silicon on insulator transistors We have studied the electron mobility behaviour in double-gate silicon on insulator (DGSOI) inversion layers as a function of temperature. It has been shown that as in the case of room temperature, volume inversion plays a very important role, being responsible for the enhancement of the electron mobility in a certain range of silicon thicknesses, Tw. Poisson's and Schrödinger's equations have been self-consistently solved to study the distribution of the electrons in DGSOI structures as a function of temperature. As in the room temperature case, volume inversion means that in the range of silicon thicknesses between 5 nm and 20 nm, the phonon-scattering rate is lower than the corresponding value for bulk silicon inversion layers. We have solved the Boltzmann transport equation by the Monte Carlo method, and have evaluated the electron mobility. For the whole range of temperatures we observed that for 5 nm < Tw < 20 nm, electron mobility in DGSOI devices, μDGSOI, is higher than the mobility for bulk silicon inversion layers, μbulk, and that the factor increases as the temperature decreases, i.e., the improvement of the mobility due to the volume inversion effect is more important at low temperatures than at room temperature.
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Exit from High Street: An Exploratory Study of Sustainable Fashion Pioneers In today's marketplace, dominated by business models predicated on continual consumption and globalized production systems that have major environmental and social impacts, the concept of 'sustainable fashion' takes on an almost paradoxical quality. This paper explores this paradox by focusing on a previously under-researched group of consumers – 'sustainable fashion pioneers' who actively engage and shape their own discourse around the notion of sustainable fashion. These adversary innovators actively create and communicate strategies for sustainable fashion behaviour that can overcome the nebulous and somewhat paradoxical situation that sustainable development presents. Specifically, we use in-depth interviews and netnography to illuminate the motivations, abilities, and facilitators or barriers that play a role in the reported behaviour of these sustainable fashion consumers. This includes such key behaviours as purchasing fewer garments of higher quality, exiting the market, by purchasing only secondhand fashion goods, and sewing or upgrading their own clothing. We identify key themes that appear to both fuel and support such behavioural strategies that include distrust for retailers' sustainability motives; a desire for freedom and self-expression; a belief in the necessity of reduced consumption; and distaste for fashion, a preference for style.
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Generalized B Acklund Transformation and New Explicit Solutions of the Two-dimensional Toda Equation In this paper, we obtain a generalized BB acklund transformation for the bilinear representation of the two-dimensional Toda lattice equation, in which BB acklund parameters are functions of x, y, n. Furthermore, corresponding nonlinear superposition formula are derived and using these results, we obtain some new explicit solutions of the two-dimensional Toda lattice equation.
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Generation gland morphology in cordylid lizards: An evolutionary perspective To elucidate the functional significance of the three distinct types of generation glands that have been identified among cordylid lizards, we mapped gland type to the terminal taxa in the most recent phylogenetic tree for the Cordylidae. We used the phylogenetic programme Mesquite and applied the principle of parsimony to infer character states for the ancestral nodes in the tree. For those species where information on gland type was not available from the literature, we conducted a histological investigation of generation gland morphology, using standard histological techniques. We included two species of the sister family Gerrhosauridae in the analysis to serve as outgroups. In both Gerrhosaurus typicus and G. flavigularis, scales immediately anterior to the femoral pores displayed glandular activity, but differed from generation glands of cordylids in the absence of mature glandular generations. Among the cordylids investigated, we identified a fourth type of generation gland in Pseudocordylus subviridis, P. spinosus, and in the two Hemicordylus species, one where the glands consistently comprise of two mature glandular generations. In H. capensis, both single‐ and two‐layer type glands are present. Our reconstruction of ancestral character states suggests a minimum of six transformations from one gland type to another during the evolutionary history of the family. The reconstruction furthermore suggests that the single‐layer type gland reappeared at least once (in Hemicordylus) in the Cordylinae after having been lost. The reconstruction also unequivocally shows that the pit‐like multiple‐layer type gland evolved directly from the single‐layer type and not from the
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protruding multiple‐layer type. The two‐layer type gland appears to be an intermediary condition between the multiple‐layer and single‐layer types. The evolutionary transformation of generation gland type appears to be linked to changes in lifestyle and associated changes in degree of territoriality and the need for chemical communication. J. Morphol. 275:456–464, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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The rostromedial tegmental nucleus ( RMTg ) , a major GABAergic afferent to midbrain dopamine neurons , selectively encodes aversive stimuli and promotes behavioral inhibition Separate studies have implicated the lateral habenula (LHb) or amygdala-related regions in processing aversive stimuli, but their relationships to each other and to appetitive motivational systems are poorly understood. We show that neurons in the recently identified GABAergic rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), which receive a major LHb input, project heavily to midbrain dopamine neurons, and show phasic activations and/or Fos induction after aversive stimuli (footshocks, shock-predictive cues, food deprivation, or reward omission) and inhibitions after rewards or reward-predictive stimuli. RMTg lesions markedly reduce passive fear behaviors (freezing, open-arm avoidance) dependent on the extended amygdala, periaqueductal gray, or septum, all regions that project directly to the RMTg. In contrast, RMTg lesions spare or enhance active fear responses (treading, escape) in these same paradigms. These findings suggest that aversive inputs from widespread brain regions and stimulus modalities converge onto the RMTg, which opposes reward and motor-activating functions of midbrain dopamine neurons
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P‐4: Mechanisms of Threshold Voltage Drift in Nanocrystalline Thin‐Film Transistors for Active‐Matrix Displays The mechanisms of threshold voltage (Vth) drift in nanocrystalline silicon (nc‐Si:H) TFTs have been investigated. Using bias‐temperature stress measurements, it is found that the dominant mechanism of Vth drift is charge trapping in the SiNx gate insulator. This result is confirmed by a study on ambipolar nc‐Si:H:TFTs. Comparing with a‐Si:H TFTs, this means that the reduction of the voltage shift in nc‐Si:H TFTs is the result of an improvement of the semiconductor material.
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TWILIGHT OF THE IDYLLS: WILDE, TENNYSON, AND FIN-DE-SIÈCLE ANTI-IDEALISM In the climactic finale to the first act of Oscar Wilde's 1895 play An Ideal Husband, Gertrude Chiltern convinces her husband, a Member of Parliament, not to support the construction of a boondoggle Argentinean canal. Gertrude, not her husband, is the ostensibly moral character here, since the canal's only purpose is to create wealth for its stockholders, but the language she uses in this impassioned speech quotes Guinevere, the contrite fallen wife in Alfred Tennyson's Idylls of the King. Near the end of the Idylls, recognizing that her infidelity has occasioned war, turmoil, and the end of Arthur's reign, Guinevere laments: Ah my God,What might I not have made of thy fair world,Had I but loved thy highest creature here?It was my duty to have loved the highest:It surely was my profit had I known:It would have been my pleasure had I seen.We needs must love the highest when we see it (G 649–56) Repeating these words and ideas under drastically different circumstances, Lady Chiltern tells her husband in the finale to Wilde's first act: “I don't think you realise sufficiently, Robert, that you have brought into the political life of our time a nobler atmosphere, a finer attitude towards life, a freer air of purer aims and higher ideals – I know it, and for that I love you, Robert. . . . I will love you always, because you will always be worthy of love. We needs must love the highest when we see it!”
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(Ideal 69).
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Body surface mapping improves early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients with chest pain and left bundle branch block Objective: To test prospectively depolarisation and repolarisation body surface maps (BSMs) for mirror image reversal, which is less susceptible to artefact, in patients with acute ischaemic-type chest pain, and to compare these BSM criteria with previously published 12 lead ECG criteria Methods: An 80 lead portable BSM system was used to map patients presenting with acute ischaemic-type chest pain and a 12 lead ECG with left bundle branch block (LBBB). Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was defined by serial cardiac enzymes. Each 12 lead ECG was assessed by the criteria of Sgarbossa et al and Hands et al for diagnosis of AMI. Depolarisation and repolarisation BSMs were assessed for loss of mirror image reversal of QRS with ST-T isointegral map patterns and a change in vector angle from QRS to ST-T outside 180±15°—findings typically seen in LBBB with AMI. Results: Of 56 patients with chest pain and LBBB, 18 had enzymatically confirmed AMI. Patients with loss of BSM image reversal were significantly more likely to have AMI (odds ratio 4.9, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 16.4, p = 0.007). Loss of BSM image reversal was significantly more sensitive (67%) for AMI than either 12 lead ECG method (17%, 33%) albeit with some loss in specificity (BSM 71%, 12 lead ECG 87%, 97%). Patients with AMI compared with those without AMI had a greater mean change in vector angle outside the normal range (180±15°), particularly between QRS isointegral
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and ST60 isopotential (the potential 60 ms after the J point at each electrode site) BSMs (19° v 9°, p = 0.038). Loss of image reversal and QRS-ST60 vector change outside 180±15° had 61% sensitivity and 82% specificity for AMI (odds ratio 7.0, 95% confidence interval 2.0 to 24.4, p = 0.001). Conclusions: BSM compared with the 12 lead ECG improved the early diagnosis of AMI in the presence of LBBB.
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Understanding the Online Customer Funnel All the news used to rage about the Web, then the dot bomb hit and an end of an era. But wait, there is a new king. The Web finally realized its full potential: Google Adwords, one-to-one marketing, and now social media. The new SAS® Web Analytics takes Web analytics to the next level making Web analytics an integral part of every business and marketing strategy. This paper discusses how to use SAS Web Analytics to get the most out of pay-per-click, banner ads, and e-mail campaigns—improving your business strategy while at the same time improving overall customer satisfaction.
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Diet and recruitment of green turtles in Fiji, South Pacific, inferred from in-water capture and stable isotope analysis Green turtles Chelonia mydas are listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, yet in the South Pacific few conservation-relevant data are available for the species, especially relating to foraging and habitat use. Here, in situ observations and stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) were used to evaluate green turtle diet and recruitment patterns at Yadua Island and Makogai Island, Fiji. Juvenile green turtles (N = 110) were hand-captured, measured, and sampled. Stable isotope analysis was performed on skin samples and on putative prey items. ‘Resident’ turtles versus ‘recent recruits’ were classified based on their bulk skin tissue isotope values, which were compared with stable isotope values of local prey items and analyzed via cluster analysis. Green turtle diet composition was estimated using MixSIAR, a Bayesian mixing model. Recent recruits were characterized by ‘low δ13C/high δ15N’ values and ranged in curved carapace length (CCL) from 25.5 to 60.0 cm (mean ± SD = 48.5 ± 5.7 cm). Recruitment mostly occurred in summer. Green turtles identified as ‘residents’ had CCLs ranging from 43.5 to 89.0 cm (mean ± SD = 57.4 ± 9.0 cm) and were characterized by ‘high δ13C/low δ15N’ values; mixing model results indicate they fed primarily on invertebrates (40%), fishes (31%), and marine plants (29%). This study confirms the value of seagrass pastures as both an essential habitat and a primary food source for green turtles, and can serve as a baseline for evaluations of natural
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and anthropogenic changes in local green turtle aggregations.
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Novel EXT1 mutation identified in a pedigree with hereditary multiple exostoses. Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is an autosomal dominant bone disorder characterized by the presence of multiple benign cartilage-capped tumors. EXT1 located on chromosome 8q23-q24 and EXT2 located on 11p11-p12 are the main disease-causing genes which are responsible for ~90% of HME cases. Mutations of EXT1 or EXT2 result in insufficient heparan sulfate biosynthesis, which facilitates chondrocyte proliferation, boosts abnormal bone growth of neighboring regions, causes multiple exostoses, and ultimately leads to possible malignant transformation. A family who displayed typical features of HME was enrolled in the present study. Mutation screening by Sanger sequencing identified a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation c.1902C>A (p.Tyr634X) in the EXT1 gene exclusively in all 3 patients, which is located in the glycosyltransferase domain and results in the truncation of 112 amino acids at the C-terminus of the EXT1 protein. Thus, the present study identified a novel disease-causing EXT1 mutation in a pedigree with HME, which provides additional evidence for developing quick and accurate genetic tools for HME diagnosis.
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Genetic link with cholelithiasis among pediatric SCA Tunisian patients: Examples of UGT1A1, SLCO1A2 and SLCO1B1 Aims and background: Hyperbilirubinemia is often observed in chronic hemolysis and results in the formation of pigment cholelithiasis that could be increased by the presence of defected enzymes involved in the bilirubin metabolism. Indeed, this is the first report that interested in the study of polymorphisms in genes encoded for enzymes involved in the bilirubin metabolism: rs 4149056 of SLCO1B1 and rs4149000 of SLCO1A2 in combination with rs8175347 and rs887829 of UGT1A1 in order to find a correlation between the polymorphisms studied and the presence of gallstones in a population of sickle cell anemia (SCA) pediatric Tunisians. Material and methods: Our study involved 102 unrelated Tunisian subjects. All SCA patients are children (less than 16 years old) and were characterized by hyperbilirubinemia and 52 of them have cholelithiasis. The polymorphisms of the candidate genes were analyzed for all subjects by PCR/sequencing. Genotype and allele frequencies between cases and controls were compared using Pearson's chi-square test with a significance threshold of P < 0.05 (compare 2, version 1.02). Results: The novelty of this report is that children carrying the combined genotype of the rs studied: (TA7TA7)/TT/TC/GA have a higher risk to develop gallstones (P = 0.0027, RR = 18.27 (20.0061–915.28)). Conclusion: Altogether our data provide the implication of UGT1A1 and SLCO1A2 in sickle cell anemia-related cholelithiasis.
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Military psychological distress-virtues model Background and Aim: Military personnel, parallel to appropriate personality traits to the military environment, need virtues and character strengths(CS) that contain values appropriate to the environment. We designed a model that examines the impact of comprehensive virtues and CS in reducing psychological distress. Methods: The present study is an SEM study. The sample community is an available example of 410 persons of military men in Tehran. We used a demographic information questionnaire, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10), and Virtues Inventory in Action (VIA-120). Results: findings showed virtues and CS of wisdom, justice, humanity, and transcendence (except for spirituality) are significantly related to psychological distress. With increasing CS, psychological distress in employees decreased, but with increasing virtues, psychological distress in employees increased. The virtues and CS of temperance and courage were not significantly associated with psychological distress. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, military services should pay more attention to the virtues and CS effective in reducing staff distress and strengthening these traits in them.
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The development of IL‐17/IFN‐γ‐double producing CTLs from Tc17 cells is driven by epigenetic suppression of Socs3 gene promoter The plasticity of T lymphocytes induced by epigenetic modifications of gene promoters may play a pivotal role in controlling their effector functions, which are sometimes causally associated with immune disorders. IL ‐17‐producing T cells, which induce type 17 immune responses, are newly identified pathogenic effector cells. The type 1 signature cytokine IFN‐γ strongly inhibits their differentiation, indicating a mutually exclusive relationship between type 17‐ and type 1‐immune responses. However, many reports indicate the presence of a unique IL‐17/IFN‐γ‐double producing T‐cell subset in various inflammatory settings, although the mechanisms responsible for their development and their precise functions remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that IL‐12 permits the conversion of mouse IL‐17‐producing CD8+ T (Tc17) cells to IL‐17/IFN‐γ‐double producing CD8+ T (Tc17/IFN‐γ) cells, and that this conversion is due to repressive epigenetic modifications of Socs3 gene promoters. Moreover, we show that SOCS3 strongly regulates the capability of Tc17 cells to produce IL‐17, in addition to regulating the expression of the type 17‐master regulator RORγt. These findings elucidate the mechanisms underlying the conversion of Tc17 cells into Tc17/IFN‐γ cells. As these cells are known to have potent antitumor activities, manipulation of these conversion mechanisms for therapeutic tumor immunity may be possible.
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Maternal-child feeding patterns and child body weight: findings from a population-based sample. BACKGROUND Certain mother-child feeding patterns (MCFPs) may promote childhood obesity and/or disordered eating. OBJECTIVES To assess the demographic correlates of MCFPs and to test whether differences in MCFPs are associated with child body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) z scores in a population-based study. DESIGN A secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth main and child cohorts was conducted on more than 1000 Hispanic, African American, and non-Hispanic/non-African American children, aged 3 to 6 years. The MCFPs were measured by means of 3 interview questions probing mother-allotted child food choice, child compliance during meals, and child obedience during meals. RESULTS Mothers of non-Hispanic/non-African American children allotted greater food choice than mothers of African American or Hispanic children. Maternal BMI and other demographic measures were unrelated to MCFPs. The lowest levels of mother-allotted child food choice and child eating compliance were associated with reduced child BMI, with mean BMI z scores of -0.36 and -0.41, respectively. Effect sizes were small, however, and MCFPs did not discriminate children who were overweight or at risk for being overweight from children who were not (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS Feeding strategies providing the least child food choice were associated with reduced child BMI. However, MCFPs did not relate to child overweight status.
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Short Migraine Attacks of less than 2 h Duration in Children and Adolescents We studied the duration of migraine attacks among children and adolescents who reported headache attacks lasting <2 h. Among the 720 children who attended our specialist headache clinic, over a period of 6 years, 231 children had migraine with or without aura fulfilling the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for the diagnosis of migraine. A further 15 children reported headache attacks typical of migraine, but of duration <2 h. They were asked to fill prospective headache diaries in order to determine with accuracy the duration of their headache attacks. Ten (67%) of these children provided prospective fully analysable headache diaries and recorded a total of 120 headache attacks, 66 attacks (55%) lasting for <1 h each, 30 attacks (25%) lasting between 1 and 2 h, and 24 attacks (20%) lasting >2 h. Patient-based analysis of the headache diaries showed that only three children consistently had headache attacks lasting <1 h. Seven children had some of their headache attacks lasting for at least 1 h and four had some of their headache attacks lasting at least 2 h. This study shows that headache attacks in children with migraine can be variable, and brief attacks are rare. A combination of short (<1 h) and long (>2 h) attacks of headache can coexist in the same patient. The HIS diagnostic criteria of 1988 for migraine in children should therefore acknowledge such variation and allow reduction of the duration of migraine attacks to 1 h.
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Intercarotid distance variations in pituitary adenomas: a cone-beam computed tomographic study Introduction Transnasal trans-sphenoidal surgery has become the most popular procedure to approach different sellar lesions. Internal carotid artery injury during this approach could be minimized by accurate preoperative assessment of its course and detection of anatomical variations. Patients and methods This study was conducted on 24 cases with pituitary adenomas. The intercarotid distance (ICD) was measured by cone-beam computed tomography, and defined as the minimal distance between the inner walls of the carotid sulcus of the horizontal parasellar internal carotid artery. Comparison of measurements in the study group with that of healthy individuals of the control group was done. Aim The aim of this study was to detect variations in ICD with pituitary adenomas. Results This study showed that ICD was statistically significantly higher in the study than control groups (P=0.01). A statistically significant correlation between lesion size and ICD was found (P=0.04). A statistically significant difference between the ICD with the type of sellar pathology was found. The widest distance was found with suprasellar lesions (mean = 8.93 ± 2.09, P1 = 0.009) and the least in sellar lesions (mean = 16.58 ± 1.94). Conclusion Preoperative measurement of ICD is applicable and helpful in operative planning for the trans-sphenoid approach to pituitary lesions. The size of the adenomas directly affects the ICD with larger adenomas showing wider distance.
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Is Hepcidin a New Cardiovascular Risk Marker in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome? Background/Aims: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with reproductive and metabolic abnormalities and carries a number of cardiovascular risk factors. Low-grade chronic inflammation has been thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and PCOS patients have an increased rate of subclinical inflammation. In the present study, considering the major role that hepcidin plays in the regulation of iron metabolism and as an inflammatory marker, we investigated hepcidin in PCOS patients and its role in predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Methods: Forty patients with PCOS and 40 age- and body mass index-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Iron metabolites, insulin resistance (IR), inflammatory markers and hepcidin levels were analyzed. Results: IR parameters, inflammatory markers, iron parameters and hepcidin levels were similar between the PCOS and control groups. While the inflammatory markers were significantly high in the overweight and obese PCOS subgroup, the hepcidin levels were also high but this elevation was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Obesity is the principle mechanism of chronic inflammation and IR in PCOS patients. C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 should be used to predict and follow the risk of CVD development in PCOS cases. Hepcidin may be used as an additional marker in the follow-up of PCOS patients in the future.
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Characteristics of Surface Nitrogen and Phosphorus Balances in the Seven Regions of Hungary from 1989 to 2005 As a result of Hungary's membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), surface nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) balances on a country level are calculated and reported to the OECD annually. The Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (RISSAC) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences is responsible for the calculations. Surface nutrient NP balances of each of the seven Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) 2 regions of Hungary were calculated for the period of 1989 (the starting year of political and economic transitions in the country) to 2005. For the environmental risk assessment of NP balances, it is also essential to take the soil NP status of the investigated area into consideration. Correlations between NP balances and soil NP status should be investigated on EU, country, or regional levels. The relevant agricultural databases of the Central Statistical Office of Hungary (CSOH) were used to ensure the accurate estimations of coefficients. Significant differences were found among the regions both in the input and output sides of the NP balances and, as a consequence, in the regional NP balances. Utilization of the agricultural area also differs among the regions, as a consequence of their geographical location, terrain features, soil and climate conditions, and different traditions. In general, the annual N balances of the studied period in the Hungarian regions were positive, whereas P balances were negative. Surface gross nutrient NP balances of each of
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the seven Hungarian regions decreased in the studied period, but characteristic differences between Hungarian regions still remained.
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Operative procedures: is standardization feasible or necessary? Standardization of surgical procedures is both feasible and necessary in clinical trials. To the extent that an operation may influence prognosis, identify prognostic factors, or reveal variables upon which additional treatment is contingent, the operation must be defined precisely enough to permit the determinations to be made uniformly and to enable the surgeons to meet the necessary standardization. If uniform procedures are to be applied widely, surgeons who participate in therapeutic trials must meet the standards of clinical scientists and accept special obligations for eduction and self-discipline.
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The Influence of the Oxygen Vacancies on the Pt/TiO2 Single-atom Catalyst – a DFT Study The titanium dioxide (TiO2) surface is suitable as a substrate for single-atom catalysts(SACs). As a common defect on TiO2, oxygen vacancies may have a significant impact on the adsorption and activity of the adatoms. This work aims to investigate whether titanium dioxide containing surface oxygen vacancies is more suitable as a base material for SACs. This paper calculates the changes in the adsorption energy of Pt atom and the energy of the d-band center on the perfect surface and the surface containing oxygen vacancies. Concerning the perfect surface, the surface containing oxygen vacancies fixes the Pt atom more firmly, and increases the center energy of the d-band of Pt, thereby improving the performance of Pt atom as SACs. Consequently, the (110) surface of Rutile TiO2 with oxygen vacancies may be the best substrate for SACs.
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Adaptive Feedback Information Switching for Reliable Wireless Networked Control Systems This paper proposes an adaptive switching method of feedback information for a wireless networked control system (WNCS) with unreliable communication links, which is based on a cross-layered design approach between communication and control layers. In the focused WNCS where communication errors can occur, the uncertainty in the estimation of control-state at the controller side consists of the following two factors. The one is the uncertainty as to whether the control-input has been correctly input (received). The other is the disturbance added to the controlled object (plant). This work considers the following two modes which determine the feedback information: (1)the mode in which the plant side transmits the communication result of feedforward channel (from the controller to the plant), which will be referred to as to ACK mode, (2)the mode in which the plant transmits the information of control-state observed by the sensor, which is referred to as STA mode. From a communication perspective, in the case with ACK mode, the use of ACK/NACK signaling allows a small number of bits (communication rate) to be used, and thus enables reliable feedback communication. As a result, the controller can reliably know the uncertainty of whether the control-input has been successfully received, but the uncertainty due to the disturbance still remains. On the other hand, in the case with STA mode, all the uncertainties can be eliminated only if the feedback communication is successful. However, the increase of information (rate) makes the feedback communication unreliable compared to the case
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with ACK mode. Furthermore, the control-input should be calculated considering the reliability of feedforward and feedback channels as well as the accuracy of the estimated control-state. As a result, the selection of feedback information deeply affects the quality of WNCS. This paper provides an adaptive switching method of feedback information and corresponding control-input, and shows that the proposed method can efficiently improve the quality of control in the WNCS with unreliable communication links.
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N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Activation of Esters of N-Hydroxyphthalimide: A Highly Enantioselective Route to Chiral Dihydropyridinones Bearing an All Carbon Quaternary Stereogenic Center. An N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed highly enantioselective [3 + 3] annulation reaction of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) 3,3-disubstituted acrylates and N-Ts ketimines was developed. In most cases, the desired chiral dihydropyridinone products bearing an all carbon quaternary stereogenic center could be obtained in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities (>99% ee's), which demonstrated the NHPI acrylates as a kind of excellent substrate in NHC-catalysis.
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First Demonstration of Ferroelectric Tunnel Thin-Film Transistor Nonvolatile Memory With Polycrystalline-Silicon Channel and HfZrO Gate Dielectric In this work, the nonvolatile memory constructed on the tunnel thin-film transistors (tunnel-TFTs) using polycrystalline-silicon channel featuring ferroelectric HfZrOx layer is demonstrated for the first time. When the pulse voltages of program (PG) and erase (ER) are, respectively, 3.5 and −2 V with the pulsewidth of $1 ~\mu \text{s}$ , the threshold voltage modulation amount of the ferroelectric tunnel-TFT can reach −0.524 and 0.496 V, respectively. In addition, the endurance behaviors of the ferroelectric tunnel-TFT exhibit a strong PG/ER pulsewidth dependence. The wake-up effect of the ferroelectric layer becomes more pronounced as increasing the PG/ER pulsewidth. Moreover, the increase of the PG/ER pulsewidth also causes the ferroelectric tunnel-TFT to be subjected to the electrical dynamic stress effect, leading to the degradation of the subthreshold swing (SS) and the electron trapping effect. When the pulsewidth is 100 ns, the endurance is mainly dominated by the fatigue effect of the ferroelectric layer and the degradation of the SS. When the pulsewidth increases to $1 ~\mu \text{s}$ , the endurance is mainly dominated by the electron trapping effect of the ferroelectric layer in addition to the fatigue effect. The retention of the ferroelectric tunnel-TFT exhibits stable behavior at 50 °C. Consequently, the ferroelectric tunnel-TFT exhibits sufficient electrical performance and can be integrated with display panels and various sensor systems on smart wearable devices for edge computing applications.
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Design of a high gain open waveguide antenna combined with an active frequency selective surface In this paper, we present a reconfigurable band pass filter (BPF) design based on a periodic frequency selective surface (FSS) structure. Using varactors, which are included in the unit cell of the FSS, we may change the frequency response of the FSS, as shifting the center frequency and changing the Q factor. Using such approach, it is also possible to design FSS with a miniaturized unit cell. The proposed FSS may operate as a superstrate, and increase the gain of an aperture antenna.
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Prognostically safe stress-only single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging guided by machine learning: report from REFINE SPECT. AIMS Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) stress-only protocols reduce radiation exposure and cost but require clinicians to make immediate decisions regarding rest scan cancellation. We developed a machine learning (ML) approach for automatic rest scan cancellation and evaluated its prognostic safety. METHODS AND RESULTS In total, 20 414 patients from a solid-state SPECT MPI international multicentre registry with clinical data and follow-up for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were used to train ML for MACE prediction as a continuous probability (ML score), using 10-fold repeated hold-out testing to separate test from training data. Three ML score thresholds (ML1, ML2, and ML3) were derived by matching the cancellation rates achieved by physician interpretation and two clinical selection rules. Annual MACE rates were compared in patients selected for rest scan cancellation between approaches. Patients selected for rest scan cancellation with ML had lower annualized MACE rates than those selected by physician interpretation or clinical selection rules (ML1 vs. physician interpretation: 1.4 ± 0.1% vs. 2.1 ± 0.1%; ML2 vs. clinical selection: 1.5 ± 0.1% vs. 2.0 ± 0.1%; ML3 vs. stringent clinical selection: 0.6 ± 0.1% vs. 1.7 ± 0.1%, all P < 0.0001) at matched cancellation rates (60 ± 0.7, 64 ± 0.7, and 30 ± 0.6%). Annualized all-cause mortality rates in populations recommended for rest cancellation by physician interpretation, clinical selection approaches were higher (1.3%, 1.2%, and 1.0%, respectively) compared with corresponding ML thresholds
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(0.6%, 0.6%, and 0.2%). CONCLUSION ML, using clinical and stress imaging data, can be used to automatically recommend cancellation of rest SPECT MPI scans, while ensuring higher prognostic safety than current clinical approaches.
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Analysing user experience of personal mobile products through contextual factors Context plays a critical role in the user experience (UX) of mobile products. In UX studies, context is often seen as a single entity such as mobile context or car context. More fine-grained categorization of contextual factors is needed when we want to understand how context affects user experience. The purpose of our study was to adapt existing context and experience categorizations, and try out in practice how well these are suited for analyzing the user experience of mobile products. We conducted a ten-day field study where 21 participants reported their experiences of personal mobile products by writing experience reports. The reports were analyzed by using eight context categories to identify the contextual factors. Among these factors we determined the triggering context, which has the major influence on the most meaningful user experience described in a report. Our results show that having a detailed categorization for analyzing contextual factors is valuable for understanding how context affects user experience. This becomes practical in identifying the most meaningful user experiences among the reported ones. We propose that triggering context analysis should become a part of user experience studies of mobile products.
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CDFTBL: A statistical program for generating cumulative distribution functions from data This document describes the theory underlying the CDFTBL code and gives details for using the code. The CDFTBL code provides an automated tool for generating a statistical cumulative distribution function that describes a set of field data. The cumulative distribution function is written in the form of a table of probabilities, which can be used in a Monte Carlo computer code. A a specific application, CDFTBL can be used to analyze field data collected for parameters required by the PORMC computer code. Section 2.0 discusses the mathematical basis of the code. Section 3.0 discusses the code structure. Section 4.0 describes the free-format input command language, while Section 5.0 describes in detail the commands to run the program. Section 6.0 provides example program runs, and Section 7.0 provides references. The Appendix provides a program source listing. 11 refs., 2 figs., 19 tabs.
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Evidence of lensing of the cosmic microwave background by dark matter halos. We present evidence of the gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background by 10(13) solar mass dark matter halos. Lensing convergence maps from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarimeter (ACTPol) are stacked at the positions of around 12 000 optically selected CMASS galaxies from the SDSS-III/BOSS survey. The mean lensing signal is consistent with simulated dark matter halo profiles and is favored over a null signal at 3.2σ significance. This result demonstrates the potential of microwave background lensing to probe the dark matter distribution in galaxy group and galaxy cluster halos.
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A contiguous deletion syndrome of X‐linked agammaglobulinemia and sensorineural deafness Hearing loss in patients with X‐linked agammaglobulinemia is often attributed to recurrent infections. However, recent genetic studies suggest a different etiology in some patients. We present three unrelated patients, 6, 9, and 14 years of age, with large deletions of the terminal portion of the Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene extending 4.2–19 kb beyond the 3′ end of the gene. The DNA immediately downstream of the 3′ end of Btk contains the deafness‐dystonia protein gene (DDP). Mutations in this gene have recently been shown to underlie the Mohr–Tranebjaerg syndrome, which is characterized by sensorineural deafness, dystonia, and mental deficiency. Besides the immunodeficiency, our patients exhibited progressive sensorineural deafness. The clue to an associated hearing problem was delayed development of speech in one patient and post‐lingual deafness noticed between the age of 3–4 years in the other two. These patients have not yet exhibited significant associated neurologic deficits.
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Critical Thinking: A Guide to Evaluating Information David Hitchcock Toronto: Methuen, 1983. Pp. xiv, 283. $16.95 sequently statements warranted in such ways are organized into systems. Development of such systems in accord with rational criteria requires the addition of statements which cannot be confirmed through sense perception. Indeed, according to Kitcher, such systems may contain statements which are false if they are interpreted as referring to operations which could be performed by human beings. Thus, Kitcher maintains, such statements must be understood as referring to ideal operations performed by ideal mathematical subjects (chapter six). He compares mathematical statements such as the statement that every number has a successor to statements about ideal gases such as the BoyleCharles law. Such statements are true in virtue of the referents assigned to the terms. Thus, Kitcher's theory about mathematical truth has some similarity to constructivist theories. However, the constructivists erred in being overly restrictive in regard to which operations are consistent with rationality. Clearly many questions might be raised concerning Kitcher's theory concerning the interpretation of mathematical statements. The Boyle-Charles laws might reasonably be considered as false but useful approximations to the true principles which describe the relations between pressure, volume and temperature of gasses. If they are false, then they are not part of our knowledge. Perhaps we should regard arithmetical or geometrical statements about operations which are never performed as false (but useful anyway). Again, Kitcher suggests that the idealizations which have come to be accepted as part of our mathematical knowledge are warranted because they are
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simplifications which omit accidental factors which, if taken into account, would render the resulting theories more complex. However, real number theory postulates the existence of irrational (immeasurable) numbers. Since this theory arose in part, out of operations involving measurement, one wonders if this idealization reflects merely the omission of an accidental aspect of such operations. A similar question might be raised concerning arithmetic. Are the idealizations introduced in the adoption of the Peano postulates justified because nothing essential is left out of account— because only accidental complicating factors are ignored? Length restrictions prevent raising further questions or discussing other topics which Kitcher considers in his book. Especially regrettable in this regard is the omission of Kitcher's discussions of the similarities between mathematical knowledge and knowledge of other sciences as well as much of his discussion of the progress of mathematical knowledge. This is an interesting book and an important contribution to philosophy of mathematics.
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Identity and Post-Mortem Relationships in the Narratives of British and Japanese Mourners Drawing on the ‘affective turn’ in the social sciences, this paper demonstrates the value of studying responses to death and loss in illuminating the role of the body and emotions in managing identities in contemporary societies. Looking across cultures at an experience that may threaten identity and continuity of being provides a broader, more complex and nuanced picture of social identity and participation in society. In focusing on societies with contrasting models of identity, it considers the implications of an emphasis on individualism in Britain and interdependency in Japan for rebuilding identity in each context. Drawing on qualitative interviews with British and Japanese mourners, the paper illustrates how continuing relationships with deceased loved ones were key to mourners' attempts to repair shattered identities. In particular, it examines the affective nature of post-mortem relationships and the way mourners managed these through situated ‘affective practices’. In breaching the boundaries between the living and the dead, these practices revealed intersubjective, dynamic and shifting experiences of embodiment and identity that may be obscured by more dominant cultural scripts. As such, these practices raise ontological and epistemological questions about how mourning and social being are theorized.
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Prevalence and risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. infection in technified swine farms in the state of Alagoas, Brazil: risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. in swine farms. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and to identify the risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. infection in technified pig farms in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. To compose sample for the prevalence study, 342 pigs were used (312 sows and 30 boars) proceeding from seven swine farms distributed in five districts of the state of Alagoas, Brazil. The infection's serological diagnosis was performed by microscopic agglutination test. The risk factors analysis was performed using research questionnaires consisting of objective questions related to the breeder, the general characteristics of the property, and the productive, reproductive and sanitary management. Prevalence of 16.1% (55/342) of pigs seropositive was obtained. The associated risk factors were not performing quarantine (P = 0.003, OR = 5.43, CI = 1.79-16.41) and the use of artificial insemination (P = 0.023, OR = 3.38, CI = 1.18-9.66). A significant association of sow infection with the increased number of stillborn and mummified foetuses was found, as well as with the increased frequency of oestrus recurrence and the increased weaning-to-oestrus interval of seropositive sows. One might state that Leptospira spp. infection is disseminated in technified pig farms in the State of Alagoas, favouring reproductive failures and the impairment of zootechnical performance in these properties. The risk factors identified in this study are facilitators in the infecting agent dissemination and should be adjusted to control
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the disease in the herds studied.
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Bose-Einstein Correlations In Two-pion correlations are studied for pions of like charge in K + p and + p collisions at 250 GeV/c. An enhanced production is observed at small momentum diierence and is attributed to Bose-Einstein interference between identical particles. A systematic study is presented on the innuence of parametrization and reference sample. Interpreted in terms of the Kopylov-Podgoretskii parametrization a size of the emitting region r K 1:4 fm is found. The Lorentz invariant parametrization of Goldhaber gives r G 0:8 fm. With xed parametrization, similarity is found for hadron-hadron, e + e ? and lepton-hadron collisions. No multiplicity or angular dependence is found at our energy.
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Mineral composition as a characteristic for the identification of animal origin of raw milk The differences in the mineral compositions of cows', ewes' and goats' milks are well known (e.g. Atherton & Newlander, 1977), but have not been considered as a possible basis for identifying the species from which the milk comes. Dairy products contain high levels of some minerals and much lower concentrations of others, and these may be considered as two groups: the major elements (Ca, K, Mg and Na) and minor or trace elements (Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn). A variety of analytical methods for the identification of animal origin of milk and/or mixtures of milk from different species have been used. Some are based on protein composition, such as those using mainly immunological (Garcia et al. 1989) and electrophoretic (Addeo et al. 1990) techniques; some are based on the fatty acid composition and their relationship such as the C12/C10 ratio (Iverson & Sheppard, 1989). However mineral composition has never been considered as a possible characteristic for distinguishing cows', ewes' and goats' milks. The aim of this paper was to study whether mineral composition can be used to distinguish between raw milks from the three species.
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Photovoltaic System Performance Enhancement With Nontracking Planar Concentrators: Experimental Results and Bidirectional Reflectance Function (BDRF)-Based Modeling Nontracking planar concentrators are a low-cost method of increasing the performance of traditional solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. This paper presents new methodologies for properly modeling this type of system using a bidirectional reflectance function for nonideal surfaces rather than traditional geometric optics. This methodology allows for the evaluation and optimization of specular and nonspecular reflectors in planar concentration systems. In addition, an outdoor system has been shown to improve energy yield by 45% for a traditional flat glass module and by 40% for a prismatic glass crystalline silicon module when compared with a control module at the same orientation. When compared with a control module set at the optimal tilt angle for this region, the energy improvement is 18% for both systems. Simulations show that a maximum increase of 30% is achievable for an optimized system located in Kingston, ON, Canada, using a reflector with specular reflection and an integrated hemispherical reflectance of 80%. This validated model can be used to optimize reflector topology to identify the potential for increased energy harvest from both existing PV and new-build PV assets.
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Effect of Turbine Characteristic on the Response of Hydroturbine Governing System with Surge Tank The water level fluctuation in surge tank causes low- frequency fluctuations of unit's output power and frequency, which adversely affect the response of hydro turbine governing system. Turbine characteristic is one of the most important factors affecting unit's power and frequency during the governing. In this paper, based on the linearized model, the effect of turbine characteristic on the response of the hydro turbine governing system with surge tank, especially on the low- frequency fluctuations of unit's power and frequency, is studied by numerical simulation with a given case. From the research, the main parameters of turbine characteristic which affect the response of the system have been pointed out, and the variations of these parameters in the comprehensive characteristics curves have been studied. Furthermore, different types of turbines have been analyzed, the results indicated that: the impact of turbine characteristic of medium or high specific speed turbine on the response of the governing system is more adverse than that of the low specific speed turbine.
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Does having more physicians lead to better health system performance? THE US HEALTH SYSTEM FACES ONGOING CHALLENGES in addressing its shortcomings in access and quality. Against a foreground of uneven and fragmented care lies a bleak background of unrelentingly accelerating costs. Although the problems of quality and costs are long-standing, several organizations have recently asserted that there is a new impending health care “tragedy”: the physician workforce shortage. In contrast to the extensively documented problems of quality and affordability, the inference of a physician shortage rests on a less robust set of analyses. Assertions of a physician shortage warrant a critical examination because more physicians will compete for new resources against already well-documented health system needs.
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Ageing and embedding issues for high-Tc superconducting hot-electron bolometers for THz imaging Superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are a competitive alternative to other technologies in the terahertz frequency range because of their ultrawide bandwidth, high conversion gain, and low intrinsic noise level. A process to fabricate stacked YBaCuO / PrBaCuO ultra-thin films (in the 15 to 40 nm range) etched to form 0.4 μm × 0.4 μm constrictions, elaborated on MgO (100) substrates, has been previously described. HEB structures were fabricated on such stacks, covered by log-periodic planar gold antennas, aiming at spanning the 0.9 to 7 THz range. Ageing effects were observed, however, with the consequence of increased electrical resistance, significant degradation of the regular bolometric response, so preventing HEB mixing action. Several measures have been attempted to address these problems, mainly by considering the embedding technological issues related to the YBaCuO constriction electrical coupling to the antenna and the intermediate frequency (IF) circuitry. For this purpose, the YBaCuO impedance was analyzed, and mismatch to antenna and IF strip was considered. Besides, THz antenna simulations were performed and validated against experiments on scaled models at GHz frequencies. Electromagnetic coupling to the incoming radiation was also studied, including crosstalk between neighbor antennas forming a linear imaging array.
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Scale adaptive subdomain matching network for bearing fault diagnosis The wide application of transfer learning technology can effectively solve the problem of the difference between data collection and actual application equipment of traditional intelligent fault diagnosis methods in the practical application process. However, the difference in subdomain space and the serious imbalance of data samples in the process of simultaneous transfer restricts the deep transfer learning technology to the engineering application of high-precision diagnosis. In order to solve the problem of subdomain matching with different subspaces and unbalanced data samples, in this paper we study the subdomain adaptive method and propose a scale adaptive subdomain matching (SASM) method. The SASM method divides the global feature space according to the sample labels, and features with the same label will be divided into the same sub-feature space. Using the edge distribution of the sample and the category weight of the label, the SASM method can effectively optimize the feature distribution of the same subdomain and the weight distribution of different subdomains. Based on the establishment of a clearer internal structure of features, the field adaptation effect is improved, and the matching ability is enhanced when the sample is unevenly distributed. At the same time, the SASM network (SASMN) method for unsupervised bearing fault diagnosis is constructed and validated by experiments. The results indicate that SASMN can effectively optimize the subdomain adaptive effect, and the diagnostic accuracy of the target domain data set is significantly higher than the other three currently popular domain adaptive fault diagnosis methods.
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243471400
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1,586 |
Performance Comparison of Nature-Inspired Metaheuristics in the Optimal Sizing of Analog Circuits This paper presents a performance comparison between nature-inspired metaheuristics, namely, Particle Swarm Optimization, Invasive Weed Optimization and Firefly Algorithm. Application to analog circuit sizing is considered. Input parasitic impedance and the current transfert bandwidth of a CMOS second generation current conveyor (CCII) are optimized. Viability of the reached performances is cheched via Hspice Simulations. Robustness measure is performed to further highlight performances of the considered metaheuristics.
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Inhibition of elastase from granulocytes by the low molecular weight bronchial protease inhibitor. The low molecular weight bronchial protease inhibitor isolated from purulent bronchial secretions of man was shown to be a potent inhibitor of the elastase from human granulocytes. At a molar ratio of 1:1, the inhibitor prevented elastase digestion of insoluble elastin and soluble elastin, and blocked the hydrolysis of t-BOC-L-alanine-p-nitrophenyl ester. The collagenolytic activity of granulocyte collagenase was not inhibited by the bronchial inhibitor. Antisera were raised in rabbits for the isolation of specific IgG fractions in order to localize and quantitate the inhibitor. 125I-labelled inhibitor was used to study enzyme interactions further by gel filtration. These studies demonstrated that the bronchial inhibitor formed firm complexes with granulocyte elastase but did not form complexes with granulocyte collagenase.
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Pathogenicity of a highly purified brush border membrane preparation in Heymann nephritis. The pathogenicity of highly purified brush border membrane (BBM) antigens in Heymann Nephritis was compared to that of a crude renal tubular Fx1A preparation and was found to be equally pathogenic. Both antigen preparations induced formation of autologous antisera. Double immunodiffusion studies demonstrated a reaction of identity between anti-BBM and anti-Fx1A antisera. Both antisera detected the same number of antigenic components when reacted against BBM or Fx1A preparations. When antibody was eluted from the kidneys of rats with Heymann nephritis it reacted in vitro with the renal BBM as shown by indirect immunofluorescence. Eluted antibody also cross reacted with epididymal tubules, but not with other epithelia, showing that the pathogenic antigens have a restricted tissue distribution. Heymann nephritis was readily induced in rats, but could not be induced in dogs, suggesting a species difference in susceptibility to this form of nephritis. Injection of heterologous anti-BBM or anti-Fx1A antisera resulted in rapid localization to the GBM in a granular pattern, suggesting reaction with circulating antigen or in situ immune complex formation with native or planted glomerular components. Rats with aminonucleoside nephrosis showed BBM localization of injected heterologous antisera, demonstrating their specificity in vivo. Our data provide a rationale for using purified BBM antigens for the production of a homogeneous model of Heymann nephritis.
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An Assessment of the Need to Provide Non-Roman Subject Access to the Library Online Catalog This article reports the results of an investigation on user preferences in subject searching for non-Roman script materials, and analyzes problems users encountered in retrieving non-Roman script using controlled subject headings in English. Key findings indicate that end users were not completely dissatisfied with the current library catalog; end users and librarians want a system that is more open to multilingual subject headings; end users are not eager for adding tagging feature to the library catalog; they also highlighted areas of opportunity for libraries to make significant improvements to the catalog.
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Effects of Pairing Correlations on the Korringa Relation in Doped Fullerenes An effective attractive Hubbard model is applied to explain the observed non-Korringa relation in doped fullerenes, which leads to a reduced Pauli susceptibility. The results basically agree with the experiments for K3C60, Rb3C60 and RbCs2C60. It implies that the pair correlation on site possibly plays an important role in the normal state for doped fullerenes.
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Preovulatory gonadotropin surge system of prepubertal female sheep is exquisitely sensitive to the stimulatory feedback action of estradiol. The sensitivity of the LH surge mechanism to estradiol-positive feedback was examined in immature lambs (19 weeks of age) several weeks before first ovulation (31 weeks of age). To minimize differences in basal estradiol concentrations, lambs were pretreated with a low level of estradiol (2 pg/ml; Silastic capsule) for 4 days and were ovariectomized before they were challenged with one of five levels of estradiol (n = 5 lambs/level). The estradiol increments produced after insertion of the second set of estradiol implants ranged from 2-11 pg/ml. All estradiol increments, even those as low as 2 pg/ml, produced LH surges; in the absence of an estradiol increment (second implant not inserted; n = 5 lambs), a LH surge did not occur. The similarity of the dose-response curve for estradiol-induced LH release in the lamb to that which we previously reported for the mature female indicates that the lamb is equally sensitive to estradiol stimulatory feedback action long before the age of first ovulation. This suggests that low estradiol secretion, rather than reduced sensitivity of the surge mechanism to estradiol-positive feedback, is responsible for the anovulatory condition of the immature female sheep.
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Improving pathway compliance and clinician performance by using information technology To deliver patient-specific advice at the time and place of a consultation, to improve clinician performance and compliance by using computer-based decision support, and to integrate such IT solutions with the clinical workflow are important strategies for the implementation of clinical pathways. User acceptance plays a critical role: additional effort has to be balanced with enough benefit for the users. Experiences from routine use of an online surgical pathway at Marburg University Medical Center show that it is possible to successfully address this issue by seamlessly integrating patient-specific pat documentation tasks which have to be done anyway and by substantially reusing entered data to accelerate routine tasks (e.g. by automatically generating orders and reports).
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Nodding off but can’t disconnect: development and validation of the iNOD index of Nighttime Offline Distress There is a pressing need to update sleep models, education and treatment to better reflect the realities of sleep in a 24/7 connected social world. Progress in this area has been limited to date by available measurement tools, which have largely restricted their focus to recording the frequency or duration of individuals’ social media use, without capturing crucial sleep-relevant aspects of this inherently social and interactive experience. This study uses data from 3,008 adolescents (aged 10-18 years) to rigorously develop and validate a new 10-item self-report measure that quantifies the extent to which individuals struggle to disengage from social media interactions at night: the index of Nighttime Offline Distress (iNOD). The current findings indicate considerable individual differences, with most participants reporting little difficulty disconnecting but a minority experiencing unhelpful bedtime concerns around Staying Connecting and Following Etiquette to varying extents. Those with higher scores on these subscales tended to report using social media for longer after they felt they should be asleep, with shorter sleep duration and poorer sleep quality. Results also indicated that extended periods of wakefulness in bed before attempting to sleep are common amongst today’s adolescents, pointing towards a potentially fragmented process of sleep displacement for those who may struggle to disconnect - and to stay disconnected - from social interactions in order to allow sufficient uninterrupted sleep opportunity. These findings can inform current models for understanding normal and disordered sleep during adolescence, whilst highlighting specific social
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concerns as important potential targets for sleep education efforts. The iNOD equips researchers and clinicians with a short validated self-report measure that can support efforts to move evidence and practice in this area forwards.
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The Evidence Supporting a Systematic Approach to the Care of the Injured Patient:From Prevention to Rehabilitation INTRODUCTION Trauma is the leading cause of death for individuals under 45 years of age in the Western world and remains the fourth leading cause of death for all ages combined (1,2,3,4). Approximately 0.9 million people worldwide die secondarily to injury (8% of all deaths) (5). It is also a major cause of morbidity in both the short and long-term (6). Furthermore, injury is a leading cause of disability, potential years of life lost and a major contributor to overall health care costs (7,8,9). It is estimated that injury causes 36 life-years lost per death compared to 16 life-years for cancer and 12 years for heart disease and stroke combined (10). In 1994, 8,687 people died following accidents in Canada (1). Approximately four times as many patients suffer severe disability related to accidents each year. The cost of acute medical care for injured patients is in excess of $16 billion per annum (11). This represents the second largest source of medical expenditures in the United States. In addition to the health dollars spent on the acute care of injured patients, an additional $150 billion US are required to cover the annual cost due to death, disability, and lost wages and taxes (9). From a health-economic perspective, the cost of trauma and its consequences makes the elucidation of evidence-based practices paramount. Trauma care systems have been shown to significantly decrease medical care costs. It is estimated that by extending trauma care
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systems throughout the entire United States, annual medical care payments could be lowered by $3.2 billion (12). If productivity costs due to premature death are taken into account, the total savings could total $10.3 billion.
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The Open University ’ s repository of research publications and other research outputs The oxygen isotope composition of dark inclusions in HEDs , ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites Conference Item The Open University's repository of research publications and other research outputs The oxygen isotope composition of dark inclusions in HEDs, ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites Conference Item Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online's data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. Introduction: Dark inclusions (DIs) are lithic fragments that form a volumetrically small, but important , component in carbonaceous chondrites [1,2]. Carbonaceous clasts similar to DIs are also found in some ordinary chondrites and HEDs [3,4]. DIs are of particular interest because they provide a record of nebular and planetary processes distinct from that of their host meteorite [1,5]. DIs may be representative of the material that delivered water and other volatiles to early Earth as a late veneer [6]. Here we focus on the oxygen isotopic composition of DIs in a variety of settings with the aim of understanding their formational history and relationship to the enclosing host meteorite. Materials and methods: DIs and related materials were obtained from the following meteorites: CV3s (Allende, NWA 2140, NWA 2364): Samples from Al-lende cover all categories of the four-fold classification scheme [2] (inclusion numbers analyzed in brackets). Type A clasts (1a1, 4b1, 25s1-TW1) contain chon-drules, inclusions and matrix, but are somewhat finer grained than normal
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Allende material. Type A/B clasts (MZB) are transitional between Types A and B (Fig. 1). Type B clasts (12b1) contain opaque matrix and oli-vine-rich aggregates and may have experienced a hy-dration-dehydration cycle [2]. Type C clasts (5a1, ekpb4b1, MZ15, USNM 3876) consist of fine-grained, opaque material similar to Allende matrix. Full descriptions for of the Allende DI samples are given in [2]. DI material from NWA 2140 analyzed for this study is Type A/B and Type A for NWA 2364. HEDs: (Bholghati, PRA 04401, SCO 06040). DIs from the howardite Bholghati have not been analyzed by us for oxygen isotopes. Instead a sequence of 5-10 mg representative whole rock samples have been run to assess its carbonaceous chondrite content. PRA 04401 is an extremely coarse-grained howardite containing a high concentration (~40-50% in places) of nearly cm-sized angular carbonaceous clasts that texturally resemble CM2 material [7]. SCO 06040 is also a coarse-grained howardite breccia, contains a lower amount (~10%) of rounded, up to 2mm diameter, CM2-like clasts [7]. OCs: Sharps (H3.4) is a fragmental …
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Multidimensional imaging provides evidence for down-regulation of T cell effector function by MDSC in human cancer tissue Intratumoral physical engagement of T cells with immunosuppressive neutrophils is associated with reduced effector function. Interior tumor views Previous studies indicate that a high frequency of intratumoral neutrophils is associated with a poor clinical prognosis. Si et al. used a variety of microscopy and imaging techniques to examine how intratumoral interactions between tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can affect TIL function. They developed 2D and 3D multiparameter immunofluorescence imaging techniques to localize and define functional cell subsets, which were used to identify hotspots of TAN/TIL interactions within tumors. Some of these TANs had a polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell (PMN-MDSC) phenotype, and their physical association with TILs reduced antitumor functions of those TILs. This study identifies areas of MDSC activity in human tumors and provides a more detailed perspective of how intratumoral cell interactions influence cell function. A high intratumoral frequency of neutrophils is associated with poor clinical outcome in most cancer entities. It is hypothesized that immunosuppressive MDSC (myeloid-derived suppressor cell) activity of neutrophils against tumor-reactive T cells contributes to this effect. However, direct evidence for such activity in situ is lacking. Here, we used whole-mount labeling and clearing, three-dimensional (3D) light sheet microscopy and digital image reconstruction supplemented by 2D multiparameter immunofluorescence, for in situ analyses of potential MDSC–T cell interactions in primary human head and neck cancer tissue. We could identify intratumoral hotspots of high polymorphonuclear (PMN)–MDSC and T cell colocalization. In these areas, the
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