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2.02k
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5288741_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 102 | 200 |
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
In the Matter of : No. 1430 Disciplinary Docket No. 3
:
: No. 159 DB 2008
JAY MARC BERGER :
: Attorney Registration No. 26642
:
PETITION FOR REINSTATEMENT : (Bucks County)
ORDER
PER CURIAM:
AND NOW, this 6th day of January, 2022, upon consideration of Petitioner’s
response to the Court’s rule to show cause dated November 12, 2021, the rule is made
absolute, and the Petition for Reinstatement is denied. Petitioner is directed to pay the
expenses incurred by the Board in the investigation and processing of the Petition for
Reinstatement. See Pa.R.D.E. 218(f).
| 48,825 |
5780465_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,934 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 18 | 37 |
Judgment unanimously affirmed, with costs. No opinion. Present — Lazansky, P. J., Young, Hagarty, Seudder and Davis, JJ..
| 7,096 |
https://github.com/henkmollema/MindstormR/blob/master/src/MindstormR.MonoBrick.Firmware/Sensors/MSDistanceSensor.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
MindstormR
|
henkmollema
|
C#
|
Code
| 286 | 911 |
using System;
namespace MonoBrickFirmware.Sensors
{
public enum Range{Short = 1, Medium = 2, Long = 3}
/// <summary>
/// Class for Mindsensors high precision infrared distance sensor
/// </summary>
public class MSDistanceSensor :I2CSensor
{
private static byte PowerOnCommand = (byte)'E';
private static byte PowerOffCommand = (byte)'D';
private Range? range = null;
private enum DistanceRegister : byte
{
Command = 0x41, DistanceLsb = 0x42, DistanceMsb = 0x43, VoltageLsb = 0x44, VoltageMsb = 0x45
};
public MSDistanceSensor (SensorPort port) : base(port, (byte)0x02, I2CMode.LowSpeed9V)
{
base.Initialise();
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the range type of the sensor.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>The range.</returns>
public Range GetRange ()
{
string deviceId = base.GetDeviceId ();
Console.WriteLine("Length: " + deviceId.Length);
if (!range.HasValue)
{
switch (deviceId) {
case "DIST-S":
range = Range.Short;
break;
case "DIST-M":
range = Range.Medium;
break;
case "DIST-L":
range = Range.Long;
break;
}
}
return range.Value;
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the distance in mm.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>The distance in mm.</returns>
public int GetDistance()
{
return (int) BitConverter.ToInt16(ReadRegister((byte)DistanceRegister.DistanceLsb, 2),0);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the volgage consumption in mA.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>The volgage consumption in mA.</returns>
public int GetVolgage ()
{
return (int) BitConverter.ToInt16(ReadRegister((byte)DistanceRegister.DistanceLsb, 2),0);
}
/// <summary>
/// Powers the sensor on.
/// </summary>
public void PowerOn()
{
WriteRegister((byte)DistanceRegister.Command, (byte)PowerOnCommand);
}
/// <summary>
/// Powers the sensor off.
/// </summary>
public void PowerOff()
{
WriteRegister((byte)DistanceRegister.Command, (byte)PowerOffCommand);
}
public override string ReadAsString()
{
return("Distance: " + GetDistance() + " mm");
}
public override string GetSensorName()
{
return "Mindsensors " + GetRange() + " range distance";
}
public override int NumberOfModes()
{
return 1;
}
public override void SelectNextMode()
{
return;
}
public override void SelectPreviousMode()
{
return;
}
public override string SelectedMode()
{
return ("Distance mode");
}
}
}
| 36,547 |
US-201013634674-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,010 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,617 | 10,092 |
Video interpolation method and apparatus with smooth fallback interpolation mode
ABSTRACT
Evolution of a scene represented in a video sequence of input frames is analyzed. Output pixels of an output frame having a time position intermediate between time positions of the input frames are computed by combining respective input pixels of the input frames. At least three interpolation modes are provided for computing the output pixels, including (i) a first mode in which the combined input pixels for an output pixel are selected based on a position of the output pixel in the output frame and a default interpolation vector, (ii) a second mode in which the combined input pixels are selected based on the output pixel position and at least one first interpolation vector determined for the output pixel when analyzing scene evolution, and (iii) a third mode in which the combined input pixels are selected based on the output pixel position and at least one second interpolation vector that is intermediate between the default interpolation vector and a respective first interpolation vector determined for the output pixel when analyzing scene evolution.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to interpolation methods used in digital video signal processing, in particular in frame rate conversion (FRC) applications.
In video processing products using FRC, an input stream of video frames is received with a certain time sampling rate. The FRC process converts such input stream of “original frames” into an output stream having a different time sampling rate, including “interpolated frames” with intermediate time positions, i.e. falling between time positions of the original frames.
Every pixel of the interpolated frames is typically computed as a combination of pixels from the original frames, following a motion vector or direction of invariance determined by analyzing the input stream. More generally, the combination of pixels can make use of one or more interpolation vectors identified by analyzing the evolution of the scene in the video sequence.
Several combination modes can be provided for the interpolation and selected depending on a context determined when analyzing the input stream. In particular, a “fallback mode” for combining the original pixels is sometimes available in the FRC process, which is different from the general operation mode. The fallback mode discards most of the information about the scene (such as object motions, for instance) and performs the interpolation by simply blending pixel values of original frames at the same location as the computed pixel. This amounts to doing an interpolation along a zero motion.
The fallback mode is often used on scenes or parts of scenes which are too complex for the general operation mode to interpolate correctly. In other words, it is used where the FRC engine decides that it is better to leave motion blur or judder instead of introducing unnatural artifacts that will catch the viewer's eye.
Switching between the general operation mode and the fallback mode is very noticeable because it often affects large portions of the image. Although the actual difference between the results of the two modes may be small, the fact of switching can be easily perceived by the final viewer as a sudden jump in the output video sequence. If such a switching happens often and/or for large portions of the image, it can be easily pointed out by the final user as an important artifact of the video processing product using the FRC process.
There is thus a need for interpolation methods with a reduced impact of jumping artifacts.
A video interpolation method is proposed, comprising: analyzing evolution of a scene represented in a video sequence of input frames; and computing output pixels of an output frame having a time position intermediate between time positions of the input frames, by combining respective input pixels of the input frames. At least three interpolation modes are provided for computing the output pixels. The interpolation modes include:
- - a first mode in which the combined input pixels for an output pixel are selected based on a position of the output pixel in the output frame and a default interpolation vector; - a second mode in which the combined input pixels are selected based on the output pixel position and at least one first interpolation vector determined for the output pixel when analyzing scene evolution; and - a third mode in which the combined input pixels are selected based on the output pixel position and at least one second interpolation vector that is intermediate between the default interpolation vector and a respective first interpolation vector determined for the output pixel when analyzing scene evolution.
The second mode is a general operation mode based on motion detection or another kind of scene evolution analysis performed in the analysis step, while the first mode is a fallback mode used when the results of the scene analysis are not considered reliable. The third mode uses intermediate interpolation vectors to provide smooth transitions in intermediate situations in a way which corresponds naturally to the properties of the human vision. It is available to avoid jumping artifacts when switching between the general mode and the fallback mode.
In the third mode, the amplitude of the interpolation vectors is gradually changed, which is a much better solution than a simple linear blending between pixels values respectively obtained by the general operation mode and the fallback mode. Human vision acts in such a way that as soon as the fallback mode solution becomes “visible” (i.e. has an interpolation weight substantially different from zero in a linear blending method), it is perceived as a separate scene despite its relative transparency. Thus, blending pixels values alters the smooth transition effect and fails to provide the expected visual result.
The third interpolation mode is typically selected for an output pixel position in a transition phase between use of the first mode and use of the second mode or vice versa for computing output pixels at an output pixel position in successive output frames. The third mode can also be used when the reliability of the scene analysis is degraded but not to the point of switching to the fallback mode. Different ways of handling the transition phases can be implemented.
In an embodiment, a transition degree is determined for an output pixel, and the interpolation mode is selected for said output pixel based on the transition degree. In such a case, when the third interpolation mode is selected for the output pixel, the second interpolation vector may be determined as a function of the transition degree.
In particular, the transition degree can be 0 for the first interpolation mode, 1 for the second interpolation mode and a number between 0 and 1 for the third interpolation mode. For example, when the third interpolation mode is selected for the output pixel, each second interpolation vector may be determined as (v_(x), v_(y))=(v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D))+β·[(v_(0x), v_(0y))−(v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D))], where (v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D)) is the default interpolation vector and (v_(0x), v_(0y)) is a respective first interpolation vector determined for the output pixel when analyzing scene evolution and β denotes the transition degree (0≦β1). Alternatively, the second interpolation vector can be (v_(x), v_(y))=(v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D))+Min{1,β·v_(x) ^(M)/|v_(0x)|,β·v_(y) ^(M)/|v_(0y)|}·[(v_(0x),v_(0y))−v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D))] when the third interpolation mode is selected for the output pixel, where v_(0x) and v_(0y) are coordinates of said first interpolation vector along two directions of the frames, v_(x) ^(M) and v_(y) ^(M) are preset positive parameters, and Min(a,b,c) represents the smallest of three numbers a, b, c.
In an implementation of the interpolation method, determining a transition degree for an output pixel comprises:
- - obtaining confidence data relating to the first interpolation vectors determined for pixels at the output pixel position in successive output frames; and - analyzing time evolution of the confidence data to obtain the transition degree for the output pixel in a current output frame.
In a typical non exclusive embodiment, the first interpolation vectors are motion vectors determined for the output pixels by analyzing motion in the step of analyzing evolution of the scene represented in the video sequence. A possibility for the default interpolation vector used in the first and third modes is to take it as a zero motion vector.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a video interpolation apparatus, comprising:
- - a scene evolution analyzer for analyzing evolution of a scene represented in a video sequence of input frames; and - an interpolator for computing output pixels of an output frame having a time position intermediate between time positions of the input frames, by combining respective input pixels of the input frames. At least three interpolation modes are provided for computing the output pixels, including the above-mentioned first, second and third modes.
Other features and advantages of the method and apparatus disclosed herein will become apparent from the following description of non-limiting embodiments, with reference to the appended drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an FRC apparatus implementing different interpolation modes.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a general operation mode for interpolating pixels of successive frames.
FIG. 3 is a diagram similar to that of FIG. 2, illustrating a fallback interpolation mode.
FIGS. 4 and 5 are diagrams illustrating, on another example, the general operation mode and a so-called smooth fallback interpolation mode, respectively.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating one way of clipping motion vectors in an embodiment of the interpolation method.
FIGS. 7-9 show frames interpolated by means of three different video interpolation methods.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The apparatus represented in FIG. 1 processes a video sequence of input frames and produces an output video sequence including interpolated frames. The frame rate is changed between the input sequence and the output sequence. The timing of the input sequence is represented by integers t, t+1, etc., while some output frames have intermediate time positions t+τ with 0<τ<1 due to conversion of the frame rate. The pixel values of these intermediate frames are interpolated by combining certain pixels values of input frames having relatively close positions in time. For example, pixels of an output frame at t+τ are computed from pixels of input frames at t and t+1 or, more generally from n pixels of input frames at integer times t₁, t₂, . . . , t_(n) with n≧1 and t−m<t₁≦t₂≦ . . . ≦t_(n)≦t+m for some integer m.
Only one value per pixel is considered in the following explanations (red color channel, for instance). However, it will be appreciated that the same mechanism can be applied to all channels.
The choice of the pixels to be combined, as well as the way they are combined, depend on the contents of the closest original frames, the spatial coordinates (x, y) of the interpolated pixel, the time position of the interpolated frame (τ), and possibly other factors (such as global cadence phase, general information about the scene type, etc.).
In the following, the notation I(x, y, t+τ) represents the value of a pixel at spatial coordinates (x, y) and at a time position t+τ with t integer and 0≦τ<1. It can represent a value of an original pixel from an input frame (τ=0), or a value of an interpolated pixel of an output frame otherwise (0<τ<1).
An output pixel of an interpolated frame is computed by a combination such as: I(x,y,t+τ)=F _(x,y,t,τ) [I(x ₁ ,y ₁ ,t ₁),I(x ₂ ,y ₂ ,t ₂), . . . ,I(x _(n) ,y _(n) ,t _(n))] (1) where (x_(i), y_(i)) denote the spatial coordinates of a pixel of an input frame at time t_(i) which contributes to the combination, and F_(x,y,t,τ) is an interpolation function having n pixel values as arguments. The function F_(x,y,t,τ) can be different for every interpolated output pixel. Both spatial and temporal coordinates of the contributing pixels (x_(i), y_(i), t_(i)) can be different for every interpolated pixel as well.
FIG. 2 shows an example of the combination for a general interpolation mode. In this example, the interpolated frame 1 is located at the moment t+τ=t+0.3, and the interpolated output pixel 2 is obtained by combining values of six different pixels 3 from four different input frames 4 at times t₁=t−1, t₂=t₃=t, t₄=t₅=t+1, t₆=t+2.
The interpolation function F_(x,y,t,τ) and the space and time coordinates of the contributing pixels are referred to as an “interpolation set” {F_(x,y,t,τ), x₁, y₁, t₁, . . . , x_(n), y_(n), t_(n)}. A respective interpolation set is determined for each pixel of the interpolated frame.
The interpolation function F_(x,y,t,τ) is often a simple linear combination, i.e. a weighted sum of its arguments: I(x,y,t+τ)=p ₁(x,y,t,τ)·I(x ₁ ,y ₁ ,t ₁)+ . . . +p _(n)(x,y,t,τ)·I(x _(n) ,y _(n) ,t _(n)) (2) using n weights p_(i)(x, y, t, τ) such that
${\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{p_{i}\left( {x,y,t,\tau} \right)}} = 1.$
For example, in directional interpolation, the linear blending is performed along a single direction which corresponds to a motion vector (v_(x), v_(y)) detected at the current point (x, y, t+τ). The interpolated pixel value can be a weighted sum of only two pixels, the first one taken from the adjacent original frame in the past, and the second one from the adjacent original frame in the future. In terms of equation (2), n=2, t₁=t, t₂=t+1. So, equation (2) may be reduced to: I(x,y,t+τ)=F ^(d) [x,y,t,τ,v _(x) ,v _(y) ]=p ₁(x,y,t,τ)·I(x−v _(x) ·τ,v _(y) ·τ,t)+p ₂(x,y,t,τ)·I(x+v _(x)·(1−τ),y+v _(y)·(1−τ),t+1) (3)
In their simplest form, the relative weights p₁(x, y, t, τ), p₂(x, y, t, τ) of the two pixels are given by the temporal distance between the interpolated frame and the corresponding original frames, i.e. p₁(x, y, t, τ)=1−τ and p₂(x, y, t, τ)=τ. In order to take into account occlusion information, it can be useful to apply different relative weights, e.g. (p₁, p₂)=(1, 0) or (0, 1), in an occluded or disoccluded zone depending on object motion (see, for example, international patent application No. PCT/EP2010/050744).
In certain applications, directional interpolations along a number q>1 of motion vectors (v_(x,1), v_(y,1)), . . . , (v_(x,q), v_(y,q)) can be blended at the same point: I(x,y,t+τ)=F ₁ ^(d) [x,y,τ,v _(x,1) ,v _(y,1) ]+ . . . +F _(q) ^(d) [x,y,τ,v _(x,q) ,v _(y,q)] (4)
The determination of one or more interpolation vectors, and possibly of some other information, for each interpolated output pixel involves analysis of the evolution of the scene represented in the input video sequence. Such analysis makes it possible to determine an interpolation set {F_(x,y,t,τ), x₁, y₁, t₁, . . . , x_(n), y_(n), t_(n)} for each output pixel (x, y, t+τ) of an interpolated frame.
In certain instances, the determined interpolation set {F_(x,y,t,τ), x₁, t₁, . . . , x_(n), y_(n), t_(n)} may be simply expressed as one or more motion vectors (v_(0x), v_(0y)) representing the local displacement of an object to which the pixel (x, y, t+τ) is expected to belong in the scene. Different known means can be applied to determine such motion vectors (see, among others, WO 2009/087493 or the above-mentioned application No. PCT/EP2010/050744). The present interpolation method is not dependent on the details of the specific scene evolution analysis scheme which is applied.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the scene evolution analyzer 10 provides an interpolation vector (v_(0x), v_(0y)) for each output pixel (x, y, t+τ). It may also provide associated confidence data α. The confidence data α may consist of a vector or scalar value typically derived from the minimum value of a cost function which is minimized in the scene evolution analysis.
For example, the analyzer 10 may perform motion detection using the well-known block matching technique. Detecting the motion at (x, y, t+τ) then consists in minimizing a matching energy E_(x,y,t+τ)(v_(x), v_(y)) over a window W which is a set of offsets d=(d_(x), d_(y)). A possible form of the matching energy is the Euclidean distance
${E_{x,y,{t + \tau}}\left( {v_{x},v_{y}} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{d \in W}^{\;}{{{{I\left( {{x + d_{x}},{y + d_{y}},t} \right)} - {I\left( {{x + d_{x} + v_{x}},{y + d_{y} + v_{y}},{t + 1}} \right)}}}^{2}.}}$ Then, we can take
$\left( {v_{0\; x},v_{0\; y}} \right) = {\underset{{({v_{x},v_{y}})} \in \Omega}{argmin}\left\{ {E_{x,y,{t + \tau}}\left( {v_{x},v_{y}} \right)} \right\}}$ As the detected motion vector at (x, y, t+τ), where the minimization is over a predefined set of candidate vectors Ω. If the confidence data α is expressed as a scalar value, it may be computed as a function of E_(x,y,t+τ)(v_(0x), v_(0y)), for example normalized with respect to the signal energy in the local window, i.e. α being proportional to
$\lambda = {\frac{E_{x,y,{t + \tau}}\left( {v_{0\; x},v_{0\; y}} \right)}{\sum\limits_{d \in W}^{\;}{{I\left( {{x + d_{x}},{y + d_{y}},t} \right)}}^{2}}.}$ The confidence data α may be determined by a thresholding operation based on E_(x,y,t+τ)(v_(0x), v_(0y)) or λ, for example α=0 (low confidence) if the threshold is exceeded and α=1 (high confidence) if E_(x,y,t+τ)(v_(0x), v_(0y)) or λ is below the threshold. The confidence data α may further take other discrete values between 0 and 1 if multiple thresholds are used, the higher values of α meaning higher confidence levels in the motion detection.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the confidence data α are provided to a smooth fallback controller 11 which determines a transition degree β for the current output pixel (x, y, t+τ). The smooth fallback controller 11 may carry out the above-mentioned normalization and/or thresholding operations if they are not implemented in the scene evolution analyzer 10. It may also perform some other operations as described further below.
Based on the transition degree β, a correction may be applied to the interpolation vector (v_(0x), v_(0y)) detected for the current output pixel by a smooth fallback correction module 12. After the correction, if any, an interpolation vector provided to the interpolator 13 is noted (v_(x), v_(y)). From this vector, the interpolator 13 performs directional interpolation, for example according to (3), to obtain an interpolated value for the output pixel (x, y, t+τ). If more than one interpolation vector are provided, multidirectional interpolation according to (4) may be applied, or a more general interpolation scheme according to (1) or (2).
In the general operation mode illustrated in FIG. 2, no correction of the interpolation vector(s) is applied by the module 12. The transition degree β is then equal to 1, and we have (v_(x), v_(y))=β·(v_(0x), v_(0y))=(v_(0x), v_(0y)) for each interpolation vector determined by the analyzer 10.
Another interpolation mode of the FRC apparatus is the fallback mode, of which an embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 3. In the fallback interpolation mode, most of the information about the scene (such as object motions) is discarded and the interpolation is performed without or with very little dependence on the frame content, compared to the general operation mode. The interpolation is performed by replacing the interpolation vector(s) (v_(0x), v_(0y)) detected for the current output pixel by a default interpolation vector (v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D)). In the fallback mode, the transition degree β is 0.
The default interpolation vector may be chosen by different ways. A possibility is to obtain it using, locally or globally, another scheme for analyzing scene evolution. In an embodiment considered more particularly in the following, it is simply taken as a zero motion vector, namely (v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D))=(0, 0). In this case, the interpolated pixel 2 combines only the values of the pixels from the temporally close input frames which have the same spatial coordinates (x, y) as the interpolated pixel itself. Those input pixels are aligned on a fallback direction line L which goes through the current output pixel 2.
In this case, the general interpolation equation (1) is modified as follows: I(x,y,t+τ)=F _(x,y,t,τ) [I(x,y,t ₁),I(x,y,t ₂), . . . , I(x,y,t _(n))] (5)
The choice of the interpolation mode can be made independently for each interpolated pixel. However, quite often, large portions of the image or even whole frames change the interpolation mode simultaneously.
The original pixelwise choice of the interpolation sets, performed by the scene evolution analyzer 10, may also be changed by the module 12 in another interpolation mode referred to as “smooth fallback” mode. In the illustrated embodiment, the smooth fallback mode corresponds to 0<β<1. Each vector (v_(0x), v_(0y)) determined for an output pixel by the scene evolution analyzer 10 can then be replaced by a smoothed interpolation vector (v_(x), v_(y)), for example (v_(x), v_(y))=(v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D))+β·[(v_(0x), v_(0y))−(v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D))], which simply reduces the amplitude of the interpolation vector in proportion to β when (v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D))=(0, 0), i.e. (v_(x), v_(y))=β·(v_(0x), v_(0y)).
The smooth fallback controller 11 provides smooth fallback control data to the smooth fallback correction module 12. These data define what transition degree should be applied to the given image, portion of image, or individual pixels, and possibly certain classes of the interpolation sets. For instance, one may decide to apply the smooth fallback correction only to the interpolation sets corresponding to the objects having a film frame repetition cadence, but not to those having a video frame repetition cadence. Alternatively, such correction may be applied only to the interpolation sets which are considered doubtful for some reason. Information about such doubtful interpolation sets may be provided directly by the scene evolution analyzer 10 or may be computed as a function of properties of the interpolation set by the smooth fallback controller 11.
For a given transition degree β, the original interpolation set may be modified as follows:
- - the original combination function F is preserved; - the number of contributing pixels, as well as their time positions, also remain unchanged; - however, their spatial coordinates are modified in such a way that their distances to the “fallback” coordinates are reduced in proportion to the transition degree β.
In this case, the general interpolation equation (1) is modified as follows: I(x,y,t+τ)=F _(x,y,t,τ) [I(x+β ₁·(x ₁ −x),y+β ₁·(y ₁ −y),t ₁), . . . ,I(x+β _(n)·(x _(n) −x),y+β _(n)·(y _(n) −y),t _(n))] (6) for coefficients β₁, β₂, . . . β_(n) lying between 0 and 1.
In the simple case of directional interpolation with one motion vector (v_(0x), v_(0y)), relative weights given by the temporal distance between the interpolated frame and the corresponding original frames and (v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D))=(0, 0), equation (6) for the smooth fallback mode is reduced to: I(x,y,t+τ)=(1−τ)·I(x−β ₁ ·v _(0x) ·τ,y−β ₁ ·v _(0y) ·τ,t)+τ·I(x+β ₂ ·v _(0x)·(1−τ),y+β ₂ ·v _(0y)·(1−τ),t+1) (7) In other words, the originally detected motion vector (v_(0x), v_(0y)) has its amplitude reduced to be replaced by (v_(x), v_(y))=β₁·(v_(0x), v_(0y)) for frame t and (v_(x), v_(y))=β₂·(v_(0x), v_(0y)) for frame t+1. The coefficients β₁, β₂ for the same motion vector (v_(0x), v_(0y)) are typically equal.
The coefficients β_(i) which control the transition level can be different for every contributing pixel, as defined by the smooth fallback control data. In an embodiment, these coefficients are all equal to the transition degree β determined by the smooth fallback controller 11: β₁= . . . =β_(n)=β. For β₁= . . . =β_(n)=1, the general interpolation mode is applied. For β₁= . . . =β_(n)=0, the fallback interpolation mode is applied. Intermediate β_(i) values correspond to the smooth fallback mode.
FIGS. 4 and 5 provide an illustration of a smooth fallback modification of the spatial coordinates of the contributing pixels of the interpolation set, with (v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D))=(0, 0). FIG. 4 shows an example of an original interpolation set with four contributing pixels, two (6) in a past frame (at t), and two (7) in a future frame (at t+1). The original interpolation set corresponds to a general interpolation mode, i.e. β=1. FIG. 5 shows the same interpolation set modified by factor β=0.5. It is seen that the contributing pixels 8, 9 are now two times closer to the fallback direction line L than they were in the unmodified interpolation set.
When the interpolation mode is to be changed from general (FIG. 2) to fallback (FIG. 3) [or vice versa] for an object, a portion of the image or the whole frame, the smooth fallback mode can be used for the areas in question during several output frames, with a decreasing [or increasing] transition degree β.
The duration of the transition, as well as the time profiles of the transition functions β_(i)(t+τ) can be configured by the fallback controller 11. For example, the degrees of transition β_(i) can be the same for all the contributing pixels 6, 7, as shown in FIGS. 4-5: β_(i)(t+τ)=β(t+τ). In this case, all the interpolation vectors used during the transition from general mode to fallback mode converge with the same relative speed to the default interpolation vector corresponding to the fallback solution.
The coefficients β_(i)(t+τ) can also depend on the magnitude of the interpolation vectors (v_(0x), v_(0y)) originally determined for the output pixel by the scene evolution analyzer 10. For instance, the vectors can be clamped gradually, starting from the largest ones. In this case, at the end all interpolation vectors converge to the fallback solution with the same absolute speed. β_(i)=Min{1,β·R ₀/∥(v _(0x) ,v _(0y))∥} (8) where R₀ is a preset clamping radius and ∥(v_(0x),v_(0y))∥ some norm for the interpolation vector, e.g. ∥(v_(0x),v_(0y))∥=max{v_(0x),v_(0y)} or √{square root over (v_(0x) ²+v_(0y) ²)}.
Reference can also be made to a rectangle 20 whose maximum dimensions along the spatial directions x and y are equal to 2·v_(x) ^(M) and 2·v_(y) ^(M), respectively, as shown in FIG. 6. The size of the rectangle 20 is reduced in proportion to β to give a smaller rectangle 21 and the interpolation vector is clamped in the smooth fallback mode to be inside the smaller rectangle 21 (e.g. {right arrow over (v)}₀ becomes {right arrow over (v)} in FIG. 6 while {right arrow over (v)}′₀ is unchanged. Then, the amplitude reduction coefficients β_(i) are given by: βi=Min{1,β·v _(x) ^(M) /|v _(0x) |,β·v _(y) ^(M) /|v _(0y)|} (9)
The parameters v_(y) ^(M), v_(y) ^(M) may correspond to upper bounds of the coordinates of the candidate vectors of the set Ω as used by the scene evolution analyzer 10.
The interpolation can, for example, be performed as: (v _(x) ,v _(y))=(v _(x) ^(D) ,v _(y) ^(D))+Min{1,β·v _(x) ^(M) /|v _(0x) |,β·v _(y) ^(M) /|v _(0y)|}·[(v _(0x) ,v _(0y))−v _(x) ^(D) ,v _(y) ^(D))] (9′) if default interpolation vectors (v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D)) other than zero are available.
The evolution in time of the transition degree β(t) for a given output pixel position can have various forms. Typically, it is a simple monotonous function which satisfies border conditions such as β(t_(fallback))=0, β(t_(general) _(—) _(FRC))=1, where t_(fallback) is a frame time at which the fallback mode has been selected for the pixel being considered and t_(general) _(—) _(FRC) is a time at which the general operation mode has been selected for that pixel.
It is also possible to configure the evolution in time of the transition degree β(t) in a way that takes into account other parameters, such as system state history. This allows creating systems with hysteresis and/or systems with different transition reactivity and speed depending on whether the FRC engine switches from general interpolation mode to the fallback mode or vice versa.
This allows to perform visually smooth FRC/fallback transitions, as well as to mask to a certain extent fallback transitions of short duration.
In an embodiment, the transition degree β(t) for a given pixel is obtained by analyzing the time evolution of the confidence data α determined for the pixel in question. For example, β(t) may be determined by low-pass filtering in time, e.g. as an average of α(t−q), . . . , α(t−1), α(t) for some integer q. Hence, when α=1 for a few frames (stable high confidence in the interpolation vectors), β=1 and the general operation mode is selected, while when α=0 for a few frames (lingering low confidence in the interpolation vectors), β=0 and the fallback mode is selected. In intermediate situation (fluctuating confidence), the smooth fallback mode is selected (0<β<1).
The transition degree β may also be filtered spatially for more regularity over the frame.
FIGS. 7-9 help understanding the effect obtained by the above-described method. An object (here, a triangle) is supposed to move horizontally at a certain speed. In the input frames at times t and t+1, the triangle appears in the spatial positions shown in the upper and lower frames depicted in FIGS. 7-9 and, in this case, the scene evolution analyzer 10 finds a motion vector {right arrow over (v)}₀=(v_(0x), 0) for the pixels of the triangle. If the general operation mode is selected, each intervening frame, in the example at times t+⅓ and t+⅔, includes the image of a single triangle shifted horizontally by (v_(0x)/3, 0) and (2·v_(0x)/3, 0) with respect to frame t.
However, if for some reason the interpolation mode is switched from the general FRC mode to the fallback mode after the first frame, this abrupt change would be immediately noticed, since the visual difference between the two modes of object tracking is important. Direct application of the fallback mode would provide intervening frames at t+⅓ and t+⅔ as shown in FIG. 7, with a sudden appearance of a second triangle at a relatively large distance from the first one. Such artifact is very noticeable due to the human vision ability to perform object tracking. Depending on the temporal position of the interpolated frames as well as on the exact implementation of the fallback mode, these ghost objects could be more or less transparent and more or less far from each other. The maximal tracking mismatch distance corresponds to the object frame speed, i.e. the transition is most noticeable for the fast-moving objects. Unfortunately, fallback transition often occurs for fast-moving objects and scenes, which explains why these visual artifacts are so common. The sensitivity to the artifact increases with the ability of the FRC product to track fast moving objects. So the drawback tends to occur for the more advanced FRC products.
FIG. 8 shows what would be, in the same example, the result of a solution consisting in mixing the results of two interpolations performed (i) in the general FRC mode and (ii) in the fallback mode. Another triangle (corresponding to the general FRC solution) appears in addition to the two triangles of the fallback solution, which does not prevent the objectionable jump artifact of FIG. 7.
Use of a smooth fallback transition as described above is illustrated in FIG. 9 for the same object. It provides a much more natural and progressive transition between the two visual tracking impressions. Indeed, at the first frame after the fallback decision has been taken, the transition degree β will still be fairly close to 1. Thus, the corresponding interpolation sets will provide the image of the triangle from the original frames which would be almost at the correct coordinates. This coordinate imperfection introduces a barely noticeable vibration in the tracked object, along the direction of its motion. As β is further reduced, the amplitude of this vibration, or the “tracking mismatch distance” would increase accordingly, until it reaches the object speed for β=0, in which case it will become identical to the standard fallback solution. As one can see, such a transition naturally corresponds to the way the human vision tracks moving objects. It is known that the human eye has a relatively low sensitivity to progressively increased judder.
While a detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention has been given above, various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention which is defined by the appended claims.
The invention claimed is:
1. A video interpolation method, comprising: analyzing evolution of a scene represented in a video sequence of input frames; and computing output pixels of an output frame having a time position intermediate between time positions of the input frames, by combining respective input pixels of the input frames, wherein at least three interpolation modes are provided for computing the output pixels, the interpolation modes including: a first mode in which the combined input pixels for an output pixel are selected based on a position of the output pixel in the output frame and a default interpolation vector; a second mode in which said combined input pixels are selected based on said output pixel position and at least one first interpolation vector determined for the output pixel when analyzing scene evolution; and a third mode in which said combined input pixels are selected based on said output pixel position and at least one second interpolation vector that is intermediate between the default interpolation vector and a respective first interpolation vector determined for said output pixel when analyzing scene evolution, and wherein the method further comprises: while one of the first and second interpolation modes is used at an output pixel position, making a decision to switch to the other one of the first and second interpolation modes, and starting a transition phase in response to said decision; selecting the third interpolation mode at said output pixel position for computing output pixels at said output pixel position in successive output frames in said transition phase.
2. The video interpolation method as claimed in claim 1, comprising: determining a transition degree for an output pixel; and selecting the interpolation mode for said output pixel based on the transition degree.
3. The video interpolation method as claimed in claim 2, comprising, when the third interpolation mode is selected for said output pixel: determining the second interpolation vector as a function of the transition degree.
4. The video interpolation method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the transition degree, noted β, is 0 for the first interpolation mode, 1 for the second interpolation mode and a number between 0 and 1 for the third interpolation mode, and wherein when the third interpolation mode is selected for said output pixel, each second interpolation vector is (v _(x) ,v _(y))=(v _(x) ^(D) ,v _(y) ^(D))+β·[(v _(0x) ,v _(0y))−(v _(x) ^(D) ,v _(y) ^(D))], where (v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D)) is the default interpolation vector and (v_(0x), v_(0y)) is a respective first interpolation vector determined for said output pixel when analyzing scene evolution.
5. The video interpolation method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the transition degree, noted β, is 0 for the first interpolation mode, 1 for the second interpolation mode and a number between 0 and 1 for the third interpolation mode, and wherein when the third interpolation mode is selected for said output pixel, each second interpolation vector is (v _(x) ,v _(y))=(v _(x) ^(D) ,v _(y) ^(D))+Min{1,β·v _(x) ^(M) /|v _(0x) |,β·v _(y) ^(M) /|v _(0y)|}·[(v _(0x) ,v _(0y))−v _(x) ^(D) ,v _(y) ^(D))], where (v_(x) ^(D),v_(y) ^(D)) is the default interpolation vector, (v_(0x), v_(0y)) is a respective first interpolation vector determined for said output pixel when analyzing scene evolution, having coordinates v_(0x) and v_(0y) along two directions of the frames, and v_(x) ^(M) and v_(y) ^(M) are preset positive parameters.
6. The video interpolation method as claimed in claim 2, wherein determining a transition degree for an output pixel comprises: obtaining confidence data relating to the first interpolation vectors determined for pixels at said output pixel position in successive output frames; and analyzing time evolution of the confidence data to obtain the transition degree for the output pixel in a current output frame.
7. The video interpolation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first interpolation vectors are motion vectors determined for the output pixels by analyzing motion in the step of analyzing evolution of the scene represented in the video sequence.
8. The video interpolation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the default interpolation vector used in the first and third modes is a zero motion vector.
9. A video interpolation apparatus, comprising: a scene evolution analyzer for analyzing evolution of a scene represented in a video sequence of input frames; and an interpolator for computing output pixels of an output frame having a time position intermediate between time positions of the input frames, by combining respective input pixels of the input frames, wherein at least three interpolation modes are provided for computing the output pixels, the interpolation modes including: a first mode in which the combined input pixels for an output pixel are selected based on a position of the output pixel in the output frame and a default interpolation vector; a second mode in which said combined input pixels are selected based on said output pixel position and at least one first interpolation vector determined for the output pixel when analyzing scene evolution; and a third mode in which said combined input pixels are selected based on said output pixel position and at least one second interpolation vector that is intermediate between the default interpolation vector and a respective first interpolation vector determined for said output pixel when analyzing scene evolution, wherein the apparatus is arranged, while one of the first and second interpolation modes is used at an output pixel position, to respond to a decision to switch to the other one of the first and second interpolation modes by starting a transition phase, the third interpolation mode being selected for computing output pixels at said output pixel position in successive output frames in said transition phase.
10. The video interpolation apparatus as claimed in claim 9, comprising a transition controller for determining a transition degree for an output pixel, the interpolation mode for said output pixel being selected based on the transition degree.
11. The video interpolation apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the interpolator is configured for determining the second interpolation vector as a function of the transition degree when the third interpolation mode is selected.
12. The video interpolation apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the transition degree, noted β, is 0 for the first interpolation mode, 1 for the second interpolation mode and a number between 0 and 1 for the third interpolation mode, and wherein the interpolator is configured for determining each second interpolation vector as (v _(x) ,v _(y))=(v _(x) ^(D) ,v _(y) ^(D))+β·[(v _(0x) ,v _(0y))−(v _(x) ^(D) ,v _(y) ^(D))] when the third interpolation mode is selected, where (v_(x) ^(D), v_(y) ^(D)) is the default interpolation vector and (v_(0x), v_(0y)) is a respective first interpolation vector determined for said pixel when analyzing scene evolution.
13. The video interpolation apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the transition degree, noted β, is 0 for the first interpolation mode, 1 for the second interpolation mode and a number between 0 and 1 for the third interpolation mode, and wherein the interpolator is configured for determining each second interpolation vector as (v _(x) ,v _(y))=(v _(x) ^(D) ,v _(y) ^(D))+Min{1,β·v _(x) ^(M) /|v _(0x) |,β·v _(y) ^(M) /|v _(0y)|}·[(v _(0x) ,v _(0y))−v _(x) ^(D) ,v _(y) ^(D))] when the third interpolation mode is selected, where (v_(x) ^(D), v_(y) ^(D)) is the default interpolation vector, (v_(0x), v_(0y)) is a respective first interpolation vector determined for said output pixel when analyzing scene evolution, having coordinates v_(0x) and v_(0y) along two directions of the frames, and v_(x) ^(M) and v_(y) ^(M) are preset positive parameters.
14. The video interpolation apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the scene evolution analyzer is arranged for obtaining confidence data relating to the first interpolation vectors determined for pixels at an output pixel position in successive output frames, and wherein the transition controller is arranged for analyzing time evolution of the confidence data to obtain the transition degree for an output pixel at said output pixel position in a current output frame.
15. The video interpolation apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first interpolation vectors are motion vectors determined for the output pixels by scene evolution analyzer by analyzing motion in the scene represented in the video sequence.
16. The video interpolation apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein the default interpolation vector used in the first and third modes is a zero motion vector..
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sn84024055_1919-08-09_1_4_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,919 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 3,350 | 5,047 |
THE. JlkOAD AX. CHICAGO, AUGUSTf , 191t tAGFOUR RACE RIOTS IN CHICAGO THOUSANDS OF COLOR EBPEOWLE THROWN OUT OF EMPLOYMENT. Fi v. hll A n- iv ' 'It tint m. Sal f. A. i w - rv :k,' 9E i' j HifF -' bbbb MBBBaLasflBal HSre 4 BBBBSp& lM&BB9BB3Bs593SBBa w& 'BBBBBs 'rBKMII ; , Jbbbf t,. , (. " - Hh bW L JH tgHBAugut, , rBBBBBSBBBBBBBBB9 Er f y&SSfmk BaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaSBaaHE: BaawiBaaaaaaBaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaB Bu ason Bt4-L ,. ..rSsBaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaV HL avlaaam HyHiaB 1 VBBBBBBBBxL33BBBBBBBBBBBBBBJBBBBBBB9 J BBBBBBBBBBBBBJBJBL HIP7 IBflBaaaaaBaal BaaaaaBnBaaaaaaaaaBaaaaaaaaaaaaVBaaaaiL 2s" jtEaBaaaaaaV SBBaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaV aaaaaaaaaaaaBBaBBBaaK. BsaaW ,. 3BaaaaaaBBS BaaaaaaaavlBaaaaaaaMBaaaHBaaVBaaaaaaBaaaBaaaaaaBav aaaaaaaaaaWBBEilfr 3&kBaVBaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaal BaaaaaaavEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaw sHBK BaaWBLaaaaaaar BBaaaaaBaaaaaaaV BaHsBaaaaaaaaa? -BBaam BlH BaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaV -"-' w- HBLnBBaaaav .HHHIH BrBaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaT VSMBBjBBBBBBBBBJrt- "aBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBklftBBBBBBBi LaaaaaaaaaaHK - :IBfe.. H Baaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa vs&V'v ErxSBaaaaaaKtbt BaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaQMBaaaaaaal BBBBBmjfeagMg4- H ' HRIb Baaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaw EVBaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaac BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBJ LAWYER AUGUSTUS LI WILLIAMS "Member of the Cook County Bar Association who Is freely rendering hi legal services free of charge to innocent Colored persons who were arrested during the late riots in this city. SUPREME COURT KNOCKS OUT , RESIDENCE CLAUSE BARR ING NEGRO OWNERSHIP V Los Angeles, CaL Special to The 'Broad Ax. For the first -time in the history of the United States the Ap pellate division of a State Supreme Court has rendered a decision hold ing that individuals have so right to limit the selling or leasing of real estate against -the Uegro Race. The 1 Supreme Court of Georgia and South Carolina held that cities could not pass, ordinances setting apart a por- tion of the city for the residences of "c colored people. The Supreme Court i of the United States has passed upon that question and has held that cities being parts of the State could not so segregate, but no Supreme Court, un- , til -the California Supreme jQourt, ,. -through its Appellate division, ren- i dered a decision in Title Guarantee SFECIALHOTICE OR ATTENTION OF COLORED PEOPLE, ES PECIALLY THOSE WHO WERE 'INJURED IN ANY WAY BY rTHEIR WHITE FELLOW CITIZ ENS, DURING THE RACEJ IUW. J The following .j.'speaks for itself: v r communication -, - Chicago, August 7, 1919 j' Julius,T Taylor, itor.of The Broad Ax: ,. .v ajyjftiJ0 Starts' Attorney's, oflice de- sire3,any information that will, .lead j ,to the, arrest and C9nvicucn of riot - ers who have injured or killed color t edr people. Anyone having such .in formation and who will come to the State's. Attorney's office and -confer with Assistant State's Attorney Ed ward. E. Wilson will greatly aid the State's Attorney in punishing such - . , persons as committed outrages upon - SwColored citizens. This-' infcraaGon -& .shjould be .furnished as soon as pos- sinie as xne.vtraHa Jory is sow xa. ses- . , sion and Jrp this week conridcr the rioVcasesJ1 ,, The sSje's, Attorney will give, aspletpntectios to any one fomisa iag sacfe informatien, and "he asksfer thisiaferaiatiok-"because he. deCres .,te -arosecate all rioters withuot re- gari-to raee r cekr." t(SigBe Edward jEL.wnaoB, AaBBtaat StateAttorney. ',& .. ' 'O. JACK JOHNSOif TO1 RETURN TO SPAIN -drv ilr Tr-J JsaJwt-a, f emtr aiWl"'''8 3MaHww aceeMiac m i m a wifia sr ira fair mi liliari c f)M was itommrt iml wtati e go t --lTiiia-iilti ill -irfllTfnhlMji,ii I" -ih Company vs. Garrott, on the 20th of July, 1919, bad gone the length of saying that private, individuals could not limit or restrict alienation against Negroes, Japanese, Chfnamen, etc. For this reason the case of the Title Guarantee Company vs. H. L. Garrott, a Negro policeman, is of paramount interest to the colored people of the United States. The Title Guarantee Company, a. multi-millionaire corpor ation of' Los Angeles, subdivided the Angelu3 Park track and put a clause in the deed to each buyer restricting the sale or lease to persons of Afri can, Chinese, or Japanese descent. A purchaser having held one of these lots for six years, sold to H. L. Gar rott, a coloerd police officer, where upon the Title Company immediately claimed a 'forfeiture apd sought to have the property revert to it in an action filed in the Superior Court in Los Angeles county. JULIUS F. TAYLOR PRAISED FOR HIS COURAGE AND FAIRMIND- Nkss. - "Chicago, August 5th, 1919. Editor J."F. Taylor, Chicago, III. Dear Mr. Taylor: Permit me to congratulate you up on the fairness -of your statement published in The Broad Ax on August 2nd, 1919, of the disturbances which we have been, passing through. It is ' eminently fair and just to both raceaJKid'vall do much, in my judgment,, to allay public excitement and to bring' all teen to-a just appre ciation, of lie necessity of law en forcement. I can personally testify to your courage in coming to the City Han in the interests of the col tMredpesple at a time wben the ex citement was at the highest. If the leaders of both races will exercise the same degree of cool headedness anrf .sound judgment, J think, it is a qirestioa of only a short time until everything, will be back to a normal coaaition. "Equal justice and fair aiay to' persons is the desire ef .righttainkiBgvleaaers of both races. ? ' ".Very truly yours, - : k 4- Jen H. Pasanore, " Aliersaan Third Ward - : rt lM-YXAR OLD COLORED MAN WITH REVOLVER DISARMED Patfcafc., ifceslaW person picked s by aW fix a' a s-upect in the i rYetar lt week was C. BfcCrr eriw-ed, 516 W. ato ,& assarted he Is lit j--b U. X wa arretted sear bit awam.kr -aW atockr rd Mike. - JMHMM 3W9c?SF aft Concluded from Page 1.) fellow, jumped fro his car and dealt bim a hard jolt in the jaw andt without further trouble the car start ed south -on Halsted to 47th street, where another .great crowd was wait ing to grab the first colored man or woman that they 'beheld, but as the car n eared that point the conductor gave the motorman the high bell and the car rushed around the corner, without stopping. V Before the car arrived at 47th and Racine a Colored man snaked out from where he had been hiding and being rather dark he was frightened almost too, death-for no doubt like ourself he felt that the "Judgement day had come" and as he boarded the car, he white passengers who seem ed to be real friendly urged him to duck down on the floor between them so that the leaders of the mobs would not detect him, as we were sitting in the end seat near the rear door next to a white lady and a white gentle man, next to her, with our face to the west and with our back to the mobs and as long as they failed to rush onto the car they were unable to tell whether we. were a white man or a Colored man; but laying all jokes aside we really felt mighty white at that time. Just as the car arrived at 47th and Racine Ave., the con ductor, who was a fine manly fellow, whom we have rode with many times in the past gave the motorman an other high bell and the car rushed around the corner at breackneck speed and made a bee line for 63rd street, almost-refusing to stop to let passengers off and the very next car to follow it was held up at 51st and Racine Ave., where the 'mob rushed it dragging off one poor law-abiding defenseless Colored man who met his death there at the hands of .the mob and from the time that the car turn ed on to Archer Ave., at 19th and State street until it arrived at 63rd and Racine Ave., we did not behold one single policeman for that was one time in our life that we really was looking for a policeman for protec tion. That same Monday-evening, after we had arrived home right side up with care to the great' joy of Mrs. Taylor, along about ten o'clock, a gang of young roddies ran along on 62nd .street on the north side of our little home, the police shooting at them to beat the band, for they had been over on Ada and Loomis streets beating up Colored men and women, that same evening a motor truck load ed with dead toughts rushed along on those same streets and with much pleasure the men in the truck greatly amuBed themselves by shooting into the homes of the Colored people. On Tuesday evening after arriving home about six o'clock hundreds of desperate or rough looking white men could be observed rushing west from Racine Ave., and from other points to Ada and Loomis streets for that was the night that they intended to clean out the Colored people residing in- that district, when we 'beheld a mob of almost four thausand men crowding around the corners of those streets, we rushed in the house, grabbed the telephone receiver and in a Jiffy we "were connected up with CaptMadden atthe Englewood Po lice station. " x y After .informing him that four or e . .r CARDINAL GIBBONS DENOUNCES VIOLENCE Baltimore, Md. (Special to The Broad Ax). Cardinal Gibbons, the head of -the Catholic Church in the UnitedfStateswas loud in hk con demnation of tiie recent rioting -in Washington, The. Cardinal, who celebrated bis 85th birthdfyitsaid: "We are bow af flicted with-a war of races ia tfce na tional capital, where mack Wood has already &ea.jJBed aad Urea sacri ficed AJasHi a praaf tkatategk latiye yBYsraccjda f iatoxkating dricksjcjaety-a it was said it wsaja be, a panacea for aH atrial aad mm! evik., Dr. J. H. fimtavSNl Kate StrL.wij.a tea-. Cr f er seram days it gastaj to rt fetra by Jfaaaay. five thousand white men. were march' ing on Ada and Loomis streets, thav they fully, intended to set tiro to tne homes of all the Colored people in that district that very night and then dhoot them down like rats or mad dogs, while they were fleeing for their lives, .'Capt. Madden shouted back that he would rush seventy-five policemen there at once and about a half an hour from that time we heard about one hundred revolver shots and within a few momentsa gang of 50 young white criminals ran at break nek speed past the house, the police hot oa their trail all the .time blaz ing away at them; which caused the greatest excitement in all parts of the neighborhood. In the meantime we had phoned to a prominent white citizen residing in Engelwood to use his inflence with the police department in an effort to protect the lives and the property of all the people residing in that dis trict, he was away from home at that time but we left word with his wife, who is one of the most promi nent social leaders in Chicago to please request her distinguished husband to call us up when he returned home. Near 11 o'clock the phone rang and it was the voice of our loyal friend on the other end of the wire and he declared that "he had sat for one hour with the receiver in his hand en deavoring to connect up with us for he felt that we were in trouble. We heartily thanked him for his steadfast friendship; at the same time inform ing him that everything was alright, that seventy-five policemen had scat tered the mob of four or five thou sand who were fully determined to burn the homes of the Colored peo ple and murder them while escaping from the roaring flames. He respond ed that if there was any more trouble, to let him know and he would have General F. S. Dickson to march some soldiers into the' district without de-J lay. On Wednesday night the soldiers were in evidence throughout the dis trict and everybody felt greatly re lieved and overjoyed that everything turned out as well as it did. It isa pleasure to state that the white neighbors were very friendly that many of them assited the Color ed people in many ways during the disorder and rioting. Mr. and Mrs. John Sipple, our nearest white neigh bors who are highly respectable and honest, were especially kind and" con siderate to Mrs. Taylor, every day and night while, we were absent from home, they requested her to remain in their home that she would re ceive the same protection as the members of their family, in case the rioters hoved in sight; many of the other white neighbors proved them selves equal to the occasion, many of them had never spoken to us before, visited the house, both men and wom en, old and young and they assured u& that thay were friendly to Colored people, that they were willing to assist to protect those residing near unto them and they clapped their hands with gladness every time that we ar rived home safe from down-town. In conclusion we feel very greate f ul to all of them for the unflinching friendship which they boldly display ed on that exciting and' trying oc casion. A TEXAS WHITES HELD FOR .MURDER AFTER LYNCHING Gilmer, Texas. (Special 'to The Broad Ax). Charged with lynching Chilton Jennings, a Negro, here July 24, four white men were taken in custody today by Texas Rangers, aft er a thorough investigation had been made by the Upshur County grand I jury. -The report of the investiga tion disclosed that fewer than fif- teen persons actually participated in lynching the Negro, who was charged with assaulting a woman. The men ander arrest are charged with murder. Mrs. Bettie A. Given 27 E.'44tk atetet .will leave in the xt fw aays fee a trip EatmBe away afce wfll Tiait Atiaatie Ciiy, N. J. ad New Yrk City. , 'V k" 1 DR. J. FRANK ARMSTRONG Prominent member of the citizens to Col. Franklin A. Denison. POLICE OFFICER JOHN SIMPSON WHO WAS KILLED DURING THE RfpT AT 31st AND STATE STREETS, WAS BURIED ON TUESDAY FROM THE BEREAN BAPTIST CHURCH. Its Pastor, W. S. Braddan Officiating. The Last Sad rites over the re mains of the late Police Officer, John Simpson was held at the Berean Bap tist Church, Tuesday, at 1:00 P. M. The beautiful casket of oak was Ia dened with floral designs sent by ad miring friends. Chief among them which was a broken column five feet high from his Brother Officers. The cortege was headed by Sgt Berry's Band, followed by thirty of ficers. The national and state colors were carried at the head of the pro cession. The late John Simpson was a world war veteran having served over seas as Mess Sgt with the 365 Infantry. Rev. Lewis, a life long friend of the family offered the prayers and read the obituary; Mrs. Harris, a per sonal friend of the bereaved monther, sang most feelingly and beatiful. Capt Braddan, Pastorof U. Be rean, delivered the funeral oration, recounting the unselfish part played by the deceased and his comrades, in the recent disturbance during which time Simpson meet his death at his post of duty. The Pastor urged the erecting of a monument to commemorate the fact of Officer Simpson being the first of ficer to fall in the conflict, that will finally result in the Negro occupying a larger place in the Economic and Industrial life of Chicago, and in making the living conditions in Chi cago better. He pointed with pride to the way in which the officer carried on in pro tecting life and property irrespect ive of color; and urged the City to show its appreciation by appointing a large number of Race men on the force. o CHURCHES UNITE TO STOP RIOTS t Southern Bishop Blames -'Bad Hon; ing for Recent "Race Troubles in Chicago New York. Plans to end race con flicts will be made by representat ives of all church denominations at work among Negroes here early next month. Bishop Wilbur P.'Thirkield of New Orleans, representing the Methodist Episcopal Church, announced today that a call for the conference was decided at a meeting of the Federal Council of Churches and the Home Mission Council. Appeal to Ministers. '' Bishop Thirkield said: "It is proposed to reach all Pro testant ministers and give them. a clearer view of the seriousness of the situation, especially in the larger cities. "Looking for the underlying causes of race outbreaks, we see the hous ing conditions, with six persons where there ought to be two. Chicago woke up to find a Negro population of 150,000, one-third 'of which was dumped into the city with in the last two years. "Other datarbias; . forces are race prejadke, jthe work ef B&kke- vikL agitators ad eceaaasic toasj&a. committee which will tend: er ctp&, Negroes Now Fight. "Whether it is a new spint ben of the war or not, the Negro doe not run, but stands and fights it est when attacked. "It is my conviction that the Re publican party has betrayed ns. Un less it again takes up it3 burden of defending the rights of humanity and standing by the Negro it rill not soon again come into power" o CHICAGO RACE RIOTS On the surface, the race riots tak ing; place in Chicago are the result of racial antipathy. At the base, they nave an economic basis. This eco nomic reason is two-fold. Over 75,000 Negroes came to Chi cago during the war in response u call of the employers for men to tut the places of white workers who bd joined the army. Large uvmben of these went to work in the paekur plants. Since many white men hm been discharged from the army they find the employers have not discharg ed the Negro workers to make places for them, and they are naturally re sentful that they cannot have "their" jobs ack again. Among the workers, the race riots are part of the fight for jobs. A worse feature of the situation is caused by the real estate dealers and rental agents. The Negroes in Chi cago are mostly living in what has been a low-rent section. Contemplat ed city improvements will make wist. is now the Negro section of the ctj a most desirable residence section The real estate agents are trying to have the Negroes move from three to five miles further south. Many of the Negroes own property in the sec tion of the city known as the "Black Belt" which they want to retain so they may themselves have the benefit of the rise in prices that will come with the city improvements. Just where the tragedy will end a hard to say. But certain it is that the nna -arVin nre resnonsible the larg employers and the real estate sharks will never be brought to the bar of justice for having made the conditions that forced these riots. A few work er colored and white, will be tried for rioting, perhaps for murder, but those who are really responsible wD o nmufcinned of Justice and in v id make moner out of the deal- From The New Solidarity, Aug. ? 191$. o OPEN COLORED RESIDENCE DISTRICT IN ATLANTA CA. Atlanta, Ga. (Special to The Broad Ax). Atlanta's Colored citizens well as those from other parts of ti state, are displaying extreme graW' ude-over Ashby Heights, the beantiW new residential park recently opened with an entrance at the junction of Ashby and Hunter streets. Only desirable colored citizens w be allowed the privilege of baring lot in this section. There will be ... . J?1I Alt congested nousing conoiuoj", -- -lots are large and each lot will b7 only one house on it This fact pre vents one man's house from bew ruined; by another's snack befc built too close to bim. Ashby Heights is the most ooden and.oaly subdivision of 4ts kind ia SoHtit It is for the betteroentj" fcanaJMr" conditions among eolor people efihfa section and not v&& : atoaey making scheme..
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Cebuano
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Spoken
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Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Rognliåsen.
Bungtod ang Rognliåsen sa Noruwega. Nahimutang ni sa munisipyo sa Flesberg ug lalawigan sa Buskerud fylke, sa habagatang bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa Oslo ang ulohan sa nasod. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Rognliåsen, o ka metros sa ibabaw sa naglibot nga tereyn. Mga ka kilometro ang gilapdon sa tiilan niini.
Ang yuta palibot sa Rognliåsen kasagaran medyo bungtoron. Kinahabogang dapit sa palibot ang Surtvarden, ka metros ni kahaboga ibabaw sa dagat, km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa Rognliåsen. Dunay mga ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Rognliåsen medyo gamay nga populasyon. Ang kinadul-ang mas dakong lungsod mao ang Kongsberg, km sa habagatan sa Rognliåsen. Hapit nalukop sa lasang nga dagomkahoy ang palibot sa Rognliåsen. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Rognliåsen, mga bungtod, busay, ug mga kalapukan talagsaon komon.
Ang klima boreal. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Agosto, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa °C.
Saysay
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga bungtod sa Buskerud fylke
Kabukiran sa Noruwega nga mas taas kay sa 500 metros ibabaw sa dagat nga lebel
sv:Rognliåsen (kulle i Norge, Buskerud fylke)
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S_WT_DS_217-4A1_1
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WTO
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Open Government
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ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL
DEL COMERCIO WT/DS217/4/Add.1
6 de febrero de 2001
(01-0577)
Original: español
ESTADOS UNIDOS - LEY DE COMPENSACIÓN POR
CONTINUACIÓN DEL DUMPING O MANTENIMIENTO
DE LAS SUBVENCIONES DE 2000
Solicitud de asociación a las consultas
Comunicación de México
Addendum
La siguiente comunicación, de fecha 29 de ener o de 2001, dirigida por la Misión Permanente
de México a la Misión Permanente de los Estados Unidos, a las Misiones Permanentes de Australia, el
Brasil, Chile, Corea, la India, Indonesia, el Ja pón y Tailandia, a la Deleg ación Permanente de la
Comisión Europea y al Presidente del Órgano de Solución de Diferencias, se distribuye de
conformidad con lo dispuesto en el párrafo 11 del artículo 4 del ESD.
_______________
En relación con nuestra comunicación de fecha 17 de enero, mediante la cual México notifica
su interés comercial sustancial en el asunto de re ferencia, me permito reitera r la solicitud de México
de ser asociado en las consultas sobre el asunto de referencia.
__________.
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Github Open Source
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declare const wx: any;
export = wx;
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http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000094634926 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000094634926 http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000001.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000002.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000003.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000004.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000005.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000006.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000007.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000008.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000009.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000010.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000011.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000012.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000013.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000014.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000015.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000016.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000017.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1908/06/13/00000018.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000094634926_1
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Europeana
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Nr. 13« Sonnabend, ven 13. AM 19(18 »R. Jahrgang Orfchewt a» all?« Wochentagen nachmittags »wischen 4 und S Uhr. HauptlLrpediti«»» und Redaktion: Hnmdulg, Gänsemarkt "1. Sprechstunden der Redaktion: vbendS »—7 Uhr. < Expedition: «nnnbi»? von Annoncen u.SlbonnementS: Telepho» ) «mt I Nr. sse. ^ Redaktion: Amt I Nr. SlS0. für Hamburg-Altona. Nuögabe ^ und L. <Au»gabe s Freitag» mit vctlage .Hamburger Runbschan"). rlv-»«-«e»t»pret» V0 Vf. «»«atttch f«t tn« H«»s, inkl. »Hamburger Rundschau'' SS Pf-, bei der Post Mk. 1.8S pro Luiart. inkl. »Hamb. Rundschau» Mk. obne ZupellungSgebahr JnsertionSprei» ZSPl-, Stellengesuche 1SPf .fardiePetit»«ile, j»r Sintsstonöanjeigen 4S Ps-, ReNsmejeile ISO Ps vet Wieder holungen entsprechender Rabatt. — Beilagen nach Uebereinkunft. lplotz« »nd DMte« »»rschrifte« -h«« ver»l«dllchreit. Rcicbcnslr.«, am Nobiöthor^ lllslireakvlck i »oblentz. »trchenweg 4t, Lad.? U»ri»d«vlt: W. Timm, Hamburgerstr. SS? N»ra»»t«sckt: Theodor vuhmanii, «önijchr. M,' Hoksienstrahe 7? H. Krück, Bleicherstrahe/ IZttrxkelcko lislieakslit«: A. Uesche, Bliraerweide4S,' Sa»t«l»»ck«Z «u/»av Raabe^ <Zi»»k»v«r>^>v»e: gr F W. L ang er Wwe ^« dolf stta^ r », »mmlloi?»: Hei^r. «nr>, WandSb -ker «Hausse« ,97,- I. Darmstädter, «ltonaersirabe l?,' I. Münster, SchMerstr. »! «. Hillermann, Schrammsweg »t; I vdl«ck»nL, Ii»»nx«al»arn: Heinrich Za bertvw, Fuhlsbüttel, Am Hasenberge »t? : Joh. Holländer, Trist,' O. Hemosler Äwe., Schlachterstrabe,' » Schivallin«, Hirtcnstr. S7, Site Marttvlayi g. t!. Bertram, Vüneburgerstr. 4t) H. Hahn? Vottsried Bahre, Am sande 20) tttten»«,»: A. Steinle, Papenstrabe 4S, ^ I>ti»nvd«r»: R. Schmcmer, WeidensiraSc,' St. ««»??- «-Stes»nöki, Steindamm 80! »t. «. Äiols, Gophienstrahe 42, »»S »l«i» «»»«»tel»«, I.«»!»«, M. wehseman«, Alt-Rahlstedt, Bahnhof»». Lv: Sol»lllri»«k: I. L. H. «hrenS, Hornerlandftr. SSI? St»ck«: Otto Ehlers,' VIilsukai'Mt: Th. Böllch. Hosweg SS,' VockSol: Losjner. Brückenstr. 70, V. P. Jürgensen, Lllbcckerstr. IS3,- «. Westphal, Behrings»?. lSS? HVli»«» ». I..: P. Richter, Rundestr. S. Die heutige Nnmmer «mfaszt Seiten. Haniburg» 12. Juui. vie ftevaler ciMzprüclie. Ausfallend spärlich fliegen die Nachrichten über die Monarchen- öegegnnng in Reval. Selbst die dorthin entsandten französischen und englischen Berichterstatter sehen sich aufs Trockene gesetzt, und der findigste von ihnen allen, der Vertreter deS „Matin", ist genötigt, sich aus die Schilderung wenig klangreicher Aeußerlichkeiten zu beschränken. Auch der offiziöse Telegraph arbeitet langsam und lakonisch. Tie beiden Trii'.tsvrüche, deren Wortlaut doch, wie üblich, zwischen den beiden Regierungen längst vorher vereinbart worden war, sind erst 24 stunden, nachdem sie gehalten waren, verbreitet worden. Die beiden Monarchen legen offenbar großen Wert darauf, möglichst unter sich zu sein und ohne Zeugen mit einander zu verhandeln. Auch die offiziellen Trink- sprüche sind ziemlich orakelhaft gehalten und man mutz schon auf merksam zwischen den Zeilen suchen, um etwas mehr herauszulesen, al? auf den lösten Blick darin enthalten zu sein scheint. Tann aller dings findet man, daß sie nicht ganz so farblos sind, wie es zunächst den Anschein dat. Zwar bewahrt der Zar in seinen ziemlich knappen Worten jene Zurückhaltung, die nian an ibm kennt. Wenngleich auch er mit „Hochsch^izung" auf die englisch-russischen Vereinbarungen der letzten H'Ihre hinweist, so betont er doch geflissentlich ihre „begrenzten Ziele" und erwartet von ihnen nichts mehr, als die Verbreitung der „Ge sinnung gegenseitigen guten Willens und Vertrauens zwischen den beide:- Ländern. König Eduard dagegen geht viel weiter. Er unter schreibt nicht nur „von ganzein Herzen jedes Wort" LeS Zaren in bezug auf diese Uebereinkunft, sondern er ist auch sicher, daß sie in der Zu» lunst zu einer befriedigenden und freundschaftlichen Siegelung einiger Wichtiger Fragen beitragen wird. Mit diesem deutlichen, aber zugleich gnnz allgemein gehaltenen Hinweis ist wieder den Vermutungen Tür und Tor geöffnet. Welche „wichtigen Fragen" hat König Ednard im A»ge? Meint er in erster Linie die mazedonische und dann vielleicht die sehr aktuell gewordene persische Frage? 5)der was meint er sonst? TaS bc kannte Wort des verflossenen Abg. Sabor kommt da wieder ein mal zur (Leitung: „Etwas geht vor, man weis; nur nicht wasl" Zm übrigen hat die mazedonische Frage für das Deutsche Reich nicht entfernt die Bedeutung, wie für die Türkei und Oesterreich-Ungarn, denen bierbei von uns ruhig der Vortritt gelassen werden darf. Um Mazedonien wird Teutschland schwerlich einen Krieg führen, wenn es sich natürlich auch bei der Entscheidung über diese Frage von niemandem aiM'hatten lassen wird. Vorderhand müssen wir uns damit begnügen, daß der Zar und der König mit gleicher Entschiedenheit als Ziel ihrer Bestrebungen d<e ?lufrcck>tcrhaltilng des allgemeinen Weltfriedens be tont haben. Tavon wird man deutscherseits gebührend Kenntnis nehmen, ohne sich natürlich dnrch solche Worte im geringsten einschläfern zu lassen. Höchste Wachsamkeit tut uns mehr als je not. und mit Be friedigung bemerkt man, daß an unseren leitenden stellen, trotzdem man dort einen gewissen Gleichmut zur Schau trägt, diese Notwendigkeit leinen Augenblick verkannt wird. ' i Tie Nevaler Abmachungen. lieber den Inhalt und das Resultat der Unterredungen in Reval will nach einer Pariser Meldung des »V. T" der Berichterstatter des „Matin", ^ulcS .^edeinann, ans besonderer Quelle folgendes erfahren haben: Tic Unterhaltung der Monarchen hat zunächst einige Mit glieder ilner Familien und deren Pläne betroffen. Dann sprach man von der inneren Lage Rußlands. Cduard Vll. ist für ein liberales Parlamentarische? Regime eingetreten nnd hat zu einem Kabinett geraten, das 5er Duma für seine Maßnahmen verantwortlich sein soll. Spät er hat man von der allgemeinen politischen Lage in Europa und Asien gesprochen, doch trüg dieser Teil der Unterhaltung nur einen sehr overflächlichen Charakter. Kein neuer Plan, keine neue >>dee, keine neue Polit»l wurde angevegt. Hedeinann bebauptet, da°ß die Anwesenheit des Generals French und des AdmiralS Fisher, mit der sich die öffentliche Meinung so stark beschäftigt habe, auf keine Hinter gedanken zurückzufnbren sei, sondern allein ans den Wunsch deS Königs, dem Zaren die für die Armee und Marine Englands wichtigsten Männer vorzustellen. Tie Mini st e r , die sich hauptsächlich über Mazedonien unterhielten-, haben diese Frage sehr gründlich verhandelt. Es ist die einzige, die erschöpft wurde. Ueber Persien und den fernen Osten war ein Gedankenanstausch nicht notwendig, da in dieser Frage die Politik der beiden Länder gleiche Wege geht. Marokko wurde im Gespräch nur gestreift; da beide Länder Frankreich ihre diplomatische Unterstützung zugesagt haben, war ein tieferes Eingehen unnötig Hn Summa i Alle Unterredungen haben NeneS nicht ge bracht, keinen nenen Plan, kein neues gemeinsames Vor gehen auf irgend einem Gebiete l ?). Die Herrscher, deren Be gegnung ihre Freundschaft besiegelt hat, überlassen eS ihren Völkern, die Resultate aus ihren Handlnngen zur Reife zu bringen. Ein rujiischer Staatsmann sagte zu Hedemann:- In Reval ist ein jnnger Amin gepflanzt worden. ES gilt jetzt, ihn gegen schädliche Winde zu Mitzcn. Die Bilanz der Ziisain-nciikiinft ist das Schwinden der alten Feind>chaft und der Beginn einer Periode gegenseitigen Wohlwollens. .lußer diesen Mitteilungen, die politischer Art sind, gibt auch Hede- mann daS bisher unbestätigte (öierücht wieder, daß eine Heirat zwischen dem Bruder des Zaren, dem Großfürsten Michael, und der Prinzessin Vietoria Patricia, der Äicbte des Königs Eduard, geplant sei. PrrWimmen. » , „Nordd. Allgem. Ztg." schreibt u. a.: Die gewechselten Trink- Ipruche icieii gekennzeichnet durch den Ausdruck warmer Zuneigung, den beide Monarchen in ihre Worte legten. Politisch bemerkenswert erschienen die nachdrücklichen Hinweise auf die Bedeutung, welche das innerasiatische Abkommen für die Annäherung der beiden Länder ge wonnen und nach den Worten deS Königs noch für die Regelung einiger wichtiger Fragen gewinnen soll. Vielleicht ist hierin eine Hindeutung auf den bevorstehenden Abschluß der englisch-russischen Verhandlungen über neue Reformvor schlage für Mazedonien sowie auf die Aufgaben z« erblicken, die der russischen und englischen Diplomatie in der Ausgleichung der Schwierigkeiten der gegenwärtigen Lage in Persien gestellt sind. Der ruhige aufrichtige Ton in den Reden der beiden Herrscher stimmt mit den Gesinnungen überein, die in dein ernsten» Teil der englischen und russischen Presse gegenüber den Versuchen zum Ausdruck kamen, der Revaler Zu sammenkunst eine unfreundliche Spitze gegen Deutschland zu geben. Die „K öln. Ztg. schreibt: Auch ohne geheime Ränke gegen einen dritten Staat zu schmieden, haben König Eduard und der Zar mit ihren berufenen Ratgebern genügend Stoff zu gegenseitiger Aussprache und Erwägung gehabt. Beide Mächte haben ihre Ansicht über die Wege zu einer Gesundung und Beruhigung Mazedoniens in größcrn Entwürfen dargelegt, oie zum Teil sich unmittelbar widersprachen. ES galt für sie, eine Einigung auf der Mittlern Linie zu erzielen, um dem euro päischen Konzert einen Vorschlag zu unterbreiten, den sie beide mit dem Schwergewicht ihrer 'Stellung zu unterstützen imstande sind. Man kann annehmen, daß dies gelungen ist. Für Deutschland kommt zunächst nur die Prüfung in Frage, ob die neuen Maßnahmen so gewählt sind, daß sie der Befriedigung Mazedoniens und der Aufrechterhaltung des Welt friedens zu dienen vermögen. Daneben erhebt sich die Rücksicht auf die Beurteilung, die unser Bundesgenosse Oesterreich-Ungarn dem Vorschlag zuteil werden lassen wird. -Seine Interessen auf dem Balkan sind so groß, daß man über sie nickst hinweggehen darf, nnd da<5 Bündnis legt Deutschland diePslicht auf, an dii: Seite des DonaustaatS zu treten, wenn er sich in für ihn so wichtigen Angelegenheiten, die für uns unmittelbar erst in zweiter Linie sieben, zum Einspruch gezwungen sieht. Ein »ffiziiser Kommentar der russischen Regierung. Reval, 11. Imni. iPetersburger Telegraphen-Agentur.) Die Zu» '>mL!Lnknnst d^r Herrscher Rußlands und Englands in Reval hatte den Zweck, die freundschaftlichen Beziehungen der beiden Regierungen, die durch die Verträge des letzten Jahres eingeleitet sind, zu kräftigen und zu befestigen. Im Lause der Unterredungen, die bei diesem An laß zwischen dem Minister Jswolski und dem Staatssekretär Hardinge stattgefunden haben, wurde festgestellt, daß diese Uebereinkommen den glücklichsten Einfluß batten auf die friedliche Entwicklung der ver schiedenen Fragen, die in diesen Verträgen behandelt sind. Vollkommene Uebereinstimmnng der Ansichten herrscht auch nach wie vor zwischen Rußland und England in betreff der Lage in Persien, Afghanistan nnd hinsichtlich jener Vorfälle, die sich jüngst einerseits an der indisch afghanischen, andererseits an der russisch-persischen Grenze ereignet haben. Diese Vorfälle können daher keinen Anlaß bilden zu irgend »reichen Mißverständnissen zwischen beiden Regierungen. Was Persien anbelangt, sind die Regierungen von Rußland und England nach wie vor fest entschlossen, die Integrität nnd Unabhän gigkeit dieses Landes zu wahren. — Di« Besprechungen, die seit einiger Zeit zwischen beiden Regierungen hinsichtlich der Lage in Mazedonien gepflogen werden, sind, wie man annehmen kann, auf dem Punkte, zu einer vollkommenen Uebereinstimmimg zu führen, und es erübrigt sich nur noch, diesen eine feste Form zu geben. Man hofft, daß diese Uebercinitimmung als Grundlage dienen wird für die allge meine Entente der an dem mazedonischen Reformwerke beteiligten Mächte. ISwolski und Hardinge konnten sich außerdem überzeugen von dem gegenseitigen Wunsche Rußlands und Englands, die besten Beziehungen mit allen anderen Mächteil aufrecht zu erhalten und keinen Anlaß zur Beunruhigung über das von ihnen verfolgte Ziel zu bieten. DicS gilt sowohl für die speziell zwischen beiden Ländern geschlossenen Uebereinkommen, als auch für ihre allgemeine Politik und kann nicht verzchlen, zur Erhaltung und Befestigung des Friedens beizutragen. Die englische Presse. London, lL. Juni. (Spezialtelegramm.) Die gouvernementale „W e stnc i n st e r Gazette" hält «S für angebracht, jetzt etwas Wasser in ihren chauvinistischen Wein zu gießen und versteigt sich zu einigen tadelnden Worten gegenüber dem „TempS", der gesagt hatte, daß mit der Angliederung Rußlande an die französisch-englisch,: Entente, der Krieg mit Deutschland nur eine Datumsfrage sei. „Westminster Gazette" sagt, daß die Notwendigkeit zu diesen: Kriege durchaus nicht gegeben ist, beeilt sich aber, hinzuzufügen, daß sie damit nicht sagen will, daß eS nicht nötig sei, auf einen Krieg vorbereitet zu sein. Deutscher Lehrertag. kl. kl. Dortmund, 10. Juni. Die Zahl der Versammlungsteilnehmer ist auf 485V gestiegen. Heute nachmittag fahren ca. 1000 Lehrer zu einer Huldigung deS ehemaligen Kultusministers Falck, an dem ihm von den Lehrern errichteten Denk mal nach Hannover. In der heutigen 2. Hauptversammlung hielt Herr Generalsekretär Tews-Berlin einen zweistündigen Vortrag über das Thema: Der Lehrermangel nach seinen Ursachen und Wirkungen. Es handelt sich, so legte der Redner dar, um einen Gegenstand, der das ganze Volksschulwescn so sehr trifft, daß wir uns dieserhalb nicht nur an die Unterrichtsbehörden, sondern an das gesamte Volk wenden, um darzutun, daß die Volksschulverhältnisse zu dürftig und armselig sind, daß man di<: Volksschule nicht so berücksichtigt und pflegt, wie er ihrer Bedeutung entspricht. Ja wir werden in die unangenehme Lage versetzt, vor der Öffentlichkeit zu bekennen ,daß die Volksschule gewissermaßen als eine Angelegenheit behandelt wird, die sich in d e m R a h m e n d e S ArmeneiutS bewegt. Der Kaiser hat gesagt, eS sei Menschen- quälerei, wenn ein Lehrer 70 Kinder unterrichten müsse; trotzdem ist weder der preußische, noch sind die übrigen Minister des Kultus aus ihrer Ruhe aufgeschreckt worden. (Heiterkeit.) Bei der Frage nach dem Wesen des Lehrermangels werden ost zwei Dinge durcheinander geworfen, der Lehrermangel iin engeren und im weiteren Sinne. Der Lehrermangel im engeren Sinne besteht darin, daß (im Jahr: 190V) 3077 ordnungsmäßig eingerichtete Lehrerstellen in Preußen unbesetzt waren; heute ist die Zahl der unbesetzten Stellen auf 4500 bis 5000 gestiegen. Der Lehrermangel im weiteren Sinne besteht darin, daß es 18 000 Schulklassen mehr gibt als Lehrer, daß 13 400 Schnlklassen überfüllt sind und ca. 3 Millionen Kinder nicht nach den Grundsätzen des Schulunterrichts, sondern nach denen der Armenver- waltung versorgt sind. (Lebhafte Zustimmung.) Aber das ist nicht allein in Preußen so; in anderen Staaten steht es gleich schlecht, in anderen noch schlechter. Dabei ist daS Uebel des Lehrermangels nicht kurzen DatumS; es zieht sich sch«n durch Menschenalter. Der Redner weist daS im Einzelnen nach. Der Redner gibt nun eine große Zahl von Schnlklassen aus den verschiedensten Gegenden des Reiches an, die überfüllt sind, und nennt Schulorganismen bis zu 4 Klassen, die von einem einzigen Lehrer versorgt werden müssen. (Hört, Hört!) In Preußen kommen auf 60, in Sachsen auf 61, in Baden auf 64. in R^uß älterer Linie 70. in Lippe-Detmold anf 75, in Schaumburg-Lippe auf 85 Kinder ein Lehrer.. Eine rühmliche Ausnahme machen die Hansestädte; in Lübeeck kommt auf 33, in Hamburg auf 35 und in Bremen auf 4? Kinder ein Lehrer. Im Osten ist der Lehrermangel ärger als im Westen. Die katholischen Landschulen deS Kreises Posen haben auf 103 Kinder einen Lehrer, in anderen Kreisen steigt diese Zahl bis auf 180. DaS nennt man Pflege des Deutschtums im Osten! Das ist Ostmarkenpolitik! (Beifall.) Der jetzige Minister Dr. Holle hat sich zum Ziele gesetzt, es dahin zu bringen, daß m Preußen auf 45 Kin der ein Lehrer komme. DaS ist ein Programm mit bescheidenem Ziel. Aber zu seiner Durchführung müßten in Preußen 53 000, im Reiche 77 000 Lehrer mehr angestellt werden. Wie ganz anders sind di» höheren Schulen, namentlich die Gymnasien versorgt. Auch die Volks schulen anderer Länder; in Dänemark kommt auf 35, in Norwegen uuf 40 nnd in Frankreich auf 50 Kinder ein Lehrer. Wir sprechen immer von der Uöberlegenhoit unseres HeereS; daS Kulturheer steht in Deutschland der Zahl nach Frankreich gegenüber nach. (LÄch. Zustimmung.) CS soll nnn nicht gesagt werden, daß auif dem Gebiete der Volk»- jchule völliger Stillstand herrsche. Es kommen gegen den Zeitpunkt vor etwa 50 Jahren auf 250 Kinder statt 3 heute 4 Lehrer. Aber das .st ein Tempo des. Fortschritts, als wollte man einen Eisenbahnzug im Schritt einholen. (Heiterkeit.) So kommen wir nicht auf die Hohe der Gegenwart. Man sieht eben die Volksschule nicht als eine staatliche Pflicht, sondern als ein Institut an, das man im großen und ganzen aus gutem Herzen schafft. Der Rodner schildert jiun die Folgen de» Lehrermangels und die Mittel zu seiner Abhilfe. Die Volksschule soll aufhören, Armenschule zu sein; sie soll die VolkSeinheitSschule wenden. ES gibt aber immer noch eine Richtung in der Politik, die die Volksbildung bekämpft und immer noch ist die Volksschule im Hinterhanse der Kirche untergebracht. Minister Holle meint, er könne die Geistlichen nicht als Vertrauensmänner in der Schule entbehren. Dadurch macht er den Lehrer zum pädagogischen Unterbeamten. (Beifall.) DaS Vertrauen des Staates muß auf demjenigen ruhen, der die Arbeit tut. (Lebhafter Beifall.) Zur Lehrerbildung bemerkt der Redner: Lente, die Pferde und Hunde kurieren, die Bäume pflanzen und Pflegen sollen, schickt man z>ur AnsbiKmng an die Uni versitäten, Leute, die Kinder erziehen sollen auch, aber nur nicht die jenigen, die die Kinder deS Volkes erziehen. unv decken wir ruhig, ein jeder in seiner Gemeinde die Schäden auf. Wenn man siebt, daß wir unsere Schule lieb haben, dann wird man uliv die Dichtung nicht versagen, und wir haben das Bewußtsein, durch unser» Kampf für die Schule unser Volk einer besseren unb schöneren Zukunft enigegenzuführen. (Brausender, lang anhaltender Beifall.) In der Diskussion sprachen die Vertreter verschiedener LandeS- lchrervereine Badens. Württembergs, Neuß jüngerer Linie. Braun» fchwcigs, Hessen-Nassaus von dem Lehrermangel in ihren Staaten. Lehrerin Fräulein Vetter-Dortmund weist die Behauptung des Referenten zurück, als wenn die Lehrerinn«! die Lehrer aus dem Amte drängen. Tie Lehrerin sei in dem Schulorganismus der Volksschule unentbehrlich; wenn sie nicht wäre, würde 1 Million Kinder ohne Schul unterricht auf der Straße liegen. Ter Referent bemerkte in seinem Schlußwort, das; die Lehrerschaft nicht die Anstellung der Lehrerinnen überhaupt bekämpfe. Man sei von ihrem Fleiße und ihrem guten Willen im Ticnste der Schule überzeugt; aber eS komme darauf an, wo die Lehrerinnen angestellt würden. Das geschähe am allermeisten in den Städten, wo die besseren Stellen sind. «Dadurch werde der Voltsschullehrerstand immer mehr zum Landschullehrerstand. Der Volköschullehrerstand wolle sich nicht in die Hinterhäuser zurückdrängen lassen, damit die Lehrerinnen in den Vorderhäusern leben und wohnen können. Tie Lehrerinnen wollten von oben in den Lehrerstand hinein steigen. Diese vorgelegten Thesen des Vortrags wurden angenommen. Zu gleich wurde beschlossen, den Deutschen Lehrerverein zu bitten, für eine Vervielfältigung des Towsfchen Vortrage? und für seine Verbreitung in allen interessierten Kreisen Sorge zu tragen. Tann schloß der Vorsitzende die Deutsche Lehrerversammlung. Zur Landtagswahlbewegung in Süder->Dithmarschen vird uns geschrieben: Zu denjenigen Kreisen, in denen die Freisinnigen bei der dieS- naligen Landtagswahl überraschend kräftige Fortschritte erzielt haben, jählt Süderdithmarschcn. Es wird Zwar noch nicht gelingen, das Man dat vcn den Konservativen zu erobern, da die Zahl der freisinnigen lLchlmäimcr. auch unter Zuzählung der wenigen Sozialdemokraten, noch um ein Geringes hinter der der Konservativen zurückbleibt. Es ist aber nicht nur die Zahl der freisinnigen Wahlmänner außerordentlich gcwackscn, sondern auch die der freisinnigen Urwähler. Damit ist der Beweis geliefert, das; bei den früheren Wahlen der Freisinn das stärkste Kontingent zu der sogenannten Partei der Nichtwähler gestellt hatte. Allerdings ist auch vor den diesmaligen Wahlen nach langer Panse erst wiedcr eine umfassendere Aufklärungsarbeit von liberaler Seite be trieben worden, die umso nötiger war, als der Widerwille gegen das Klassenwahlsystcin lvcit in die Kreise des Bürger- und Bauernstandes hinein, aber auch innerhalb der Beamtenschaft, zu einer Lethargie der Wähler geführt hatte. Dabei Ware» die Schwierigkeiten, um wieder Interesse für die Er füllung der Wahlpflicht in der Bevölkerung zu erwecken, nicht gering. ES muß nämlich l'crücksichtigt werden, daß der Kreis Süderdith- niarscken nur lvcnige. ganz kleine Städte aufweist, im übrigen aber einen rein ländlichen Charakter zeigt und daher agrarischen Einflüssen, die sich in ungenierter Weise geltend gemacht und auch die städtischen Gewerbetreibenden in ihren Bann zu ziehen vielfach versucht hatte, leicht zugänglich gewesen ist. Eine politische Organisation, die auch nicht den Terlvrismus als Sclnitz- und Kampfmittel verschmähte, war in strengster Form vom Bund der Landwirte geschaffen wor!«n und stellte sich, besonders bei den Wahlen, naturgemäß ausschließlich in den Dienst der Konservativen, die hier unter der Bezeichnung „freikonfervativ" auch die sogenannten Nationalliberalen für sich zu gewinnen wußten. Leider wird von dieser Seite, nm besonders die Beamtenschaft ^n die konservative Fahne zu fesseln, mit dem Märchen gearbeitet, daß nur konservativer Geist Königstreue in sich schließe und daß bei den Frei sinnigen das Vaterland nicht in hinreichend sicherer Hut sei. Selbst verständlich geht daneben die Behauptung her, daß die wirtschaftlichen Interessen des Landes nur unter streng konservativer Herrschast ge deihen könnten. Tie schon bei der letzten Reichstagswahl hervorgeholte, in Dithmarschen kurz „Schweinepolitik" genannte Deduktion, daß bei hohen Schweinepreisen der Bauer reich werde, nur die Konservativen aber für folche Preise Sorge trügen, mußte auch bei den Landtags wahlen dazu herhqltcn, die allerdings auf ernsteren und weniger ein seitigen Erwägungen beruhende, liberale Politik zu verdächtigen. Da bei hat der Dithmarscher hente bereits die bösen Folgen der „Schweine- Politik" am eigenen Leibe zu verspüren; denn die hohen Schweine- Preise existieren längst nicht mehr, während die Futtermittel, die er teuer bezahlen muß, nach wie vor seinen Geldbeutel schädigen. Da der dithmarscher Bauer anch kein Korn zum Verkauf übrig hat, so nützen ihm die hohen Kornzölle ebensowenig, während er die durch die konservative Schutzzollpolitik verschuldete Verteuerung sämtlicher Lebensbedürfnisse, der Geräte, der Kleidung, auch der Pacht für Grund und Boden mitzutragen hat. Tie Konservativen wissen sehr wohl, daß ihre, auf den Vorteil de? Großgrundbesitzers zugeschnittene Politik in den bäuerlichen Be zirken Dithmarschens auf Gefolgschaft in dem bisherigen Umfange nicht zn rechnen hat, und darum halten sie die vom Bunde der Land wirte veranstalteten Versammlungen unter Ausschluß der Öffent lichkeit ab, damit nur ja nicht ein Gegner des Bundes der hier zu sammengeführten Bevölkerung die Augen über die Volksfeindlichkeit des konservativen Gebahrens öffne. Der freikonservative Landtags kandidat Süder-Tithmarschens, der auch bisher diesen Kreis im Ab- geordnetenbanse vertreten hat, erklärte noch vor wenigen Wochen, daß er tren zum Bund der Landwirte halte und dessen Politik auch deshalb vollständig billige, weil hier die Männer säßen, die vermöge ihre? Reichtums Vorbilder für die Nation werden könnten und denen daher die höchsten Ehrenstellen im Heer und in der Marine, sowie in der preußischen Verwaltung zukämen! Man wird dieses Bekenntnis einer schönen Seele nickt gerade als volksfrenndlich bezeichnen können. Der artige Expektorationen verfehlen aber da nicht ihre Wirkuny, wo eine höhere und edlere, allerdings einfach demokratische Auffassung als vaterlandsseindNch und umstürzlerisch gilt. Vielfach sind liberale Gedanken derart dnrch die bündlerische Politik verdächtigt worden, daß gut freisinnige Männer es nicht wagten, sich als Wahlinäuner aufstellen zn lassen oder auch als Wähler ihre liberale Gesinnung znm Ausdruck zu bringen. Allerdings ist anch die Un kenntnis über das Wahlsystem und die Wahlpflicht so groß, daß viel fach das Gefühl, daß es sich nm eine wichtige staatsbürgerliche Ange legenheit handele, vollständig fehlt. Man begegnet auf dem Lande immer wieder der Ansicht, daß nur die Neichstagswahlen eine politische Angelegenheit bildeten, bei der auch der Privatmann mitzusprechen habe, 'während die Landtagswahlen Sache der Amtsvorsteher seiÄi, ohne daß hierbei eine Mitwirkung der Bevölkerung in Betracht komme, ja daß die Wahlmänner einfach von der Behörde' ernannt würden. IV. Die Lage in Persie«. Eine Depelche der „Nowoje Wremja" a»S Dshulka meldet: Gestern erhielt der Endshumen (politischer Klub) in Täbris ein Tele« gramm mit der Unterschrift dcS Schahs, daS folgenden Inhalt hatte: „In letzter Zeit haben nn zuverlässige Leute unter dem Schutz deS Medschläß unglaubliche Wilkür getrieben nnd Anarchie im Lande verbreitet. Juden, ich beschlossen liabe, diesem Unfug ein Ende zu bereiten, habe ich einzelne Schuldige streng bestraft. Ich werde weiterhin ebenso vorgehen nnd der Kon stitution treu bleibe n." Das kategorische energische Telegramm hatte die Wirkung einer Bombe. Der Endshumen, welcher soeben be schlossen hatte, dleEntthronung de« Schahs zu verkünde», begann zu schwante». Unerwartet hat der Schah von der Mehrzahl der Geistlichkeit Hilfe erhalte». Gleichzeitig bat die r u s s e n f e i n d l i ch e Bewegung abgenommen. Der Endshnnien in Täbris hat den Gedanken aufgegeben, 'mit Rußland zn drecken. Die russische Kolonie in Teheran bejürchtet j.doch die Zerstörung der dortigen russischen Gesandtschaft. ?omittbe llebmicbt. Hamburg, 12. Juni. — Vor dem Kriegsgericht. Die Z. Gardedivision hat die Ber- haudlnng gegen einen Onizier und fünf Unteroffiziere des 4. Garde» regiments zu Fuß wegen Mißhandlung von Untergebenen begönne». DaS Gericht beschloß die Oeffentlichkeit während eines Teils der Ver nehmung auszuschließen, da dabei Gefährdung der Sittlichkeit in Frage käme. Das Urteil wird vermutlich am Freitag erfolgen. keim vom tage. (Lokales.) O Vorbereitungen für den Besuch des Kaisers. Wie wir schon berichtete», sind die Borsiäude des Vereins Seeiahrt, des All' gcmeinen Alster-KlubS, und des Norddeutschen Regcttta-Bcrcins zu, sammengetrcte», nm die für die Datier der Anwesenheit des Kaisers im Uhlenhorst« Fährhaus am Abend des 2l).J»ni geplante Illumination der Alslernscr nnd dcn Lampwiikorso so einheitlich als möglich zn gestalten. Auch die Bandeputatlo» hat ihre Milwirknng zugesagt. Am Donnerstag abend konnte bereits etue JlluminationSprobe am Harvestehnder Ufer vor genommen werden. DaS Ufer des Vorgartens der Villa Behrens war für die Probe anSersehen. Drei hochstehende Holzgerüstc, die von Flambeanx gekrönt waren, waren dnrch eine doppeile Reihe farbiger Lampions vcrbnttdcn. Um 9'/, Uhr wurden die Lampions nnd die Flambeanx angezündet nnd gleichzeitig flammte in dem dunklen Hintergrund der hochliegenden Gärten am Harveslehnderweg bengalisches Licht in den verschiedensten Farben anf. Das Ganze machte einen sehr schönen Eindruck nnd fand, wie n»S mitgeteilt wird, dcn ungeteillcil Beifall dcö für die Veranstaltungen auf der Alster gewählten Anöschussis. Die Beleuchtung der Alsteruscr soll «ach Vorbild der gestrigen Probe am 2V, Juul am Harvestehnderweg, bei Bellcvue und au der Schönen Aussicht durchgejührt werden. DaS Uhicuhorster Fährhaus wird elek trisch illniniiiiett. An dcn Veranden, Balustrade» und >» deu Bäumen deS Gcntcus ist zu diesem Zweck bereits mit der Anbringung elektrischer Glühbirne» begonnen worden. Der vom Laugenziig aus beginnende Lampionkorso wird die Fahrt gegen 9'/, Uhr vald »ach der Aiitunst deS KaisrrS antreten, vor dem Fährhaus vorbeidcfilicren nnd dann am Harvestehnder Ufer und bei der Schönen Aussicht Aufstellung nehme». l5i» Brillaurscuerwerk wird das gauze vervolliiäudigeu. Bei der Heim fahrt deS Kaisers, die wie schon berichtet, mit der elektrische» Staals- barkasse „Bille" ersolgt, werden die an der Korsofahrt beteiligten Boote Spalier vllde». In,. Erhebliche Verkehrsstörungen anf der Neuen Elbbrücke. Seit länger als drei Wochen ist man verens mit einer Ncnpflasternng der Ncueu Elvvrücke beschäftigt und diese Arbeiten sind jetzt noch nicht einmal bis znr Hälfte fertiggestellt, werden also mindestens noch >ünf Wochen dauern. Der gesamte, riesige Wagenverkehr, der täglich über diese verhältnismäßig viel zn schmale Brücke fllttct, wird jetzt anf die Hälfte der Straßenbreite zusammen- gedräugt, Dle Wagen der Straßcnbahnliuieu 23 und 33 können mir daS eine GletS auf der Brücke befahren und vor der Brücke muß der eine Straßeubalnlwageu immer so lange warten, bis der andere Wagen über d>e lange Brücke gejahren ist. Mehrfach ist es auch vorgekommen, daß sich beide Straßenbahuwagen auf demselben GleiS auf der Brücke begegnete», dauu luußtc natürlich dereine zurück. I» lange« Reihen stehen auf lind vor der Brücke alle möglichen Fuhrwerke, vom schnellen Automobil t»S zum schwere» Lastwagen, alle inüßen warte», vis sie schubweise welterjahreu töuueu. Nur eiuem größere» Aufgebot von Schutzleuten ist eS möglich die Ordnung ausrecht zu erhalte». Trvtzdem entsteht aber, wenn ein Wagen einmal etwas zn weit gefahren ist nnd er nicht vorwärts und rückwärts kann, ein großer Wirrwarr. Eine erhebliche Gefahr bieten diese VerkehrS- lnndernisse beim Ausbruch eines FenerS auf der Veddel oder im Freihafen, wenn eS dem in der Billhoruer Brückenstraße »ationiertcn Zuge nicht möglich ist schnell nnd ungehindert über die Elbbrücke zn kommen. Tatsächlich ist dieser Fall gestern vorgekommen: Zng k mnßte annährend 10 Minuten warte», bis er über dte Brücke fahren konnte. Im Interesse deS Verkehrs ist eS daher dringend nötig, daß die Pflasternugsarbeiteu auf der neuen Elbbrücke beschlennigt werden. Auch der Vorstaud deS Veddel» BürgervereinS hat sich bereit» mit dieser Frage beschäftigt uud ein dringendes Gesuch an die Behörde gerichtet. § Schwere Brandwunden erlitt ein in derIsestraße wohnender 27 Jahre alter Komnns, der sich anf einem Spritkocher Wasser heiß machte. AlS er sich umwandte, riß er den Miiilatnrvfen um, der brennende Sprit setzte den Tisch in Brand nnd der Bewohner machte sich an die Arbelt, die Flamme» zu löschen. Dabel zog er sich erliste Brandwunden an den Händen nnd Armen z». § Messerstecherei Ju der Stresow Äraße gerieten zwei Arbeiter in Streit. Eiuer der beide» Mäuucr, ei» als jähzornig be kannter Bnrsche, zog plötzlich ein Messer nnd versetzte seluein Gegner mehrere Stiche in dle Unke Schulter. Der Gestochene hat ernstere Verletzungen davongetragen. Der Täter wnrde verhaftet, der Verletzte zn einem Arzt gebracht, der die Wnnden verband. 8 Der Dieb in Restaurants. I», Caf6 Opera verschwanden dieser Tage aus dem Blllardjaal drei wertvolle Gemälde von deu Wauden. Der Verdacht lenkte sich anf einen Gast, der bereit« ver- schwnnden war, und den man nicht kannte. Gestern abend kam der Mann wieder. Nachdem er sich gesetzt hatte nud der Geschäftsführer ver- ständlgt worden war, forderte man den Verdächtigen auf, ius Bureau zu kommen. In seinem Besitz fanden sich drei Tischtücher, die der Angehaltene, etil auf dem Gänjemarkt wohnender Maschinenbaner, in dem Heilmaunschen Restaurant anf St. Pauli gestohlen hat. Auf dem Wege zur Wache versuchte der Festgenommene die Tischtücher zu „verlieren", der Schutzmann beinertle aber den Vorfall uud sorgte dafür, daß daS oorxu« ckslieti zur Wache kam. <Hafe».) ^ Von der Schiffahrt. Der Wasserstand der Elbe erreichte heute früh um L Uhr bei Hochwasser nnd schwachem Ostsüdostwind (Windstärke 1) eine Höhe von 7 Fuß 6 Zoll über Null. — Im Admiralitätslraßeuflet wurde in letzter Nacht die herrenlos treibende Schute 2KK6 vou der Hafenpolizei gevorgeu. -»- Querab von der Pontonanlage der Fähre 5 wnrde gestern vor mittag eine im Tan deS Schleppdampfers ,,H. F. Weslphal 3" gehörende beladene Kohlenschnte zum Kcutern gebracht, woraus sie, nachdem die Kohlen heranSgefallen waren, kieloben wieder znm Vorschein kam. Der Ewerführer rettete sich dnrch einen Sprung auf deu Schlepper. — Die unterhalb deS Schanzengrabens infolge Kollision mit dem Harbnrger Passagierdampsei? /Prunus" vorgestern gesunkene Kohlenschute ist gestern wieder gehoben worden. — Mit der Bergung deS tu vorletzter Nacht im Köhlbraud gesunkenen kleinen Dampfbaggers der Bremer Bangesellschaft ist hente morgen begonnen worden. — DaS bereits alS überfällig gemeldete Bremer Segelschiff ,Marie Heckfeld" ist jetzt in Jpswich eingetroffen. DaS Schiff hatte im März bei Eap Horn einen fchwerenOrkan »u bestehen, inlolaedefsen dieLadung überging und ein großer Teil geworfen werden mußte, um da« auf t »e Seile gelegte Schtz» wieder gerade zu trimmen. Dem Schiffe wurden von der Windsbraut DccksgegenstSnde »nid Boote zertrümmert und diverse Segel zerrissen. — Die Le»chtto»ne H. 5 in Hnbertgat ist etwa 5lX) Meter nach Westen von ihrer Position vertrieben. Bei Alisteuerung ist deshalb Vorsicht geboten. X Rückwanderer. Mit dem gestern angekommenen englischen Dampfer „Nottingham" trafen 269 Rückwanderer aus Amerika hier ein und reisten per Bahn weiter. ^ Ertrunken ? Am I. Pfingsiseiertage fuhr der in der Fischer» straße auf St. Pauli wohnende 42jährige Werftarbeiter Amandus Wülsten mit seiner Familie per Passagierdampser nach Buxtehude, um Verwandte zn besuchen. — Am Abend machte Wülsten einen Spazier gang in dte Umgebnug von Bnxtehnde, kehrte aber nlcht zurück. -» Da alle Nachforschungen vergebens gewesen sind, so vermutet man, daß er bei dem Spaziergange ins Wasser gefallen nnd ertrunken ist. Der Verschwundene war infolge eines vor sünf Jahre» auf der Branden- bnrgschen Werft erlittenen Unfalles etwas schwachsinnig geworden, ^ Entführte Barkasse. Vorgestern wnrde die dem Transvorteur R. Günther gehörende Motorbarkasse im Werte von 3S0V Mk. am Halleschen User entsührt. Gestern wurde daS Fahrzeug mit ca. Iltv» Psitiid altem Eisen belade»» bel der neuen Hammerbrookschle^se von der Hasenvolizej angetroffen nnd vorläufig »lebst Inhalt beschlag nahmt. Der Eigentümer wurde sofort benachrichtigt. ^ LebenSrettnng. Der auf der englischen Viermastbark ,Olive- banl" bedienstete farbige Koch A. Rose versuchte gestern nachmittag einen Volt der Pontonaulage an der Kehrwiederspitze abfahrenden Fähr« dampser noch durch einen Sprung zn erreichen, fiel dabei aber inS Wassrr und mit ihm eine Nation Knackwürste. Dem hinznkommenden Tallymann A. Padst gelang eS, den Koch zu retten, während die Knack» würste verloren gingen. ^ Feuerwehr hilf. Gestern mittag brach mitten auf dem Eisen« bahnübernang am Veddelerdamm der mit schweren Kisten beladene Wagen 49Z1 der Firma C. Windhausen zusammen. Da der Eisenbahn verkehr dadurch lahm gelegt wordeu war, so requirierte man den Zug 8 der Feuerwehr, welche das HiuderuiS forträumte. ^ Ein wandelndes Kolonialwarenlager» AlS gestern abend der N-eder eines am St. Panli-Fischmarkt liegenden Flschdampfevs noch einmal »ach selnein Dampser sehen wollte, bemerkte er, daß sich der Schisfskoch schwer beladen von Bord entfernen wollte. Der über raschte Küchenchef machte daher sofort wieder Kehrt uud warf die Sachen, die ans vom Dampfer entwendetem Mehl, Fleisch, Zucker, Korinthen, Rosine», Sago, Grieß, grüner Seise u. s. w. bestanden, von sich. Der nnredliche Küchenchef wnrde) nach der Wache geholt. ^ Verhaftung. Ein obdach- nnd stellenloser russischer Trimmer wurde nachts am Halleschen Ufer von einer Hafenpolizeipatrouille in Persennigen eingewickelt schlafend angetroffeu nnd in Haft genommen, da er sich bereits längere Zelt mittellos dort nmhergetrieben und jedenfalls seinen Unterhalt durch Diebstähle gefristet hat. Verband der gewerblichen Genossenschafte« in der Provinz Schleswig-Holstein. Altona, 12. Jnni. * Am Vorabend des Berbandstages fand, nach einer kurzen Be grüßung der Delegierten durch die Handwerkerbank Altona gestern abend in Pabst Gesellschaftsbaus eine öffentliche Handwerker-Ver sammlung statt, in der Herr Vcrbandsdirektor K o r t h a u s - Berlin über die „Hebung der sozialen Stellung des Hand werkerstandes u n d Verbesserung seiner materi» ellen Lage durch Genossenschaften" sprach, lieber die Bewertung des Handwerks gehen die Ansichten weit auseinander, halten doch manche moderne Volkswirtschaftler das Handwerk in seiner jetzigen Gestalt für überlebt und reif zum Untergang. Demgegenüber vertritt der Redner den Standpunkt, daß für das Handwerk noch durchaus ein Platz an der Sonne frei sei. Das Geheimnis des Erfolges eines jeden Berufs liegt in zwei Worten: Bildung und Organisa tion. Der heutige Handwerksmeister muß neben tüchtigen Fachkennt nissen ebenso tüchtiges kaufmännisches Wissen besitzen und soll sich nicht in ständigen Klagen über die Not des Handwerks ergehen, denn im Wirtschaftsleben nutzt das Klagen nie etwas. Ein gesunder nnd berechtigter Stolz des Handwerks trägt auch zu dessen Ansehen bei. Viele Zusammenbrüche im Handwerk sind durch Nachlässigkeit in der Buchführung verschuldet und deshalb müssen die Handwerker unbedingt ordnungsmäßige Bücher führen. Es feblt im Handwerk nicht an Organisation,^ vielleicht ist sogar ein Ueberflnß daran vor handen, insofern nicht alle praktische Arbeit leisten. Die ErwerbS- und Wirtschaftsgenossenschaften arbeiten eminent praktisch, sie werden aber von vielenBerufsgenofsen nicht genügend gewürdigt. Es sind in den letzten Jahren über 1VM Genossenschaften gegründet worden, die zum Teil große Erfolge erzielten; es fehlt aber das allumfassende Band, der Wille zur Macht, wie er beispielsweise durch den Bund der Landwirte im Bauernstand repräsentiert wird. Konventionen nnd Kartelle sind gegen dcn Produzenten gerichtet und der Einzelne ist gegen die Syndi kate ohnmächtig; große Genossenschaften sind aber eher in der Lage, ungemessene Preiserhöhungen abzuwehren. An? Beispiele des Deutschen Fleiscbcrverbandes zeigt der Redner, daß Genossenschaften in der Lage sind, die Marktpreisgestaltung zu beherrschen oder doch zum mindesten nachhaltig zu beeinflussen. Der zielbewußte Handwerker darf nicht darin ermüden, feine Bcrnfsgenossen immer und immer wieder auf die 'GenosscnfchaftSbildung hinzuweisen, die vereinten Kräfte vieler Kleiner geben zusammen einen gewaltigen Nutzeffekt und in der gegen wärtigen Jeitstvömung, in der alles auf Vereinigung und Organisation drängt, muß auch der Handwerker darauf bedacht sein, seine wirtschaft liche Position zu stärken, und dies geschieht am Besten durch den Zu sammenschluß zu großen Genossenschaften. — Für den mit lebhaftem Beifall aufgenommenen Vortrag dankte der Vorsitzende, Direktor G. S ch w a n d t - Kiel, dem Redner und begrüßt dann die anwesenden Vertreter der Behörden. Dr. orleder - Altona heißt namens des Magistrats Altona den Verbandstag herzlich willkommen, versichert die Anwesenden oes Wohlwollens der städtischen Behörden und schließt mit einem Hoch anf das deutsche Handwerk. An den Vortrag schloß sich eis Kommers, lämMen-Nacdkkdüii. verlobt» Frl. Flora Elchwege mlt Hrn. Marlin Magnus (Hamburg).-»Frl. strieda Holst mit Hrn. Hn»S Llebau <Haml'uri,). — krl. Auguste Tiedje mit Hin, Robert Lüthje <Marne-Ni«nftedten>. — Frl. Martha Dücker mit Hrn. Wtlh. Reichelt «Altona-Hamburg). — Frl. Helene Grimm mit Hrn./Han» Eteudemann tvamburi,« «ltenburg S.-Ä.). — Frl. Allee Buhve mit Hrn. Hohn Röde <H»mburg»Bahla>. — Frl. Margarete Münster mit Hrn. Kurt Meyer (Lübeck). Verheiratet» Hr. August Pfeiffer mit Frl. G«uerat-A»z«iger für Hamburg-Altona vom Eonnabe«», de» 1». Jnni IVOS E«tte» AZ eirernl A nzeiger sSr Hamiurg-Moua. Blatt S Sonnabend, de« RS. Juui tS^S BolkS-Schausptelhans. Ällavendlich gastierr da» Eusemdle deS Luisen-Thenters ,niS Berlin uiit dem Schauspiel ^DeS MädcheuS Leben^wrqe", , Steinbutt 1.00—l.IV Im Etablissement »Mühleltkamp*, Inhaber A. Bukowiecki, findet I kleine tt.LS—0.70 von Sountog, den 14, b>SL9. J»»>, w eoer ein Bayerische» Volksfest statt, I Seezungen 170 l.tjv ^estleirer ist Baron N>kl. DaS Ensrnibte umfnkl «»kl. 2 Oberläudler I keine 1.L0—1.2S Kcipellen, bny rijchc Kelinerinueu tn Nationaltracht, etwa SV Personen. Am Sounnveud abend findet Bierprobe >»!t Konzert der beiden Kap llen de! freiem Entree statt. K»»chmarrtber»a^» von «»»»»a. Die vngroSvreije stellte» sich per Pfund am 12 Zm«t. lelegramme uns neuezie Nachrichten. Mbdrolk unserer Etgeatelearamme nur mit Quellea«i>>>e gestattet.) Die Wahrmuttd'Affäre. Innsbruck, liZ. Jn»i. (Privattelegramm.) Professor Wahrmuud gibt die Erklärung av, dag bei seinem Absehe» von dcn Vorlesungen von einem Verzlcht oder gar Rückzug keine Rede sein kvnne. Er sei lediglich dem Verbot deS MniisterS nachgekomm.u und werde dagegen Rekurs einlege». Ei»» Attentatsversnch iu Reval? London, IS. Jnni. lSpezialtelegramm.) Der „Standard", der jetzt nicht mehr so zuverlässig ist, wie früher, erzählt eine Geschichte von einem vereitelten Attestat auf den Zaren in Reval Eine Lehrerin in Reval, die feit einigen Jahren insgeheim der anarchistischen Gruppe angehörte, war beauftragt, eine Bombe in dem Moment zu werfen, wo die Zarcufamilie den Bahnhof in Reval betreten wilrdk Die Anarchisten hatte« ursprünglich beschlossen, für dieses Attentat eine Anzahl Männer nach Reval zu schicken. Da sie aber erfuhren, dast nur Schulkinder unter 14 Jahren Zntritt erhalten würden, veranlagten sie die Lehrerin, sich Zutritt zu verschaffen. Cie erhielt von dem anarchistischen Komitee Auf trag, sich btreitznhalte», die Bombe in Empfang zu nehmen, sie verlor aber deu Mut, den granenhaften Auftrag auSznführeu und beging Selbstmord, indem sie sich am Tage vor der Ankauft des Zaren vom Zuge überfahren ließ. Die Verantwortung für diese Geschichte trägt der „Standard". Kleige, gr. V.75—0.65 kleine V.40-0L0 Natzungen VLZ—0.58 Scholien, gr .v.80 —V.82 mittel 0.78—0.L0 Seehechte KM—-0LÜ V«miilsc^«bL.!<>—LL0 Höchen 0.0t—Ott! Leugsrsch 0.0V—H0H Kabliai^gr. <^06— kleine <X0S—UZS Schnepel — Maistsch — Ailstern«p.100St. (Altona.) * 's Geh. Justizrat Muhle. Wie nn« soeben initgeteilt wird, ist heute »acht der Erste Staatsanwalt Geh. Justizrat Muhle gestorben« * Zur LandtagSwahl. Die am Donnerstag vollzogenen Nach wahlen »n 2., 8., 11. und 73. Urwcchlbezirk ergaben in vier 2 Klasse bezw> in einer 1. Klasse 1 Wahtmcnin sür Menck und 4 Wahlniänner slir Wnldstein. «. Keine genügende Teuerungszulage. Die Schutzleute haben »in Eihöhuug des WobunugSgeldzusainsstö nachgesucht Sie halten den ihnen gewährte» WohuuugSgeid^uschnn voll 5 Prozent ihre? Gehalte? sür nicht genügend, im, der jetzigen Teuerung Herr zu werden. ». Petition der Exekntiv-Polizeibeamtcn. Bei der vorgesevten Behörde Valien die Exelnliv-Polizeivcninteu das E>suchen gestellt, daß n!»en, gleichwie den Schiitzienien, in besiimmteu Zwischeuräumei« eiu wirklich freier Tag gewährt werde. ES kam nämlich mitunter vor, daß die Beamten sogar all ihren freien Tagen Dienstleistungen »lachen inubten. o. In der Untersuchungshaft verraten. Eine Arbeiterin, die in UiitersuchnngKhcifl geweieu ivar, gab an, dag die Plätterin B. aus der Uuzerstrcche eine Uhr, Ringe, Kle,d»»gsstttcke »»d sonstige Sachen ge stohlen dali?. Die Verdächtigte wmde in einem Salon angetroffeu und ve> hastet. Desgleichen geriet ihre Schwester in Haft, weil diese sich der Hehlerei schuldig gemacht hat. Ans den Nachbargebieten. Wandsbek, 12. Juni. X Als Vertreter der Stadt Wandsbek auf dem Schleswig» Holsteinischen Siädletag in Tondern sind die Herren O»crl»">lger- inn>lcc Rauch, stellvertretender BlirgenvorthaUcr Sprössel uud Stadt verordneter FlachLbart d>si>lniert. X Ab- und davongegangen ist ein Mnsikergehilfe des Kapell» meistere O. unter Mnnayme eiuer Klarinette und eiu?s ZyIindelS. Als der Äehilie in einem hiesige» Tcnizsalou spielen sollte, zog er es vor zu verschwinden, wodurch er seinen Chef »in 70 Mk. schädigte. X Betrug. Im Slprit kaufte ein angeblicher Bleicher L. von dem Ulmnacher M in der Wendemuthstraße Hühner im Werte von 30 Mk., worauf er eine Anzahlung von 20 Mk. machte. Jehl hat sich heraus gestellt, dag der Käufer sich einen falich .'U Naimn beigelegt hat und ohne den Reit von 10 Mk. zu zahlen nach Hamburg verzöge» lst. X Diebstähle. Dem Privalier S. >» der Lindcnstrnsze wnrde während des Mutagöschlaies aus dein Schlafzimmer die goldene Taschenuhr nebst Keile ge.'tohlen. -- Dem Hau^mnkler v. G. in der Lüvecke»strasze wurde miiteiS Nachschlüssel« aus bissen Wohnziinincr eine goldene Dnmennhr mit silbeuier Kelle und ein goldenes Armband ent wendet, X Nasfinierier Schwindel. Der Musiker D. ans Hamburg wnrde gestern ui «Mona von einem angcbitchen Mnsi'er I. ziüu Musizieren in Wandsbek angenommen. Beide machten sich da>imf e.nf den Weg nach hier und begaben sich in eine Wirischast a» der Lndccki,r>nai',c. Während D. daö Ä»stzlui»ier ans einen Angeiiblick vel lassen baue, bennyie I. die Gelegenheit zn verschwinden nnter Mniiahine von D'^ Initiumcnt. Späier wurde D. von leincin verstt lvnndenen Kollegen leiephonisch ersucht, sofort »ach Rahlstedt zu lvmmen, wo die angeblich,: Kapelle schon spiele. D. fuhr «ach Rahlstedt, fa»d sich aber betrogen. Lüneburg, 12 Jnni. L. Besuch des Kaisers. Wie hier verlautet, wird der Kaiser auch gelegentlich seiner diesjährigen .lutouiolnlsahrt durch die Heide von Hannover nach Hamburg uui ^nni »inszcr i^clle unserer Stadt einen Besuch nustnttcn, iun in der Iohanniskirche das voii ihm gestiftete Altar fenster Zu vesichtigen. Dahlenburg. 12. Juni. Mord'^ Seit dem zweiten Pfingftfeiertag aliends wurde das ILjähri^e Ticnstmäochen Johanna Tieetinann ans 2ommerbeck ver miß. Ta>^ Mädchen hatte das hiesige schüyenfcst besucht und sich abendö L Ubr nach Hause begeben. Da es hier aber nicht ankam, wurden Nachforschungen angestellt. Hestern morgen wurde die Ver- misztu' a.n Ä>ege nach Zoinnierbeck als deiche ans einer Wasserkuhle gezogen. Sämtliche Sachen nnd Geld ivaren bei der Leiche vorhanden. Ta aber Druckstellen am Halse der Toten und auch andere Umstände auf ein Verbrechen schließen lieszen, wnrde eine gerichtliche Untersuchung eingeleitet. tticl, 12. Iii»!. Qs Ztapellauf. Auf der Hcrmaninwerft lief heule das Artillerie -chrUschiff „Trache" glücklich von? Ztapel.» ?aS 770 Tonnen grohe schiff wird den jetzigen Artillerietender „Ulan" ersetzen und dauern/» in Sonderburg stationiert werden. ^ (Erpressung. Ein stellungsloser Handlnngsgebülfe Robert Medow ans Hnmlnng tauchte in .Hiel anf und versuchte Erpressnngen gegen Angehörige der wegen begangener Unterschleife auf der Werst Verhafteten. Auf der Hauptpost wurde er verhaftet. Krempe» II. Juni. e!t. Rathansrenovierung. Am Znli wird mit der Renovierung des hiesigen Rathanses begonnen. TaS Ratkau<> ist im Zahre 1570 als gemauert. Tie noch vorliandenen ^-achiverkseiten bieten einen stattlichen Scholle», kleine 0.32—0,40 Schellfische,gros« 0LL—0.38 »littet 0.18-0^0 kleine 0.15—0.16 Karpfen, lebend — LachS, rothfleisch — Silberlach» 1.60-240 LachSforelleu I.2S—180 Flughechte 0.50—0.75 2 Dampfer: Bunte Sllh, Roche, zusammen k5tXX)Psd. «Ewer.54kl.Fahrzeuge. Mltlel-ZnfuhroonauSwäriS. Tendenz: Pott! Anberaumt- Anktioneu. Sonnabend, IS. Juni. Uhr, «Slbstrahe 0^ »Mahleuburg*. Pfänder. «SertchtSvollttehev-»«». l<> Nvr. Stkllshop b»t Hrn. WawarowSli. I Malt Laach. HomeSer. 10 Uhr, Ultona,Wtthelmstr. 7L. Mobtlien, NShmaschine^ Neol. Nolze. Uhr. Wexstrabe t«, I, s/tobiltea, giaarre», Ul»ren x. öttchard 10'/, Udr. Kl. Burstah ly. I. Mobillen. Gcroinen, Teppiche. Sieg«. Lioa. lv'/, Uhr, Gr. Neumarir Sl. Mobllten, HauSstandSiachen. Herrn. Eohu. 1V'/, Uhr. Belle-Älllancestr. 7l d. Moblllen« Mo'orwagen ic. I. ikndrade. SchiffS-Stachrlchtea. (Per illelchStelegraph.) Euxhave»» 1!. Junl, nachmltt»«?. Angekommen: «chiif, von: Noord Holland (D) v»/« U, — Wald Radeuiocher (D) 11^/« Grimöby Marie <D» !»'/< U. — Martha Sauber (D) 12 Seaham B, F, 677 <F»D) England Torcovavo (P-D) 3^/« Brasilien Emma Sauber (D) tt'/« Newcastle Udr: »lichtS l» «lchr. W>ndl NO, i. leicht. Wetter: »gedeckt Baroniee^ 7S6.S. Therm,: -s- 1i»,S" S Helgoland »eldei: Wind: SSO. s. leicht. — Wetter- Heiter Sehr ruhige See. Tafts Wahl gesichert. Nenyork, 11. Juui. Nach einer Meldung aus Chicago versuat Taft bereits über die Stimmen von 49 IDelegierten des Ntitioualkonvents, so dag seine Au>steUuug als Präsident schaftskandidat gesichert ist. Chinas Erwachen. Sir Robert Hart, der chinesische Generalinspektor des ZollwesenS. :raf anf seinem Urlaub in Southampton ein. Er äußerte sich über das Erwachen Chinas in sehr günstigem Sinne. Der „Berl. Lok.-Anz." lätzt sich darüber telegraphieren: London, 12. Juni. In einem Gespräch mit einem Journalisten sagte Hart, China sei in ganz vorzüglichem Zustande uud der Fori- si^ritt Landes sehr befriedigend. Tic Chinesen wären nicht trü gerisch gesinnt, aber gute Soldaten, die keine Todesfurcht kennen. Es würde jedoch lange dauern, bis China eine Militärmacht sei, dagegen könne es auf dem Gebiet des Handels gefährlich werden, und dies sei die größte gelbe Gefahr. Cuxhaven, 12. Juni, morgens. Augetommeui ib lli v ou Eobra (D) 4'/« tl. Hörnum Sverre Stgurdsson LD) 4»/, Norwegen Titan (Schl) 4^/, U. Bremen Breiner Lourtir tLelchter) do. Vothland (D) S U. Manchester Hartlei, (D) ö'/« U. Btyth vioemsontetn (F-D) S'/, — Karanja (D) Neweastle !>. e»t!al (D) do. Sr. Helens <D) ö'/< U. MlddleSbro Triton t«rbl) 6'/, U. Bremerhaven Nr. «j, 44 u. IN cKähne) do. Biene (D) 7'/« U. — Beowulf cS»l)7»/«U. Bremen Dorimuna (Leichter) do. Torreivoudent (Leichter) do. «eihania <P»D) ?>/, Newvort Newö B-uaoterVI (D)S'/t U. Rotterdam Emma kScho) — Rvm (D) U. Eines »lnnaiidate (D) U. wrimSdh Deutschland (Petrl,»D) v>/« N-uyork Rhodos (D) Klelnafien (Rachdruck verdoren,) Schiks von: Senator Strack (F-D) d. Nordsee S-deration (D) »t»/« U. Weftvartlepov^ Virondeüe (D) U. Harwtch Rapollo (D) IS U. — Apollo (D) IL',« U. «msterda« Sltv of Bradsord (D)«'/, GnmSby Woodhorn (D) 4"/« ll. Blyth wtndi Ell», lelcht. Wetter. Bewölkt Barom.: 764,9. — Therm. 14.S" « Eaxhave«. is. Juni, vormittags Angekommen: s a> > ^ »on Jlaro (D) fehlt Westafrika Rawcllff-(D) 4»/« U. Coole Sama «ruz lP-D) s»/,Buenos Alre» HonoriuS (D) b'/« ll. La »lata Äannet (D) «V« U. London Maro (D) «>/< U. Neweastle Eliie (g.D) S»/, U. d. Nordsee vercules (Schl) ?»/« U. Bremen kladderadatsch (Leichter) Bremen Hun»e I (D) S'/« ll. — Hunze XV (Leichter) — Bruno (D) «»/. a. Hull SiriuS (Schl) 7'/« U. Bremerhaven i» Lähne do. Falstad (D) 8 Ui Neweastle Otto (F-D) 9 U. d. »tordsee v'/« Uvr: Dampfer tn Sicht. Wind- SSSA leicht, ^«ter Bede<tt Baromet.: 7S4.S. Therm.! -t» L4.S " S Hei««la»d >»el»ee: Wind: SW» schwach. — Wetter: Bebxckt Ruhige See, Eintritt der Ftnt »ad Ebbe am IS. Juni tu Hamburg Klüt l 6b de »1'/«UI4»/,U in Cuxhaven Flut > S dbe Die Neuyorker Wettbill angenommen. Nenyork, 12, Juui. (B. T.) Wie ail>Z Albauy gemeldet wird, bat der Senat deS Staates Neuyork »iit 26 gegen 25 Stimmen die vom Gouverneur HugheS eifrig befürwortete Bill gegen das Wetten anf deu Nenn Plätzen angenommen. Die Gegner der Borlage, welche daS Pnbliknm im gauzeu Staate seit Wochen aufs lebhasteste erregt, suchten sie durch. ^ Anträge zu Fall zu brin.ie», die auch daS Bvrsenspiel unter die I Z.'//.. St..Zient, Ä'üoe Bestimmultgeii des Gesetzes bringen wollten. Die Annahme der j s>/»V«. KnrS,Bericht. tSrühturs« vom Tag«.) Hainburg» d« u, Juni IS«. Dani>ig, 12. Juui. Im Laufe deS gestrigen Tages trafen ans allen Teilen Deutschlands Vertreter deS deutsche» F l o t t e u V e r e i u S e i n. Abends um acht Uhr faud im ArtuShof Begrüßuug statt, au ivelcher auch Regierungspräsident van Jagow teiluahm. Heute vor mittag um 10 Uhr tritt der Gesauitvorstauv im Schützenhausc zujamme«. Die Prinz Heinrich-Fahrt. jtiel, IL. Juni. Der Start, der an der Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt teilnehmenden Automobile sür dic Strecke Kiel—Flensburg—Husum— Anblia, Tas Crdgcschosz bildet eine grosze Halle, deren offenes Balken werk l>an schönen Stichen mit .Uopfbandei n gefallen wird. Das Rat haus ist ein rechteckiger Vau mit lioben Giebeln: der Aordgiebel stöszt hart an die .ttreinpan, der Sudgiebel ist dem Marktplätze Augetehrr. ?ln dieser ^cite ist auch die Eingnngstiir, über der sich da^> schleswig- bvlsieiuische und daö Äreinper Wappen befindet. Neben der Hanstür starteten >27 Wagen, die in einem Heitabstande von je einer Minute einander folgten. Ter letzte Wagen »erlieg 7.W Uhr den Start. Zwei Wagen wäre:: auszer Konkurrenz. Bei Nienjahn werden die Automobile die erste Schiielligleitc-prüfung in der Ebene über 9'/. Kilometer abzu legen Häven. Hnsnm, 12. Juui (Originaltelegramin.) Auf der Prinz Heinrichfahrt trug der erste Wagen die Nummer 1740. steht i,m» noch die Spuren des früheren breiten Eingangs zum Rats- ! ^ weitere 32 Wagen ein. reller. ?lnf dem roten Ziegeldache befindet ficb ein Dachreiter, der in > Unfälle s«nd Nicht vekannt geworden, seinem Innern ein Zimmer mit GlaSfenster» birgt, von dem ans man I ^ . „ . . . - ' Rändert,cher Ueberfall anf e,n Zollamt. TifliS. IS. Juni. «B. M.) Gestern mittag wurde die Kasse des Zollamts von zehn Räubern überfallen und ausgeraubt. Der Ver walter, vier Diener und noch eine Person wurden getätet. Bei der Verfolgung wurden drei Räuber getötet und einer verwundet. Außer dem wurden zwei Polizeibeamte verwundet. Sechs Räuber mit den geraubten 24 000 Rnbeln entkamen. E»aatS-u.Städte-A«leil,«u »'/,'/« Dt1ch.R,ich««K »».So «-! I I w.«° -'i.V. ,. omort. — «nleih- v. l««7 N.S» Hbg.«nl.v. ISS» «.S». .-»»» >«.so 5'/«Hb.amor. St.-Aiil. >Ä.8» M-ltl.S-ns.lSS0 »t.oOS Prt.cs.St.-Snl. »l.»S »'/«. "2.80 «Ä I. SS-«" »>/,./« Aüoiiaer Siadt» «»leihe ». lSS« »l.«0>Z! ««/.»-rg-dri. »'/«'/«Harbg. St..«nl. Kiel. Etadt-An- leihe v. IS7S/9I »S.00l» «'/, Wandib. Su-Attl. »8.UVS «»/, Schl.Holst. Rlbvs. S8.SU« »>/,'/, Dän, St,.Rente ÄS.7S« >'/»'/« Norwg. Staats« Anteil»« v. ISS« »S.OV» Schweb. Stamt» ilnleihe -. ISSO SS.00S «>/,0r»sII. Sold-Anl. von I86S 8Z.U»l «»/. Shi». Sold-Anl. «n Deutsch!. v.ISSS l0S.M>« «hin. Sold-Anl. von IS9S in t.' Uk.äUS »'/.'/»J>al!iN'lch«Rcnt- tv4.0U<ii »./»Inner« Meiican. Staat«-«»leih» 77.S0» «'/»'/, O-st.Pap..Z!eut, , »8.»«» 4«/,. Sold. «t.75« 4»/, Russ.Soid-Anltih« ll. und III lS»0 ^1.40» 4»/, Ungar. Sold-Rt«. «S.S» 4»/. , 4'/, IverHtnt-Vnmir« VS.OV» 4'/,'/. Winth.vrm>»r«i lvl.00« «./»Zl«best-u.Smn»t^ V4.i<ta> 4'/» Nordd-Jute-Spt» u. Wed«rti V7.00« 4'/, Hb.-Zlmer. Packets. von 1S9S Ä8.SVB Paaetl, »».SV« 4./, Hb». - Slidamertt. Dampfschiff.-«. S«.l0« S'/, «natol. Sisendahu lSl.vo» Jtal.«lsenbahn. Obllg., Staattg. 70.70« Electrtcttät»- ert» S8.V0S 4>/,'/, Straß.» Obligattonen V. l<X>.!iSS Hypothekenbriefe. W.I0 einen Ilcberblick über die im Rechteck gebaute altertümliche Stadt genießt. Ein Tisch in diesem Limmer stammt wahrscheinlich noch anö der Zeit der Erhauung des Rathauses, ?as gan.^e ilbergeschos; war srüber ein gratzee Saal. ^ei<t ist der Saal zwar verkleinert, aber er .zeigt sich noch in alter Schönheit. Pan dem «aale abgetrennt ist das Sitzungs zimmer nnb das Stadtarchiv, Ersteres ist mit einem llls geschenkten Gemälde „Salomons Urteil" geschmückt, da? aber später von unkundiger Hand übermalt worden ist. lieber dem Rathanssaal im Dachgeschoß wird noch der sogenannte „Bürgergeborsam" gezeigt, ein Verließ, in das man renitente Bürger einsperrte. Hnsnm. 1.'. Ilm« u, Muritbcricht. Ter S ch w e i n e m a r t t war mit 485 ferkeln r>:sp. ^'.lügschn'eine» beschickt. Ferkel in geringc:er Ware kosteten 1ö- 17 Mnrt, iii besserer Ware 18 19 Mark pro Stück. Fette Schweine bedangen Mark, Säue Mari pro 100 Pfnnd Lebend gewicht. Markt lvnrde bei raschein Handel geräumt. Am M a g e r- d i e h m a r l t standen >'2 Stück Hornvieh nnd ^MSchafe nnd Lämmer. Tragende ,^i>ue kosteten Mark, Schafe mit M>ei Lämmern' k>!>—!^l> !N?nrk, junge Schafe —^8 Mark, (Ärasläinmer 1V—W M'2rt Pro Stück. Mitteil,ans den Tlieaterbnreans. Pariötös te. Schnitze»Theater. Ter erfolgreiche Schwank ,D!e blaue ^taus" morgeii bereiis zum 15 Male in Szene. Von Moutag ab U'telt Herr Hn»o R ek>l die Rolle des Herr» Burg. NcneS Operetten-Theater. hamd.Hyp -vk.» Brtese IV»'/, do. »ntllndb blt IS1Z R).-iS »'/, do. Ser. 141,Z50 Sv.vv 4'/, do, unkdb. b, lglv VV.8S 4«/, do. unkündb,b,lS1» »7.IU 4«/, d» do. »I« 19,6 W.W 4'/, Sch««d. R«tch». v»P.-vsdbr.» 1S7» »«.»«« Prtorititts- Obligationen. <'/>'/« Aannb. Brauer. 4v,Lbr. «ermania S8.SV«^ 4'/»'/, Ktrat-Eisende LbU^Vt.—Vlll. tvl.ZS LoS-Paptere. Braunschw^ONr^Los« 17S.4VL »>/,'/. «»ln-Rlndemr Prämien-Anteil lZZ.ZV »'/«'/, Gothaer Prid»» Psandbr. l. «. ISS.S0S Gotha« Prim^ Psandbr. ll. S. llit.00« »./, Hamburg«? 1SSS SV Taker-Los« l4Z.lö Lübecker Stadt- Prim.-Anleih» lSS.SV 4./, Meininger Prim^ Psandbries« lZV.VY Meintnger 7 fl.-L«s» SZ.iUS i'/, Oesterreich«? 1S60 ö«0 fl.-L«s« lS0.»0S »'/, Oldenb.40Tl^Los« IZl.SU« Raab-Sraz«r Ivo Taler-Los« 3l.SS« «'/. Ruff. Pr»m..»nl. oon ISS4 US.OO« S'/, Rufs. Pränu-Xlll. »«» ISS« S74.S0 Eise«baha»Akttru. LiU>«ck-Baq«n. s..«c». I80.V0B O«st«rr^Ung. Staattb. l47.7S» Oester?. Südb. <Lomb.) N.7S Valtimor«-Obio Shar. 8S.V0 Sanada vacis. Sijtud. ldv.bg« >vank»ZUiten. svierbr.Mariemhal lv».itu«jM«rl. HandelS-Ges.-Zl. lSV.Zü 4»/» »ill-Brauerei »S.uv«>«ras. Bant s. Demschl. t«.vi» 5./, Brauerei Vahrens. V7.<X)Gl<!omm.- u. Ditconto- 4 V,vrh.Hammonia, vorm. Witter lvl.vv« 4'/, vürgl. Brauhaul SS.W« 4'/,'/, Sidschl.,vrau«r, Rienstedte« IM.7b« 4'/, Exvrt. - ?eusel«br. Sl.KV« Bank I07.S0 Deutsch« «ant «SS.»»« D«utsch« Reichtbanl Ditconto»««s. Berlin l7!t.7S« Dresdner Bank IÜ7.Ü'»N Hamb. H?»o«hek.-Bant l7V.VUS 4«/, Hansa - Brauers !>S.<>US! Nitttonald-nt s. Dtschl. l>>».«>» 4'/, Holst»». Br«u«rM VV.S<»«jO«ft«rr. Sr«ditanstal» IS7.SS Zeudruz: Ziemlich fest, Th»sr«datt«ur: Turt Plat«n. ««rantwortUche Redakteur«: s,ir d«n polttilch«n T«il. Telegramm» und neuest« Nachricht«»» Z.B.: Alexandir Zinn; sür da» gesamte Feuilleton: «l«rand«r Zinn: tür d«n übiiq«« fidattionellen Teil: Friedrich Zacob»: sür die Inierat« nnd HnIerat.Äeilagen: t »rl ^ Nat»nt; sämtlich tn Hainburg. Druck und Verlag: .««nirai-Ztnieiger für Hambltr^, Altona' von Wilh«lm «irardet «c ^0, in Hambur«. lilNllss lkt.so« Maadebr» «rwatia-k J»d»strt«»>illtte». »tsch^Sustral. D.-S!-s. ll0.«S Dtsch. D^«es. Kotmo« llt7.7S Hbg..»m«rik. Packeis, 10».» Hbg.-Südam«r. Dpssch. Ut.OlXZ Nordd«utscher Lloyd 9Z.2S Straßen-Eisenbahn lTS.io Hbg.-Alton. Centralb. 1S4.VVB Hbg.-Slt»«. Sentralb. ^ «enußschein», Et. 7».<X>B Zctien-BIerbraueret ill.VV« Barmbecker Brauerei l00.00S Bill.»rau«r«t 1S7.«>« Brauerei Vahrenfeld U.bOtil Brauhaul Hammoina, vorm. Witter ».SO« ^Brauh. in «Ib-ck 117.US« Slbschl..Br.Ni-nft-dten 1«0.S0B «rportbr.TeufilSbrück» it7L0A ««rmania-Brauerri 8K.S0A Hansa-Vrauerri I47.VVB Holsten-Braueret l7<.0»« Liwen-Brauerei 8S.SVV Marirnthat. Bierbrau. IZS.0VB Ver«in«brauerei IS9.SVV Winterhude! Br««r«t ll».»0S Bochumer Gußstahl ÜV7.7» Dortmund. Nni»n St.» Pr.-ilctien KS.7» «elsentirch. Bergwerk l8S.(X> HarpenerBergbau-Ses. Hibernia kerg»>.»««s, iiköuiä B«rUtZn.-uLaürahütt« Z0Z.00 Ingto » kontinental« «uanoweri» l<ch.7k<Z r<mt.»«es. für «ltctr. Unternehmungen SZ.0va «nbg. Sl«etr.-Berke 15l.7äL amb^Ireihaf^Lagerh. ll^ivB M»>Splnn«ret Hamburg-Harburg lZt»,«0S Ziordd. Jute-Spinner«! und Web«r«i SSLSB Nobel-Dqnaintt-rrust- «ctien l»S.00S Reiherstieg-Schifftwerf NS.00B Sagebiel'« »tablissem. »öMB Wandsbek. Lederfabrik 1S.IVB Wrchsel-Kurse. ö^ndon Eicht » I «onat !iO.» Pari« Sicht «l.» > Monat 80,7!t Wien Vicht «U» Stockholm kurz« Sicht lliUO aovenhag. kurz« Sicht llZ.lv Si«w-Aort kurz« Eicht 4,t8>/^ «0 Tg. Sicht 4.l^», R«tch4dant-Di»c»«t Prtvat-Diteont Russisch« St«t«n ««.« Probiert kumpkNlielLSl Pulver als Suppe. Woblgeschmnck, leichte Zubereitung u. Billigkeit überrascht, 1 Schachtel (2—3 Teller) kostet uur 10 A <ve»era!,SU»zetger für Hamburg-Altoua vom Sonnabend, de» IS, Juni IVU» Vtt. I»7 Male;. Hamburg, 12. Junl. Die billige Badereise. Wer etwas auf sich hält, muß eine Badereise machen. Die Badereise ist'überhaupt das Barometer für die gesellschaftliche Stellung jedes einzelnen. Aus diesem Grunde pflegen die mit Töchtern gesegneten Familien und alle jene, die Wert darauf legen, in den Augen der Mit Welt als besonders beneidenswerte Existenzen angesehen zu werden, ihr Leben während des ganzen Jahres auf diese Badewochen zuzu- zchnciden. Man wird bei ihnen meist in einein Bertikow oder einer Kommode einen umfangreichen Spartopf postiert finden. Sobald sie sich einen Genutz versagen, werfen sie das dafür notwendige Geld in diesen trefflich verriegelten und weder mit Haarnadeln noch durch kunstfertiges Schütteln feines köstlichen Inhalts zu beraubenden Behälter. Unter »Genus;" versteht man dabei die verschiedenartigsten Dinge, als da sind: Das Reinigen von Glacehandschuhen, die's nötig babcu, Aus bügeln von Anzügen «nd Anschaffung neuen Unterzeuges, Erneuerung von Portieren und Teppichen, alle Arten von Familicugeschenken:c. sc. Zuweilen an Tagen, an denen das Reisefieber besonders gefährlich temperiert ist, fallen sogar einmal die Nickel für eine Tasse Eiskaffee, die man sich selbst unterschlagen hat, klappernd zu den nvcrgesparten Markstücken. Endlich kommt dann der große Tag, an dein gezählt wird. Was herauskommt, langt meistens gerade zum Billett und den Unkosten der Effcktenbeförderung. Die Gesichter werden lang und länger. Das Zamilienbaupt hat einen schlechten Tag. „lind darum hat man sich nun seit Monaten jeden Genuß entzogen?" — ^cder tröstet sich mit dem Bewußtsein, da? er selbst das meiste zu dem vorhandenen ÄriegSschatz beigesteuert hat. Damit ist aber die schwierige Frage der Defizit deckung noch nicht erledigt. Es wird also beschlossen, verschiedene an nnd für sich eigentlich recht dringliche Rechnungen nicht zu bezahlen. Der Schneider wird sich in diesem Monat mit einem freundlichen Hände druck begnügen müssen. Mit dem Schuster wird man sich längere Zeit über seinen talentvollen ^ohn in Ostasien nnter- 'balten. Im übrigen wird man ans die traurige ^wirtschaftliche Lage schimpfen und beklagen, das; nirgends Geld zu haben ist, dem Braven nnd sich selbst eine baldige Besserung dieser Nützlichkeiten wünschen. Alte und nicht ganz unver mögende Freunde und Verwandte Pflegt man in solchen Zeiten mit ver doppelter Liebenswürdigkeit zu empfangen, lind fo schrabt sich denn endlich das Sümmchen zusammen, da? zur Badereise unbedingt not wendig in. Eines Tages hält eine Droschke vorm Hans. Es werden umfangreiche Koffer aufgeladen und eine Familie, der man ansieht, daß sie nicht zu knausern braucht, besteigt mit den „elastischen Schritten", wie sie in den Hofberichten immer verzeichnet werden, den Wagen. Neidvolle Augen stechen aus den Fenstern. Eine solche Fahrt zum Bahnhof ist für manche Gemüter ein raffinierter Genutz. <sieht man doch aus, als wenn man „wer" wäre. Man könnte sich ..Herr Direktor" oder „Herr Konsul" oder „Herr Baron" anreden lassen. Das Selbstgefühl steigt rapid, zumal, wenn Bekannte in Sicht kommen. Eine derbe Verminderung tritt ein, sobald die Herabsetzung des !Kassabestandes durch die Lösung der Fahrkarten erfolgt ist. Wenn 'man dann auf den harten Holzbanken der dritten Klasse, die nicht Limmer ganz appetitlich aussehen, Platz genommen hat, und wenn trotz der Belagerung von Tür und Fenster im letzten Augenblick noch eine mutige Mutter mit Babtis auf dem Arme und an der Hand herein- l^stürmt kommt, erscheint man sich viel weniger vornehm. Die Ab- -/chlung tut gut. Aber sie hält nicht an. Gleich nach der Ankunft am Aiel der Reise gewinnt wieder der „alte Adam" die Macht. Eine Aomödie fängt an — die Komödie des FamilienglückeS, der Vater- ^ind Mutterliebe, der Zärtlichkeit — und nicht zuletzt die Komödie der AüZohlhabenheit oder gar des Reichtums. Je nach der Zabl der heirats fähigen Töchter nnd der Grötze der Notwendigkeit, sie mög lichst bald an den Mann zu bringen, wird auch in Familiengeschichte gemacht. Glücklich der Mann, der einen Kommissions- oder Kanzleirat zum Onkel hat. In der magischen Beleuchtung optimistischer Anschau ungen sieht das aus, als ob die direkte Verbindung mit den Macht- Habern der Erde dadurch zu schaffe» wäre. Die Tage fliegen eilig vorüber. Mit der Zunahme der Bräune der Haut pflegt die Abnahme des Barbestandes Hand in Hand zu gehen, diese Tatsache bringt eine angenehme Folgeerscheinung — nämlich die ikerderbniS der guten Laune. In den letzten Tagen steht das Ge- fühlsbarometcr aus «türm. Papa schimpft: „Was habe ich nnn von Her ganzen Neisc geliabt? Für Euch geopfert habe ich mich. Glanbt 'Ahr, es hat mir ein Vergnügen gemacht, mit der Gesellschaft, in die /Ihr mich gebracht habt, zu verkehren? — Ich danke." — Iln den weib lichen Augen sitzen die Tränen locker. Nnn heitzt es: „Tic Niederlage Au verbergen! Ja — nicht klein werden I" Also zeigt Papa erneut Feiue Inszenkrungstalente, indem er einen pompösen Abgang heraus bringt: Fahrt zur Balm nnt Blnmensträutzen und lebhaftes „Auf Wiedcrsel'en"-Winkenl Bis zur nächsten Anschlußstation fährt man zweiter. Dann wird umgeklettert. Tie-Fahrt mit der Droschke gestaltet sich diesmal weniger dra matisch. aber immer noch genußreich. Man bemüht sich strahlend auszusehen. Wenn man erst die Korridortür zugeklappt hat, darf man tief aufatmen und aus tiefster Seele seufzen: „Na — Gott sei Dank, da wären wir ja wieder!" — Ter unangenehmste Nachgeschmack kommt aber noch. Das „vorgegessene Brot" mutz verdient werden. So etwas ist der Harmonie der Seele nie dienlich. Wenn aber jemand von den Bekannten uud Verwandten fragt: ..Na — wie warS denn?" Dann heitzt's: „Entzückend — Reizende Gesellschaft. Da waren die Geheimrats und Herr Doktor X. und Frau -Doktor U. und Exzellenz Meyer. »Es war — entzückendI" Vom Bau der elektrischen Stadt- und Vorortsbahn. o In wenigen Iahren wird Hamburg sich einen, seiner Ausdehnung entsprechenden Verkehrsweg geschaffen haben. Die Fertigstellung wird weniger Zeit erfordern, als vorher für die Beratung der Projekte und Pläne erforderlich war. Im Herbst 1V06 wurde mit dem Bau des Fördergerüstes am K"uhiuühlenteich begonnen, auf dem die bei dem Vau des südöstlichen Tunnels gewonnenen Bodenmassen fortgeschafft werden. Die eigentlichen Arbeiten für den Bahnban begannen aber erst im vorigen Jahr, und seitdem ist, immer in Teilstrecken aneinander- «schlietzend, der Bau der Bahn vom Mönkedamm bis znr Dorotheenstratze in Winterhude nacheinander in Angriff genommen worden. Ueberall. von dem Mittelpunkt der Stadt, dem Nathausmarkt, bis zu dem Stadt teil Winterhude, im weiten Bogen Hamburg im Osten und Norden um spannend, trifft man fleitzige Hände, die an der Vollendung des Werkes arbeiten, das Hamburgs Berkehr in andere Bahnen lenken soll. Hier wird das Alte niedergerissen, dort an dem Neuen gebaut. Die Bohrungen zur Erkundung des Untergrundes für den Bau der «Hochbahn am Baumwall uud Rödingsmarkt entlang sind vor kurzem beendet worden. Die Ergebnisse waren zufriedenstellend. Der Beginn der Arbeiten an der Hochbahnstreckc Hasentor—Mönkedamm ist nur noch >die Frage weniger Monate. Am Mönkedamm. schreiten die Manrer- ^ind Betoniernngsarbeiten sür die Rampe rüstig sort, die hier die Ver bindung zwischen der Hochbahnstreckc uud der am Adolphsplatz beginnen. Zden östlichen Tunnelstrecke herstellen soll.
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5964519_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
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Determination confirmed and petition dismissed. Memorandum: Respondents’ determination that petitioner participated in a riot is supported by substantial evidence. In addition to the misbehavior report, which stated that petitioner was observed par*1038ticipating in the take-over of A-Block yard, the correction officer who authored the report testified at the hearing that he observed petitioner, whom he knew, actively participating in the riot. He further testified that petitioner tried to conceal himself by wrapping a shirt around his face and that all inmates were running about the yard, barricading the entrance ways and exit ways to and from the yard. Petitioner was also observed conversing with numerous inmates throughout the second day of the incident. Another correction officer testified that a videotape of the riot showed all inmates in the yard area exiting their exercise cages and did not show any inmate being an unwilling participant in the ensuing riot. Any alleged deficiency in the misbehavior report (see, Matter of Bryant v Coughlin, 77 NY2d 642), was, in our view, sufficiently rectified by the testimony of the two officers at the hearing.
All concur except Green and Fallon, JJ., who dissent and vote to annul the determination in the following Memorandum.
Green and Fallon, JJ.
(dissenting): We dissent. The determination that petitioner violated Inmate Rule 104.10 (7 NYCRR 270.2 [B] [5] [i] [participating in a riot]) should be annulled. The misbehavior report, presented as evidence against petitioner, alleged only that petitioner’s exercise unit was empty and that he was observed participating in the takeover of the prison yard. The report failed to allege any specific offensive conduct attributed to petitioner and as such the report did not constitute substantial evidence of petitioner’s guilt (see, Matter of Bryant v Coughlin, 77 NY2d 642; Matter of Bettis v Coughlin, 186 AD2d 1080). In our view, the testimony of two correction officers at petitioner’s Tier III hearing does not rectify the deficiency of proof. The officers testified that no inmates were seen being "unwilling participants” in the riot and that petitioner was present at the riot. Again, there was no particularized description of misconduct on petitioner’s part to constitute the offense of rioting. We therefore conclude that respondents’ determination was not supported by substantial evidence. (Article 78 Proceeding Transferred by Order of Supreme Court, Wyoming County, Dadd, J.) Present—Callahan, J. P., Green, Balio, Fallon and Doerr, JJ.
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jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl.NDIGCZAS000161_1937_035_2
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Polish-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Ostatnie Wiadomości Krakowskie. 1937, nr 35
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Kwiatkowski, Alfred. Red.
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Polish
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sohach do sieni i óbił sąsiada niamiłosierni, za który t czyn sąd sieazał go na 4 dai a dowane kroki, żeby urwać im łeb nareszcie i wyzwolić uczci wych ludzi od ich potwornego wpływu? Nikt nie chce nawet przypu szczać, że przedstawiciele władz opiekujących się bara kami na Annopolu czują lęk przed awantutnikami i dlate go wykazują wobec nich tyle bezsiły! Takie usprawiedliwia nie bczsiły byłoby nie tylko obraźliwe, ale 1 niedorzeczne. Pozostaje jedyna więc tylko możliwość, a mianowicie ta, że władze tak bardzo przyzwy czaiły się do stosunków panu jących na Annopolu, że już 4 stanie! nich przywykły i bynajmniej nie wydają im się one dziwne. Taka ewentualność jest jed nak bardziej karygodna niż ka ‘Ja inna I rodakcja dobrze czy ni, że budzi odpowiednich rze czników spraw spolecznych z letargu! Z tych względów uważam, że wszelka dalsza dyskusja sta je się tutaj zbyteczna. Temat Annopóla wyczerpany został w calej pełni, a wnioskiem je dynym wypływającym zarów no z artykułów jak i z listów czytelników jest: Zlikwidować Annopol to dzisiejszym jego Godzimy się z N. O. w całej rozciągłości i dlatego dalszą dyskusję na temat Annopola przerywamy. Z listów nadesła nych nam od Czytelników na bieramy dostatecznie silnego przekónania, żć na sprawę An nopola patrzymy się wszyscy jednakowo. Wystarczy więc, że zgrupujemy tylko wszelkie wniożki tematu tego dotyczące i publicznie zainteresujeńy mi mi władze, mające pieczę nad Annopolem. Wnioski takie podamy do wiadomości publicznej w nu merze jutrzejszym. ZE A06 m" RÓ" Urzednik walczy z... bankami A powodem odwieczna sprawa: — milość Wskutek walki jaką niski an giełski urzędnik bankowy wy powiedział potężnym angiel skim bankom do głębi poru szył opinię publiczną. A powu dem tej walki była miłość, mi łość jaką żywił 29-letni urżęd nik banku handlowego w Glas gow W, E. Notman, do swej na rzeczonej. Pewnego dnia Not man popełnił przestępstwo... ożenił się. A tego nie powinien był uczynić, Związek brytyj skich banków od łat nie pozwa la żenić się urzędnikom, któ rzy zarabiają poniżej 200 fun tów rocznie. Powód tego nie ludzkiego nakazu jest ten, że urzędnik zarabiający mniej, zdaniem banków wpada w iradności materialne, a pracu jąc w banku, gdzie ciągle tna do czynienia z pieniędzmi, nie może oprzeć się pokusie i w końcu przywłaszcza sobie cu dze mienie, Notman od dziesięciu lat pra cował w banku i zarabiał 180 łuntów rocznie. Był on zako chany po uszy i nie choiał od wlec terminu ślubu do chwili w której będzie zarabiał 200 funtów rocanie, Przypuszczał, Że wraz z żoną potrafi wyżyć » miejszych dochodów. Żwró cil się więc z prośbą do dyrek cji banku, aby pozwoliła mu się ożenić, Pomimo, że dyrekcja banku odrzuciła jego prośbę, Notman ożenił się. jego mietiąc miodo wy nie trwał długo, ponieważ pewnego dnia dostał wymówie nie z banku. Powodem wymó wienia była ta okoliczność, iż popełnił tak wielkie „przestęp stwo“ iż nie zastotowai się do nakazu dyrekcji, Notman był zrozpaczony, Pu kał od drzwi do drzwi i prosił, aby zainteresowano się jego „prawą. Źwracał się do redak cji dzienników, do posłów, na pisał nawet list do króla, l na gle jego sprawa stała się głoś na. Opinia publiczna dowie ziała się o tym nieludzkim na sazie i stanęla po stronie nis kiego urzędnika, Parlament był niezwykle zdumiony, Większość posłów nie wiedziała wcale o istnieniu tego nakazu, a jeden z nich wy głosił płomienne przemówienie w którym bronił poszkodówa» nego Notmana i w którym za znaczył że gdybyp od ten na kaz podciągnąć wszystkich ue rzędników angielskich, wówe czas przyrost naturalny spadł by do minimum, a ilość mał żeństw zawieranych rocznie spadłaby z 18 milionów na 6. Rząd pod naciskiem opinii wmieszał się w tę sprawę. Pos stanowiono uchylić nieludzki nakaz i opracować odpowied nią ustawę. Powszechnie przy puszcza się, że „przestępcze go“ urzędnika wkrótce śię ula dkawi i że znów otrzyma on posadę w banku. | Czytajcie Nowego Sportowca MILION i MILION oto dwie główne wygrane, które padły na szczęśliwe losy nabyte w kolekiurze „ALJOT” : HKORODYSKA I Ska Warszuwa, Senstorsza 37 Zamówienia zamiejscowe załatwia my odwrotną pocztą P. K. O. 10292 W CZIERY OCZY intymne rozmó wy iksa z Czytelnikami Tragedia dziewczyny Nie wie co to miłość rodziców, nie zna inne] miłości P. WANDECZEA G-s a Wolskiej; ojciec do dziecka, tylko jak jaki lim al o, ody jół przeżyj am lać 20, a tyle rżóżyłam, tyle już wylałam saatko tez) Ma jąc i0 lat, wyjechałam z rodzicami a Kresy Wschodnie, Tam mol ro dtice kupili grunł. Mogilbyśmy éyć i być szczęśliwi, jak i inni, Lecz 66żŁ, kiody los inaczej chciał. Tatuś pokochał inną kobietę. My, N | rodzeństwo, z mamusią zosłaliśtty jak sieroty. Tatuś nas porzuci: A jednak TE" się szczęśliwi, pra cówaliśmy i tak nam było dobrze, Że tatu nam poznzdrościł i tezo do mtowego szczęścia. Wrócił do has, Za się życle opłakane, Stale awan a Tatuś tylko pił wódkę I się stale klócil Maltrótował nas w nieludzki sposób. Ach, Boże, jakie to było ciężkie žy ciel A jednak przeciągnęło się tak przez cztery lata. Po czterech latach to pasmo cler łeń wię przerwało. Mamusia odeszla Mana iama na meei zyk s za o starsze, to o w Świat i tak ai odisea. mł łam dziesinna, że bałam się Myslałam, że ugha lo, koleżanki takie były wesole, takie usozęśliwe, a ja zawóże płakał. Tatuś è e nio tn lubit [| ł lam ani ret dd ko a gie e'kuczać. Mówił: „Masz R a ście lat, więc możesz iść am, | weż na ulicą i sobie tèm 3 wróg. Nie miałam się do kogo po skurżyć, nie miałam bię przed kim, SH g Chodziiam xawsze sama znękańa, spłakana, Nigdy nie mia» łan się w co dobrze ubrać. Tatuś nigdy nie chciał nic mi b iela Tak żyiam w rozpaczy i w takim amutku z dnia na dzień, Mówiono mi, że Jestem ladna, zgrabna, że mam ładne oczy. Mia łam powodzenie, ale nie miałam szkcunku u ludzi przez wzgląd na tatusia Wszyscy śmieli się ze wmnia. Gdy poszłam na zabawę zdawało mi się, że WZ śmioją się ze mnie. To też nigdzie już nie chodziłam. Nie lubiłam zabaw, nie lubliam chłopców, nie lubiłam nie na świe cie Byłam jaka: rzy | dziką, że ue ciekałam od świata, A jednak ma giam dobrze wyjść za mąż, Byli ta €y, którzy nie zważali na nic. Dużo meżczyzn cię we mnie kochało. a — nie kochałam nikogo, Nie chelałam wyjść za mąż. Zdawało mi się, że wazytey tacy jak mój ojciec. skończyłam odlómunścić lat ta począł mnie joszoze gorzej do ośleńńna ode mnie ożesy lść na a Jesteś jaż dorosła. ni ie przeszkadzaći” deh jak je pialsiem, cwrpiałam! Nie wiedziałam, gdzie A. gdzie ióć | jak żyć, Lecz mimo mój żal | rozpacz, tatuś mi lść precz. Miałam w Warszawie siostrą. Pojechałam więć do niej a laczem i 3 žalem. Bióstra mnie do i rxe przyjęła. Sama plakala uade mig estem jaż w Warczawie dr rok. Nigdzie nie pracuję, Tak się bałam tej Warszawy, że nigdzić nie ! chodziłam, bo jak wyszłam, to mnie l zaczopiano i bezczelnie się do male 'gdzywano, a Ja tego mienawid Tak się ta męczyłam, tak płakałam IN | | le skarżyłam się siostrze, bo ona sama nieszczęśliwa. Wyszła za mąż, ma juk córeczkę, Samej jej trudno e i nieg mi byu chelala się męczy i ja. i umrzeć! Chciała bym skończyć już to marne życie. Tak mi przyśro, że siostra się męczy przeze mnie, Dlużej już tak żyć nie mogę. Al bo popełnię samobojstwo, albo pój dę na ulicę i tak zakończę tp moje życie, ale na samo wspomnienie pfakać mi się cheo.” e vw ó Powinna Pan! werystkimt sami | starać się ó pracę. To dla Pani te dyny ratunsk, Możemy Pani do tę Ry Be dy I m ge ogloszenia. Str. 8 Zbi ieg! z posagiem przed ślubem, Niefortuany pościg za aferzystą Córka kupca żelaznego w Białej Podlaskiej, Gitla Weiz berg przyjechała do Warsza my a zalatwienia różnych raw handlowych swego ojca. ziębnięta wstąpiła do cukier ni na pl. Grzybowskim w War sząwie. Cukiernia byla natło czona. Widząc przy jednym ze stoli ków, przy którym siedział ja kiś młody człowiek jeszcze jed no wolne miejsce, podeszła py tając nieznajomego czy może je zająć. Nieznajomy podniósł głowę i spojrzawszy w twarz kobiety nagle poderwał się 2 miejsca i rzucił do ucieczki. W tej samej chwili panna Weizberg wszczęła alarm, krzy cząc: Trzymaj złodzieja! trzy maj łobuza! Narobił również hałasu kelner któremu niezna jeny, zie uregulował rachun równo panna Gitla jak i i kelner oraz kilku z gości rzuci ło się w pogoń za uciekającym mężczyzną. Niestety ująć go nie zdołano i znikł on w tłumi przechodniów na ul. Bagno. Panna Gitla wyjaśniła, 2 nieznajomy ów, będąc przed rokiem w Białej Podlaskiej przedstawiwszy się za Benja mina Rozenberga oświadczył się o jej rękę i otrzymaw szy posag w sumie 3.000 zł. zbieg! na kiłka godzin przed zawar ciem ślubu. Będąc teraz w arszawie panna Weizberg spotkała go przypadkowo, ale niestety zdołał zbiec. Walka z postrachem restauratorów który oszukiwał i okradał gości Wśród restauraiorów wat-|i do policji się nie zwracali. szawskich znany jest niejaki Antoni Klikowicz (Brzozowa 18). Osobnik ten odwiedza re stąuracje w dzielnicy staro miejskiej i okolic pl. Zamkowe go, zawierając znajomości z przygodnymi gośćmi pijany mi. Naciąga na wódkę, następ nie ogrywa w karty lub w do mino, niekiedy wprost okrada estaurałorzy czy kelnerzy którzy sprzeciwiali się upra wianym przez Klikowicza pra ktykom byli przezeń teroryzo wani, wskutek czego milczeli Ale restauratórowi przy ul. Koziej i, Feliksowi Dobrzyń skiemu uprzykrzyło się już do kuczliwe życie z Klikowiczem i postanowił pozbyć się go raz|. na zawsze. W tym celu wczo taj wespół z kelnerami usunął Klikowicza siłą ze swego loka lu. Po chwili Klikowicz wrócił : jął demolować urządzenie re słauracji oraz napadał i bił za tówno restauratora jak i kelne rów. Nie mogąc sobie poradzić z zwał poliejantów, którzy w liczbie kilku z trudnością zdo łali Klikowicza obezwładnić i wsadzić do taksówki, w któ rej zresztą wybił wszystkie szy by. Po spisaniu protokółu w komisarjacie Klikowicza zwol niono, Wówczas wrócił poraz trzeci do restauracji |Dobrzyńskiego i powybijał pięściami szyby. Ponieważ do tej operacji Kliko wicz użył i głowy swej, od nósł rany głowy i rąk, Kl" wi cza powtórnie odprowadzono awanturnikiem, restaurator we | do komisarjatu. b udz i l j e na € 7 sw ` A I RE 022 > > Pomimo ciężkich warunków dla żeglugi morskiej, spowo dowanych zniżką temperatury i opadami, komunikacja mor ska pomiędzy G dynią a innymi portami odbywa się normal nie i regularnie. Zdjęcie nasze przedstawia pokryty grubą warstwą lodu „tatek Żeglugi Polskiej „Ślask“, bęzpośrednie po przybygiu do nortu Gdyúskiego Z Antwerpii. Według zestawień sporzą dzonych przez władze wy miaru sprawiedliwości "os serwowano ostatnio liczby podań składanych də Głowy Państwa z prośbą o uła skawienia. W ciągu r. ub. podania © darowanie arime || odj) awomocnych już aci Pierwszym na liście jest król armat, du Pont W Anglii i Ameryce bardzo często szacuje się ludzi na fun ty i dolary. Znaczenie człowie sa wyraża się w jego zarob kach i w sumie, na jaką jest ubezpieczony. „Najdroższym” człowiekiem świata jest amerykański król armat, du Pont. W razie śmierci przemysłowca towarzy stwo asekuracyjne wypłaci je g rodzinie i jego wytwórniom roni 7 milionów dolarów. Je go najgroźniejszymi rywalami są Rockefeller i Marshhall Field, którzy są ubezpieczani na 5 milionów dolarów. Sumy ie zostaną zaraz po śmierci mi tonerów wypłacone ich spad kokiercom. Bardzo często się zdarza, że premię ubezpieczeniową nie A wA un f ERR KŁ: r. 72 s. rę > s m Vo r R 3 RM" EEZYOWIZY* WESAIU PS POZY ASY A OWY DOPRZWYSZWY otrzymują najbliżsi członko wie rodziny. Przede wszyst k m dlatego, że krewni nie mo gą wpłacać tak olbrzym ck surn za asekurację, a powtóre diatego. że dany ubezpieczony posiada większą wartość dla przedsiębiorstwa, niż dla ro dzny Gdy umiera, jego ro: dzina z miejsca dziedziczy po rim całe mienie. Przedsię biorstwo zań, gdy nie jest n bezpieczone na wypadek jego śmierci, nic nie otrzymuje. Po n cważ śmierć miłionera posia da kolosalne znaczenie dla je gv kolosałnego przedsiębior stwa, musi się ono zabezpe czyć przed stratami, zniżką kursu akcji i niepowodzenia mi nowych tranzakcji. Z tych względów przedsiębiorstwa 2037 463 RSA) rg E O, 2 Prez. ~meżne zawieje w ciągu Śainich dni stworzyły w całym «raju szereg trudności komunikacyjnych. Nietylko na szla kac. „kolejowych powstały poważne opóźnienia pociągów, ale również szereg komunikacyjnych traktów gł zostało zasypanych śniegiem, uniemożliwiając wszelki owych ie po łączenia. Reprodukujemy zdjęcie przedstawiające tak bar dzo charakterystyczny w okresie zamieci śnieżnych: samo "chód, który ugrzązł na szosie w śnieżnej zaospie, z trudem wyciągany przez konie. ubezpieczają swe. milionowe „głowy jak się ich nazywa w Ameryce i Anglii na olbrzy mie sumy. Przypuśćmy, że Daryll Ca nuk, magnat filmowy Amery ki, pada ofiarą wypadku sa anban EYT W jego rękach zbiegają się nici potężnej or ganizacji pridukcji tilmowej, a jednocześnie w jego filmac jest inwestowanych wiele mi lionów dolarów. Wraz z jego śmiercią przedsiębiorstwo po niosłoby wielkie straty, nastą piłyby przeszkody w pro dukcji, coby pociąguęłoby za sobą nowe koszty, któreby musiano pokryć z dochodów. Poza tym nie iak szybko zna łezionoby nast genialnego producenta Anio Po ziom produkowanych filmów znacznieby się obniżył. Przed sdiębiorstwowi chcąc się więc abe zpieczyć przynajmniej przed pierwszymi stratami, abezpieczyło Canucka na mi lion dolarów. Podobnie przedstawia się prawa z Marshallem Fieldem, właścicielem olbrzymich do nów towarowych w Chicago. lrzy czwarte ubezpieczonej sumy, a więc 3,7 milionów do Jlarów — oirzyma po jego śmierci przedsiębiorstwo, któ re płaci trzy czwarte aseku racji, resztę zaś rodzina. Liczba „milionowych głów” w Anglii jest mniejsza niż w Ameryce, ponieważ tu na cze le olbrzymich przedsiębiorstw nie stoi jeden człowiek, ale kilku osób. dzięki czemu utra a jednego z członków kierow nictwa nie daje się tak dotkli He odczuwać. W, Anglii, zreszią jak i Ame ryce, produkcja Tet przy nosi olbrzymie zyski towa rzystwom asekuracyjnym. W tej dziedzinie przemysłu po szczególne osoby posiadają kolosalne znaczenie. Produ cenci, reżyserzy, a szczegól nie aktorzy posiadają tak wielką wartość, że < przedsię biorstwa nie chcąc narażać się na straty, muszą ich asekuro wać. Oto przykład. Podczas zdjęć do filmu „Tajny Agent“ Peter Lorre, który gral jedną z giów nych ról, nagle zachorował. Zdjecia przewlekały się, co po ciągało za scbą nadwyżkę kosztów w wysokości 3009 funtów dziennie. Koszty te by ły pokrywane przed towarzy stwo ubezpieczeniowe. Popu larna angielska gwiazda filmo wa Jessie Matthews jest ner wowa i przesądna. Pewnego dnia w swej garderobie ujrzała mysz i tak się tym przeraziia, że dostała wstrząsu nerwowego i przez kilka ty godin nie opuszczała łóżka. Mysz ta kosztowała wytwór nię wiele tysięcy funtów. Od tego czasu Jessie Matthews jest między innymi ubezpie czona i przed pojawieniem się myszy. Każda gwiazda filmowa jest ubezpieczona na olbrzymie su my, które piacą wytwórnie. „Najdroższą”* gwiazdą jest do tychczas Greta Garbo. Jej roczne honorarium wynosi coś około miliona dolarów i z tego względu wytwórnia chro ni jej jak oka w głowie i ubez iecza przed wszystkimi moż iwymi wypadkami. Ale i mniej popułarni aktorzy, jak również i wartościowe przed mioty w studio są asekurowa|! ne. Niedawno do pewnego filmu sprowadzono z Meksvku do Londynu dwa byki. Z począt ku były one ubezpieczone na wypadek choroby podczas po dróży, a następnie studio przed wszelkimi stratami ja kie mógł za sobą pociągnąć atak szału zwierząt. Suma za płacona za ubezpieczenia wy nosiła więcej niź honorarium dzienne gwiazdy filmowej. W innym znów wypadku spro wadzono do Londynu nieokrze wzrost 12.000 podań 9 ułaskawienie wyroków sądów karnych, są dów dyscyplinarnych, oraz o zatarcie skutków skazania kg 12.006 osób. 15. 000 bezrożot. nyca zalazio Prate śnieżyce kraju, które spowodowaiy: za Silne w całym sypanie śniegiem ulic miej skich, jak i arteryj komunika cyj, staly się niespodziewa nym dobroaziejsiwem dla licznych rzesz bezrobctnych. Według danych otrzyma wych przez okręgowe dyrek cje Funduszu Fracy samorzą dy większych mash jak i za rządy drogowe, zaangażowały przeszło 15.009 bezrobotnych uo zwózki śniegu i oczyszcza nia dróg, Pieszo do Warszawy Jak wiadomo mimo wzmożo nego zapotrzebowania na wę g.el z powodu wyjątkowo su rowej zimy, wskutek polity ki karielowej, uległo przed kilkoma tygodniami zatopie niu kilka kopalń na terenie Zaglębia Dąbrowskiego. Żatop. enie kopalń szczegól nie dotknęło osadę Bolesław pod Sosnowcem, gdzie 500 gór ników straciło pracę, nie otrzy inując żadnych odszkodowań. Bezrobotni bolesławscy zde cydowali wysłać delegację do Warszawy, która przebędzie drogę do stonicy piechotą i za biegać będzie u władz central nych o uruchomienie zatopio nych kopalń. PRZEDŁUŻYĆ OKRES ZAMKNIE CIA SZKÓŁ W sferach lekarskich przeważa zdanie, że zamknięcie szkół pow szechnych i średnich na kilka tylko dni stanowi półśrodek, nie prowa dzący do celu. Wobec utrzymującego się nasile nia grypy w stolicy i ponownej fali mrozów, wskazane jest przedłużenie okresu zamknięcia szkół, który Wa już w PA 4 b. m. sanego murzyna z Ahe któ ry miał grać główną rolę w pewnym. filmie. RER 3 ubezpieczyła się na wypadek zlego humoru murzyna, choro by i innych Biecz wani przeszkód, które mow zaha mować prace przy nakręcaniu filmu. Ostrożność ta okazała się uzasadniona. Reżyser mu siał stracić bardzo dużo czasu, zanim udało mu się nayczyć murzyna, który nie znał an gielskiego, kilka słów jakie miał wymówić w tym języku, M SENSACYJNA POW Jskacki po wydostaniu się z mieszkania intendenta pobiegł bose do Cze-ki. Gdy przybył przed gmach Cze-ki, żołnierz stejący tam na warcie nię chciał go wpuścić do wnętrza .Dopiero gdy ros kazującym tonem rzekł do żołnierze, aby zameldował dyżurnemu urzędnikowi, że Jakacki ma mu coś nader doniosłego do zako munikowania, żołnierz ndał się do kancelarii. Po chwili wyszedł ioświadczywszy: „Jakacki już nie żyje”... kazał Jakackiemu jak najszybciej się oddalić. 122. Żywy trup... Na wargach Jakackiego zakwitł lekki uśmiech. — Wiem, że Jakacki nie żyje — oświadczył żoł nierzowi — ale powiedzcie dyżurnemu urzędniko wi, że Jakacki zmartwychwstał... No, nie kpijcie ze mnie i precz mi z oczu! — wykrzyknął zniecierpliwiony już żołnierz. — Jeśli natychmiast stąd się nie dalicie, zaaresztuję WAS... — Towarzyszu, ja wcale z was nie kpię, mówię bardzo poważnie. Sprawa, z którą tu przybyłem, jest bardzo ważna i niecierpiąca zwłoki — głos Ja zackiego drżał z podniecenia. Aresztujcie mnie, je śli to wam sprawia przyjemność, ale wprowadź cie mnie natychmiast do gabinetu dyżurnego urzęd nika. Kto teraz dyżuruje? Stomniakow, Gliński, Kozłow? — Skąd wy ich znacie? — zapytał jeden ze sto ących opodal żołnierzy, bacznie się przyglądając Jaiak Ściwie, kim je — iemu. — Powiedzcie mi właściwie, steście? — Wprowadźcie mnie do urzędnika dyżurnęgo, czy szyszycie? — krzyknął już Jakacki, który nie mogł dłużej panować nad swym zdenerwowaniem = Każda sekunda gra obecnie niezwykle doniosłą rolę! Żołnierze zamienili ze sobą porozumiewawcze spojrzenia: mają do czynienia z obłąkanym, czy też mają poważnie brać słowa tego bosego osobnika? W końcu jeden z żołnierzy po raz drugi udał się do gabinetu dyżurnego urzędnika i zameldował, że dziwaczny osbnik, który podaje się za Jakac kiego, za żadną cenę nie chce odejść i domaga się, aby go wpuszczono do gmachu Czeki. — Wprowadźcie go, ale przed tym dokładnie go obszukajcie. — Miał on przy sobie dwa rewolwery, które nam dobrowolnie oddał. Wogóle wywiera on wra żenie pacjenta zakładu dla obłąkanych... Dwa rewolwery? — zdziw:ł się dyżurny u rzędnik, Kozłow. — Dlaczego odrazu nie zatrzy maliście go? — IESC SZPIEGOWSKA $ — Dlatego, że osobnik ten wygląda tak, jak sdybyąie ył przy zdrowych zmysłach... — Wprowadzić go! — padł już surowy rozkaz. Po chwili Jakacki znajdował się przed stolik'em Kozłowa. 8% oczy płonęły, a twarz była śmier telnie blada. Na pierwszy rzut oka można było poznać, że przeżywał w danej chwili coś zo poważnego.. — Kim jesteście? — Kozłow wpił w Jakackiego swe ostre spojrzenie. Nie poznał go. Nie wpadło mu nawet na myśl, że -zed nim stoi Jakacki. Po pierwsze Jakacki u marł, a powtóre osobnik, stojący przed nim, był zupełnie niepodobny do urzędnika Cze-ki, który odebrał sobie życie. — Jestem Jakacki — odparł Jakacki, starając się opanować podniecenie, które przebijało się w jego głosie. — Uprzedzam was, że jeśli będziecię w dalszym ciągu kpili ze mnie, to od razu powędrujecie do lochu! — wykrzyknął Kozłow. — Co macie mi do zakomunikowania? No, mówcie szybciej! — Co ło, Kozłow, czy nie poznajesz mnie po gło sie? — zapytał zdumiony Jakacki. — Czy napraw dę mnie nie poznajesz? Kozłów wpił badawcze spojrzenie w twarz e kackiego. Głos był mu nawet dobrze znany, ale... ale... do diaska, przecież Jakacki nie żył, Jakacki popełnił samobójstwo, zginął w nurtach rzeki... — Co mi tu gracie za somedię? — wykrzyknął gniewnie Kozłow, — nie odrywając badawczego, przenikliwego spojrzenia z twarzy Jalstókiego. — Kozłow, przysięgam ci, że nie gram żadnej komedii! Nie umarłem, moja śmierć była zwykłą mistyfikacją, pragnąłem w ten sposób... Kozłow nie pozwolił Jakackiemu skończyć zda nia. Zerwał się z miejsca, zbliżył się do niego i zaj rzał mu w oczy. — LĄ jesteś c? — cężko oddychał. — Ty?... Co tu się dzieje?... — Ja.. Czy mi wierzysz? — Jakacki zdarł małą bródkę, okalającą mu twarz. — A teraz mnie po znajesz? — Ale... co się stało? — Kozłow szeroko rozwarł oczy ze zdumienia. — Czy to możliwe? Taki ka wał? W jakim celu to uczyniłeś? Wszyscy byli przekonani, że odebrałeś sobie życie i że gnijesz gdzieś na dnie rzeki... — Gdzie jest towarzysz Peters? — zapytał Ja kacki. — O wszystkim się dowiesz. Ale przede wszystkim muszę pomówić z towarzyszem Peter sem, Str. 2 mt. — Ale co się stalo? Powiedz mi w jakim celu zainscenizowałeś tę całą komedię z samobójstwem? — Nie pytaj teraz o nic. Zate.efonuj do Petersa, jeśli śpi, PE go zbudzć. k oi — Przed tym jednakże musisz mi opowiedzieć, co się stało. — Kozłow był mocno zmieszany. — Już ci przecież oświadczyłem, że przed tym muszę pomówić z Petersem... ! R Kozłow zamierzał już ująć słuchawkę aelefonicz ną, ale w tej samej chwili zadźwięczał dzwonek telefonu. s Jakacki położył rękę na słuchawkę i rzekł: — Nie opowiadaj narazie nikomu że żyję, szysz? Nikomu! — Hallo? Kto mówi? Meliński? — Kozłow za słonił dłonią tubkę i zapytał szeptem Jakackiegoa. — Również i jemu nie? Jakacki przecząco skinął głową. — Co? Co? Tajemnicze włamanie do m'es7ka nia intendenta Opery? — mocno się zdziwił Koze low. — No, no niezwykle ciekawa sprawa... Tak, tak... zaraz o uczynię... Muszę jeszcze w innej sprawie porozumieć się teraz towarzyszem Peter: sem, zapytam go więc co macie rob'ć i zawiado mię was o tym... Nikogo nie ujęto?... Hm, to dziw ne... — Co się stało? — szeptem zapytał Kozłow Ja kackiego, widząc że ten silnie zbladł i daje mu ja kieś znaki rękoma. Nie, nie do was — rzekł w słuchawkę. — Zwróciłem sę do jednego z interesantów, który znajduje się w moim gabinecie... No, dobrze zaraż porozumiem się z towarzyszem Petersem.. zate= lefonujcie do mnie za jakieś dwadzieśca minut.« — Co się stało? — po odłożeniu słuchawki zapy= tał Kozłow Jakackiego i obrzucił go spoirzeniem helnyin zdziwienia. — Dlaczego nagle tak zble eś — Do stu tysięcy d'abłóww! Ktoś musiał się tam obudzić... — zgrzyt zębów towarzyszył słowom Jæ kackiego. | Co ty wygadujesz? Kto miał się obudzić? — Zadzwoń że już do Petersa. Teraz każda se kunda gra doniosłą rolę... szczególnie po tej ostat niej rozmowie telefonicznej... Kozłow potrząsnął ramionami i obrzucił Jakac kiego nieafnym spojrzeniem. Zachowanie się kolegi było bardzo tajemnicze i budziło pewne podejrze nia. Ujął jednakże za słuchawkę i zatelefonował do Petersa. — Poproszę towarzysza Petersa... Śpi? Proszę go obudzić i to niezwłocznie!.. — upłynęło kilka chwil zanim Peters podszedł do telefonu. W tym czasie Kozłow jeszcze raz zapytał Jakackiego o przyczynę jego podniecenia. Jakacki jednakże u arcie m lczał. — Towarzyszu Peters? Tu Kozłow... ak, ważna wiadomość... Jakacki żyje. Tak, znaj duje się teraz u mnie... Nie, nie chce powiedzieć... Pragnie przede wszystkim nomówić z wami i to natychmiast... Widocznie jakaś bardzo ważna spra: wa... Tak, bardzo tajemniczy... Nie rozumiem wag... Nie mylę się... To Jakacki z całą pewnośc'ą.. Tak, dwa rewolwery... czy zaruz tu przyjeżdżacie?... Mówicie, że to jest nieprawdopodobne.. No tak, bardzo zagadkowa historia... Przypuszcząm jednak, że zagadka zaraz się wyjaśni.. Po dziesięciu minutach Peters przestąpił próg ga binetu Kozłowa i natychmiast przystąpił do Ja kackiego... sły. m Dalszy ciąg jutro. A 0 R. OOOO Ć act o ców w ua ME a] Nowela m e a PLACEK Z RODZYNKAMI Martyna piecze placek z ro dzynkami! — lotem błyskawi cy rozeszła się ta wiadomość wśród dziewcząt Aguilaru. — Czyje to mają być urodziny? Martyna jednakże za żadną cenę nie chciała zdradzić ta jemnicy. A gdy udała się do wróżki, dziewczęta były prze konane, że idzie tu o sprawę |d niezwykłej wagi. Podążyły więc również do wróżki i za błyszczące pezety dowiedzia ły się, że nazajutrz są urodzi ny Pepego. Każda z dziewcząt pragną cych wyjść za mąż szybko u dąła się do domu i znikła w kuchni. W zrótce stała już Przed piecem i wsuwała do cgo wnętrza pulchne ciasto, z , OTEgO miał powstać wspania ly placek z rozdzynkami prze znaczony dla Pepego. aluzji panuje bowiem Zwyczaj, że panna pragnąca wyjść zamąż jeśli chce, aby młodzieniec się oświadczył, po winna mu w dzień urodzin po darować placek z rodzynkami. O świcie już na oknie soleni zanta roi się od placków. Ta panna, czyj placek skoszto wał, zostaje jego wybranką. Młodzież okoliczna z wielkim napięciem czeką na wynik tych swoistych oświadczyn, a każda z dziewcząt wkłada ca ły kunszt kulinarny w to, aby jej, ciasto najponętniej wyglą ało. — Pepe ma jutro urodziny! Dziewczęta Aguilary przez ca ły dzień miały umysły zaprząt nięte tą myślą. Iich matki by ły tym niemniej podniecone od nich, ponieważ Pepe uchodził za najbogatszego i najprzystoj niejszego młodzieńca w mia steczku. Wszystkie miały ży wo w pamięci jego zeszłorocz ne urodziny. Wówczas Pepe nie dotknął ani jednego ciasta. Rozczarowane dziewczęta mu siały następnej nocy zabrać swe wspaniałości z jego okna. Czy Pepe rzeczywiście nie ma zamiaru się żenić? Czy jest z kimó w tajemnicy zarę czony? Zagadki tej nikt nie mógł rozwiązać, ponieważ Pe Ale tym razem Pepe chyba się już wreszcie zdecyduje. Ja ko decyzję wyda los, która zo stanie jego żoną? Wreszcie nadeszła noc. Dzie wczęita Aguilary nie udały się na spoczynek, ponieważ dopie ro po północy powinny były zakraść się z plackiem pod o kna Pepe i tam je umieścić, Księżyc wyłonił się na nie bie i oświelił nlice i uliczki, W końcu na wieży kościelnej wy bła godzina dwunasta. Teraz nadeszła odpowiednią chwila : zaraz można było ujrzeć jak cichaczem otwierały się drzwi i postać dziewczęcia wymyka ła się na dwór. Nosiła w ręku duży placek, przemykała się przez rynek, następnie prześli zgnęła się wzdłuż domów, poa nieważ unikała Światła księ życa, nie chcąc, aby ją ktoś uj rzał, Jakaś postać przemykała się przez uliczki, zbliżyła się do okna i szybka postawiła tam placek... Słał tam już cały sze rcg innych. Następnie z biją cym sercem i drżącymi warga mi dziewczyna szybko i bez szelestnie się oddalała, — Mój placek jest ładniej. szy i większy ad innych — my ślała każda z nich, przyjrzaw pe nikomu się mie swierzal. szy się krytycznym okiem plac łych. cienkie obok grubych, kom rywalek. — Czy to nie była Martyna? To z pewnością Dolores — Naturalnie Bianca! Ta ni gdy nie znajdzie męża! I w końcu piękny pogodny dzień rozproszył cienie nocy. Dziewczęta wyskoczyły z łó żek i ubrały się odświetnie, po nieważ po mszy — tak wyma gal obyczaj — miały przejść przed oknami Pepego. Wybra na, której ciasto bf napoczę te, przestąpi próg mieszkania i zostanie serdecznie powitana przez teściów i narz_czonego. Na rannej mszy zebrały się dziewczęta wraz z matkami w kościele. Zaledwie ksiądz i mi nistranci opuścili ołtarz, dziew częa wybiegły z kościoła. Na rynku rywalki spotkały się i zmierzyły się zawistnym wzro kiem chociaż do ich warg przy Jęnął lekki uśmiech, który miał pozorować beztroskę. Powoli pochód ruszył z miej sca, dziewczęta skierowały się do domu, w którym mieszkał Pepe. Śzły wolnym krokiem, serca im mocno biły, a na po liczki wystąpił rumieniec pod niecenia. Na framudze stało w rów nym szeregu około trzydziestu placków. Duże stoły obok ma ra miane obok żółto złotych. Rywalki wraz z matkami zbliżyły się do okna i nagle z piersi wszystkich kobiet wy darł się okrzyk przerażenia, Co się stało? Czy Pepe znów się nie zdecydował na wybór? Toby nikogo nie wprawiło w takie oszołomienie. Pepe napo czął wszystkie placki, z każde go odkroil kawałek. Zanim któraś z kobiet zdała ła sobie wyjaśnić te niezwykłe zjawisko, Pepe ukazał się w o knie. Uśmiechnał się, skinął do dziewcząt i wykrzyknął: — Spróbowałem dziś wszy stkie placki, Każdy z nich jest wyśmienity, Z tego wzglę: du nie mogłem się zdecydować na wybór. Niestety! Jest jesz cze inne wyjście z sytuacji: mogę się z wami wszystkimi pobrać! Jak chcecie! Co należało obecnie uczynić? Poradzono się w tej sprawię ojców miasta, ponieważ z ła kim wypadkiem jeszcze się nie spotkano. Ci jednak nie potra fili znaleźć wyjśca z sytuacji. Od tego czasu w Aguilarze nie piecze się placków z ro dzynkami. Pepe zaś zyskał u znanie wszystkich młodzici ców, ponieważ oszczędził im wyboru narzeczonej... na pode stawie ciatta.. Teatru Miejskiego. „Aleś te nie na serio '. Najbłiżiszą premierą Teatru im. J. Słowackiego będzie komedja mu zyczna P. Armont'a i L. Marchand'a p. t „Krawiec w zamku“ w prze kladzie Wł. Krzemińskiego z muzy ką A. Steinbrechera. Próby odby wają się od dłuższego czasu pod kierunkiem reż W. Radulskiego. Co grają w kinach? ADREA: „Romeo i Jułia", ATLANTIC: „Toni z Wiednia”. APOLLO: „Szampański wale". BAGATELA: „Bohaterowie Sybiru”. oraz rewia p. t. „Czar piosenki". DOM ŻOŁNIERZA: „Metropolitan“ Kino Muzeum: „Napad na Konge" PROMIEŃ: Szarża lekkiej brygady SUTUKA: „Hotel Savoy 217". "ŚWIT: „Papa się żeni”. STELLA: „Trąędowata”. UGIECHA: „Sytwetki'”. WANDA: „Tajna brygada”. PROGRAM RADIOWY Kraków, godz 7.25 Kilka injormacyi 7.30 Muzyka peranna z płyt 1203 L8 gendy i ballady 14 Lekalne wiad. go spodarcze 14,05 Mnzyka z płyt 15.15 « Koncert reklamowy 15.30 Muzyka z płyt 16.05 Wiadomości z dnia 16,20 Muzyka z płyt 19.20 Muzyka lekka. Nocny dyżur aptek Apteka pod Słońcem, Rynek Gł. A—B 42, pod Eskulapem, św. Ger trudy l, pod Matką Boską, Krowo derska 74, w Dybnikach, ul. Kono pnickiej 8, pod Złotym Orłem. ul. Krakowska 9, ul, Mogilska 10. Okólnik Min. Spraw. Wewn. w sprawie radiofonizacji kraju Na radiofonizację kraju, jako wybitny czynnik postępu i kul tury, zwrócona została obecnie uwaga wszystkich czynników w naszym Faństwie, Podział opłat na dwa zasadni cze typy, za odbiornik lampo wy — 3zł. miesięcznie i bez lampowy 1 zł. miesięcznie przy jęty został z uznaniem przez . społeczeństwo. M nisterstwo Spraw Wewnętrz nych poparło radiofonizację okól nikiem (Dz. Urz. M. S. Wew. nr. 1 z da. 20 I. b. r.),, w któ rym podkreśla, że zarówno Min. Poczt. i Telegr. jak i Polskie Radio zmierzają w kierunku stwo rzenia możliwienajdo rodniejszych warunków dla rozwoju radiofonii ze względu na jej wielkie zna czenie. Podkreślą też Min. Spraw. Wewn., że spostrzeżenia poczy nione przez. Polskie Radio wy kazują szybszy proces radio fonizacji terenów szczególnie wiej skich, ńa których czynniki samo rządowe i społeczne biorą w akcji radiofonizac jnej czynny udział. Nawiązując do tego Min. Spraw. Wewn. zaleca wszystkim podle gającym sobie władzom przychy| ne ustosunkowanie się do akcji radiofonizacji, a w szczególności do przedsięwzięć podejmowanych w tym zakresie przez Polskie Radio. i Samobójstwo młodego chłopca po zawodzię miłosnym. 5 pe... mt Pod wrażeniem ‚doznanego 24wo du miłosnego. popełnił onegdaj w Pyszkowcauch obok Buczacza, samio bójstwo „20-letni Mikołaj Pyskły wiec, wieszając się w stodole. Śmierć _ młodego chłopca, ze względu ną tragiczne „okoliczności, wywołała duże wrażenie e IE EEN EB Lotem. podróżujemy najbardziej komfortowo, | wezwano nie lekarza lecz znacho najszybciej, tanio. KRONIK a Z Z. R ZN NZ Z Z 000 oco cwc OSTATNIE WIABOMUSCI A KRAKOWA Kraków w dniu Imiemin P. Prezydenta Rzplilej Kraków uczcił dzień lImienin Pana Prezydenta Rzeczypospoli tej udekorowaniem gmachów państwowych flagami o barwach narodowych. W kościele św. Barbary sta raniem OO. Jezuitów o godz. 8 rano została odprawiona Woty wa na intencję P. Prez. Rzeczy pospolitej, po której zgromadze| 2 lutego w kościele tencję P. Prez. Rzeczypospolitej zostało odprawione we wtorek garnizono ni odśpiewali hymn „Boże coś wym św. Agnieszki o godz. 10. Polskę". W nabożeństwie tem wzięli u Oficjalne nabożeństwo za in| dział przedstawiciele władz. BIAŁY TYDZIEŃ Koryta u FREIWALDA Korzystaj | PAJO Kraków, Florjańska 44. I p. Karzystaj Dla przykładu ceny: Płótna . . . . od 0.56 zł. s zł. Dysk Pep iN, 0368 | MLA E Y Na prześcieradła . „ 1.30 „ Ręczniki . . . . „ 045, Wielki wybór płótna, stołowizny, kap kołder, koców itd. Ostatnie nowości w wełnach i jedwabiach. wydaje po cenach ściśle gotówkowych na asygnaty Rodziny Kolejowej i Zrzeszenia Urzędników Miejskich. Porwanie 17-letniejdziewczyny naul. Sarego Widownią niebywałego imcy-|wyszło na jaw, że matka dziew-|nowiła porwać ją siłą do włas dentu była w godzinac kowie. Do mieszkania jednego z zamieszkałych tam adwokatów przybyła 17-letnia Wanda J. D. Chciała ona zasięgnąć porady prawnej, gdyż matka jej prowa dzi proces rozwodowy ze swym drugim mężem, podczas gdy ona sama zamieszkuje u ojczyma. “o wyjściu dziewczyny z Kan* celarii adwokata, w mofhencie, gdy znalazła,się w sieni domu, rzuciło się na nią 2 osobników, którzy poczęli ciągnąć ją w stro nę taksówki, oczekującej przed domem. Osobnikami tymi kiero wała kobieta, której twarz była zasłonięta. Sprawa wyjaśniła się niebawem gdy zaalarmowani krzykiem, są siedzi, którzy pośpieszyli jej z pomocą. Napadniętą uwolniono z opresji i zajęto się tymi, którzy zamierzali ją porwać. posta KAŻ w popo|czyny niezadowolona z tego. że |nego mieszkania. łudniowych ul. J. Sarego w Kra-| mieszka ona u ojczyma, PUKAPNIA MONOPOL KRAKÓW, UL. NA GRÓDKU L. 2 Telefon Nr. 173-02. wykonuje druki wszelkiego rodzaju, jak: czasopisma, broszury, prospekty, afisze, ulotki, księgi handlowe itd. solidnieszybko-tanio ÓWCZAS | a uchwaly napad bardycki pod "rakowem W/ezoraj wieczorem zaalarmo| Salomona Śchleimera. Około go wany został Zywiec zuchwałym napadem bandyekim na właści| Schleimera ciela sklepu towarów mieszanych ' prosiło o bułkę z dziny 630 wiecz. przybyło do 2 osobników i po moskalikami. EEDD O IOA EO ZE VR A NIRO: TE WANY PORADA REE EEE AANA TY O" S ZA Trup wieśniaka i zaprząg pod śniegiem. Onegdaj wyjechał z Równego sa niami» naładowanymi towarem Wło dzimierz Kocka: lat 52 ze wsi No wokrajów i odtąd wszełki ślad pa nim zaginął. i *Depiero %czoruj mieszkaniec o kolieznej wsi dokonał makabryczne gą odkrycia. Oto zauważył na po lace wystające pónad zwałami snie gu końskie głowy. mati Przerażony tym widokiem zawia dómił.. natychmiast sołtysa: poblis= kiej wioski, którzy przy pomocy 16-ciu wieśniaków doprowadzili do wydobycia zaprzęgu. Po dłuższych dopiero poszukiwaniach i przeko pania na większej przestrzeni mas śnieżnych w odłegłości 40 metrów od San natrafiono na zamarzniete zwłoki wożniey., Przęmarzniete, ko nie udało się uratować. Istnieje przypuszczenie. że Kocek powracając noca zbłądził i wsku tek gwałtownej zamieci Śnieżnej, 'znalażł *tragiczną Śmierć opodal o siefłi ludzkich. Straszne skutki „.ciemnoty Do Warszawy przywieziono z Do„psa do poelizania ręki chorego dziec brzynła niejaką Marię Czyżyk, dwu letnią córkę ' tamfejszego gospođi rza. Dziecko uległo poparzenia ręki. ra, który połecił, aby pórzniónE „ka. Po paru dniach okazało się, że, gies był wściekły: Zawiadomione o wypadku władze „niezwłocznie poleciły przesłać cho re Gziecko do Warszawy, gdzie jest miejsca :polizał pie$. Sprowadzona pęddawane zabiegom echronnym. |. REDAKCJA | ADMINISTRACJA: Kraków, ùl. Na Gródku 2. — Telefon 173-02 Po spcźyciu, zapłacili i odeszli Po 10 minutach przybyli znów zażądali ponownie powyższej porcji. W cswili, gdy szwagierka wla ścicieła odwróciła się, by wydać żądane bułki, weszło do sklepu jeszcze 2 bandytów, którzy byli zamaskowani i skierowali lufy rewolwerów w kierunku Schlei mera i jego szwagierki, zążądali podniesienie rąk do góry, a je den z nich wyplądrował kasę, która zawierała cały utarg. dzien ny, a następnie zbiegli. Na miejsce przybyła natych miast policja Państwowa z ko komendantem Czapelskini na' cze le, która rozpbezęła drobiazgowe śledztwo. ż fZmika te kin: "FE" Adria”, „Świt? dla Czytelników mananan e RZN O e „Ostatnich Wiadomości Ważna tylko w dniu 3 lutego 1937 r. Komunikaty We czwartek 4. lutego v godz.. b wiecz. w Sali Saskiej (ul. Jana 6} odbędzie się wieczór muzyki i poezji francuskiej połączony z odczytem powieściopisarki p. Kazimiery Al berti p. t. „Francuz na codzień”. Słowo wstępne (w jęz, francuskim) wygłosi prof. B. Hamel. SRP z W czwartek, dnia 4. lutego br. rozpocznie się drugi cykl wykładów na tematy naukowo-tsportowe urzą dzane przez R. K. S. „Legia“ w Kre kowie, który otworzy Płk. Wójcicki odczytem p. t. „Cele i drogi sportu w Polsce". Odczyt odbędzie się w sali „Legii“ Dunajewskiego 6 II p. ofic. o godz. 19-ej. Pociąg popularny do Warszawy Liga Popierania Turystyki or ganizuje na 6-7 bm. wycieczkę pociągiem popularnym z Krako wa do Warszawy na międzyna rodowe Zawody Łyżwiarski i zwiedzenie stolicy. Odjazd z Krakowa 6 II. godz. 13.15. — Przyjazd do Warszawy godz. 19.13. — Odjazd z War szawy 7 ll. godz. 23.05. — Przy jazd do Krakowa 8 II. godz.5.15. Za 12.90zł. tam i z powrotem. Gdy katar i chrypka stosuje się Pinomethy! : Cena flakonika 1.60 do nabycia we wszyst i | | | kich aptekach w Polsce © reae WE KI OH R TAA a LEE PT Aresztowanie wyrednego ojca W pobliżu Placu Broni w War szawie przechodnie spostrzegli małą dziewczynkę drżącą z zim na i płaczącą. Hrzeprowadzona do komisaria tu zeznała, że na imię jej Pola, że liczy 10 lat i mieszka na ul. Gęsiej, lecz nie pamięta numer, jak również swego nazwiska. Mimo tak skąpych wskazówek, policja ustaliła niebawem że dzię cko jest .córką bezrobotnego N'i delmana, który nie mając środ ków na utrzymanie porzycił dzie? cko. Nieludzkiego ojca aresztowana. Pijak strzelał na wiwat 3 * Po wyjściu z restauracji naul. Okopowej w Warszawie zaczął strzelać z rewolweru jakiś męż czyzna. Na odgłos strzałów nad biegł posterunkowy. Na widok policjanta, strzeła jący począł uciekać. Posterunko wy przypuszczając, że ma przed so bą bandytę wystrzelił 4 razy z” rewolweru; lecz chybił. Po strzą' łach uciekający zatrzymał" SiĘ. sze Po przeprowadzeniu do komiśaż:** jatu, okazało się, Że jest to Wład, * Liczkowski, który będąc pijany, strzelał na wiwat. „Bagatela” Krakowskich” Redaktor przyjmuje od godz. 16—17. S 4 z. CENY OGŁOSZEŃ: W kronice krakowskiej | wiersz mm. 1 zł. Cała strona 1600 zł. — Drobne 10 groszy za wyraz. — Poszukiwania pracy 5 groszy za wyraz. 4 Drukarnia „Monopol“, Kraków, ul. Na Gródku 2. — Telefon Nr. 173-02. "Odpowiedzialny redaktor i wydawca Alfred Kwiatkowski.
| 48,817 |
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikraneura%20angustata
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Dikraneura angustata
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https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dikraneura angustata&action=history
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Waray
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Spoken
| 37 | 68 |
An Dikraneura angustata in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Ball ngan Delong hadton 1925. An Dikraneura angustata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dikraneura, ngan familia nga Cicadellidae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Dikraneura
| 26,355 |
6838007_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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Unknown
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Unknown
| 863 | 1,088 |
BUFFINGTON, Circuit Judge.
In this case it is alleged that on March 29, 1927, 646 cases of whisky and 4 barrels of malt found in a house on the New Jersey coast occupied by Edward Cost were seized under a search warrant. These liquors became subject to the court’s orders in the following manner: On that day application was made for a search warrant, based on an affidavit which alleged, on information and belief, that “Edward Cost possesses cases of whisky and *512other merchandise, subject to duty or imported contrary to law, in violation of Tariff Act 1922 [42 Stat. 858], of the United States of America; that the premises upon which said eases of whisky and other merchandise are possessed or stored is located at 102 Washington road, Sayreville, New Jersey.” The search warrant was issued and executed, with the return, “Served by making search as within directed, upon which search I found 646 cases of whisky, 4 barrels of malt in cellar.”
On April 7, 1927, Cost presented a petition praying the search warrant be quashed, and that “in the meantime all proceedings which may be brought or are pending against the said Edward Cost be stayed until the further order of this court,” and that “the right be reserved to the petitioner, Edward Cost, to petition for the return of the property seized under the alleged search warrant in this ease.” While this proceeding was pending, and without leave of court, the United States attorney on April 11th filed a libel to forfeit said property, which libel is the subject-matter before this court.
It will here be noted that in such libel the United States was alleged to be in possession of the goods, but without stating how such possession was obtained; 'that said goods had been fraudulently imported into the United States, whereby they had become forfeited; - and that the same were possessed and used for barter and sale, in violation of the Act of Congress of October 28, 1919 (27 USCA), allegations which, untraversed, warranted, in the absence of defense, a decree of forfeiture. In the proceeding to suppress the search warrant the court on April 25th held the search was illegal, suppressed the evidence obtained thereby, and ordered that “until further order of this court * * *
the United States attorney” and others “are hereby restrained from destroying or disposing of in any manner the property seized under the alleged warrant in this cause.” And on May 9th the court in the libel or second proceeding ordered that “all further proceedings for the forfeiture of the goods and merchandise mentioned in said libel be restrained until the matter shall have been heard and determined by the court and in the meantime all officers, agents, and employees of the United States are restrained from in anywise disposing of said goods and merchandise.”
As we read this order, the court then, and we think rightfully, restrained “all further proceedings for the forfeiture of the goods,” etc., until the petition of Cost of April 7th was determined. Had that course been followed, Cost and his proofs, if he desired to make proofs, could have been heard in due course, and whatever his rights were, or whatever the court’s duty was, with reference to the liquor held by its direction, could have been determined in his pending petition for return.
Instead of following the course so outlined, Cost on May 16th filed a petition to intervene as a claimant in the forfeiture libel, and filed an answer and motion to quash, at the same time challenging the jurisdiction of the court, and again prayed for the return of the liquor to him. " Following this the United States attorney on December 7th filed exceptions to Cost’s answer Ion the ground, inter alia, that “the said claim fails to state that the claimant is the true and bona 'fide owner of the res, as required by general admiralty rule 25 [set out under 28 USCA § 723]”; and, second, “because the claim fails to state that it is made on behalf of a person who is the true and bona fide owner of the res, as required by general admiralty rule 25.” This contention was sustained by the court, and the decree of forfeiture entered, from which Cost took this appeal.
Assuming, for present purposes, the court was right in applying in a forfeiture libel rule 25, as it did, a question which we do not decide, or deem necessary to do, the practical effect of the procedure followed was to deny Cost an opportunity to assert under the original petition his right, if such he has, to a return, of the liquor. We will therefore vacate the decree entered in the libel case below, and remit the.record, with instructions to proceed in due course on the petition of Cost for the surrender to him of the liquors seized under the search warrant, and now under the court’s control, and to make such order as the proofs and facts warrant.
The same course will be followed in White, Claimant, No. 3791; Rodgers, Claimant, No. 3792; and Arnould, Claimant, No. 3793.
| 27,150 |
https://github.com/typelevel/frameless/blob/master/dataset/src/test/scala/frameless/syntax/FramelessSyntaxTests.scala
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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frameless
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typelevel
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Scala
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Code
| 139 | 560 |
package frameless
package syntax
import org.scalacheck.Prop
import org.scalacheck.Prop._
import frameless.functions.aggregate._
class FramelessSyntaxTests extends TypedDatasetSuite {
// Hide the implicit SparkDelay[Job] on TypedDatasetSuite to avoid ambiguous implicits
override val sparkDelay = null
def prop[A, B](data: Vector[X2[A, B]])(
implicit ev: TypedEncoder[X2[A, B]]
): Prop = {
val dataset = TypedDataset.create(data).dataset
val dataframe = dataset.toDF()
val typedDataset = dataset.typed
val typedDatasetFromDataFrame = dataframe.unsafeTyped[X2[A, B]]
typedDataset.collect().run().toVector ?= typedDatasetFromDataFrame.collect().run().toVector
}
test("dataset typed - toTyped") {
def prop[A, B](data: Vector[X2[A, B]])(
implicit ev: TypedEncoder[X2[A, B]]
): Prop = {
val dataset = session.createDataset(data)(TypedExpressionEncoder(ev)).typed
val dataframe = dataset.toDF()
dataset.collect().run().toVector ?= dataframe.unsafeTyped[X2[A, B]].collect().run().toVector
}
check(forAll(prop[Int, String] _))
check(forAll(prop[X1[Long], String] _))
}
test("frameless typed column and aggregate") {
def prop[A: TypedEncoder](a: A, b: A): Prop = {
val d = TypedDataset.create((a, b) :: Nil)
(d.select(d('_1).untyped.typedColumn).collect().run ?= d.select(d('_1)).collect().run).&&(
d.agg(first(d('_1))).collect().run() ?= d.agg(first(d('_1)).untyped.typedAggregate).collect().run()
)
}
check(forAll(prop[Int] _))
check(forAll(prop[X1[Long]] _))
}
}
| 46,555 |
https://quant.stackexchange.com/questions/34379
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
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Alex C, amdopt, https://quant.stackexchange.com/users/16160, https://quant.stackexchange.com/users/26556
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English
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Spoken
| 408 | 624 |
Why does a futures price converge to a spot price?
I've sort of get the arbitrage logic of it, i.e if the futures price is more expensive than spot price, then investors would short the contract and buy the asset for delivery.
Correct me if i'm wrong.
The investor enters into a short position on the contract and buys the asset for delivery.
So does this mean it works only in the case of physical delivery of asset and not cash settlements?
This question was also asked here not long ago. https://quant.stackexchange.com/questions/33831/convergence-of-spot-and-futures-prices
Futures could be higher or lower than the spot. You must factor in the carrying cost to determine if an arb exists though. If you are only looking at Future and spot and nothing more you will the world is full of Arb's! :) This post may shed some light too: https://quant.stackexchange.com/questions/33493/why-is-stock-futures-price-much-lower-than-spot/33659#33659
on edit: oops - didn't read this question carefully! Futures price can be above or below spot price. In equities, for example, if dividends are more than the risk free rate, then the futures will be below the spot if the risk free rate is greater than the dividends, then the futures will be above the spot. Assuming continuous rates and div yields, $F=Se^{(r-q)T}$ where we can assume that $q$ can absorb all funding costs and borrow costs for the stock for borrowing/lending the stock for short selling. If the equation above is an inequality, buy the cheaper one and sell the more expensive one to capture the convergence. Follow the usual replication argument.
end of edit.
It works for cash deliveries too. For SPX futures, you have to buy the basket of stocks and sell the futures or vice versa. Cash delivery happens in the end, but that cash - assuming no transaction costs - can be retrieved by selling the basket.
The cases where the arbitrage fails is when you can't actually buy the spot item today and deliver it at expiration.
Probably the most liquid version of this is VIX - you cannot buy VIX spot and hold it to delivery for a VIX futures contract.
Agricultural commodities sometimes have a convergence problem:
http://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2013/08/solving-markets-non-convergence-puzzle.html
If there were 6M futures on fresh eggs, you couldn't buy physical eggs today for delivery in 6M and call them fresh!
+1 for the link to the paper showing there has been some non-convergence in agricultural futures. Interesting. Life is more complicated than the textbook says.
| 42,083 |
sn88064069_1921-12-15_1_8_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 2,116 | 3,277 |
An Local News. Spen p. Williams spent a few days in the home of Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Williams. Euston, Ma Madden visited relatives in Salles last week. Majestic, Ma Madden visited relatives in Salles last week. Mainy Maslin from other parts are expected to be present to the program, and much interest is manifested. Robeson, of Homer, was in the home of Mr. and Mrs. as the guest last Friday. Ladies Aid Society of the First Church met last Tuesday in a very interesting session. Mrs. T. H. Barnett, of Homer, was in the home of Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Byrd last Friday. Mrs. Chas. Byrd, of the home of Mrs. Clyde Fonts, was in the home of Mrs. John L. Garrett. P. Hammitt, of Haynesboro, was in the home of Mrs. F. Blakley, of Shreveport, for a few days last week by Mr. Burkhalter, of Ringgold, but the home of his sister, Mrs. Burkhalter, on Sunday. R. Johnson, of Homer, was in the home of Mr. and Mrs. Walker and Miss Robert Kidd, on the solemn occasion. Illinois at the Methodist Sunday evening, Rev. Ser Thomas Mason officiating. Only witnesses were present, Messrs. T. G. Kidd and Clarence Walker. Walker is one of our prosperous men, and Mrs. Walker is one of our prosperous men. Wedded life be one of happiness in Ragan, a trained nurse, reports, is attending Miss with her during her illness. Many friends are anxiously to hear of an improvement in her condition and wish for her a very. A. Wilkinson, of Wichita, is a guest in the home of his son, Harry Sutton. Minchen has recovered his operation for appendicitis. He returned home from the Sanitarium Saturday. Beth Garrett will give a lecture Friday evening of this week. A rare musical treat is in attendance. On Saturday for Chicago, where she will be a guest before going to New Orleans, an indefinite stay. Porter, of the Blenheim school faculty, was the guest of Mrs. Chas. Byrd. Porter, of the Blenheim school faculty, was the guest of Mrs. Chas. Byrd. PERSONAL NOTES IN MEXICO HUCKABY AND DOUGHERTY IN THE HOME OF MR. HAY HUCKABY IN CHESTNUT. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Byrd left last week for a visit of some length in Cushatta. She stopped days in Shreveport with friends. Crawford and children, Aubrey, and Miss Calia spent several days last report and Benton the relatives. Shammer and Dr. C. C. attended the medical meeting in Cushatta last week. Dr. Porter spent the week pleasantly in Gibsland, the Dr. and Mrs. H. F. Spencer the time very pleasant, Scopus, Mrs. J. A. Oden. Sshoe Sale of Unusual Simporance AT Famous -r RUSTON, LA. "A dren's Shoes in our store. Hanan Walk-Over and a pair of Men's, Walk-Over Shoes for women. Every and Walker Shoe you can afford to miss this opportunity. High and Low by the world's best shoe makers, at prices that you can't afford to miss. Our store at Reduced Prices. Men's clothing at SALE PRICE. "A line of quality at SALE PRICE. Mr. Ernest Crowson, of El Dorado, passed a few days here last week with relatives and friends. Mr. C. J. Loe, of New York City, spent a few days here last week with his father, Mr. J. R. Loe. His boyhood friends and many relatives were glad to welcome him back after an absence of several years. Mrs. Geo. Elzee and baby left for their home in Haynesville Friday after a stay of several months here in Ed the home of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. G. W. Bolton. She was accompanied to as far as Gibraltar by Miss Lois Bolton, who spent the time until Monday with friends. Mr. and Mrs. Bascom Roberson left last week for El Dorado, Ark., where they will spend the winter. They will make their home. Percy Thomas, of Arcadia, spent a few days here last week. PROCEEDINGS OF THE PARISH POLICE JURY Arcadia, La. November 7th, 1921. Ordinance. An ordinance fixing a License Tax for the year 1922: Be it ordained by the Police Jury of Bienville Parish, Louisiana, in regular session convened, that a special license tax equal to the amount levied by the State is hereby levied on all business, trades, occupations or callings, on which the State levies the license. Be it further ordained, That all license Tax provided for, shall become due and delinquent at the same time as the State License and shall be collected in the same manner as the State License and shall bear the same penalties after they become due. Read, adopted and signed in open session on this the 7th day of November, 1921. This the 7th day of November, 1921. J. S. WILLIAMS, Clerk of Police Jury. D. M. WHITE, President of Police Jury. Ordinance. Be it resolved that an Ordinance fixing the budget of Expenses and Receipts for the year 1922, be and the same is hereby adopted as follows, to-wit: BUDGET. 1. Salary of Parish Treasurer and Clerk $2200.00 2. Milage and Per Diem of a Police Jury $1500.00 3. Stationery and Office Supplies $2000.00 4. Official Printing $500.00 5. Sheriff's Salary $500.00 6. Court Expenses $1500.00 7. Jurors and Witnesses $1200.00 8. District Attorney's Fees $500.00 9. Transporting Prisoners and Insane $1000.00 10. Feeding Prisoners $1500.00 11. Maintenance Court House and Jail $3000.00 12. Cornier's Jury and Expense $400.00 13. Parish Board of Health and Expense $200.00 14. Justices of Peace and Constables $1000.00 15. Roads and Bridges $10000.00 16. Election Expenses $1000.00 17. Registrar of Voters $1000.00 19. Tick Eradication $5000.00 20. Paupers $2500.00 21. Sundries $4000.00 Total Expenses $40500.00 ESTIMATED RECEIPTS. Estimated receipts from regular assessment, $40,500.00. Parish Taxes $38000.00 Amount Of Automobile Li r cease................... 2000.00 Our Agency "alf a cn -Under Present Management Eighteen Years You know you need Insurance. We know how to write It your policies correctly. We appreciates your business and assure you 100 per cent protection and service. DANIEL, BRYAN & TURNER "Insurance of Every Kind Known to Man. ,,Pakish Licenses...................... 500.00 sold Total..................................$40500.00 D. M. WHITE, Pres. Police Jury. Con J. S. WILLIAMS, Clerk Police Jury. is - CONSTABLE SALE. W. J. Bates vs. Ed Allums. First Justice Court, State of Louisiana, Parish of Bienville, Under and by virtue of a Writ of and Execution issued from the above named Honorable Court and to me directed, I have seized and will offer for sale to the last and highest bidder for cash, with the benefit of appraisement, at the principal front door of the Sparta Post Office, Sparta, La., within legal hours on Saturday, Dec. 24th, 1921, to the following described property to-wit: SE of NE, 10 Acres on South side of NE, containing 50 acres, Sec. R. Tp. 16 N. R. 7 W. The above described property seized as belonging to the defendant Ed Allums, and will be sold to satisfy said writ of Execution and all costs. This the 14th day of November, 1921. W. G. STEWART, Constable. POSTED NOTICE. The public is hereby warned not to trespass on any of my property situated in Blenville parish, same having been duly posted according to law. This 9th day of November, 1921. D. H. POSEY, Bryceland, La. FOR SALE. I. M. Black farm, 182 acres. This land is in Sec. 22 and 23-16-5. One third cash, balance one, two and three months. Years with 5 percent interest. This land lies well and is as good as you will find in Bienville parish. If interested, white us. THE FIRST TRUST & BANKING CO., Arcadia, La. POSTED NOTICE. The public is hereby warned not to trespass on any of the following lands, same having been posted according to law: 19 acres in S.E. corner S.E. of S.E. Sec. 8, E. 1-2 of N.W. 1-4, E. 1-2 of S.W. of N.W., W. 1-2 of S.W. 1-4, Sec. 9, W. 1-2 of N.W. 1-4, Sec. 16, N.E. 1-4 of Sec. 17, Tp. 18, R. 5 W. in Bienville Parish, La. This 28th day of Nov., 1921. MR. AND MRS. G. C. ALLEN. CONSTABLE SALE. J. F. and S. E. Howerton Vs. Jeff.00 Hawk. State of Louisiana, Parish of Bienville. In Second Justice Court, Ward Two. Under and by virtue of a Writ of Fieri Facias issued out of the above named honorable court and to me directed, I have seized and will offer for sale for cash to the last and highest bidder, at the front door of the Honorable Second Justice of the Peace's office, in the town of Gibsland, La., with the following movable property, to wit: One black horse Mule, one white and brown spotted Milk Cow, two young Cows, one brown colored, one white and brown spotted. Said property seized as that of the defendant, Jeiff Hawk, and will be sold to pay said debt and all costs. This Dec. 6th, 1921. P. C. BURNETTE, Constable Ward Two, Bienville Parish, La. FOR SALE. My farm containing 70 acres, located one and one-half miles from Arcadia on the Bryceland road. For prices and terms address BOX 305, Homer La. (12-15-2t-pd) LIST OF PETIT JURORS DRAWN FOR THIRD MONDAY IN DEC. EMBER, 191, TERM OF COURT. Henry Bailey, 4; S. A. Cook, 1; E. H. Toms, 6; L. C. Culbertson, 1; C. Allen, 1; Wiley Reno, 2; W. T. Hays It; I. S. Miley, 7; Paul Hammett, 2; Frank Hinton, 4; W. F. Mosley, 4; R. F. Parnell, 2; G. F. Smith, 7; Boyd Patterson, 2; R. T. Alliston, 6; M. G. Ricks, 6; Joe H. Evans, 4; W. L. Coleman, 1; Roy J. Black, 3; J. O. Taylor, 6; J. H. Harper, 4; E. L. Prothro, 3; G. C Shaw, 3; J. F. How erton, 2; R. L. Taylor, 1; W. G. Murphy, 3; J. M. Tompkins, 1; C. F. Dorgan, 5; Dallas Thornton, 2; and J. P. McCoy, 3 State of Louisiana, Parish of Bilenville I, J. N. Snelley, Chief Deputy Clerk of the District Court and Ex-Officio Deputy Jury Commissioner, within and for the Parish of Bilenville, State of Louisiana, hereby certify the above aforementioned to be a true and correct list of the Venire this day drawn for service, the Grand Jury beginning Third Monday in November, 1921, and the regular Petty Jury beginning this Third Monday in December, 1921, and the Special Petit Jury beginning will the Third Monday in November, 1921, of the Court, for the Parish of La, will be the Third Monday in November, 1921. Witness my hand and seal of office this the 1st day of November, 1921. J. N. SMELLEY, Chief Deputy Clerk and Ex-Officio G Deputy Jury Commissioner, La DEMOCRAT 2 years for $3.50 in Bienville parish. to W, D. . Coff Bertram Barnette " of " GOFF & IARNETTE * -2 * Attoraeys at Law ' Practice in &tsa' and ' .4, Federal Courts 6*" Office in Commercial Bank Bldg. " in - Areadia, Louisiana DR. R. H. MARSHAL Deptist GIBSLAND on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday' elf ARCADIA on Thursday, Friday sh and Saturday •i.c.e: :" ___,-, .!· ,!,---- - / IQOLdoubt your boy or girl is making known his or Ivo S ' herdemands of Santa Claus these days. Mon o likely it is or Toys, Toys and more Toys. We can supply all the youngster's demands and save you money. Bring them i to see our WONDERFUL TOY EXHIBIT. GIFTS FOR ALL Our gift department is not only replete with gifts for little folks. You will find here appro priate gifts for everyone on your list. Here are some of our special Christmas bargains: Dolls of all sizes Manicure Sets Doll Beds and Buggies Articles in Cut Glass Toy Wagons, Pianos Perfume and Toilet Water j Trains, Guns, Autos Stationery Go-Carts, Fairy Storybooks Christmas Chocolates Comb and Brush Sets Ivory Toilet Sets And many other items. Make our store your headquarters while doing your Xmas shopping., You'll find it easy to shop herere where the selection is large and tthe prices moderate. Davis Drug Co. .... - . ' ' - .- .:. *,a allll • • , toso eeweeteslcini ag n tepie oeae Don't Ft Dec. 26 at LYONS BROS. Every dollar worth of Merchandise bought till that date gives you a ticket on that Beautiful Enamel Range $20.00 in Gold $10.00 in Merchandise $5.00 in Merchandise $2.50 in Merchandise The six prizes are merely Christmas gifts to the trade and you could not be loser if you buy of us. No better stock in town. No better grades anywhere. No better grade anywhere. No better price possible. Be one present to get your prize at three o'clock December 26th. Lyons Bros. Co.
| 13,873 |
https://github.com/TomandJery2021/ppp/blob/master/lite/kernels/metal/image_op/io_copy_image_compute.mm
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
ppp
|
TomandJery2021
|
Objective-C++
|
Code
| 1,290 | 5,995 |
// Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
#include <sys/time.h>
#include "lite/backends/metal/target_wrapper.h"
#include "lite/core/kernel.h"
#include "lite/core/op_registry.h"
#undef LITE_WITH_LOG
namespace paddle {
namespace lite {
namespace kernels {
namespace metal {
/*
* This kernel copies a tensor from host to Metal Texture(NHWC).
*/
class IoCopyHostToMetalTexture
: public KernelLite<TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray)> {
public:
void PrepareForRun() override {
auto& context = ctx_->As<ContextMetal>();
metal_context_ = (MetalContext*)context.context();
auto device = metal_context_->GetDefaultDevice();
auto& param = Param<operators::IoCopyParam>();
CHECK(param.x->target() == TARGET(kHost) ||
param.x->target() == TARGET(kARM) ||
param.x->target() == TARGET(kX86));
output_buffer_ =
param.y->template mutable_data<float, MetalImage>(param.y->dims());
auto input_dims = param.x->dims();
if ((input_dims.size() == 4 && input_dims[1] <= 4) ||
(input_dims.size() == 3 && input_dims[0] <= 4)) {
std::string function_name = "buffer_to_texture_array_n_channel_kernel";
queue_ = metal_context_->GetDefaultQueue(*device);
kernel_ = metal_context_->GetKernel(*device, function_name);
}
}
void Run() override {
auto& context = ctx_->As<ContextMetal>();
metal_context_ = (MetalContext*)context.context();
auto device = metal_context_->GetDefaultDevice();
auto& param = Param<operators::IoCopyParam>();
auto src = param.x->template data<float>();
auto input_dims = param.x->dims();
auto output_dims = param.y->dims();
if ((input_dims.size() == 4 && input_dims[1] <= 4) ||
(input_dims.size() == 3 && input_dims[0] <= 4)) {
auto mem_size = param.x->dims().production() * sizeof(float);
auto src_buffer_ =
metal_context_->CreateBuffer(*device,
const_cast<float*>(src),
mem_size,
METAL_ACCESS_FLAG::CPUWriteOnly);
auto output_width = output_buffer_->texture_width_;
auto output_height = output_buffer_->texture_height_;
auto output_array_length = output_buffer_->array_length_;
auto encoder = std::make_shared<MetalEncoder>(
metal_context_->cmd_buf_.get(), &kernel_->program_);
MetalUint3 global_work_size = {
static_cast<MetalUint>(output_width),
static_cast<MetalUint>(output_height),
static_cast<MetalUint>(output_array_length)};
[encoder->metal_command_encoder_ setBuffer:(src_buffer_->buffer())
offset:(0)atIndex:(0)];
[encoder->metal_command_encoder_ setTexture:(output_buffer_->image())
atIndex:(0)];
kernel_->Execute(*encoder, global_work_size, false);
} else {
output_buffer_->CopyFromNCHW<float>(src);
}
}
std::unique_ptr<type_infer_handler_t> GetTypeInferHandler() override {
std::unique_ptr<type_infer_handler_t> res(new type_infer_handler_t);
*res = [](const std::map<std::string, const Type*>& inputs,
const std::string& out) -> const Type* {
CHECK(!inputs.empty());
auto* type = inputs.at("Input");
CHECK(type->target() == TARGET(kHost));
auto out_place = type->place();
out_place.target = TARGET(kMetal);
auto* out_type = Type::Get(type->id(),
out_place.target,
out_place.precision,
out_place.layout,
out_place.device);
return out_type;
};
return res;
}
std::string doc() const override { return "Copy IO from HOST to Metal"; }
MetalImage* output_buffer_ = nullptr;
std::shared_ptr<MetalKernel> kernel_;
std::shared_ptr<MetalQueue> queue_;
std::shared_ptr<MetalEncoder> encoder_;
MetalContext* metal_context_;
};
/*
* This kernel copies a tensor from Metal to host space.
*/
class IoCopykMetalTextureToHost
: public KernelLite<TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray)> {
public:
void Run() override {
auto& context = ctx_->As<ContextMetal>();
metal_context_ = (MetalContext*)context.context();
auto device = metal_context_->GetDefaultDevice();
[metal_context_->cmd_buf_->metal_command_buffer_ commit];
[metal_context_->cmd_buf_->metal_command_buffer_ waitUntilCompleted];
metal_context_->cmd_buf_->have_command_ = false;
auto& param = this->Param<operators::IoCopyParam>();
CHECK(param.x->target() == TARGET(kMetal));
auto src = param.x->template data<float, MetalImage>();
auto mem_size = param.x->dims().production() * sizeof(float);
auto data = param.y->template mutable_data<float>(TARGET(kHost), mem_size);
src->template CopyToNCHW<float>(data);
}
std::string doc() const override { return "Copy IO from kMetal to HOST"; }
float d2h_duration_{0};
MetalContext* metal_context_;
};
class IoCopyHostToMetalTextureHalf
: public KernelLite<TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kFP16),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray)> {
public:
void PrepareForRun() override {
auto& context = ctx_->As<ContextMetal>();
metal_context_ = (MetalContext*)context.context();
auto device = metal_context_->GetDefaultDevice();
auto& param = Param<operators::IoCopyParam>();
CHECK(param.x->target() == TARGET(kHost) ||
param.x->target() == TARGET(kARM) ||
param.x->target() == TARGET(kX86));
output_buffer_ =
param.y->template mutable_data<MetalHalf, MetalImage>(param.y->dims());
auto input_dims = param.x->dims();
if ((input_dims.size() == 4 && input_dims[1] <= 4) ||
(input_dims.size() == 3 && input_dims[0] <= 4)) {
std::string function_name =
"buffer_to_texture_array_n_channel_kernel_half";
queue_ = metal_context_->CreateQueue(*device);
kernel_ = metal_context_->GetKernel(*device, function_name);
}
}
void Run() override {
auto& param = Param<operators::IoCopyParam>();
auto src = param.x->template data<float>();
auto input_dims = param.x->dims();
auto output_dims = param.y->dims();
auto mem_size = param.x->dims().production() * sizeof(float);
if ((input_dims.size() == 4 && input_dims[1] <= 4) ||
(input_dims.size() == 3 && input_dims[0] <= 4)) {
auto& context = ctx_->As<ContextMetal>();
metal_context_ = (MetalContext*)context.context();
auto device = metal_context_->GetDefaultDevice();
auto src_buffer_ =
metal_context_->CreateBuffer(*device,
const_cast<float*>(src),
mem_size,
METAL_ACCESS_FLAG::CPUWriteOnly);
auto output_width = output_buffer_->texture_width_;
auto output_height = output_buffer_->texture_height_;
auto output_array_length = output_buffer_->array_length_;
auto encoder = std::make_shared<MetalEncoder>(
metal_context_->cmd_buf_.get(), &kernel_->program_);
MetalUint3 global_work_size = {
static_cast<MetalUint>(output_width),
static_cast<MetalUint>(output_height),
static_cast<MetalUint>(output_array_length)};
[encoder->metal_command_encoder_ setBuffer:(src_buffer_->buffer())
offset:(0)atIndex:(0)];
[encoder->metal_command_encoder_ setTexture:(output_buffer_->image())
atIndex:(0)];
kernel_->Execute(*encoder, global_work_size, false);
} else {
output_buffer_->CopyFromNCHW<float>(src);
}
}
std::unique_ptr<type_infer_handler_t> GetTypeInferHandler() override {
std::unique_ptr<type_infer_handler_t> res(new type_infer_handler_t);
*res = [](const std::map<std::string, const Type*>& inputs,
const std::string& out) -> const Type* {
CHECK(!inputs.empty());
auto* type = inputs.at("Input");
CHECK(type->target() == TARGET(kHost));
auto out_place = type->place();
out_place.target = TARGET(kMetal);
auto* out_type = Type::Get(type->id(),
out_place.target,
out_place.precision,
out_place.layout,
out_place.device);
return out_type;
};
return res;
}
std::string doc() const override { return "Copy IO from HOST to Metal"; }
MetalImage* output_buffer_ = nullptr;
std::shared_ptr<MetalKernel> kernel_;
std::shared_ptr<MetalQueue> queue_;
std::shared_ptr<MetalEncoder> encoder_;
MetalContext* metal_context_;
};
/*
* This kernel copies a tensor from Metal to host space.
*/
class IoCopykMetalTextureToHostHalf
: public KernelLite<TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kFP16),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray)> {
public:
void Run() override {
auto& context = ctx_->As<ContextMetal>();
metal_context_ = (MetalContext*)context.context();
auto device = metal_context_->GetDefaultDevice();
[metal_context_->cmd_buf_->metal_command_buffer_ commit];
[metal_context_->cmd_buf_->metal_command_buffer_ waitUntilCompleted];
metal_context_->cmd_buf_->have_command_ = false;
auto& param = this->Param<operators::IoCopyParam>();
CHECK(param.x->target() == TARGET(kMetal));
auto src = param.x->template data<float, MetalImage>();
auto mem_size = param.x->dims().production() * sizeof(float);
auto data = param.y->template mutable_data<float>(TARGET(kHost), mem_size);
src->template CopyToNCHW<float>(data);
}
std::string doc() const override { return "Copy IO from kMetal to HOST"; }
MetalContext* metal_context_;
float d2h_duration_{0};
};
class IoCopyHostToMetalTextureHalf2Half
: public KernelLite<TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kAny),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray)> {
public:
void PrepareForRun() override {
auto& param = Param<operators::IoCopyParam>();
CHECK(param.x->target() == TARGET(kHost) ||
param.x->target() == TARGET(kARM) ||
param.x->target() == TARGET(kX86));
output_buffer_ =
param.y->template mutable_data<MetalHalf, MetalImage>(param.y->dims());
auto input_dims = param.x->dims();
if ((input_dims.size() == 4 && input_dims[1] <= 4) ||
(input_dims.size() == 3 && input_dims[0] <= 4)) {
auto& context = ctx_->As<ContextMetal>();
metal_context_ = (MetalContext*)context.context();
auto device = metal_context_->GetDefaultDevice();
std::string function_name =
"buffer_to_texture_array_n_channel_kernel_half";
queue_ = metal_context_->CreateQueue(*device);
kernel_ = metal_context_->GetKernel(*device, function_name);
}
}
void Run() override {
auto& context = ctx_->As<ContextMetal>();
metal_context_ = (MetalContext*)context.context();
auto device = metal_context_->GetDefaultDevice();
auto& param = Param<operators::IoCopyParam>();
auto src = param.x->template data<MetalHalf>();
auto input_dims = param.x->dims();
auto output_dims = param.y->dims();
if ((input_dims.size() == 4 && input_dims[1] <= 4) ||
(input_dims.size() == 3 && input_dims[0] <= 4)) {
auto mem_size = param.x->dims().production() * sizeof(MetalHalf);
auto src_buffer_ =
metal_context_->CreateBuffer(*device,
const_cast<MetalHalf*>(src),
mem_size,
METAL_ACCESS_FLAG::CPUReadWrite);
auto output_width = output_buffer_->texture_width_;
auto output_height = output_buffer_->texture_height_;
auto output_array_length = output_buffer_->array_length_;
auto encoder = std::make_shared<MetalEncoder>(
metal_context_->cmd_buf_.get(), &kernel_->program_);
MetalUint3 global_work_size = {
static_cast<MetalUint>(output_width),
static_cast<MetalUint>(output_height),
static_cast<MetalUint>(output_array_length)};
[encoder->metal_command_encoder_ setTexture:(output_buffer_->image())
atIndex:(0)];
[encoder->metal_command_encoder_ setBuffer:(src_buffer_->buffer())
offset:(0)atIndex:(0)];
kernel_->Execute(*encoder, global_work_size, false);
} else {
output_buffer_->CopyFromNCHW<MetalHalf>(src);
}
}
std::unique_ptr<type_infer_handler_t> GetTypeInferHandler() override {
std::unique_ptr<type_infer_handler_t> res(new type_infer_handler_t);
*res = [](const std::map<std::string, const Type*>& inputs,
const std::string& out) -> const Type* {
CHECK(!inputs.empty());
auto* type = inputs.at("Input");
CHECK(type->target() == TARGET(kHost));
auto out_place = type->place();
out_place.target = TARGET(kMetal);
auto* out_type = Type::Get(type->id(),
out_place.target,
out_place.precision,
out_place.layout,
out_place.device);
return out_type;
};
return res;
}
std::string doc() const override { return "Copy IO from HOST to Metal"; }
MetalImage* output_buffer_ = nullptr;
std::shared_ptr<MetalKernel> kernel_;
std::shared_ptr<MetalQueue> queue_;
std::shared_ptr<MetalEncoder> encoder_;
MetalContext* metal_context_;
};
/*
* This kernel copies a tensor from Metal to host space.
*/
class IoCopykMetalTextureToHostHalf2Half
: public KernelLite<TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kFP16),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray)> {
public:
void Run() override {
auto& param = this->Param<operators::IoCopyParam>();
CHECK(param.x->target() == TARGET(kMetal));
auto src = param.x->template data<MetalHalf, MetalImage>();
auto mem_size = param.x->dims().production() * sizeof(MetalHalf);
auto data =
param.y->template mutable_data<MetalHalf>(TARGET(kHost), mem_size);
src->template CopyToNCHW<MetalHalf>(data);
}
std::string doc() const override { return "Copy IO from kMetal to HOST"; }
float d2h_duration_{0};
};
} // namespace metal
} // namespace kernels
} // namespace lite
} // namespace paddle
REGISTER_LITE_KERNEL(io_copy,
kMetal,
kFloat,
kMetalTexture2DArray,
paddle::lite::kernels::metal::IoCopyHostToMetalTexture,
host_to_device_image)
.BindInput("Input",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kHost),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kNCHW))})
.BindOutput("Out",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray))})
.Finalize();
REGISTER_LITE_KERNEL(io_copy,
kMetal,
kFloat,
kMetalTexture2DArray,
paddle::lite::kernels::metal::IoCopykMetalTextureToHost,
device_image_to_host)
.BindInput("Input",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray))})
.BindOutput("Out",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kHost),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kNCHW))})
.Finalize();
REGISTER_LITE_KERNEL(io_copy_once,
kMetal,
kFloat,
kMetalTexture2DArray,
paddle::lite::kernels::metal::IoCopyHostToMetalTexture,
host_to_device_image)
.BindInput("Input",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kHost),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kNCHW))})
.BindOutput("Out",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray))})
.Finalize();
REGISTER_LITE_KERNEL(io_copy_once,
kMetal,
kFloat,
kMetalTexture2DArray,
paddle::lite::kernels::metal::IoCopykMetalTextureToHost,
device_image_to_host)
.BindInput("Input",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray))})
.BindOutput("Out",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kHost),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kNCHW))})
.Finalize();
REGISTER_LITE_KERNEL(io_copy,
kMetal,
kFP16,
kMetalTexture2DArray,
paddle::lite::kernels::metal::IoCopyHostToMetalTextureHalf,
host_to_device_image)
.BindInput("Input",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kHost),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kNCHW))})
.BindOutput("Out",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kFP16),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray))})
.Finalize();
REGISTER_LITE_KERNEL(
io_copy,
kMetal,
kFP16,
kMetalTexture2DArray,
paddle::lite::kernels::metal::IoCopykMetalTextureToHostHalf,
device_image_to_host)
.BindInput("Input",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kFP16),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray))})
.BindOutput("Out",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kHost),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kNCHW))})
.Finalize();
REGISTER_LITE_KERNEL(io_copy_once,
kMetal,
kFP16,
kMetalTexture2DArray,
paddle::lite::kernels::metal::IoCopyHostToMetalTextureHalf,
host_to_device_image)
.BindInput("Input",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kHost),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kNCHW))})
.BindOutput("Out",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kFP16),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray))})
.Finalize();
REGISTER_LITE_KERNEL(
io_copy_once,
kMetal,
kFP16,
kMetalTexture2DArray,
paddle::lite::kernels::metal::IoCopykMetalTextureToHostHalf,
device_image_to_host)
.BindInput("Input",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kMetal),
PRECISION(kFP16),
DATALAYOUT(kMetalTexture2DArray))})
.BindOutput("Out",
{LiteType::GetTensorTy(TARGET(kHost),
PRECISION(kFloat),
DATALAYOUT(kNCHW))})
.Finalize();
| 44,854 |
https://github.com/attitude/json-store-php/blob/master/src/Space.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
json-store-php
|
attitude
|
PHP
|
Code
| 637 | 1,884 |
<?php
namespace JSON\Store;
use UniversalTime\Identificator\UTID;
final class Space {
const PRIMARY_KEY = 'id';
private static $spaces = [];
/**
* Asserts value is a valid space name
*
* @param mixed $value
* @return string
*/
public static function assertSpace($value): string {
$value = Assert::hasValue($value);
$value = Assert::string($value);
$value = Assert::alpha($value);
return $value;
}
/**
* Asserts value is a valid table name
*
* @param mixed $value
* @return string
*/
public static function assertTable($value): string {
$value = Assert::hasValue($value);
$value = Assert::unquotedIdentifier($value);
return $value;
}
/**
* Assers type of the primary column
*
* @param string $value
* @return string
*/
public static function assertPrimaryType(string $value) {
$value = trim(strtoupper($value));
assert(
preg_match('/^\w*INT\s+UNSIGNED$/', $value)
||
preg_match('/^(?:VAR)?CHAR\(\d+\)$/', $value),
"ID attribute must be CHAR(n) or unsigned INT, BIGINT,...; got `${value}` instead"
);
return $value;
}
/**
* Registers a space
*
* @param string $space
* @param \PDO $connection
* @param string $table (optional)
* @param string $primaryKey (optional)
* @param string $docKey (optional)
* @param string $primaryKeyType (optional)
* @param array $columns (optional)
* @return void
*/
public static function register(
string $space,
\PDO $connection,
string $table = null,
string $primaryKey = null,
string $docKey = null,
string $primaryKeyType = null,
array $columns = [],
): void {
$space = self::assertSpace($space);
$table = self::assertTable($table ?? $space);
$docKey = Assert::quotedIdentifier($docKey ?? '@json');
$primaryKey = Assert::quotedIdentifier($primaryKey ?? static::PRIMARY_KEY);
$primaryKeyType = static::assertPrimaryType($primaryKeyType ?? UTID::type());
self::$spaces[$space] = [
'space' => $space,
'connection' => $connection,
'table' => $table,
'primaryKey' => $primaryKey,
'primaryKeyType' => $primaryKeyType,
'docKey' => $docKey,
'columns' => $columns,
];
}
private static function setupColumn(string $space, Column $column, array $tableColumn = null) {
$connection = Space::connection($space);
$table = Space::table($space);
$docKey = Space::docKey($space);
if ($tableColumn) {
if ($column->name !== $tableColumn['Field']) {
throw new \Exception('Unable to setup different columns', 400);
}
if (
strtoupper($column->type) === strtoupper($tableColumn['Type'])
&&
$column->isNull() === ($tableColumn['Null'] === 'YES')
&&
$column->isUniqe() === ($tableColumn['Key'] === 'UNI')
) {
return;
}
Table::dropColumn($connection, $table, $column);
}
Table::addColumn($connection, $table, $column, $docKey);
}
/**
* Sets up the space in database
*
* @param string $space
* @return void
*/
public static function setup(string $space): void {
$primaryKey = Space::primaryKey($space);
$primaryKeyType = Space::primaryKeyType($space);
$connection = Space::connection($space);
$table = Space::table($space);
$docKey = Space::docKey($space);
$columns = Space::columns($space);
if (!Space::exists($space)) {
Table::create(
connection: $connection,
docKey: $docKey,
name: $table,
primaryKey: $primaryKey,
primaryKeyType: $primaryKeyType,
);
}
$tableColumns = Table::columns(
connection: $connection,
name: $table,
);
foreach ($columns as $column) {
$index = array_search($column->name, array_column($tableColumns, 'Field'));
if ($index !== false && $index >= 0) {
self::setupColumn($space, $column, $tableColumns[$index]);
} else {
self::setupColumn($space, $column);
}
}
}
/**
* Checks if space exists
*
* @param string $space
* @return bool
*/
public static function exists(string $space): bool {
$connection = self::connection($space);
$table = self::table($space);
return Table::exists($connection, $table);
}
/**
* Retrieves \PDO connection
*
* @param string $space
* @return \PDO
*/
public static function connection(string $space): \PDO {
\assert(isset(self::$spaces[$space]), "Space `{$space}` is not registered");
return self::$spaces[$space]['connection'];
}
/**
* Retrieves primary key
*
* @param string $space
* @return string
*/
public static function primaryKey(string $space): string {
\assert(isset(self::$spaces[$space]), "Space `{$space}` is not registered");
return self::$spaces[$space]['primaryKey'];
}
/**
* Retrieves primary key type
*
* @param string $space
* @return string
*/
public static function primaryKeyType(string $space): string {
\assert(isset(self::$spaces[$space]), "Space `{$space}` is not registered");
return self::$spaces[$space]['primaryKeyType'];
}
/**
* Retrieves table name
*
* @param string $space
* @return string
*/
public static function table(string $space): string {
\assert(isset(self::$spaces[$space]), "Space `{$space}` is not registered");
return self::$spaces[$space]['table'];
}
/**
* Retrieves document key
*
* @param string $space
* @return string
*/
public static function docKey(string $space): string {
\assert(isset(self::$spaces[$space]), "Space `{$space}` is not registered");
return self::$spaces[$space]['docKey'];
}
/**
* Retrieves list of columns
*
* @param string $space
* @return array<Column>
*/
public static function columns(string $space): array {
\assert(isset(self::$spaces[$space]), "Space `{$space}` is not registered");
return self::$spaces[$space]['columns'];
}
}
| 48,132 |
https://openalex.org/W4385281931_3
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,023 |
Tributos locales
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 3,123 | 5,534 |
Tras analizar los preceptos en cuestión, el Alto Tribunal concluyó que: a) la anulación de una ordenanza —como cualquier disposición general— causa efectos erga
omnes (desde la publicación en el boletín correspondiente). Obviamente, también para
los recurrentes que la impugnaron en la instancia; b) la extensión del fallo a los actos de
aplicación consentidos afecta a las partes, pues la regla general (art. 73 LJCA) es que las
sentencias firmes no afectarán por sí mismas a la eficacia de las sentencias o actos firmes
sobre actos de aplicación, y c) el contenido extensivo de la sentencia y la posibilidad de
reabrir procedimientos o procesos finalizados con sentencia firme permitiría, en su caso,
promover a los destinatarios de la norma, fueran o no parte en este litigio, la acción de
nulidad radical del art. 217 LGT o, en su caso, la revocación del art. 219 LGT o, en fin,
las iniciativas impugnatorias previstas en el ordenamiento jurídico para los actos firmes,
sin que en este asunto pudiera ser opuesta, por sí misma, esa firmeza como obstáculo
para la anulación de tales actos, ni tampoco ser declarados nulos eventuales liquidaciones, ajenas por completo al ámbito objetivo de este recurso.
En consecuencia, se desestimó el recurso interpuesto sin imposición de costas a
ninguna de las partes.
En lo tocante a las novedades doctrinales acerca de la materia, cumple dar cuenta
de la publicación de los siguientes trabajos: J. I. Gomar Sánchez, «La tasa de residuos
locales. Observaciones y problemática», Tributos Locales, núm. 159, 2022, pp. 91-117;
J. Pagès i Galtés, «La prestación económica por la gestión local de residuos (primera
parte). Naturaleza jurídica», Tributos Locales, núm. 156, 2022, pp. 49-139; J. Pagès i
Galtés, «La prestación económica por la gestión local de residuos (segunda parte). Extrafiscalidad y parafiscalidad», Tributos Locales, núm. 157, 2022, pp. 33-123; J. Pagès i
Galtés, «La prestación económica por la gestión local de residuos (tercera parte). Establecimiento y tramitación», Tributos Locales, núm. 158, 2022, pp. 53-143; A. J. Ramos
Herrera, «La problemática delimitación de la prestación efectiva del servicio público en
las tasas», en M. L. Esteve Pardo (dir.) y A. Navarro García (coord.), La financiación
de los servicios públicos en las áreas urbanas, Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, 2022, pp. 123-134.
3.1.3.
Contribuciones especiales
En lo que se refiere a los escasos pronunciamientos judiciales recaídos sobre esta materia, se ha de reseñar la STSJ de Cataluña de 14 de julio de 2022 (ECLI:ES:TSJCAT:2022:
6963), que resolvió el recurso interpuesto contra la sentencia dictada por el Juzgado de lo
Contencioso-Administrativo de Barcelona, estimatoria en parte del recurso contenciosoadministrativo promovido por varios particulares contra el acuerdo del Ayuntamiento
de Sant Joan de Vilatorrada (Barcelona), desestimatorio del recurso de reposición de-
Tributos locales
355
ducido frente al acuerdo del Pleno Municipal, por el que se aprobaba el expediente
de imposición y ordenación de contribuciones especiales correspondiente a la obra de
urbanización de un tramo de la indicada población.
Junto con otras pretensiones menos relevantes, la primera cuestión relevante tiene
que ver con que los polígonos resultantes no han sido ejecutados y, consiguientemente,
tampoco se ha llevado a cabo la redistribución de las fincas, con la lógica consecuencia de
no ser susceptibles de aprovechamiento las inicialmente aportadas. De tal forma que dicha situación cuestiona el reparto de las contribuciones llevado a cabo en este caso, dado
que el beneficio de las obras a tener en cuenta en el reparto se halla en función de las
concretas características de las fincas que resulten de las correspondientes reparcelaciones,
por ser estas últimas las que disfrutarán del aprovechamiento urbanístico. Igualmente, la
Sala entiende, del mismo modo que lo hizo el tribunal de instancia, que es inapropiado el
módulo de reparto establecido (metro lineal de fachada), ya que, si bien la edificabilidad
de las fincas es la misma en fachada, no ocurre lo mismo en relación con el conjunto de
la isla, dado que la profundidad de tales fincas es variable y la edificabilidad en el interior
no es la misma que en el paseo de que se trata; circunstancias todas ellas de las que resulta
obligado concluir que la determinación de las cuotas definitivamente aplicables deberá
tener en cuenta las dimensiones y características de las fincas resultantes de dicha reparcelación y asimismo el aprovechamiento urbanístico efectivo de cada una de las afectadas
por las obras para cuya ejecución se aprobaron las contribuciones especiales.
En consecuencia, se desestimó el recurso de apelación interpuesto, sin condena en
costas a ninguna de las partes.
Por otro lado, en lo que se refiere a las novedades doctrinales que se han publicado
sobre la materia en 2022, cabe dar cuenta del siguiente trabajo: D. Marín-Barnuevo
Fabo, «Los ingresos públicos. El tributo: concepto y clases. Principios de la imposición. Impuestos. Tasas. Contribuciones especiales. Los precios públicos: especial consideración de su naturaleza jurídica», en I. Huerta Garicano y A. Millán Herrandis
(coords.), Fundamentos de derecho tributario (adaptados al Programa de las oposiciones de
Magistrados. Especialistas de lo Contencioso-Administrativo), Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia,
2022, pp. 55-72.
3.2.
Otros ingresos
En lo referente a las novedades jurisprudenciales relativas a la materia, se ha de dar
noticia del ATS de 6 de julio de 2022 (ECLI:ES:TS:2022:10575A), que admitió el recurso de casación interpuesto por el Ayuntamiento de Cangas (Pontevedra), contra la
sentencia de la Sala de lo Contencioso-Administrativo del Tribunal Superior de Justicia
de Galicia, que estimó el recurso promovido por dos mercantiles contra el acuerdo del
Pleno del Ayuntamiento de Cangas de 27 de enero de 2020, por el que se aprueba definitivamente la modificación de la Ordenanza reguladora de la prestación patrimonial
de carácter público no tributaria por los servicios vinculados al ciclo integral del agua.
356 D. J. Jiménez-Valladolid de L’Hotellerie-Fallois / C. Martínez Sánchez / N. Teixidor Martínez
En particular, la sección de admisión apreció que presenta interés casacional objetivo para la formación de jurisprudencia la siguiente cuestión: «Determinar si en la
elaboración de las ordenanzas locales reguladoras de prestaciones patrimoniales de carácter público no tributarias, ha de observarse el trámite previsto en el art. 133.1 de la
Ley 39/2015, con carácter previo a su aprobación inicial o, por el contrario, es suficiente, en la confección de este tipo de disposiciones, atender al procedimiento previsto en
el art. 49 de la Ley 7/1985, de 2 de abril, Reguladora de las Bases del Régimen Local, a
los efectos de discernir, en caso de no cumplir con el trámite del art. 133, si se está ante
un defecto formal insubsanable constitutivo de nulidad de pleno derecho o no».
En materia de compensaciones, merece la pena destacar la publicación de las Órdenes HFP/73/2022, de 7 de febrero, por la que se determina el importe a percibir por
las entidades locales de la compensación por el efecto de la implantación del suministro inmediato de información del IVA, SII-IVA, en la liquidación de la participación
en tributos del Estado de 2017, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la DA 86 de la
Ley 22/2021, de 28 de diciembre, de Presupuestos Generales del Estado para el año
2022 y HFP/341/2022, de 20 de abril, por la que se establecen los criterios de distribución a las entidades locales de la compensación prevista en la DA 84 de la Ley 22/2021,
de 28 de diciembre, de Presupuestos Generales del Estado para el año 2022; así como de
las Resoluciones de 10 de marzo de 2022, de la Secretaría General de Financiación
Autonómica y Local, por la que se habilita el sistema para la solicitud electrónica de
las compensaciones por la pérdida de recaudación derivada de los beneficios fiscales en
los tributos locales establecidos en la Ley 20/1990, de 19 de diciembre, sobre Régimen
Fiscal de las Cooperativas, y de 24 de marzo de 2022, de la Secretaría General de Financiación Autonómica y Local, por la que se regula el procedimiento de compensación de
la exención en el Impuesto sobre Bienes Inmuebles de naturaleza rústica para el ejercicio
2022, prevista en el art. 5 del Real Decreto-ley 4/2022, de 15 de marzo, por el que se
adoptan medidas urgentes de apoyo al sector agrario por causa de la sequía.
Por último, en cuanto a las novedades doctrinales sobre la materia se ha de referir
el siguiente trabajo: M. L. Esteve Pardo, «Necesidad de sistematizar y dotar de un
régimen general a las prestaciones patrimoniales de carácter público», en M. L. Esteve
Pardo (dir.) y A. Navarro García (coord.), La financiación de los servicios públicos en
las áreas urbanas, Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, 2022, pp. 19-39.
4.
PROCEDIMIENTOS TRIBUTARIOS EN EL ÁMBITO LOCAL
Durante el ejercicio 2022, no ha habido modificaciones significativas en relación con
los procedimientos tributarios. En el plano catastral, solamente debemos citar la aprobación de la Resolución de 25 de enero de 2022, de la Secretaría de Estado de Hacienda, por
la que se dictan instrucciones para el establecimiento de cauces estables de colaboración entre la
Dirección General del Catastro y la Agencia Estatal de Administración Tributaria en materia
de intercambio de información y acceso directo a las respectivas bases de datos. Adicional-
Tributos locales
357
mente, en el ejercicio 2022, se ha publicado la suscripción o modificación de unos 102
convenios de colaboración entre la Dirección General del Catastro y algunas entidades
locales u otras administraciones e instituciones, así como la extinción de 11 convenios.
La gestión catastral ha sido una temática bastante tratada por los tribunales durante
el año 2022. Así, por ejemplo, la STS de 2 de marzo de 2022 (ECLI:ES:TS:2022:867)
considera que las actuaciones de regularización catastral interrumpen la prescripción del
derecho de la Administración tributaria para determinar la deuda tributaria del IBI. Por
su parte, la SAN de 31 de enero de 2022 (ECLI:ES:AN:2022:213) reconoce la legitimación del Ayuntamiento de Villaller para personarse en una reclamación económico-administrativa relativa a un expediente de corrección del valor catastral de un BICE. Además, la SAN de 15 de diciembre de 2022 (ECLI:ES:AN:2022:6130) ha determinado que,
para inscribir una división horizontal en el Catastro Inmobiliario, es suficiente la aportación de un documento privado, sin que sea necesaria una escritura pública. En cuanto
a la adquisición de la condición de titular catastral como consecuencia de una subasta
administrativa, se ha pronunciado la Consulta vinculante de la DGT núm. V1292/2022,
de 7 de junio de 2022.
Igualmente diversos autores han estudiado aspectos interesantes que analizan la gestión catastral, así como sus implicaciones en el IBI. Así, debemos citar los trabajos de
L. Mochón López, «Modificaciones en la normativa catastral», en J. López Martínez y
J. M. Pérez Lara (coord.), Prevención y lucha contra el fraude fiscal: análisis sistemático de
la Ley 11/2021, de 9 de julio, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 2022, pp. 39-573; B. Moreno
Serrano, «La tramitación de un procedimiento de regularización catastral interrumpe
el plazo de prescripción del derecho a liquidar el IBI», Consultor de los Ayuntamientos y
de los Juzgados: Revista Técnica Especializada en Administración Local y Justicia Municipal,
núm. 5, 2022, pp. 49-52; M. Costa Boira, «¿Cómo puede afectar la gestión compartida
del IBI?», Consultor de los Ayuntamientos y de los Juzgados: Revista Técnica Especializada en
Administración Local y Justicia Municipal, núm. 8, 2022; I. Alonso Alonso, «¿Tienen
efectos sobre las liquidaciones anteriores del Impuesto sobre Bienes Inmuebles los acuerdos catastrales de rectificación?», Consultor de los Ayuntamientos y de los Juzgados: Revista
Técnica Especializada en Administración Local y Justicia Municipal, núm. 7, 2022.
Asimismo, en caso de modificación del valor catastral con posterioridad a la liquidación
del IIVTNU, resultan de interés las SSTS de 9 de febrero de 2022 (ECLI:ES:TS:2022:484)
y de 14 de febrero de 2022 (ECLI:ES:TS:2022:699) que han concluido que, de forma
previa a la tramitación del correspondiente procedimiento de devolución de ingresos
indebidos, es necesario proceder a la revocación de dichas liquidaciones (art. 119 LGT).
Por su parte, la STS de 16 de noviembre de 2022 (ECLI:ES:TS:2022:4335) ha determinado que la modificación de la valoración catastral conforme al procedimiento de
subsanación de discrepancias (art. 18.1 TRLCI) no tiene efectos retroactivos.
Respecto del procedimiento impugnatorio del IIVTNU, una de las sentencias con
mayor impacto ha sido la STS de 9 de febrero de 2022 (ECLI:ES:TS:2022:484) que
analiza la posibilidad de plantear un procedimiento de revocación de las liquidaciones
358 D. J. Jiménez-Valladolid de L’Hotellerie-Fallois / C. Martínez Sánchez / N. Teixidor Martínez
del IIVTNU firmes, si bien, en cada caso concreto, deben concurrir los presupuestos
necesarios para que se estime la misma. En este sentido, debemos destacar los trabajos de
J. Calvo Vérgez, «Los procedimientos especiales de revocación y de nulidad como posibles vías para articular la devolución de ingresos indebidos de la plusvalía municipal»,
Revista de Estudios Locales. Cunal, núm. 252, 2022, pp. 28-47; C. Márquez Sillero
y A. Márquez y Márquez, «El retorno de la revocación en la aplicación de los tributos. Al hilo de la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de 9 de febrero de 2022», Carta Tributaria. Revista de Opinión, núm. 87, 2022; V. A. García Moreno, «La revocación y
la devolución de ingresos indebidos derivados de la declaración de inconstitucionalidad
del Impuesto sobre Plusvalía (IIVTNU): hay infracción de la ley pero no es manifiesta:
Sentencias del Tribunal Supremo núm. 154/2022, de 9 de febrero, y núm. 178/2022,
de 22 de febrero», Carta Tributaria. Revista de Opinión, núm. 84, 2022.
En relación con la gestión del IBI, la STS de 7 de noviembre de 2022 (ECLI:ES:TS:2022:
4024) analiza un supuesto en el que se anula una liquidación del IBI, así como la correspondiente sanción firme. De hecho, esta última se anula por la vinculación entre
ambos actos, pues la liquidación constituye el presupuesto necesario para que pueda
existir dicha sanción. Así, posteriormente, se dicta una nueva sanción en sustitución
de la anterior, respecto de la que el TS determina que se trata de un acto nuevo y, por
ende, puede ser impugnado en vía administrativa y, una vez finalizada la misma, en vía
contencioso-administrativa, sin que los motivos de impugnación deban ser los mismos
que los del acto sancionador originario.
Respecto del IAE, debemos destacar la Resolución de 8 de junio de 2022, del Departamento de Recaudación de la Agencia Estatal de Administración Tributaria, por la que
se modifica el plazo de ingreso en periodo voluntario de los recibos del Impuesto sobre Actividades Económicas del ejercicio 2022 relativos a las cuotas nacionales y provinciales y se
establece el lugar de pago de dichas cuotas, así como las Órdenes HFP/1335/2022, de 28
de diciembre, sobre delegación de la inspección del Impuesto sobre Actividades Económicas,
y HFP/1334/2022, de 28 de diciembre, sobre delegación de la gestión censal del Impuesto
sobre Actividades Económicas.
También es interesante en relación con el IAE, la STSJ de Illes Balears de 4 de mayo de
2022 (ECLI:ES:TSJBAL:2022:424) en que se examina la procedencia de la devolución
de ingresos indebidos en aquellos se modifica la matrícula censal por la acreditación de
la concurrencia de un supuesto de exención del IAE con posterioridad a que las liquidaciones correspondientes hayan adquirido firmeza. El TSJ señala que el art. 224.1 LGT
«ante la complejidad derivada de la gestión compartida, prevé que la liquidación del
tributo siga su vía propia con independencia de lo que ocurra en la discusión sobre la inclusión censal y que luego, si resulta reconocido que el sujeto pasivo no debería haberse
incluido en la matrícula, se realizará la correspondiente devolución de aquellos ingresos
ya abonados como consecuencia de la separación de los dos ámbitos de gestión», por lo
que, tras reconocerse la exención por el órgano censal, debe procederse a la devolución
de las cuotas del IAE.
Tributos locales
359
En cuanto a admisiones a trámite de recursos de casación, debemos destacar el
ATS de 12 de enero de 2022 (ECLI:ES:TS:2022:38A), que tiene por objeto determinar si puede anularse el acto tributario recurrido por el hecho de que el municipio,
aun teniendo la consideración de municipio de gran población, no dispone de Tribunal Económico-Administrativo operativo. Asimismo, el ATS de 23 de marzo de 2022
(ECLI:ES:TS:2022:3850A) admite un recurso de casación que tiene por objeto dilucidar si resulta posible la impugnación indirecta de las ordenanzas fiscales reguladoras de
tributos potestativos (IIVTNU e ICIO), en base a la inexistencia del acuerdo de imposición preceptivo. Además, el TS debe pronunciarse sobre si los obligados por contrato
al pago del IIVTNU están legitimados para instar la rectificación de la autoliquidación
del IIVTNU y, en su caso, solicitar la correspondiente devolución de ingresos indebidos,
pues así se recoge en el ATS de 13 de julio de 2022 (ECLI:ES:TS:2022:11058A).
Finalmente, debemos citar diversas aportaciones doctrinales en relación con los procedimientos tributarios en el ámbito local. En concreto, nos referimos a los trabajos
de D. Marín-Barnuevo Fabo «Impuestos municipales: clasificación. Impuesto sobre
bienes inmuebles: naturaleza y hecho imponible, sujeto pasivo, base imponible, cuota,
devengo y periodo impositivo. Gestión catastral y gestión tributaria. Impuesto sobre actividades económicas: naturaleza y hecho imponible, exenciones, sujetos pasivos, cuota
tributaria y periodo impositivo. Gestión censal y gestión tributaria», en I. Huerta Garicano y A. Millán Herrandis (coords.), Fundamentos de derecho tributario (adaptados
al Programa de las oposiciones de Magistrados. Especialistas de lo Contencioso-Administrativo), Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 2022, pp. 369-388; M. Bastida Peydro y P. Ciruelos Lara, «Las instalaciones de producción de energía fotovoltaica en el ámbito de la
tributación local», Tributos Locales, núm. 154, 2022, pp. 57-93; F. J. Cañal García,
«Beneficios fiscales para la transición energética en la imposición local», Tributos Locales,
núm. 159, 2022, pp. 73-89; F. J. Martínez Jiménez, «El necesario replanteamiento
de las haciendas locales: El fomento de una transición ecológica y la lucha contra la
despoblación desde el derecho a la propiedad», en C. M. López Espadafor (dir.), Tributación, economía, gestión y regulación de patrimonios, Dykinson, 2022, pp. 139-148;
P. M. Herrera Molina y A. Tandazo Rodríguez, «¿Deberían establecerse impuestos
ambientales de carácter local sobre grandes establecimientos comerciales o sobre otras
actividades económicas?», Tributos Locales, núm. 159, 2022, pp. 37-71; J. C. García
Muñoz, «Reflexiones relativas a la reforma de la fiscalidad ambiental: que los árboles no
nos impidan ver el bosque», Economistas, núm. 178, 2022, pp. 89-96; M. J. Portillo
Navarro, «El tratamiento de la discapacidad en los tributos locales. Situación actual y
propuestas de reforma», Tributos Locales, núm. 159, 2022, pp. 15-35; C. J. Correcher
Mato, «Consorcios administrativos e impuesto sobre sociedades: Especial consideración
a los consorcios de ámbito local», Tributos Locales, núm. 156, 2022, pp. 141-169; id.,
«El pago de los tributos a través de Bizum», Consultor de los Ayuntamientos y de los Juzgados: Revista Técnica Especializada en Administración Local y Justicia Municipal, núm. 12,
2022; J. M. Lago Montero, «De la participación en tributos autonómicos a la plusvalía, con el TC hemos topado», Tributos Locales, núm. 154, 2022, pp. 29-55; D. Ma-
360 D. J. Jiménez-Valladolid de L’Hotellerie-Fallois / C. Martínez Sánchez / N. Teixidor Martínez
rín-Barnuevo Fabo, «Las haciendas locales. Evolución y características. Recursos.
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Leopoldina : Amtliches Organ der Kaiserlich Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher
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Kaiserlich Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher
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Man darf nun nicht erwarten , nach Eröffnung eines dieser Kanäle bis auf alle Einzclnhciten genau dieselben Organe wiederzufinden , die wir als freie Seiteuorgane soeben kennen lernten. Zwar die Ele- mente i Hirnzellen , Cylinderzelleu) sind «ofort wieder zu erkennen; denn sie haben nicht wesentlich «ich verändert. Aber in Form und Grösse weichen die Organe — wenigstens bei Fiachen, bei denen sie wegen ihrer Ausbildung am leichtesten zu atudiren sind {Act- Digitized by Google 78 ritt«, Jjrpidoleprtu . Corriua. l'mbriua, MfrtucciutJ — beträchtlich von ileu freien ab. Statt der mehr rund- lichen oder ovalen mikroskopischen Gebilde sehen wir in den Kanülen des Kopfes stabförmige Zellenlager von 1 — 2 mm I-üugc, deren CylinderzcUcn aber auch wirder das ccntralgclegcne Feld der Haarzellen um- rahmen. An Stelle dos säulenförmigen, hyalinen Auf- sätze* („Röhre"), der übrigens bald nach Schliessung des Kanals noch im Giunde desselben gesehen worden ist, ') bedeckt ein im frischen Zustande ebenfalls glas- helles Gebilde mützenartig die Oberfläche im Zellcu- lagem, dessen Form es ziemlich genau wiedergiebt. An frisch eingelegten Objecteu kann mau sich von dem ziemlich innigen Zusammenhinge beider über- zeugen, der wahrscheinlich durch die Haare vermittelt wird. Ein mehr oder minder consistentes Fluidutn um- spült diese Kuppe. Nach F.iuwirkung versclüedener R. ngentien worden in ihr Systeme von Streifen sicht- bar, die sich mauniclifach zu durchkreuzen scheinen: dir Kuppe kann als Cupitla terminal!» der Sei teil - Organe bezeichnet werden, da sie mit dem gleich- namigen Gebilde der Critta actutica der Knochenfische die grösste Aehnlichkeit besitzt. Die CupnU tmiiiim/n wurde bei Lula fluiiatili* anch auf den Seitenorganen des Rumpfes beobachtet. Die Organe der Seitenlinie sind meist welliger ent- wickelt, als die des Kopfes; auch scheinen hier nicht unerhebliche Formverachiedenheiten vorzukommen. Na- mentlich sind es knopfförinige Organe,*) die in röhren- förmige Räume gewisser Schuppen aufgenommen werden. Die Genammtheit dieser Schuppen stellt die weitaas häufigste Form der Sei t e tili nie dar; bald gestreckt, bald in charakteristischen Krümmungen verlaufend, ist sie meist bis gegen das Leibesende zu verfolgen. Kanäle und deren Oeffnungen. Nachdem nun die Kndorganc selbst geschildert worden sind, wenden wir uns zur Betrachtung der Kanäle. Wenn wir uns erinnern, dass die Seitenorgane ursprünglich frei zu Tage liegen, und erst secundär mitsammt dem zwischen zwei Organen "(oder Organreihen) befindlichen Hautatücko dureh Vorwölbung und darauffolgende Ver- wachsung zweier Hautfalten in einen KanAl zu liegen kommen, so dürfen wir von vornherein erwarten, als Auskleidung desselben zellige Kiemente verwendet zu sehen, die mit denen der Epidermis im Wesentlichen übereinstimmen werden. Die Untersuchung mancher «) ..*> da» also auch dieser arres*oriscbe Theil sich wpnifjstens eiue Zeil lang noch in dein Seitenkanal erhält" (Schulze). «) Bei Le*ä*CM* dobula und AbrumiM brama hat I.eydiR ihre Grosse zu 0.072 "• bestimmt. Tee hat sie bei iVr'cu ftmialilig gruiesien; er findet sie 11.65 mm lanR und 0 M mm hreit. Teleostiorformen (z. B. LtpMeprut. UmhrimwJ hat in der That auch hier die Anwesenheit der platten poly- gonalen Elemente nnd der dazwischen verstreuten „Schleiinzellen" der Oberhaut ergebeu. Doch sind andererseits innerhalb des Supraorbitalkauals eines Selaclncrs ( IfrsiuichiM gritriuj ganz eigentümliche, in einen freien, spitzen Stachel ausgezogene Epithelzellen angetroffen worden. Die soeben geschilderte, von der Epidermis abzuleitende, zellige Auskleidung des Kanals, die natürlich in ihrem Zusammenhange als dünnes Rohr erscheint, wird nun von der eigentlichen, die Blut- gefässe führenden Wandung umschlossen, welche dem bindegewebigen Antheil des Intcguincut* entstammt. Aber ganz gewöhnlich treten noch weitere, knöcherne Schutzvorrichtungen hinzu, die thciL) als mannichfuche Sculpturcn am Kopfe vieler Tclcostier sich markiren, theils Os.-ificationen der Iiederhaut des Rumpfaht>chnittes mit oder ohne Betheiligung gewisser Schuppen dar- stellen. (Am Kopfe.) Betrachten wir zunächst das Kupf- skclet einiger Knochenfische daraufhin etwas näher! Vor uns liegt der Schädel von Conina. Wir bemerken eine grosse Anzahl von Vertiefungen, mit Kammern vergleichbar, welche unter mannigfach geformtenKnochen- spangen hinweg mit einander communiciren. Sie finden sich an den auch sonst von den Seitenorganen occu- pirton Gegenden. Die Form der knöchernen Spangen, die nur oberflächlich die einzelnen Kammern oder Zellen des System» vou einander trennen, ändert sich mit der Form des Lumens, welches die durch Vermittelung von Weichthcilen zu Kanälen geschlossenen Räume dar- bieten. Erscheint es vierseitig auf dem Querschnitt, dann sieht man nur einfache, von parallelen Rändern begrenzte Querspangen verwendet (z. B. hinter der Orbit») ; ist das Lumen jedoch dreisaitig, keilförmig, dann verschmilzt die Gcsauinitheit derselben zu brücken- bogcnähnlichen Bildungen (lufraorbitalgegond), wobei die VerschmelzungHstello dar Basis des Keila zugewendet ist. So finde ich wenigstens die Verhältnisse am er- wachsenen Thiere; an jugendlichen Exemplaren dieser oder anderer Formen mögen sie sich einfacher gostalten. Die Endorganc liegen gerade unter den Knochenbrücken, sind also von ihnen gedockt. — Wo man an Teleostier- Schädoln derartig ausgeprägte „Schloirahuhlen", wie man sie früher fälschlich nannte, antrifll, kann man mit Leydig auf die Anwesenheit gut ausgobUdeter Endorgane schliessen. Das gilt z. B. für Lrpido/rprtu. Vminna, Merlucaut und einige andere Gadoldon, ferner für Acrrina tm\m, ein classisches Object insofern, als an ihm Leydig zuerst die Seitenorgane als Sinnesorgane erkannte. Auch ITalotanriu dürfte liier zu uenuen sein : wenigstens finde ich bei Citrus (Handbuch d. Zoolog. Digitized by Google 79 S. 579) die Angabe: „üerichtsknochen mit grossen Schleimhöhlen''. Den Kanülen des Kopfe* von ftrwtM kommen nur wenige, schon von Leydig kurz erwähnte Oeffnnngen zu. An Alkoholexemplaren finde ick die Verhältnisse wie folgt: Man gewahrt an der Spitze des Oberkiefers acht, und an der des Unterkiefers fünf schlitz- oder stichförmige Oeffnungen, von denen die ersteren grössten- thedls, die letzteren sammt und sonders in das Innere der Seitenkanäle de« Kopfes führen. Die erwähnten fünf Oeffnungen den Unterkiefers, die an der Spitze desselben in einem Dach vorn convexen Bogen ange- ordnet sind, entsprechen ebensovielen kurzen Kanälen, je zwei derselben sind paarig, nnd also für je eine Hälfte des Unterkieferkanals bestimmt, der mittelste uupanre spaltet sich in weiterem Verlaufe in zwei, die ebenfalls symmetrisch einmünden. Injicirt man ge- färbte Flüssigkeit in den auf der Höhe des Schädels befindlichen Raum, so dringt sie gleichzeitig dnreh obere und untere Oeffnnngen heraus; die gesammten Kanäle stehen also mit einander in offener Verbindung. Das ist aber nicht überall der Fall. So sind am Kopfe eine« zur Zeit nicht näher bestimmbaren Gadolden aus Triest die dem Prneopcrculum und dem Unterkiefer entlang ziehenden Kanäle von den übrigen abgesondert. In solchen Fällen besitzen wohl constant die verschie- denen Abschnitte des Systems ilincn ausschliesslich eigene Zugänge; denn ganz von der Aussenwelt al>- gesehlossen dürften die Räume niemals sein. Doch wt-tilen dio meist in schiefer Richtung das Intcgumont durchsetzenden Oeffnnngen i'oder besser gesagt Kanäl- chen) das Einstromen des umgebenden Wassers kaum gestatten. Der besprochene Typus der Seitenkanälc des BopAa ist | um das Gesagte nochmals kurz zu re- cspitliliren , durch dio Weite des Lumens und die schmalen knöchernen QucrBpangcn , welche am Skelet nur sehr unvollkommen eine äussere Wandung her- stellen, charakterisirt , zu welchen Merkmalen noch hinzukommt, das« weite Strecken dieser Aussenwnnd der CVmimunicationsöfFnnngen entbehren. Ihm steht eine andere weitverbreitete Form gegenüber, als deren Repräsentanten ich />w und die Cyprinoiden nenne. Alu skeletirten Unterkiefer des Hechtes sehen wir die sonst schmalen Querspangen zu hroiten La- mellen ausgedehnt, die jederscits nur fünf oder sccIib enge, rundliche Lücken zwischen sich lassen. Den Kncrehenlürkcii entsprechen feine Oeffnungen der Haut, welche die sondirende Borste schief von hinten nach vorn in das enge Lumen d<>s eigentlichen Kanals ein- dringen laxsei). Aehnlieh verhalten sich die übrigen durch Scitonorgane ausgezeichneten Loyalitäten des Kopfes. Nach Leydig sind bei Emx ebensoviel« Oeff- nungen als Endorgane vorhanden. (Am Rumpfe.) An die vorausgegangene Schil- derung müsstc sich eigentlich naturgemäss eine ebenso detaillirte Beschreibung des Seitenkanals de« Rumpfes anschliessen , der ja wohl auch als der Scitenkanal schlechtweg bezeichnet wird. Trotzdem es sich um einen so vielgenannten Apparat handelt, überwiegen im Augenblick, wo ich diese Zeilen niederschreibe, doch die Bedenken, auf die vorliegenden Angaben hin, ohne eigene ausgedehntere Prüfung, schon jetzt eine Schilderung zu geben. Zutreffend und erschöpfend könnte sie erst dann ausfallen, wenn die Beziehungen des Kanals zur Aussenwelt und zur Umgebung, nament- lich zum Lyrophgcfässwystcm (C. Vogt), sodann die Formvcrhältnissc des Lumens und die Beziehungen ge- wisser Unterabtheilungen unter einander nochmals an möglichst vielen Formen untersucht sein werden. Obwohl daher vorläufig Lücken ohnehin bestehen bleiben, so darf doch ein sehr wesentlicher Zug des Bildes nicht fohlen. Die Seitenorgane der Amphibien sollen hier wenigstens in den Haupt.umrissen vorge- führt werden. Auch innerhalb dieser Ciasso der Wirbelthier« liegen die Organe im Bereiche des X trigtmimu und des Vagus. letzterer gieht. drei Nervi laterale» ab; es existiren demnach am Rumpfe drei Seitenlinien. Nur die freie Form der Seitenorgane kommt znr Be- obachtung. Alle bis jetzt untersuchten Amphibien hat man im Besitze dieser Sinnesorgane angetroffen; aber nicht allen bleiben sie zeitlebens eigen. Sie persistiren bei l'roteut. Stredon und Mriwbrimchw, ferner hei 3fnio- poma und Cryptobranchus, sodann bei Triton und Sala- mandrina. also bei Thieren sowohl mit als ohne Kiemen- athmung. Sie gehen dagegen bei Snlamandr» und den Batrachiern, die sie als I arven noch besassen, spurlos zu Grunde Malbranc). Literatur der Scitenorgane der Fische und Amphibien. Die liier nicht aufgeführte ältere Literatur findet man bei Leydig (IHti*) und K. F6e zusammengestellt. Die mit * l'ivvii-l.nciru Aiheiien lagen mit Üb Orifbttle MM " 1850. F. Leydig, Ueber die Schleimkanäle d. Knochen- fische, i. Arch.' f. Anat. u. Plijsiol. * 1851. F. Leydig. L'eh. d. Nervcuka8nfe i. d. Sckleün- k»aäl. v. Lepidideprti», l'mbrina u. ( 'orriua. Ebd, * 1851. F. Leydig, Zur Anat u. HUtol. v. Chiurnrn monstr. Kl.il. * 1862. F. Leydig, Beitr. f. micr. Anat. u. Km», d. Rochen u. Haie. Lp*f, * im. F. Leydig, Anat.-hist. Cuters. ab. <L Fische u. Ren*. Berl. « IH.jC C Vogt. leb. Schleimkanale d. Fische, i. Z. f. wiss. Z«ol. VII Digitized by Google so * 1860. C. E. E. Hoffmann, Beilr. *. Anat. u. r*bys d. JV, txufu$ bei Fischen. Glessen. * 1861. F E. Schulze, Feh. d. Nervenendig, i. d. sog Schlcimk. u. Ob. entsprech. Org. d. durch Kiew athm. Amph. Arch. f. Anat. u. Ph. 1863. R. M'Donell, On the s«st. of the lat. liue in nahes. Dublin. MM, J. 0. Fischer, Anat. Abh. üb d 1866. C. Ulanchard, Des p.isaons de» In France. 1867. F. I.eydig. Heb d. Molched. Württemberg. Fauna. Arch. f. Nat. ♦ i960. F. I.eydig, l eb. Org. e. „sechst.- Sinn. Verh. d. K. Leop-Carol. Ak d. Nat 1868. E. liaudclot, Herb, d'anatomic romparee. * 186Ö, F. Fee, Rech, sur le nerf pneumo-gsistr. che-/ 1. poiss. Strasshurg • 1870. F. E. Schulze, l'eb. d. Simiesorg. d, Seiten! b. Fisch, u. Amph. Arcb. f. micr. Anat. VI. * 1873. I'. Langerhans. l'eb. d. Haut d Larve v. Saiam. macul. EN. IX 1873. K. Bugnion. Rech, snrl.org. sens. tjui se trouv. dans l'epid. du Protee et de l'Axol. Lausanne. 1B7S. Winther, Ucb. GMus in Scbiadlc Naturh. Tydsskr IX. • 1876. M. Malbranc, Von d. Seileid. u. ihr. Sinnesorg. b. Amphib. /.. f. wiss. Zool. XXVI. • 1876. F. Leydig, Leb. d. allg. Bedeck, d Amphib. Arcb f. micr. Anat. XII. * 1876. F. Leydig, Die Hautdecke u. d Hautsinnesorg. d. l*rodel. Morph. Jahrb II. * 1877. B Solgcr, leb. d. Seitenorg. d Knochenfische Med. Central blatt, No. 37 u. 4V Ausserdem ist auf die bekaiuiteii Handbücher der Zoo- logie und vergl. Anatomie zu verweisen. Jubiläum des Herrn Professor Dr. Theod. Schwann in Lüttich, Au» Anlas» des bevorstehenden 10jährigen Amts- Jubiläum des Herrn Professor Theod. Sc Ii wann in Lüttich, des Begründers der ZcIIenthcorie, haben dessen Schüler, sowie zahlreiche Vertreter der Naturwissen- schaft und Modicin beschlossen , dem ausgezeichneten Lehrer und verdienstvollen Forscher ein Zeichen ihrer Verehrung und Anerkennung zu geben und als dauern- des Zeugniss dieser Gesinnungen ihm eine Marmorbüste Die Aufstellung dieser Büste in dem akademischen Saale der Universität wird am '2'A. Juni d. J. um 1 Uhr feierlich stattfinden und zu dieser Feier, welcher das Vorbereitungs-Comite einen internationalen Charakter zu verleihen wünscht, ergeht von Seite des Präsidenten dieses Comite's Herrn J. Stas eine Einladung un die fremden Universitäten, Akademien and gelehrten Gesell. ~77«~31. Mal 187«. zur Theilimhme, sei e« durch Dclegirten oder oiner Glückwunsch-Adresse oder eine« Zeichens ihrer Hochschatzang. Das Comite bittet zugleich die Biologen, welche Schwann ein , ^rsönliches Zeugnis» ihrer Verehrung darzubringen wünschen, ihre Photographien mit ihrem Autograph versehen an Hrn. Edouard V nu Beneden, Profcsacur a l'Universite do Liege (ruc Louvrex 90), einzusenden. Diese Portrait» werden, in einem Album vereinigt, dem verehrten Jubilar an dem Tage der Auf- stellung seiner Büste überreicht we Die Fortschritte der Geologie der Tertiarkohle, Kreidekoble, Jurakohle und Triaakobie, oder Er- gftiizuogen zu der Physiograpbie der Braunkohle von C F. Zincken. Leipzig, MenUcl, 1878. 188 S. Der von C. Zincken im Jahro 1867 heraus- gegebenen aehr verdienstlichen „Pby Biographie der Braunkohle" folgte im Jahre 1871 ein Band Ergänz- ungen, dem »ich jetat ein zweiter anschließt. In ihm sind die Fortschritte anf dem Gebiete der auf dem Titel bezeichneten Kohlenarten und ihrer Fund- stätten gewissenhaft niedergelegt. Besonders hervorgehoben seien: eine Uebersicht vieler neuer Analysen von Kohlen, die eingehende Regist rirung der bedeutenden Forschungen auf dem hier einschlagenden Gebiete der Phytopaläontologie durch Heer, v. Ettingshausen, Stur, Engel- hardt, Schenk u. a., die Zusammenstellung der geologisch bestimmten Kohlenvorkommen nach ihrem relativen Alter, und zwar sowohl nach den Mayer- schen als Hörnea'schen Stufen, die Zusammenstellung der tertiären Leitpflanzen nach Engelhardt n. a. m. Bedeutende Ergänzungen erfuhr das Kapitel von den Begleitern der Braunkohle, den meisten Raum nimmt aber dasjenige ein, welches die Fundorte der Braun- kohle behandelt. Auf Einzelne« einzugehen, verbietet der uns hier gebotene Raum. Sicher muss man dem Verf. dankbar für seine mit grossem Fleisse durchgeführte Arbeit sein, die uns Itefähigt , besonders auf dem Gebiete der Braun- kohlenforniation uns in schneller und leichter Weise zu orientiren, was um so mehr anzuerkennen ist, all es wegen des, wir möchten sagen, rastlosen Fort- schreitens der Wissenschaft auf genauntem Gebiete und der grossen Zerstreuung der darauf bezüglichen Lite- ratur immer schwerer wird, über das Ganze eine Ueber- sicht zu gewinnen. Leider euthült die Schrift eine nicht geringe An- zahl von Druckfehlern. Dntck toh K. Ulocbuon uxl Solu, In Vtm4*n Digitized by Google NUNQÜAM A^A^SU^, , OTIOSI S. LEOPOLDINA AMTLICHES OBOAM DES KAISERLICH LEOPOLDINISCH-CAROLINISCH-DEUTSCHEN AKADEMIE DER NATURFORSCHER UEIlArSOKOKBEN UNTER MITWIRKUNG DER SEKTIONSYORSTÄNDE VOM STELLVERTRETER DES PRÄSIDENTEN Dr. C. H. Knoblauch in Halle a. S. Inhalt! Amtliche Mittheilungen: Veränderungen im Personalbestände der Akademie. — Beitrage zur Kasse der Akademie. — Julius Hubert Mayer +- — Audreas Freiherr v. Euiugsliausen +. — Sonstige Mit theilun »eu : Eingegangene Schriften. — G. Nachtigal: Ueber die Schwierigkeiten der Afrikafonschuug. — S. Gunther: Die mathematische Sammlung des gcromniicbeii Museum», - Preisausschreiben. - l'ebersicht der Schriften J. R. Mayer'». - I- . - ' Amtliche Mlttlieiluiigeii. Veränderungen im Personalbestande der Akademie. Xeu aufreiioinnifiirs Mitsrlieil: No. 2190. Am 18. Juni 1878: Ilerr Dr. Max Ferdinand Friedrich Rees», ordentlicher Professor dar Botanik und Director des boten. Gartens in Erlangen. — Zweiter Adjuukteukreis. — Fachsection 5 für Botanik. — Gestorbene Mitglieder: Am 13. Mai 1878 zu Washington: Herr Dr. Joseph Henry, Professor und Secretnir der Smithsonian Institution zu Washington. Aufgenommen den 16. October 1850 cogn. Smithson. Am 5. Jnni 1878 zu Nürnberg: Herr Dr. Emst Freiherr von Bibra, Gutsbesitzer und Herr auf Schweb. heim in Unterfranken. Aufgenommen den 15. October 1844. cogn. Paracelans III. Am 19. Juni 1878 zu Strasburg: Herr Dr. Carl Heinrich Ehrmann, eroer. Professor der Anatomie und Ehren- i FaculUt von Strassburg. Aufgenommen den 3. August 1833. cogn. Bojanus L Dr. H. Beiträge zur Kasse der Akademie. llml ff. März 22. Von Hrn. Dr. E. Stizonborgcr in Constauz Jahresbeitrag fiir 1878 6 — Jnni 18. „ „ Professor Dr. M. F. Rccss in Erlangen Eintrittsgeld u. Jahresbeitrag für 1878 36 — „ 28. „ „ Staatarath Professor Dr. G. B. v. Adelinaim in Berlin Jahresbeitrag für 1878 6 — Dr. H. Knoblauch. Leop. XIV. 11 Digitized by GoogJ^ 82 Julius Robert Mayer.*) Wenn ein gewöhnlicher Sterblicher »ein Leben heachlicsst, so soll, wie eine »innige Naturbetrachtung sagt, sein Stern in glänzendem Faden vom Himmel fallen, um dann für immer zu vorschwinden. An Mayer'» Grabe konnte der bedeutendste Redner es aussprechen, dass sein N.inie am Himmel der Wissenschaften für alle Zukunft in ungetrübtem Uchte strahlen werde; denn er gehöre zu jenen seltenen bahnbrechenden Geistern, welche ihre Lichtfunken und befruchtende Keime über weit entlegene Gebiete und in ferne Jahrhunderte ausstreuen. Noch lange werden unsere Gelehrten, Lehrer und Schulen brauchen und damit beschäftigt sein, das Vermächtnis* dieses reichen Geistes durchzudenken und fortzubilden. Wenn wir es daher in Nachstehendem unternehmen, ein Bild diese» grossen Mannes, der aus unserer Mitte geschieden ist, zu zeichnen, so ist es uns nicht um eine Darstellung seines äusseren Lebens zu thun, dieses ist ja auch einfach genug vorlaufen, sondern wir wollen versuchen, dem »clbstständigcn Denker und Forseber an der Hand seiner Schriften nachzugehen in seiner Gedankenarbeit und ihm von Stufe zu Stufe zu folgen, um zu erkennen, wie er eine Erkenntnis» um die andere zu Tage förderte und nach allen Tleziehnngen hin erprobte. Dadurch wird von selbst ihm dann zufallen, was ihm gebührt, und wir brauchen Niemandes Verdienste herabzusetzen, um die seinigen zu erhöhen. - Julius Robert Mayer geh. den 26. Nov. 1814, gest. den 20. Marz 1878) fiel schon in seiner frühesten Jugend, in den Jahren 1829 — 31. als er das evangelische Seminar in Schönthal bebufs seiner Vorbereitung auf die Universität als HM .-rordentlieher Zögling, sog. Hospcs. besuchte, seinen Genoasen durch das Eigenartige seiner natürlichen Begabung auf. Es ward ihm schwer, sehr schwer, den Unterrichts- stoff in der hergebrachten und wohl auch vorgeschriebenen Art und Weise zu verarbeiten. Vielmehr liebte er schon damals, bald excentriaeh erregt, bald in liohrendem Sinnen vertieft, sich seine eigenen Gedanken zu machen. Mit den klassischen Schriftstellern stand er denn auch nicht auf dem vertrautesten Fusse. Selbst im deutschen Auftatze befriedigten seine Leistungen noch nicht, zum Beweise, wie schwer es ihm damals noch fiel, die Gedanken, an denen es ihm niemuls fehlte, in geordneter Weise zur Darstellung zu bringen. Nur in der Mathematik und der mathematischen Geographie, die damals noch iu deu evangelischen Seminarien mehr vernachlässigt als gelehrt wurden, hob er sich vor seinen Genossen hervor, aber es genügte das nicht, um ihm eine bevorzugte Stellung unter seinen Kameraden zu verschaffen. Digitized by Google S3 das« ich der Farbe nach glauben kannte, eine Arterie getroffen zu haben. Zugleich war da* Blut sehr reich an Faserst.. ff, der Kuchen blieb fett an den Wandungen der Schüssel hangen, und nach 12 — 16 Stunden hatten sich gewöhnlich nur einige Löffel wasserhcllen Serams abgesondert; niemals zeigte sich eine tmtt phiogidita." Wir werden weiter unten von dieser und einer Reihe verwandter Erscheinungen die von ihm gegebene Erklärung noch zu besprechen haben; hier ist sie nur angeführt, um zu zeigen, dass die Räthsel, dio er in dieser Erscheinung fand, ihn nicht ruhen Hessen, bis er Bie wissenschaftlich durchdrungen und das Princip gefunden hatte, als dessen einfache Wirkungen sich ihm dieselben darstellten. „Auf dem Erfabrangs- wego festzustellen, dass zwischen den Denkgesetzen und der objectiven Welt eine vollkommene Harmonie be- stehe, das ist die interessanteste und die umfassendste aller Aufgaben, die sich finden läset. Was ich ohne jegliche Unterstützung und Ermunterung von Aussen in dieser Beziehung geleistet, ist freilich wenig " So schreibt er 1650. Dieses „Wenige" legte er im Jahre 1842 in einem Aufsätze nieder, der die schlichte UoberBchrift trägt: „Bemerkungen Uber die Kräfte der unbelebten Natur". Allerdings nur wenige Seiten lang , aber gleichsam in Lapidarschrift geschrieben enthält diese Abhandlung das_ Fundament seiner gewonnenen Einsicht Er hatte die Arbeit an den Herausgeber der Annale» für' Physik, an Poggendorf gesendet, dieser hatte sie ihm aber als unbrauchbar zurückgegeben. So weit ab von dem Wege des Studiums lagen damals die Gedanken des genialen Mannes, dass sie selbst in den be- rufensten Kreisen als unbrauchbar bei Seit« gelegt wurden. Entweder musste ihn diese Erfahrung völlig dai niederwerfen und aas dem Gleichgewichte bringen, oder nur um so mehr seine Kraft stacheln, der von ihm erkannten Wahrheit zum siegenden Durchbruch zu verhelfen. Zunächst hatte sie die letztere Wirkung, und in immer hellerer Erkenntnis» sehen wir ihn aufsteigen von Stufe zu Stufe; erst nachdem auch seine weiteren Schriften das Schicksal hatten, theils todtgeschwiegen, theils in ihrem Werthe herabgesetzt zu werden, trat die andere Wirkung ein. Aber in Folge falscher Lehrsätze über die Grösse und Eutfernung der beiden Weltkörper stimmt« die Rech- nung nicht mit den factischen Wahrnehmungen : so liesa Newton seine Rechnung Jahre lang im Pulte liegen, bis durch neue Untersuchungen die Vordersätze der Rechnung richtiggestellt wurden. Dass durch Reibung zweier Körper auf einander Wärme erzeugt werde, wusste Jedermann; Mayer's Gedanke aber war, die lie- wegungsgrösse durch das erzeugte Wärmequantum zu messen und festzustellen, und wenn er den betreffenden Aufsatz, in detu er das Resultat seiner Rechnung niedergelegt hatte, in Liebig 's und Wohler's „Annalen für Chemie und Pliarmacie" endlich, wie man sich drastisch aber wahr ausgedrückt hat, als Lückenbüsser an- brachte, so war es dort thatsächlich bo gut ais in seinem Schieibpulte begraben. Mit welchen Mitteln fand Mayer dieaes grosse Priocip aller neueren Physik/ War es etwa die „höhere Mathematik"? Wir wiiwen. dass er erst in späteren Jahren sich mit den ersten Principiuu der Analysis bekannt machte. Nirgends ist daher dieses feinste Werkzeug des menschlichen Verstandes, das wir in späterer Zeit von Cluusius und Heim- holt« auf dieses Gobiet augewendet sehen, und dessen Anwendung so ausserordentlich grosse Erfolge auf den von Mayer vorgezeichneten Bahnen aufzuweisen hat, zur Verwendung gekommen. Mayer bediente sich wie die Natur selbst, die mit den einfachsten Mitteln das Giösste schafft, zweier Hülfsmittel, von denen das erste die Bewunderung jedes denkenden Menschen herausfordert, das zweit« durch seine rührende Aermlichkeit uns an Kepler 1 * aus Hollunderstengeln selbstgemacht« Fernrohre erinnert. Da* erste ist der Scharfsinn «eines 11» Digitized by Google 84 unterscheidenden Verstandes. Seit Newton lehrte man den Satz, dass die Schwere die Kraft sei, die das "Weltall zusammenhalte. Mayer erkannte in dem Worte Schwere, wio in dem Worte Kraft, eine unzuläs»ige Vermengung von Ursache und Eigenschaft. .Hebst man die Schwere eine Kraft, so denkt man sich damit eine Ursache, welche, ohne selbst abzunehmen, Wirkung hervorbringt, hegt damit also unrichtige Vorstellungen über den ursächlichen Zusammenhang der Dinge." Die Schwere ist somit keine Kraft, sondern eine Eigen- schaft. Kräfte dagegen sind Ursachen. Ursachen aber sind in quantitativer Hinsicht unzerstörliche, in quali- tativer wandelbare Objecte. Sobald der begriff der Kraft in dieser Weise festgestellt ist, ergiobt sich von selbst, dass keine Kraft in Nichts verlaufen kann; vielmehr muss die Ursache der Wirkung gleich sein, es musB zwischen der Summe der Wirkungeu und der Grösse der Ursache eine mathematische Gleichung bestehen, welche sofort wieder, da man jede Gleichung auch umdrehen kann, auch ergiebt, dass unter geeigneten Um- standen aus den Wirkungen wieder die Ursache hervorgebracht werden kann. Hiermit, sind bereits die Prin- eipien ausgesprochen, von denen dann Mayer in seiuer zweiten Schrift zu immer klareren und reiferen Schlüssen • gelangt. Das zweite Mittel aber, dessen sich der Forscher zum Erweise der Wahrheit seiner Sätze bedient, ist das Experiment und die Beobachtung. In Schiluffele's Papierfabrik sehen wir ihn die Temperatur der in den Holländern beCndlichen Masse mit dem Thermometer messen, und in seinem Arbeitszimmer, denn er hatte kein physikalisches Cabinet wie unecro Universitäten zur Verfügung, sehen wir ihn die mit Filzhandschuhen gehaltene Flasche so laugo schütteln, bis das darin befindliche Liter Wasser von 12 auf 13" steigt. Die ErkenntnisB, die sein Verstand erschlossen hatte, ging ihm durch dieses einfach kindliche Kx|>eriiiient in hand- greifliche Gewissheit über, dass Arbeit, sich in Warme umsetze. Unter den vielen, theilweise salzigen Aussprüchen hierüber sei nur der eine angeführt: „ Durch Hypothesen in die Tiefen der Weltordnung einzudringen ist ein Seitenstück zu dem Bestreben des Adepten 1 *: dagegen zeigte er von Anfang an das Talent eines wahren Naturforschers, zu beobachten, die Thatsachen zu combiniren und in den einheitlichen Zusammenhang des Gesetzes zu bringen, in ganz besonderer Weise. — Die nächsten Jahre von 1842—45 hat Mayer vornehmlich zum Studium von Liebig's organischer Chemie iu ihrer An- wendung auf Physiologie und Pathologie, die 1842 erschien, verwendet. Es war sicher nicht blosse Dank- barkeit gegen den Verfasser, die ihn dazu trieb, obwohl er noch 8 Jahre später „dem mit so tiefer Einsieht begabten Manne", Liebig gegeuüber seiner Dankbarkeit, dafür öffentlich Ausdruck giebt, dass er „der un- scheinbaren Erstlingsarbeit iu eines der ersten wissenschaftlichen Organe Eingang verliehen hat"; vielmehr war es die Einsieht, dass die in diesem Werke niedergelegten Sätze und Entdeckungen seineu eigenen Ideen bis zum halben Wege entgegenkamen, was ihn veranlasste, dieses epochemachende Werk mit der Fackel des von ihm entdeckten Princips in der Hand zu studireu und daraas eine reiche Fuudgrube von Stützen für soin eigenes System zu machen. So entstand seine zweite Abhandlung: „Die organische Bewegung in ihrem Zusammenhange mit dem Stoffwechsel; ein Beitrag zur Naturkunde", vom Jahre 1*"45. In dieser Schritt hat Mayer »eine volle Maunesreife erreicht. Mit der Sicherheit, welche die Wahrheit ihren Bekennen«, insbesondere den Erstlingen ihrer Bekenner, ihren Entdeckern verleibt, in jener Einfachheit, ilie da* untrüg- liche Zeichen dafür ist, da»s der Verfasser nicht not big hat, den Inhalt noch mit eigenen Zut baten zu stützen, sondern dass der Naturforscher nur die Natur selbst reden linsen darf, siud da diu Sützu autgestellt, die seinen Namen unsterblich macheu. „Es giebt nur eine einzige Kraft"; „In ewigem Wechsel kreist dieselbe in der todten und lebenden Natur, da und dort kein Vorgang ohno Formveränderung der Kraft"; „die Physik hat nur die Metamorphosen der Kraft zu erforschen, wio die Chemie die Verwandlungen des Stoffs"; „die Erschaffung wie die Vernichtung einer Kraft liegt ausser dem Bereiche des menschlichen Denkens und Wirkens" ; „Aus Nichts wird Nicht«, Nichts kann zu Nichts werden"; „Lehrt die Chemie die Unveriinderliehkeit des Stoffs, so hat die Physik die quantitative Unveriinderliehkeit der Ktaft trotz aller Veränderlichkeit, in der Form nachzuweisen"; „Fallkraft, Bewegung, Wärme, Magnetismus, Electricität, chemische Differenz sind alle nur verschiedene DarstellungBformcn einer und derselben Naturkraft, die im Weltall herrscht, denn es kann jede unter besonderen Vorkehrungen von einer in die andere übergeführt werden". In der That erhält, mau auch beim Studium dieser Schrift den Eindruck, dass dem Verfasser die allerverschiedensten Erscheinungen, die geheimnissvollen Rätbsel des organischen Lebens nur so zuströmen, um sich im Lichte seines Princips zur 85 durchsichtigen Klarheit, zu gruppircn. Im Vollgefühl und der Begeisterung Ober die von ihm gewonnene Natur- snschanung ruft er daher au*: „Wohl fühlen wir, das« wir mit den eingewurzeltsten, durch grosse Auctori- tatcn kanonisirten Hypothesen in den Kampf gehen, dasa wir mit deu sog. Imponderabilien die letzten Reste der Götter Griechenlands au« der Naturlehre veriwinnen wollen : aber wir wissen anch, daRs die Natur in ihrer einfnchcn Wahrheit grösser und herrlicher ist als jede» Gehild von Menschenhand und als alle Illusionen de« e rschaffenen Geistes." Wir werden nicht fehl gehen, wenn wir unter diesem letzten Reste der Götter Griechen- lands jene gchcitnnissvolle, überall da, wo der menschliche Geist nicht mehr weiter kann, auftretende, bald als natürliche, bald bIb übernatürliche Ursache auftretende Lebenskraft in erster Linie verstehen. Ihr, die in allen medicinischen und physikalischen Werken eine so grosse Rolle spielt, ihr erklärt er seinen „Krieg": „Wir müssen Protest erheben gegen die Aufstellung einer besonderen Lebenskraft. " „Man bringe in die Säftemasse des lebenskräftigsten Mannes ein Gran faulender Jauche, so vermag weder Natur noch Kunst der rasch folgenden Kntmischung, dem schnell tödtheben Faulfieber Schranken zu setzen; wo bleibt hier die Lebens- kraft, wo das Vermögen, Widerstand zu leisten gegen äussere Ursachen von Störungen! 1 Jlie llhodu; hie ialla.' a Dieser Lebenskraft gegenüber stellt er dem Erdenmensehen die kosmische Weltanschauung vor Augen, aus welcher er seine Wahrheiten geschöpft hat. .Die Sonne ist die beständig sich spannende Feder, die »las Getriebe der irdischen Thätigkeiten im Gange hält, Das Licht der 8onne ist es, welche* iu Wirme verwandelt, die Bewegungen in unserer Atmosphäre bewirkt, die Gewässer zu deu Wolken in die Höhe hebt, die Strömung dor FIüsbc hervorbringt; das Licht, die beweglichste aller Kräfte, von der Erde im Fluge erhascht, wird von den Pflanzen in starre Form umgewandelt; denn die Pflanzen auf ihr erzeugen eine fortlaufende Summe chemischer Differenz, bilden ein Reservoir, in welchem die flüchtigen Sonnenstrahlen fixirt und zur Nutzniessung geschickt niedergelegt werden. Die Pflanzen nehmen eine Kraft, das Licht, auf und bringen eine Kraft, die chemische Differenz, hervor. Während des I^bensproceBses findet nur eine Umwandlung so wie der Materie *o der Kraft statt, niemals über geht eine Erschaffung der einen oder der andern vor sich." Die in die»en Sülzen enthaltenen Wahrheiten führt er nun im Einzelnen ans und beweist sie aUB dem von ihm gefundenen I'rintip. Die in den Pflanzen aufgespeicherte Sounenkraft geht in den Thieren und Menscheu, die dieselben verzehren, über in das Blut, dieses ruhig glimmende Oel des Ia-Immis, um sich durch dessen Oxydation umzu- setzen in Wärme; die Wärme aber, die dadurch im Körper entsteht, dient dazu, denselben in der für ihn notliweniligen Temperatur zu erhalten, thoilwoise über auch sich in Arbeit zu verwandeln. Und zwar zeigt er, dass nach demselben Satze, den er in der unorganischen Welt gefunden hat, das Wärmeäquivalent auch im Gebiete des organischen Lebens gilt. Auch hier ist die Wärmeeinheit Calorie) gleich dem mechanischen Effect, den eine aus der Höhe von 425 m herabfallende Masse von 1 Kilo entwickelt. Ausgehend von den Resultaten Gay Lussac'g über die Ausdehnung eines gegebenen Luftquiintums durch Erwärmung macht er seine auch über das organische Leben sich erstreckenden Schlüsse. Erwärmt man diu Luft unter coustantem Volumen, so braucht man weniger Wörmo, als wenn man sie unter coustantem Druck auf dieselbe Temperatur erhöht. Das eine Mol ist die Luft in einem rings umschlossenen Ballon, das andere Mal in einem Behälter eingeschlossen, in welchem sie bei der Erwärmung zugleich einen Kolben zu heben hat. Der Ueberschuss von Wärme, die man im zweiten Falle uöthig hat, um die Luit auf dieselbe Temperatur zu erheben, wird Iiier dazu benutzt, eine Arbeit zu vollbringen, während sie im ersten Falle keine verrichtet. Ein Theil der durch Verbrennung des Blutes gelieferten Wärme wird durch die Arbeit, die der Organismus leistet, verzehrt, und zwar lässt sieh aus der Grösse der Arbeit die Grösse der Wärmemenge nach seinem mechanischen Wärmeäquivalent berechnen. Eine Reihe ganz gewöhnlicher, alltäglich beobachteter Vorgänge und Erscheinungen erhält durch diese -ätze ein üU-rroschende« Licht. Da der arbeitende Muskel eines grös- seren Würniequaulunis bedarf als der ruhende, so sieht mau den iiolzspultcr, der an kalten Wintermorgen seine Arbeit beginnt, öfters mit den Armen und Händen wechseln; diejenigen Glieder, die am wenigsten arbeiten, sondern aui meisten Schweis* ab; von der Stirne des Holzspalters rinnt der Schweis», während der Ann desselben den UeberschuBS der durch Muskclanstrengung und erhöhte Respiration hervorgebrachten Wärme durch die Arbeit reeorbirt. Höchst willkommen sind ihm hierfür die von Liehig durch Vergleichung der Digitized by Goog 86 Gii-ssener Sträflinge mit den in> Dienst befindlichen Soldaten gewonnenen Thataachen and Aufstellungen, eine experimentelle Bestätigung dessen, tru er aus »einer mechanischen Wärmetbeorie gefolgert hat, da«* zu Her- Torbringuug eiues bestimmten mechanischen Effects eine gewisse, schon zum Voraus zu berechnende, durch Erfahrung bestätigte Wärmemenge aufzuwenden ist. Der Mensch oder das Thier ist denselben Gesetzen unter- worfen, wie die Dampfmaschine , nur ist er in dieser Beziehung die vollkommenste Maschine, »sofern der von ihm geleistete Nutzeffekt unter sehr günstigen Umstanden bis annähernd 20 Procent betragen kann, freilich nur auf ganz kurze Zeit. So ist es einem Schmied möglich, eitien Nagel bis zur RothglUhhitze zu hämmern; die dazu nöthige Wärme cutsteht auf Kosten der Temperatur Beines Armes. Kräftige BaUemmädchen, dereu Hände beim Stricken in starken Schweina gerathen, können schwere, Handarbeiten verrichten, ohne das* die Haut ihrer Arme und Hände feucht wird. Der Muskel ist da* Werkzeug, mittelst dessen, aber nicht auf Kosten dessen die Umwandlung der Wärme in Arbeit erzielt wird. Dieser Satz wird nun in numerischer Rechnung am Herzmuskel und der von ihm geleisteten Arbeit durchgeführt. Diese Rechnuug wiederzugeben, kann hier nicht unsere Aufgabe sein. Nur in Beziehung auf diu vou ihm immer und immer wiedor hervor- gehobene merkwürdige Erscheinung, dass das Blut der Matrosen in Bntavia eine solch« auffallende rothe Farbe hatte, sagt Mayer, aus den aufgestellten Gesetzen folge mit Nothwoudigkeit, dass der Temperaturunterschied zwischen der Eigenwärme des Organismus und des umgebenden Mediums in einer Grössenlteziehung mit dein Farbunterschiede beider Blutarten, des Arturien- und des Venenblutes, stehen müsse. Je grösser dieser Tem- peraturunterschied oder die Kraftproduction, um so grösser inuss auch der Farbcnunterschied, ju kleiner der Unterschied der Temperatur, um so kleiner muss auch der der Farbe sein. Dieser Farbcuunterschied ist ein Ausdruck für die Grösse des SaucrBtuffverbrauchs oder für die Starke de* Verbrennungsprocesscs im Orga- nismus. — Wie wichtig Mayer die Anwendung seines physikalischen Princips auf das medicinische , physio- logische Gebiet war, ergiebt »ich nicht blos aus dem Inhalte, sogar schon aus dem Titel seiner zweiten Schrift ; aber auch im Jahre 1851 veröffentlicht er noch einen besonderen Aufsatz über die Iiorzkraft in Vierordt's, und über das Fieber, einen iatromechaniseben Versuch, in Wunderlich'» Archiv im Jahre 1862- Wir haben es den Medianem zu überlassen , darzustellen, wie weit die Mayer'sehen Principien auch auf diesem Gebiete sich schon erprobt, oder wie weit sie auch hier schon bahnbrechend gewirkt haben. Aber so viel steht fest, das« das organische Leben, so weit es unter die physikalische Betrachtung fallt, ebenso unter der Herrschaft des mechanischen Wärmeäquivalents steht, wie die unorganische Natur. Der von ihm aufgestellte Satz, dass „eine unveränderliche Grösseni>eziehung zwischen der Wärme und der Arbeit ein Postulat der physiologischen Vcrbrrnnungstbeorie ist", ist von ihm auch erwiesen worden. Seine schönsten Triumphe aber feierte Mayer in der „Dvuamik des Himmels", der dritten Schritt, die wir noch zu betrachten haben, aus dem Jahre 1848. Durch die Anwendung seines Principe auf die Bewegungen im Universum haben sich (Ür deu Agro- nomen eine ganze Reihe neuer Gesichtspunkte, neuer Fragen und neuer Antworten ergeben; der Pulsschlng der Erde, die Ebbe und Fluth, die Sternschnuppen, die Noiinenwärme sind von ihm der Untersuchung unter- worfen und dem Verständniss näher gebracht worden. Uebrigens muss man bedenken, dass diese Schrift, im Jahre 1648 geschrieben, die gerade auf diesem Gebiete gemachten Entdeckungen der letzten 20 Jahre, ins- besondere die spekt raianalytischen Untersuchungen, unmöglich benutzen konnte. Demungeachtet sind seine Anschauungen, wenn auch mannigfach uberholt, doch in der Hauptsache heute noch nicht veraltet. Was er Ober die Ebbe und Fluth lehrt, nämlich dass dieselbe die Rotationsgeschwindigkeit der Erde verlangsamen und damit die Tage verlängern müsse, hnt heute noch Gültigkeit und wird sie, obwohl er sie nur durch richtige und lebhafte Anschauung, nicht durch Rechnung erhalten hat, auf immer behalten. Die damals noch allgemein gültige Hypothese der HerBchcTschen Sonnenphotosphäre hat er, als durch keine Naturerscheinung hinlänglich erwiesen und gestützt, unbedingt mit keckem Grille und richtigem Takte verworfen, und das Feurigwerdeu der Leuchtkugeln, Sternschnuppen und dergleichen uus der wahren Ursache abgeleitet. Nach- dem er die ungeheure Menge von Wänucetrahlen, die die Sonne täglich und stündlich aussendet, berechuet hatte, fragt er, wodurch dieselbe sich ersetze, und giebt die Antwort darauf, dass dies nur dadurch geschehen könne, dass sich Beweguug in Wärme umsetze, im ganzen Sonnensysteme rotiren eine uiienuesslicho Anzahl von kleinen Körpern ; die Kometen, deren c« im Welträume nach Kepler mehr gebe als Fische im Meere, die Sternschnuppen, die Feuerkugeln, der Weltkörperstaub im Zodiacallicht , schliesslich sogar alle die geballten Planeten bewegen sich in sich verengernden Bahuen, weil sie in einem widerstehenden Medium, im sog. Aether, ■ich bewegen, und müssen darum schliesslich in die Sonne fallen. Ihre Bewegung kommt hier zu Ende, und nach dem Princip vom mechanischen Wärmeäquivalent muss sich ihre Bewegung in Wärmo umsotzen. Der Digitized by Google 87 Sturz einer Aslcroidcnmasse «her auf die Sonne giebt eine 4 bis 8000 mal grössere Hitze, als eine gleich grosse Steinkohlenmasac durch Verbrennen in erzeugen im Stande wäre. Daher ist die Sonnenhitze grösser alt jede denkbare irdische Wärme, womit nurh der Umstand stimmt, dasa die diathermane Eigenschaft des Sonnenstrahls grosser ist als bei irgend einem irdisch erzeugten Wärmestrahl. Der Einwand, dass dann daa Volumen der Sonne sich immer mehr vergrössern würde, ist. an sich richtig, aber es müssten 28,500 Jahre vergehen, bis der Durchmesser sich nur um eine Bogeosecunde verlangern würde. Unterhalten wird daher die Sonncnwürme durch den Stnrz kosmischer Materie auf die Sonne; denn alle Weltkörper, die die Sonne umkreisen, haben in der Peripherie ihre Wiege, im Centrum ihr Grab. Selbst die Sonncnflockcn und Sonnen- fackeln erhalten dadurch ihre physikalische Erklärung; der feuerflüssige Ocoan der Sonne wird durch dio sich darein stürzenden Meteore bis in die Tiefe aufgewühlt, und zu leuchtenden Bergen aufgethürmt. Wenn nun auch heutzutage die Physik die von Mayer gegebene Ursache der stetigen Wärmeausstrahlung der Sonne höchstem noch nl-s eine der Ursachen davon, jedenfalls nicht als einzige gelten lässt, so hat er doch auch hier das Verdienst, dass er nachwies, dass Wärme, Hitzo, Roth- und Weissglühhitze anf diesem Wege ent- stehen muss; und für das Feurigwerden und Leuchten der Sternschnuppen in den äussersten Ausläufern unseres Luftmeeres ist seine Erklärung die schlechtbin richtige. Oft genug fragt ja der Laie, wenn er hört, dass eine Feuerkugel als leuchtende und glühemlheisso Masse, als Meteorstein zur Erde gefallen sei, wie es denn komme, das» diese Masse, die doch nicht aus brennbarem Stoffe iHMtehe, dennoch brenne. Die Antwort darauf hat ihm Mayer gegeben, damit, dass er sagt, dass sich die Bewegung im widerstehenden Mittel der Luit in Wärme umgesetzt hat. Mit gleich treffendem Blicke hat Mayer in der Ebbe und Fluth des Meeres eine Bremsvorrichtung für die Geschwindigkeit der Axendrehnng der Erdo erkannt. Bekanntlich ist die letz- tere eine westöstliche, die erstere aber eine ostwestliche; und nach den von ihm angenommenen, auf an- nähernder Schätzung beruhenden Zahlen der betretenden Massen müsste die Tageslänge in 2500 Jahren um ungefähr eine 1 u Secunde verlängert werden. Wenn demungeachtet Li Place nachgewiesen hat, dass der Tag in den letzten 2500 Jahren sich nicht, um >/soo Secunde verändert hat, so folgt daraus nicht, dass die Bremsung der Erdrotation durch die Ebbe und Fluth nicht stattfindet, sondern nur, dass eine dieselbe be- schleunigende Gegenwirkung vorhanden sein muss; und diese findet er mit Auderen in der langsam aber stetig fortgehenden Zusatumctraehung der Erde in Folge ihrer allmählichen Erkaltung. Und so unterscheidet er in Bezug auf die Dauer der Tageslänga der Erde drei grosse Perioden; die ersto ist die, in welcher in Folge starker Abkühlung der Erdo die Tageslänge abnimmt; die zweite die, in welcher der dio Axendrehung be- schleunigende EintluBS der Abkühlung und der dieselbe verlangsamende EinfluBS dor Ebbe und Fluth einander dns Gleichgewicht halten und somit die Tageslänge constant bleibt; und endlich die dritte die, in welcher der letztere Einfluss grösser ist als der erstere, und in welcher sich somit die Dauer eines Tages verlängert. In einem im Jahre 1870 vor einigen Freunden Ober dio Theorie der Erdbebeu gehaltenen Vortrage spricht er sich unter Benutzung der von dem englischen Astronomen Adams gelieferten Untersuchungen dahin aus, dass die Erde bereits in dritter Periode, also in der, in welcher nach dem , Stillstand" das Alter anfängt, belinde. — In dkteil drei, in einem Zeiträume von sechs Jahren erschienenen Schriften hat Mayer seine grossartigen Ge- danken und Anschauungen niedergelegt, und wir glauben berechtigt zu sein, daB später von ihm Erschienene nur noch als Nachklang des Anstosses bezeichnen zu dürfen, den er erhalten und fortgepflanzt hat. Aller- dings enthält seine im Christmonat 1800 erschienene Schrift: „Bemerkungen über das mechanische Aecjuivalent. der Wärme", noch eine Reihe ganz ausserordentlich, schöner Stellen, auch solcher, durch welche auf seine drei früheren Werke ganz günstige Reflexlichter fallen; »her im Wesentlichen enthält sie doch nur nähere Ausführungen des dort, schon Gesagten, allseitigero Ausführungen früherer Gedanken. Einen Fortschritt sehen wir ihn darin nicht mehr machen; ja er sträubt sich dagegen , den Schritt zu thun, den nun andere Männer b«r«itl anfingen zu machen, die Wärme selbst auch für eine Bewegung zu erklären. Er sagt: „Ausdrücklich habe ich mich gegen die zwar nahegelegte, aber doch unerwiesenc und meiner Ansicht nach zu weit gehende Folgerung erklärt , als ob die Wärmeerscheinungen schlechthin als Bewegungserschein- ungen aufzufassen seien." Er bleibt lieber auf dem Satze, „daes, um Wärme werden zu können, die Bewegung, sei sie eine einfache oder vibrirende, wie das Lieht, die strahlende Wärme u. ». w., aufhören müsse, Bewegung zu sein". Wir werden nicht fehlgehen, wenn wir bei ihm die Scheu, diesen Schritt noch zu thun, daraus ableiten, das» ihm die höhere Mathematik, die zu diesem Resultate geführt und durch Heimholt z, Hirn, Joule, Clausius so wunderbare Aufschlüsse gebracht hat, nicht zu Banden war. Nicht ausgerüstet mit dieser schwindelfrei machenden Wissenschaft, fühlte er keinen sicheren Boden mehr unter den Füssen und folgte Digitized by Google 88 daher nicht. Und wie zu seiner Verthcidiguug dafür und zu Rechtfertigung seiner Zweifel über die Berech- tigung dieser weiteren Schlußfolgerung schreibt er: „Dor Eingang in die Bewegungslehre ist nicht erst von den Höhen der Mathematik aus zu erreichen; die Natur stellt sich vielmehr in einfacher Schönheit dem über- raschten Auge dar, und selbst der Minder befähigte vermag viele Gegenstände zu erblicken, die seither den gröasten Gelehrten verborgen gebliehen sind * Ein zweites Hindernis» für ihn aber, muthig auf der von ihm gelegten Strasse weiterzugehen und nicht zu ruhen, bis auch die weiteren Geheimnisse der Wärmelehre der Natur durch die Sonde der Mathematik abgelauscht oder durch da» Experiment abgetrotzt waren, lag in dem Gefühl der Einsamkeit, das ihu, den fleissigen Arbeiter, ergriff, als er seine Gedanken von Niemandem erkannt und gewürdigt sah. Diese schmerzliche Erfahrung lagerte sich in den 50er Jahren wie eine verschleiernde Wolke Uber seinen eo hellen Geist, und nicht blos in seinen späteren Schriften tinden wir ein wehmüthigeg Durchklingen dieser Stimmung, in der er aber allerdings niemals zu Klagen, geschweige zu Anklagen sich fort reimen Hess, während er sich die Priorität seiner Erkenntnis mit Selbstachtung wahrte, sondern auch in einer von ihm selbst vertraten Biographie spricht er es mit deutlichen Worten aus, dass die Aufnahme, welche Beine Schriften gefunden , ihn nicht sehr zu weiteren Veröffentlichungen habe aus]>orncu können. Erst in späteren Jahren, als das Gros der Forscher, den Fussstapfen Mayer's folgend, mit dem ganzen Apparate akademischer und wissenschaftlicher Hülfsmittel dem Gebiete der Wärmelehre »ich zugewendet, und namentlich der englische Physiker Tyndall („Die Wärme, eine Art von Bewegung", übersetzt von Hclinholtz und Wiede- manu) in gerechter Würdigung der von Mayer und seinem Rivalen Joule errungeneu Verdienste die Aufmerk- samkeit der Gelehrten auf ersteren gerichtet hatte, erhielt er auch äussere Anerkennungen. Im Jahre 1861) machte ihn die Universität Tübingen zum Üoctor der Philosophie und 18(i3 zum Doctor der Naturwissen- schaften; 1867 erhielt er von seinem Könige den Orden der württembergiaebon Krone; und humoristisch, wie er war, vergass er auch nicht aufzuführen, das« ihn der Gewerbeverein seiner Vaterstadt 1869 zum Ehren- mitglied e ernannte. Im Jahre 1870 erhielt er von der Pariser Akademie den in 2000 Fr. bestehenden Preis Poncelet, und 1871 von der Royal Society iu London die goldene Copley-Modaille. AW was sind diese äusseren Ehren gegenüber von dem, was er für die Wissenschaft geleistet und gegenüber von dem, wie er es geleistet bat. Noch heute wird es für jeden, der die Wärmelehre und damit die neueste Physik über- haupt, die Molekularphysik, studiren und sieh zu oigen machen will, keinen besseren Rath geben, als den: folge Mayer. Wer Nowton verstehen will, musa zuerst bei Kepler eintreten. Ebenso giobt es keinen bes- seren Führer in die von der neuesten PhyBik erschlossenen Gebiete als Mayer's Schriften. „Seine Arbeiten tragen den Stempel einer tiefsinnigen Anschauung" ; er führte seine vom heliocentrisehen Standpunkte au.» gewonnene „Theorie zu ihrer grossartigsten Anwendung". Sein Name wird nicht erlöschen, so lange es oine Wissenschaft giebt. Andreas Freiherr von Ettingshausen.*) Ein Altmeister der Wissenschaft, ein Lehrer derjenigen, denen heute die Jugend lauscht, der berühmte Physiker und Mathematiker Dr. Andreas Freiherr von Ettingshausen, ist am 26. Mai zu Wien im 82 Lebensjahre gestorben. Am 25. November 1796 zu Heidelberg geboren, wurde er schon 1817, also vor mehr als sechzig Jahren, Adjunkt der Mathematik nnd Physik an der Wiener Universität. 181!) bekam er die Professur der Physik an der Universität, zu Innsbruck; 1821 kehrte er als Professor der höheren Mathe- matik an die Wiener Universität zurück. Seine damaligen Vorlesungen .über höhere Mathematik" erschienen 1827 im Druck, und so ist ein nachgeborenes Geschlecht noch immer in der Lage, deren Anordnung und Gediegenheit zu bewundern. Von 1826—1832 gab er gemeinsam mit A. Baumgartner die „Zeitschrift für Physik und Mathematik* heraus und bereicherte sie mit eigenen mathematischen Aufsätzen. 1834 ver- tauschte er die mathematische mit der physikalischen Lehrkanzel. Beiläufig zur sollten Zeit construirte er die nach ihm benannte magnet-elektrische Maschine. Sein Streben dabei war. Faraday's grosse Entdeckung 0 *) Wiener Neue Kreie Presse vom 27. Mai Vergl. I,Co|>. XIV. p. ü> Diesem Nachrufe wird spater ein ausführlicher Nekrolog fehlen. Digitized by Google 89 der elektrischen Induction zur Strouigewinnung zu verwertben, und so verdankt man ihm auf diesem für die Anwendung der Elektricitat »o wichtigen Gebiete einen der frühesten Schritt«. Optische Aufsätze, die er einige Jahre später veröffentlichte, legten von der Vielseitigkeit «eines Wissens Zeugnis« ab. Sein 1844 er- schienenes „Lehrbuch der Physik" zeichnet sich durch reichen Inhalt bei kurzer, praciser Fassung au«. In die populären Vorlesungen aber Physik, die er seit dem Antritte der Lehrkanzel bis 1848 hielt, drängten rieh Gebildete aller Stande. Meist war der Saal zu klein, die Zuhörer zu fassen, ein glücklicher Erfolg, zu dem schöne Vortragsweise und Eleganz der Experimente gleichmassig beitrugen. Als 1652 Doppler 's Erkrankung dessen Tbätigkeit am neugegrUndeten physikalischen Institute der Wiener Universität unterbrach, wurde Ettingshausen an dessen Stelle Leiter des Institutes und vollendete seine Organisation. In diesem In- stitute ist der Unterrieht in Physik mit der Gelegenheit zu eigenen praktischen Arbeiten, ja sogar zu selbst- «t&ndigen Experimental-Forschungen verbunden. Solche gingen zahlreich aus dem Institute hervor, welchem Ettingshausen noch über ein Decennium vorstand. Und als er dann endlich in den wohlverdienten Ruhe- stand um die Mitte der Sechziger Jahre trat, da konnte er auf eine holbhundertjahrige erfolggekrönte Th&tig- keit zurückblicken. Die Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien zahlte ihn seit ihrer Gründung, an welcher er selbst wesentlichen Antheil nahm, zu ihren Mitgliedern; wahrend mehrerer Jahre fungirte er als ihr General-Secretar. Das« auch die Regierungskreise seine Verdienste würdigten, bewiesen sie durch Verleihung hoher Auszeichnungen, die Ernonnung zum Hofrathe und Erhebung in den Freiherrnstand. Der Sohn Ettings- hausen"» ist der durch seine pflanzengeschichtlichen Forschungen rühmlich bekannt« Professor der Botanik an der Universität in Graz, Constantin Baron von Ettingshausen. Eingegangene Schriften. (Vom 15. April bis 15. Mai 1878. Scblass.) Laube, G. C. : Der Aetna. (Vortrag, geh. in der Versamml. d. naturwisB. Ver. Lotos in Frag d. 24. Nov. 1877.) 19 p. — Acad Imper. d. Seien c. de St. Pe"tersbourg. Bull. T. XXIV. No. 4. St. Petersb. 1878. 4°. — Back- lund, J. 0.: Z. Entwicklung d. negativen, ungeraden Potenzen d. Quadratwurzel d. Function l-2qU + ir 8 p. — A ve- n ar in s , M. : Volumverandcrung einer Flüssigk. durch Tem- peratur u. Druck. 8 p. — Jcrcmejew, P.T.i Ueb. einige neue Krystallformen d. Umenorutils. Up. — Babikof: Du developpcm. d. Ccphalodica s. 1. tballos du liehen PtWgera aphtosa Hoffm. 11 p. (1 Taf.). — Nyrcn, M.: Erderschuttcr- ung, beobachtet an einem feinen Niveau 10. Mai 1877. 4 p. Legrand. Dr. : La nouv. societe Indo-chinoise fondec par M. le marquis de Croizier et son ouvrage l'art Paris 1878. 8». 16 p. (Exrtrait de la Revue Ko.Juillet— Sept. TomL 1877.) Abhandl. Bd. V. H. 8 u. 4. Bremen 1877—78. 8«. — No. 8. Brüggemann, F.: Ceb eineVogelsamml.a-Sud-Ost-Borneo. 11 p. U TafA — id.: Nachtrag! Notizen z. 0 ruithol. v. Celcbes. 3 p. — Buchenau. Fr.: Falle v. Mischfrüchten. 2 p.— Martin, K.: Silur-, Devon-, Trias-, Jura-, Krcidc- Tertiargeschiebe aus Oldenburg. 16 p. - Fockc.W.O.: Ueb. Ii last. Ihone als Geschiebe im Blocklehm. — Irmiseh, Th. : Einige Bemerkgn. Uber iVrottia mdus an» u. einige andere Orchideen. 7 p. 1,1 Taf.). — Buchenau, Kr: Zur Flora v. Borkum. 12 p. — id.: Zur Flora v. Spiekerooge. 2 p. — No. 4. BrOggemann, F.: Weitere Mittheil. üb. d. Orni- thologie v. Central-Borneo. 13 n. — Fischer, G.: Bemerk, üb. zweifelhafte ceiebeosische Vogel. — BrOggemann, F.: Ueb. einige Steinkorallen v. Singapur*-. 11 p. — id.: Zur Nomcnclatur d. Trachyphyllien. — Winkler, A.: Beobacht- ungen an Keimpflanzen. 5 p. — Gildemeister, J. : Ueb. Schädel d. Iteihengraber-Typua aus d Domsdüne zu Bremen. 22 p. (2 Taf.). — Brüggemann: Fundorte v. Käfern a. d. Herzogthum Oldenburg. 18 p. — id.: Synonymisches üb. Lepiduptcren.2p.— Buchenau, Fr.: BUduugsjibweichungen d. Blttthe v. Tropaeolum maju». 43 p. (1 Taf.). - L«op. XIV. — Beilage No. 6 zu d. Abhandl. Tabellen üb. den Flächeninhalt d. Brem. Staats, die Höhenverhaltn., d. Wasserstand d. Weser, d. Stand d. Grundwassers u. d. Witterungsverhaltn. a. d. J. 1875 u. 76. Bremen 1877. 4°. 30 p. — K. Ungar, geol. Anstalt in Budapest. Mittheil. a.d. Janrbuche. Bd.V. 11.2. Budapest 1877. 8*. — Her- bich, Fr. : D. Szeklorland mit Berücksichtigung d angrenzen- den Landestheile geolog u. paläontol. beschrieben. 363 p. (32 Taf. u. 1 Karte). — Ver. f. d. Mus. sohle«. Alterthflmer in Breslau. 37. Bericht. Jan. 1878. Brealau. 8°. (Vom 15. Mal bis 15. Juni 1878.) Roy. So s. of Edinburgh. Transactions. VoLXXVUI. Pt 1. — for the sess. 1876—77. 4». — Jenkin.Fl.: On the appticat. of grapbic raethods to the de terminal, of the effldency of machinery. 86p. (12 Taf.). — Broun, J.A.: Note on the bifilar magnetometcr. 4 p. — Home, D. M: On tbe parallelroads of Lochaber. 26 p. (2 Taf.). - Heddle: On tbe mineralogy of Scotland. 76 p. (2 Taf ). - Sang, E.: On the curves produced by reflection from a polished re- volving straigth wire. 3 p. (1 Taf.). — — Proceedings. Sess. 1876— 77. VoLJX No. 96 —99. 8°. — Murrav, J : On tbe distribut. of volcanlc debris over the floor of the ocean, — its character, source a. some of the producta of its disintegrat a. decomposit. 15 p. — Traquair, R. U.: On new a. little-known fossil fisbes from the Edinburg district, No. I. 10p. — Duns: On the ruff (Machete* PufftutxJ, 2 p. — Traguair,R. H.: On new a. little-known Jbjsil nahes from the Edinburgh district, No. II. 8 p. — Bucbanan, J.Y.: On the specific gravity of oceanwater. 4 p. — id.: On the monganese nodales found on the bed of the ocean. 2 p — Tait: On some effects of heat on electrostatic attraction. — Frevost, E. W.: On an ammonia-cupric zinc Chloride 2 p. — Cayley : On a problem of arrangements. 6^p. ^ S * n |^' di °"- the f* 1 ^ 4 *" 1 "^ ° f 6> ^Duns:^to» imnamed pak^ Digitized by Googl 90 — Mulr,Th : Note on an infinitude of Operations. 2 p. — i d. : Note on detcrminant expresaions for tue tum of » har- moD. progrcsslon. 2 p. — Geikie: Noticc of a saline watcr from tbe volcanic rocks of Lüdithguw. 5 p.- Traquair, R. II.: On new a. little-known fossil fishes from the Edin- burgh district, No. III. 17 p. - Knott, C. 6., Gordon Macgregor. Ja. Smith. M.:Tho thermo-electric properties of cobalt. 4 p. — Tait: Notiee of some recent atmospheric ph.'nomena. 2 p. ~ Batav iaaach Genootsch v. Künsten en Wetenjch. Verhandel. Deel 39. St. 1. Bataria 1877. 8». — GroeneTeldt, W. I'.: Note» on tbe Malay archipelago a. Malaera. X n. 1« p. |1 Karte). — — Tijdachr. v. ind. taal-, land- on volkenkde. D. 24. Aflcv. 4 u. 5. Bat. 1877. 8«. — Rij van Heest Holle, G. du : Aanteeken. betreff, de landschapnen VI Kotta Pang- kallan cn XII Kotta Kampar. 65 p. (1 Karte).— Ketjcn, E.: De Kalangers- 21 p. — — Notulen v. de algcm. cn beataura-vergader. D. XV 1877. No. 1. Bat. 1877. 8«. — — Twcedo Vervolg-Catalogus d. Bibliothek. Ba- tavia 1877. 8». 217 p. — Geolog. 8oc. of London. The quarterly Joarn. Vol. 31. Pt. 1. No. 133. London. 8°. — Klberidgc, R. : On the invertebrate fauna of the lower carboniferous or calciferous Bandstone series of tbe Edinburgh neighbourhuod. 26 p (2 Tat). — Gunn a. Clough: On the Discovery of »ilurian beds in Tcesdale. fl p. — I wisden, X F.: On pos- siblc displacem. ot tbe eartlfs axw of figure produeed by elevat. a. depress. of her surl'ace. 1!) p, — Gardener. J. S.: Ob the cretaeeous Dentalidat. 10 t», (1 Taf.l.— Hcer.O.: Nöte» on fossil plautii diacov. in Grinncll Land by Capt. II. W. Feildcn. G p. — Duubrec, A.: On pointg of similanty between zeolitic a. sUiceous incrustations of recent fonnation by thermal Springs a. those observed in Amygdaloid« a. other altcred rolcanic rockB. 13 p. (1 Tat). — Kiiys. J. D.i On saml-wora atones from New Zcaland. 3 p. — Dawson. G. M.: On the superficial geology of British Columbia. 35 p. (1 Taf.). — Owen. C. B.: (in Aryilloruis hmgiptnni*, a large bird ofFlight from the eocene clay of Sheppey 7 p. (lTafi. — Peach.C. W.: O« tbe circinata vernation. fruetitieat. a.
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Elle consiste à lire et à faire lire, page après page, les textes progressifs d'un livre illustré, niveau CP, et que les jeunes enfants tsiganes aiment beaucoup à cause des histoires de Blanche-Neige et de différents animaux qui s'y trouvent illustrés (« Je saurai lire vite et bien » Hatier). L'enseignant s'efforce de débuter directement à la page n° 35 du livre où l'on aborde le son « OU ». La page suivante sera consacrée au son « 01 » et ainsi de suite, les dix sons étudiés avec le jeu de cartes seront abordés systématiquement. Cette étape est la plus astreignante, mais celle qui porte des fruits : « Je suis presque un homme maintenant ! » s'exclamait un jeune Manouche de 12 ans arrivé aux avant-dernières pages du livre. Dans la pratique, ce déroulement est bien sûr à adapter à chaque enfant en particulier, en fonction des connaissances déjà acquises ici ou là, de sa motivation personnelle et de ses moyens. En conclusion, nous pourrions dire que les enseignants de ces classes tsiganes se veulent être au plus près des besoins de ces enfants, avides d'apprendre à lire, mais en même temps dépourvus des moyens habituels pour y parvenir. Et c'est souvent en répondant à leurs demandes que le maître parviendra le mieux au stade de la lecture vraie. « Je sais lire tout l'alphabet par cœur, et pourtant je ne sais pas lire... Il faudrait que tu m'apprennes les lettres « mariées ». (Comment, en effet, un enfant pourra-t-il lire le mot MAISON sans percevoir instinctivement l'existence des phonèmes AI et ON avec des prononciations qui n'ont rien à voir avec les lettres dont ils sont composés ?) Et par dessus tout, ne jamais se lasser de lire et de relire avec l'enfant des livres à sa portée, et ce, le plus tôt possible sans attendre que toutes les difficultés orthographiques ou autres aient été analysées. Car c'est bien en lisant qu'on devient un véritable lecteur. Pour l'équipe éducative de l'A.S.E.T., Benoît Raffara et Camille Veger Impressions de rentrée en antenne scolaire mobile Les gens du Voyage ne me sont pas du tout inconnus. Depuis huit ans que je partage leurs joies et leurs peines, j'ai appris à être avec eux comme je suis près de ceux que j'aime, mes frères, mes sœurs. Faire la classe dans un camion n'est pas tout à fait nouveau non plus, puisque l'an dernier, pendant neuf mois, j'ai accepté de faire cette expérience en vue de demander l'ouverture d'une classe. Mais faire la rentrée scolaire dans une vraie antenne mobile, au sein de l'A.S.E.T., à temps plein et payé par l'Education nationale... ça c'est nouveau. Alors, tout nouveau, tout beau ! C'est vrai, il y a un peu de cela. Mais, dès les premiers jours, je dois dire que j'ai eu à surmonter quelques appréhensions. A Perpignan, les Voyageurs ne sont pas très nombreux ; aussi, seraient-ils au rendez-vous ? Après avoir travaillé dans un J 9 avec deux grands bureaux autour desquels prenaient place 8 à 10 enfants, je me trouvais maintenant avec 8 tables individuelles où chacun s'appropriait son domaine, son espace de connaissances. Lentement, au fil des jours, j'ai pris la mesure de cette nouvelle structure (véhicule, terrains, enfants, temps, pédagogie individuelle). En pratique, je vais sur trois terrains au maximum, dans un après-midi. J'y rencontre au total 20 enfants. Mais j'ai les noms de 40 enfants susceptibles de fréquenter la classe en fonction de leurs déplacements (nous verrons au cours de l'année). De septembre à Noël, 46 enfants sont venus suivre des cours. A 13 h 30, je quitte l'école Saint-Jean au volant de l'antenne scolaire mobile. Un quart d'heure plus tard, je m'approche du terrain des Voyageurs. Le chemin que j'emprunte entre deux champs de vignes n'est pas très carrossable, et tout en faisant attention, je vois au loin les enfants s'agiter... Ça y est... Ils m'ont vu ! Ils s'attroupent à l'entrée du terrain, sortent des caravanes. Le temps de faire une manœuvre et les voilà comme un essaim d'abeilles à la porte de la classe. Il faut décider, et vite ! « Aujourd'hui, je commence par les " petits ". » Les plus grands ne sont pas contents et me le font savoir : « Daniel, tu les gardes pas longtemps, tu nous appelles vite ! » Déjà, les petits ont pris place. Chacun a son bureau avec son dossier, son cahier. Bien sagement, ils attendent les premières directives. En général, on commence par un travail collectif pour capter l'attention des plus jeunes : jeux de dix cartes (les dix sons clé UN. ON. 01. AU. EU. EN. AI. AN. IN. OU.), recherches et exercices avec des dessins au tableau, des cartes mobiles, des panneaux à glissière : chacun s'essaie à mémoriser la base de la lecture, dans la méthode employée. Puis, un travail personnel est donné a chacun en fonction de ses progrès (graphie simple, repérage de sons, concordance son-image, image-son, écriture, etc.). Alors, pendant plus d'une heure, je vais d'un enfant à l'autre pour féliciter, encourager, corriger... Le temps passe vite... Il faut laisser la place aux grands frères et grandes sœurs avec lesquels on Passera directement au travail person nalisé : écriture en deux couleurs, exercices de vocabulaire ou de grammaire, lecture efficace, lecture rapide, calcul, etc. Le temps écoulé, on se donne rendezvous pour demain même heure. Au volant de l'A.S.M., je me dirige alors vers un autre terrain où d'autres enfants m'attendent. Daniel Elzière Quand les enfants parlent... Dis-moi, tu es déjà allé dans une école ? -— Oui, mais pas longtemps. Tu as appris des choses là-bas ? Je sais pas, j'étais petit, ça fait longtemps. — Moi oui, j'ai appris à lire un peu. Ah oui ! et pourquoi tu ne sais pas lire aujourd'hui ? — J'sais pas, je lisais que les lettres Puis j'ai oublié. Après, on est parti, on n'est pas resté longtemps dans le pays. Qu'est-ce que tu préfères : l'école dans une maison ou dans le camion ? — Dans le camion, c'est comme un camping. On s'occupe mieux de nous... on est pas beaucoup... on joue avec les cartes pour apprendre plus vite... Moi, j'aime bien quand tu viens... Là-bas, à l'école y'avait plein des enfants, le maître y s'occupait que des enfants devant... Dans le camion on apprend les cartes, Puis les lettres et puis on sait lire un peu. Qu'est-ce que tu as appris à l'école ? — Je me rappelle plus, ça fait longtemps ! Tu y allais tous les jours ? — Non... des fois oui, des fois non. Moi j'aime pas l'école des gadjé : le maître y parle tout le temps, il crie, il est pas gentil... — Dans le camion on fait que l'aprèsmidi tous les jours, on apprend bien... — Quand on voit le camion qui arrive, on est content, on arrête de jouer pour avoir une place... — Déjà moi je sais lire les cartes. Qu'est-ce qui est bien dans le camion ? — On a chacun un dossier pour mettre ce qu'on fait. — On apprend à lire, à écrire avec les bandeaux, à compter aussi. — On travaille un moment puis on laisse rentrer les petits. — Moi j'écris en deux couleurs depuis un mois. — Toi, tu viens toujours nous aider quand on comprend pas. — Pourquoi tu dis toujours « c'est bien » ? Témoignage enregistré auprès d'enfants gitans par Daniel Elzière MOISE Moïse est petit, brun, très vif, il agace. Il traîne sur la place, les autres sont à l'école. Eux, enfin lui et sa mère, ne se sont pas réveillés. Il est content... pas content. Il échappe à l'école, c'est toujours ça pour aujourd'hui. Dans celle-là, il paraît qu'on nous sépare. Moi, je serais encore mis chez les petits racklés (1) de 7 ans, parce que je ne sais pas lire et que je suis petit. Moi, j'ai 10 ans et les petits racklés, je les aime pas. Le Stan, non plus il ne sait pas lire, mais il a 13 ans et il est grand. Il fait homme, presque. Dans les écoles, les maîtres le regardent drôlement, surtout les femmes. Peut-être qu'ils ont un peu le trache (2), ils se disent qu'il faut le mater tout de suite. Ils l'appellent Henri et nous on rigole. Ils le mettent toujours chez le directeur. Moi, je tombe souvent sur une femme. D'abord elle me parle doucement, elle me regarde, gentille, elle me sourit... tout, des fois, je m'en fiche et des fois, ça m'énerve. Elle cause à tout le monde comme si on était des Yalés (3) : — Alors... On va demander à notre nouveau camarade, Moïse, d'où il vient. (Je ne suis pas leur nouveau camarade, je ne suis ni nouveau, ni camarade. Je suis un Voyageur, je veux déjà repartir.) — Alors Moïse, peux-tu nous dire d'où tu viens ? — De Chinon, par là. — De Chinon ou d'un vilage proche ? (Ça y est, les questions. C'est incroyable le besoin de détails qu'ils ont, tous ces gens qui ne bougent jamais.) — De Chinon, Indre-et-Loire. (Là, je suis content de moi, elle n'a pas eu le temps, je lui ai coupé sa chique. C'est de sa faute aussi, elle parle lentement exprès...) — Eh bien mes enfants, vous voyez que Moïse vient de loin, demain si nous avons le temps, nous regarderons sur la carte, la route prise par la famille de Moïse. Ouf !... Je n'écoute plus. Quand ils disent demain, tu es tranquille ou presque. C'est qu'on n'en reparlera pas. Ils n'auront pas le temps, ou elle aura oublié, ou il y aura des punis, ou moi je n'y serai plus, va savoir... C'est tant pis pour eux, elle n'avait qu'à la sortir toute de suite sa carte. Moi je lui aurai montré la route, parce que je sais à peu près. Et puis j'aime bien montrer sur une carte, les petits racklés, ça les épate. Je dis qu'on a retrouvé des cousins à Tours et qu'après on a été à Chinon, pour une affaire à mon père. Comme c'est une école que je ne connais pas et que c'est une place où on ne va pas rester, je peux bien parler de mon père. Et puis le Stan devant eux, il dit pareil que moi. — Moïse. J'y vais en courant. Quand c'est ma mère qu'appelle, tu as intérêt à courir, parce qu'elle n'aime pas attendre. — Où t'étais ? — Près de la route, là. — Va demander du feu au Papou. Je peux pas faire chauffer le café, mon briquet ne marche plus, et je ne sais pas où t'as fichu les allumettes. Tu ne fais pas de bruit, hein, la Mammie, elle aime bien dormir. Je m'approche doucement de la campine du Papou. Il m'a vu, la porte est ouverte. — 'tu veux ? — Du feu, on n'a plus d'allumettes. Il rentre et ressort avec la grosse boîte. — Dis donc, t'es pas à l'école avec le Stan et les filles, toi ? — Non, ils m'ont pas réveillé, ils étaient partis, j'ai pas voulu y aller tout seul. — Tu sauras jamais lire... Je repars avec çà et sa boîte d'allumettes. Je saurai jamais lire, va savoir. Le Stan, lui, c'est sûr, il saura jamais, il a la tête dure. Ça rentre par là, et ça ressort tout pareil. Mais moi, je peux. Je me rappelle bien, j'ai de la mémoire. Des fois je sais répondre, comme ça, j'ai bon, sans réfléchir. Je sais, c'est tout. Un jour j'ai entendu une maîtresse qui le disait aux autres sur la cour. — Moïse n'est pas bête, c'est dommage, il pourrait lire s'il voulait. S'il restait plus longtemps... Il paraît que sa mère sait lire... D'avoir écouté cela j'étais bizarre après. Ça m'a fait plaisir et ça m'a donné honte ... Je me sentais tout rouge, je devais avoir un sourire idiot. La gadji, elle a vu que j'écoutais, mais elle n'a rien dit. C'est vrai que la mère, elle sait lire. Mais elle lit jamais, elle trouve que c'est trop long. Elle se débrouille pour les papiers, on n'a besoin de personne. Le Papou, les cousins, tous, ils lui demandent à elle. Quand elle remplit des feuilles, tout le monde la regarde, moi, je crâne, normal hein, c'est ma mère. Elle m'aide pas beaucoup. Quand j'ai un livre d'école, un pour apprendre à lire, elle regarde avec moi et elle se marre. — C'est pour les bébés... Elle dit ça, mais une fois, on était repartis sans avoir pensé à le rendre leur livre, elle était bien contente. Je lisais une page, une autre, j'en ai fait pas mal... Ma mère, elle disait : — Tu vas savoir lire à force. Mais à force je sais toujours pas complètement. Et puis ça change tout le temps, on te donne jamais le même livre. Il y a des mots que je ne connais pas, il y en a que je devine, c'est vrai, mais des fois je me trompe. Un jour, il y en avait un qui lisait tout fort dans la classe. Il disait : b...ai bai... bai... On aurait dit une chèvre. Les autres riaient, et moi, je ne sais pas pourquoi j'ai dit tout fort : « baignade ». C'était ça. Elle en revenait pas, la maîtresse, elle était épatée. Moi aussi. J'avais dit ce mot pour voir, parce qu'il allait bien avec le livre et l'image... C'est comme ça que des fois, j'ai l'air de savoir. Surtout si j'écoute bien, si je fais attention à tout. — Je lui rend ses allumettes au Papou ? — Oui, vas-y, j'en achèterai tout à l'heure. — Qu'est-ce qu'on fait ici ? — On attend une lettre pour le Papou, après on part. — Pourquoi on reste ici, si le Papou, il veut une lettre. C'est jamais là qu'on les reçoit ? — T'occupe pas, c'est pas tes affaires. Elle est marrante, elle, j'ai bien le droit de savoir. Si je vais à l'école, demain, les maîtres, ils vont me demander : — Tu es là pour longtemps ? — Ça dépend, je vais dire, on attend une lettre. Eux, ils veulent savoir ça, c'est pour les cahiers. Ils nous en donnent que si on reste longtemps. Autrement, on a des feuilles. Des fois une chemise pour les ranger et puis on agrafe. Moi, j'aime mieux un cahier. D'abord il y a ton nom sur la première page, t'es sûr que c'est à toi comme ça. Et puis tu le perds pas le cahier, il reste avec les autres. Les feuilles, elles sont molles, elles sentent l'alcool et elles se chiffonnent tout de suite. J'aime pas les feuilles. Quand !a maîtresse dit : — Prenez le polycopié que je vous ai distribué ce matin, moi, je sais jamais lequel il faut. Je les mélange tous, et puis il m'en manque. Sur les feuilles souvent, tout est écrit d'avance, ou dessiné. Toi tu n'as qu'à remplir les trous qu'ils ont laissés. Des fois c'est facile, des fois tu comprends rien. Les trous pour écrire, ils sont trop petits en général, alors si tu écris gros et que ton mot il dépasse sur les autres mots ou qu'il est plus grand que le dessin, c'est moche. J'aime mieux quand c'est moi qui fais tout, tout seul sur le cahier, j'ai de la place et j'écris plus droit à cause des lignes. — Moïse ! Je cours. Déjà que je ne suis pas à l'école, c'est pas la peine d'avoir des histoires en plus... — Ton cousin, il nous emmène faire les commissions. — Chouette, je viens... J'aime bien aller dans les supermarchés avec ma mère. Des fois, c'est moi qui mets dans le chariot ce que je veux, pas toujours évidemment. Dans les magasins, ma mère, elle dit jamais rien. Elle marche sans guetter personne. C'est drôle ça. Les gens la regardent, les hommes, les femmes, mais elle, elle les connaît pas. Des fois j'essaie de faire comme elle, de ne pas voir les autres, mais j'y arrive pas, je vois tout et ça m'énerve. Il n'y a qu'elle qui sait faire ça. Elle avance comme si elle était quelqu'un d'autre. On dirait qu'elle est toute seule dans le magasin. Je crois qu'elle voit pas les gadjé parce qu'elle crâne. Comme ça ils peuvent pas dire : — C'est des pouilleux, t'approche pas, ça sent mauvais. Ils se taisent, parce qu'ils sont impressionnés par elle qui regarde droit devant elle et qui dit rien. Pour le silence, il n'y a pas que dans les boutiques. C'est bien son genre, à ma mère de ne rien dire. Le soir chez nous, quand on est tout seuls, elle se tait encore plus. Peut-être qu'elle pense à mon père. Je ne sais pas. Elle veut pas qu'on en parle. Moi, je sais pas comment faire, alors je ne dis rien non plus. Ça fait comme si on avait oublié... — Dépêche-toi, Moïse, on y va, en revenant, on prendra tes cousins à l'école... J'aurais préféré qu'on ne passe pas par là, mais je n'y peux rien, et puis dans le camion, je me cacherai, le temps qu'ils montent. De toutes façons cet après midi, il faudra bien que j'y aille, je suis réveillé... Maria Salmon (4) (") Racklés : enfants non-tsiganes. (2) Trache : la peur. (3) Yalés : des fous. (4) Institutrice spécialisée, formatrice dans l'association Lire-Ecrire-Compter. Elle a eu une classe d'enfants Voyageurs et a fait de l'alphabétisation d'adultes tsiganes. UNE SEMAINE CULTURELLE TSIGANE L'ADVOG (Association départementale des Voyageurs-Gadjé) a organisé à Cergy-Pontoise une manifestation culturelle tsigane qui s'est déroulée du 29 novembre au 3 décembre 1988. « Conserver notre identité, nos valeurs, ne signifie en aucune façon nous mettre en marge. Simplement, c'est souhaiter tenir, au milieu de tous, une place originale et nous sentir acceptés, reconnus et respectés » affirmait un des responsables tsiganes. L'ADVOG, grâce à une soirée musicale, animée par Francis-Alfred Moerman et la famille Boglioni, grâce à des expositions, à la projection d'un film réalisé avec la participation des gens du Voyage en Val d'Oise, avait pour objectifs essentiels de permettre une conscience plus juste, une connaissance plus large de l'identité du peuple des Tsiganes et autres gens du Voyage, de favoriser les échanges entre Tsiganes et Gadjé afin de créer entre eux des relations positives. Cette semaine a été une réussite elle aura certainement permis aux visiteurs de reconnaître enfin une minorité française, porteuse d'une culture originale. PAROLES TSIGANES Un feu qui éclaire les visages, fait danser tout autour les ombres, les étire jusqu'aux limites. A quelques pas, les caravanes ; plus loin, les lumières vaporeuses d'un village tapi dans la nuit. Ils parlent tout à tour, Pisla, Torino, Janoch, paroles magiques, paroles rêvées d'une même nostalgie {lU seuil de leur histoire. Paroles qui plongent leurs racines dans les souvenirs d'un ancestral voyage. Paroles qui relient les univers. De la Puchka de Hongrie aux portes de l'Espagne, étendues parcourues, contemplées ; expériences collectives et intimes de tant de routes enchevêtrées ; paysages du cœur. Là se dessine et se révèle toute la richesse d'une vie, d'un peuple. Rien à ajouter sinon laisser agir en soi le poème. Ces paroles, si cachées, si peu montrées, enfouies dans tant de paroles orgueilleuses, je veux les redire telles qu'elles ont été dites un soir auprès d'un feu. Merci à « Monde Gitan » de s'en faire l'écho pour les porter — à chacune de ses parutions — un peu plus loin vers d'autres contrées et d'ultimes voyages. Marcel Daval UN PEINTRE TSIGANE Torino Ziegler est l'un des rares peintres manouches vivant en France. Né en Espagne, près d'Alicante, il a longtemps vécu à Paris et en Camargue, avec un séjour en Angleterre, avant de s'installer à Strasbourg, il y a une dizaine d'années. De formation autodidacte, il dessine et peint depuis sa jeunesse. Son style et son inspiration ont évolué vers une représentation de plus en plus personnelle du passé et du destin du peuple tsigane, qu'il exprime en de vastes compositions allégoriques, animées d'un souffle puissant et visionnaire. Il dispose actuellement d'une collection d'une vingtaine de toiles qu'il est prêt à exposer (pour tous contacts, APPONA). Voyez-vous, les souffrances qu'a endurées mon peuple depuis la nuit des temps l'ont peu à peu enfoncé, enterré, brisé, tout comme l'a été la roue de la roulotte oubliée que j'ai dessinée. Mais en même temps, quelque chose affleure toujours au lieu même de cet enfoncement, sous l'effet d'une tension formidable qui n'est au ire que l'amour, quelque chose comme une remontée vers la vision d'un paradis perdu, celui de nos origines, la vision même de ce que tout Tsigane continue en dépit de tout à ressentir au plus profond de lui-même. Ici, il faudrait rappeler par exemple que les Gitans espagnols se virent interdire de parler leur langue (le kalo, la langue le plus purement liée à notre langue indienne d'origine), sous peine d'avoir la langue coupée. Aujourd'hui encore je ressens, mêlée au sentiment de notre proche parenté, la douleur muette qu'ils éprouvent du fait de ne plus connaître notre langue. Quant à notre amour, il est fait avant tout d'une volonté de paix, que les Tsiganes ont toujours poursuivie au cours de leurs pérégrinations, fuyant les régions qu'embrasait la guerre. Mais l'amour des Tsiganes est aussi l'amour qu'ils portent à leurs enfants, et c'est en cela qu'il est directement lié à la vision qu'ils portent en eux : l'amour que l'on éprouve pour ses enfants est très dépendant du sentin-ent que l'on a de ses origines, en même teirps que cette vision est pour nous comme un pressentiment permanent, subconscient, ce qui fait que l'homme dresse l'oreille au milieu de la nuit, prêt à protéger sa famille. Dans le dessin de l'affiche, ce sentiment est porté par la musique, par le chant ascendant du violon. Mais cela peut être aussi, comme ce fut mon cas, je m'en souviens très précisément, le bruit d'un galop de cheval dans la nuit. Ce galop me hante depuis mon enfance où il me réveillait la nuit, dans notre roulotte. C'est cette même vision, cette sensation pure que je veux retracer lorsque je peins des scènes de la vie de mon peuple, en écartant tout réalisme, mais en cherchant une expression à la fois symbolique et intimement vécue par le Tsigane que je suis. Vous ne nous comprenez pas, vous ne me comprenez pas, je le sais, mais nous ne vous en voulons pas : je veux simplement dire que nous sommes un des peuples les plus anciens de la terre, notre tradition orale est antérieure au sanskrit, et l'amour des Tsiganes n'a jamais été compris, mais il est si grand qu'il est digne d'apparaître de temps en temps. Vous savez, l'homme ne vit pas que de pain, mais aussi du chant d'un rossignol qui appelle les premiers souffles de l'aube. Car ce qu'exprime l'affiche concerne l'homme, son origine et sa fin qui sont la rrort, et la place qu'occupe l'amour dans ce voyage. Tout amour que je puis, en tant qu'homme, donner a le goût de la mort, et prépare avec ma mort l'âme d'un être qui rre succédera. Moi-même, je trouve mon origine dans un être mort en plein amour, fossilisé à tout jamais, impérissable et exhalant mon âme comme la roue fossilisée de la roulotte exhale une femme. C'est ainsi que, dans mes tableaux, la Mère aime d'un même mouvement l'enfant nouveau-né et Jésus mort. C'est ainsi que, dans un de mes tableaux, le Beethoven, tout ce qui est léger et gracieux vient puiser la beauté dans cet homme si dur, si laid même, cet artiste si plein du désespoir de la n-ort. Je peux ici vous dire mon rêve : mourir en plein amour, mon âme s'approchant doucement, doucement d'une source fraîche qui est l'origine de mon peuple. Torino Ziegler La librairie Interférences (33, rue Linné, 75005 Paris) organise une semaine tsigane en collaboration avec Nadège Loujine, danseusechorégraphe, directrice de la compagnie Les Romani et Monde Gitan. Du 16 au 21 mai, outre la vente d'ouvrages relatifs aux Tsiganes, seront proposées diverses activités : exposition de photos, conférences, projection du film d'Anne-Sophie Tiberghien, Sur la trace des Tsiganes. Pour tous renseignements, téléphoner au 42.09.62.17. Monde Gitan reparaît pour la quatrième fois mais ses conditions d'existence restent précaires. Plus que jamais, nous avons besoin de votre soutien. Abonnez-vous, ou réabonnez-vous, et faites-nous connaître autour de vous. Je m'abonne à la revue Monde Gitan (4 numéros). France : 80 F Etranger : 100 F * J'adhère à l'Association Notre-Dame-des-Gitans comme MEMBRE ACTIF : 70 F. * J'adhère à l'Association Notre-Dame-des-Gitans comme MEMBRE BIENFAITEUR : à partir de 150 F. Les versements sont à adresser par chèque bancaire ou par virement au : C.C.P. PARIS 17 578-82 X au nom de l'ASSOCIATION NOTRE-DAME-DES-GITANS 5, rue d'Estienne-d'Orves 93500 PANTIN NOM : Adresse : Je m'abonne à la revue Monde Gitan (4 numéros). France : 80 F Etranger : 100 F * J'adhère à l'Association Notre-Dame-des-Gitans comme MEMBRE ACTIF : 70 F. * J'adhère à l'Association Notre-Dame-des-Gitans comme MEMBRE BIENFAITEUR : à partir de 150 F. Les versements sont à adresser par chèque bancaire ou par virement au : C.C.P. PARIS 17 578-82 X au nom de l'ASSOCIATION NOTRE-DAME-DES-GITANS 5, rue d'Estienne-d'Orves 93500 PANTIN NOM : Adresse : :.
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https://github.com/uenoku/MoCHi/blob/master/src/type.mli
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
MoCHi
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uenoku
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OCaml
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Code
| 1,183 | 2,108 |
type base =
| TUnit
| TBool
| TInt
| TPrim of string
and 'a t =
| TBase of base
| TVar of 'a t option ref * int
| TFun of 'a t Id.t * 'a t
| TFuns of 'a t Id.t list * 'a t (* Just for fair-termination *)
| TTuple of 'a t Id.t list
| TData of string
| TVariant of bool * (string * 'a t list) list (** true means polymorphic variant *)
| TRecord of (string * (mutable_flag * 'a t)) list
| TApp of string * 'a t list
| TAttr of 'a attr list * 'a t
| TModule of 'a signature
and mutable_flag = Immutable | Mutable
and 'a attr =
| TAPred of 'a t Id.t * 'a list (* TAPred occur at most ones *)
| TAPredShare of int
| TARefPred of 'a t Id.t * 'a (* TARefPred occur at most ones *)
| TAPureFun
| TAEffect of effect list
| TAId of string * int
| TARaise of 'a t
and effect = EVar of int | EEvent | ENonDet | EDiv | EExcep
and 'a signature =
{sig_types: 'a declaration;
sig_values: 'a t Id.t list}
and 'a declaration = (string * 'a t) list
exception CannotUnify
val new_tvar : unit -> 'a t
val label_pred_share : string
val prim_base_types : string list
val is_fun_typ : 'a t -> bool
val is_base_typ : 'a t -> bool
val is_tuple_typ : 'a t -> bool
val data_occurs : string -> 'a t -> bool
val eq : 'a t -> 'a t -> bool
val same_shape : 'a t -> 'a t -> bool
val is_instance_of : ?strict:bool -> 'a t -> 'a t -> bool
val has_pred : 'a t -> bool
val is_mutable_record : 'a t -> bool
val is_tvar : 'a t -> bool
val occurs : 'a t option ref -> 'a t -> bool
val set_print_as_ocaml : unit -> unit
val tmp_set_print_as_ocaml : (unit -> 'a) -> 'a
val is_raise_tfun : 'a t -> bool
val typ_unknown : 'a t
val elim_tattr : 'a t -> 'a t
val tfuns_to_tfun : 'a t -> 'a t
val elim_tattr_all : 'a t -> 'a t
val elim_tid : string -> 'a t -> 'a t
val flatten : 'a t -> 'a t
val unify : ?for_check:bool -> ?tenv:('a declaration) -> 'a t -> 'a t -> unit
val app_typ : 'a t -> 'b list -> 'a t
val to_id_string : 'a t -> string
val order : 'a t -> int
val arity : 'a t -> int
val var_name_of : 'a t -> string
val remove_arg_at : int -> 'a t -> 'a t
val filter_map_attr : ('a attr -> 'a attr option) -> 'a t -> 'a t
val map_attr : ('a attr -> 'a attr) -> 'a t -> 'a t
val types_in_signature : 'a signature -> 'a declaration
val types_in_module : ?add_prefix:bool -> 'a t Id.t -> 'a declaration
val fields_in_declaration : 'a declaration -> string list
val fields_in_signature : 'a signature -> string list
val fields_in_module : ?add_prefix:bool -> 'a t Id.t -> string list
val constrs_in_declaration : 'a declaration -> string list
val constrs_in_signature : 'a signature -> string list
val constrs_in_module : ?add_prefix:bool -> 'a t Id.t -> string list
val values_in_signature : ?extract_module:bool -> 'a signature -> 'a t Id.t list
val values_in_module : ?add_prefix:bool -> ?extract_module:bool -> 'a t Id.t -> 'a t Id.t list
(** {6 destructor} *)
val decomp_base : 'a t -> base option
val decomp_tfun : 'a t -> 'a t Id.t list * 'a t
val decomp_tfuns : 'a t -> 'a t Id.t list * 'a t
val tuple_num : 'a t -> int option
val proj_typ : int -> 'a t -> 'a t
val fst_typ : 'a t -> 'a t
val snd_typ : 'a t -> 'a t
val ref_typ : 'a t -> 'a t
val list_typ : 'a t -> 'a t
val option_typ : 'a t -> 'a t
val array_typ : 'a t -> 'a t
val set_typ : 'a t -> 'a t
val arg_var : 'a t -> 'a t Id.t
val result_typ : 'a t -> 'a t
val decomp_tvariant : 'a t -> bool * (string * 'a t list) list
val decomp_ttuple : 'a t -> 'a t list
val decomp_trecord : 'a t -> (string * (mutable_flag * 'a t)) list
val decomp_tattr : 'a t -> 'a attr list * 'a t
val decomp_tmodule : 'a t -> 'a signature
val decomp_tdata : 'a t -> string
val decomp_raise_tfun : 'a t -> ('a t * 'a t Id.t * 'a t) option
(** {6 Type constructor} *)
val _TFun : 'a t Id.t -> 'a t -> 'a t
val _TAttr : 'a attr list -> 'a t -> 'a t
val pureTFun : ('a t Id.t * 'a t) -> 'a t
val make_ttuple : 'a t list -> 'a t
val make_tpair : 'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t
val make_tfun : ?name:string -> 'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t
val make_ptfun : ?name:string -> 'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t
val make_tlist : 'a t -> 'a t
val make_tset : 'a t -> 'a t
val make_tref : 'a t -> 'a t
val make_toption : 'a t -> 'a t
val make_tarray : 'a t -> 'a t
val make_tconstr : string -> 'a t -> 'a t
val add_tattr: 'a attr -> 'a t -> 'a t
(** {6 Printers} *)
val print :
?occur:('a t Id.t -> 'a t -> bool) ->
(Format.formatter -> 'a -> unit) ->
Format.formatter -> 'a t -> unit
val print_init : Format.formatter -> 'a t -> unit
val print_base : Format.formatter -> base -> unit
val print_effect : Format.formatter -> effect -> unit
val print_attr : Format.formatter -> 'a attr -> unit
(** ppx_deriving *)
val pp_base : Format.formatter -> base -> unit
val pp : (Format.formatter -> 'a -> unit) -> Format.formatter -> 'a t -> unit
val pp_effect : Format.formatter -> effect -> unit
val pp_mutable_flag : Format.formatter -> mutable_flag -> unit
module Ty : sig
val unit : 'a t
val bool : 'a t
val int : 'a t
val prim : string -> 'a t
val fun_ : ?name:string -> 'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t
val funs : 'a t list -> 'a t -> 'a t
val pfun : ?name:string -> 'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t
val tuple : 'a t list -> 'a t
val pair : 'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t
val ( * ) : 'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t
val list : 'a t -> 'a t
val ref : 'a t -> 'a t
val option : 'a t -> 'a t
val array : 'a t -> 'a t
val set : 'a t -> 'a t
end
| 48,390 |
https://github.com/jamiepg4/oneview-sdk-ruby/blob/master/spec/integration/resource/api300/c7000/logical_switch/create_spec.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
oneview-sdk-ruby
|
jamiepg4
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 97 | 478 |
require 'spec_helper'
klass = OneviewSDK::API300::C7000::LogicalSwitch
RSpec.describe klass, integration: true, type: CREATE, sequence: seq(klass) do
include_context 'integration api300 context'
before :all do
@item = klass.new($client_300, name: LOG_SWI_NAME)
end
describe '#create' do
it 'Logical switch create' do
ssh_credentials = klass::CredentialsSSH.new($secrets['logical_switch_ssh_user'], $secrets['logical_switch_ssh_password'])
snmp_v1 = klass::CredentialsSNMPV1.new(161, $secrets['logical_switch_community_string'])
logical_switch_group = OneviewSDK::API300::C7000::LogicalSwitchGroup.new($client_300, name: LOG_SWI_GROUP_NAME)
logical_switch_group.retrieve!
@item.set_logical_switch_group(logical_switch_group)
@item.set_switch_credentials($secrets['logical_switch1_ip'], ssh_credentials, snmp_v1)
@item.set_switch_credentials($secrets['logical_switch2_ip'], ssh_credentials, snmp_v1)
@item.create
expect(@item['uri']).to be
end
end
describe '#retrieve!' do
it 'retrieves the objects' do
@item = klass.new($client_300, name: LOG_SWI_NAME)
@item.retrieve!
expect(@item['uri']).to be
end
end
describe '#get_internal_link_sets' do
it 'gets the internal link sets' do
expect { klass.get_internal_link_sets($client_300) }.not_to raise_error
end
end
end
| 37,816 |
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton%20Springs
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Stockton Springs
|
https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stockton Springs&action=history
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 25 | 44 |
Stockton Springs è un comune degli Stati Uniti d'America, situato nello Stato del Maine, nella contea di Waldo.
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Comuni del Maine
| 22,177 |
6060513_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 14 | 31 |
No opinion. Present — Peek, P. J., Glennon, Callahan, Van Voorhis and Shientag, JJ.
| 13,770 |
https://github.com/dalalsunil1986/Methylenix/blob/master/src/kernel/task_manager/process_entry.rs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
Methylenix
|
dalalsunil1986
|
Rust
|
Code
| 620 | 2,195 |
//!
//! Task Manager Process Entry
//!
//! This entry contains at least one thread entry.
use super::{ProcessStatus, TaskError, TaskSignal, ThreadEntry};
use crate::kernel::collections::ptr_linked_list::{PtrLinkedList, PtrLinkedListNode};
use crate::kernel::memory_manager::MemoryManager;
use crate::kernel::sync::spin_lock::{Mutex, SpinLockFlag};
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub struct ProcessEntry {
pub(super) p_list: PtrLinkedListNode<Self>,
pub(super) children: PtrLinkedList<Self>,
pub(super) siblings: PtrLinkedListNode<Self>,
pub(super) lock: SpinLockFlag,
thread: PtrLinkedList<ThreadEntry>,
signal: TaskSignal,
status: ProcessStatus,
memory_manager: *const Mutex<MemoryManager>,
process_id: usize,
parent: *mut ProcessEntry, /* kernel process has invalid pointer */
num_of_thread: usize,
single_thread: Option<*mut ThreadEntry>,
privilege_level: u8,
next_thread_id: usize,
}
impl ProcessEntry {
pub const PROCESS_ENTRY_ALIGN_ORDER: usize = 0;
/// Init ProcessEntry and set ThreadEntries to `Self::thread`.
///
/// **`threads` must be unlocked.**
pub fn init(
&mut self,
p_id: usize,
parent: *mut Self,
threads: &mut [&mut ThreadEntry],
memory_manager: *const Mutex<MemoryManager>,
privilege_level: u8,
) {
self.lock = SpinLockFlag::new();
let _lock = self.lock.lock();
assert_ne!(threads.len(), 0);
self.signal = TaskSignal::Normal;
self.status = ProcessStatus::Normal;
self.parent = parent;
self.process_id = p_id;
self.privilege_level = privilege_level;
self.memory_manager = memory_manager;
self.num_of_thread = threads.len();
self.next_thread_id = 1;
/* Init List */
self.p_list = PtrLinkedListNode::new();
self.siblings = PtrLinkedListNode::new();
self.children = PtrLinkedList::new();
self.thread = PtrLinkedList::new();
if threads.len() == 1 {
let _thread_lock = threads[0].lock.lock();
threads[0].set_process(self as *mut _);
threads[0].set_t_id(1);
self.single_thread = Some(threads[0] as *mut _);
self.update_next_thread_id();
} else {
self.single_thread = None;
for i in 0..threads.len() {
let _thread_lock = threads[0].lock.lock();
threads[i].set_process(self as *mut _);
threads[i].set_t_id(self.next_thread_id);
drop(_thread_lock);
self.update_next_thread_id();
let thread = unsafe { &mut *(threads[i] as *mut ThreadEntry) };
let prev = if i > 0 {
Some(unsafe { &mut *(threads[i - 1] as *mut ThreadEntry) })
} else {
None
};
self.set_thread_into_thread_list(thread, prev)
.expect("Cannot insert thread.");
}
}
}
/// Chain `thread` into self.thread(List, ThreadEntry::t_list)
///
/// This function does not check [Self::num_of_threads].
/// [Self::lock] must be locked.
fn set_thread_into_thread_list(
&mut self,
thread: &mut ThreadEntry,
prev_thread: Option<&mut ThreadEntry>,
) -> Result<(), TaskError> {
assert!(self.lock.is_locked());
if self.thread.is_empty() {
self.thread.insert_head(&mut thread.t_list);
} else if let Some(prev_thread) = prev_thread {
let _lock = thread.lock.lock();
let _prev_lock = prev_thread
.lock
.try_lock()
.or(Err(TaskError::ThreadLockError))?;
self.thread
.insert_after(&mut prev_thread.t_list, &mut thread.t_list);
} else {
/* Current chain the last of t_list */
let tail = unsafe {
self.thread
.get_last_entry_mut(offset_of!(ThreadEntry, t_list))
.unwrap()
};
let _lock = thread.lock.lock();
let _prev_lock = tail.lock.try_lock().or(Err(TaskError::ThreadLockError))?;
self.thread.insert_tail(&mut thread.t_list);
}
return Ok(());
}
fn update_next_thread_id(&mut self) {
self.next_thread_id += 1;
}
pub const fn get_pid(&self) -> usize {
self.process_id
}
/// Search the thread from [Self::thread]
///
/// This function searches the thread having specified t_id.
/// [Self::lock] must be locked.
pub fn get_thread(&mut self, t_id: usize) -> Option<&mut ThreadEntry> {
assert!(self.lock.is_locked());
if let Some(single_thread) = self.single_thread {
let s_t = unsafe { &mut *single_thread };
if s_t.get_t_id() == t_id {
Some(s_t)
} else {
None
}
} else {
for thread in unsafe { self.thread.iter_mut(offset_of!(ThreadEntry, t_list)) } {
if thread.get_t_id() == t_id {
return Some(thread);
}
}
None
}
}
/// Add thread into ThreadList.
///
/// This function adds `thread` into [Self::thread] or [Self::single_thread].
/// [Self::lock] must be locked and `thread` must be unlocked.
pub fn add_thread(&mut self, thread: &mut ThreadEntry) -> Result<(), TaskError> {
assert!(self.lock.is_locked());
assert!(!thread.lock.is_locked());
assert_ne!(self.num_of_thread, 0);
thread.set_process(self as *mut _);
thread.set_t_id(self.next_thread_id);
self.update_next_thread_id();
if self.num_of_thread == 1 {
assert!(self.thread.is_empty());
assert!(self.single_thread.is_some());
let single_thread = unsafe { &mut *self.single_thread.take().unwrap() };
self.set_thread_into_thread_list(single_thread, None)?;
self.set_thread_into_thread_list(thread, None /* compare and set */)?;
} else {
assert!(!self.thread.is_empty());
assert!(self.single_thread.is_none());
self.set_thread_into_thread_list(thread, None)?;
}
self.num_of_thread += 1;
return Ok(());
}
/// Remove `thread` from ThreadList.
///
/// This function removes thread from [Self::t_list] and adjust.
/// [Self::lock] must be locked, and `thread` must be unlocked.
pub fn remove_thread(&mut self, thread: &mut ThreadEntry) -> Result<(), TaskError> {
assert!(self.lock.is_locked());
assert!(!thread.lock.is_locked());
if self.num_of_thread == 1 {
return Err(TaskError::InvalidProcessEntry);
} else if self.num_of_thread == 2 {
self.thread.remove(&mut thread.t_list);
let single_thread = unsafe {
self.thread
.take_first_entry(offset_of!(ThreadEntry, t_list))
.unwrap()
};
assert!(self.thread.is_empty());
self.single_thread = Some(single_thread as *mut _);
} else {
self.thread.remove(&mut thread.t_list);
}
self.num_of_thread -= 1;
return Ok(());
}
}
| 9,588 |
https://github.com/Nigth-Devs/CSM_Software/blob/master/src/java/negocio/AdministrarGrupos.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
CSM_Software
|
Nigth-Devs
|
Java
|
Code
| 313 | 1,350 |
/*
* To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties.
* To change this template file, choose Tools | Templates
* and open the template in the editor.
*/
package negocio;
import dao.MateriaPeriodoGrupoJpaController;
import dao.MateriaPeriodoJpaController;
import dao.exceptions.IllegalOrphanException;
import dao.exceptions.NonexistentEntityException;
import dto.Materia;
import dto.MateriaPK;
import dto.MateriaPeriodo;
import dto.MateriaPeriodoGrupo;
import dto.Programa;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import util.Conexion;
/**
*
* @author Manuel
*/
public class AdministrarGrupos {
public AdministrarGrupos() {
}
public List<dto.Docente> obtenerDocentes(dto.Programa programa) {
return programa.getDocenteList();
}
public void validarMateriaPeriodoGrupo(dto.MateriaPeriodo materiaPeriodo, int codigoDocente) throws Exception {
negocio.AdministrarDocentes admin = new AdministrarDocentes();
Conexion con = Conexion.getConexion();
dao.MateriaPeriodoGrupoJpaController mpgDao = new dao.MateriaPeriodoGrupoJpaController(con.getBd());
MateriaPeriodoGrupo mpg = new MateriaPeriodoGrupo();
mpg.setGrupo(obtenerUlitmoGrupo(materiaPeriodo));
mpg.setMateriaPeriodoId(materiaPeriodo);
mpg.setDocenteCodigo(admin.obtenerDocente(codigoDocente));
mpgDao.create(mpg);
}
public String obtenerUlitmoGrupo(MateriaPeriodo materiaPeriodo) {
Conexion con = Conexion.getConexion();
MateriaPeriodoJpaController mpDao = new MateriaPeriodoJpaController(con.getBd());
int letra[] = new int[27];
dto.MateriaPeriodo mp = (mpDao.findMateriaPeriodo(materiaPeriodo.getId()));
List<dto.MateriaPeriodoGrupo> mpg = mp.getMateriaPeriodoGrupoList();
for (MateriaPeriodoGrupo materiaPeriodoGrupo : mpg) {
letra[materiaPeriodoGrupo.getGrupo().charAt(0) - 65] = 1;
}
for (int i = 0; i < letra.length; i++) {
if (letra[i] == 0) {
char x = (char) ('A' + i);
return x + "";
}
}
return null;
}
public dto.MateriaPeriodo validarMateriaPeriodo(int anio, int semestre, int codigoMateria, int codigoPensum) throws Exception {
Conexion con = Conexion.getConexion();
dao.MateriaPeriodoJpaController materiaPeriodoDao = new dao.MateriaPeriodoJpaController(con.getBd());
dto.MateriaPeriodo materiaPeriodo = new MateriaPeriodo();
materiaPeriodo.setAnio(anio);
materiaPeriodo.setPeriodo(semestre + 1 <= 6 ? 1 : 2);
materiaPeriodo.setMateria(new Materia(new MateriaPK(codigoMateria, codigoPensum)));
List<MateriaPeriodo> matPeriodos = materiaPeriodoDao.findMateriaPeriodoEntities();
for(MateriaPeriodo temp: matPeriodos){
if(temp.getAnio() == materiaPeriodo.getAnio() &&
temp.getPeriodo() == materiaPeriodo.getPeriodo() &&
temp.getMateria().equals(materiaPeriodo.getMateria())){
materiaPeriodo = temp;
}
}
if (materiaPeriodo.getId() == null) {
materiaPeriodoDao.create(materiaPeriodo);
}
return materiaPeriodo;
}
public void eliminarGrupo(int id) throws NonexistentEntityException, IllegalOrphanException {
Conexion con = Conexion.getConexion();
MateriaPeriodoGrupoJpaController grupoDao = new MateriaPeriodoGrupoJpaController(con.getBd());
grupoDao.destroy(id);
}
public List<MateriaPeriodoGrupo> obtenerMateriaPeriodoGrupo(Programa programa) {
Conexion con = Conexion.getConexion();
MateriaPeriodoGrupoJpaController mpgDao = new MateriaPeriodoGrupoJpaController(con.getBd());
List<MateriaPeriodoGrupo> materias = mpgDao.findMateriaPeriodoGrupoEntities();
List<MateriaPeriodoGrupo> materiasPrograma = new ArrayList<>();
for (MateriaPeriodoGrupo materia : materias) {
if (materia.getMateriaPeriodoId().getMateria().getPensum().getPrograma().equals(programa)) {
materiasPrograma.add(materia);
}
}
return materiasPrograma;
}
}
| 41,156 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111059117
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Interior of St. Katharina (Hirschberg)
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 47 | 113 |
Category:Interior of St. Katharina (Hirschberg)
Wikimedia category
Category:Interior of St. Katharina (Hirschberg) instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Interior of St. Katharina (Hirschberg) category combines topics interior
Category:Interior of St. Katharina (Hirschberg) category combines topics St. Katharina
Category:Interior of St. Katharina (Hirschberg) Commons category Interior of St. Katharina (Hirschberg)
| 3,383 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21751872
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Kunḏahgal Ghar
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 123 | 370 |
Kunḏahgal Ghar
Kunḏahgal Ghar
Kunḏahgal Ghar Geonames-ID 1135305
Kunḏahgal Ghar instans av berg
Kunḏahgal Ghar höjd över havet
Kunḏahgal Ghar geografiska koordinater
Kunḏahgal Ghar land Afghanistan
Kunḏahgal Ghar GNS-ID -3382122
Kunḏahgal Ghar inom det administrativa området Laghman
Kunḏahgal Ghar
berg in Afghanistan
Kunḏahgal Ghar GeoNames-identificatiecode 1135305
Kunḏahgal Ghar is een berg
Kunḏahgal Ghar hoogte boven de zeespiegel
Kunḏahgal Ghar geografische locatie
Kunḏahgal Ghar land Afghanistan
Kunḏahgal Ghar GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode -3382122
Kunḏahgal Ghar gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Laghman
Kunḏahgal Ghar
mountain in Afghanistan
Kunḏahgal Ghar GeoNames ID 1135305
Kunḏahgal Ghar instance of mountain
Kunḏahgal Ghar elevation above sea level
Kunḏahgal Ghar coordinate location
Kunḏahgal Ghar country Afghanistan
Kunḏahgal Ghar GNS Unique Feature ID -3382122
Kunḏahgal Ghar located in the administrative territorial entity Laghman
| 17,234 |
congressionalrec78cunit_381
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,801 | 10,978 |
Mr. HOUSTON. Mr. Speaker, let me first say that I do not wish to cast too great an unfavortJQie light upon the labors of the apparently well-qualified gentlemen who drafted the economic security bill now in committee. How- ever, I feel that title I of this measure, providing for vol- imtary, noncontributory old-age pensions, is inadequate to meet the need for which it Ls designed. My reasons for so thinking are based largely upon the following data submitted by the President's Committee on Social and Economic Se- curity: Rrst. There are about 700,000 people over 65 years of age on P. E. R. A. relief lists. In addition, there is an undeter- mined number in receipt of public charitar, but not on P. E. R. A. lists. All told, the committee states, the num- ber of old people in receipt of pubhc charity is probably In excess of 1,000,000. Second. Approximately 180,000 old people, most of them over 70 years of age, are now receiving pensions under State laws, the average pension last year being $19.74 per month — over $40,000,000 per year. Third. Approximately 150,000 aged people are to receipt of indtistrial and trade-union pensions, the coot of wfalcti exceeds $100,000,000 per year — or a little over $60 per month. Fourth. A conservative estimate is that at least one-half of the approximately 7,500,000 people over 65 years of age are dependent. These four points have been the sid)ject of much discus- sion, and it is with each of them in mind that I wish to explain my purpose in introducing H. R. 5700, First, I beUeve that the prime object of voluntary, non- contributory old-age pensions should be tbe elimination Insofar as possible of almshouses and tbe transfer of those aged on relief rolls to pension rolls. This would mean, ac- cording to the President's committee, a pension roll which would include over 1.000,000 persons. In approaching this situation it might be wise to consider that in some sections of the country It may be found desir- able to grant pensions as high as $50 per month while leas than half of this figure would be considered adequate to other sections. If we strike an average between the present low average of approximate $20 per month paid by SUtes and the mi^^riTniim of $50 per month which I propose, we arrive at the figure of $35 per month- With 1,0M,000 per- sons receiving such an amount per month the total cost would be $400,000,000 per year, or, on tbe proposed basis of equal sharmg of the burden by State and Federal Govern- ments. $200,000,000 annually for the latter. Inasmuch as it is quite evident that many State legisla- tures are in favor of immediate action on old-age pensions, a large proporticm at those now on P. E. R. A. relief lists win be transferred to pension rolls shortly foUowtog the enactment of Federal legislation, providing such leglslatian permits quick action. If ttils be true— and I am convinced that it is true — the immediate s^iproiMiation of $50,000,000 provided to Utle I of H. R. 4142, the administration bin— and the later authorized appropriation of $125j000 annually will be inadequate. In suggesting the inadequacy of the proposed appropria- tions I have no desire to see the expenditure to this to- stanoe of more Federal funds than is neceasary to provide decent housing and subsistence for tbe desUtute aged. With the exception of the muoh-touted but econonicatty Impoa- stble Townaend plan offered by my dlsttoguiabed ooUeagues from tha ut<H>lftn land at CSattf oraia, I do not know of any y I - 'i iQQp; rONnRESRIONAL RECORD—HOUSE 1983 WLUa. wwueQ la uieir raB|«OT2UTv »"«*• I 1982 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— HOUSE February 14 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— HOUSE 1983 proposal which contemplates supporting old age In Idle huury But let us. by all means, do what we can to elimi- nate the poorhouse and in Its place provide a dependable and systematic method allowing those who cannot help themselves and who can turn to no other place but to a humane government, find moderate comfort and happmes^ In their declining years. On tne other hand, let us not provide pensions of this sort without also evolving means of paymg for them without further borrowing on the public credit. A voluntary non- contnbutory-pension system should not and cannot depend for revenue upon a compulsory, contrlbutary system which is based upon sound actuarial standards. No. we must make t>^ti^ thing pay Its own way. Permanent revenues must be found to establish a permanent pension system. It Is natural that we all hesitate to suggest new taxation. but someone, at some time, must pay the bills — and I believe that if the burdens carried by present generations are light- ened by social legislation, future generations should not be farced to carry additional burdens for which they will not be responsible and of which they cannot divest themselves. Despite the objections with which my revenue -raismg proposal will inevitably be greeted, I believe that the manu- facturers' excise tax provided for in H. R. 5700 is also inevi- table. Although I favor the use of nuisance taxes of diverse klxids in an emergency, favor equitable Income taxes of all kinds, including income from the at present tax-exempt securities, and am in accord with increasing of inheritance and gift taxes. I could not conscientiously propose that an additional $200,000,000 per year be derived from increasing any of these. The manufacturers* excise tax should be in addition to any other tax now imposed and should be levied against any and all manufactured articles of whatever shape, size, or descrip- tion, with the Industry classifications for the census of manufactures. 1933. as a guide for assessments. It Ls impossible to accurately determine the ultimate dollar volume of sales of all manufactured products. The f. 0. b. factory value of all such articles in 1933 was about $31,000 000. 000. A 1-percent tax. therefore, could reason- ably be expected to produce upward of $350,000,000 por year, allowing little more than a 4-percent Increase m dollar volume between producer and ultimate consumer Under the provisions of H. R. 5700. the President may change the rate of taxation so as to secure revenue in as near as possible the exact amount needed to provide funds far pensions. The bill calls for a 1 -percent tax. but this amount could be reduced tamedlately to one -half of 1 per- cent and graduated upward as the need arose Provision i.s also made for the exemption of very low-priced articles The proposed means for collecting this tax is. I believe. the most simple and effective which could be devised It would not require an army of inspectors and the amount of the tax Is so low for the average unit sale that collusion between seller and purchaser is unlikely. In short, Mr. Speaker, it is my earnest desire that ade- quate revenue be provided for whatever expenditures are to be made under a permanent plan of this character. This is not emergency legislation. AMKXICAN TItADrTTOlTS Mr. TlNKHi^M Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend mj remarks in the Racoto by including therein a •tatement made by myself. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Massachusetts? There was no objectloo. Mr. TINKHAM. Mr. Speaker. In I9I7 the International bankers, alien interests, and alien-minded Americans forced the United States to enter the World War, thereby abandon- ing its tradition of neutrality, which was its fundamental jvotection axkl Immunity from war. Since then the United States has lost the character of Its political institutions and has become an impoverished Nation. The roota of nearly all of the present troubles of the United States go iMkck to this abandonment of the American traditions of neutrality and of nonparticipatlon In the political affairs of Europe. Dunng the last 19 mcntks the United States more than the rest of the world has suffered catastrophic fluctuations and further protracted impoverishment. Some idea of this furthf^r protracted Impoverishment may be obtained from ihe following tabulation. Tountry Iqctmlw in oatiooAl debt since IKS Aiieiist in'lii.'ftriiU ftct.vily with VJ-Si miiithly Ftrrrmt "zfi ?2. ft 10 3 116 3 8 CO. 0 Prreeitt i<r»H.' itntiUa . ........................ ......... ««.7 ' »t<!Il'Ul> .......................... M.3 1 irn 1.-» ............... 78.3 MS IVIiril ., «8.7 KL2 C3.0 This tabulation .shows that by comparison with other Im- portant countries the L'n;t*d States. «ince 1929. has shown the greatest increase in its Federal debt and ha.s made the least progress toward recovery The data on debt are ob- tained from official source.s and the indices of industrial activity are those recently compiled by the League of Nations. The discrepancy bt-tween the United .State.s and other im- portant nations is made more apparent by the followins: data of increase in industrial production from the low point in each country, as rep<^)rted by the League of Nations: Iidu^trxal production Percent Country increase c'liiiada 63. 8 S*<-dcn 512 Oermany 49 4 B«-lj^Uun 37 8 p. -land 33 3 Great Bri'aln . . '26.4 t'nr^cl Staiw :^5 8 trance 6 5 A.=; additional pvlden'-e of the further impoverishment of the United Spates are th*:' two followins iinpr'i's^'.vc facts re- cently rf-ported by the Federal EnierKcncy Relief Adminis- tration: 'l> That ther^" were approximately 17,000,000 per- ron.s ■• on relief " in September of 1934 as compared with 13 338 000 persons m S'-ptf^mber of 1933, an increaoC of 3.662,- 000 persons, and '2' that during September of 1934, $143.- 000.000 of public fund.s were .spent to support those " on relief ". as compa.-ed w:ih $59,000,000 in September of 1933, an increase of $84,000 000 Another evidence of this further Impoverishment of the United States are the unemployment figures for Octot)er of 1934, as compared with the unemployment figures for Octo- ber of 1933. According to a report of the American Federa- tion of Labor, in October nf 1333 there were 10,122,000 unem- ployed; in October of 1934. 10,671.000. an increase of 549,000 persons. These figures would reem to Indicate a dLstributlon of poverty rather than a redistribution of wealth. Thus, the United States, having abandoned Its neutrality and mingled in the political affairs of Europe, is becoming, like the countries of Europe, a pauperized nation. A MOMXHTOUS DECISION or THX INDIANA SUPREMX COURT Mr LLT)LOW. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks in the Hxcou>, The SPEAKER. Is there objection? There was no objection. Mr. LUDLOW. Mr. Speaker, as a newspaper man. conse- crated to my profession throui^'h more than 40 years of serv- ice. Jealous of all encroachments on its legitimate activities, 1 feel a genuine thrill of pride when I refer to a decision handed down recently by the Supreme Court of Indiana which m sum and substance is an epochal vindication of the freedom of the press. Through the gracious khidneas of my colleagues of ttie House of Representatives, I am conceded the priTllege of inserting this decision In the Coitckcssiomal Rkoord, where posterity may behold it and time wUl not efface it. Don M. Nixon, of Wabash, Ind., was a fighting Hoosier edi- tor. He was a Republican in politics but when It came to the hard but dutiful task of exposing errors, misconduct, and corruption in the public service his apear knew no brother. He upheld what he believed to be riiSxt and condemned what he conceived to be wrong, always st-andtny for what he thought was the puWic interest. He was aggressive, dynamic, militant, and absolutely fearless, a colorful crusader for righteousness. A Judge appointed a village garage mechanic as receiver for a million dollar trust company. Editor Nixon did not think it was a fit appointment. In trenchant language he criticized the Judge's act. He was cited for contempt. On the morning he was sentenced a crowd of town^ieople and farmers overflowed the courthouse and corridors. Including many who had lost their savings in the trust company and who showed by mutterings and sullen sHenoe that they were on the side of the editor. He was fined $100 and sentenced to 10 days In Jail. There was nothing malicious about Don Nixon, but he never quit fighting when convinced that his cause was right- eous. He appealed his case to the Indiana Appellate Court. By this time the Nixon contempt case had become a casus celebre. The issue of freedom of the press had become iden- tified with It in a big way. Metropolitan newspapers sent their correspondents to IndianapoUs to report the proceed- ings before the appellate court. John Boettioger, who has since l)ecome the President's SMi-in-l«w. went down from Chicago to report the trial for the Tribune. Ihe appellate court sustained the contempt decree of the low court. Don Nixon, still fighting, appealed his ease to the Supreme Court of Indiana and carried to that, highest of all tribunals in our State his plea for the liberty of the press that is the very bulwark of free government. On January 9 last, James P. Bui^bes. the dignified, able chief justice, handed down the unanimous decision of the Indiana Supreme Coijrt. That dediten already has taten Its place among the imperishable documents of a free people. In these times, when the newspapers are having tlieir battles with N. R. A., and when administraUTe and jndleial officials are none too mindful of the coostitultoQal guaranty of free speech, the decision of the Indiana Supreme Court looms forth as a magna carta of the press. In clarity, force, and conciseness, the court's decree is without a parallel. It says: The right to comment freely and cittlclM the action. oplnloziB. and Judgment of courta Is of primary in^MTtanee to the public gener&Uy. Not only Is It good for tbe pvbUc but It has a aalutary effect on courts and judges tm well. Courts and Judges are not, and ehould not be. above crltlciam. and as long as they are not Impeded la the conduct of judicial business by publlcatlona haring the effect of otMtructlxic enforce- Dicut of their orders and judgmenta. or of Impairing the justice and impartiality of verdtcU. there Is no right to enforce a contempt proceeding. That decision has been praised from ocean to ocean by all the distinguished men of journalism, by the outstanding ex- ponents of our ancient philosophy which we inherited from the founding fathers, and by the paladins of American Ideals In every walk of life. The tragedy of It all is that Editor Nixon did not live to witness the vindication that came to him so generously. Ex- actly 70 days t)efore the court >>^"^«^ down its decision he died as the result of an auto-truck crash that fractured his skull. Throughout the years to come every encroachment on the right of newspapers to critidae public olBeiaii will awaken reverberations of the gallant fight Don Nixon made in Indiana for freedom of the preas. and the decision of the Indiana Supreme Court will be the lestraining voice that will say to the courts: Thus far mayeat thou go, but no farther. lliere has been in modem times only one other piece of Judicial literature that in any way resembles the decree of the Indiana Supreme Court in this case, and that was the dis- senting opinion of Oliver Wendell Holmes, of the United States Supreme Court, in the case of Rosika Schwimmer, when the venerable Jurist said: Some of her answers might excite public prejudice, but if there is any principle of the Constitution that more imperatively calUr for attachment than any other it Is the principle of free thought — not free tiiought for thoee who agree with us but freedom for the thought that we hate. LINCOLir-DAT TUBITR Mr. WOLCOTT. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks in the Rkcoro by includiiig therein an address delivered by myself at a Lincoln Day banquet in Portland, Maine, on Lincoln's Birthday. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Michigan? There was no objection. Bylr. WOLCOTT. Mr. Speaker, under the leave to extend my remarks in the Rkcord, I include the following: We mrt met here tonight to do honor to the first Republican Prealdent, and to revivify our belief in the principles of the Republican Party, a party conceived of liberty and freedom, and bom of the principle that every man, regardless of race, color, or creed. Is imbued with a God-given, Inalienable right of freedom of thought and action In his lawful p\u-8ult8 with freedom of the right to think, act, and live normally and wlttiout any more re- straint by Government than Is necessary to compel respect of ttie rights of others to live In like manner. The Republican Party was organized primarily as a protest against the oppression of a race of people who had been retained m subjugation by the pollclcu adhered to by the forbears of the present Democratic Party. This was recognized to be against all moral law. Great reforms were necessary not only to tnt these i>eople from enslavement, but to rid the Union of certain other correlated but no less pernicious Institutions which If aUowed to continue would have nullified the p\u» Intent of the fovmdera of the Nation " to form a nKMre perfect union, to establish justice, Insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the generai welfare, and secure the blessings of llb«^ to ourselves and our posterity." Under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln the Republican Party saved the Union; It emancipated, not only the colored race from physical enslavement, but aU of our people from the constant threat of disintegration of the Nation contained In the Insidious policies of the Democratic Party. We are again called upon to safeguard the American people against similar pernicious policies of the present administration. American business. Industry, agriculture, and finance mtut be freed from economic bondage, and It Is only through a readoptlon by the people of the policies of the Republican Party that this can b« brought about. After every Democratic administration the Repub- Ucan Party has been called back into power to rebuild the Nation upon the ruins resulting from the devastatmg and destructive experiments of a party which has proven Itself Incapable, in at least three Instances, of maintaining a Government " of the people. by the people, and for the people." It was Intended hy the framers of our Constitution that the Fed- eral Government should be made up of three distinct but related branches— the executive, legislative, and judicial. Although it Is always expected that the prerogatives of these departments will overlap in some respects. It was never Intended that the dellnitely established constitutional functions of these departments should be delegated. We have seldom seen an attempt on the part of the Judiciary to usiirp the prerogatives of the legislative or executive branches of the Government. There has never been any attempt on the part of tlie legislative toanch of the Government to usurp any of tha prerogatives or powers of the judiciary or executive branches, but in the last 2 years we have been visited with tb« paradox of tbo executive branch of the country, although disclaiming any attempt at usxirpatlon of power and prerogatives of the legislative branch. doing so with the utmost disregard of the rlghU of citizens to bo secured In a representative form of government. Lincoln nut the Nation's greatest emergency by holding fast to the Caostitattam: the present administration is attempting to meet an economic emergency by ignoring the Constitution and has suffered rebuko from the Supreme Court in doing so. How different the administrations of Ateaham Uncoln and Pranklln D. Roosevelt! During the Lincoln admli^tgatton this great progenitor of the Republican Party sought the advice of his political enemies as well as his powMial and poUtlcai friends. He surrounded himself with men of divergent interests and opin- ions, in order that h« might be apprised «( all Uxmm o( the cross currenU of public oplnloa and thought. Be felt tt his duty ■• a Chief Executive to oooffdinate these ofHaions. aad when he enxuiciated a policy or made a reeoounendation to Congress It was done after earful omiaidenlioa had been given to the rMctUm on the public mind and whether In keeping with the Oenatttutloii. r M ^ 19^1 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— HOUSE February 14 1 In tt\lM manner he gsve fuU crerience to the debates In Congre.>n because ie realized that to do otherwise would deprive our c'.tlzfns of tUe rUht to true repreeeutatue government As a consequenre, be enjo} ed the respect of hta political enemies as well as his political friends. In ord*r tbat a republican form of government may be main- tained under a Constitution such as ours. It Is essential that the Chief Executive always onau ta.n himself In a position of neutral- ity unlL complete loformaMon on the subject Is ob'aln-d. and when he once conges to a 'oncluston It must b«* io definite In character as to leave no dojbt in the minds of the people as to what bu> policy will bencelortA be on that particular question Lincoln did this. Unlike Lincoln, the present Chief Fx»Tut:vc has In.slsted that he be surrounded by " brain trusters " and bureaucrats who would divest t.iemselves of all pervjual initiative In the advocacy vt policies ind the expression of personal opinions. He has insisted that the Congress of the United States liistead of being usefxil to him In the promulgation of his policies, follow the letter of his personal unbalanced conclusions without regard to the Integrity of the Coni'tltutlon and without regard lo the people of the Nation who can be heard, as a resvUt. only through the voice of Congress. He has flexed the Constitution to brln;; It within the scope of hLs own endeavors Instead of .^ubserviatlng his personal will to the Constitution, as Lincoln and all his p.'e<iecessors have done. When cntlclze<l for It. the an.«we' of administration leaders has been. •• We cai.not eat the Constitution " The rebuttal of Republicans has been, " True, but we have eaten under the Constitution for 146 j9mn." While on one hand he ha^ preached the doctrine of relief (or the forgotten man. for the small merchant, and the farmer, he has Insisted that the Congress scuttle lu right to give consid- eration to leglalatlon In behalf of these same Indlvldiiala whom he has been so vociferous In protecting, and. with autocracy as his watchword, has destroyed representative government. There has been set up In Its stead an autocratic oligarchy of supermen not responsible to any constituency, but responsible only to the will of the Sxei utlve. This sdmlnlstratlon has taken advantage of the plight In which the American people found themselves due to a world-wide depres- sion to 'otat upon them the same pernicious policies from which the Republican Party has protected our people since Its origin In 18M Cur fight has Just started. In rjbstantlatlon of the charges which I have made and the necessity 'or continuing the fight for a restonttlon of a Republican form of government, let us. as Al Smith vould say, "Look at the record." During the last 2 years this tin* been a record of destruction of American tenets and prin- ciples: I', has been a record of inconsistencies; it has been a record of parse oxes the like of w^ tch has been unknown In the history of sny organized government. Let us review sonae of these paradoxes : Whlie we are spending m II Ions to effect crop reduction, we are. at the tame time, appropriating other millions to Irrigate land and ma.<e It available for the product. on of new farm surpluses; while W'- are paying the fanxier to produce leas, we are encourag- ing larger production by the circulation of Oovernment periodicals advising the fknner how he nr.ay grow two stalks of grain where only one grew before. While private employers were Importuned to raise islarles to Increase purchasing power, the Government was decreasing wages paid the larg3 army of Oovernment employees and WAS making slashing reductions tn the amounts paid to vet- erans to compensate them for loss of etjnlng power due to service* connect«-d disabilities. W^lle attacking the Republican tarlf: policy, which was designed to maintain the American nnarket for American.'?, and while t^.ry contended that the reduction In our foreign trade resulted tmm the Smcot-Hawley Tariff Act. they hav) put tariffs on coal, copper. and oil. not included In th^it act. and they have adopted such an elastic foreign policy that much antiigonlsm has arisen on the part of foreign countries, ^.-hi-h has i-aused ■ steady decrease tn the Talue and volume of our exports. While boasting that under ths policies of the " new deal " millions havu been put back to work, at the same time giving recognition to the fact that the need for relief Is greater no<e than at any time during th^ 2 years of the Roosevelt depression by the Insistence that H.aOO.000.000 be appropriated to cmrry this load. While the administration has been most vociferous In Its advocacy of a so and currency to be preserved at all haaarda. It cannot resist the temptation to fol- low Its natiiral bent of cor-stantly experimenting with monetary panaceas even to the erten: of adopting a sort of bimetallic base for our cuTTency. without recognition of the fact that no major country In the world has had a bimetallic standard for the past 70 years. While they have been dramatic in their Insistence that the national credit be maintained by a Federal Budget annually bal- anced on the basis of accurate executive estimates within rev- enues, they have by the reckless ezjiendlture of taxpayers' money built up the largest CSoremment debt In the history of the United States, from a sum of about cai.OOO.OOO.OOO when the admlnlstra- Uon took oOce, to a sum now exceeding (3O.0QO.0OO.0OO. and with an anUclpatad Increase of anot.^ier •7.000.000.000 within the next 2 year*. While deallttc vtth tba siibjeet at paradozaa, I charga, without any equlTocaUon. that the Demccratle Party has broken faith with the paopla o( tha Nation. If further proof of thU la re- quired, let us turn for a moment to the platform of the Demo- cratle PiLrty adoptad at Chicago tn 1833. It la Intarestlng to read ttoa platform at tba party now In powar. In tba Ugbt of what baa happjened since the Inaugurailon of 2 years ago. In that platform the Drmfxratic Party solemnly state • We believe that a party platfiirni l.s a covenant with the people to bo fcilthfully kept by the pajty when Intrusted with power, and thiit the p-opu- are rntltleil to know m plain words the term.s of the fo.ntrart to which they are asked to subscribe " And then fallows. "We ad\c«atf an ininierilalt- and drantlc reduction of govern- ment.il experullture; by aboMshjntj useles-s coniml.s-shjna and offt -es, con-sol Ida ting (!■ pa.-'ments i;n:l bureau.^, and ellmlnat ng extrava- Kance to acc'implish a savirii^ of not less than 25 percent In the cost of Federal Ciovernaienl * • •'■ la his acc.^pianre -.peech at Chicago, following his nomination. President Ro<.'-evelt said that he §too<l four-square on the Demo- cratic platform In lliU and al! otlier respects In further ccnflrnia- tlon of hi.< stand w.tn resp*-!-! to this particular part of the Demo- cratic platform. Prtoidtai lt...j*.evelt. at Topeka. Kans . on Septem- ber 14 1912. said, aa foil iwj. " I propose to exert through the Presidency, aa I have done through the governorship every bit of Influence I can In favor of a national raovtment to re«irKanlze local government In the direc- tion of eliminating a Ur/e part of the tax burden that now bears so heavily on the f.^nners of the Nation " And a^aln. In the same respect, he Is quoted by the press as •aying " By our example at Washington Itself we shall have the op- portunity of p<^.lnMng the way of economy to local (govern- ment • • •." He then goes nn to dl.'^trlbute tax dollars between the local. State, and Federal Uovernments. and concludes by saying: " I prcpce to you. my friends, and through you, that gove'nm'-nt of all k::>.ds. b'g and little, be made solvent, and that the i^xamplu be -set by the President of the United States and his Cabinet ' Inst«id of this, as I have pointed out. the costs of Government have arisen to the extent that we find ourselves In the posit. on where there are only two alternatives, that of liquidation o! our debt by pernicious and destr\ictlve Inflation of the currency or by confiscatory taxation, which Is equally destructive of business and property In his speeches before the election Mr Roosevelt lament-; the fact that the tax burden Is equivalent to •125 per year per person The p)er capita burden of Federal taxes has increased during the 2 years of his administration from about •ITO to about •250 Using Mi Roosevelt's own words " This Is an Impossible economic condition Quite apart from every mans own tax assessment, that burden Is a brake on any return to normal business activity Taxes are paid in the sAeat of every man who labors. t>ecause they are a burden on production and can be paid only by pmductlon If excessive they are reflected In Idle factories, tax-srild farms, and hence In hordes of the hungry tramping the streets and seeking joh<j In vain " A..d again: Let us have the courage to stop borrowing to meet continued deflclts. Stop the deficits And let us also have the couraKe to reverse the policies of Republican leaders and Insist on a sound currency " The inconsistency of the stand taken by the administration In reduction of governmental taxes is noted In the adoption of a 3-polnt program given by the administration to the press last Saturday, February 0. 1935. which Includes among other things a hlgn tax system, clothed In the garb of another experiment on the part of the administration to increase the velocity of money turned over In this manner I presume this to be a concession to the •• leftists ' of the Democratic Party, who advocate a redistribution of the wealth of the country. If so. It Is truly a wolf in sheep's clothing Let us turn again to the covenant of the Democratic Party. In which they cont.-act with the American people further, as follows: " We advocate a competitive tariff for revenue with a fact- ftndlng Tariff Commission free from Executive Interference " It Is a long way from this covenant to the Democratic tariff act passed at the last session of Congress, which enables the President of the United States to raise or lower the tariffs 50 percent without even a hearing fcjefore himself or any other fact- finding body. The Republican Party has always kept its covenant with the American petiple to protect Its agriculture and Industry by a tariff high enough to prevent foreign competition resulting in the destruction of our home markets. Mr. Roosevelt recognizes in a speech at Baltimore on October 25. 1932, the necessity f c r a protective tariff on agricultural commodities, wherein he says: " Of course. It Is absurd to talk of lowering tartfr duties on f:irm products. I declared that all prosperity. Ln the broader se ise, springs from the soli 1 promised to endeavor to restore the pur- chasing power of the farm dollar by m^^^ng the tariff effective for agriculture, and raising the price of farm products. I know of no excessive duties on farm products I do not Intend that any duties necessary to protect the farmer shall be lowered. To do so wculd be Inconsistent with my entire farm program, and every famer knows It and will not be deceived." It was undoubtedly because of this covenant that many of the fanners of the United States voted for this administration In 1*32. What has happened since? By the contrary policies adopte<l by the administration in the Democratic-controlled Congress our for- eign markets are being lost to the American fanner. The admin- istration has not kept this covenant with the American farmer. With respect to tariffs, let us cite one example: The President, 1QAA CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— HOUSE February 14 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— HOUSE 1985 by Executive order under the authority of the tariff act, has in- creased the preferential on sugar coming tn from Cuba by 1.1 cenu per pound. He has reducsd tba world tariff rate on sugar one-half cent per potuid. This sugar comes in direct compeUtlon with a sugar Industry worth many millions of dollars to the Ameri- can farmer, it wlU enable the ownus of tbe Cuban sugar Industry to market their quota of sugar for tbe year lUS, $M,4a4,«ri loss than the year 1933. The action of tbe President waa predicated upon a desire to Increase tbe purcbadng power of the Cuban people The Cuban sugar Industry la not owned by the Cuban people and has resulted In benefit to no one but those Unlttsd States bankers who have large InYestments in Cnba. and It has increased by a like amount tbe money wblch tbe taxpayers of the Nut ion must rw.se to pay the operating expenaes of tbe Federal Government. And again the Democratic Party provides for " tbe removal of Government from all ftelda of private enterprise except where necessary to develop public worta and natural resources In the common Interest." It Is not necessary to dwell at length upon the different activities of the present administration to bring the Government Into direct competition with private enterprise. There has been such a soclallaatlon of American business as to make the followers of Marxism green witb envy. By again referring to the platform of the Democratic Party, we learn with amazement that they condemn the improper and excessive use of money In political actl-rltles. You Republicans here In Maine do not need to be reminded of tbe effective use made of the Federal Treasury In gsmerLng votes at tbe last elec- tion for the Democratic Party. And In Washington today a move- ment is on foot to augment the resources of the Federal Treasury by the sum of •4.800,000.000 which may be used as a political war chest for the 1936 elections. These breaches of faith and demagogerles on the part of the Democratic Party may be Justified bv the advocates of socialism, faclslam, Hltlerlsm. or conununlsm. Tliere U no place for them In Americanism. Let us take heed, and m revivifying our faith in Republican doctrines and policies, not lose sight of the fact that it U our duty to prevent the use of Federal funds for the destruction of an American form of government. The present Democratic administration Is indicted at the bar of popular opinion because It has not kept the covenant; because it ha." broken faith; because of Its manlptilatlon of the currency; because by a sectional attitude It has given to some sections of the country the advantages of cheap power not enjoyed hy others; because It has launched upon a continuing progrun of experi- mentation and trial -and-errcT prescription for our economic ills; because it has not e<:tabllBhed a definite policy with respect to Its attitude toward business and agriculture and maintained it long enough for business and agriculture to readjust Itself to the new order of things; because of Its failure to make an honest endeavor t(j approach a balancing of the Budget; because of Its attempts r.t the centralization of governmental power and functions, reach- In^ out, as it does, to control agriculture, business, Industry, finance, and credit. It is charged with impairing the confidence of cur people, not only in the policies of the administration, but Ln government Itself. The Democrats cannot answer the charge that this lark of confidence Is the result of dltBctiltlcs except of their own making. " Lack of confidence is not tbe result of difficulties; difficulties come from lack of confidence.- Shades of Lincoln! He Is with us tonight and his spirit is telling us that as Republi- can;', ever solicitous of the Oorcmment for which he died, we must take up the torch of patriotism, of honesty, and intelligence, nnd warn the American people that unleas we keep the faith, un- less we again are put In a position where we can pUot the destinies of the Nation to a safe and sane port, the Union will disintegrate — In truth, crumble — its people will again retwn to a bondage and economic enslavement 10 times worse than physical servitude. This will result In another and even greater dvU eonflict. fotight this time for the purpose of regaining the virtues of a republican foi-m of government, of which we are fas* becoming divested. Is this an exaggeration? Then study tbe history of the French Inflation preceding the French Revolution. Seek for tbe parallels of that era with those which we are now experteneing. First, de- flation; next, unemployment; then dbargea of Inadequate cash currency clrcuUtion; Chen artificial means of producing credit resulting In a topheavy credit stmcture controlled by the Gov- ernment; then fear and panic; then further demands for more currency and the Issuance of asslgnats; then seeming prosperity — evervtxxly buying and buying — further fllgbts from tbe franc, everybody turning their francs into conuaaodlUes, shortage of labor, finally, saturation point, fear, unemployment in a blglii commodity market, and then revolution. We do not need more cash currency to bring us out of this depression. The volume of cash currency does not control our economic life. It has little or no relatlonflhip to the price or turn- over of commodities until it la Issued in such huge quantities as to cauae the people to become aftaid of it, with a resultant desire to get rid of It. and then tt U turned into commodities which usually catises the first reaction in the price tndez. We do need In times like theae aa aoeeleratloa of ttie velocity of credit and credit currency. Agrieoltnre aad boslnees Improve only as our credit currency increases tn velocity. Credit ctirrency turns over only when there is a demand for expanston of business enterprise and farm conuaodltiea. Ttisre la a rtrmanri for expan- sion of business enterprise and farm commnrtltlaH only when there is a market with the ablUty to buy. Tben la an caqpansion of aU enterprise and attending markat tar the prodneti ot tboae enter- prises only when there is oonfldenoe te the alabUtty cf the cur- rency upon which the credit structure Is buOt. A wheel within a wheel you say. True, no doubt; but an economic wheel which Is at ptresent on dead center and which can be put in motion only by overbalancing one side or the other; most effectively put in mo- tion by creating a demand for credit which Is now available. Thia demand depends chiefly ufMsn the assurance which buelness and agriculture have that their profits will not be confiscated by the Government by 'wild monetary policies or by confiscatory taxation resulting from an imbalanced Budget and the charges attendant upon the carrying or retirement of a tremendoualy huge Oovern- ment debt. There Is little demand for loans against the more than e 1,800 XXX) ,000 of excess reserves In the Federal Reserve By*- tem. due to lack of confidence; out of $300,000,000 made avallabU as leans by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation a year ago (an act designed by Congress to increase the velocity of credit) leas than $37,000,000 has been taken up by business because of the im- certalnty which prevails as to the future economic ptdiclea of the administration. Assirre business and agriculture against these destructive forces. protect the American market against the Importation of cheaply manufactured products and farm produce, a market ^rtilch con- sumes more than 93 percent of the output of our plants and farms; assure the American merchant, manufacturer, and fanner that he will not have to meet the competition of government in business, and we will have a surprisingly r^id recov«y. Allow business to nieet business In open and fair competition, devoid of monopolies created by the Government, and buslnees will crcftta Its own markets as it has always done with tbe help, but not la spite, of the Government. Remove from the President tbe power to put any business out of business by the reduction of the tariff on things which that business makes or grows, and we remove that fear of cheap foreign competition from business and agriculture and allow that business to normally expand. People are put back to work. They can buy the products of our farms. Our fanners can then buy the products of our factories, and shortly we find that by the application of sound, good, old-fashioned common- sense principles to business and agriculture the welfare load has been lifted, our people axe no longer in want for tbe neceasiUaa and luxuries of life, and America Is the place Lincoln iR>uId have it be. A land of contented, well-educated, well-notulsbed. bappy peo- ple. In stimmary, to bring this about we must insist with all the power at our command, as a party representing 46 percent of tbe voters of this Nation, that the administration remove tbe unoer- tainty and lack of confidence which now exists by enunciating and adhering to definite and honest-intentioned policies which will result In. first, the stabilization of our currency; second, the with- drawal by the Government from the competitive field of boneaUy conducted private business and Industry; third, the reduction of Its btireaucratlc expenditures, and Insistence upon an honestly balanced Budget; and lastly, that it safeguard, by adequate tariffs and embargoes, if necessary, our domestic market. RXFINAKCINC OF FARM MORTGAGES Mr. BINDERUP. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks in the Record, and to include a reso- lution passed by the Legislature of the State of Nebraska. The SPEAKER. Is there objection? There was no objection. Mr. BINDERUP. Mr. SpiSaker, under the leave to extend my remarks in the Record I include the following resolution relating to remedial legislation for refinancing farm mort- gages, passed by the Legislature of the State of Nebraska: Statx or NmiHASKA, HOC^ or RcraBSSNTATTVES. Lincoln, February 9. 1935. Hon. C. G. BiNiUBUP, United States Congressman, WashiT^gton, D. C. Dbak Concrxssmak: Find encloeed a copy of a resolution unani- mously adopted by the Nebraska House of Representative* memo- rializing Congress to issue •3.«00X>00,000 in Federal Reenve notes to lift the mortgage on the old homestead. Nebraska bas ever tiJcen the lead during the past half century for cunency reform in this Nation; nearly 6 decades has passed down tbrougfa the cor- ridors of time since William Jennings Bryan unfurled the banner of free silver. Twenty-three years ago Senator Hitchcock led the fignt In tbe United States Senate for the creation <rf the Federal Reserve bank, out Of \rtiich we now ask the issuance of this currency to pay the mortgages on the farms of America. I believe that this program would be sound, for the reason that this currency is backed by tbe best security in the world, the food -producing farm lands of America. Federal Reserve Bank System was used to finance tbe World War, billions of which has gone to Europe — never to return. It was used by the gamblers to drive the stock markets up in the days when we kept cool with " Cal "; and If the admlntetratlon of Ux. Harding had not deflated this currency In 1821 to the detri- ment of the agrlciUtural West, the farmer of today would not be in the predicament he la in. Tbe real farmers of Amerlea want this Democratic administration now In power at Washington to forget about the N. R. A, A. A, A, and tbe rest o* tbe alphabetical 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— HOUSE 1987 tb» plaOorm at th» party now in poww. In Um Ufbt ot what has I With rtsspect to tariffs, let ua cite one example: The Prealdent, 1986 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— HOUSE February 14 I bureaucracy now undermialng the nrj foundation stones of our Oovemnient. and lead on for real currency reform. May we hope that Mebraaka wlii afl^aln take thla lead? As » Democrat I repreaent Colfax County In the Nebraska House • nd trying to do my part to lead on for a good old Jefleraon and Jdck-sonian democracy. Yours very truly. Otto C Wkbd. Forty-third Diatrut. Colfax County. Resolution memorlallxlng *the Congrem of the United States of Air.er.ca to enact remedial legislation for reflnacclnif of farm moF<i{a^e8 W^ereas the farmers of the agricultural regions of the United States are financially disabled, and Whereas many farm lands are heavily mortgfc?ed and the farmers are hopelessly In debt and many will eventually loae the J- farma unless relief Is given; and Whereas the prosperity of the United State.^ and its people are dep-ndent upon the well-being of the farmer and his ability to purchase, and Whereas the gateway to prosperity Is the gateway leading from the golden flelda of the great agricultural re^on of the Middle West and Whereas the farmer and his dependents cannot and will not spend while attempting to carry a heavy load of Indebtedness, and Whereas the prosperity of the agricultural regions of this coun- try means the prosperity of the whole country sine- the purchase of any machinery and any equipment as well as clothing and food win create such a demand that factories would reopen and employ more people: and Whereas inflation would tend to enable the debtors to get out of debt and to make the whole country more proeperous. as It has done many tlmea before in this country and U now doing in England and other countries; and Whereas a mild Inflation has helped the United States regain its properltT on numerous occasions and Is now helping Bngland and other countries to regain proeperlty: Now, therefore, be It iteso^red &v f** House of Representativ^i of the State of Ne- braska In flftietfi U0al»tive session assembled- - 1 That the Congress of the United States be. and It Is hereby, reepectfully memorlaliaed to enact with all convenient speed such remedial legislation as will provide lor refinancing through the Federal farm-loan banks of the whole farm-r..ortga<;e debt at an annual Interest rate of 1'^ percent and an annual amortization charge of 1', percent of the principal, with balance to be paid In not less than 10 nor more than 20 years; that the funds for this operation shall be obtained through Issuance of some $3,500,000,000 In F'ederal Reser*-e notes.
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T SKLESIMUM FACES RIVALS THIS WEEK % Local Quintet to bo Busy With Philadolphia Opponents In Battle. The fialeidanum baeketball toseer* fa«« the • ••.fleet i>art of their •*'hedule tht* week when th«y meet 1 a*. Joseph* Prep on <*se* Tueed») afternoon evening Roman «'atholl,* High will be •he HaJl.es np|Hm»nl 1>fW> two teams • re about the trama tn Phil adelphia «ml th" OflM and YVhlte to,«©#* will h»'» to fight to keep their •••*e untarnished • '■«ash .lohne) Eovln of th# St >•• • quint« ' ana former IVnn afar has nv W' .«'-'her a very-fa *t flvr Th i Ban . xx 11 'e the flrat •■otalrat for S' .. taa the C'athotic i.esgue whljr It will n.xke th** Halllra' eecnnd lama ln ihr <ii ui aii'l a* l«>th trama arr anti..us to Bain thr I raw ie'e hunting a fa»' union ia • ipn lrd. Un Prl'Uy «x-eriing tha local fan* Win tar ir i'r,| In arrtnc thr Roman I 1'athnlic five tn action aKaln*f thr Halraian* rhrrn High and irin nine th* «-htiwi' onabip of Phtl ndelphla will Ineup sg.ilnat thr im .IrfrVn.l Hi' lr# at S' Josepha hall Indix evening at • Sit •'■««■■h Hilly 0 MarK» .x,i tutor f fia'h - ,c High ha* • lofied hla aqua.I It to a x erx credit - aahlr Imm althiangh tlir taain la mad*' wia Imm veteran« ' Ihr Furpla an 1 Hold qulntrt of i«t 'car i'athollc h an atth «ugh ■!#:•■ a'nrt bv Ht John a champion# <>f Now V.*ik by a narrow •mai am nmt thr Atlantic v'lty High they Inland l.a lir an ar.lrnf comp etitor I r lha •'athollc league crcaan. McNa'.ix taho waa re I »tl.all conies*. The Philadelphia On Mitt Thunston's Catholic fresh With Vine , recently Injured In us. In the sale of the Catholic High opponent for Sales; I to tie a series an urn Sa'esianum of the spending three wins to the game may be seen as good as six .« has had a well. Ed Sullivan and passing pi Si ed defense Ed lahrx r.»««klcB of squad are greatly improving, and the stile this x ear s with this lou < Ire in the school H,. «Uh a talent, of several games game I. « ttoun the th-WI and White tos ecter all games with the l^x ■ HU will from start to finish. «er« leal •.1 J. e'la>xel) who were not side • participant in the game Friday >adh hetng on the as i • • P i< ti • 1 -• may i a* g u 'he opening game of the •e.., he In condition to start (.HI Ml A (Mil) Ml At INK •IA ) li P)\h*a «. HOVE — quentet de la 1 1 k a.-h«*i team a4 ( "fiege » «• s. ««xi I have (wen the ..A» v « hi Pei,it s **rvixa • id I ••*!«« * :u »»• urh*. t x thr th» *«'fe «if SI I. I» a.1 Iwnkford and Orfr.aa featur , im a. tv r* and M. oahar. lie the hulk of th* srork for v J, e f. The a»ora to« x « tore imll'H CoI.IJtOK field foo' Pt« I urge* forward Htand loraar.1 time« fcrwanl aakter.) ceotet Kdb i. ■. r.1 Hammers *ua-*1 11. :« r o o » O r*« it. : 2 " o II I i.|«lia I.« 4 P) \S s t.KcAT H » taxai* ring ) ui* Pt* 4Mi fraaard N| * at. f ■••ar.t N Tone» S'*a* J I* , I .ar>l n. o 4 0 fi ° : *a>* 3 Timer« Moore liefe»*» «lai acltrr a' 1 «.er BofilN HAM Hllli P'l'l 11M Mow Ht.» i tb fei M ein her« I hr«*aien«-d Mr* II «Idar« AY k,. atoppeg )!«••. I — Vrwhlhltlon they had Y»s isted fr e e * t K< -ry livening Jan I TneV age'll« axtx* .need fia'urdax New nd a r*ai beer rj«e 1 ne insdlnr • a ni * t the twrad ng alleys • >f h» torgviiie W o men « . i> tra<eefia< and that wusn Uiey . lied *« '.h i . ra itiej were threat eb«d with pktxa and Italia by 40 irate *T^i, we *uer- acocediri y to M* wllng hgwlars I'« m* u*s were luixing a f»>«>d time • w ' ■ re J • laffina rar AT" « .«i,. ••• „1 * be four agent* threatened d(*e things, but re«* Appr.»*ch i •« h. "M w • nrew the actual viosenae tu t»i an aud igent « ba* ©ut s<* a wrin>k>w • «"g y th* ual. and ih# uarie* dr were ,'IS *si ' . «-»ad the •uarget a> ' vi*i«;lng ) " K A| • A 1. 1 4 IK( IT1 TRAAR) AI ) «»HT Ml FAINT Fi*r* du Font Jar h ,** • ( i* — * f«***u**d is- troop V KN»e* du P int o--.*-.ng of *'.a ■aaiii* wntrh a* I piav •>© gam© each The c»rti»»Ui..- represented •he ag|iii ar- • 1 1 ) ) .r.d Head qiMirtere a aigasi x and a rotnhtned Irani truni the Aguartermae*. • • orpa <*■■•«' Artillery «'orpa and * i- Mud ai A A«saKe*i»ai; < ,^.ps e » r *.g the t»ia' wee, ar, • .».tgue ,.ftu Ull,. o|K- on Jai . The! (M*a bawiy ,.ne<l pu» Ir a «A a(i«4** !■• *) 'I ^ ., . 1 tn *(.- ru * g . »^ i ap»"*teil ' Mondai YY'. > s«u and )Ate n^tit* w. u aa) nr»* r«»nlliCt «fi' • "I * ue-x u g a r..i klt . _,. » < itinwe i.n. '•ll likturM I»«)Y IN». I \ XX Yl VI II» ».I» ).X TREAT A1 • HI ND R If preaent p.ana matérialisa thvbux ! in* e* Hi.« rat) and «*hig*.«r e> . one uf in# (.eg* Intaratate g./x. ton'eats atager) In this beal.ty f ■ ,t HMD) a <Y©. when A J McGuviun. a w. ki •» apurtatnan, j>r *«©.«•>. to have a.a . il )e>ya op|M>ae the pi> k of l*c,aw ai • ourtty mitt arllat* In th© prlie «•# Tb« «ti» iVsisc, on Thur© ti . - even.i.a Jwn if a p© n I «i .w »— and from lh t*h*«tet MAXhotituta, Wilmington bo* ln< tyfiinw Joe Martin. P«»',. J lev ne Ad * • - and iialpti f»i.owing «*hes F.et.her, Ti.n*> Johnny Trgub. •U J ....■« . 1. ,ry Pat©> K.d Finni'x Ha> «• • Mu> pi)) Mucky tie.nd Will <>p|w«e ih« • f.. x ■ ■ - J ♦ A. i Co. t W Uiie K..« TWO STRANGERS ON A SOUTHERN C OLF COURSE. V we CAMC MCA« Go»MG TO «»TFr ft* TBe WINTER But 0u5ir»C5S AMMEffftRSO ' (F WE LIKE IT OCWM MERC I TMirsK I |'LL POT UP a LiTTLE^O *__-—f?ooOd SHA<LK ■■ >*■ Moaning! C«eat oay Ain't it * S'Pbs« Tke R>LK5 opnoATm A«e Fpcrzins HyQ VCi, l'flY SoARy PoRTHC f-bo« dcvils L r, s ' I 1 V V v } .* a.'T -, di —, /, , t "•••■ . ' 1 .V •• a ttA I*. We can offer a wide variety of goods at our store. Our selection includes everything from clothing to household items. Our selection includes everything from clothing to household items. We also offer a wide range of products, including spices, spices, and other essentials. Our store is known for its high-quality products and is known for its quality products. In addition to our physical store, we also offer a variety of other goods including clothing, footwear, and accessories. Our selection includes everything from clothing to household items. For those in need of clothing, we offer a wide range of products, including hats, caps, and other accessories. Our selection includes everything from clothing to household items. We understand the importance of quality and strive to provide our customers with the best possible service. Our store is open Monday through Saturday, and we look forward to serving you soon. Sue, CooxT) - A OftGr tJOOTLAiGfcd'C A 'V' : N »U f CÛ i ■ s \. ^ r, ; \-s w & r. vv ' ? 3 p 1'•fr/' $a,z ■ S 1/1 le' », ^ -W . It. vAx Z 'm At • . . « i ' v / ,<, f • -L tm TROTTERS HAVE EDGE ON AVERAGE PACERS » In h\ gone «lavs, the pacers had fix* eocomle ieewnx on the trotters T.h1.<x the fastest stallion, mare an«! geid lag at :ba trotting xvay of going hnxe a bit the beltw >>f tJie axwrage Th» 1 stallion laxe Worthy. 1 cR 1 «; thr nutrr Nstklo, 1.51V. and thr imiding Peter The Mat.nlng l.ftÉl» ax-wrage 1 .'7\ *as'<-!n of a«.x among the pa«'rra axe the staJllon Dlportum I. lffi\ *he mara, Mia* Harris M , 1 5S v s. and '.he grtdtng FVar.k Mogaalh. Jr . 1A9W. thl* trio axwages hut a trifle itroier 1 MV Tha müe by Peter Manning tn l at the Ijexington aieetlng. tied the "oper." rsa'.iM of T>an Patch -ourae Han did pace a ml'.e ln IMA,. wt■ h a windshield carried ,n front of him an! Chian trotte«! a mile in (V 1 54S. with rur.nlng mate, hut these a - • ■ :e ; be . iUDt«d With the of p.iltig, ». 1 Ô«»* «land* am the best fer l-ot!x tmtiw • nd pacrw in the opd;n»r> wny of c-vug Vo* «inc. l''*2 have •iho two ga-*,a been l ed. then b Vh Nancy H mn and M <U h*..l the wTlrt's re. >rds at 2 .w dinarx fiat Th» draff s:r* !>■» Vgwo-thy. 1 l.S 1 * .•„.la ai. sires th*.» Nsxaon In point of new 2 1" *rot*ere he hak-.gnl in tnc jr*. In. adltig !«*»• Worthy i8>. 2 03 l t, , '• ■..,*<- Worthy tJ* infS. Ijcverage ■ 4 • 2«!* v a Oh TAoy, 2Pt'V. and Ens.g". Tig. 2V> Nart to Loe Worthy as a seat of new 2 3 «• trottirs, stands his sire, Guy Axwifwhy i4'. 2(*RV with the foi- s.x to his credit; Worthy 2 Ob's; Eleanor Guy t4i l**wing d Marx (4*. !NSl.T ine Kevare (J). 2 06\. Ml'.o-* (luy.'3'. 2.f7 Ah. Fsy Mathewr* 2 OS' '« and H,«xinor Worthy i3>. known.oca! a iw». Dillon Aawr.rthv (J., 2 lOV. from N.ix-teek Farm at Paoii. ETtawnah, 2 03. and 2 06 4«, are all Med for The w» r. Be.win 14«. third place honors with five ne» 2 1" trotters apk-'e TT».- I)!l»*n Ajtwmrthy L«.rg Het, 2 Oft«. Th..ni;— • 2 "lv*. Kent. 2.05<'*s 3 c 2 00 1 «. and P.ioi Ave are DU ein i î». (Si. 2 05» l a. Eta»;. « five faa. ot.ae ur© DU,m; 4 2'4. Ta,.ahatchl© 2 U*i 4, Wi'"! Eu wwh t.))k and l>>u»a© Gould ( 2.10. Tin ». i- *ws tenner# to Die * redit of M.,d - ax© Hind zetan • 3 *, 2ut> 1. m-> 3.08S; «ienuin« .. » in ai.ua (II. IM 1 «. Probable « 2 • 2 Of*' ■ 2> 2.iif*^. and i ra afford 1 2 ». 210. « • Conriuv» YY (1.1.ARM OX YY AY ».AST TO Mit TEX UM K ARM Topeka, Kan. Jan. «. —Joan vA'Ulard. j former heavyweight boxing champion Hatunday on h.. »ay froni I©>© Ange!ta to N<-w ork man Tex Pickard, promoter and| r -'ii coiRr rerce will reault *n Mg nil. g l>aper* for a bout with Denips©) i.< xt Ja. r K«arn*. mo nager of Jack Domp Vv H>- «»xprivaitd confidence the xx I* Ht BF H» XTOX FORMER <11 AMT MltlY F.h TUI • b 8.—dxube Jan nnatl. Menton, once a Giant pitch,« turned thrifty. While has xxalt.r.g for the decision which ©. . restore him to the Mod* or him back to 8t. Paul. turn M ii* l© dilvlng a truck for a u g*- kron and ©teol company (.* and la drlv.iig 't with much ability. Benton look© no older than h>* d.d ©even or eight year© ago, bu* inoka more settled and s«*1f ralisAt. "1 had all the fun In th# world while 1 wa© single.'' ©ays Kal», "but 1 enjoy life ex en lietter since I married ami <|U.e*«xd dow'n." SATURDAY BASKETBALL The Cubs defeated Hi Klliabeth's Suturduy by the s>s>r* txf 9fi-l.>, K Hare', featu rKl for the winners wl*h nine field goals, while (» l.tn. h feat u e«l f«»r tlte losers f " The Thlrxl and Jeff.a-ann H<reet A*.. Ht.irs adile.1 'another victory to the r alrea»1)- lung list when they «lef«xatej the Rohen team by an R to 4 ai'gxre *'Bed" Johnson proved to bo the star .xf tho game, noil owing four twx> pointera, wlitla J>xhn Fahey fr*turr«l f«.r the ice.«» The Ati-Htiirs would like to arrange games with any team In tha 11-14 yoar claae Send commun »rations to Third an«l Jefferson Street Candy Store The Brownson S'roilers downed the faat-at«pp:ng J'ueey and Jones flvt I \ the s\'te of 23 to 5 at Mrownaor. The trains were nip and tuck in the hal. Saturday right, first half, but the Strollers hit their stride in the second period and ran. Passing of the Strollers was the most feature of the game. The Tuesday Night Club of Silverbrook, a close win over the First United Basketball five at Silverbrook Saturday night, score 19 to 14. Hitchens was the star of the game and practically won the contest for a guard position. The game ended three times from the field and Silverbrook was the main attraction for the Anad team, while Barry and Smith showed up well for the East Side quintet. In a Community League game, Saturday night, the Strollers defeated the Clayton team by the score of 26 to 12. St. Peter's team defeated the Clayton team by a score of 26 to 12. St. Peter's team was the main attraction for the Strollers, while St. Peter's team was the main attraction for the Strollers. KTM.N TI K8MAY Meac. m will take on Elkton High, Tuesday night at Elkton. The Tenth Street cager from the remarkable showing made against the strong Try an Every Evening Want Ad. Halifax five Friday night, should come home with a victory over the Marylanders. A large number of students is expected to accompany the train to Elkton. MINUTE MOVIES COMEDY TODAY By Wheeler Cosy right 1321 by George Matthew Adame Service Trade Mark Registered V. S. Patent Office.) A LAZY aw in the leap -IF BEAT MIM AT WIFE UNLESS WE (uûRws fee., r SjT! Ur WlkMViE ftuct Force fe) QOQ &VE "fc> MS wife WCAS\»W)U& SAJO LfAVE.? MIÎ MUMBLE kCYf IN OF ^.ÎTtkAscE % C. 'T Y; \ NDU) "O ÎR.sS // THE TRAMP 1 / - f */ ' -Jr 4. SCMf?OD* TÄ r . -AsX 4 * \ ,AT/'> { // Y 0 WTM fULLEP FWUAJ JV4D'ARCKt The C TOP iLi %>. si h 4»» I» -4. 7— I m Ir&S H(at Y 7 cop / n VNMV DONT >t)0 GO TÖ WORK I mould lwv. Vr I HAD> RIÖUT IM* V PlFMfMTf 'WELL VUWAT IMPtEME-NT • exo you u^ant?r. \ r (S UCK! A knit tan FORK V EAST DPECTI' * MX) LAIY. THING.V» ■ n c 1 M -V i s / \f) i 5 i I \ S k HI S - _^ tTi~ foöTSTtFtf lO TV!C oPticeRiy MOMt Hi f) N i u I 4 t/sl> It u ,e* • • •• - N ffrflrft X N 0 Aw Ù < \ to 3t : a JL ■ - N Ü. S. GUNNERS HOLD MARKSMANSHIP HONORS From the start of Midpoint of American rifle shooting last year will go down on the greatest in history. Not only did the United States teams win the international matches and Indian dual championships with the 50 rifle at Milan, Italy, but in the Allied armies' rifle championships at Coburg the Americans defeated the 100,000, French and Belgian, and in the international matches (22,000) Americanized Great Britain. The Serbians gave Arras a tough opposition in the international matches, our boys winning by 12 points. 612 to 6120 Vancouver, Sweden, and Holland. Finishing in only Walter H. won the Independents Cable from Lyrick, of Switzerland, by two points, 15 to 16. For 20 years the Swiss dominated the 80 caliber championships until the United States entered two years ago as matches could be made in the United States and France. The American team held in no less than 100 places In the Allied armies' match, the British showed 400 points to 10 for America. The others were where in the small hair championships the United States won for the sixth year in a series. The French gained an exceptional idea of where the team chose who and brought the team against the British. The number of entrants was . In the country, is making up a lot in the event. Perry, the year, $600,000 rounds of cartridges were used, as well as 26,000 shots. No record was kept of the 22 caliber ammunition used from the United States. The total number of casualties was 21,000,000 rounds of cartridges used in military matches. In the United States, the figures were 141,000,000 rounds of cartridges used in the army—not counting the Marines' navy—and 13,000,000 by the civilian stars. As the figures have been given, 4,000,000 persons are shot for every man, woman, and child in the United States. The New York team will work the University of Delaware basketball game this afternoon and tomorrow at the Pennsylvania State Fair. The team returned last night from a trip to Philadelphia. Today's game losing games in both Brooklyn Polytechnic and the Army at West Point. The only home games this week will be with the New York Aggies Saturday night. CITY LEAGUE STARTS LAST WEEK OF HALF Brownson and Knights of Columbus Battle Tonight; Mount Vernon Undefeated. Thursday. Tonight Brownson vs Knights of Columbus, at St. Joseph's. Tuesday Parkside vs Mount Vernon, at Brownson. Wednesday St. Mary's vs Rrth Avenue, at Parkside. Thursday Knights of Columbus vs Parkside, at Parkside. Friday Seventh Ward vs Brownson, at Brownson. Saturday Mount Vernon vs Rrth Avenue, at Parkside. Friday Seventh Ward vs Brownson, at Parkside. Thr f'lfy I.ragur will start thr final wrrk of thr first half of thr schedule thl« evening when the Knights of t'o Inmhus inert Mrownson s' Ht. Joseph'* Hull thr honors In the first half •'users to lie Mt Vernon they would hav« to t'rrrkrrs lo»r both gators event both trams would hr fled for first place. Parksldr 1 a gréa» deal weaker than they have Iren f r somr time Hawker and Haves, tn.. mainstays, have Jus* recovered from recent Illness, and th# loss of Hibson wh with I»rlawarr Is also hard fep Mt. Vernon has prsctlcsly won For tho win hoth Karnes while the In this Is now playing Th« faseyo are almost sur« to win hoth games on th# week s schedule Parkslde and Mrownson look like two Marxmgei ambition next t< I xaron h x Ictories easy • 'reekers' greatest winning the championship. 1« tn finish the season undefeated. The game this evening will tiring *o gather the « - asnv« and the IJhraflvns at 8t Joseph's Hall «tart at R I« |> m. The game will MAYOR AT THE Ql'EFN. KIrani« gnartet To hlnr at S.fiO Tod.i» and B.lf* Tonlsht. Thin afternoon stmut 1 An Mayor Marxke, William Frank Ayres llirvox. fhnrlec M M Mm»k. Jr . and .1 ci im pria' ng th« Klwinls yu irt#*. will uiwk« 'heir professional delflit ns wing ers attractions at the Queen feature.1 Theatre Tlir ncexw nf this etigngement h is spread the length and hr width <«f th# .«tty. and many frhui.la eml in*" 'at.« of all four ai» anxious to e«« them makv s "hit" xvlth the au<tleii<'«vs The voenliats have liax-e l»wti rehearsing ae' ex-erv-thlng prepared for th« r The program ofTe*ed hv them W 1 Ihre«, favorite nun (Ser» weil dehllt. contain aul*ed to the x*ol< of the gept.ernot. "In Th* (lli.imkit". ■'Juan They are ilu" and Ajmla Inurl#' This exxeulng they will alng at aAsor Tomorrow night the Klwanta i_*lub gir to attend In a le«1v ■) IR I»l spr.r K50CKFM Of T IN rfrrr-mfll hoi Ml ., - Mexico GUy. Jbn. I.—Jimmy Dundee lost the llghtwatght boxing champion ahlp of M-rloo Friday night to Mm 1 Montes of Han Antonio In tha fifry flrat round of their bout here when wne eent doxvn for tho count t>y a he . c.\ to the Jnw. The men tore at #.*u h other Incas santly, but wer.» comparatively îrœh ,when they answu-r»«! the »»*11 for the The fight was the firs* nn,u __. •* •*** °* th * * u '.7 here At r».*L »n« A r n J ln P a , ' row ' 1 of mopB lhan ' "° n pernon». KeeUlenta of P.evere arfil au r round Ing towns who travel x.» Ilr ^dwa Revere, g#t a gilmp».. <*f xx nter be tween the ba.ulevard anil Beach street. Oll. BOSTONS ! where the branches of th» In, .« hin^ over thé road. Huge tru* k« .aden i with cotton travel th.« thoroughf «*••■ and the branche» of the tr< .h get more or leas of The lox>»e cotton iuiJ glx*a ths appearance of 4 new* NUcn snow—Boston Post IBM. I US TO >11 I T HIM) W N. Roche* Rngera. who has not to.xcd In th's cl' since he kni» ke<1 out Neil Fltr.ge ild the Australian lightweight, xxill coni Philadelphia. Pa.. Jan S. 15 up from Wilmington J tnuary meet lurry iKid) Brown at the Arena. In a recent golf match played at the Willard Club, Cleveland, Harry Moore pulled a freak play that isn't definitely covered in the book. Playing out a and trip, Moore with a left-handed golf, drove the ball into a nearby bunker, the bunker took a reverse English and settled into the right pocket of the sweater, which Moore wears, the weather being a trifle cool. MARCIA BYRON. f r « / « / ! I. s 4' < 4 , A f 4* 9 \ • 4 4» ) To se« Miss Myron, leading 1 idy « f ' Kxtr.i,'' i < ».niedy drama hull: around in'WspafKr life, which «oni's to The Playhouse next Wednesday orid Thursday flights. Is to admire her. Which is the very reason she was chosen to Interpret th<> romantic ro' e of "Antoinette Willard" in the play, AMI HM \ V STI HI VTH IN FMJMND MTIU IN SPOMTS t'amtirldge, Kng. Jsrt «— Arr.erlcsr •tudents a? th# t'nlversplea h»re tor.k sn active par** in th>* sports Ml-harimas T'rm, whl'-h has lua* end ed t. r e Trinity), and W and Jesus I, hiv °( Pu'iing < Pnncet'.n and M T'-Id (Princeton ieen playing s«cadl ly In th# V'afBlty flolf Turn and show I'prv Indh r.on * winning :hrlr golf Ing fTiies J || \'nn Alen (SI ' tteorre R. tiool snd toirlst's». who x-on his Mlito n* t»nii.» last y*"«r, auh 1> K Court l*ouh>sl Key ftlirvard and-fnliia) rench«*!-th< finals of th# Hurd were de Other ' Hu I •Vint" fTinmplonshly where they feiltd after a five set match Ami'll, «ns of th«« Varsity «■I ltd are K V f'l*. IPrinceton and (Corpus», A W. Wlih-ox (Cornell ;,nd p. *< r+p. i«# > ni d K A w • « ilhr. 1 «• I T ■ y Ii A I>. Simpson (Croton and Trin ity), the Is.xlr.g Blue, who won the light heavy-weight lg>u* «gains* (>x ford laat «tiring is xgnln in Urrri und won his rnntch again«* • u* < ,,.,en*.y Army et Aldershot Three American« are playing .a - h e hockey team which wt!', oppose < ixford at Muren abortiv They arc • * •* n and Wnltyi Hali). W C. Miner (Tab and Magda > n"l, and W. B Todd iT > rfnce*on and J«wuk) - No i fh ntort K d' eu ma /X-V A 'S J ^ ) V^of* , » \,yj < ? m * A KJUffCt'ltKJ CfOtK /* yJU *- /* .1 ## JlX/tfl ^jOVT jHCC, fttOfnW ! m " Sr S. S. S. I* the Great Builder of Rid Blood - Cell* and Rheumatism Must Go! Just Try It! TheiKualism 1 Me'*N«. Glory said, "I used to have the free motion I used to have, and think of the twists and swellings they used to have. I bend away to the floor. I haven't been able to do that in many years. I can thank S. S. S. for it all. It's a rising sun of joy and the rattle of life. I love your sisters in misery, not close your eyes and think that it is free motion and strength are gone from you forever! It is not so. It is here and now for all of you. K. S. S. is waiting to help you." There is a reason why S. S. S. will help you. When you take the number of your red-blood sores, the entire system undergoes a tremendous change. Everything depends on the strength, health, and vitality which is minus sufficient red cells to lead to a long list of troubles. The stomach is one of them. S. S. S. is the great blood builder, a system builder, a nerve invigorator. It stops skin eruptions, soothes, pimples, blackheads, acne, boils, eczema, it builds up the body down, tired people, and women, beautifies complexions, makes. The flesh firmer 8.v S. today. It is sold at all drug stores in two sizes. The larger size bottle is the more economical. To start You feel your weight SeS.Se M. I \ HI PI Its i OOKSIA >. Win Stage 4 high team Teams Henefit game Tomorrow. Maskethail fins will ha*.« \ chance to xrl'ness a galaxy of **ars at work tomorrow evening a* the Tookmin gx-m, •.x'hen th# Mrt'ih« and f'ookmar uuln"#-.* ge« .nto action Mo*h aggre gâtions hav« a x ry strung l.n» ip ihat should tie *hle to put jp « good The first gim» of *he evening wf.i e played t^tivuc; res»rv« '»imi of leach church play Immediately afM-rwards games are not .rv luded ;n ih» regular Tho llrsi teams will These hur< h .eague .schedule, but «re helnr played f»»r ;h*> ti»r.efl' o' • im athletic .iss*x lations of Ieoh <-h .rvhe* Incl :«Jed in the McCaie« lineup will !•« Vannort, Ike Kerns. Mil Kerns, Mnxter. Ixxxles*. r>av.s itsnhv. Hor ne- and Sweerey liaxter ;s « of Melaware »'nr. while to# hers ire x-e!'. an'.wi .- xsks f - ball ciri'es of 'h# city <*ookman ■«•111 have their regular :i r»ler *o cop th * contra* a I - all versify «sers o»it l.rrton A axillary to Vf ret. The Auxiliary of Delaware Poat American legion, will rr.ee* ex-enlng In Grace Church •j No. tomegrow iiou«# at r «■ d«^k 1 1 - 1 I » The retiring, sale of Wolters* business has exceeded our ex pectations, crowd. handle our customers in a satis factory manner, Saturday, which has been our custom in the Last 1 Owing to the arge we were unable to i 40 years. Anyone who made purchases and is not fully satis fied, we have employed an extra sales force and will ex change or make refund on any purchase. The Wolters custom has been to serve the public in the best possible manner. This custom must hold good until every garment leaves the estab lishment. I Y WOLTERS, R. W. Second and Market. DOG AND CAT IN LOCAL THEATRES Two Sagacious Animals That Make Themselves Perfectly at Home. You may talk about the human temperament in human training and their interest for the drama, but have I ever heard of them? That animal is not a particular animal, but a creature that makes their entertainment two Market Street there. One of the animals is a dog, the other a cat. The dog may be seen in the moving picture, if started during the first showing of the picture. As he nonchalantly anticipates, up and down the arena of the show, he sniffed. Psychologists claim this dog is living under a dramatic complex and that his sniffs indicate that he is either bored or pleased with the plan. The other day, the dog, in a dramatic manner, is a hailstorm. The other day, the dog, in a dramatic manner, is a hailstorm. He must have been pleased with the show, who gave you numerous tests. In the midst of the show, he gave you a few moments of enjoyment. He gave you a few moments of enjoyment. In the midst of the show, he was greeted by many, including the audience, who were eager to see him. He was indeed a wonder, a testament to the power of nature and the power of nature. The show, held in the heart of the show, was a testament to the power of nature and the power of nature. Old adage the track, and in manner took a new house in the rear of the gentleman's residence. The American Legion will hold a meeting at the Grand Central Theatre on Saturday, October 6th. The office will be elected and other business transacted. FLORENCE VEDO Featured in 'Hail the Woman.' Explaining at the Arcadia Theatre.
| 8,494 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30269293
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Kuan, Michael Benford, floribon, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1349152, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1501926, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1647559
|
English
|
Spoken
| 463 | 745 |
How to get size of DOM element when work with ng-show
All:
I wonder how to get the width and height of an Element if I set its ng-show false?
Like:
<button ng-click="show()">show</button>
<div id="showarea" style="width:50%; height:50%;" ng-show="showdiv"></div>
And in my controller:
$scope.showdiv = false;
$scope.show = function(){
console.log( $("#showarea").width() );
}
This one only prints out 50(if I give a specific pixel number, it will get that number), I thought jQuery can not get the actual calculated value. But when I remove ng-show and use display:none; then jQuery can get the correct size. So I guess the ng-show must done some extra work which prevent jQuery to calculate the size.
Could anyone give a solution for this( any trick as long as we can solve the percentage situation)?
Thanks
When an element has a ng-show that is false, basically Angular applies a ng-hide class on the element that sets display: none.
Your test by manually setting display: none may have a problem somewhere, as it is expected that JavaScript (hence jQuery) is unable to calculate the size of that element.
If you really need to get the element width within your controller, you could use a custom move-away directive instead of ng-show like this:
module.directive('moveAway', function() {
return {
restrict: 'A',
link: function(scope, elem, attrs) {
scope.$watch(attrs.moveAway, function(move) {
if (move) {
elem.addClass('moved-away');
} else {
elem.removeClass('moved-away');
}
});
}
};
})
And then add this CSS rule:
.moved-away {
position: absolute;
left: 100000px;
}
So instead of being hidden, the element would simply be put far away but keep its size.
NOTE: If you still have problems to get size on an absolutely positioned element (it happens when the width is something like 50% rather than 50px), you could try visibility: hidden or opacity: 0.01 instead, but the element will still occupy the same spot in the DOM (even if not visible).
You can also get the element's dimension by setting its visibility property as hidden and its display property as block or empty.
Yes I added that at the same time as your comment, however the behavior will be different since when invisible, the element will occupy a place in the DOM, which may not be wanted since this doesn't happen with display:none
You're right. But it's possible to change the element's display property to block, get its dimensions and change it back to none. I do precisely that in a directive I created, and I haven't seen any side effect (e.g. flickering) so far.
@floribon Thanks, as you said: "Your test by manually setting display: none may have a problem somewhere", but the div do get hidden, and the width is calculated correctly when I resize the window, what other thing could be wrong to let jQuery get calculated?
| 23,380 |
https://github.com/wen18732367572/mall/blob/master/src/components/common/toast/Toast.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
mall
|
wen18732367572
|
Vue
|
Code
| 110 | 414 |
<template>
<div class="toast" v-show="isShow">
{{message}}
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
name:"Toast",
props:{
// message:{
// type:String,
// default:''
// //只有数组和对象对象需要return
// },
// show:{
// type:Boolean,
// default:false
// }
},
data(){
return{
message:'',
isShow:false
}
},
methods: {
show(message="默认文字",duration=1500)
{
this.isShow = true
this.message = message
setTimeout(() => {
this.isShow = false
this.message = ''
}, duration);
}
},
}
</script>
<style scoped>
.toast{
position: fixed;
top: 50%;
left: 50%;
transform: translate(-50%,-50%);
padding: 8px 10px;
color: white;
background-color: #000;
opacity: 0.75;
/* background-color: rgba(0,0,0,.75); */
z-index: 999;
animation-name: toast;
/* animation-duration: 1.5s;
animation-timing-function: ease-out;
animation-direction: alternate-reverse; */
}
/* @keyframes toast{
from{opacity: 0.3;}
to{opacity: 0.7;}
} */
</style>
| 5,896 |
sn87060190_1901-03-05_1_3_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,901 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,217 | 4,533 |
Many thanks to all for your kind response to our opening sale in Maysville. We also wish to apologize to those who were unable to get waited on. In order to give those who were not fortunate enough to reach the Bee Hive on Friday and Saturday, a equal chance, WE HAVE DECIDED TO CONTINUE OUR "NEVER-TO-BE-FORGETING SALE" ONE MORE WEEK. We need more room for Spring goods, so we will continue to slaughter prices until our shelves and tables cry out, "We are ready for Spring goods." Ridiculous reductions in all departments, from a paper of pins to a parlor carpet. NOW TO FACTS: Baby Caps worth 25c, now 19c. Baby Caps worth 98c, now 49c. Baby Caps worth $1.25, now 59c. Ribbons worth up to 35c, now 8c. One lot of fancy Flowers worth 15c, now 4c. Ladies' Belts worth 25c, now 9c. Ladies' Umbrellas worth 75c, now 39c. More Laces at 3c. See the bargains we are offering in Dress Goods. Skirts only a few left 98c, now 50c; $1.98, now $1.39; $4, now $2.98. One lot of Furniture Fringes worth 12c, for 3c; worth 25c, for 5c; worth 39c, for 10c. "Men's Shirts worth 50c, now 26c; a Men's Underwear at 25c, will soon be gone. Two cards of Hooks and Eyes for 10c. Thimbles 1c. Dress Goods, All Wool, Worth Up to $1.25, For 35 Cents. MERZ BROS. KINGS OF LOW PRICES PROP'S OF BEE HIVE. CITY AFFAIRS. Business Transacted at the Monthly Meeting of the Council. Summary of the Official Reports for February Permits Granted Other Matters Disposed Of. The monthly meeting of the City Council was held last evening. The following is a summary of the reports of the Police Judge, Wharfmaster and Chief of Police: Convictions 17 Fines and costs assessed, $106.00 Fines and costs worked out 41.00 Fines and replevied 4.90 Execution for fines, etc 21.90 Fines and costs paid 11.40 Jail fees assessed 19.20 Old bonds and Interest collected 22.70 Net wharfage 76.82 Following is the Treasurer's report: Balance last month 8 2,533.23 Receipt. License $117.85 City taxes, $1697, '93, '99, 1900 and penalties 90.03 Wharfage 76.81 Railroad taxes 1,060.11 Alms and alms house $5,835.87 Gas and electricity 477.82 Internal Improvements 2,152.96 Police 283.30 Salaries 230.25 Lights 78.18 Schools 232.00 Boarding and guarding prisoners 126.95 Fire companies 342.32 Total 8 2,679.93 Balance $1,853.70 Claims and accounts were allowed and ordered paid, amounting to $1,762.77. RECAPITULATION. Alms and alms house... $283.95 Gas and electricity $477.17 Internal Improvements $131.65 Boarding and guarding prisoners $48.80 Miscellaneous $31.95 Salaries and pensions $752.55 Wharves and ferries $20.55 Smallpox $14.25 Chief Donovan reported that during February the number of arrests made by the police was as follows: By Ort $8 By Nowell $10 By Thompson $4 By Tolle $6 Mayor Stallcup reported $085.40 as amount of license collected since last report. Permits were granted as follows: E. A. Robinson; to erect two two-story frame residences at southeast corner of Second and Lexington streets. O. G. Hiao; to move coal house and make improvements at his home on Chester street. Arthur Morton; to erect a small kitchen at his home on Forest avenue, Sixth ward. Millard F. Williams; to erect a two-story frame residence on Commerce street. L. F. Pigg; to put up a sign board at his blacksmith and wagon shop. An application of E. A. Robinson to construct a sower from the two residences he is soon to erect in the Fifth ward, to empty into the river below the water works pump house, was referred to the Propositions and Grievance Committee to investigate and report. Simon N. Crowell was granted license to conduct a pool and billiard room at 111 Market street. George Wood was granted auctioneer's license. An ordinance regulating the construction and construction of pavements was read and was then recommitted to the committee. At the request of the committee heretofore appointed to confer with the trustees of the Wormald Public Library, Messrs. Robert Frost, George P. Beasley and O. A. Walther were added to said committee by the Mayor, so as to make the committee consist of one from each ward. The County Judge, President Duley of the Board of Trade, and R. A. Cochran, representing the Library, were also added to said committee. This new committee is to confer with the trustees of the Wormald Library looking to the enlargement and improvement of the library. The rules were suspended and an ordinance adopted authorizing the Mayor to issue and sell thirty bonds of the denomination of $500 each and bearing interest at 4 percent, payable at the First National Bank on or before March 1, 1902, said bonds to be sold as the funds may be needed for current expenses. Four of the bonds just authorized were ordered sold to pay interest due on city debt. The question of repairing Morrison Alley, west of Commerce street, was referred to Committee on Internal Improvement. The Mayor was directed to require the police to procure the regulation uniform by April 1st. The ladies of the Baptist Church and also of the Central Presbyterian were refunded license for a dinner and entertainments the past month. The members of the Internal Improvement Committee, with the Mayor added, were appointed to confer with a committee from the Fiscal Court and obtain an estimate of the cost of improving Forest avenue, east of Lexington street. The Board of Trade was donated the sum of $50 to aid in defraying its expenses in working for the interest and welfare of the city. Mr. Ben Smith was re-elected to superintend the street improvements another year and to put down street crossings, his pay to be $40 a month. The question of macadamizing and improving a portion of Suultz Street, just south of Second, was brought up by Mr. Robert Frost and provoked a wordy discussion. There were other Councilmen who wanted streets and alleys in their wards improved in Council so this "precedence." Mr. Frost was asked to present his request in the required form, but Bob had become "weary" and replied, "No. I never ask for anything but what some of the rest of you want something of the same kind." Mr. Frost did request, however, that the Chief of Police see that Suultz Street is not made adumping ground any longer for rubbish and ashes, and that the Street Commissioner have it cleaned. The Chief was also directed to put a stop to the dumping of ashes in streets and alleys. To cure any cough, use Ray's Cough Syrup. It's guaranteed. Quo Vadis is built along the lines of the book, and is full of stirring scenes and intense situations. Naturally the interest of the story is immeasurably enhanced by the correctness and beauty of elaborate surroundings. Mr. E. J. Carpenter, who presents this great scenic spectacle of "Quo Vadis" here tonight, has spared neither time nor expense in equipping his production with the most complete and realistic furnishings. The draperies and furniture are said to be perfect copies of those preserved in the British Museum, while the costumes were designed by the famous London costumer, Descalachi, from paintings in the Italian galleries. The company is a numerous and representative one, and comprises many notable artists, who merge their personal identity into their respective roles, and who carry the interest of their audiences to the heights of enthusiasm by the powerful action of the play. Tickets at Nelson's. Miss Anna B. Hill, who left a few days ago to accept a position in Tennessee, was taken ill at Cincinnati and is now in the Presbyterian Hospital where she will be glad to have any of her friends call when in the city. She was not very well when she left home and became so much worse at Cincinnati that she had to abandon her trip. She was improving at last accounts. Mr. Joseph Frakes, aged about seventeen, died Monday morning at 7:30 o'clock, of consumption, at the home of his parents in Gray alley. The funeral will take place Wednesday at 2 o'clock at the Central Presbyterian Church, with services by The pastor, Rev. Dr. J. C. Molloy. Deceased was a son of Mr. R. L. Frakes. Charles Fischter was granted a divorce Monday from Emma Fischter, and both were restored to the rights of unmarried persons. The infant child was awarded to the mother during its minority, and the father is required to pay $300 for its support. The wind storm Saturday took the roofs off the First National Bank and the home of Postmaster, Jennie D. Gardner, of Ripley, and the Masonic Building also was damaged. Several shocks of fodder and a wagon of the property of Mr. Robert Downing, of Lewisburg, burned Sunday and the school house had a close call, being badly scorched. The last will of Patrick Morgan was admitted to record Monday. He left his estate to his wife and children. James Morgan qualified as executor without bond. R. K. Hoeflich has conveyed to Wm. Quaintance, Jr., about thirty acres of land four miles southeast of Maysville for $940.50. N. B. Rogers qualified as guardian of Samuel, William and Nealie Sartain, with W. H. Hord and W. H. W. Outten sureties. Navigation has been resumed at headwaters. The Virginia will pass up tonight for Pittsburgh. Thred-acre packages of garden or flower seed for 5 cents at H. E. Langdon & Co.'s. Seeds that grow, at cut prices, at H. E. Langdon & Co.'s. The personal estate of John Collins, deceased, was appraised at $710.50. Thos. J. Hilt has a Old to M. D. Colby, a house and lot in Orangeburg for $600. Miss Ethel Wallingford has been quite ill at her home near Fern Leaf with quinsy. The People's Building Association has conveyed to Jesse Lewis a lot on Hord's Hill for $85. A daughter of Mr. Thomas Higgins is ill with smallpox at the home of the family on Mr. Scott Osborne's farm near Tuckahoe. Two firemen were seriously hurt by a falling chimney at a fire in Henryville, a negro suburb of Carlisle, Ky. The property lots were only $3,000. A 5 cent package of garden or flower seed free with every 25 cent purchase, (sugar not to be considered), all this week at H. E. Langdon & Co's. Three barns on the farm of Mr. Scott Osborne near Tuckahoe were unroofed by the wind Sunday. Mr. Buck, Hugh, also had a barn damaged. Mrs. M. Archdeacon is receiving spring goods daily. Complete line of handsome patterns will be displayed in a few weeks. Corner Third and Market streets. Mr. Wm. Kinsler, of Cincinnati, and Miss Jennie Castuellie, of Covington, were married in the latter city last week. The groom is a brother-in-law of Mrs. Sol. Kinsler, of Limestone street. In addition to stock advertised to be sold at Alch. 6th, near Millereburg, I will sell twenty-three head of two-year-old steers and six-year-old two-year-old grade heifers, due to calve in April. B. D. Best. Rings, from the plain polished bands to the most ornate creations of the designer, set with sparkling diamonds. Or other glittering gems, anything to suit your taste. We would be pleased to show our beautiful assortment. Ballenook Jeweler and optician. A Widow's Love Affair Receives a setback if she has offensive breath through constipation, biliousness or stomach trouble, but Dr. King's New Life Pills always cure those troubles, cleanse the system, sweeten the breath, banish headache; best in the world for liver, kidneys and bowels. Only 25¢ at J. J. Wood & Son's drug store. WANTED: Pupils on the mandolin and guitar. Apply to MR. JOHN O'KEEFE. FOR RENT: A large, handsome first floor front room, with gas and very large windows. Suitable for a store, dressmaking, office, or other light employment. Rent reasonable. Apply at Bulletin office. FOR RENT: A fine, second-story front room, with gas and very large windows. Suitable for a store, dressmaking, office, or other light employment. Apply to E.K. WHITE. FOR RENT: A four-room flat on Second Street; also Murphy's old Jewelry stand and Clouev's old Jewelry stand on Second. Apply to E.K. WHITE. FOR RENT: A four-room flat on Second Street, in rent all or any number of rooms. Apply to E.K. WHITE. FOR RENT: Daily's photograph gallery, opposite Bank of Maysville. Living rooms attached. Apply to E.K. WHITE. FOR RENT: Store room, suitable for grocery, situated in the center of eight blocks of residences. No other grocery within four blocks. Apply to E.K. WHITE. LOST: Lady's blank seal pocket-book Saturday afternoon near Hill House. Return to Bulletin office and receive reward. Lost: Sunday evening on East Fourth Street between Market and I.J. Murphy's residence. A gold watch charm in shape of a pilot wheel with three links in the center. Finder will be rewarded by leaving same at this office, or with M. B. CLARK, 16 East Fourth Street. FOR RENT We are authorized to announce JOHN W. ALEXANDER as a candidate for re-election as Representative in the Legislature, subject to the action of the Democratic party. FOR COUNTY JUDGE. We are authorized to announce C. D. NEWELL as a candidate for re-election to the office of County Judge, subject to the action of the Democratic party. FOR COUNTY CLERK. Wonreaniborlzed to nunnuiice CLARENCE L. WOOD iu a candidate for re-election to the office of County Clerk, subject to the action of the Democratic party. FOR COUNTY ATTORNEY. We are authorized to announce FRANK P. O'DONNELL as a candidate for re-election as County Attorney, subject to the action of the Democratic party. SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS. We are authorized to announce E. SWIFT as a candidate for Superintendent of schools of Mason County, subject to the action of the Democratic party. General W. Illatterman announces himself a candidate for the office of Superintendent of Public Schools, subject to any action of the Democratic party. We are authorized to announce C. D. WELLS as a candidate for County Superintendent of Schools, subject to the action of the Democratic party. FOR SHERIFF. We are authorized to announce JAMES R. ROBERSON as a candidate for Sheriff of Mason County, subject to the action of the Democratic party. We are authorized to announce THOS. L. BEST as a candidate for Sheriff of Mason County, subject to the action of the Democratic party. We are authorized to announce THOS. L. BEST as a candidate for Sheriff of Mason County, subject to the action of the Democratic party. Mason County, subject to the action of the Democratic party. FOR JAILER. We are authorized to announce I. L. McVALL as a candidate for re-election as Jailer of Mason County, subject to the action of the Democratic party. We are authorized to announce W. D. MANLEY, of Mayfield precinct, as a candidate for Jailer of Mason County, subject to the action of the Democratic party. FOR ASSESSOR. I hereby announce myself as a candidate for the nomination for the office of Assessor, subject to the action of the Democratic party. I am from the Lewisburg precinct, which, although the champion Democratic precinct of the county, has heretofore been ignored in the distribution of the offices, and my friends ask that she be recognized in this instance at least by my cordial support. If nominated, I will be elected; if elected, I will faithfully perform the duties of the office, see the people, and not simply copy the old books. HORD LONG. We are authorized to announce W. H. HAWE, of Minerva precinct, as a candidate for County Assessor, subject to the action of the Democratic party. We are authorized to announce ROBERT PERRINE as a candidate for County Assessor, subject to the action of the Democratic party. We are authorized to announce H. W. JEFFERSON as a candidate for Assessor, subject to the action of the Democratic party. At the earnest solicitation of many friends, I have consented to become a candidate for Assessor of Mason County, subject to the action of the Democratic party. J. F. POLLITTE, Orangeburg precinct. We are authorized to announce DOUGLAS McDOWELL as a candidate for County Assessor, subject to the action of the Democratic party. We are authorized to announce HENRY R. CHILD, of Hilltop precinct, as a candidate for County Assessor, subject to the action of the Democratic party. FOR JUSTICE OF THE PEACE. We are authorized to announce W. H. HAWE, of Minerva precinct, as a candidate for Justice of the Peace, subject to the action of the Democratic party. W. H. HAWE, of Minerva precinct, as a candidate for Justice of the Peace, subject to the action of the Democratic party. W. H. HAWE, of Minerva precinct, as a candidate for Justice of the Peace, subject to the action of the Democratic party. W. H. HAWE, of Minerva precinct, as a candidate for Justice of the Peace, subject to the action of the Democratic party. FARROW as a candidate for Justice of the Peace in the Eighth Magisterial district, November election, 1901, subject to the action of the Democratic party. At the solicitation of many friends in the Seventh Magisterial district of Mason County, I hereby announce myself a candidate for Justice of the Peace in said district, subject to the action of the Democratic party. R. M. HARRISON. We are authorized to announce M. D. FARROW as a candidate for re-election as Justice of the Peace in the Eighth Magisterial district, Mason County, subject to the action of the Democratic party. CITY OFFICERS. FOR PRICE JUDGE. We are authorized to announce JOHN L. WHITAKER as a candidate for Police Judge of the city of Maysville. We are authorized to announce W. HENRY WADSWORTH as a candidate for Judge of the Police Court of the city of Maysville at the November election, 1901, subject to the action of the voters of the city. We are authorized to announce JOHN L. CHAMBERLAIN as a candidate for Judge of the Police Court at the November election, 1901. FOR CHIEF OF TOUCE. To the voter of the city of Maysville, Ky.: At the solicitation of many friends, I beg to announce myself as a candidate for the office of Chief of Police at the election to be held in November, 1901. Your support is respectfully solicited. R. P. D. Thompson. CITY ASSESSOR. We are authorized to announce JOHN B. ORR, (the carpenter) as a candidate for City Assessor at the November election, 1901. We are authorized to announce WILL DAUGHERTY as a candidate for City Assessor at the November election, 1901. We are authorized to announce JAMES STEWART as a candidate for re-election to the office of City Assessor, at the November election, 1901. TOBACCO COTTON, And lots of it, can be had at the New York Store of HAYS & CO. We sold an enormous quantity last year, because our prices were lower than others. Grades run from 1c. on up to 3c. It will pay you to call on us. New Spring Goods coming in every day and as it is well known our prices cannot be duplicated at other places. A flyer for this week: Twenty different shades of all wool Coverts, all new numbers, regular price 65c, our price 49c. HAYS & CO. P. S. Gold Blue Calicoes 4c., heavy Brown Cotton 4c.
| 29,824 |
https://github.com/yegord/compiler-rt/blob/master/lib/ubsan/lit_tests/TestCases/Integer/usub-overflow.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
compiler-rt
|
yegord
|
C++
|
Code
| 140 | 496 |
// RUN: %clangxx -DSUB_I32 -fsanitize=unsigned-integer-overflow %s -o %t && %t 2>&1 | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=CHECK-SUB_I32
// RUN: %clangxx -DSUB_I64 -fsanitize=unsigned-integer-overflow %s -o %t && %t 2>&1 | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=CHECK-SUB_I64
// RUN: %clangxx -DSUB_I128 -fsanitize=unsigned-integer-overflow %s -o %t && %t 2>&1 | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=CHECK-SUB_I128
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
// These promote to 'int'.
(void)(uint8_t(0) - uint8_t(0x7f));
(void)(uint16_t(0) - uint16_t(0x7fff));
#ifdef SUB_I32
(void)(uint32_t(1) - uint32_t(2));
// CHECK-SUB_I32: usub-overflow.cpp:[[@LINE-1]]:22: runtime error: unsigned integer overflow: 1 - 2 cannot be represented in type 'unsigned int'
#endif
#ifdef SUB_I64
(void)(uint64_t(8000000000000000000ll) - uint64_t(9000000000000000000ll));
// CHECK-SUB_I64: 8000000000000000000 - 9000000000000000000 cannot be represented in type 'unsigned long'
#endif
#ifdef SUB_I128
# ifdef __SIZEOF_INT128__
(void)((__uint128_t(1) << 126) - (__uint128_t(1) << 127));
# else
puts("__int128 not supported\n");
# endif
// CHECK-SUB_I128: {{0x40000000000000000000000000000000 - 0x80000000000000000000000000000000 cannot be represented in type 'unsigned __int128'|__int128 not supported}}
#endif
}
| 29,044 |
https://github.com/wariox3/brasa/blob/master/src/Brasa/TurnoBundle/Resources/views/Movimientos/Servicio/detalleRecurso.html.twig
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
brasa
|
wariox3
|
Twig
|
Code
| 1,489 | 8,844 |
{% extends '::base.html.twig' %}
{% block title %}Servicio detalle programacion - Soga App{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<script>
$('#myTab a').click(function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
$(this).tab('show');
})
</script>
<div class="container">
<div class="page-header">
<h3>Parametros de programacion del servicio</h3>
</div>
{{ form_start(form, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-horizontal', 'novalidate': 'novalidate'} }) }}
{{ form_errors(form) }}
<!-- Encabezado Movimiento -->
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-heading">Información del servicio</div>
<div class="panel-body">
<table width="100%" class="table table-condensed table-bordered">
<tr>
<td class="titulo">CODIGO:</td>
<td class="td-in-well">{{ arServicioDetalle.codigoServicioDetallePk }}</td>
<td class="titulo">PUESTO:</td>
<td class="td-in-well">{{ arServicioDetalle.puestoRel.nombre |default('') }}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="titulo">CLIENTE:</td>
<td class="td-in-well">{{ arServicioDetalle.servicioRel.clienteRel.nombreCorto |default('') }}</td>
<td class="titulo">SERVICIO:</td>
<td class="td-in-well">{{ arServicioDetalle.conceptoServicioRel.nombre |default('') }}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="titulo">DESDE:</td>
<td class="td-in-well">{{ arServicioDetalle.fechaDesde |date('Y/m/d') }}</td>
<td class="titulo">MODALIDAD:</td>
<td class="td-in-well">{{ arServicioDetalle.modalidadServicioRel.nombre |default('') }}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="titulo">HASTA:</td>
<td class="td-in-well">{{ arServicioDetalle.fechaHasta |date('Y/m/d') }}</td>
<td class="titulo">PERIODO:</td>
<td class="td-in-well">{{ arServicioDetalle.periodoRel.nombre |default('') }}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="titulo"></td>
<td class="td-in-well"></td>
<td class="titulo">PLANTILLA:</td>
<td class="td-in-well">
{{ arServicioDetalle.plantillaRel.nombre |default('') }}
{% if arServicioDetalle.codigoPlantillaFk is not null %} <a href="{{ path('brs_tur_base_plantilla_detalle', { 'codigoPlantilla': arServicioDetalle.codigoPlantillaFk }) }}" target="_blanck">Click para editar</a>{% endif %}
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="btn-toolbar" style="float:left">
<div class="btn-group">
<a class="btn btn-default btn-sm" href="javascript:abrirVentana3('{{ path('brs_tur_utilidad_simular_programacion', {'codigoServicio': arServicio.codigoServicioPk, 'codigoServicioDetalle': arServicioDetalle.codigoServicioDetallePk }) }}', 'SimularProgramacion', 600, 900)" >Simular programacion</a>
</div>
</div>
<br /><br />
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-heading">Información de la programacion</div>
<div class="panel-body">
<div class="form-group form-group-sm">
<label for="form_fecha" class="col-sm-3 control-label">Fecha inicia secuencia:</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
{{ form_widget(form.fechaIniciaPlantilla) }}
<p style="font-size: 0.8em;">* Fecha en la que inicia la secuencia de la plantilla (general o especifica)</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group form-group-sm">
<label for="form_plantillaRel" class="col-sm-3 control-label">Plantilla general:</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
{{ form_widget(form.plantillaRel, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control'} }) }}
<p style="font-size: 0.8em;">* Plantilla de turnos general, si esta seleccionada prevalece sobre la especifica. {% if arServicioDetalle.codigoPlantillaFk is not null %} <a href="{{ path('brs_tur_base_plantilla_detalle', { 'codigoPlantilla': arServicioDetalle.codigoPlantillaFk }) }}" target="_blanck">Click para editar</a>{% endif %}</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group form-group-sm">
<div class="col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10">
{{ form_widget(form.BtnGuardarServicioDetalle, { 'attr': {'class': 'btn btn-default btn-sm', 'style':'float:right'} }) }}
</div>
</div>
<br />
<ul class="nav nav-tabs">
<li class="active"><a href="#plantillageneral" data-toggle="tab">Plantilla general</a></li>
<li><a href="#plantillaespecifica" data-toggle="tab">Plantilla especifica</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="tab-content">
<div class="tab-pane active" id="plantillageneral">
<div id="plantillageneral" style="width: 100%"><br>
<table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
<tr>
<th>COD</th>
<th style="background-color: #FA5858;">POS</th>
<th>1</th>
<th>2</th>
<th>3</th>
<th>4</th>
<th>5</th>
<th>6</th>
<th>7</th>
<th>8</th>
<th>9</th>
<th>10</th>
<th>11</th>
<th>12</th>
<th>13</th>
<th>14</th>
<th>15</th>
<th>16</th>
<th>17</th>
<th>18</th>
<th>19</th>
<th>20</th>
<th>21</th>
<th>22</th>
<th>23</th>
<th>24</th>
<th>25</th>
<th>26</th>
<th>27</th>
<th>28</th>
<th>29</th>
<th>30</th>
<th>31</th>
<th>LU</th>
<th>MA</th>
<th>MI</th>
<th>JU</th>
<th>VI</th>
<th>SA</th>
<th>DO</th>
<th>DF</th>
<th>FE</th>
</tr>
{% for arPlantillaDetalle in arPlantillaDetalle %}
<tr>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.codigoPlantillaDetallePk }}</td>
<td style="background-color: #FA5858;">{{ arPlantillaDetalle.posicion }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia1 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia2 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia3 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia4 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia5 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia6 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia7 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia8 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia9 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia10 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia11 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia12 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia13 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia14 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia15 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia16 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia17 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia18 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia19 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia20 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia21 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia22 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia23 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia24 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia25 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia26 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia27 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia28 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia29 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia30 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.dia31 }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.lunes }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.martes }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.miercoles }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.jueves }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.viernes }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.sabado }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.domingo }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.domingoFestivo }}</td>
<td>{{ arPlantillaDetalle.festivo }}</td>
</tr>
{% endfor %}
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane" id="plantillaespecifica">
<div id="plantillaespecifica" style="width: 100%"><br>
<div class="form-group form-group-sm">
<label for="form_TxtDiasSecuencia" class="col-sm-2 control-label">Dias secuencia:</label>
<div class="col-sm-10">
{{ form_widget(form.TxtDiasSecuencia, { 'attr': {'class': 'form-control'} }) }}
</div>
</div>
<br />
<table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
<tr>
<th>COD</th>
<th>POS</th>
<th>1</th>
<th>2</th>
<th>3</th>
<th>4</th>
<th>5</th>
<th>6</th>
<th>7</th>
<th>8</th>
<th>9</th>
<th>10</th>
<th>11</th>
<th>12</th>
<th>13</th>
<th>14</th>
<th>15</th>
<th>16</th>
<th>17</th>
<th>18</th>
<th>19</th>
<th>20</th>
<th>21</th>
<th>22</th>
<th>23</th>
<th>24</th>
<th>25</th>
<th>26</th>
<th>27</th>
<th>28</th>
<th>29</th>
<th>30</th>
<th>31</th>
<th>LU</th>
<th>MA</th>
<th>MI</th>
<th>JU</th>
<th>VI</th>
<th>SA</th>
<th>DO</th>
<th>DF</th>
<th>FE</th>
<th><input type="checkbox" name="ChkSeleccionarTodos" OnClick="ChequearTodos(this);"/></th>
</tr>
{% for arServicioDetallePlantilla in arServicioDetallePlantilla %}
<tr>
<td>{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}<input type="hidden" name="LblCodigoDetallePlantilla[]" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}"></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtPosicion{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.posicion }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia1{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia1 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia2{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia2 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia3{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia3 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia4{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia4 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia5{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia5 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia6{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia6 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia7{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia7 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia8{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia8 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia9{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia9 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia10{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia10 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia11{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia11 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia12{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia12 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia13{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia13 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia14{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia14 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia15{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia15 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia16{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia16 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia17{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia17 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia18{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia18 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia19{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia19 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia20{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia20 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia21{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia21 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia22{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia22 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia23{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia23 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia24{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia24 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia25{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia25 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia26{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia26 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia27{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia27 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia28{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia28 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia29{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia29 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia30{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia30 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDia31{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.dia31 }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtLunes{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.lunes }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtMartes{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.martes }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtMiercoles{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.miercoles }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtJueves{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.jueves }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtViernes{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.viernes }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtSabado{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.sabado }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDomingo{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.domingo }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtDomingoFestivo{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.domingoFestivo }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td style="text-align: right"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtFestivo{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.festivo }}" size="5" style="width:25px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td><input type="checkbox" name="ChkSeleccionarPlantilla[]" value="{{ arServicioDetallePlantilla.codigoServicioDetallePlantillaPk }}" /></td>
</tr>
{% endfor %}
</table>
<div class="btn-toolbar" style="float: right">
<div class="btn-group">
{{ form_widget(form.BtnPlantillaNuevo, { 'attr': {'class': 'btn btn-default btn-sm'} }) }}
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
{{ form_widget(form.BtnPlantillaActualizar, { 'attr': {'class': 'btn btn-default btn-sm'} }) }}
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
{{ form_widget(form.BtnPlantillaEliminar, { 'attr': {'class': 'btn btn-danger btn-sm'} }) }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<h3>Recursos</h3>
<table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
<tr>
<th>COD</th>
<th>IDENTIFICACION</th>
<th>RECURSO</th>
<th>TIPO</th>
<th style="background-color: #FA5858;">POSICION</th>
<th></th>
</tr>
{% for arServicioDetalleRecursos in arServicioDetalleRecursos %}
<tr>
<td>{{ arServicioDetalleRecursos.codigoServicioDetalleRecursoPk }}<input type="hidden" name="LblCodigo[]" value="{{ arServicioDetalleRecursos.codigoServicioDetalleRecursoPk }}"></td>
<td>{{ arServicioDetalleRecursos.recursoRel.numeroIdentificacion | default('') }}</td>
<td>{{ arServicioDetalleRecursos.recursoRel.nombreCorto | default('') }}</td>
<td>{{ arServicioDetalleRecursos.recursoRel.recursoTipoRel.nombre | default('') }}</td>
<td style="text-align: right; background-color: #FA5858;"><input class="input-grid" type="text" name="TxtPosicion{{ arServicioDetalleRecursos.codigoServicioDetalleRecursoPk }}" value="{{ arServicioDetalleRecursos.posicion }}" size="3" style="width:30px" onkeypress="return validarNumeros(event)" onclick="this.select()"/></td>
<td><input type="checkbox" name="ChkSeleccionar[]" value="{{ arServicioDetalleRecursos.codigoServicioDetalleRecursoPk }}" /></td>
</tr>
{% endfor %}
</table>
<div class="btn-toolbar" style="float: right">
<div class="btn-group">
<a class="btn btn-default btn-sm" href="javascript:abrirVentana3('{{ path('brs_tur_movimiento_servicio_detalle_recurso_nuevo', {'codigoServicioDetalle': arServicioDetalle.codigoServicioDetallePk }) }}', 'AgregarNuevoDetalle', 600, 1200)">Nuevo</a>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
{{ form_widget(form.BtnDetalleActualizar, { 'attr': {'class': 'btn btn-default btn-sm'} }) }}
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
{{ form_widget(form.BtnDetalleEliminar, { 'attr': {'class': 'btn btn-danger btn-sm'} }) }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
{{ form_rest(form) }}
{{ form_end(form) }}
<a class="btn btn-default btn-sm" href="{{ path('brs_tur_movimiento_servicio_detalle', { 'codigoServicio': arServicioDetalle.codigoServicioFk }) }}">Volver</a>
{% endblock %}
| 3,560 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4856890
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Banned substances
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 630 | 1,565 |
Banned substances
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Banned substances instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
Banned substances
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Banned substances ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Banned substances
page d'homonymie de Wikimédia
Banned substances nature de l’élément page d'homonymie de Wikimédia
Banned substances
pagina di disambiguazione di un progetto Wikimedia
Banned substances istanza di pagina di disambiguazione di un progetto Wikimedia
Banned substances
página de desambiguación de Wikimedia
Banned substances instancia de página de desambiguación de Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances is 'n Wikimedia dubbelsinnigheidsbladsy
Banned substances
pachina de desambigación
Banned substances instancia de pachina de desambigación de Wikimedia
Banned substances
páxina de dixebra de Wikimedia
Banned substances instancia de páxina de dixebra de Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances
Banned substances natur an elfenn pajenn disheñvelout eus Wikimedia
Banned substances
pàgina de desambiguació de Wikimedia
Banned substances instància de pàgina de desambiguació de Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances
rozcestník na projektech Wikimedia
Banned substances instance (čeho) rozcestník na projektech Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances enghraifft o'r canlynol tudalen wahaniaethu Wikimedia
Banned substances
Wikimedia-flertydigside
Banned substances tilfælde af flertydig
Banned substances
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Banned substances ist eine Instanz von Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Banned substances
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Banned substances ist eine Instanz von Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Banned substances
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Banned substances instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
Banned substances
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Banned substances instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
Banned substances
apartigilo
Banned substances estas Vikimedia apartigilo
Banned substances
Wikimedia täpsustuslehekülg
Banned substances üksikjuht nähtusest Wikimedia täpsustuslehekülg
Banned substances
Wikimediako argipen orri
Banned substances honako hau da Wikimediako argipen orri
Banned substances
täsmennyssivu
Banned substances esiintymä kohteesta Wikimedia-täsmennyssivu
Banned substances
Banned substances
Banned substances
Banned substances sampla de leathanach idirdhealaithe Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances
páxina de homónimos de Wikimedia
Banned substances instancia de páxina de homónimos de Wikimedia
Banned substances
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärigssite
Banned substances isch e Wikimedia-Begriffsklärigssite
Banned substances
razdvojbena stranica na Wikimediji
Banned substances jest razdvojba na Wikimediji
Banned substances
Banned substances instantia de pagina de disambiguation
Banned substances
Halaman disambiguasi
Banned substances adalah halaman disambiguasi Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances
aðgreiningarsíða á Wikipediu
Banned substances er Wikimedia aðgreiningarsíða
Banned substances
Banned substances
Banned substances
Wikimedia-Homonymiesäit
Banned substances ass eng/e(n) Wikimedia-Homonymiesäit
Banned substances
Wikimedia-verdudelikingspazjena
Banned substances
Banned substances
Banned substances
laman disambiguasi
Banned substances adolah laman disambiguasi
Banned substances
Laman nyahkekaburan
Banned substances contoh laman nyahkekaburan Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances
Wikimedia-pekerside
Banned substances forekomst av Wikimedia-pekerside
Banned substances
Sied för en mehrdüdig Begreep op Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances is een deurverwiesziede
Banned substances
Wikimedia-doorverwijspagina
Banned substances is een Wikimedia-doorverwijspagina
Banned substances
Wikimedia-fleirtydingsside
Banned substances førekomst av Wikimedia-fleirtydingsside
Banned substances
Banned substances
Banned substances natura de l'element pagina d'omonimia
Banned substances
Banned substances
strona ujednoznaczniająca w projekcie Wikimedia
Banned substances jest to strona ujednoznaczniająca w projekcie Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances
página de desambiguação de um projeto da Wikimedia
Banned substances instância de página de desambiguação da Wikimedia
Banned substances
página de desambiguação de um projeto da Wikimedia
Banned substances instância de página de desambiguação da Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances
pagină de dezambiguizare Wikimedia
Banned substances este un/o pagină de dezambiguizare Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances
Banned substances esimplari di pàggina di disambiguazzioni di Wikimedia
Banned substances
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Banned substances instance o Wikimedia disambiguation page
Banned substances
rozlišovacia stránka
Banned substances je rozlišovacia stránka
Banned substances
razločitvena stran Wikimedie
Banned substances primerek od razločitvena stran Wikimedie
Banned substances
Banned substances je višeznačna odrednica na Vikimediji
Banned substances
grensida
Banned substances instans av Wikimedia-förgreningssida
Banned substances
ukarasa wa maana wa Wikimedia
Banned substances ni mfano wa ukarasa wa maana wa Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances istansa de pajina de omonimìa de on projeto Wikimedia
Banned substances
trang định hướng Wikimedia
Banned substances là một trang định hướng Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances
Banned substances
Banned substances nateure di l’ elemint pådje d' omonimeye di Wikimedia
Banned substances
Banned substances
| 21,960 |
https://github.com/RunandPL/AndroidApp/blob/master/RunAnd/app/src/main/java/com/mp/runand/app/activities/TrackChooseActivity.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,014 |
AndroidApp
|
RunandPL
|
Java
|
Code
| 304 | 1,286 |
package com.mp.runand.app.activities;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.Toast;
import com.mp.runand.app.R;
import com.mp.runand.app.logic.adapters.TrackListAdapter;
import com.mp.runand.app.logic.database.DataBaseHelper;
import com.mp.runand.app.logic.entities.CurrentUser;
import com.mp.runand.app.logic.entities.Track;
import com.mp.runand.app.logic.network.TrackGetter;
import com.mp.runand.app.logic.training.TrainingConstants;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import butterknife.ButterKnife;
import butterknife.InjectView;
import butterknife.OnClick;
public class TrackChooseActivity extends Activity implements AdapterView.OnItemClickListener {
@InjectView(R.id.trackListView)
ListView listView;
@InjectView(R.id.trackChooseButton)
Button button;
@OnClick(R.id.trackChooseButton)
void chooseTrack(View view) {
boolean choosen = false;
int choosenNumber = -1;
for(int i = 0; i < tracks.size(); i++) {
//Two tracks cannot be choosen
if(choosen && tracks.get(i).isChoosen()) {
Toast.makeText(getBaseContext(), getText(R.string.one_track_can_be_choosen_warning), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
return;
}
if(tracks.get(i).isChoosen()) {
choosen = true;
choosenNumber = i;
}
}
if(choosenNumber == -1){
Toast.makeText(this,getText(R.string.no_track_selected_warning),Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
return;
}
Intent intent = new Intent(getBaseContext(), TrainingActivity.class);
intent.putExtra(TrainingConstants.IS_USER_LOGGED_IN, true);
intent.putExtra(TrainingConstants.IS_ROUTE_TRAINING, true);
intent.putParcelableArrayListExtra(TrainingConstants.ROUTE_TO_FOLLOW, tracks.get(choosenNumber).getRoute());
intent.putExtra("trackID", tracks.get(choosenNumber).getId());
startActivity(intent);
}
private DataBaseHelper dataBaseHelper;
private ArrayList<Track> tracks;
private CurrentUser currentUser;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_track_choose);
ButterKnife.inject(this);
dataBaseHelper = DataBaseHelper.getInstance(getBaseContext());
currentUser = dataBaseHelper.getCurrentUser();
new TrackGetter(this,currentUser).execute();
}
@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
// Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.track_choose, menu);
return true;
}
@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
// Handle action bar item clicks here. The action bar will
// automatically handle clicks on the Home/Up button, so long
// as you specify a parent activity in AndroidManifest.xml.
int id = item.getItemId();
if (id == R.id.action_settings) {
return true;
}
return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}
@Override
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> adapterView, View view, int i, long l) {
Intent intent = new Intent(getBaseContext(), MapLook.class);
intent.putExtra("POSITIONS", tracks.get((int) l).getRoute());
startActivity(intent);
}
public void showTracks(){
ArrayList<Track> tmp = dataBaseHelper.getAllTracks();
tracks = new ArrayList<Track>();
for(Track t : tmp){
boolean exist = false;
for(Track tt : tracks){
exist=t.getArea().getLongitude() == tt.getArea().getLongitude()
&& t.getArea().getLatitude() == tt.getArea().getLatitude()
&& t.getArea().getAltitude() == tt.getArea().getAltitude();
}
if(!exist){
tracks.add(t);
}
}
//show results
TrackListAdapter trackListAdapter = new TrackListAdapter(getBaseContext(), tracks);
listView.setAdapter(trackListAdapter);
listView.setOnItemClickListener(this);
}
}
| 6,083 |
https://github.com/TomaszPartyka0990/events-manager-app/blob/master/src/main/java/pl/sda/partyka/security_config/UserDetailsServiceImpl.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
events-manager-app
|
TomaszPartyka0990
|
Java
|
Code
| 58 | 235 |
package pl.sda.partyka.security_config;
import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetailsService;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UsernameNotFoundException;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import pl.sda.partyka.domain.User;
import pl.sda.partyka.service.UserService;
@Component
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class UserDetailsServiceImpl implements UserDetailsService {
private final UserService userService;
@Override
public UserDetails loadUserByUsername(String login)
throws UsernameNotFoundException {
User user = userService.getUserByLogin(login);
if (user == null){
throw new UsernameNotFoundException("User with provided login doesn't exists");
}
return new MyUserDetails(user);
}
}
| 18,688 |
hal-02468852-32597.txt_1
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,020 |
A new device to follow temporal variations of oxygen demand in deltaic sediments: the LSCE benthic station. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 2014, 12 (11), pp.729-741. ⟨10.4319/lom.2014.12.729⟩. ⟨hal-02468852⟩
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,791 | 11,751 |
A new device to follow temporal variations of oxygen
demand in deltaic sediments: the LSCE benthic station
Flora Toussaint, Christophe Rabouille, Cécile Cathalot, Bruno Bombled,
Abdel Abchiche, Oualid Aouji, Gilles Buchholtz, Aurélien Clémençon, Nicolas
Geyskens, Michel Repecaud, et al.
To cite this version:
Flora Toussaint, Christophe Rabouille, Cécile Cathalot, Bruno Bombled, Abdel Abchiche, et al.. A
new device to follow temporal variations of oxygen demand in deltaic sediments: the LSCE benthic station. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 2014, 12 (11), pp.729-741. �10.4319/lom.2014.12.729�.
�hal-02468852�
HAL Id: hal-02468852
https://hal.science/hal-02468852
Submitted on 2 Jul 2020
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.
LIMNOLOGY
and
OCEANOGRAPHY: METHODS
Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods 12, 2014, 729–741
© 2014, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.
A new device to follow temporal variations of oxygen demand in
deltaic sediments: the LSCE benthic station
Flora Toussaint1, Christophe Rabouille1*, Cécile Cathalot1, Bruno Bombled1, Abdel Abchiche2, Oualid Aouji2,
Gilles Buchholtz2, Aurélien Clemençon2, Nicolas Geyskens2, Michel Répécaud3, Ivane Pairaud4, Romaric Verney5 and
Nadine Tisnérat-Laborde1
1
Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de L’environnement UMR 8212, CEA-CNRS -UVSQ Av de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-surYvette, France
2
Division of the Institut National des Sciences de L’Univers (DT-INSU, CNRS, France), 1 place A. Briand, 92195 Meudon, France
3
Ifremer, LDCM, F-29280 Plouzané, France
4
Ifremer, LER PAC, F-83507, La Seyne sur Mer, France
5
Ifremer, DYNECO PHYSED, F-29280 Plouzané, France
Abstract
A new benthic station equipped with oxygen microelectrodes and environmental sensors was developed by
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de L’Environnement (LSCE) and Division Technique of the Institut
National des Sciences de L’Univers (DT-INSU) to perform in situ time series monitoring of sediment oxygen
demand, linked to the mineralization of organic matter. The time series typically cover periods of 2-3 months,
with a base frequency of 1 set of oxygen profiles per day. The profiling head assessed the lateral heterogeneity
of the sediment oxygen demand at the beginning of the time series over a 0.8-m long rectangle to discriminate
spatial and temporal variability. A continuous recalibration is performed using a moored oxygen optode
anchored to the benthic station together with a set of environmental sensors. These sensors (turbidity, temperature, salinity, and oxygen) can trigger a high-frequency profiling mode to investigate the fate of particulate
organic matter delivered during floods, resuspension, and deposition events. Deployments of the benthic station were performed in the Rhone River subaqueous delta (Mediterranean Sea). We show that “stable” periods
(when neither floods nor storms occur) were characterized by a stable oxygen demand. In the case of resuspension events, an increase of the sediment oxygen demand by a factor of 2-3 with a relaxation time of 1 day
was observed, indicating that the new benthic station can adequately capture the impact of resuspension events
on the oxygen demand in deltaic sediments.
Estuaries and deltas where riverine particulate matter accumulates are major interfaces between the continents and the
ocean and are thus particularly important in the global carbon
cycle (Cai 2011; Regnier et al. 2013). Bianchi and Allison
(2009) showed that the deposition of organic matter (OM) in
deltaic sediment is a critical component of carbon sequestration and exchange within the global ocean. The fate of riverine inputs of OM in coastal/deltaic sediments is poorly constrained: the contribution of mineralization versus burial
processes is one of the drivers that determine the balance
between CO2 sources and sinks in coastal seas (Borges 2005;
Cai 2011). Furthermore, several studies have shown that estuaries are characterized by high water-to-air CO2 fluxes (Hedges
et al. 1997; Cai 2011), but uncertainties concerning the intensity of these fluxes still remain. It is hence critical to better
constrain the fate of OM in these areas.
In estuaries, a large part of the high variability in OM
inputs is associated with river flow (Moreira-Turcq et al.
2013), and in particular, with particle delivery during flood
events. In the NW Mediterranean Sea, river floods can bring,
in only a few days, more than 80% of the total annual particulate inputs to the coastal ocean and deltaic areas
(Antonelli et al. 2008), which may change the balance
between mineralization and burial. In addition, as a consequence of global climate change, several models have predicted a shift in the frequency and intensity of high-magnitude storms (Leckebusch et al. 2006; Pinto et al. 2007;
MerMex Group 2011), which can change the intensity of sec-
*Corresponding author: E-mail: christophe.rabouille@lsce.ipsl.fr
Acknowledgments
Full text appears at the end of the article.
DOI 10.4319/lom.2014.12.729
729
Toussaint et al.
Time series of sediment oxygen demand
date and discuss the technique by showing results from a
deployment in the Rhône River subaqueous delta, and 3)
assess the spatial variability and temporal evolution of this
area of seafloor during and after resuspension events.
ondary transport by resuspension. Until now, estimations of
benthic O2 demand in deltaic sediment have been based on
discrete measurements of oxygen fluxes at the sedimentwater interface during cruises, rarely including flood conditions (Cathalot et al. 2010). Due to the complexity and temporal and spatial variability of these systems, it seems difficult
to interpolate between such discrete measurements, leading
to serious uncertainties about the current estimates of organic
matter recycling in deltaic sediments.
One approach for estimating the benthic mineralization of
OM is the use of diffusive oxygen uptake (DOU) rates at the
sediment-water interface using oxygen microprofiling (Jorgensen and Revsbech 1985). To follow the oxygen demand in
these highly variable deltaic depo-centers, we developed a
benthic station able to collect in situ time series of oxygen
microprofiles, which contains a 2D microprofiler similar in
design to the one developed by Glud et al. (2009). Other benthic platforms designed for time series oxygen flux measurements have relied on the use of benthic chambers on
ROVER type vehicles in the deep sea (Smith et al. 1997, Sherman and Smith 2009) or the use of eddy covariance (Berg et
al. 2003). Eddy covariance (EC) could represent a good counterpart measurement for long-term monitoring of sediment
oxygen uptake. Indeed, EC measurements are noninvasive,
rather large scale, and allow total flux measurements in environmental settings where microsensors cannot be applied:
cohesive (Berg et al. 2009) and sandy (Berg et al. 2013) sediments, hard bottom substrates (Glud et al. 2010), and coral
reefs (Long et al. 2013). However, current deployments of EC
found in the literature mostly involve daily timescales, except
one set of data that was recently collected at the Venus observatory over a 4-month period (Sanders et al. 2014). The EC
technique is indeed poorly adapted to study the dynamics of
benthic activity in high variability environments (Holtappels
et al. 2013; Attard et al. 2014) as current intensity and direction are critical parameters for this technique.
Our benthic station thus offers a suitable alternative to
study transient events affecting benthic mineralization rates
(e.g., flood, resuspension) and the associated relaxation
processes. This instrument is a combination of the 2D microprofiler and an array of environmental sensors (oxygen, temperature, pressure, turbidity, and salinity) connected to an
Aanderaa RCM9 logger, which enables the detection of environmental changes occurring during flood or storm events.
These changes can trigger a high-temporal-resolution mode
with an increased frequency of profiling in sediment, thus
allowing measurements over several months, including
extreme events in sensitive coastal areas. Furthermore, the
benthic station provides oxygen porewater profiles in addition
to diffusive oxygen uptakes, which can be helpful in understanding the biogeochemical dynamics in the sediment by the
use of diagenetic models.
The aims of this paper are to 1) present the general concept
of this new instrument and each of its components, 2) vali-
Materials and procedures
Frame, composition, and power of the benthic station
The benthic station is an autonomous tripodal frame made
of aluminum and stainless steel with dimensions of 1.96 m ×
1.90 m × 1.30 m. This frame was designed to minimize the
interference between the benthic station and the current near
the seabed to keep the erosion-deposition processes undisturbed. The legs were elongated, the frame was opened, and
most of the volume occupied by measurement gears was
placed at least 50 cm above the seafloor. The benthic station
can perform oxygen microprofiles in the sediment along an
88-cm long axis (Fig.!1; Fig.!2). The benthic station frame is
protected against corrosion by an aluminum anode. This station is constituted by a control unit developed by the Engineering Division of the Institut National des Sciences de L’Univers (DT-INSU, CNRS, France), a moving rack carrying 1
resistivity electrode, 7 in situ oxygen microsensors and their
amplifiers (Unisense) mounted on a wagon. The movements
of the oxygen electrodes are operated by 2 motors
(Unisense/Faulhaber) along 2 horizontal and vertical axes. The
vertical motor is able to move the electrodes over and in the
sediment with a precision of 12.5 μm. A horizontal motor can
move the wagon horizontally to assess spatial heterogeneity of
DOU and avoid the disturbance linked to previous profiles
and electrode penetration. Between each profiling, the wagon
moves laterally by 12 cm. When it reaches the end of the measurement space, it is shifted by 1 cm and moves in the other
direction by 12 cm. With this procedure, the station is able to
perform 85 sets of profiles without hitting the same position.
Two pressure-compensated batteries (Sea battery™ Power
Module, 24 V and 40 amp hour, manufactured by Deep Sea
Power & Light) operate the benthic station for a period of 3
months (maximum autonomy). Power consumption in the
benthic station was optimized by turning elements on only
when necessary.
Control unit
The control unit developed by the DT-INSU in relation with
LSCE contains the electronics and the computer program that
link all constituents of the benthic station (Fig.!3).
All measurements are logged in the memory of the benthic
station. The benthic station is also connected to the instrumented buoy “Mesurho” managed by IFREMER via a Subconn
micro 5-contact cable (MacArtney Inc.). The Mesurho buoy
also contains other instruments that track several environmental parameters (waves, weather conditions, current, turbidity, oxygen, pressure, fluorescence, temperature, and salinity). The frequency for data logging is 30 min, and the data
transmission by General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is currently fixed at once every 4 hours, allowing a reduced set of
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Time series of sediment oxygen demand
Fig. 1. Picture of benthic station and zoomed view of rack carrying oxygen and resistivity electrodes.
These microsensors have a tip outer diameter of 100 μm, a stirring sensitivity of < 1% and a 90% response time of 10 s, and
the current drift is less than 5% per hour. The step resolution
of oxygen measurements is 200 μm and the total distance is 4
cm. The total duration of profiling operation is around
1h30mn including sediment-water interface detection, oxygen
profiling and upward movement to the reference position. The
effective time for an individual profile is 5 mn (around 20 steps
from the oxic water to the anoxic zone) and the time for a
complete set of 7 profiles is around 30 mn because of different
electrode penetrations in the irregular sediment. To calibrate
the oxygen microsensor, we used a linear calibration between
the bottom water oxygen content measured by the oxygen
optode on the RCM9 (Aanderaa optode) at the beginning of
each profile and the anoxic zone of the sediment. Classically,
the location of the sediment-water interface was assigned as a
break in the oxygen concentration gradient. The observed
change of slope is due to the decreased diffusion coefficient in
the sediment compared with the diffusive boundary layer (Jorgensen and Revsbech 1985; Revsbech 1989).
To calculate the diffusive oxygen uptake, we used Fick’s first
law of diffusion
data from the benthic station to be sent to the Coriolis database at IFREMER Brest where it is stored and qualified.
Electrodes (Unisense) resistivity electrode
A resistivity electrode (Unisense), described by Andrews
and Bennett (1981), is used to detect the position of the sediment-water interface as previously used in Smith et al. (1997)
and Glud et al. (2009). The resistivity electrode is composed of
four thin parallel wires buried in a matrix of epoxy, with their
thin end in electrical contact with seawater. This electrode is
positioned 2 cm ahead of the oxygen microelectrodes. During
the initial descent, the actual measurement of the resistivity
electrode is compared with the electrode signal in seawater.
The sediment-water interface is reached when the difference
between the two signals (actual resistivity – seawater resistivity) is larger than a chosen threshold. The downward movement of the profiler is stopped, and the measurement of oxygen microprofiles begins.
Oxygen microelectrodes
When the benthic station is inactive, the seven electrodes
are at their highest position and the moving rack is in contact
with magnetic switches (Unisense). When not profiling, they
are shielded in a mesh cage, which protects them against small
physical shocks, which can be potentially damaging. The
microelectrodes are Clark microsensors containing a built-in
reference and an internal guard cathode (Revsbech 1989).
DOU = −ΦDs
731
dO2
dz z=0
Toussaint et al.
Time series of sediment oxygen demand
Fig. 2. Design of benthic station and zoomed view of profiling moving rack that carries 7 oxygen and 1 resistivity electrodes.
Aanderaa RCM9 sensors
The Aanderaa RCM9 LW is positioned at 1 m above the sediment on the benthic station frame. It is equipped with four
probes to monitor variations in environmental parameters:
turbidity, oxygen, salinity, and temperature. The frequency of
data acquisition is one set of readings every 20 min. The oxygen optode (ref. 3830) has a range from 0–500 μM and an
accuracy of <8 μM or 5%.
At the start of the deployment, the oxygen probe is calibrated against the bottom water oxygen content sampled near
the benthic station with divers and estimated by Winkler titration (Grasshoff et al. 1983). Turbidity sensor 3712 measures
scattered light with a range of 0 to 500 NTU and an accuracy
of 2%. Calibration of the turbidity sensor is performed using
the concentration of suspended matter in bottom water. To do
so, bottom water was sampled using a Niskin bottle and filtered with GF-F filters, and the turbidity content was deter-
where Φ is the porosity at the sediment-water interface, Ds is
the O2 diffusion coefficient and
dO2
is the oxygen gradient
dz z=0
just below the sediment-water interface (400 μm). Ds was estimated as Ds = D0O2/(1 + 3[1 – Φ]) (Iversen and Jorgensen 1993).
D0O2 is the molecular diffusion coefficient of O2 (cm2 s–1) at in
situ temperature and salinity (Broecker and Peng 1974).
The oxygen penetration depth was determined from the O2
profile and corresponds to the depth where the oxygen concentration was less than 1 μmol |–1.
After deployment, each profile is analyzed to determine its
validity, and electrode readings are discarded if they present
the following features: a deformed oxygen profile at the sediment-water interface (generally linked with bioturbation) or
an inability to locate the interface because the profile was
entirely measured in water or in the sediment.
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Toussaint et al.
Time series of sediment oxygen demand
Fig. 3. Functional diagram of benthic station. The blue rectangle corresponds to the control unit.
mined by weighing the dry suspended material retained on
the filters.
Functioning of benthic station
At the start of the deployment, an initial set of 56 oxygen
microprofiles is completed throughout the whole measurement area, i.e., along the entire horizontal axis at 8 different positions. These 56 profiles allow the estimation of the initial DOU spatial variability. In low turbidity conditions,
defined as a turbidity level below 30 NTU (see hereafter), the
benthic station performs one profiling per day. During flood
or storm events, when the turbidity level exceeds this specific
threshold, the station is triggered to high-frequency mode.
The threshold was determined after several months of studies
in this area and fixed to 30 NTU (Fig.!4). The high-frequency
mode consists in an increase of the profiling frequency after
the triggering signal has been recorded three times, i.e., 1 h:
profiles are performed immediately and with a chosen waiting
time after measurements equal to 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h, before
returning to the low-frequency mode (with 1 profile per day).
iments, and OM to the Gulf of Lions (Sempéré et al. 2000;
Pont et al. 2002; MerMex Group 2011). The flood threshold
is established at 3000 m3 s–1 (Pont et al. 2002), and the Rhône
River is characterized by rapid floods mostly occurring during
autumn and winter. The annual POC delivery is 19.2 ± 6 104
tC y–1 (Sempéré et al. 2000). Up to 80% of the particle inputs
occur during flood periods (Antonelli et al. 2008; Ollivier et
al. 2010). The Rhône River delta (Fig.!5) is a sedimentation
system, with net sediment accumulation rates close to 35 cm
y–1 on the upper prodelta (Charmasson et al. 1998). Previous
studies have shown that the prodelta is characterized by
strong spatial (Lansard et al. 2008, 2009) and temporal
(Cathalot et al. 2010) variations of OM input and that floods
have an effect on mineralization in prodelta sediment
(Cathalot et al. 2010).
Benthic station deployments
The benthic station was deployed in the Rhône prodelta
area and connected to the instrumented Mesurho buoy, which
is located 20 m deep (43°19.2 N, 4°52 E) at 3 km beyond the
river mouth (Fig. 5). The benthic station was positioned by
divers at a distance less than 10 m south from the “Mesurho”
buoy, to avoid trawling.
The benthic station was deployed twice in contrasting environmental conditions: low and stable daily flow conditions of
the river in Sep 2011 and more variable flow conditions during April 2012. For each deployment, results from the benthic
Assessment
Study site
The LSCE benthic station was deployed in the marine part
of the Rhone River delta (Lansard et al. 2009). With a catchment area of 97,800 km2 and a mean water discharge of 1 700
m3 s–1, the Rhône River is the main source of freshwater, sed733
Toussaint et al.
Time series of sediment oxygen demand
Fig. 4. Variation of turbidity between Access 1 and 2 (1 Apr 2012 to 24 Jun 2012) cruises determined with the turbidity RCM9 sensor, and definition
of turbidity threshold.
Fig. 5. Study area: the Rhone River delta. For display in figures, we fixed the spatial variability to 2σ of the measured value (i.e., ± 3.8 mmol O2 m–2 d–1,
Fig. 7c) to cover 90% of the variability.
of the spatial variability of the diffusive oxygen uptake for our
measurement area. Fig.!6 shows a map of the spatial variability of DOU in sediment performed on 22 Sep 2011 with a variation of oxygen fluxes between 6.3 and 15.2 mmol O2 m–2 d–1.
In total, 40 profiles were considered (Fig. 6). The average DOU
of the 40 profiles was 9.2 ± 1.9 mmol O2 m–2 d–1 (n = 40). Profiles were acquired during day and night during this initial
mapping and show no statistical difference.
station were compared to data obtained with a well-tested
instrument, a benthic microprofiler deployed simultaneously
(Cathalot et al. 2010). A description and the principle of the
benthic microprofiler can be found in Rabouille et al. (2003)
and Dedieu et al. (2007).
Spatial and temporal variability during stable period
The initial set of profiles performed along the horizontal
axis at the beginning of the time series allow the assessment
734
Toussaint et al.
Time series of sediment oxygen demand
Fig. 6. Initial set of profiles showing spatial variability of DOU in sediment at the beginning of the Sep 2011 cruise, 21 and 22 Sep, in a 12 cm by 88
cm measurement area (crosses correspond to missing or excluded profiles and other symbols correspond to valid profiles with different DOUs). The
“Surfer” software was used to compute the spatial interpolation of DOU using linear kriging.
of 1 cm is in agreement with the spacing chosen by Glud et al.
(2009) of 0.7 cm in the Sagami Bay.
The spatial distribution of in situ O2 profiles obtained in
September displays a rather limited range of variation with the
existence of “hot spots” separated by decimetric distances (Fig.
6). The small-scale variation is linked to the benthic fauna and
OM distribution in the sediment which is known to occur
with a characteristic distance of a few centimeters in coastal
shelf sediment (Rabouille et al. 2003; Glud et al. 2005, 2009).
In the Rhone subaqueous delta, we observed a larger scale of
heterogeneity (over decimeters), which could be related to the
local topography of the sediment and the deposition pattern
of organic particles in this deltaic environment. The centimeter-scale variability, if present, is not accessible with our horizontal resolution (minimum of 4 cm between electrodes).
Monitoring DOU during resuspension events and its relaxation
The benthic station was deployed between March and May
2012. The Rhône river daily flow increased steadily from 700
to 2400 m3.s–1, below the flood threshold (Fig.!8a) linked to
alpine snow melt. From 26 Mar to 10 Apr, environmental conditions remained constant with a small wave height and low
bottom water turbidity (<10 NTU). During this period, the
position of the sediment-water interface oscillated within ±
0.5 cm (1σ) with no visible trend (Fig. 8c). Three turbidity
events recorded on this graph are linked to higher waves (Fig.
8b and 8d) on 10 April 26 April and 20 May. During these
events, wave height reached 2.5 m (wave period of 7 s) and
turbidity 60 to 250 NTU. At the same time, the DOU increased
over 1 h to 25–35 mmol O2 m–2 d–1 for the different events
observed (Fig. 8e). These periods of large waves lasted from
one to 5 days, and after they ceased, turbidity and DOU
Fluxes obtained with the autonomous benthic lander
deployed at the same time nearby show DOU rates around 7.9
± 1.2 mmol O2 m–2 d–1 (n = 4), which are statistically equal to
rates from the benthic station (Mann-Whitney test, P value <
0.05). The DOU rates observed during this deployment correspond to the lower range for this area located at the river
mouth (2 km) in a deposition zone. Indeed, the Rhône River
prodelta sediment shows an annual DOU variability between
8 and 17 mmol O2 m–2 d–1 (Lansard et al. 2008; Cathalot et al.
2010).
Before starting to investigate the temporal evolution of the
oxygen in the sediment, we assessed the stability of the measuring system during a low river discharge period with calm
weather. During the Sep 2011 deployment, the mean Rhône
River flow was 800 m3 s–1, which is below the annual average
flow rate of 1700 m3 s–1 (Pont et al. 1997): the flow rate was
very stable and the turbidity level was low (Fig.!7a and 7b).
During the initial mapping, the diffusive oxygen uptake was
fairly constant (Fig. 6), except for the spot at position 72 cm,
which displayed substantially higher DOU. During the time
series, all DOU values fell within 2σ of the average O2 flux
with an average of 10.6 mmol O2 m–2 d–1 (±0.7 mmol O2 m–2
d–1; Fig. 7c), except one DOU value measured on 25 Sep 2011:
the value rose to 18.6 ± 4.7 mmol O2 m–2 d–1. This high value
was measured at position 70 cm coinciding with position 72
cm where the DOU was substantially higher during the initial
mapping: the DOU at these two positions showed no statistical differences (Mann-Whitney test, P = 0.006). This stability
of the DOU during the time series also shows that the disturbance induced by the holes created by electrode penetration
in the sediment is limited and does not affect the oxygen
microprofiles. In addition, the shift between electrode profiles
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Toussaint et al.
Time series of sediment oxygen demand
Fig. 7. a) Rhône River daily flow (m3 s–1), b) turbidity in red and oxygen concentration in bottom water in blue, and c) diffusive oxygen uptake (mmol
O2 m–2 d–1) during autumn deployment. Error bars correspond to the dispersion between electrodes in one set of profiles (n = 3–7), and green lines show
the spatial variability of 2σ based on the whole dataset (n = 40).
after the detection of the event and then, profiles were separated by approximately 3, 7, 13, and 23 h corresponding to
20h20, 23h10, 3h00, 8h50, and 18h40, as one set of profiles
requires 1h30 to be completed and the waiting time after profiles was increasing from 1h to 8h. OPD decreased rapidly after
the resuspension event and reached 0.5 to 1 mm (Fig. 9),
accompanied by the increase in DOU (Fig. 8). Finally, when
profiling returned to a low frequency mode at 07h00 on 12
April 2012, the OPD was around 2 mm, close to the value
recorded before the turbidity event.
During the initial set of profiles and the beginning of the
time series in March-April 2012, the DOU remained constant
with average values of 10.9 ± 2.6 mmol O2 m–2 d–1 along with
stable environmental parameters, which indicates stability in
the sediment. During the three turbidity peaks of the MarchMay deployment, the oxygen demand increased quickly by a
returned to their initial state. Two of these events, on 26 Apr
and 20 May, were accompanied by a measurable erosion of the
sediment-water interface (down to 2 cm), indicating a loss of
material from the sediment linked with resuspension.
Fig.!9 shows the evolution of sediment oxygen profiles during the first turbidity event on 10 April 2012. One set of profiles was performed at 7h00 (low frequency) on the 9 and 10
April and during the resuspension event (Fig. 8). The benthic
station switched to the high-frequency mode on the 10 April
at 20h20 with more frequent profiling to better monitor the
system response and its subsequent relaxation. The first two
profiles of Fig. 9, which were measured before the resuspension event, show a range of oxygen penetration depths (OPD)
between 1.4 and 2.2 mm, i.e., within the natural spatial variability of OPD in these sediments (1.9 ± 0.5 mm). During the
high frequency mode, a first set of profiles was performed 1 h
736
Toussaint et al.
Time series of sediment oxygen demand
Fig. 8. a) Rhône river daily flow (m3 s–1), b) wave height (m) at Espiguette (station located west of the Mesurho buoy; CANDHIS data), c) Sedimentwater interface position (mm) determined with the resistivity electrode, d) turbidity contents in bottom waters (NTU), e) diffusive oxygen uptake rates
in sediment (mmol O2 m–2 d–1).
737
Toussaint et al.
Time series of sediment oxygen demand
Fig. 9. Evolution of oxygen profiles after turbidity event with benthic station in low- and high-frequency profiling mode.
quency measurements during the resuspension event of 10
April, the benthic station was able to follow the relaxation of
DOU rates and oxygen profiles after the event. For such moderate events, a rapid relaxation of the system seems to prevail,
with a return to the initial benthic mineralization activity in
around 1 day (Fig. 9).
factor of 2-3, accompanied by a decrease of oxygen penetration (Fig. 8 and 9). These rapid variations are correlated to
resuspension events due to waves, as indicated by the sudden
increase in wave height and turbidity (Fig. 8). In addition, Fig.
8c shows a downward displacement of the water-sediment
interface when the wave height exceeds 2.5 m which indicates
erosion of the sediment. Such a removal of surface sediment
has also been shown at the nearby “La Balancelle” station
located at 21 m depth east of the Rhone River mouth (Dufois
et al. 2014) with erosion of up to 2 cm of sediment. Resuspension events linked to sediment erosion may have several
effects on benthic mineralization activity: (1) a mechanical
increase of DOU due to the re-diffusion of oxygen in uncovered sediment, (2) the re-oxidation of reduced elements that
were buried deep in the sediment before the erosion event and
are put in contact with oxygen (Pastor et al. 2011), or (3) the
mineralization of old reactive carbon (Cathalot et al., 2014)
that was previously buried and re-enters the oxic layer. Recent
investigations using a numerical model for Louisiana shelf
sediments (Harris et al. 2014) have shown that the re-oxidation of reduced compounds during sediment erosion events
may be the primary cause of DOU peaks. With the high fre-
Discussion
In this discussion, we evaluate the three main goals of this
paper as presented in the introduction: 1) present the new
instrument, 2) validate the technique in the Rhône River
delta, and 3) assess the temporal variation during a resuspension event. We have presented the general concepts and the
realization of a benthic station deployed in a deltaic system to
measure in situ time series of sediment oxygen profiles after
environmental events. The first objective can be achieved by
coupling a 2D profiler with environmental sensors which can
switch the station from a low profiling frequency during calm
periods (1 per day) to high profiling frequency during events
(resuspension or flood).
The second aim was reached by collecting a dataset with
the benthic station over 2 weeks in a calm period (Sep 2011)
738
Toussaint et al.
Time series of sediment oxygen demand
Zuberer, the divers, for their help during benthic station
deployment. This work was supported by the French National
Research Agency programme “Vulnérabilités: Milieux et Climat,” under grant nr ANR-06-VULN-001 of the CHACCRA
project, the French INSU-EC2CO program RiOMar.fr, the CEA,
the MISTRALS/MERMEX-Rivers action (Marine Ecosystems
Response in the Mediterranean EXperiment), and the international LOICZ project. We also thank the INSU Mi-Lourds programme and the Conseil Général 91 ASTRE programme for
their help in funding the development of the benthic station.
The station deployment is part of the Mesurho programme
associating IFREMER, IRSN, CNRS, CETMEF, and Phares et
Balises. FT was funded by a PhD grant from UVSQ. This is
LSCE contribution 4407.
and by comparing the results of this deployment to data from
an in situ microprofiler collected at the same station. All
results, i.e., the in situ profiler DOU, the initial mapping of
DOU by the benthic station, and the short time series show a
good agreement, which indicates the ability of the benthic station in providing reliable DOUs.
And last, we recorded three resuspension events, which
were surprisingly accompanied by large increases of DOU during the event (by a factor of 2-3). With the use of high frequency measurement, we were also able to record the relaxation of the system, which happened to be short, around 30
hours. We thus believe that the increase of DOU is related to
the chemical oxidation of reduced compounds during the loss
of 2-3 cm of sediment for each resuspension period. This sediment loss was also recorded by the benthic station.
References
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change. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(20):8085-8092
[doi:10.1073/pnas.0812878106].
Borges, A. V. 2005. Do we have enough pieces of the jigsaw to
integrate CO2 fluxes in the coastal ocean? Estuaries 28(1):3-
In the future, the benthic station will be used to monitor
the impact of floods, which bring up to 80% of the annual
sediment discharge for the Rhone River. This will help fill the
lack of data concerning the effect of floods on benthic mineralization. This future task will be performed using the same
design as the one shown in this paper.
The bentic station could be used in other environments,
which display large temporal variations. Two examples can be
given here: the dynamics of porewater oxygen in seasonally
hypoxic regions, such as the Northern Gulf of Mexico (Rabalais et al. 2014), or the Thau lagoon (Dedieu et al. 2007), and
the reduction of sediment oxic layers and related redox cycles
in sediments affected by large phytoplankton bloom deposition (Barats et al. 2010). The study of oxygen dynamics in seasonally hypoxic area would require to use the oxygen sensor
(Aanderaa optode) to trigger high-frequency measurement
during the decrease of oxygen in the water column (instead of
turbidity used in resuspension-flood studies). Other microelectrodes, such as sulfide, may be of interest for capturing the
oxygen-sulfide dynamics in the sediment and porewater. In
the case of diatom blooms, the record of oxygen profiles
would be of great interest to understand the redox cycling
within the sediment and the mobility of trace metals such as
Mo. This metal recorded in molluscs shells such as scallops has
been shown to correlate with phytoplankton blooms (Barats
et al. 2010). As molluscs shells have started to be largely used
for reconstructing high-resolution century-long records of
coastal ocean biogeochemistry, it is important to understand
the dynamics of trace metals and oxygen in the sediment. This
particular application would require a fluorimeter to record
the initiation of phytoplankton bloom settling to the sediment and trigger higher frequency measurements.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank the captains and crews of the R. V. Tethys
II for their help with sea work during the cruises. We would
like to thank C. Ravel, N. Caillon, G. Monvoisin, and F.
739
Toussaint et al.
Time series of sediment oxygen demand
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and M. Arnaud. 1998. Long-core profiles of Cs-137, Cs-134,
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Dufois, F., R. Verney, P. Le Hir, F. Dumas, and S. Charmasson.
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———, F. Wenzhofer, A. Tengberg, M. Middelboe, K. Oguri,
and H. Kitazato. 2005. Distribution of oxygen in surface
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Kitazato. 2009. In situ microscale variation in distribution
and consumption of O2: A case study from a deep ocean
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1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.020].
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Uhlman, R. C. Horn, and C. E. Reimers. 1997. An
autonomous, bottom transecting vehicle for making long
time-series measurements of sediment community oxygen
consumption to abyssal depths. Deep-Sea Res. 42:16011612.
———, J. P. Simonnet, and A. V. Walter. 2002. Medium-term
changes in suspended sediment delivery to the ocean: Consequences of catchment heterogeneity and river management (Rhone River, France). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 54:1-18
[doi:10.1006/ecss.2001.0829].
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Grenz. 2003. Oxygen demand in coastal marine sediments:
Comparing in situ microelectrodes and laboratory core
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S0022-0981(02)00519-1].
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6(8):597-607 [doi:10.1038/ngeo1830].
Revsbech, N. P. 1989. An oxygen microsensor with a guard
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1989.34.2.0474].
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Macoun. 2014. VENUS ocean observatory measurements of
Submitted 25 March 2014
Revised 24 September 2014
Accepted 13 October
741.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21731885
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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Matt R, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2011623
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Dojo custom build to several files
How I can build the dojotoolkit sources to several files? I want build all to dojo-all.js, dijit-all.js, dojox-all.js and a folder with css and images.
I found solutions only if you specify dependencies, but I don't known what modules I will use, and I want to include all.
Setup a layer for each file you want in your profile.js
If all you want is a single file build, then you may create a layer on top of dojo/dojo and include an initializer layout to your app. All remaining dependencies will be included automatically.
You layer config should be more or less like this:
layers: {
'dojo/dojo' : {
customBase: true,
boot: true,
include: ['my-app/init'] // a module that boots your app.
}
},
Checkout this small project that I created for a tutorial showing how to create a single file build (sorry, the README is in Portuguese =/).
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41407149
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Neues Schloss
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 81 | 221 |
Neues Schloss
Zweiflügelanlage, nach Norden zweigeschossiger Flachsatteldachbau mt Kniestock, Balkonen und Putzgliederungen, südlich viergeschossiger Anbau mit Satteldach, 1891
Neues Schloss BLfD-ID D-3-72-171-59
Neues Schloss liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Waldmünchen
Neues Schloss Staat Deutschland
Neues Schloss Schutzkategorie Baudenkmal in Bayern
Neues Schloss ist ein(e) Schloss
Neues Schloss Adresse
Neues Schloss steht in der Denkmalliste Liste der Baudenkmäler in Waldmünchen
Neues Schloss BDA-Baudenkmal-ID 45430
Neues Schloss geographische Koordinaten
Neues Schloss Commons-Kategorie Neues Schloss (Herzogau)
Neues Schloss Bild NeuesSchlossHerzogau 11.jpg
Neues Schloss Ort Herzogau
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2013/92013E006663/92013E006663_PT.txt_6
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Eurlex
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Open Government
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¿Cuál va a ser la estrategia que seguirá la Comisión para cumplir con las peticiones realizadas por el Parlamento Europeo a la vista de los resultados de la encuesta de la FRA?
¿Va a adoptar la Comisión un papel más activo con relación a la Directiva del Consejo sobre la aplicación del principio de igualdad de trato entre las personas independientemente de su religión o convicciones, discapacidad, edad u orientación sexual, bloqueada debido a las objeciones de ciertos Estados miembros?
Respuesta de la Sra. Reding en nombre de la Comisión
(15 de julio de 2013)
Los resultados recientes de la encuesta de la FRA sobre la discriminación que sufren las personas LGBT demuestran niveles preocupantes de discriminación, victimización y violencia. Esto sugiere que el tipo de acción necesaria ahora debe ser simple y centrarse en proporcionar protección jurídica y ayuda especial a las víctimas de discriminación y delitos de carácter homófobo y tránsfobo, lo que tendrá un efecto positivo directo en ese colectivo.
Una correcta ejecución y supervisión de la Directiva sobre las víctimas de delitos y la adopción de la propuesta de Directiva relativa a la aplicación del principio de igualdad de trato entre las personas, independientemente de su religión o convicciones, discapacidad, edad u orientación sexual, fuera del contexto laboral, tendría una incidencia real y aportaría beneficios genuinos a las personas LGBT.
La Comisión insiste en la necesidad de que esta Directiva complete el marco jurídico vigente. Es, ante todo, el papel de las instituciones legislativas y, en este caso, de la Presidencia del Consejo, superar el actual punto muerto político y alcanzar un consenso. La Comisión seguirá prestando un apoyo activo y colaborando con cada Presidencia para avanzar en el texto.
La Comisión reitera su compromiso de combatir la homofobia y de promover la igualdad de las personas LGBT en la Unión Europea.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006517/13
to the Commission
Francisco Sosa Wagner (NI)
(6 June 2013)
Subject: Homophobia and discrimination — study by the European Fundamental Rights Agency
The results of the survey launched by the European Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) in April 2012 were announced on 17 May 2013. The survey, in which 93 000 European Union residents took part, provides a more accurate picture of the situation for lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transsexuals (LGBT) in the Union and what type of strategy should be drawn up to combat homophobia and discrimination more effectively.
The results of this study show that, on average, 47% of LGBT people felt that they had been discriminated against or harassed, with the percentage rising to 61% in Lithuania, which is sadly placed at the top of the list of European countries in this regard. A quick glance at these figures is enough to prompt a reflection on equality as a fundamental right and principle in our democracy, but one which is severely weakened when millions of people in the Union feel that they have suffered discrimination because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. One of the areas explored in this large-scale survey is education, where the figures show that homophobic and transphobic harassment in educational settings is widespread. More than 90% of respondents said that they had witnessed jeers or negative comments against a schoolmate who was perceived to be LGBT.
The European Parliament has spoken out on issues of equality, sexual orientation and gender identity on several occasions, one prominent example being the resolution of 24 May 2012 on the fight against homophobia in Europe (102), given its close links to the findings of the FRA study. In paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 of its resolution, Parliament calls on the Commission to carefully examine the results of this survey, to provide full and comprehensive information on the incidence of homophobia and the solutions and actions proposed to overcome it, and to produce a comprehensive roadmap for equality without discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation or gender identity.
What strategy will the Commission follow to meet Parliament's requests in the light of the findings of the FRA survey?
Will the Commission play a more active role in relation to the Council directive on implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation, which is currently blocked owing to the objections of certain Member States?
Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission
(15 July 2013)
The recent results of the FRA survey on discrimination experienced by LGBT people have shown worrying levels of discrimination, victimisation and violence. This suggests that the type of action required now should be outright and focused in providing legal protection and special assistance to victims of homophobic and transphobic discrimination and crime, which will have a direct positive impact on the LGBT community.
Proper implementation and monitoring of the Victims Crime Directive and the adoption of the proposed Directive implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation outside the labour market would make a difference and bring real benefits to LGBT persons.
The Commission insists on the need for this directive to complete the existing legal framework. It is primarily the role of the legislative institutions, and in this case of the Council Presidency, to overcome the current political deadlock and to find a consensus. The Commission will continue actively supporting and working with each Presidency to make progress on the text.
The Commission reiterates its commitment to fight homophobia and promote equality for LGBT people in the European Union.
(Versión española)
Pregunta con solicitud de respuesta escrita E-006518/13
a la Comisión
Francisco Sosa Wagner (NI)
(6 de junio de 2013)
Asunto: Nuevas drogas sintéticas y la necesaria mejora del Sistema de Alerta Temprana en Europa
El Observatorio Europeo de las Drogas y las Toxicomanías (OEDT) presentó el pasado 28 de mayo el nuevo Informe Europeo sobre Drogas 2013: Tendencias y novedades, profundizando en cuestiones ya planteadas en el informe conjunto con Europol sobre los mercados de la droga en la EU, presentado a principios de año. Ambos informes destacan la rapidez de la evolución en el ámbito de las drogas de síntesis, lo que exige que Europa mejore su sistema de alerta temprana en relación con las nuevas sustancias presentes en el mercado.
El Sistema de Alerta Temprana fue creado por el OEDT y Europol en el año 1997, en colaboración con los Estados miembros de la UE; la Decisión 2005/387/JAI del Consejo de la UE precisó el marco en el que se debía realizar el intercambio de información, la evaluación del riesgo y el control de las nuevas sustancias psicotrópicas, si bien el tiempo ha demostrado que los resultados de su aplicación podrían optimizarse si se redujera, por ejemplo, la excesiva duración de los plazos entre la evaluación y la toma de decisiones o se pudiera abordar el estudio de varias sustancias al mismo tiempo.
El problema real es que las nuevas drogas sintéticas se multiplican y su composición siempre es diferente; el hecho de que una determinada sustancia psicotrópica entre a formar parte de una lista de sustancias fiscalizadas al culminarse la aplicación del Sistema de Alerta Temprana no significa acabar con el problema, basta con que se modifique un átomo de la molécula de la sustancia declarada ilegal para que nazca otra de efectos similares, pero oficinalmente distinta; el tiempo que se necesita para que esa sustancia se declare también ilegal puede superar el año, período durante el cual se comercializa, causando enormes daños a la salud pública y generando una absoluta inseguridad.
El Consejo Europeo adoptó en Diciembre de 2011 sus conclusiones en materia de nuevas sustancias psicoactivas, en las que invitaba a la Comisión Europea a elaborar y presentar en 2012 una propuesta legislativa que revisara y mejorara la Decisión 2005/387/JAI. Viendo que la propuesta no había sido presentada, el Consejo insistió el pasado 6 de febrero en la necesidad de hacerlo tan rápido como fuera posible, todo ello en el marco de las discusiones sobre la política antidroga de la Unión.
¿Podría indicar la Comisión si se ha procedido ya a la presentación de dicha propuesta legislativa? En caso afirmativo, ¿contribuye la nueva regulación a agilizar el procedimiento de evaluación y decisión de sustancias objeto del Sistema de Alerta Temprana en Europa? En caso negativo, ¿cuándo tiene previsto la Comisión presentar la necesaria propuesta?
Respuesta de la Sra. Reding en nombre de la Comisión
(14 de agosto de 2013)
Abordar la frecuente aparición y la rápida difusión en toda la UE de nuevas sustancias psicotrópicas constituye una prioridad de la Comisión.
El informe de evaluación (103) de la Comisión, publicado en julio de 2011, llegó a la conclusión de que el instrumento legislativo de la UE, la Decisión 2005/387/JAI del Consejo (104), relativa al intercambio de información, la evaluación del riesgo y el control de las nuevas sustancias psicotrópicas, era insuficiente para abordar este problema y de que precisaba una revisión. La Comunicación de la Comisión «Para una respuesta más firme frente a las drogas» (105), adoptada en octubre de 2011, señaló que la propagación de las nuevas sustancias psicotrópicas es uno de los retos principales para la política en materia de drogas, que exige una respuesta firme de la UE.
La Comisión está formulando actualmente nuevas propuestas legislativas sobre las nuevas sustancias psicotrópicas, al efecto de de reforzar la reacción de la UE mediante el refuerzo de la supervisión y la evaluación del riesgo de las sustancias y respuestas más rápidas, eficaces y proporcionadas para reducir la disponibilidad de sustancias peligrosas para la salud y la seguridad. La Comisión tiene previsto presentar las nuevas propuestas en breve.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006518/13
to the Commission
Francisco Sosa Wagner (NI)
(6 June 2013)
Subject: New synthetic drugs and the need to improve the Early Warning System in Europe
On 28 May, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) presented the new European Drug Report for 2013: Trends and developments. The report delves further into issues previously raised in the Centre’s joint report with Europol on EU drug markets, presented early this year. Both reports underscore the rapid changes in the area of synthetic drugs. The pace of these changes demands that Europe improve its early warning system for new substances on the market.
The Early Warning System was created by the EMCDDA and Europol in 1997, in collaboration with the EU Member States, and Council Decision 2005/387/JHA defined the framework for the information exchange, risk-assessment and control of new psychoactive substances. Experience has shown that the results of its implementation could be improved if, for example, the excessive length of time between assessment and decision-making were shortened, or if studies of several substances could be undertaken at the same time.
However, the true problem is that new synthetic drugs are multiplying, and their composition is always different; even if a specific psychoactive substance is added to a list of controlled substances as a result of the Early Warning System, this does not mean that the problem is solved. Changing a single atom of one molecule of the illegal substance is enough to create another substance with similar effects, but which officially is different. The time required in order for this new substance to be declared illegal as well can exceed one year. During this period, the substance is marketed, causing enormous damage to public health and giving rise to complete insecurity.
In December 2011, the Council adopted conclusions on new psychoactive substances, in which it invited the European Commission to draft and present, in 2012, a legislative proposal that would revise and improve Decision 2005/387/JAI. On 6 February of this year, during discussions of the EU anti-drug policy, the Council, seeing that the proposal had not been presented, reiterated the need to take this step as quickly as possible.
Could the Commission indicate whether it has presented the aforementioned legislative proposal? If so, does the new regulation help to expedite the assessment and decision-making process for substances subject to the Early Warning System in Europe? If not, when does the Commission plan to present the necessary proposal?
Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission
(14 August 2013)
Addressing the frequent emergence and rapid spread across the EU of new psychoactive substances is a priority for the Commission.
The Commission’s assessment report (106), published in July 2011, concluded that the EU instrument, Council Decision 2005/387/JHA (107) on the information exchange, risk-assessment and control of new psychoactive substances, is inadequate for addressing this challenge, and that it requires revision. The Commission Communication ‘Towards a stronger European response to drugs’ (108), adopted in October 2011, identified the spread of new psychoactive substances as one of the most challenging developments in drugs policy, requiring a firmer EU response.
The Commission is currently working on new legislative proposals on new psychoactive substances, aimed at strengthening the EU response, through enhanced monitoring and risk assessment of substances, and swifter, more effective and more proportionate answers to reduce the availability of substances posing health and security risks. It is planning to present the new proposals soon.
(Versión española)
Pregunta con solicitud de respuesta escrita E-006519/13
a la Comisión
Rosa Estaràs Ferragut (PPE)
(6 de junio de 2013)
Asunto: El rechazo injustificado de los ajustes razonables en el lugar de trabajo
La UE ha proclamado en diferentes disposiciones que la observancia del principio de igualdad de trato en relación con las personas con discapacidad implica la adopción de ajustes razonables. Esto significa que los empresarios tomarán las medidas adecuadas, en función de las necesidades de cada situación concreta, para permitir a las personas con discapacidad acceder al empleo, tomar parte en el mismo o progresar profesionalmente, o para que se les ofrezca formación, salvo que esas medidas supongan una carga excesiva para el empresario. La carga no se considerará excesiva cuando sea paliada en grado suficiente mediante medidas existentes en la política del Estado miembro sobre discapacidades.
Considerando que el rechazo de ajustes razonables es una forma de discriminación;
Considerando el artículo 15 de la Carta Europea de Derechos Fundamentales;
Considerando la Directiva 2000/78/CE del Consejo, de 27 de noviembre de 2000, relativa al establecimiento de un marco general para la igualdad de trato en el empleo y la ocupación;
Considerando el artículo 2 de la Convención de Naciones Unidas de los derechos de las personas con discapacidad;
Considerando que el artículo 27 de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de los derechos de las personas con discapacidad reconoce el derecho de las personas con discapacidad a trabajar, en igualdad de condiciones que las demás;
¿Cómo piensa la Comisión forzar a los Estados miembros a que adopten los necesarios ajustes razonables en el lugar de trabajo para fomentar el empleo entre las personas con discapacidad?
¿Que medidas adoptará la Comisión con arreglo a lo contemplado en el artículo 27, apartado 1, letra i), de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas?
Respuesta de la Sra. Reding en nombre de la Comisión
(30 de agosto de 2013)
La Comisión apoya los esfuerzos nacionales por mejorar la situación del empleo de las personas con discapacidad conforme a la Estrategia Europea sobre Discapacidad 2010-2020 (109) y la Estrategia Europa 2020. El Fondo Social Europeo presta apoyo financiero para la integración de las personas con discapacidad.
Como guardiana del Tratado, la Comisión ha examinado si todos los Estados miembros han incorporado correctamente a su ordenamiento jurídico el artículo 5 de la Directiva 2000/78/CE (110), por la que se establece la obligación de los empleadores de proporcionar «ajustes razonables» para las personas con discapacidad. Como resultado, se ha incoado un procedimiento de infracción contra Italia (111) en relación con la incorporación de esta disposición a su ordenamiento jurídico. El Tribunal de Justicia de la UE dictaminó en julio de 2013 que la República Italiana no había incorporado plena y correctamente el artículo 5 de la Directiva. En consecuencia, Italia tendrá que ajustar su legislación nacional a la Directiva.
Se está elaborando un informe de la Comisión sobre su aplicación para su publicación en 2013.
Las disposiciones relativas a los «ajustes razonables» contempladas en el artículo 27, apartado 1, letra i), de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad, en la que la UE es parte desde 2011, son sustancialmente idénticas a las del artículo 5 de la Directiva. La Directiva se incluyó en la declaración de competencias de la Unión Europea hecha al celebrarse la Convención (112). Por consiguiente, la UE está aplicando efectivamente esa disposición de la Convención en el marco de sus competencias al garantizar la aplicación del artículo 5 de la Directiva. Asimismo, el Tribunal de Justicia de la UE interpreta en la sentencia citada el concepto de ajustes razonables con arreglo a la definición que figura en el artículo 2 de la Convención.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006519/13
to the Commission
Rosa Estaràs Ferragut (PPE)
(6 June 2013)
Subject: The unjustified refusal to make reasonable accommodations in the workplace
On multiple occasions, the EU has stated that observance of the principle of equal treatment in relation to people with disabilities includes making reasonable accommodations. This means that employers must take appropriate measures in each particular case to enable people with disabilities to have access to, participate in, or advance in employment, or to undergo training, unless such measures would impose a disproportionate burden on the employer. This burden is not considered disproportionate when it is sufficiently remedied by measures existing within the framework of the disability policy of the Member State concerned.
Considering that the refusal to make reasonable accommodations is a form of discrimination;
Considering Article 15 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union;
Considering Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation;
Considering Article 2 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities;
Considering that Article 27 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities recognises the right of persons with disabilities to work, on an equal basis with others;
How does the Commission plan to force Member States to make the necessary reasonable accommodations in the workplace in order to promote employment among people with disabilities?
What measures will the Commission adopt in accordance with the provisions of Article 27(1)(i) of the United Nations Convention?
Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission
(30 August 2013)
The Commission supports national efforts to improve the employment situation of people with disabilities under the European Disability Strategy 2010-2020 (113) and the Europe 2020 strategy. The European Social Fund provides financial support for the integration of people with disabilities.
As guardian of the Treaty, the Commission has examined whether all Member States transposed correctly Art. 5 of Directive 2000/78/EC (114), establishing the obligation of employers to provide Reasonable Accommodation to persons with disabilities. As a result infringement procedures were opened, including against Italy (115), concerning transposition of this provision. The Court of the EU ruled in July 2013 that the Italian Republic had failed to implement, fully and correctly, Art. 5 of the directive. Accordingly, Italy will have to conform the national legislation to the directive.
A Commission report on its implementation is under preparation for publication in 2013.
The provisions related to Reasonable Accommodation contained in Art. 27(1)(i) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, to which the EU is a party since 2011, are substantially identical to Art. 5 of the directive. The directive was included in the declaration of EU competences made on the conclusion of the Convention (116). Therefore, the EU is effectively implementing that provision of the Convention within the remit of its competences by ensuring the implementation of Art. 5 of the directive. Likewise, in the abovementioned judgment, the EU Court interpreted the concept of Reasonable Accommodation according to the definition given in Article 2 of the Convention.
(Versión española)
Pregunta con solicitud de respuesta escrita E-006520/13
a la Comisión
Rosa Estaràs Ferragut (PPE)
(6 de junio de 2013)
Asunto: Plataforma «TIC y turismo»
En la Comunicación de la Comisión Europea al Parlamento Europeo titulada «Europa, primer destino turístico del mundo: un nuevo marco político para el turismo europeo», en la tercera de las acciones previstas se preveía la creación de una plataforma denominada «TIC y turismo» cuya finalidad era la adaptación del sector turístico y sus empresas a la evolución del mercado de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y aumentar su competividad.
¿Cuándo tiene previsto la Comisión poner en marcha la plataforma «TIC y turismo»?
¿Qué servicios en particular estarán disponibles a través de esta plataforma?
Respuesta del Sr. Tajani en nombre de la Comisión
(31 de julio de 2013)
La acción 3 de la Comunicación de la Comisión de 2010 sobre el turismo se realiza principalmente a través de dos iniciativas, estrechamente vinculadas entre sí:
—
Un proyecto de demostración (Tourismlink) para promover un uso inteligente de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) y la integración de las PYME de la UE en las cadenas de valor de la industria a escala mundial. «Fomento de la innovación en las TIC para las PYME del sector turístico» comprende el período que va desde enero de 2012 hasta junio de 2014. Los objetivos son: impulsar la competitividad a través de la utilización de las TIC; interconectar las PYME del sector turístico en los países de destino con las agencias de viajes, los operadores turísticos y los distribuidores de los mercados de origen mediante el desarrollo de soluciones sencillas, baratas, fáciles de utilizar e interoperables; facilitar la entrada en el mercado de nuevos agentes dinámicos; ayudar a las PYME a convertirse en socios comerciales internacionales plenamente integrados, y aumentar la capacidad de innovación de las grandes empresas a través de la cooperación con las PYME (117).
—
Un portal de apoyo a las empresas turísticas (Tourismit), que está desarrollando un contratista. Proporcionará herramientas, tutoriales, formación y recursos de información de interés para el uso de las empresas de turismo. El objetivo del portal es aprovechar las TIC como motor para apoyar a las empresas (principalmente PYME) a crear, gestionar y promover su actividad turística. El portal estará listo a principios de 2014 (118).
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006520/13
to the Commission
Rosa Estaràs Ferragut (PPE)
(6 June 2013)
Subject: ‘ICT and tourism’ platform
In the communication from the Commission to the European Parliament entitled ‘Europe, the world’s No 1 tourist destination — a new political framework for tourism in Europe’, the third planned action is to launch an ‘ICT and tourism’ platform to facilitate the adaptation of the tourism sector and its businesses to market developments in new information technologies and improve their competitiveness.
When does the Commission expect to launch the ‘ITC and tourism’ platform?
What services, specifically, will be available through this platform?
Answer given by Mr Tajani on behalf of the Commission
(31 July 2013)
Action 3 of the Commission’s 2010 Communication on tourism, is implemented mainly through two initiatives, closely linked together:
—
a demonstration project (TOURISMlink) to promote the smart use of ICT and the integration of EU SMEs in global industrial value chains. ‘Stimulating ICT innovation for SMEs in the tourism sector’ is running from January 2012 till June 2014. The aims are to boost competitiveness through the use of ICT — interconnect Tourism SMEs in destination countries with Travel Agencies, Tour Operators and distributors in source markets through the development of simple, low-cost, easy to use and interoperable solutions — facilitate entry into the market of new dynamic players — help SMEs become fully integrated international business partners and increase innovation capacity of big companies through cooperation with SMEs (119);
—
a Tourism business support portal (TOURISMIT), which is being developed by a contractor. It will provide tools, tutorials, training and information packages of use and interest to tourism companies. The objective of the portal is to use ICT as an enabler to assist businesses (mainly SMEs) to set-up, manage and promote their tourism business. The portal will be delivered in early 2014 (120).
(Versión española)
Pregunta con solicitud de respuesta escrita E-006521/13
a la Comisión
Rosa Estaràs Ferragut (PPE)
(6 de junio de 2013)
Asunto: Proyecto piloto de una red común de instituciones relacionadas con el turismo
En la Comunicación de la Comisión Europea al Parlamento Europeo titulada «Europa, primer destino turístico del mundo: un nuevo marco político para el turismo europeo», la novena de sus acciones previstas anunciaba el desarrollo de un proyecto piloto destinado a poner en red a los institutos de investigación, las universidades, los observatorios públicos y privados, las autoridades regionales y nacionales y las oficinas de turismo nacionales.
¿Cuándo cree la Comisión que se llevará a cabo el proyecto piloto?
¿Cuál será la duración del mismo?
¿Qué Estados miembros participarán en el proyecto piloto?
Respuesta del Sr. Tajani en nombre de la Comisión
(31 de julio de 2013)
La Comisión ha cofinanciado tres proyectos en el marco de una convocatoria de propuestas titulada «Redes de conocimientos»: Service Design in Tourism (Diseño de servicios turísticos) (1), Knownet (2) y Fast‐Lain (3). Estos tres proyectos ya han finalizado. Sus socios principales eran, respectivamente: Management Center Innsbruck, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers y Ecotrans e.V. Los beneficiarios que participaron en estas actividades procedían de los países siguientes:
Alemania, Austria (socio principal), Finlandia, Francia, Noruega, Países Bajos y Suecia;
Austria, Bélgica, Eslovenia, Francia (socio principal), Hungría, Italia, Rumanía y Turquía;
Alemania (socio principal), Croacia, España, Francia, Noruega, Portugal y Suecia.
Los resultados de estos proyectos son propiedad de los beneficiarios. Puede consultarse más información sobre dichos resultados en los sitios web siguientes:
http://www.servicedesigntourism.com/conference/?site=registration
http://www.i-f-t.fr/content/knownet
http://destinet.eu/who-who/civil-society-ngos/fastlain/
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006521/13
to the Commission
Rosa Estaràs Ferragut (PPE)
(6 June 2013)
Subject: Pilot project to network institutions related to tourism
In the communication from the Commission to the European Parliament entitled ‘Europe, the world’s No 1 tourist destination — a new political framework for tourism in Europe’, the ninth planned action was to develop a pilot project aimed at networking research institutes, universities, public and private monitoring units, regional and national authorities and national tourism offices.
When does the Commission believe the pilot project will take place?
How long will it last?
Which Member States will be involved in the pilot project?
Answer given by Mr Tajani on behalf of the Commission
(31 July 2013)
The Commission has co-financed three projects under a call for proposals entitled ‘Knowledge Networks’: Service Design in Tourism (1), Knownet (2) and Fast Lain (3). These three projects have now been completed. Their lead partners were respectively: Management Center Innsbruck, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers and Ecotrans e.V. The beneficiaries involved in these ativities came from the following countries:
Austria (lead partner), Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden,
Austria, Belgium, France (lead partner), Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovenia, Turkey.
Croatia, Germany (lead partner), France, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden
The results of these projects are the property of the beneficiaries. More information about the outcomes can be found at:
http://www.servicedesigntourism.com/conference/?site=registration
http://www.i-f-t.fr/content/knownet
http://destinet.eu/who-who/civil-society-ngos/fastlain/
(Versión española)
Pregunta con solicitud de respuesta escrita E-006522/13
a la Comisión
Rosa Estaràs Ferragut (PPE)
(6 de junio de 2013)
Asunto: Tarjeta de movilidad europea
Una de cada seis personas en la EU es discapacitada. Estas personas deben tener las mismas oportunidades que el resto de los ciudadanos, y concretamente el derecho a elegir libremente dónde vivir, trabajar e incluso viajar.
Considerando que el artículo 26 de la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales de la UE establece el «derecho de las personas discapacitadas a beneficiarse de medidas que garanticen su autonomía, su integración social y profesional y su participación en la vida de la comunidad»;
Considerando la Resolución del Parlamento Europeo, de 25 de octubre de 2011, sobre la movilidad y la inclusión de las personas con discapacidad y la Estrategia Europea sobre Discapacidad 2010-2020;
Considerando que cuando una persona con discapacidad cruza su frontera nacional no puede hacer uso de su tarjeta de discapacidad, lo que implica no poder utilizar los servicios puestos a disposición de las personas con discapacidad de ese país;
Considerando que la Tarjeta de movilidad europea sería un instrumento útil para favorecer los desplazamientos de las personas con discapacidad entre Estados miembros;
Considerando que el reconocimiento de una discapacidad puede abrir la puerta a una serie de concesiones, como por ejemplo un mejor acceso a los transportes, o actividades culturales y eventos;
¿Qué medidas piensa adoptar la Comisión para la creación de una tarjeta europea de movilidad, que reconozca los mismos privilegios en cada Estado miembro a las personas con discapacidad?
Respuesta de la Sra. Reding en nombre de la Comisión
(8 de julio de 2013)
La Comisión remite a Su Señoría a su respuesta a la pregunta escrita E-003455/2013 (121).
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006522/13
to the Commission
Rosa Estaràs Ferragut (PPE)
(6 June 2013)
Subject: European mobility card
One in every six people in the EU is disabled. These people should have the same opportunities as other citizens‐—specifically, the right to choose freely where to live, work and even travel.
Article 26 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union establishes the ‘right of persons with disabilities to benefit from measures designed to ensure their independence, social and occupational integration and participation in the life of the community’.
The European Parliament adopted a Resolution on 25 October 2011 on mobility and inclusion of people with disabilities and the European Disability Strategy 2010-2020.
When people with disabilities cross national borders, they cannot use their disability card, which means that they cannot avail themselves of the services for people with disabilities in that country.
The European mobility card would be a useful way to encourage travel by people with disabilities among Member States.
Recognition of a disability can open the door to a series of measures, such as better access to transportation or cultural activities and events.
What measures does the Commission plan to adopt in order to create a European mobility card, which would ensure that people with disabilities are afforded the same privileges in all Member States?
Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission
(8 July 2013)
The Commission would refer the Honourable Member to its answer to written question E-003455/2013 (122).
(Nederlandse versie)
Vraag met verzoek om schriftelijk antwoord E-006524/13
aan de Commissie
Auke Zijlstra (NI)
(6 juni 2013)
Betreft: Wanbeleid van de Trojka met betrekking tot de redding van Griekenland
Het Internationaal Monetair Fonds (IMF) heeft zijn evaluatie achteraf van uitzonderlijke steun in het kader van de stand-by-overeenkomst van 2010 betreffende Griekenland gepubliceerd (123). In dit verslag geeft het IMF toe dat het twijfels had over de draagbaarheid van de schuldenlast en suggereert het daarmee dat Griekenland op zijn minst niet voldeed aan het criterium volgens hetwelke lenen uitsluitend mogelijk is „als er een grote waarschijnlijkheid bestaat dat de overheidsschuld op middellange termijn draagbaar blijft”. Het IMF stelt dat er vanaf of kort na het begin van het programma een definitieve oplossing had moeten worden gevonden voor het probleem van de overheidsschuld en dat de Griekse obligaties lang vóór oktober 2011 waarderingscorrecties hadden moeten ondergaan. Volgens het IMF waren de macro-economische veronderstellingen voor het volledige programma bovendien te optimistisch, vooral met betrekking tot de economische groei, de belastinginkomsten en het vermogen van Griekenland om hervormingen door te voeren (124). Het IMF zegt in dit verband dat „de mate van participatie aan het programma en de capaciteit om structurele hervormingen door te voeren, overschat werden”. Daarnaast meldt het dat er onduidelijkheid heerste over de toekenning van verantwoordelijkheden binnen de Trojka.
De wettigheid van dit programma is met andere woorden hoogst twijfelachtig. Aangezien Griekenland onjuiste gegevens verstrekte over zijn overheidsfinanciën en het IMF te optimistisch was in zijn voorspellingen en zijn eigen procedurevoorschriften negeerde, had het IMF niet aan de redding van Griekenland mogen deelnemen. Zonder de deelname van het IMF zou de reddingsoperatie duidelijk onwettig geweest zijn: uit hoofde van artikel 125 van het VWEU hadden de instellingen en lidstaten van de EU Griekenland namelijk geen geld mogen lenen.
1.
Wat denkt de Commissie van de conclusies van het IMF in zijn evaluatie achteraf?
2.
Is de Commissie van mening dat haar eigen vooruitzichten voor Griekenland en andere landen die financiële steun ontvangen, te optimistisch zijn? Kan de Commissie in dit verband uitleggen waarom Griekenland volgens haar gegevens volgend jaar opnieuw economische groei zal kennen en er bijgevolg een eind zal komen aan de reddingsoperatie van het land, hoewel de OESO voorspelt dat Griekenland voor het zevende opeenvolgende jaar een recessie zal doormaken
2.
Is de Commissie van mening dat haar eigen vooruitzichten voor Griekenland en andere landen die financiële steun ontvangen, te optimistisch zijn? Kan de Commissie in dit verband uitleggen waarom Griekenland volgens haar gegevens volgend jaar opnieuw economische groei zal kennen en er bijgevolg een eind zal komen aan de reddingsoperatie van het land, hoewel de OESO voorspelt dat Griekenland voor het zevende opeenvolgende jaar een recessie zal doormaken
(125)
3.
Beseft de Commissie dat, als de deelname van het IMF aan de reddingsoperatie conform diens eigen procedurevoorschriften onwettig blijkt te zijn, het hele programma onwettig wordt?
Antwoord van de heer Rehn namens de Commissie
(19 juli 2013)
De Commissie heeft reeds haar mening gegeven over het door het geachte Parlementslid aangehaalde verslag van het IMF.
In het document worden enkele opvallende successen aangewezen die tijdens het programma zijn geboekt, in het bijzonder de sterke fiscale consolidatie, de hervorming van het pensioenstelsel en de inperking van spillover-effecten. Er wordt eveneens op gewezen dat het uittreden van Griekenland uit de eurozone is voorkomen. De Commissie heeft reeds kenbaar gemaakt met welke bevindingen in het rapport zij het niet eens is. Zo is zij het niet eens met de conclusie dat het wenselijk was geweest de schuld al in 2010 te herstructureren. De Commissie is van mening dat de herstructurering van de schulden in de privésector tot een besmetting van het systeem had kunnen leiden en het programma dus ernstig zou hebben ondermijnd. De Commissie, die een drijvende kracht achter de grote nadruk van het programma op structurele hervormingen is geweest, is het eveneens oneens met het standpunt dat er niet voldoende inspanningen zijn geleverd om dergelijke hervormingen door te voeren.
De Commissie verwijst het geachte Parlementslid naar haar economische voorjaarsprognoses van 2013 (126) voor meer informatie. De Commissie, de ECB en het IMF hanteren dezelfde groeiprognose.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006524/13
to the Commission
Auke Zijlstra (NI)
(6 June 2013)
Subject: Mismanagement by the Troika of the Greek bailout
The International Monetary Fund has published its Ex Post Evaluation of Exceptional Access under the 2010 Stand-By Arrangement on Greece (127). In this report, the IMF admits it had misgivings about debt sustainability, thus suggesting Greece did not meet at least the criterion of only lending where there was ‘a high probability of public debt being sustainable in the medium term’. The IMF states that the public debt problem should have been tackled decisively at the outset or early in the programme, and haircuts on Greek bonds should have occurred much earlier than October 2011. It also states that macroeconomic assumptions were too optimistic throughout the programme, especially with regard to economic growth, fiscal revenues and Greece’s ability to implement reforms (128). In this respect, the IMF affirms that ‘the depth of ownership of the program and the capacity to implement structural reforms were overestimated’. Moreover, it reports that ‘there was no such clarity in the assignment of responsibilities across the Troika’.
The legality of the programme is therefore all the more questionable. Since Greece falsified its data on public finances, and the IMF was over-optimistic in its forecasts and disregarded its own procedural rules, the IMF should not have participated in the Greek bailout. Without its participation, the bailout would have been overtly illegal, since the EU institutions and Member States could not have lent any money to Greece, pursuant to the ‘no bailout clause’ enshrined in Article 125 TFEU.
In the light of this:
Can the Commission express its stance on the conclusions reached by the IMF in its ex post evaluation?
Does the Commission think that its own forecasts for Greece and other countries benefiting from financial assistance are too optimistic? In this respect, can the Commission explain why its data see Greece returning to growth and exiting its bailout next year, while the OECD forecasts that Greece will remain in a seventh year of recession (129)?
Is the Commission aware that, if IMF participation in the bailout is proven illegal according to the IMF’s own procedural rules, the programme will be unlawful altogether?
Answer given by Mr Rehn on behalf of the Commission
(19 July 2013)
The Commission has already expressed its views on the IMF report referred to by the Honourable Member.
The document identifies notable successes during the programme, in particular the strong fiscal consolidation, the reform of the pension system and the containment of spillovers. It also highlights the fact that avoiding Greece's exit from the euro area was achieved. The Commission has already highlighted the findings of the report with which it disagrees. One of them is the conclusion that an upfront debt restructuring in 2010 would have been desirable. The Commission is of the opinion that private sector debt restructuring would have certainly risked systemic contagion and would also have severely undermined the programme. The Commission, which has been a major driving force behind the strong focus of the programme on structural reforms, also disagrees with the view that not enough was done to identify such reforms.
For detailed information on its most recent economic forecasts, the Commission would refer the Honourable Member to its Spring 2013 European Economic Forecast (130).The Commission, the ECB and the IMF share the same growth forecast.
(българска версия)
Въпрос с искане за писмен отговор E-006525/13
до Комисията
Sophia in 't Veld (ALDE), Antonyia Parvanova (ALDE), Jean Lambert (Verts/ALE), Sirpa Pietikäinen (PPE) и Véronique Mathieu Houillon (PPE)
(6 юни 2013 г.)
Относно: Инструмент за сътрудничество за развитие I
Съгласно МФР за 2007—2013 г. финансирането за развитие за сексуално и репродуктивно здраве и права беше предоставяно чрез тематични инструменти на Инструмента за сътрудничество за развитие, преди всичко чрез „Инвестиране в хората“ и „Недържавни участници и местни органи“. Тези възможности за финансиране бяха предоставяни чрез открити покани за отправяне на предложения, което позволяваше на организации на гражданското общество да участват в ускоряването на достъпа до сексуално и репродуктивно здраве и права в страните с ниски и средни доходи.
В предложението на Комисията от юли 2011 г. за Инструмента за сътрудничество за развитие броят на тематичните инструменти е ограничен до два; относими в най-голяма степен към сексуалното и репродуктивно здраве и права са инструментите „Глобални обществени блага и предизвикателства“ и „Организации на гражданското общество и местни органи“. Те обхващат широк спектър от теми и, за разлика от програмата „Инвестиране в хората“, сексуалното и репродуктивното здраве и права не са изрично посочени. Преговорната позиция на Парламента относно Инструмента за сътрудничество за развитие поправя това като утвърждава отново важността на подкрепата на ЕС за пълното прилагане на стратегиите и инициативите за насърчаване на сексуалното и репродуктивното здраве и права. Значението, което Парламентът отдава на сексуалното и репродуктивното здраве и права, отразява съществуващите позиции на ЕС, тъй като сексуалното и репродуктивното здраве и права вече имат важно място в европейската политика, например в заключенията на Съвета относно ролята на ЕС в световното здравеопазване и Европейския консенсус за развитие (2005 г.).
Като има предвид всички посочени факти, Комисията би ли изяснила:
Ще има ли конкретен бюджетен ред в рамките на Инструмента за сътрудничество за развитие за подкрепа на Международната конференция за населението и развитието и за Пекинската платформа за действие и за документите от конференцията за преглед, така че да се гарантира отговорност по отношение на ангажиментите на ЕС?
Каква ще е частта от тематичните инструменти на Инструмента за сътрудничество за развитие (както за „Глобални обществени блага и предизвикателства“, така и за „Организации на гражданското общество и местни органи“), която ще бъде отпусната за сексуално и репродуктивно здраве и права?
Как Комисията ще осигури бъдещото финансиране за организации на гражданското общество, които работят в областта на сексуалното и репродуктивното здраве и права, чрез тематични покани за организациите на гражданското общество?
Отговор, даден от г-н Пиебалгс от името на Комисията
(23 юли 2013 г.)
Комисията възнамерява да продължи работата си в областта на сексуалното и репродуктивното здраве и права (СРЗП) посредством редица инструменти и финансови механизми като крайната цел е да бъдат отстоявани и насърчавани основните човешки права на населението в партньорските държави с оглед на социалния прогрес, включително правото на здравеопазване и образование, равенството между половете и недискриминацията.
С оглед на опростяването на процедурите в бюджетното предложение на Комисията се препоръчва да се консолидират бюджетните номенклатури за Инструмента за сътрудничество за развитие (ИСР), който вече ще включва само два бюджетни реда за всяка от следните три тематични програми: два за организациите на гражданското общество (ОГО) и местните органи, два за глобалните обществени блага и предизвикателства и два за Панафриканската програма. Няма да има специален бюджетен ред, предназначен за изпълнението на програмата за действия на Международната конференция за населението и развитието, нито за Пекинската платформа.
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■.'^ (.ni. 7 x^ ALL BIGHTS KESEKVED, INCLUDINO THAT Of TRANSLATKXH INTO VOKEIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDINO THE SCANDINAVIAN COFmOHT, 1008, BY DOUBLEDAY, PAGE «fc COMPANY PUBLISHED OCTOBEE, Z908 TO THOSE WHO WOULD COIIPBL, RATHEB THAN BB COMPELLED, BY CIRCUMSTANCE ; WHO WOULD DRIVE, RATHEB THAN BE DRIVEN, BY THEIR FEELINGS ; WHO WOULD BE MASTERS OF THEMSELVES AND SO OF FATE PREFACE It is not by accident that this volume is addressed mainly to a consideration of the feelings. Our hopes, fears, ambitions, loves, and likes are the controlling factors of our lives. The purely mental, logical, or reasoning function is chiefly the servant of our desires and fears. The success that I am really talking about is primarily internal. It may, and I believe usually does, secure external success, but the real thing is inside. It consists of real self-control, the ability to see and live in what is true. It results in health, sanity, wholesomeness, friendli- ness, usefulness, happiness. These chapters have nearly all of them had their beginning as informal talks given on various occasions. Subsequently they were given as one part of a lecture course in the School of Pedagogy of New York University, where they were stenographically reported. I am indebted to the editors of The World's Work, The Ladies' Home yii viii Preface Journal, <IJe Outlook, and Qood House- keeping for permission to reprint articles wEich appeared in their journals. After another revision and carpentering to fit each other, they are as they appear here. To the friend who aided in the revision, I am indebted as I was in the preparation of *'The Efficient Life,'' Harry James Smith. Luther H. Guuck I CONTENTS I. II. III. IV. V. VI. vn. VIIL IX. X. XI. xn. xm. XIV. XV. Preface The Habit of Success What Is Real .... Resolutions — Good and Bad. Mental Effects of a Flat Top Desk Thinking That Arrives Put It on Paper Management of the Feelings The Time to Quit. Fatigue and Character Will-fatigue .... Rest the Will .... Will-economy .... The Need of Adequate Work. Handicaps .... The Spirit of the Game • • VAOB vii 8 19 33 45 67 75 89 101 113 129 143 157 175 101 IX THE HABIT OF SUCCESS CHAPTER I A GOOD mouser at first will bring dead mice for the kittens to play with. The little ones will growl and stick their tiny teeth into the bodies of the un- resisting mice. Later on, mice that are only disabled will be brought and the kittens will have some resistance to overcome. Finally uninjured mice are brought, and if these escape from the kittens, they are caught by the mother and brought back. In this way confidence and real ability develop. It is said that this same process is carried on by foxes in the training of their young; and that those who train terriers to catch rats follow a similar course. They bring rats whose teeth have either been drawn or become so dulled that they are incapable of effective biting. It is only after the pups have learned the knack of killing these unarmed rats that they are allowed to attack rats that have not been disabled. Some- s 4 Mind and Work times it happens that a puppy not so trained in its first attack on a rat will be badly bitten; and the eiffect will be that the puppy is spoiled as a good rat catcher, because it has been frightened so thoroughly. The memory of the bite interferes with that active courage which is an essential element in a good rat catcher. Of course, no notions of psychology are supposed to reside, either in the animals or in those who train the terriers; but it is true in all these cases that the beginners are given work to do in which they can suc- ceed, so that they know they can do what is before them. Where this is not done, habits of failure are established: and habits of failure are ruinous. Puppies, foxes, and terriers do not diiffer in this fundamental respect from children, and the following may be considered a typical case. A little girl named S was doing wretched work in school. She seemed to be trying and yet she could not spell the words she was asked to spell, she could not remember her multiplication table; her whole attitude was one of conscious- The Habit of Success 5 ness of inability. Because of her lack of success she was frequently punished at home, sometimes severely. Then a con- ference took place between the mother and the principal, which resulted in all punishment at home being discontinued. Special work was then given to the child, work which was easy for her to do really well. In the course of a few days her whole attitude changed: she became happy, confident that she could do the work that she had to do. She continued her work and when gradually she was put back on the regular work of the grade in which she belonged, she discovered that she could do that work. She went on there- after and stood high in her class. The difference was primarily a diflference in her attitude toward herself, her attitude toward success. She knew she could suc- ceed, while before she knew that she was going to fail. It seemed as if her whole moral nature had been made over. Her mother said in a letter to the teacher: "S *s entire demeanour has changed for the better. Her language is improving, her manner is 6 Mind and Work sprightly. She seems totally free from nervousness, in fact a changed girl." I knew a boy of seventeen who was failing in his high school work. He was rather lazy, and his family unceasingly told him how lazy he was, how his older brothers had done brilliant work, how they were Phi Beta Kappa men in college, and how he was the "black sheep'* of the family. The boy believed it all; he knew he was a failure. And he kept on being a failure until somebody discovered something that he could do. Then he succeeded, and he has been succeeding ever since. This principle of the habit of success is constantly demonstrated in athletics. In practising for the high jump, the begin- ner will start with the stick at that height at which he can jump it easily, and he will raise it every time that he clears the stick, so that he must always jump higher. And when by the greatest effort he succeeds in clearing the stick at his approximately greatest height, he will put it still an inch higher — at a point where he must almost of necessity fail. For a long time he will The Habit of Success 7 struggle under conditions where failure is almost inevitable. This excess of effort always means the use of unnecessary muscles and combination of muscles in the endeavor to find some better way to jump. That disturbs that precision of movement which is essential to any first- class athletic performer. It is known as "form." The result is that through this excess of effort he never learns to jump as well as does a boy who most of the time jumps within his ability and who thus acquires perfect form, perfect control. This is not to say that a good jumper never tests himself; he does. But the bulk of his work is done under conditions where he can succeed, where he can carry his body in the most perfect **form." Successful teachers of backward or feeble- minded children have discovered that this principle is fundamental in the education of these unfortunates. The most impor- tant, and at the same time the most diflScult thing to do is to convince these children that they can succeed. So long as they are sure that they cannot succeed, they 8 Mind and Work are hopeless failures. You may as well give them up unless you can awaken this belief in themselves, belief in their own success. If you take a child that is really mentally subnormal and put him in school with normal children, he cannot do well, no matter how hard he tries. He tries again and again, and fails. Then he is scolded and punished, kept after school, and held up to the ridicule of the teacher and other students. When he goes out to the playground he cannot play with the vigour and skill and force of other children. In the plays he is not wanted on either side; he is always "it'* in tag. So he soon acquires the presentiment that he is going to fail no matter what he does, that he cannot do as the others do, and that there is no use in try- ing. So he gives up trying; he quits. That is the largest element in the lives of the feeble- minded, that conviction that they cannot do like others, and is the first thing that must be overcome if they are to be helped. There is no hope whatever of growth so long as they foresee that they are going to fail. The first problem of the teacher of The Habit of Success 9 feeble-minded children is, then, to discover tasks that are within the grasp of these children. The things must be so simple that they can be accomplished, and at the same time so interesting as to awaken enthusiasm and the willingness to make ejffort. Then the teacher gives more and more difficult work, but never allows them to establish any other habit than that of success. President Eliot, of Harvard University, some time ago, in a notable address, said that in his judgment the majority of the failures of pupils in the elementary schools are due to the fact that the children were given work to do in which they could not succeed at first, or else not given enough work in which they could succeed, so as to create this atmosphere of success. This is the case, for instance, when motor- minded boys are put upon work which is primarily intellectual. These boys cannot do it well and hence they become discouraged and think they cannot do anything well. This habit of success. Dr. Eliot says, is in itself a major factor for making success. 10 Mind and Work He says that the unpardonable sin in educational administration is to give the child things to do that it cannot do, or that it cannot do well. In the business world this principle is understood pretty well. For instance, a man who has failed in business two or three times is rarely again trusted to manage a business, even though everybody knows that the failures have been unavoidable. The reason is that the man's own confidence in himself has been undermined. Without confidence there can be no success. The great majority of those who fall victims of neurasthenia are people who are unable to do the things that they have to do. As a rule, people do not become nervous wrecks while they are succeeding; but they go to pieces when they begin to fail. They begin to worry and they go down. A major part of the art of success- ful living consists in adjusting the prob- lems of daily life and taking them in bundles so that they may be completed and done successfully, instead of having them forever hanging over us as incomplete work and The Habit of Success 11 unattainable ideals. How would you feel if you were pretty sure that everything you attempted, you would fail in — every hour, every day, every week? That is the attitude of the untrained feeble-minded person, and it applies also to many other people. Through every failure, the faculty of endeavour, of trying, is lessened — that is the sad and serious thing. When you are succeeding, you can try harder, but when you are failing, you ultimately suffer a paralysing effect. That child is in a well-nigh hopeless condition in whom we can find nothing to approve. That man makes the greatest, the most successful, ventures in business or in science or in friendship who is confident of success, and whose confidence is based upon experience. As in the case of the feeble- minded, so with normal pupils — the way to bring out their best efforts is by giving them work which is so adjusted to their powers that they can succeed in it; and then letting them understand that you know they are succeeding. The attempting of work which cannot be done, which is beyond 12 Mind and Work the power of the individual — that creates the mental atmosphere of failure. When the whole world is against you and there is one friend who believes in you way down — this one friend may save your soul. We cannot entirely trust our own judgment about ourselves; we must depend, to a considerable extent, upon the judgment of our friends. That is illustrated in the relations of teacher and pupils — the difference between the teacher who believes in his pupils and the teacher who is con- stantly endeavouring to find failures. One is trying to discover the strong points of the children and the other is trying to show up the weak points. It is only by dwelling on the strong points that we can get rid of most of the failures. Everyone of us has at times come up against inevitable failure. We have failed sometimes even when we have done our level best. Then the world looks black. You want to sit down and quit; and if the failure has been bad enough, you want to die. Life does not seem worth while. You lie awake at night, you do not relish your The Habit of Success 13 food, you do not digest it, you do not talk, and you will not take exercise. This is the universal condition of every person who believes himself to be a failure. It is the right of every one to choose that part of life which is successful. Even the feeble-minded have a right to hold in consciousness the measure of power which they have, rather than to hold in mind those attainments which they do not have; and in this respect they do not differ at all from normal people. As compared with geniuses, the normal are feeble-minded. Take for instance in music. Bach, Mozart, Wagner — as compared with ourselves. There can be little comparison. And yet, should that put us in a state of hopelessness with reference to the enjoyment of music, or even the performance of it? By no means. It is so with reference to the feeble-minded. Because the feeble-minded person cannot jump as far as I can — mentally — should he therefore sit down and make no endeavour ? No ; the relation is just the same as our relation to the genius. Attainment is not an absolute 14 Mind and Work thing. There is no such thing as absolute success, nor such a thing as absolute failure. The success or failure depends predominantly upon your point of view or standard. The person who adapts his work to his power can have success; and he has a right to hold that success in mind. That is normal, that is whole- some, that makes for good work. Every one has failed to such an extent that if he chose to dwell on those failures, they could dominate his whole mental life; and with some people that is the case. They are the pessimists — ineffective, psychically disagreeable people. They are the people who, whenever they see you do something hopefully and confidently, "know better." No teacher, no employer, no parent should impress children with the fact that they are failures. It is wicked, and dreadful in its eflfect. On the other hand, it is not right that no person should ever be told that he has failed, for that is sometimes necessary; but to impress upon a person that he is a failure makes for a lower level of life. If a teacher or a parent could really The Habit of Success 15 succeed in convincing the child that he is a failure, nothing could be so fatal toward really making him a failure as this know- ledge. The conclusions are: (1) In order to get the best out of both adults and children the most important thing to do is to believe in them, to give them work that they can do, and then frankly to recognise their success. (2) In dealing with ourselves, while occasionally it is necessary to examine our own failures in order that we may detect our weak spots, the thing to keep in mind constantly is our successes. It is of no great significance that we should try nine times to solve a problem and fail if when we try the tenth time we succeed. The one success means more than the nine failures. That is the thing to be kept in mind. WHAT IS REAL CHAPTER II IT is possible to select the bulk, as well as the most real part, of one*s mental atmosphere. This may be more readily illustrated than proved. For ex- ample, I have in mind a certain image of a house, the windows of which overlook in the far distance some beautiful hills. In front of those hills there may be seen in the fall waving fields of yellow wheat. In the immediate foreground of the picture is a great stretch of smooth green grass. But in the middle distance is a row of horrid little tenements — five -room houses — built as cheaply and kept as wretchedly as possible. The inhabitants of that house, whenever they looked out of the windows, at first saw very prominently the dirty little tenements. They stared at them in all their ugliness. Presently, however, these people discovered that it was possible not to perceive the tene- ments at all, but, by deliberately directing the vision beyond, to enjoy the hills and the Id 20 Mind and Work waving wheat and the green grass. It was not so much a question as to which view first caught the eye, as it was a question of which view should take hold and endure. The view from those windows became a symbol in that family of the resolute holding in mind of the things in life that are beautiful instead of those that are ugly, of things that are pleasant as contrasted with those that are disagreeable, of the things that are true as opposed to those that are untrue. That picture is life itself. It is not something out of a laboratory — or some- thing out of a text-book. Deliberately to see the hills in the distance lies within our control. There is probably no one person in the world but has tragedy enough and pain enough straight along to warrant — yes, absolutely to warrant — pretty complete discouragement. And I imagine that there is no person who is so perfectly adjusted by nature, so entirely balanced in health, that there are not times when he finds it necessary to hold himself by deliberate will- power — to forget how he has been hurt, What is Real 21 to turn aside from some things ugly in a friend's character, to turn aside from the bad in his own character, for every one of us has in his character that which is bad. Our characters are ugly enough in part, so that if we were to dwell constantly on that part, the prospect would seem pretty dis- heartening, and justifiably so. I met a young man once who told me he was studying music. He said that his teacher had trained him to hear every defect in the voices of singers. And he added, "Now I am able to detect defects in the finest singers.'* Of this he was very proud! This, I believe, is the primary point with reference to the whole subject of the sanity and clearness of one's mental operations: we can have the fine things of life, or we can have the opposite — just as we choose. The type of person who is habitually seeing faults in others, who is constantly feeling for pain, who is always imagining slights, loses the sense of balance and pro- portion. Our friends are people who see the good 22 Mind and Work in us and who believe in that good. That /; is not to say that they do not see the other I side. They probably see it, and they ought to; but by holding in mind the good in us, they help us to realise it more fully in our- selves and to hold ourselves to this vision of the ideal. This world is about what we choose to make it. There are enough meannesses in every one — ourselves included — to make for us a contemptible world, if we select the meannesses and let our minds dwell upon them. This twists and perverts our thinking. And, on the other hand, there is enough beauty in the world and enough sanity in life, that if we choose, deliberately to put our minds on that beauty and sanity, we shall react directly toward wholesomeness. The accomplishing of this lies essentially in an attitude of deliberate thought; and with a good many people it is an attitude of deliberate choice. I know of invalids who in spite of pain determine to see the beauty of life. I know men and women who have been tremendously wronged, but have de- What is Real 23 liberately forgotten themselves, have just gone straight on, seeking the beauty and the truth in life. My first point, then, is this — the atmos- phere which makes for sane, simple, straight- forward thinking is predominantly one that can be chosen by each individual for himself. It is not playing a false part to deliber- ately choose for one*s self the truest thing and to hold to it constantly, even when the thing that is less true presses at the moment and seems to dominate. That is, the deliberate assumption of the attitude of health in mind and body is not a false thing. It is the essentially true thing, because unless we were predominantly healthy both in mind and in body, we could not live: if the sum total of our lives were mainly defective, we should be dead or insane. So it is absolutely fair during the upstroke of life to formulate that attitude and car- riage of the body, those words which one will use when the downstroke comes. And every person, crippled or not crippled, who has an upstroke in life also has a downstroke. / 24 Mind and Work Many people believe that to assume this attitude of health is playing falsely. They believe that the only thing to do is to be honest, and that to be honest means to pour out all the blackness of your own soul on your friends. But that is not really honest; it is dishonest to your best, your biggest, self. It is an untruth — and I am not using words carelessly or without accuracy. It is untrue because it gives the impression of permanency to a state which is ephemeral. The old phrase ""Bum your own smoke" is applicable here. This attitude does not mean turning away from the world^s suffering and the evil of life. People have made that criticism. They have said that this deliberate assump- tion of the position of health and happiness when one does not have health and happi- ness is just turning away from the suffer- ing and evil in the world. But it is not. This can only be done when one looks with wide-open eyes at the wickedness and the suffering within and about one^s self, but sees at the same time the good and realises that the good is the thing to hold; What is Real 25 believes that the deliberate selection of the best is possible; that one can to the extent of one^s will — whether it be a strong will or a weak will, but at least to the extent of one's will — select the thing that is strong. People sometimes say that those persons who deliberately choose to look at the good of life are dodging life's responsibilities and its realities. I think that is wholly a mistake. The hills in the picture that I have described are a great deal more real, more enduring, than those dirty little houses. The houses could not last very long; the hills endure a long, long time. The thing that was real in that situation was the beauty, not the ugliness of it. I think that is true about most of life. Every one of us has things in life that are wretched. We are sick in some way, we are in trouble, or we have friends, those who are dear to us, relatives, who are in sorrow, pain, or trouble. We do not have to go far to find pain and sickness and evil in the world; and there are people of that temperament and that philosophy 26 Mind and Work who pick out all the evil things and who perseveringly hold them in mind. They thus maintain about themselves an atmos* phere of depression. We call them pes- simists. They are the people who of two evils will choose both. But is such a person dealing with reality in the world more than the person who takes life's good deliber- ately and conscientiously, and daily holds it in mind ? It seems to me to be a question of ultimate reality. So far as I see, the ultimate reality is one toward good far more than toward evil. Evil tends toward its own extinction. It is becoming more and more ephemeral. I do not think we shall ever get away from it entirely, but it tends toward its own elimination. The person who spends all his time fighting evil, misses the good of the world. You have something in your life that you do not want and you go to work to fight it. The more you resist it, the stronger it becomes, for that is the law of habit. The very intensity of one's thought tends to magnify the evil. You fall in love with What IS Real «7 somebody with whom you should not fall in love, and you make up your mind that you will not think about her. You find that you are thinking about her all the time and the very conflict accentuates that which you are trying not to do. Life's battles are not fought in that way. They are fought in a positive way. You cannot say, "I wonH think''; you can say, "I will do the other thing." It is our right to select from life those things that we want to look at. We can select pain or happiness; and the primary diflFerence, I think, between people who are wholesome in their mental make-up, who are eflScient in their mental processes, and those who are not, is in the kinds of things that they choose to have before their mental visions. You know the good friend who is in earnest about your character and who thinks that good character is only to be won by throwing out the evil. He sees some fault that needs removal, and he is probably right, and he tells you of it. The critic who is constantly looking for evil finds it and his life is filled with evil; he «8 Mind and Work lives in an atmosphere of it. The other friend — far less philosophic, but far more of a friend, and you welcome him — is the person who whenever he sees something good, something happy, says so, dwells upon it, and welcomes it. You know the teacher who is looking for disturbances in the classroom and every time a child makes a noise is looking for that child. That teacher lives in an atmos- phere of disturbance; she is choosing a mental environment of disturbance; she is living in a psychic state of disturbance. You know the other teacher, who is looking for the positive good, for obedience, for courtesy, who whenever she sees obedience, courtesy, honesty, faithfulness, commends them. That teacher lives in an atmosphere of obedience, courtesy, and honesty, and all the children aroimd her do the same thing. One it is a pleasure to know; the other it is a pleasure to avoid. We avoid the one steadily, persistently, unconsciously, and we seek the other — thus showing that this deliberate selection of our mental atmosphere is not an artificial thing we What is Real 29 think about and bring to consciousness, but it is the natural and wholesome reaction of every sane and normal temperament. The philosopher is in search of truth, and truth is not supposed to be a matter of temperament. During the last few years a new phase of philosophy has arisen which is most prominently known in America in connection with the names of James and Dewey, and in England with that of Schiller. The fundamental proposition of this — the pragmatic philosophy — is that that thing is true which holds true when applied to life. Pessimism does n't work out. The pessimist has relatively poor circulation, digests food less well, is less muscular, and particularly has fewer motives in life than the optimist. Pessimism is negation, denial, believing that the evil is more than the good, that life is not worth while; it is the dampen- ing down of life. Pessimism tends to its own annihilation, because it takes away life's motives, life's vigour, life's power. Optimism tends toward the increase of life, increases the joy of living. If one accepts the pragmatic point of view, opti- 30 Mind and Work mism is justified. Hence I for one believe in the optimistic point of view — believe in it as absolutely and in the same sense as I believe that two times two make four. It operates to make life a better thing; it makes for sanity as distinguished from insanity. Optimism does not mean being satisfied. It says, "Here is a good thing. What is bettfer?" Optimism is the pursuit of the better, and the attitude which it takes is the attitude of success, as distinguished from the attitude of failure. The realities of life are its successes, its dreams and hopes. 4ts he^alth and love. RESOLUTIONS -,- GOOD AND BAD CHAPTER III A GOOD resolution may be treated as a sort of labor-saving device. Its usefulness lies in the fact that it deals with certain practical issues in advance of their actual presentation. Thus, the course of action being already determined, the situation does not need to be canvassed later — at a time when unprejudiced de- cision will probably be more difficult than now. Looking calmly at his past life from some point of vantage (a fortnight's vacation, say, in the woods), a man may be impressed with the fact that he does not get enough exercise in the city; he may admit to himself that this is largely through his own fault, that he could get a decent amount if only he would make up his mind that way. For example, he could be walking in the open air for at least half or three-quarters of an hour every day during the week, and on Saturday or Sunday he could put in several 33 34 Mind and Work hours of wholesome physical recreation; help his digestion, his temper, his brain, and his business by so doing. A sober resolution to test out the practical value of such a schedule — to give it a definite trial of a certain number of weeks — is a running start at achieving a very useful habit. When responsibilities press upon him, when the day seems crowded to capacity with engagements, and all the obstacles set by natural inertia, bad ventilation, laziness, and so forth, block his way out of doors, then his resolution may be his salvation. His only alternatives are to get there somehow, or else to make a sacrifice of his self-respect. The issue does not need to be overhauled and discussed afresh every day; the moral courage required is of a simple kind; merely a matter of living up to your word. The most important test of a good reso- lution is whether or not it is attainable. Good resolutions broken are the kind of thing that paves hell. Resolutions that can be lived up to consistently in the cor- Resolutions — Good and Bad 35 rupted currents of this world, here in the midst of all the actual impediments, inhibi- tions, and distractions of our earthly environ- ment — those are good resolutions in the true sense. Every resolution that cannot be kept weakens moral grip. In other words, good resolutions are resolutions that are not too good. Not but that a man's reach should exceed his grasp; that is another matter. What I am emphasising here is that, first of all, a man must have a grasp, must be able to hold with a bull-dog grip to something. To make up one's mind to do a thing, without taking sober account of what it involves, is mere foolhardiness. Every time you take hold of a thing, meaning to keep hold, and then let go because you can't help it, you are worse off than you were before. You are simply getting prac- tice in failure; and failure is a vicious habit. Scrutinised by common sense, many so- called good resolutions turn out to be preposterous. To adhere to them might compel a man to move into an entirely 36 Mind and Work different environment, away from his family and friends. They might interfere with his health or with his neighbours or with his happiness in life. A man says, for instance, when the re- pentant fit is heavy upon him: "It's all wrong for me to lie abed in the morning as I do. During the coming year I 'U do better. I '11 get up at 6.45." What happens? We all know perfectly well. And when you sigh, "Well, there goes another of those good resolutions!'* — ^you are in consequence weaker, less self-respecting, less qualified for under- taking a new venture. In short, less of a man. The fact is that you have grossly imposed upon yourself. You have not taken into account your experience in the past; you have not considered the "psychological climate" in which you live. These are important and not-to-be-neglected factors of the situation. Your sense of values is perverted. To be quite candid, what real use is there in your getting up at 6.45? Very likely you have some inherited senti- Resolutions — Good and Bad 37 ment about it; it seems more virtuous £b you than a more protracted sojourn in bed.» ; But an analysis of the ease will probably \ lead you to the conclusion that your senti- \ ment lacks a logical basis. You did not \ take into consideration the specialised con- \ ditions of modem city life — the late even- \ \ ing hours, the nervous strain, the day's ; work-schedule, and all that. You were merely fighting against the stars in their courses. You aimed at a theatrical brand of goodness, not at the steady, workable, everyday sort of thing that has a part to play in practical life. At epochs of moral housecleaning, such as are supposed to occur at the end of the old year and the beginning of the new, we are sure to become aware of many undesir- able habits in our lives; we see faults that ought to be eradicated; new lines of conduct that might helpfully be pursued. The natural tendency is to undertake too much at once in the way of regeneration; to attempt the impossible task of making one's self over complete — from A to Z. In the end, that swarm of old habits, things 38 Mind and Work ingrained, some of them, into the very mar- row of our constitutions, are bound to get the better of us. They can be pushed back for a time, so long as our wills can stand up to the task we have set for them; but eventu- ally the will gets tired — * ' will-fatigue ' ' — and relaxes its hold on the door; and then all the wicked old habits come pell- mell back again, much like the devil of the parable, who, after being cast out, and the house swept and garnished, returned, bringing seven other devils worse than him- self. Thus the latter state of that man shall be worse than the first. The resolution most to be commended directs itself at doing ^ not at being: or, to put it more precisely, at being as an end, through doing as a means. Upon a con- crete, objective thing-to-be-done, one can fix attention — aim the attack: here is a particular habit to be cultivated in this or that particular way. Pious resolutions to lead a better life during the coming months are not usually of great efficiency, just because they do not supply one with a handle that can be Resolutions — Good and Bad 39 gripped; it is a "fuzzy-minded" programme of self -betterment. By the same token, a resolution to be more cheerful is not so commendable as a reso- lution to tell at least one breezy story at the breakfast table every day for a month. A resolution to be a better neighbour has less to say for itself than a resolution to make at least one call per week. A resolution to take better care of one's health has less chance of holding its own against the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune than a resolution to spend at least half an hour in the open air every week day. In estimating our capacity, however, we should not forget that there are various external props and safeguards to take advantage of. Not everything need depend on the will-to-be-good. A man oughU perhaps, to go to his office every day. But that is n't why he does it. It does not occur to him to ask himself whether he ought to go or not. He 's got to go: his salary, his reputation, his self-respect — all these are forces that give 40 Mind and Work him a shove out of the front door, even when he feels the least ambitious. So with certain good resolutions. I once asked a man who stands to-day in the fore- front of contemporary philosophic thought, how he managed to get as much accom- plished as he did. I knew him well. I knew that he was normally lazy. He said: "I load my waggon at the top of the hill; then I get in front of it, and we start down. I have to keep ahead — that's all.*' What he meant was, not that he loaded his waggon foolishly; but that, taking his health, his strength, his other obligations into account, he decided what more it was wise for him to undertake, and then he put himself under bond, as it were, to under- take it. He would accept certain invita- tions to lecture; then he had to do it; and he was a splendid lecturer. He would agree with his publishers to have a book ready by such and such a time — then he got it ready. There was no way out of it. He would pay a certain fee to take a course at a university; and then he was sure of Resolutions — Good and Bad 41 going to the lectures, not only to get his money's worth, but also to save his pride. That man's resolutions were practical — constructive — because he provided him- self with the machinery of carrying them through. He did n't let the matter depend upon the nagging of a frail and too easily seduced conscience. It was good campaign tactics: estimating the exact strength of the energy, and then making the utmost of available resources. Resolutions like that, made under sane conditions of perspective and self-knowledge, are aids, never hindrances, to eflficiency. MENTAL EFFECTS OF A FLAT-TOP DESK CHAPTER IV NOT long ago in the office of a leading American publishing house I noticed that the roll-top desks had all been removed, and that instead, the entire force, from sten- ographer to head of department, sat before desks with flat tops. When I asked about it, they said: "It expedites business. Take the case of a claim that must be passed along from one hand to another until it has been corrected and O. K.M five different times. Now if that claim can get stuck in a pigeon- hole anywhere — a thing that used to hap- pen right along — it 's likely to be forgotten. The result is delays and confusion and ragged business generally. But if there are n't any pigeonholes and it has to lie in plain view on top of the desk, it can't be forgotten until it 's attended to." "But it must make a mess on the desks,'* I objected. "That's the very point," was the answer. 45 46 Mind and Work "No chance for a mess. We get things cleaned up/' Since that conversation my own desk has been a diflFerent affair. The occasions have been few when I have left it at night without knowing exactly what was there and why it was there and what was to be done with it next. At the end of each day I can render a rough inventory of the contents. The convenient dark comers where I liked to stuff things out of sight — out of mind — do not exist any more. For those who have ears to hear, the flat-top desk has a moral. It stands for a principle which is applicable throughout one's mental life. It stands for definite, clearly marked stages — stopping-points — breaking-off places. Dr. Adolph Meyer, one of the most dis- tinguished alienists of the present day, has made the observation that among the untransmitted causes of insanity none counts for more than the big idea, the idea that can never be fully made over into concrete reality for the very reason that it is so big. The far-reaching scheme, Mental Effects of a Flat-Top Desk 47 the still unsubstantiated venture, the revo- lutionary theory, the momentous but unper- fected invention — all have it in them to take possession of a man; they hold him day and night; he can't get away. The man with the small everyday ideas keeps his balance not primarily because his nervous system is of a more stable character — though that may be true too — but chiefly because his little ideas work out directly and successfully; he can get them done with and out of the way. His jobs are finishable. He enjoys good mental health. The man who is working over a big, complex, engrossing proposition shuts him- self away from liberty until he can put his q. e. d. to the end of it. His thoughts are never free. The thing in his mind tends to grow more real to him than the concrete things outside; it drives other realities out of the field; it upsets his mental equilibrium. The way back to healthy-mindedness is to be learned from the man with the finish- able jobs. His habits of definite accom- 48 Mind and Work plishment — and then freedom — must be acquired somehow. But this is not to be done by sacrificing the big affairs on the schedule. It 's a matter of getting at them right. The big problems can be split up. They are always reducible to fractions — at least for practical purposes they are — and each fraction can be dealt with separately. We do not need always to keep ourselves staring at the whole, worried by its mag- nitude and its diflBculty and its imperative claims. I remember when I had a first book to write. I kept trying to get at it; but every time I began to put my mind seriously on the business, the very size of the under- taking, the amount of labour involved, scared me away. The thing grew to be a sort of nightmare. Then finally I made a discovery: I did not have to write that whole book at once. It was to be made up of chapters, and I had the material for a first chapter all in hand. I thought only of that chapter — a perfectly practicable and attractive occupation — and almost Mental Effects of a Plat-Top Desk 49 before I knew it, the chapter was written. It was not at all the hard work I had imagined. And then the second chapter became practicable, and the third; and thus the book came into being.
| 36,156 |
https://github.com/wyw7733/BJCMS/blob/master/app/models/ArticleSource.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
BJCMS
|
wyw7733
|
Java
|
Code
| 294 | 952 |
package models;
import com.avaje.ebean.Ebean;
import com.avaje.ebean.annotation.Transactional;
import play.db.ebean.Model;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
/**
* 文章来源
* Created by ysf on 2016/3/15.
*/
@Entity
@Table(name = "C_ArticleSource")
public class ArticleSource extends Model {
@Id
public String id;
/**
* 名称
*/
public String name;
/**
* 链接
*/
public String href;
/**
* 更新人
*/
public String updateuser;
/**
* 更新时间
*/
public Date updatetime;
/**
* 站点id
*/
public String station_id;
/**
* 条件查询
*
* @param
* @return ArticleSource
*/
@Transactional
public static List<ArticleSource> selectList(String dataSourceType) {
List<ArticleSource> list = new ArrayList<>();
list = Ebean.getServer(dataSourceType).find(ArticleSource.class).findList();
return list;
}
/**
* 添加
*
* @param articleSource
* @return adminUser
*/
@Transactional
public static void insert(ArticleSource articleSource, String dataSourceType) {
//添加用户信息
Ebean.getServer(dataSourceType).save(articleSource);
}
/**
* 根据id查询对象
*
* @param id
* @return adminUser
*/
@Transactional
public static ArticleSource getObject(String id, String dataSourceType) {
return Ebean.getServer(dataSourceType).find(ArticleSource.class).where().idEq(id).findUnique();
}
/**
* 修改
*
* @param articleSource
* @return adminUser
*/
@Transactional
public static void update(ArticleSource articleSource, String dataSourceType) {
//修改用户信息
Ebean.getServer(dataSourceType).update(articleSource);
}
/**
* 删除
*
* @param
* @return
*/
@Transactional
public static void delete(ArticleSource articleSource, String dataSourceType) {
Ebean.getServer(dataSourceType).delete(ArticleSource.class, articleSource.id);
}
public String getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(String id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getHref() {
return href;
}
public void setHref(String href) {
this.href = href;
}
public String getUpdateuser() {
return updateuser;
}
public void setUpdateuser(String updateuser) {
this.updateuser = updateuser;
}
public Date getUpdatetime() {
return updatetime;
}
public void setUpdatetime(Date updatetime) {
this.updatetime = updatetime;
}
public String getStation_id() {
return station_id;
}
public void setStation_id(String station_id) {
this.station_id = station_id;
}
}
| 28,714 |
https://github.com/bvandersloot/ooni-downloader/blob/master/ooni-downloader.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
ooni-downloader
|
bvandersloot
|
Go
|
Code
| 546 | 1,753 |
package main
import (
"encoding/json"
"errors"
"flag"
"fmt"
"io"
"net/http"
"os"
"path/filepath"
"strconv"
"strings"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/op/go-logging"
)
var log = logging.MustGetLogger("ooni-downloader")
var outputDirectory string
var getParameters map[string]string
const URL = "https://measurements.ooni.torproject.org/api/v1/files?"
const Retries = 10
type Metadata struct {
Count int `json:"count"`
CurrentPage int `json:"current_page"`
Limit int `json:"limit"`
NextURL *string `json:"next_url"`
Offset int `json:"offset"`
Pages int `json:"pages"`
}
type Result struct {
DownloadURL string `json:"download_url"`
Index int `json:"index"`
ProbeASN string `json:"probe_asn"`
ProbeCC string `json:"probe_cc"`
TestStartTime time.Time `json:"test_start_time"`
}
type Response struct {
Metadata Metadata `json:"metadata"`
Results []Result `json:"results"`
}
func init() {
logging.SetLevel(logging.INFO, "ooni-downloader")
flag.Usage = func() {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\n\n\n")
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Usage of %s:\n\n", os.Args[0])
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, " %s [flags] http_param1:value1 ... http_paramN:valueN\n\n", os.Args[0])
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, " Information on what HTTP parameters are accepted is available at https://measurements.ooni.torproject.org/api/\n\n")
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, " Example: %s --output-directory ./output probe_cc:US limit:1000\n\n\n", os.Args[0])
flag.PrintDefaults()
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\n\n\n")
}
var format = logging.MustStringFormatter("%{level:.4s} %{longfunc}> %{message}")
logging.SetFormatter(format)
flag.StringVar(&outputDirectory, "output-directory", "./", "what folder should contain all of the pulled data files")
flag.Parse()
getParameters = make(map[string]string)
for _, arg := range flag.Args() {
if strings.Count(arg, ":") == 0 {
flag.Usage()
log.Fatal("Must use at least one colon in HTTP GET parameter pairs")
}
arr := strings.SplitN(arg, ":", 2)
getParameters[arr[0]] = arr[1]
}
}
func limit() int {
if val, ok := getParameters["limit"]; ok {
ret, err := strconv.Atoi(val)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Integer not provided for limit argument")
}
return ret
}
return 100
}
func getWithRetry(url string) (*http.Response, error) {
lastStatus := ""
for i := 0; i < Retries; i++ {
r, err := http.Get(url)
if err != nil || r.StatusCode == 200 {
return r, err
}
lastStatus = r.Status
if i != Retries-1 {
time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
}
}
return nil, errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("Too many failures when attempting to connect to %s. Current status: %s", url, lastStatus))
}
func producer(results chan Result) {
currentURL := URL
parameters := []string{}
for k, v := range getParameters {
parameters = append(parameters, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%s", k, v))
}
currentURL = currentURL + strings.Join(parameters, "&")
for currentURL != "" {
log.Debugf("Looking up resource: %s", currentURL)
resp, err := getWithRetry(currentURL)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Faulure when connecting to OONI: %s", err.Error())
}
var parsed Response
if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&parsed); err == io.EOF {
break
} else if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Response did not comply to expected format. %s", err.Error())
}
log.Infof("Processing page %d/%d. %d total results available.", parsed.Metadata.CurrentPage, parsed.Metadata.Pages, parsed.Metadata.Count)
log.Debugf("Forwarding %d results from: %s", len(parsed.Results), currentURL)
for _, result := range parsed.Results {
results <- result
}
resp.Body.Close()
log.Debugf("Done forwarding results from: %s", currentURL)
if parsed.Metadata.NextURL == nil {
currentURL = ""
} else {
currentURL = *parsed.Metadata.NextURL
}
}
}
func consumer(results chan Result, wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
for result := range results {
log.Debugf("Requesting result from: %s", result.DownloadURL)
resp, err := getWithRetry(result.DownloadURL)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Faulure when connecting to data: %s", err.Error())
}
f, err := os.Create(filepath.Join(outputDirectory, fmt.Sprintf("%d", result.Index)))
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Faulure making the output file: %s", err.Error())
}
_, err = io.Copy(f, resp.Body)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Faulure downloading to the output file: %s", err.Error())
}
f.Close()
resp.Body.Close()
}
wg.Done()
}
func main() {
os.MkdirAll(outputDirectory, os.ModePerm)
communication := make(chan Result, limit())
var wg sync.WaitGroup
for i := 0; i < limit(); i++ {
wg.Add(1)
go consumer(communication, &wg)
}
producer(communication)
close(communication)
wg.Wait()
}
| 27,562 |
4355656_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,019 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,840 | 4,424 |
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 16-1907
SHARON MITCHELL,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
CITY OF ELGIN, ILLINOIS, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 14 C 3457 — John Robert Blakey, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED JULY 6, 2017 — DECIDED JANUARY 2, 2019
____________________
Before KANNE and SYKES, Circuit Judges.*
SYKES, Circuit Judge. Sharon Mitchell enrolled in an online
criminal-justice course offered by the Elgin Community
College. Her participation in the class did not go smoothly.
The instructor—an officer of the Elgin Police Department—
*CircuitJudge Richard A. Posner participated in the initial stages of this
appeal but retired from the court on September 2, 2017. This case was
resolved by a quorum of the panel under 28 U.S.C. § 46(d).
2 No. 16-1907
eventually advised her that she was failing the course. Soon
after, the Elgin Police Department received anonymous
threats and a harassing email targeting the officer. A second
officer swore out a criminal complaint accusing Mitchell of
electronic communication harassment. She was arrested,
immediately bonded out, and two years later was acquitted
after a brief bench trial. Mitchell then sued the City of Elgin
and several of its officers seeking damages for wrongful
prosecution under various federal and state legal theories.
A district judge dismissed the case, concluding that the
federal claims were either untimely or not cognizable and
relinquishing supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law
claims. Mitchell appealed. We heard argument in July 2017
but held the case to await further developments in the wake
of the Supreme Court’s decision in Manuel v. City of Joliet
(“Manuel I”), 137 S. Ct. 911 (2017), which overturned the
circuit caselaw that defeated Mitchell’s Fourth Amendment
claim below. Manuel I clarified that pretrial detention with-
out probable cause is actionable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 as a
violation of the Fourth Amendment. Id. at 920. But the Court
did not decide when the claim accrues. Instead, the Court
left that issue open for this court to decide on remand. Id. at
922. In September a panel of this court answered that linger-
ing question, holding that a Fourth Amendment claim for
unlawful pretrial detention accrues when the detention
ends. Manuel v. City of Joliet (“Manuel II”), 903 F.3d 667, 670
(7th Cir. 2018).
We asked the parties to file position statements address-
ing whether Mitchell’s claim is timely under Manuel II. They
have done so. Based on the current state of the record and
briefing, however, we find ourselves unable to decide the
No. 16-1907 3
timeliness question. The parties have not adequately ad-
dressed whether and under what circumstances a person
who is arrested but released on bond remains “seized” for
Fourth Amendment purposes. Moreover, we do not know
what conditions of release, if any, were imposed on Mitchell
when she bonded out after her arrest. The most we can say
at this juncture is that Mitchell might have a viable Fourth
Amendment claim under Manuel I and II. We therefore
reverse the judgment on that claim alone and remand to the
district court for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.
I. Background
We take the following factual account from Mitchell’s
amended complaint. In the fall of 2010, Mitchell enrolled in
an online criminal-justice course at Elgin Community Col-
lege taught by Elgin Police Officer Ana Lalley. Officer Lalley
required her students to post responses to discussion topics
in an online forum. One topic related to students’ attitudes
toward law enforcement. Mitchell’s posts on this topic were
so upsetting to Officer Lalley that she removed them, barred
Mitchell from posting in the forum, and informed her that
she may have violated school policies regarding student
behavior. The friction between the two continued the follow-
ing semester, and at some point Lalley informed Mitchell
that she was failing the course.
In May 2011 the Police Department received two anony-
mous threats against Officer Lalley. First, Officer Todd
Ramljak, another Elgin police officer who also taught at the
college, found a document containing threats against Lalley
in his school mailbox. Officer Ramljak filed a report about
the incident. Two weeks later Officer Kevin Senne filed a
4 No. 16-1907
supplement to Ramljak’s report stating that someone had
sent a harassing email to Lalley’s college email account.
Lalley identified Mitchell as the only possible source of the
threats and the harassing email. Sergeant Danner (first name
unknown) approved and signed these reports. In August
2011 Senne filed a criminal complaint accusing Mitchell of
electronic communication harassment. A warrant for her
arrest followed, and on August 17, 2011, Mitchell was arrest-
ed and transferred to the custody of the Kane County
Sheriff’s Department. She posted a $250 bond and was
released that same day. The amended complaint is silent
about the conditions of her release.
The case dragged on for two years. Mitchell was offered
several plea deals but declined them all. On August 22, 2013,
she was acquitted after a one-day bench trial.
On May 23, 2014, Mitchell filed suit pro se against the
City of Elgin and several police officers seeking damages
under § 1983 for violation of her rights under the First
Amendment, the Fourth Amendment, and the Equal Protec-
tion and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amend-
ment. She also asserted various claims under state law. The
district judge dismissed the federal claims and most of the
state claims but allowed Mitchell to go forward on a state-
law malicious-prosecution claim against Officer Senne and
Sergeant Danner and an indemnification claim against the
City. The judge recruited pro bono counsel to assist Mitchell
on these remaining claims.
The defendants moved to alter the judgment, urging the
judge to relinquish supplemental jurisdiction over the state-
law claims since no federal claim remained. Through newly
recruited counsel, Mitchell moved for an extension of time to
No. 16-1907 5
respond to the motion and to seek leave to file a second
amended complaint. The judge ordered counsel to identify
the claims he proposed to add in an amended complaint.
Mitchell’s counsel responded as directed. As relevant
here, counsel explained that he sought leave to replead the
§ 1983 claim for “malicious prosecution,” framing it as a
violation of the Fourth Amendment or the Due Process
Clause. The judge declined to allow the proposed amend-
ment, relying on longstanding circuit precedent holding that
the Fourth Amendment has no role to play after the initia-
tion of formal legal process (e.g., an arrest warrant or a
probable-cause hearing) and that the existence of adequate
remedies under Illinois law foreclosed a federal “malicious
prosecution” claim under the Due Process Clause. Newsome
v. McCabe, 256 F.3d 747, 750 (7th Cir. 2001). The judge then
reconsidered his earlier decision to retain supplemental
jurisdiction over the state-law claims that had survived
dismissal on the pleadings. He reversed course, relinquished
supplemental jurisdiction, and entered final judgment for
the defendants. Mitchell appealed.
II. Analysis
The Supreme Court’s decision in Manuel I arrived just as
the briefing of this appeal was wrapping up, substantially
altering the legal framework of Mitchell’s case. Manuel I
abrogated our circuit precedent foreclosing Fourth Amend-
ment claims for unlawful pretrial detention after the initia-
tion of formal legal process. The Court held that “pretrial
detention can violate the Fourth Amendment not only when
it precedes, but also when it follows, the start of legal pro-
cess in a criminal case.” Manuel I, 137 S. Ct. at 918.
6 No. 16-1907
Discarding the “malicious prosecution” analogy, the
Court grounded its analysis in the basic Fourth Amendment
principle that law enforcement must have probable cause to
detain a person on suspicion of a crime:
The Fourth Amendment prohibits government
officials from detaining a person in the absence
of probable cause. That can happen when the
police hold someone without any reason before
the formal onset of a criminal proceeding. But
it can also occur when legal process itself goes
wrong—when, for example, a judge’s proba-
ble-cause determination is predicated solely on
a police officer’s false statements. Then, too, a
person is confined without constitutionally ad-
equate justification. Legal process has gone
forward, but it has done nothing to satisfy the
Fourth Amendment’s probable-cause require-
ment. And for that reason, it cannot extinguish
the detainee’s Fourth Amendment claim—or
somehow … convert that claim into one
founded on the Due Process Clause.
Id. at 918–19 (citations omitted). So it’s now clear that “the
Fourth Amendment governs a claim for unlawful pretrial
detention even beyond the start of legal process.” Id. at 920.
Manuel I recasts the legal framework for part of Mitchell’s
case. To the extent that her claim is one for unlawful deten-
tion without probable cause, it may survive beyond the
pleading stage—provided, however, that she sued on time.
Manuel I did not decide when the claim accrues. Instead, the
Court returned Elijah Manuel’s case to this court to decide
that question. Id. at 921–22. On remand the Manuel panel
No. 16-1907 7
reheard the case and recently held that a claim for unlawful
pretrial detention accrues when the detention ceases.
Manuel II, 903 F.3d at 670.
In light of these developments, we asked the parties to
address the timeliness of Mitchell’s Fourth Amendment
claim under Manuel II. A two-year limitations period, bor-
rowed from state law, governs § 1983 claims in Illinois,
Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 388–89 (2007), but the parties
disagree about when that two-year clock started to run.
Mitchell contends that her Fourth Amendment claim ac-
crued on August 22, 2013, when the state judge entered a
verdict of acquittal in her criminal case. She filed suit on
May 23, 2014, less than two years later, so if she is correct on
the accrual question, her claim is timely.
At first blush Mitchell’s position is hard to square with
Manuel II, which as we’ve noted held that a Fourth Amend-
ment claim for unlawful pretrial detention accrues when the
detention ends, not when the prosecution ends. Mitchell was
not detained beyond her initial arrest; she bonded out the
same day and suffered no further pretrial detention. To
overcome this impediment, Mitchell argues that despite her
pretrial release, she remained “in custody” until she was
exonerated at trial. For support she draws on the law of
habeas corpus, which considers a person who is released on
bail to be “in custody” for purposes of testing the legality of
the custody via the writ. See Burris v. Ryan, 397 F.2d 553, 555
(7th Cir. 1968) (“[O]ne under arrest, but at large on bail, is
entitled to a writ the same as if the arrest was accompanied
by actual imprisonment.”) (quoting Mackenzie v. Barrett, 141
F. 964, 966 (7th Cir. 1905))).
8 No. 16-1907
We’re skeptical about the habeas analogy. The long and
complex history of habeas corpus in England reveals that the
writ could issue even when the petitioner found himself in
“something less than close physical confinement.” Jones v.
Cunningham, 371 U.S. 236, 238 (1963). We hesitate to apply
the lessons of that historical record beyond its own context.
Moreover, there are important differences between modern
habeas corpus and the protections of the Fourth Amend-
ment. Habeas corpus has expanded into a statutory frame-
work for federal-court review of state convictions tainted by
egregious federal constitutional error. The Fourth Amend-
ment, by contrast, guards against unreasonable seizures.
And seizures, whether discrete or continuous, are events—
not outcomes. Because these bodies of law address different
wrongs, we’re not ready to assume that “custody” in the
former context necessarily constitutes “seizure” in the latter.
The defendants posit that under Manuel II Mitchell’s sei-
zure ended when she was released on bond immediately
after her arrest on August 17, 2011. This suit came more than
two years later, so if they’re right, Mitchell’s Fourth
Amendment claim is untimely.
This argument overlooks the possibility that pretrial re-
lease might be construed as a “seizure” for Fourth Amend-
ment purposes if the conditions of that release impose
significant restrictions on liberty. Several of our sister cir-
cuits have adopted this approach. See, e.g., Evans v. Ball,
168 F.3d 856, 861 (5th Cir. 1999) (explaining that a seizure
occurred where the plaintiff had to “obtain permission
before leaving the state, report regularly to pretrial services,
sign a personal recognizance bond, and provide federal
officers with financial and identifying information”), abrogat-
No. 16-1907 9
ed on other grounds by Castellano v. Fragozo, 352 F.3d 939 (5th
Cir. 2003). Two circuits have even gone so far as to character-
ize the obligation to appear in court, standing alone, as an
ongoing seizure. Black v. Montgomery County, 835 F.3d 358,
366–67 (3d Cir. 2016); Swartz v. Insogna, 704 F.3d 105, 112 (2d
Cir. 2013). This appears to be a minority position, however.
See Nieves v. McSweeney, 241 F.3d 46, 55 (1st Cir. 2001)
(“[R]un-of-the-mill conditions of pretrial release do not fit
comfortably within the recognized parameters of the term
[seizure].”); see also Harrington v. City of Nashua, 610 F.3d 24,
32 (1st Cir. 2010); Kingsland v. City of Miami, 382 F.3d 1220,
1236 (11th Cir. 2004); Cummin v. North, 731 F. App’x 465, 473
(6th Cir. 2018). In any event, there is out-of-circuit support
for the proposition that the concept of “seizure” under the
Fourth Amendment extends beyond physical detention.
We haven’t given a Fourth Amendment “seizure” quite
such a broad construction. See Bielanski v. County of Kane,
550 F.3d 632, 642 (7th Cir. 2008) (characterizing a summons,
travel restriction, and interview requirement as “insufficient
restraints on freedom of movement to constitute a seizure”).
And until the Supreme Court spoke in Manuel I, two aspects
of our Fourth Amendment jurisprudence made the prospect
of a “nondetention seizure” quite unlikely in this circuit.
First, we rejected the concept of a continuous seizure. See
Welton v. Anderson, 770 F.3d 670, 675 (7th Cir. 2014) (collect-
ing cases). Second, we characterized Fourth Amendment
claims as only viable “up to the point of arraignment.” Id.
The latter proposition was plainly abrogated in Manuel I. But
the effect of Manuel I on the Fourth Amendment status of
pretrial release conditions is less certain. The panel in Manuel
II had no occasion to address the question because Elijah
10 No. 16-1907
Manuel was held in jail until the charges against him were
dropped.
We have misgivings about construing a simple obligation
to appear in court—a uniform condition of any pretrial
release—as a “seizure” for Fourth Amendment purposes.
Converting every traffic ticket into a nascent Fourth
Amendment claim strikes us as an aggressive reading of the
constitutional text. And the canonical test for seizures re-
mains whether a state official has “terminate[d] or re-
strain[ed]” an individual’s “freedom of movement” such
that “a reasonable person would have believed that he was
not free to leave.” Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 254–55
(2007) (citations omitted). Whether pretrial-release condi-
tions satisfy that standard—and if so, which ones—will have
to be resolved in this circuit in the wake of Manuel I and II.
On this record, however, we are unable to decide the
matter. The parties haven’t briefed the legal question of the
scope of a Fourth Amendment “seizure” in this context. And
even if we decided to reach the merits, we lack sufficient
information about Mitchell’s conditions of release to deter-
mine if she remained “seized” while on pretrial release. In
her supplemental filing, Mitchell simply pointed to the bond
conditions imposed by Illinois law. See 725 ILL. COMP.
STAT. 5/110-10(a)(1)–(3) (2006) (requiring a person released
on bond to attend a court hearing and seek permission
before leaving the state). She also noted that a judge may
impose additional release conditions. But we don’t know
whether the judge did so in her case.
For now, all we can say is that in light of Manuel I,
Mitchell’s Fourth Amendment claim was wrongly dismissed
based on our now-abrogated circuit caselaw. But the timeli-
No. 16-1907 11
ness of the claim remains an open question, and gaps in the
briefing and record preclude our ability to answer it. We
therefore reverse and remand for further proceedings con-
sistent with this opinion.
Mitchell’s remaining arguments require little comment.
She raises procedural objections to the judge’s handling of
her motion for an extension of time to seek leave to file a
second amended complaint. With the exception of the
Fourth Amendment claim, we find no abuse of discretion.1
For the foregoing reasons and only on the Fourth
Amendment claim, we REVERSE the judgment and REMAND
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. In all
other respects, the judgment is AFFIRMED.
1 Mitchell’s counsel identified two other claims as potential candidates
for inclusion in an amended complaint: (1) a claim for conspiracy to
violate Mitchell’s rights under the Equal Protection Clause, 42 U.S.C.
§ 1985(3); and (2) an additional § 1983 claim for “abuse of process” in
violation of the First Amendment. Mitchell has not seriously pressed
these claims on appeal.
| 26,025 |
https://github.com/DimensionDev/ntge/blob/master/NtgeCore-iOS/NtgeCore/Classes/SDK/Ed25519/Ed25519+PublicKey.swift
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
ntge
|
DimensionDev
|
Swift
|
Code
| 228 | 776 |
//
// Ed25519+PublicKey.swift
// NtgeCore
//
// Created by Cirno MainasuK on 2020-4-15.
//
import Foundation
extension Ed25519 {
public class PublicKey: RustObject {
var raw: OpaquePointer
required init(raw: OpaquePointer) {
self.raw = raw
}
func intoRaw() -> OpaquePointer {
return raw
}
deinit {
c_ed25519_public_key_destroy(raw)
}
}
}
extension Ed25519.PublicKey: Hashable {
public static func == (lhs: Ed25519.PublicKey, rhs: Ed25519.PublicKey) -> Bool {
lhs.keyID == rhs.keyID
}
public func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher) {
hasher.combine(keyID)
}
}
extension Ed25519.PublicKey {
public func serialize() -> String {
var text = c_ed25519_public_key_serialize(raw)
defer {
c_strings_destroy_c_char(&text)
}
return String(cString: text!)
}
public static func deserialize(serialized text: String) -> Ed25519.PublicKey? {
return text
.withCString { cstring in c_ed25519_public_key_deserialize(cstring) }
.flatMap { pointer in Ed25519.PublicKey(raw: pointer) }
}
public var keyID: String {
var text = c_ed25519_public_key_key_id(raw)
defer {
c_strings_destroy_c_char(&text)
}
return String(cString: text!)
}
}
extension Ed25519.PublicKey {
public func verify(message: Data, signature: Data) -> Bool {
var messageData = message
var signatureData = signature
let result = messageData.withUnsafeMutableBytes { (messagePointer: UnsafeMutableRawBufferPointer) -> Bool in
let messageBufferPointer = messagePointer.bindMemory(to: UInt8.self)
let messageBuffer = Buffer(data: messageBufferPointer.baseAddress, len: UInt(message.count))
return signatureData.withUnsafeMutableBytes { (signaturePointer: UnsafeMutableRawBufferPointer) -> Bool in
let signatureBufferPointer = signaturePointer.bindMemory(to: UInt8.self)
let signatureBuffer = Buffer(data: signatureBufferPointer.baseAddress, len: UInt(signature.count))
return c_ed25519_public_key_verify(raw, messageBuffer, signatureBuffer) == 0
}
}
return result
}
}
extension Ed25519.PublicKey {
public var x25519: X25519.PublicKey {
X25519.PublicKey(raw: c_key_utils_ed25519_public_key_to_x25519(raw))
}
}
| 1,245 |
US-202217812392-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,601 | 5,788 |
FIG. 4 is an example ARPP connected to an interconnection infrastructure of an LRPP upstream of a transformer of the interconnection infrastructure, where the ARPP is a wind farm, in accordance with one or more embodiments. FIG. 4 shows the example ARPP of FIG. 2 , wherein the LRPP RES 422 is a wind farm and the ARPP RES is a combination wind/solar farm. Although FIG. 2 shows the LRPP RES 222 as a solar array and the ARPP RES 223 as a solar array, the LRPP RES 222 and ARPP RES 223 may be any RES, including, but not limited to, a wind farm, a solar farm, a geothermal plant, a biofuel plant, a tidal force generator, a hydroelectric generator, or any combination of RESs.
FIG. 5 is an example flowchart 500 illustrating operations for constructing and controlling an ARPP, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Additional, fewer, or different operations may be performed in the method, depending on the embodiment. Further, the operations may be performed in the order shown, concurrently, or in a different order.
At 510, a transmission capacity of an interconnection infrastructure of a legacy renewable power plant (LRPP) is obtained. The interconnection infrastructure may include a switchyard and local substation, a gen-tie, and a point-of-interconnect (POI) substation. The transmission capacity may be equal to a lowest transmission capacity of transmission capacities of components of the interconnection infrastructure.
At 520, a power output profile of the LRPP is obtained. In some embodiments, the LRPP power output profile is based on historic data. The LRPP power output profile may be an average of the LRPP output for a plurality of intervals, a representative interval from the plurality of intervals, or a weighted average of the plurality of intervals. For example, the LRPP power output profile may show how the LRPP output changes, on average, over the course of a day. In another example, the LRPP power output profile may show how the LRPP power output has changed historically over the course of a day having certain characteristics, such as time of year, weather forecast, or other characteristics.
In other embodiments, the LRPP power output profile is based on a forecast of the LRPP power output. The LRPP power output forecast may be based on irradiance data, weather forecasts, a configuration of the LRPP such as placement of solar arrays, and/or a conversion efficiency of the LRPP. The LRPP power output forecast may be updated based on updated data such as updated forecasts.
At 530, a renewable energy source (RES) output capacity and an energy storage system (ESS) storage capacity are determined based on the transmission capacity of the LRPP interconnection infrastructure and the power output profile of the LRPP. The RES output capacity and the ESS storage capacity may be determined such that a combined output of the RES, the ESS, and the LRPP are substantially equal to the transmission capacity. The RES output capacity and the ESS storage capacity may be determined such that a combined output of the RES, the ESS, and the LRPP are substantially equal to the transmission capacity for a predetermined interval. For example, the LRPP may be a solar array having a power output profile spanning a day with a maximum output at noon equal to the transmission capacity, but with outputs at other times of day much lower than the transmission capacity. The RES output capacity and the ESS storage capacity may be determined such that the RES can output enough power, and the ESS can store enough power such that the combined power output of the RES, ESS, and LRPP is equal to the transmission capacity all day long. In another example, the RES output capacity and the ESS storage capacity may be determined such that the RES can output enough power, and the ESS can store enough power such that the combined power output of the RES, ESS, and LRPP is equal to the transmission capacity for as long as the LRPP produces power.
At 540, an add-on renewable power plant (ARPP) is constructed including an RES having the determined RES output capacity and an ESS having the determined ESS storage capacity. The ARPP is added on to the LRPP, such that the ARPP connects to the LRPP interconnection infrastructure. The output of the RES and the ESS may be an ARPP output. The ARPP may be constructed in an added-on state or constructed near the LRPP and then connected when completed. The ARPP may be constructed with safety factors for the RES output capacity and the ESS storage capacity such that the combined output of the ARPP and LRPP is substantially equal to the transmission capacity despite fluctuations in the output of the RES and the LRPP.
At 550, a controller of the ARPP tracks an ARPP power output and the LRPP output. The ARPP controller may track the ARPP output by tracking an RES output and an ESS charge/discharge or by tracking the ARPP output directly using a meter. The ARPP controller may track the LRPP output using a meter. The ARPP controller may track the RES output, the ESS charge/discharge, and the LRPP output by tracking inverter setpoints of inverters connected to the RES, the ESS, and the LRPP.
At 560, the ARPP controller controls the ARPP such that an ARPP-LRPP combined power output does not exceed the transmission capacity of the LRPP interconnection infrastructure. Controlling the ARPP may include controlling inverter setpoints of an RES inverter and an ESS inverter. The RES inverter may control the RES output and the ESS inverter may control the ESS charge/discharge. The LRPP may produce an amount of power and the ARPP controller may react to the amount of power such that the ARPP-LRPP combined power output does not exceed the transmission capacity of the LRPP interconnection infrastructure. The ARPP controller may control the ARPP such that the instantaneous sum of the ARPP output and the LRPP output does not exceed a maximum permitted power flow at the point-of-interconnect (POI) to the grid. In some embodiments, the ARPP controller may control the ARPP such that a rate of change of the ARPP-LRPP combined power output does not exceed an allowed rate of change at the POI. The ARPP controller may control the ARPP such that a ramp-down rate of the ARPP-LRPP combined power output does not exceed a maximum ramp-down rate and that a ramp-up rate of the ARPP-LRPP combined power output does not exceed a maximum ramp-up rate.
At 570, the ARPP controller controls the ARPP such that the ARPP power output complements the LRPP power output. The LRPP may produce an amount of power and the ARPP controller may react to the amount of power to complement the amount of power. For example, if the LRPP power output dips such that an ARPP-LRPP combined power output is no longer equal to the transmission capacity, the ARPP controller may control the ARPP such that the ARPP output increases to make the ARPP-LRPP combined output equal to the transmission capacity.
FIG. 6 is an example flowchart 600 illustrating operations for connecting an ARPP to an interconnection infrastructure of an LRPP and controlling the ARPP, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Additional, fewer, or different operations may be performed in the method, depending on the embodiment. Further, the operations may be performed in the order shown, concurrently, or in a different order.
At 610, an ARPP is connected to an LRPP interconnection infrastructure. The ARPP may include an RES and an ESS sized based on the LRPP interconnection infrastructure transmission capacity and the LRPP power output profile, as described herein. The ARPP may be constructed near the LRPP to be connected to the LRPP interconnection infrastructure or may be in a remote location and connected via a transmission line.
At 620, the ARPP controller controls the ARPP such that a variability of the ARPP-LRPP combined output has a lower variability than the variability of the LRPP output, wherein the ARPP is controlled such that the ARPP-LRPP combined output does not exceed a transmission capacity of the LRPP interconnection infrastructure. The LRPP may produce an amount of power and the ARPP controller may react to the amount of power such that the ARPP-LRPP combined power output does not exceed the transmission capacity of the LRPP interconnection infrastructure. The ARPP controller may react by changing setpoints of the RES inverter and/or the ESS inverter.
At 630, the ARPP controller tracks the ARPP power output and the LRPP power output. The ARPP controller tracks the ARPP power output and the LRPP power output using meters measuring the power outputs of the ARPP and LRPP and/or by monitoring setpoints of inverters of the ARPP and LRPP.
At 640, the ARPP controller controls the ARPP such that the ARPP power output complements the LRPP power output. The LRPP may produce an amount of power and the ARPP controller may react to the amount of power to complement the amount of power. For example, if the LRPP power output dips such that an ARPP-LRPP combined power output is no longer equal to the transmission capacity, the ARPP controller may control the ARPP such that the ARPP output increases to make the ARPP-LRPP combined output equal to the transmission capacity.
FIG. 7 is an example output 700 of an example LRPP, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The “hour” axis may denote hours in a day. The “power” axis may denote output as a percentage of the LRPP interconnection infrastructure transmission capacity. The output 700 may be a power output profile 700 of the LRPP. The output 700 may be an LRPP power output profile showing a weighted average of multiple days of output or a representative day of output. The LRPP may be a solar array. The output 700 may be zero until sunrise, when the solar array begins to produce power. The output 700 may rise until it reaches the transmission capacity or an output capacity of the LRPP, at which point it flattens. The output 700 may fall in the afternoon until it reaches zero around sunset. The output 700 is zero at night until the following morning.
FIG. 8 is an example combined output 800 of an example ARPP and an example LRPP, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The “hour” axis may denote hours in a day. The “power” axis may denote output as a percentage of the LRPP interconnection infrastructure transmission capacity. The combined output 800 may be a combination of an LRPP output 810 and an ARPP output 820. The LRPP output 810 may be the LRPP output 700 of FIG. 7 . FIG. 8 may show a combined output 900 for the ARPP and LRPP of FIGS. 2-4.
The ARPP output 820 may complement the LRPP output 810 such that the combined output 800 is consistent and smooth. The ARPP output 820 may be the output of an ARPP RES and ARPP ESS, where the ARPP ESS is configured to store power produced by the ARPP RES and output the stored power. The ARPP output is the sum of the ARPP RES output and the ARPP ESS charge/discharge. The ARPP RES may be a solar array with an output similar to the LRPP output 810. The ARPP ESS may store the ARPP RES output for later use. Around noon, when the LRPP output 810 is equal to the transmission capacity, the entirety of the ARPP RES output is available to charge the ARPP ESS and the ARPP output 820 may be zero. The ARPP RES output is either being directed to the grid as ARPP output 820, being used to charge the ARPP ESS, split between the grid and the ARPP ESS, or being curtailed. Energy stored in the ARPP ESS may be discharged to the grid as needed.
The ARPP RES and ARPP ESS may be tuned to complement the LRPP output 810. The ARPP RES and ARPP ESS may be tuned to complement the LRPP output 810 such that the combined output 800 provides consistent power for a time interval such as from 4:00 to 21:00. The ARPP RES may be tuned to have an output capacity equal to the LRPP transmission capacity for the time interval minus the LRPP output 810 for the time interval. The ARPP ESS may be tuned to store the power equal to the ARPP RES output capacity for the time interval minus the ARPP output 820 for the time interval. The tuned ARPP RES and ARPP ESS may be able to produce and store sufficient power to provide the ARPP output 820 for the time interval to complement the LRPP output 810 for the time interval such that the combined output 800 is consistent for the time interval.
FIG. 9 is another example combined output 900 of an example ARPP and an example LRPP, in accordance with one or more embodiments. FIG. 9 may show a combined output 900 for the ARPP and LRPP of FIG. 8 for a day when the LRPP output 910 is inconsistent. FIG. 9 may show a combined output 900 for the ARPP and LRPP of FIGS. 2-4 for a day when the LRPP output 910 is inconsistent. The LRPP output 910 may be inconsistent due to clouds passing over the solar array of the LRPP, due to maintenance, or other factors. The ARPP output 920 may be adjusted in real time to complement the LRPP output 910, as described herein. The combined output 900 may not be consistent for the entire time interval of 4:00 to 21:00 as it was in FIG. 8 . The combined output 900 may have a priority to maintain consistent output for as long as possible or to maintain consistent output for the time interval as consistently as possible. FIG. 9 shows the combined output 900 having a priority to maintain consistent output for as long as possible, maintaining the combined output 900 at peak output until shortly before 21:00.
In an example, afternoon clouds disrupt the LRPP output 910 between noon and 2:00 pm and between 3:00 pm and 4:00 pm. The ARPP output 920 may increase to offset the reduced output of the LRPP. The ARPP output 920 may be able to be increase because the ARPP has greater output capacity than the LRPP and the ARPP includes an ESS having stored energy. The ARPP output 920 may be reduced due to the clouds as well, meaning that the ESS of the ARPP is fully discharged earlier than it would be if the ARPP output 920 were not affected by the clouds. However, total power production remains steady through the afternoon and early evening. This is advantageous because a grid operator may be alerted to the reduced ARPP output 920 and LRPP output 910 and may plan for additional power output from other sources to be used once the ARPP ESS is fully depleted.
FIG. 10 is another example output 1100 of an example LRPP, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The LRPP output 1100 is an output of an LRPP having a solar array incorporating solar trackers. The solar trackers allow the LRPP output 1100 to rise earlier and reach the peak output earlier in the day, as compared to the output 700 of FIG. 7.
FIG. 11 is yet another example combined output 1100 of an example ARPP and an example LRPP, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The combined output 1100 is a combination of an LRPP output 1110 and an ARPP output 1120. The LRPP output 1110 may be the LRPP output 1000 of FIG. 10 . The ARPP output 1120 may complement the LRPP output 1110, as described herein. Due to the increased LRPP output 1110, the combined output 1100 may be consistent for longer than the combined output 800, about 4:00 to 23:00.
In an illustrative embodiment, any of the operations described herein can be implemented at least in part as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable memory. Upon execution of the computer-readable instructions by a processor, the computer-readable instructions can cause a node, such as a computing node or a power plant node, to perform the operations.
The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected,” or “operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.
With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to inventions containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). The foregoing description of illustrative embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and of description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting with respect to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the disclosed embodiments. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents.
The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
1. An add-on renewable power plant (ARPP) comprising: a renewable energy source (RES) connected to a legacy renewable power plant (LRPP) interconnection infrastructure, wherein an output capacity of the RES is sized based on an LRPP interconnection infrastructure transmission capacity and an LRPP power output profile, the LRPP interconnection infrastructure transmission capacity indicating a maximum amount of energy that can be transmitted from the LRPP to a grid; an energy storage system (ESS) connected to the LRPP interconnection infrastructure, wherein a storage capacity of the ESS is sized based on the LRPP interconnection infrastructure transmission capacity and the LRPP power output profile; and an ARPP controller operatively coupled to an RES inverter coupled to the RES and a bidirectional ESS inverter coupled to the ESS, the ARPP controller configured to: receive an indication of an LRPP power output from an LRPP controller, wherein the LRPP controller adjusts inverter setpoints for an LRPP RES independent of the ARPP controller; calculate a difference based on the LRPP infrastructure transmission capacity and the indication of the LRPP power output; and responsive to the received indication of the LRPP power output, directly adjust an RES inverter setpoint of the RES inverter and directly adjust an ESS inverter setpoint of the bidirectional ESS inverter, wherein the RES inverter setpoint and the ESS inverter setpoint are selected to direct, from the RES inverter and the ESS inverter, power substantially equal to the calculated difference to the grid.
2. The ARPP of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to track the ARPP power output and the LRPP power output.
3. The ARPP of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to control the ARPP such that the ARPP power output complements the LRPP power output.
4. The ARPP of claim 1, wherein the RES output capacity and the ESS storage capacity are tuned based on the LRPP transmission capacity and the LRPP power output profile.
5. The ARPP of claim 4, wherein the RES output capacity and the ESS storage capacity are tuned such that an ARPP-LRPP combined power output capacity is greater than or substantially equal to the LRPP interconnection infrastructure transmission capacity.
6. The ARPP of claim 5, wherein the RES output capacity and the ESS storage capacity are tuned such that the RES is capable of charging the ESS with a sufficient amount of power such that the ESS is capable of outputting an amount of power substantially equal to the transmission capacity of the LRPP interconnection infrastructure.
7. The ARPP of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to track the ARPP-LRPP combined power output using a meter in a gen-tie of the interconnection infrastructure.
8. The ARPP of claim 1, wherein the ARPP is connected to the LRPP interconnection infrastructure upstream of an LRPP transformer.
9. The ARPP of claim 1, wherein the ARPP is connected to the LRPP interconnection infrastructure downstream of an LRPP transformer.
10. The ARPP of claim 1, wherein the RES is a solar array.
11. A method comprising: determining a renewable energy source (RES) output capacity and an energy storage system (ESS) storage capacity based on a transmission capacity of a legacy renewable power plant (LRPP) interconnection infrastructure and a power output profile of the LRPP, wherein the LRPP interconnection infrastructure transmission capacity is a maximum amount of energy that can be transmitted from the LRPP to a grid; and constructing an add-on renewable power plant (ARPP) including an RES having the determined RES output capacity, an ESS having the determined ESS storage capacity, and an ARPP controller configured to calculate a difference based on the transmission capacity of the LRPP interconnection infrastructure and an indication of an LRPP power output received from an LRPP controller, and directly adjust a setpoint of the RES and a setpoint of the ESS, such that the RES and the ESS direct, to the grid, power substantially equal to the difference, wherein the LRPP controller adjusts inverter setpoints of an LRPP RES independent of the ARPP controller, and wherein the ARPP is configured to connect to the LRPP interconnection infrastructure.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising measuring an ARPP power output and an LRPP power output.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising controlling the ARPP such that an ARPP-LRPP combined power output does not exceed the transmission capacity of the LRPP interconnection infrastructure.
14. The method of claim 12, further comprising controlling the ARPP such that the ARPP power output complements the LRPP power output.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein determining the RES output capacity and the ESS storage capacity includes determining the RES output capacity and the ESS storage capacity such that an ARPP-LRPP combined power output is substantially equal to the transmission capacity of the LRPP interconnection infrastructure.
16. The method of claim 12, further comprising measuring an ARPP-LRPP combined power output using a meter in a gen-tie of the interconnection infrastructure.
17. The method of claim 11, wherein the ARPP is configured to connect to the LRPP interconnection infrastructure upstream of an LRPP transformer.
18. The method of claim 11, wherein the ARPP is configured to connect to the LRPP interconnection infrastructure downstream of an LRPP transformer.
19. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the RES output capacity includes determining a type of renewable energy utilized by the RES.
20. A method comprising: calculating, by an add-on renewable power plant (ARPP) controller, a difference based on a legacy renewable power plant (LRPP) interconnection infrastructure transmission capacity and an indication of an LRPP power output received from an LRPP controller, wherein the LRPP controller adjusts inverter setpoints for an LRPP RES independent of the ARPP controller based on the LRPP power output, the LRPP power output indicating an amount of power the LRPP is currently outputting; directly adjusting, by a controller of an add-on renewable power plant (ARPP), a renewable energy source (RES) inverter setpoint of an RES inverter coupled to an RES of the ARPP and directly adjusting, by the ARPP controller, an energy storage system (ESS) inverter setpoint of an ESS inverter coupled to an ESS of the ARPP to control an ARPP output to be substantially equal to the difference, wherein the ARPP is connected to the LRPP interconnection infrastructure, and wherein an output capacity of the RES is sized based on the LRPP interconnection infrastructure transmission capacity and an LRPP power output profile, and a storage capacity of the ESS is sized based on the LRPP interconnection infrastructure transmission capacity and the LRPP power output profile..
| 47,009 |
https://github.com/monikuri/2110101_Com_Prog/blob/master/QUIZ2/S3_59_3_Q4_3.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
2110101_Com_Prog
|
monikuri
|
Python
|
Code
| 193 | 536 |
# post -- has liker --> {person1, person2, ...}
posts = {}
# person -- like --> {post1, post2, ...}
likes = {}
while True:
args = input().strip().split()
if args[0] == 'done':
break
liker = args[0]
posters = args[1:]
likes[liker] = set(posters)
for poster in posters:
if poster not in posts:
posts[poster] = set()
posts[poster].add(liker)
commands = input().strip().split()
cmd = commands[0]
if len(commands) > 1:
args = commands[1:]
if cmd == 'R':
for person in sorted(likes):
print(person, len(likes[person]))
elif cmd == 'T':
count_map = {}
max_like = -1
for poster in posts:
count_like = len(posts[poster])
max_like = max(max_like, count_like)
if count_like not in count_map:
count_map[count_like] = set()
count_map[count_like].add(poster)
for poster in sorted(count_map[max_like]):
print(poster)
elif cmd == 'C':
p1 = args[0]; p2 = args[1]
p1_likes = posts[p1] if p1 in posts else set()
p2_likes = posts[p2] if p2 in posts else set()
common_likes = p1_likes & p2_likes
if len(common_likes) > 0:
for person in sorted(common_likes):
print(person)
else:
print('None')
elif cmd == 'M':
found = False
for p1 in sorted(likes):
if p1 in likes:
for p2 in sorted(likes[p1]):
if p2 in likes and p1 in likes[p2]:
print((p1, p2))
found = True
if not found:
print('None')
| 44,094 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4765264
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Aniruddha
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 532 | 1,875 |
Aniruddha
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Aniruddha instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
Aniruddha
página de desambiguación de Wikimedia
Aniruddha instancia de página de desambiguación de Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Aniruddha ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Aniruddha
page d'homonymie de Wikimedia
Aniruddha nature de l’élément page d'homonymie de Wikimédia
Aniruddha
Wikimedia-doorverwijspagina
Aniruddha is een Wikimedia-doorverwijspagina
Aniruddha
pagina di disambiguazione di un progetto Wikimedia
Aniruddha istanza di pagina di disambiguazione di un progetto Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Wikimedia dubbelsinnigheidsblad
Aniruddha is 'n Wikimedia dubbelsinnigheidsbladsy
Aniruddha
pachina de desambigación
Aniruddha instancia de pachina de desambigación de Wikimedia
Aniruddha
páxina de dixebra de Wikimedia
Aniruddha instancia de páxina de dixebra de Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
Aniruddha natur an elfenn pajenn disheñvelout eus Wikimedia
Aniruddha
pàgina de desambiguació de Wikimedia
Aniruddha instància de pàgina de desambiguació de Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
rozcestník na projektech Wikimedia
Aniruddha instance (čeho) rozcestník na projektech Wikimedia
Aniruddha
tudalen wahaniaethu Wikimedia
Aniruddha enghraifft o'r canlynol tudalen wahaniaethu Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Wikimedia-flertydigside
Aniruddha tilfælde af flertydig
Aniruddha
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Aniruddha ist eine Instanz von Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Aniruddha
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Aniruddha ist eine Instanz von Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Aniruddha
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Aniruddha instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
Aniruddha
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Aniruddha instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
Aniruddha
Vikimedia apartigilo
Aniruddha estas Vikimedia apartigilo
Aniruddha
Wikimedia täpsustuslehekülg
Aniruddha üksikjuht nähtusest Wikimedia täpsustuslehekülg
Aniruddha
Wikimediako argipen orri
Aniruddha honako hau da Wikimediako argipen orri
Aniruddha
Wikimedia-täsmennyssivu
Aniruddha esiintymä kohteesta Wikimedia-täsmennyssivu
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
Aniruddha sampla de leathanach idirdhealaithe Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
páxina de homónimos de Wikimedia
Aniruddha instancia de páxina de homónimos de Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärigssite
Aniruddha isch e Wikimedia-Begriffsklärigssite
Aniruddha
razdvojba na Wikimediji
Aniruddha jest razdvojba na Wikimediji
Aniruddha
Aniruddha instantia de pagina de disambiguation
Aniruddha
Halaman disambiguasi
Aniruddha adalah halaman disambiguasi Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
aðgreiningarsíða á Wikipediu
Aniruddha er Wikimedia aðgreiningarsíða
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
Wikimedia-Homonymiesäit
Aniruddha ass eng/e(n) Wikimedia-Homonymiesäit
Aniruddha
Wikimedia-verdudelikingspazjena
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
laman disambiguasi
Aniruddha adolah laman disambiguasi
Aniruddha
Laman nyahkekaburan
Aniruddha contoh laman nyahkekaburan Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
Wikimedia-pekerside
Aniruddha forekomst av Wikimedia-pekerside
Aniruddha
Sied för en mehrdüdig Begreep op Wikimedia
Aniruddha
deurverwiesziede
Aniruddha is een deurverwiesziede
Aniruddha
Wikimedia-fleirtydingsside
Aniruddha førekomst av Wikimedia-fleirtydingsside
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
pagina d'omonimia
Aniruddha natura de l'element pagina d'omonimia
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
strona ujednoznaczniająca w projekcie Wikimedia
Aniruddha jest to strona ujednoznaczniająca w projekcie Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
página de desambiguação da Wikimedia
Aniruddha instância de página de desambiguação da Wikimedia
Aniruddha
página de desambiguação da Wikimedia
Aniruddha instância de página de desambiguação da Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
pagină de dezambiguizare Wikimedia
Aniruddha este un/o pagină de dezambiguizare Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
pàggina di disambiguazzioni di Wikimedia
Aniruddha esimplari di pàggina di disambiguazzioni di Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Aniruddha instance o Wikimedia disambiguation page
Aniruddha
rozlišovacia stránka
Aniruddha je rozlišovacia stránka
Aniruddha
razločitvena stran Wikimedie
Aniruddha primerek od razločitvena stran Wikimedie
Aniruddha
višeznačna odrednica na Vikimediji
Aniruddha je višeznačna odrednica na Vikimediji
Aniruddha
Wikimedia-förgreningssida
Aniruddha instans av Wikimedia-förgreningssida
Aniruddha
Aniruddha ni mfano wa ukarasa wa maana wa Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Aniruddha istansa de pajina de omonimìa de on projeto Wikimedia
Aniruddha
trang định hướng Wikimedia
Aniruddha là một trang định hướng Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
Aniruddha nateure di l’ elemint pådje d' omonimeye di Wikimedia
Aniruddha
Aniruddha
アニルッダ
ウィキメディアの曖昧さ回避ページ
アニルッダ 分類 ウィキメディアの曖昧さ回避ページ
अनिरुद्ध (नाम)
बहुविकल्पी पृष्ठ
अनिरुद्ध (नाम) जिसका उदाहरण है विकिमीडिया पर बहुविकल्पी पृष्ठ
| 35,528 |
https://github.com/jinglongyang/leetcode/blob/master/src/linkedlist/RemoveDuplicatesFromSortedList.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
leetcode
|
jinglongyang
|
Java
|
Code
| 118 | 292 |
package linkedlist;
/**
* https://oj.leetcode.com/problems/remove-duplicates-from-sorted-list/
* <p/>
* Given a sorted linked list, delete all duplicates such that each element appear only once.
* <p/>
* For example,
* Given 1->1->2, return 1->2.
* Given 1->1->2->3->3, return 1->2->3.
*/
public class RemoveDuplicatesFromSortedList {
/**
* Definition for singly-linked list.
*/
private static class ListNode {
int val;
ListNode next;
ListNode(int x) {
val = x;
next = null;
}
}
public ListNode deleteDuplicates(ListNode head) {
if (head == null) return null;
ListNode node = head;
while (node != null) {
ListNode next = node.next;
while (next != null && node.val == next.val) {
next = next.next;
}
node.next = next;
node = next;
}
return head;
}
}
| 24,672 |
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optogenetika
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Optogenetika
|
https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optogenetika&action=history
|
Afrikaans
|
Spoken
| 431 | 1,027 |
Optogenetika (van Grieks optikós, d.i. sigbaar, waargenome) is 'n biologiese tegniek wat lig aanwend om selle in lewende weefsel, tipies neurone wat geneties gemodifiseer word om uitdrukking te gee aan ligsensitiewe ioonkanale, te beheer. Dit is 'n metode van neuromodulasie wat in neurowetenskap gebruik word, wat optiese en genetiese tegnieke kombineer om die aktiwiteite van indiwiduele neurone in vivo te moniteer en beheer — selfs in vrylik bewegende diere — en wat hierdie gemanupuleerde effekte deurlopend kan registreer.
Reagente en implementering
Die sleutelreagente van optogenetika is ligsensitiewe proteïene. Neuronale beheer word bewerkstellig deur die gebruik van optogenetiese aktuatore soos kanaalrhodopsien (ligsensitiewe ioonkanale), halorhodopsien (ioonpomp) en mikrobiese oftewel archaerhodopsien, terwyl die optiese waarneming van neuronale aktiwiteit deur optogenetiese sensore vir kalsium (GCaMP), vesikulêre vrystelling (sinaptopHluorien), neurosenders (GluSnFRs), of membraanspanning (ASAP1) gefasiliteer word.
Beheer en effekbepaling is beperk tot die geneties gedefinieerde neurone, en word ruimtelik-temporaal deur lig bewerkstellig. Dit word uitgevoer deur geen-ekspressie van ligsensitiewe ioonkanale, ioonpompe of lig-geaktiveerde ensieme wat op die teikenselle inwerk. Lig-geaktiveerde ensieme en transskripsiefaktore fasiliteer op enkelselvlak presiese beheer oor biochemiese seinweë. In stelselneurowetenskap is die vermoë om aktiwiteitsbeheer te implementeer oor 'n geneties-gedefinieerde stel neurone aangewend om hul bydrae tot besluitneming, leervaardigheid, vreesgeheue, paringsgedrag en verslawing te verstaan. In 'n eerste mediese toepassing van optogenetiese tegnologie is die sig van 'n blinde pasiënt deels herstel. In 'n breër opsig sluit optogenetika ook metodes in wat sellulêre aktiwiteit meet deur middel van geneties geënkodeerde indikatore.
Ontwikkeling
Die vroegste benaderings tot optogenetiese beheer is deur Boris Zemelman en Gero Miesenböck ontwerp en toegepas by die Sloan-Kettering-kankersentrum in New York Stad, en Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer en Ehud Isacoff by die Universiteit van Kalifornië, Berkeley. Hierdie metodes het wel ligsensitiwiteit verleen, maar ander laboratoria het weens die etlike essensiële komponente van hierdie benaderings nie opvolgwerk gedoen nie. 'n Daaropvolgende enkelkomponent-benadering wat mikrobiese opsiengene benut, is in 2005 van stapel gestuur en het wyd byval gevind. Optogenetika is bekend vir die hoë hoek- of ruimtelike resolusie sowel as die temporale resolusie wat dit bied om die aktiwiteit van spesifieke soorte neurone te verander en sodoende 'n subjek se gedrag te beheer.
In 2010 is optogenetika uit al die studievelde in wetenskap en ingenieurswese gekies as die "metode van die jaar" deur die interdisiplinêre navorsingsjoernaal Nature Methods. Terseldertyd is optogenetika uitgelig in 'n artikel oor deurbrake van die dekade in die akademiese navorsingsjoernaal Science. Hierdie joernale het ook verwysings na 'n onlangse algemeen beskikbare video (Metode van die jaar video) van algemene belang ingesluit, benewens tekstuele (SciAm) opsommings van optogenetika.
Kyk ook
Hoëresolusie-ultramikroskopie by die Tegniese Universiteit Wene, 2018
Verwysings
Mikrobiologie
| 13,882 |
https://github.com/demityang2an/after-action-review/blob/master/aar-frontend/src/pages/SequenceDiagramPage.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
after-action-review
|
demityang2an
|
Vue
|
Code
| 6 | 56 |
<template>
<diagram-page relative-image-url="/createSequenceDiagram" :reload-on-record-notification="false" download-file-name="sequenceDiagram.svg"></diagram-page>
</template>
| 40,520 |
6db765f104280de5db17e0cce9441d0e
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,016 |
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20160042_01851.pdf
|
journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
Danish
|
Spoken
| 137 | 360 |
148e année. - No 42
Samedi 15 octobre 2016
ANNEXE AU
JOURNAL OFFICIEL
DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
LOIS ET DÉCRETS
DIRECTION DE L'INFORMATION
LÉGALE ET ADMINISTRATIVE
26, rue Desaix, 75727 PARIS CEDEX 15
D.I.L.A
CN=DILA SIGNATURE-03,OU=0002
13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR
75015 Paris
2016-10-13 14:44:06
Standard . . . . . . . . . . 01.40.58.75.00
Annonces . . . . . . . . . . 01.40.58.77.56
Accueil commercial . . 01.40.15.70.10
www.journal-officiel.gouv.fr
Associations
Fondations d'entreprise
Associations syndicales
de propriétaires
Fonds de dotation
Annonce n° 1851 - page 119
37 - Indre-et-Loire
ASSOCIATIONS SYNDICALES DE PROPRIETAIRES
Dissolutions
Déclaration à la préfecture d'Indre-et-Loire.
ASSOCIATION SYNDICALE DU LOTISSEMENT LES HAUTS DE SAINT ROCH.
Siège social : 10, allée des Hauts-de-Saint-Roch, 37390 Saint-Roch.
Date de délivrance du récépissé :3 octobre 2016.
1851.
Le Directeur de l’information légale et administrative : Bertrand MUNCH
| 31,069 |
<urn:uuid:c3601f83-8d88-4ac7-b823-5007ef385452>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.courdecassation.fr/decision/export/638af4f174406805d4118cec/0
|
courdecassation.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 44 | 68 |
M. [O] [N] a formé un pourvoi contre l'arrêt de la chambre de l'instruction de la cour d'appel de Paris, 10e section, en
date du 24 août 2022, qui, dans la procédure suivie contre lui du chef d'agression sexuelle aggravée, a rejeté sa demande
| 17,094 |
https://github.com/kanezhu1031/midplatform/blob/master/common/aliyun/bill.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
midplatform
|
kanezhu1031
|
Python
|
Code
| 191 | 878 |
# @Author : kane.zhu
# @Time : 2020/9/17 11:09
# @Software: PyCharm
from aliyunsdkcore.client import AcsClient
from aliyunsdkcore.acs_exception.exceptions import ClientException
from aliyunsdkcore.acs_exception.exceptions import ServerException
from aliyunsdkbssopenapi.request.v20171214.QueryInstanceBillRequest import QueryInstanceBillRequest
from cmdb import models as cmdbmodels
from midplatform import settings
from common import baseconfig
import json
accesskeyId = baseconfig.getconfig()['accessKey']
accessSecret = baseconfig.getconfig()['accessSecret']
client = AcsClient(accesskeyId,accessSecret, 'cn-hangzhou')
request = QueryInstanceBillRequest()
request.set_accept_format('json')
def syncMonthBill(month,pagesize):
if pagesize not in range(20,301):
settings.RESULT['code'] = 2009
settings.RESULT['msg'] = 'fail'
settings.RESULT['data'] = 'pagesize 请选择[20,300]之间'
return settings.RESULT
request.set_BillingCycle(month)
request.set_PageSize(1)
try:
response = json.loads(str(client.do_action_with_exception(request),encoding='utf-8'))
getdatacount = int(response['Data']['TotalCount'])
fetchcount = ( getdatacount // pagesize ) + 2 # 余数向下取整，同时range 左闭右开 所以 +2
for i in range(1, fetchcount):
if pagesize > fetchcount:
pagesize = getdatacount
insertBillDetail(pagesize,i)
settings.RESULT['code'] = 2001
settings.RESULT['msg'] = 'success'
settings.RESULT['count'] = getdatacount
return settings.RESULT
except ClientException as e:
print(e)
except ServerException as e:
print(e)
def insertBillDetail(pagesize,pagenum):
request.set_PageSize(pagesize)
request.set_PageNum(pagenum)
response = json.loads(str(client.do_action_with_exception(request), encoding='utf-8'))
AccountID = response['Data']['AccountID']
AccountName = response['Data']['AccountName']
BillingCycle = response['Data']['BillingCycle'] + '-01'
getdata = response['Data']['Items']['Item']
billdetaillist=[]
for i in range(pagesize):
if getdata[i]['Item'] == 'SubscriptionOrder':
item = 0
elif getdata[i]['Item'] == 'PayAsYouGoBill':
item = 1
else:
item = 2
billdetaillist.append(cmdbmodels.billDetail(accountId=AccountID,
accountName=AccountName,
billingCycle=BillingCycle,
item=item,
resourceGroup=getdata[i]['ResourceGroup'],
region=getdata[i]['Region'],
productDetail=getdata[i]['ProductDetail'],
productCode=getdata[i]['ProductCode'],
nickName=getdata[i]['NickName'],
pretaxAmount=getdata[i]['PretaxAmount']
))
cmdbmodels.billDetail.objects.bulk_create(billdetaillist)
| 18,045 |
US-201917296595-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,019 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,796 | 11,329 |
Membrane Distillation Module and Membrane Distillation Apparatus
ABSTRACT
Provided is a membrane distillation module 100 comprising a membrane distillation membrane cartridge 10 and a membrane distillation housing 20, wherein: the membrane cartridge 10 comprises a membrane anchoring part 12 in which porous membranes 11 are anchored by anchoring resin; the housing 20 comprises a housing body 30 and a housing lid 40; the membrane distillation module 100 comprises a support part 60 where the outer surface of the membrane anchoring part 12 is supported by the inner surface of the housing 20 with a seal member 50 interposed therebetween; and a value C in the cross section of the support part 60 is at least 30° C. as represented by the following formula, where dF is the equivalent circular diameter (mm) of the outer circumference of the membrane anchoring part 12, kF is the linear expansion coefficient (1/° C.) of the anchoring resin, dE is the equivalent circular diameter (mm) of the inner circumference of the housing 20; and kE is the linear expansion coefficient (1/° C.) of a portion where the housing 20 contacts the seal member 50.
FIELD
The present invention relates to a membrane distillation module which iscomposed of a membrane cartridge for membrane distillation and ahousing, and a membrane distillation apparatus comprising the same.
The present invention relates to a membrane distillation module whichuses a module in a state in which a cartridge, in which a hydrophobicporous membrane is housed, is housed inside a housing to pass treatmenttarget water through a liquid phase unit of the module, discharge watervapor from the gas phase unit thereof, cool and condense the watervapor, and recover the water vapor as distilled water, and a membranedistillation apparatus using the same.
BACKGROUND
The membrane distillation method uses a hydrophobic porous membranewhich allows only water vapor to permeate from the treatment targetwater, and is a method of obtaining distilled water from heatedtreatment target water (high temperature water) by condensing watervapor that has passed through the porous membrane due to a pressuredifference of saturated water vapor. The membrane distillation methoddoes not require a high driving force as compared with the reverseosmosis method in which pressure is applied to filter treatment targetwater to obtain purified water, whereby motive energy can be reduced.The membrane distillation method has extremely high separationperformance for non-volatile solutes such as salts, whereby high-puritywater can be obtained.
The conventional membrane distillation method has an advantage in thathigh-purity distilled water can be obtained because the liquid does notenter the interior of the membrane and only vapor passes through themembrane in a state in which the membrane is dry. However, when themembrane is used for long periods of time, or when treatment targetwater with a small surface tension is used, “wetting” occurs in whichthe treatment target water passes through the membrane, which may causeproblems such as mixing of raw water (treatment target water) in thedistilled water and a decrease in distillation efficiency. Wetting isrelated to the pore size of the membrane, the hydrophobicity of themembrane, and the surface tension of treatment target liquid. It isknown that the pore size or surface porosity of the porous membrane usedfor membrane distillation contributes to the vapor permeationperformance of the membrane and the compactness of the membranedistillation apparatus associated therewith (Patent Literature 1 and 2).
Patent Literature 1 proposes, from the viewpoint of vapor permeationperformance retention rate and membrane surface scratch resistance, theuse of a porous hollow-fiber membrane having an shell surface porosityof 20% to less than 50% and composed of a polyolefin, olefin-halogenatedolefin copolymer, or halogenated polyolefin as a porous membrane formembrane distillation.
Patent Literature 2 proposes a hydrophobic porous hollow fiber membranehaving a surface porosity of 20% to 70% on the surface of the membranein contact with the treatment target water as a membrane used in amembrane distillation apparatus having water treatment capacity andcompactness, and from the viewpoint of suppressing wetting, an averagepore diameter of 10 μm or less is investigated.
Modifying the surface of a porous membrane to suppress wetting inmembrane distillation is known (Patent Literature 3). Patent Literature3 describes treating the surface of a porous membrane composed ofpolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with afluorinated monomer or a polymer thereof to impart liquid-repellency inorder to prevent the surface of the porous membrane from being coveredwith oil and becoming easily wet.
As described above, the membrane distillation method uses the vaporpressure difference generated through the hydrophobic porous membrane asa driving force. In order to increase the vapor pressure differencebetween the front and back of the porous medium, methods such as settingthe vapor permeation side of the membrane to a reduced pressure stateand heating the treatment target water to a higher temperature can beexemplified. It is considered that the amount of water produced permembrane surface area can be improved by increasing the vapor pressuredifference between the front and back surfaces of the hydrophobic porousmembrane using these methods.
CITATION LIST Patent Literature [PTL 1] WO 2001/053213 [PTL 2] WO2016/006670 [PTL 3] WO 2015/080125 SUMMARY Technical Problem
When membrane distillation is carried out under reduced pressure, thevapor flow rate increases significantly due to the increase in theamount of vapor due to the improvement in the amount of water producedand the increase in the volume of vapor in a reduced pressure state.Therefore, in membrane distillation under reduced pressure, pressureloss occurs on the front and back of the porous membrane, and there is aproblem in that the vapor pressure difference may be lost. Thecoefficient of linear expansion is often different between thecomponents of the housing of the membrane distillation module and theadhesive for affixing the porous membrane to the housing of the membranedistillation module. Thus, in particular under high temperatureconditions, there is a problem in that the amount of dimensional changeof each part will be different, whereby the adhesive (in particular theadhesive interface) will peel off, and the airtightness inside themembrane distillation module will be impaired.
If membrane distillation is continuously carried out for a long periodof time, the porous membrane may become contaminated or may deteriorate.In such a case, it is necessary to wash or replace the membrane, but inconventional membrane distillation apparatuses, these operations arecomplicated.
The object of the present invention is to eliminate these problems, andto provide a membrane distillation module and membrane distillationapparatus which can absorb the difference in the amount of dimensionalchange of each member due to the difference in coefficient of linearexpansion even under reduced pressure and high temperature conditions,whereby the airtightness inside the module and the reduced pressurestate can be maintained, highly efficient membrane distillation can becarried out for long periods of time, and it is easy to clean andreplace a membrane when the membrane has become contaminated ordeteriorated.
Solution to Problem
As a result of rigorous investigation and experimentation to solve theabove problems, the present inventors have invented a membranedistillation module composed of a membrane cartridge for membranedistillation and a housing. The present invention is as described below.
<<Aspect 1>>
A membrane cartridge for membrane distillation, comprising a flat sheetor hollow fiber hydrophobic porous membrane.
<<Aspect 2>>
A membrane distillation module, comprising:
the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation according to Aspect 1,and
a membrane distillation housing which houses the membrane cartridge formembrane distillation.
<<Aspect 3>>
The membrane distillation module according to Aspect 2, wherein themembrane cartridge for membrane distillation has a membrane affixationpart in which a hydrophobic porous membrane is affixed with anaffixation resin, and
in a cross-section perpendicular to an axial direction of the membranecartridge for membrane distillation, when an equivalent circle diameterof an outer circumference of the membrane affixation part is d_(F) (mm),the coefficient of linear expansion of the affixation resin is k_(F)(1/° C.), an equivalent circle diameter of an inner circumference of themembrane distillation housing is d_(E) (mm), and the coefficient oflinear expansion of a material constituting the membrane distillationhousing is k_(E) (1/° C.), the membrane distillation module has a valueC represented by the following formula:
$\begin{matrix}{C = \frac{d_{E} - d_{F}}{d_{F}\left( {k_{F} - k_{E}} \right)}} & \left\lbrack {{Formula}\mspace{14mu} 1} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$
of 30° C. or greater.
<<Aspect 4>>
A membrane distillation module, comprising:
a membrane cartridge for membrane distillation having a flat sheet orhollow fiber hydrophobic porous membrane, and
a membrane distillation housing which houses the membrane cartridge formembrane distillation, wherein
the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation:
- - has a substantially columnar or substantially polygonal columnar shape, and - has a membrane affixation part which affixes the hydrophobic porous membrane to the axial direction ends of the substantially columnar or substantially polygonal columnar shape with an affixation resin,
the membrane distillation housing has a housing body for housing themembrane cartridge for membrane distillation and one or two housing lidsattached to the housing body,
the membrane distillation module has a support unit which, when themembrane cartridge for membrane distillation is housed within themembrane distillation housing, affixes the membrane cartridge formembrane distillation within the membrane distillation housing bysupporting an outside surface of the membrane affixation part on aninside surface of the membrane distillation housing via a sealingmember,
the membrane distillation module is divided into a liquid phase unitthrough a treatment target liquid circulates and a gas phase unit inwhich vapor generated from the treatment target liquid passes throughthe hydrophobic porous membrane and diffuses by the hydrophobic porousmembrane, the membrane affixation part, and the sealing member, and
in a cross-section of the support unit perpendicular to the axialdirection of the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation, when anequivalent circle diameter of an outer circumference of the membraneaffixation part is d_(F) (mm), the coefficient of linear expansion ofthe affixation resin is k_(F) (1/° C.), an equivalent circle diameter ofan inner circumference of the membrane distillation housing is d_(E)(mm), and the coefficient of linear expansion of a material constitutingthe membrane distillation housing is k_(E) (1/° C.), the membranedistillation module has a value C represented by the following formula:
$\begin{matrix}{C = \frac{d_{E} - d_{F}}{d_{F}\left( {k_{F} - k_{E}} \right)}} & \left\lbrack {{Formula}\mspace{14mu} 2} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$
of 30° C. or greater.
<<Aspect 5>>
The membrane distillation module according to Aspect 4, wherein thesealing member is connected to an outer circumferential surface of themembrane affixation part of the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation, and
a length of the sealing member in the direction perpendicular to theaxial direction of the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation is 1mm or greater.
<<Aspect 6>>
The membrane distillation module according to Aspect 4 or 5, wherein atleast a part of a portion of the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation other than the axial direction ends is covered by at leastone of a net and a non-woven fabric.
<<Aspect 7>>
The membrane distillation module according to any one of Aspects 4 to 6,further comprising at least one rod-shaped structure which is affixedwith the affixation resin of the axial direction ends of the membranecartridge for membrane distillation.
<<Aspect 8>>
The membrane distillation module according to Aspect 7, wherein therod-shaped structure is hollow and has holes in a side surface thereof,and
the interior of the hollowness of the rod-shaped structure is connectedto the gas phase unit of the membrane distillation module.
<<Aspect 9>>
The membrane distillation module according to Aspect 8, wherein therod-shaped structure is a porous structure, and
pores of the rod-shaped structure are connected to the gas phase unit ofthe membrane distillation module.
<<Aspect 10>>
The membrane distillation module according to any one of Aspects 4 to 9,wherein the flat sheet hydrophobic porous membrane is a pleatedhydrophobic porous membrane.
<<Aspect 11>>
The membrane distillation module according to any one of Aspects 4 to 9,wherein the hydrophobic porous membrane is a spiral hydrophobic porousmembrane.
<<Aspect 12>>
The membrane distillation module according to Aspect 10, wherein aportion of the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation other thanthe axial direction ends thereof are covered by a cartridge case,
the cartridge case has a cartridge case aperture unit,
the aperture area of the cartridge case aperture unit is 1/250 or moreof the membrane surface area of the hydrophobic porous membrane, and
the ratio (k_(C)/k_(F)) of the coefficient of linear expansion k_(C) ofthe material constituting the cartridge case to the coefficient oflinear expansion k_(F) of the affixation resin is 0.3 to less than 4.0.
<<Aspect 13>>
The membrane distillation module according to any one of Aspects 4 to 10or 12, wherein the housing body has, on a side surface part thereof, avapor outlet which is connected to the gas phase unit of the membranedistillation module and for discharging vapor in the gas phase unit tothe outside of the membrane distillation module, and
the aperture area of the vapor outlet is 1/250 or more of the membranesurface area of the hydrophobic porous membrane.
<<Aspect 14>>
The membrane distillation module according to any one of Aspects 4 to12, wherein the housing body comprises:
a cooler which is connected to the gas phase unit of the membranedistillation module and for condensing the vapor in the gas phase unit,and
a distilled water discharge unit for discharging distilled water whichis condensed from the vapor by the cooler.
<<Aspect 15>>
The membrane distillation module according to Aspect 14, wherein thehousing body has an exhaust port for decompressing the gas phase unit.
<<Aspect 16>>
The membrane distillation module according to any one of Aspects 13 to15, wherein the housing body has a demister.
<<Aspect 17>>
The membrane distillation module according to any one of Aspects 4 to 9and 12 to 16, wherein the hydrophobic porous membrane is composed of aplurality of hollow fiber hydrophobic porous membranes, and
the plurality of hollow fiber hydrophobic porous membranes are dividedinto a plurality of small bundles, and the plurality of small bundlesare dispersedly arranged in a cross-section of the membrane affixationpart in a direction perpendicular to the axial direction of the membranecartridge for membrane distillation.
<<Aspect 18>>
The membrane distillation module according to Aspect 11, wherein whenthe membrane cartridge for membrane distillation is housed within themembrane distillation housing, a vapor discharge pipe which is connectedto the gas phase unit of the membrane distillation module and which isfor discharging vapor in the gas phase unit to the outside of themembrane distillation module, protrudes from the membrane distillationmodule to the outside.
<<Aspect 19>>
The membrane distillation module according to any one of Aspects 4 to18, wherein at least a part of the outside of the membrane distillationhousing has a heat insulation layer.
<<Aspect 20>>
A membrane distillation apparatus, comprising at least:
the membrane distillation module according to any one of Aspects 4 to 13and 16 to 19, and
a vapor condensation unit for condensing vapor generated from themembrane distillation module.
<<Aspect 21>>
A membrane distillation apparatus, comprising at least the membranedistillation module according to Aspect 14 or 15.
Advantageous Effects of Invention
The membrane distillation module of the present invention can be dividedinto the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation and the membranedistillation housing, whereby only the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation can be removed for transportation or can easily bereplaced. By using a suitable sealing member in the gap between themembrane cartridge for membrane distillation and the membranedistillation housing, dimensional changes under high temperatureoperation can be absorbed, and highly efficient membrane distillationcan be continuously carried out for long periods of time.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the structure of an example of themembrane distillation module of the present invention. FIG. 1(A) is aschematic cross-sectional view, and FIG. 1(B) is a cross-section viewtaken along line A-A of FIG. 1(A).
FIG. 2 is a schematic view detailing the form and function of a hollowfiber hydrophobic porous membrane.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view detailing the form and function of a pleatedhydrophobic porous membrane.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view detailing the form and function of a spiralhydrophobic porous membrane.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing an example of an aspect in which aplurality of hollow fiber hydrophobic porous membranes are divided intosmall bundles and arranged. FIG. 5(A) is a schematic cross-sectionalview, and FIG. 5(B) is a cross-sectional view taking along line A-A ofFIG. 5(A).
FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of anexample of a membrane cartridge for membrane distillation of the presentinvention.
FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure ofanother example of a membrane cartridge for membrane distillation of thepresent invention.
FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of yetanother example of a membrane cartridge for membrane distillation of thepresent invention.
FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of yetanother example of a membrane cartridge for membrane distillation of thepresent invention.
FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view detailing an example of arod-shaped structure optionally included in the membrane cartridge formembrane distillation of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view detailing another example ofa rod-shaped structure optionally included in the membrane cartridge formembrane distillation of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view detailing the structure ofan example of a membrane distillation housing of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a schematic cross-sectional view detailing the structure ofanother example of a membrane distillation housing of the presentinvention.
FIG. 14 is a schematic cross-sectional view detailing the structure ofyet another example of a membrane distillation housing of the presentinvention.
FIG. 15 is a schematic cross-sectional view detailing the structure ofyet another example of a membrane distillation housing of the presentinvention.
FIG. 16 is a schematic cross-sectional view detailing the structure ofyet another example of a membrane distillation housing of the presentinvention.
FIG. 17 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view detailing thestructure of yet another example of a membrane distillation housing ofthe present invention.
FIG. 18 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of anaspect in which a membrane cartridge for membrane distillation isaffixed in a membrane distillation housing via a sealing member.
FIG. 19 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another example ofan aspect in which a membrane cartridge for membrane distillation isaffixed in a membrane distillation housing via a sealing member.
FIG. 20 is a schematic view showing the structure of an example of amembrane distillation apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 21 is a schematic view showing the structure of another example ofa membrane distillation apparatus of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
The modes for carrying out the preset invention (hereinafter referred toas the “present embodiment”) will be described in detail below. Thepresent invention is not limited to the following embodiments, andvarious changes can be made within the scope of the gist thereof. In thepresent disclosure, identical reference signs assigned in the drawingsindicate identical or similar elements.
The membrane distillation module of the present invention comprises amembrane cartridge for membrane distillation and a membrane distillationhousing in which this membrane cartridge for membrane distillation ishoused.
The membrane cartridge for membrane distillation comprises a flat sheetor hollow fiber hydrophobic porous membrane. The membrane cartridge formembrane distillation preferably comprises a membrane affixation partwhich affixes the hydrophobic porous membrane with an affixation resin.In a more preferable aspect, the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation has a substantially columnar or substantially polygonalcolumnar shape, and the membrane affixation part is present on the axialdirection ends of the substantially columnar or substantially polygonalcolumnar shape.
The membrane distillation housing preferably comprises a housing bodyfor housing the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation and one ortwo housing lids attached to the housing body.
In a cross-section perpendicular to the axial direction of the membranecartridge for membrane distillation, when an equivalent circle diameterof an outer circumference of the membrane affixation part is d_(F) (mm),the coefficient of linear expansion of the affixation resin is k_(F)(1/° C.), an equivalent circle diameter of an inner circumference of themembrane distillation housing is d_(E) (mm), and the coefficient oflinear expansion of a material constituting the membrane distillationhousing is k_(E) (1/° C.), the membrane distillation module of thepresent invention preferably has a value C represented by the followingformula:
$\begin{matrix}{C = \frac{d_{E} - d_{F}}{d_{F}\left( {k_{F} - k_{E}} \right)}} & \left\lbrack {{Formula}\mspace{14mu} 3} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$
of 30° C. or greater.
The membrane distillation module of the present invention may comprise asupport unit which, when the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation is housed within the membrane distillation housing, affixesthe membrane cartridge for membrane distillation within the membranedistillation housing by supporting an outside surface of the membraneaffixation part of the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation onan inside surface of the membrane distillation housing via the sealingmember.
The membrane distillation module of the present invention may bedivided, when the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation is housedwithin the membrane distillation housing, into a liquid phase unitthrough which a treatment target liquid circulates and a gas phase unitin which vapor generated from the treatment target liquid passes throughthe hydrophobic porous membrane and diffuses by the hydrophobic porousmembrane and the membrane affixation part of the membrane cartridge formembrane distillation and the sealing member.
The “axial direction” of the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation may be the axial direction of the substantially columnar orsubstantially polygonal columnar shape of the membrane cartridge formembrane distillation. When calculating the value C by the aboveformula, the coefficient of linear expansion of the materialconstituting the housing body in the portion in which the membranedistillation housing contacts the sealing member may be used as thecoefficient of linear expansion k_(E) of the constituent material of themembrane distillation housing.
In other words, the membrane distillation module of a preferred aspectof the preset invention is a membrane distillation module comprising:
a membrane cartridge for membrane distillation having a flat sheet orhollow fiber hydrophobic porous membrane, and
a membrane distillation housing which houses the membrane cartridge formembrane distillation, wherein
the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation:
- - has a substantially columnar or substantially polygonal columnar shape, and - has a membrane affixation part which affixes the hydrophobic porous membrane to the axial direction ends of the substantially columnar or substantially polygonal columnar shape with an affixation resin,
the membrane distillation housing has a housing body for housing themembrane cartridge for membrane distillation and one or two housing lidsattached to the housing body,
the membrane distillation module has a support unit which, when themembrane cartridge for membrane distillation is housed within themembrane distillation housing, affixes the membrane cartridge formembrane distillation within the membrane distillation housing bysupporting an outside surface of the membrane affixation part on aninside surface of the membrane distillation housing via a sealingmember,
the membrane distillation module is divided into a liquid phase unitthrough a treatment target liquid circulates and a gas phase unit inwhich vapor generated from the treatment target liquid passes throughthe hydrophobic porous membrane and diffuses by the hydrophobic porousmembrane, the membrane affixation part, and the sealing member, and
in a cross-section of the support unit perpendicular to the axialdirection of the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation, when anequivalent circle diameter of an outer circumference of the membraneaffixation part is d_(F) (mm), the coefficient of linear expansion ofthe affixation resin is k_(F) (1/° C.), an equivalent circle diameter ofan inner circumference of the membrane distillation housing is d_(E)(mm), and the coefficient of linear expansion of a material constitutingthe membrane distillation housing is k_(E) (1/° C.), the membranedistillation module has a value C represented by the following formula:
$\begin{matrix}{C = \frac{d_{E} - d_{F}}{d_{F}\left( {k_{F} - k_{E}} \right)}} & \left\lbrack {{Formula}\mspace{14mu} 4} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$
of 30° C. or greater.
Each element included in the membrane distillation module of thepreferred aspect of the preset invention will be described in orderbelow.
<<Membrane Cartridge for Membrane Distillation>>
The membrane cartridge for membrane distillation comprises a flat sheetor hollow fiber hydrophobic porous membrane,
has a substantially columnar or substantially polygonal columnar shape,and
has a membrane affixation part which affixes the hydrophobic porousmembrane to the axial direction ends of the substantially columnar orsubstantially polygonal columnar shape with an affixation resin.
The phrase “substantially columnar” in the shape of the membranecartridge for membrane distillation encompasses, for example, columnarshapes, elliptical columnar shapes, and shapes similar thereto. Thephrase “substantially polygonal columnar” encompasses, for example,polygonal columns having a polygon whose bottom surface is a polygonhaving 3 to 100 vertices, and shapes similar thereto. The phrase “shapessimilar thereto” encompasses shapes such as cylinders and polygonalprisms with cut corners, shapes with rounded corners, shapes with curvedor bent shafts, and combinations thereof. As the shape of the membranecartridge for membrane distillation, a columnar shape, an ellipticalcolumnar shape, a polygonal columnar shape having a polygon having 4 to12 vertices as the bottom surface, and shapes similar thereto arepreferable, and cylindrical, elliptical, tetragonal, and similar shapesare more preferable.
The membrane cartridge for membrane distillation may be constituted fromonly the hydrophobic porous membrane and the affixation resin, and mayoptionally include, in addition thereto, one or more members selectedfrom, for example, a rod-shaped structure, a net, a non-woven fabric,and a cartridge case.
The cartridge for membrane distillation of the present invention can beused as a membrane distillation module in combination with the membranedistillation housing, which is described later, whereby in addition toproducing useful effects, it can also be used as an element to beincorporated into a system having other functions.
<Hydrophobic Porous Membrane>
It is necessary that the hydrophobic porous membrane according to thepresent embodiment have pores (penetrated holes) penetrating from onesurface of the membrane to the other surface. The penetrated holes maybe included in the network of the membrane material such as a polymer,and may be branched holes or direct holes. These pores must allow vaporto pass therethrough but not allow the treatment target water (liquid)to pass therethrough.
It is necessary that the porous membrane be hydrophobic to preventwetting. The water contact angle is an index representinghydrophobicity. In the present embodiment, the water contact angle ofany part of the hydrophobic porous membrane is preferably 90° or more,more preferably 110° or more, and further preferably 120° or more. Theupper limit of the water contact angle is not particularly limited, butin practice, is preferably approximately 150° or less.
The water contact angle is measured by the sessile drop method. Thesessile drop method is a method in which, for example, 2 μL of purewater is dropped onto the surface of the object to be measured, and theangle formed by the object to be measured and the droplet is quantifiedby analysis from a projected image.
The pore size and pore size distribution of the hydrophobic porousmembrane also have a strong causal relationship with wettingsuppression.
The average pore size of the hydrophobic porous membrane is preferablyin the range of 0.01 μm to 1.0 μm, and more preferably in the range of0.03 μm to 0.6 μm. If the average pore size is less than 0.01 μm, thevapor permeation resistance becomes excessively great, and the distilledwater production rate becomes low, and if it exceeds 1.0 μm, it becomesdifficult to suppress wetting even if the hydrophobicity of the membraneis increased, which is not suitable. From the viewpoint of achievingboth the distilled water production rate and the suppression of wetting,it is preferable that the pore size distribution of the hydrophobicporous membrane is narrow. Specifically, it is preferable to have a poresize distribution in which the ratio of the maximum pore diameter to theaverage pore diameter is in the range of 1.2 to 2.5.
From the viewpoint of the distilled water production rate, the porosityof the hydrophobic porous membrane is preferably 50% by volume to 85% byvolume. If this value is less than 50% by volume, the distilled waterproduction rate is low, and if it is greater than 85% by volume, thestrength of the membrane itself is reduced, and problems such asbreakage may occur during long-term use, which is not suitable.
The form of the hydrophobic porous membrane is hollow fiber or flatsheet.
The flat sheet hydrophobic porous membrane may be pleated or may be aspiral.
FIG. 2 shows an example of a hollow fiber hydrophobic porous membrane.
The hydrophobic porous membrane (11) of FIG. 2 has a hollow fiber(cylindrical) shape, and the outer wall is constituted by thehydrophobic porous membrane. The treatment target water (A) isintroduced, for example, into the bore side of the hydrophobic porousmembrane (11). The vapor (B) separated from the treatment target waterpasses through the outer wall of the hollow fiber and diffuses to theoutside of the hollow fiber, and the distilled treatment target water(A′) passes through the bore side of the hydrophobic porous membrane(11) and is discharged to the outside. A configuration in which thetreatment target water (A) is introduced from the shell side of thehydrophobic porous membrane (11), and the vapor (B) separated fromtreatment target water passes through the outer wall of the hollow fiberand diffuses into the bore side of the hollow fiber may be adopted.
When the hydrophobic porous membrane is hollow fiber, it is preferablethat the axial direction of the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation coincide with the axial direction of the hollow fiberhydrophobic porous membrane.
FIG. 3 shows an example of a pleated hydrophobic porous membrane.
The hydrophobic porous membrane (11) of FIG. 3 is formed in a tubularshape having a large number of folds (pleats), wherein, for example, arectangular flat sheet porous membrane is alternately made into mountainfolds and valley folds by means of fold lines parallel to one side ofthe rectangular shape, and then rolled around the direction parallel tothe fold lines. The treatment target water (A) is introduced, forexample, into the central cavity portion of the hydrophobic porousmembrane (11), the vapor (B) separated from the treatment target waterpasses through the hydrophobic porous membrane (11) and diffuses to theoutside, and the distilled treatment target water (A′) passes throughthe central cavity portion of the hydrophobic porous membrane (11) andis discharged to the outside. A configuration in which the treatmenttarget water (A) is introduced from the outside of the hydrophobicporous membrane (11), and the vapor (B) separated from treatment targetwater passes through the hydrophobic porous membrane (11) and diffusesinto the central cavity may be adopted.
When the hydrophobic porous membrane is pleated, it is preferable thatthe axial direction of the membrane cartridge for membrane distillationcoincide with the axial direction of the cylinder in the hydrophobicporous membrane, which has folds and which has been rolled into acylinder.
FIG. 4 shows an example of a spiral hydrophobic porous membrane.
FIG. 4 illustrates a configuration in which, for example, twohydrophobic porous membranes (11), along with a liquid phase unit spacer(18) and a gas phase unit spacer (19), are wound around a rod-shapedstructure (17) as a winding axis in a laminate body state having afour-layer structure in which the hydrophobic porous membrane (11), theliquid phase unit spacer (18), the hydrophobic porous membrane (11), andthe gas phase unit spacer (19) are laminated in this order. Thetreatment target water (A) is introduced into a liquid phase unit formedby, for example, the liquid phase unit spacer (18). The vapor (B)separated from the treatment target water (A) passes through thehydrophobic porous membrane (11), diffuses into a gas phase unit formedby the gas phase unit spacer (19), and is discharged to the outsidethrough the rod-shaped structure (17). Reference sign “B*” in FIG. 4indicates that the vapor separated from the treatment target water (A)passes through the hydrophobic porous membrane (11) and diffuses intothe gas phase unit.
The rod-shaped structure (17) functions as a vapor discharge pipe whichis connected to the gas phase unit of the membrane distillation moduleand discharges the vapor in the gas phase unit to the outside of themembrane distillation module when the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation is housed in the membrane distillation housing. Therefore,the rod-shaped structure (17) may have a structure that allows gas topass from the side surface of the rod to the inside of the rod, forexample, it may be hollow and have holes on the side wall surface, or itmay be a porous structure. The rod-shaped structure (17) may protrudeoutward from the membrane distillation housing when the membranecartridge for membrane distillation is housed in the membranedistillation housing.
It should be noted that the rod-shaped structure of the membranecartridge for membrane distillation will be described in detail later.
When the hydrophobic porous membrane is a spiral membrane, it ispreferable that the axial direction of the membrane cartridge formembrane distillation coincide with the direction of the winding axis ofthe winding body composed of the two hydrophobic porous membranes, theliquid phase unit spacer, and the gas phase unit spacer.
In the present embodiment, from the viewpoint of water permeability inmembrane distillation and mechanical strength of the membrane, themembrane thickness of the hydrophobic porous membrane is preferably 10μm to 1,000 μm, and more preferably 15 μm to 1,000 μm. When the membranethickness is 1,000 μm or less, decreases in distilled water productionefficiency can be prevented. When the membrane thickness is 10 μm ormore, deformation of the membrane when used under reduced pressure canbe prevented.
As described above, the hydrophobic porous membrane is hollow fiber orflat sheet, and in the membrane distillation module of the presentembodiment, from the viewpoint of compactness, it is preferable to use ahollow fiber hydrophobic porous membrane which enables an increase inmembrane surface area per unit volume.
When the hydrophobic porous membrane is hollow fiber, the outer diameterthereof is, for example, 0.3 mm to 5.0 mm, and preferably 0.35 mm to 4.0mm, and the inner diameter thereof is, for example, 0.2 mm to 4.0 μm,and preferably 0.25 mm to 3.0 mm.
The porous membrane for membrane distillation according to the presentembodiment contains a hydrophobic polymer as a main constituentcomponent. Hydrophobic polymers are polymers with low affinity forwater, and can include one or more resins selected from the groupconsisting of, for example, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyethylene,polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, andethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymers, andpolychlorotrifluoroethylene. From the viewpoint of hydrophobicity,membrane-formation properties, mechanical durability, and thermaldurability, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene/tetrafluoroethylenecopolymers, and polychlorotrifluoroethylene are preferable, and it isfurther preferable that impurities such as plasticizers be removed byrefining after the polymerization of these polymers or after membraneformation therewith.
As the method for producing the hydrophobic porous membrane, a thermallyinduced phase separation method, in which a resin membrane in a moltenstate is cooled to cause a phase separation to form a porous layer, or adry-wet method (non-solvent induced phase separation method), in which apolymer membrane in the form of a solution is brought into contact witha non-solvent to cause a phase separation to form a porous layer, can besuitably used.
From the viewpoint of balancing the improvement of distilled waterproduction efficiency and the suppression of salt permeation, it ispreferable to apply a coating of a hydrophobic polymer to the porousmembrane obtained by the thermally induced phase separation method orthe non-solvent induced phase separation method. By forming ahydrophobic coating on all or part of the treatment target water side(liquid phase unit side) surface, the vapor permeation side (gas phaseunit side) surface, and the inside of the membrane (wall surface in thepore) of the porous membrane, the hydrophobic polymer imparts waterrepellency to the membrane or improves the water repellency of themembrane. For example, when the hydrophobic porous membrane is hollowfiber, at least a part of the bore surface, the shell surface, and thepore surface in the cross section may be coated with a hydrophobicpolymer to impart high water repellency.
Examples of the hydrophobic polymer with which the porous membrane iscoated include:
(A) silicone-based polymers and polymer gels which form crosslinkedstructures by reacting with silane coupling agents;(B) polymers having a siloxane bond, for example, a dimethyl siliconegel, a methylphenyl silicone gel, a reactive modified silicone gel inwhich an organic functional group such as an amino group has beenintroduced, or a fluoroalkyl-modified silicone gel;(C) polymers having a (per)fluoroalkyl group, a (per)fluoropolyethergroup, an alkylsilyl group, or a fluorosilyl group, in the side chaindissolved in a solvent;(D) hydrophobic polymer thin films having a fluoroalkyl group, analkylsilyl group, or a fluorosilyl group, in the side chain; and(E) water repellents having a fluoroalkyl group, an alkylsilyl group, ora fluorosilyl group, in the side chain.
As the hydrophobic polymer, in particular, one or more polymers selectedfrom C₁₋₁₂ (meth)acrylate-based monomers or vinyl-based monomers havinga (per)fluoroalkyl group or a (per)fluoropolyether group are preferable.
<Membrane Affixation Part>
The membrane affixation part of the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation is the portion where the hydrophobic porous membrane isaffixed with an affixation resin at both ends of the axial direction ofthe cartridge.
It is necessary that the affixation resin which affixes the hydrophobicporous membrane have mechanical strength and heat resistance at 100° C.Examples of the resins which can be used as the affixation resin includethermosetting epoxy resins and thermosetting urethane resins. Epoxyresins are preferable from the viewpoint of heat resistance, buturethane resins are preferable from the viewpoint of handleability.
When a hollow fiber hydrophobic porous membrane is used as thehydrophobic porous membrane, the filling rate of the hollow fiberhydrophobic porous membrane, based on the cross-sectional area obtainedby cutting the membrane affixation part on the plane perpendicular tothe axial direction of the cartridge, is preferably 15% or more, andmore preferably 20% or more from the viewpoint of miniaturization of themembrane distillation module. To uniformly affix the hollow fiber withan affixation resin, the filling rate is preferably 74% or less, andmore preferably 70% or less. The filling rate (%) of the hollow fiberporous membrane is calculated by (the total cross-sectional area of thehollow fiber hydrophobic porous membrane)/(the cross-sectional area ofthe membrane affixation part)×100. The cross-sectional area of thehollow fiber hydrophobic porous membrane refers to the area of theportion of the hollow fibers surrounded by the outer circumference, andis a concept including the area of the bore side.
When hollow fiber hydrophobic porous membranes are used as thehydrophobic porous membranes, the hollow fiber membranes are formed intosmall bundles and arranged separately in the membrane affixation part asthe small bundles, whereby the membrane surface area of the entirecartridge can be increased while maintaining the distance from thecenter of the small bundles of the membrane to the outer circumferenceto within a predetermined value.
Specifically, the distance between the hollow fiber membranes in thesmall bundles is preferably less than 3 mm, and more preferably lessthan 2 mm. The diameter of the small bundles is preferably less than 60mm, and more preferably less than 50 mm. The distance between the smallbundles is preferably 3 mm or more, and more preferably 4 mm or more.
FIG. 5 shows an example of an aspect in which the plurality of hollowfiber hydrophobic porous membranes are divided into a plurality of smallbundles, and the plurality of small bundles are dispersedly arranged ina cross-section of the membrane affixation part in a directionperpendicular to the axial direction of the membrane cartridge formembrane distillation. FIG. 5 (A) is a cross-sectional view in a planeparallel to the axial direction of the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation, and FIG. 5 (B) is a cross-sectional view taken along lineA-A of FIG. 5(A).
The membrane cartridge for membrane distillation (10) of FIG. 5 has amembrane affixation part (12) which affixes the hydrophobic porousmembranes (11) with the affixation resin at both axial direction endsthereof. With reference to FIG. 5(B), the plurality of hydrophobicporous membranes (11) are divided into seven units with seven smallbundles (11 a) as single units, and it is understood that they aredispersedly arranged in the cross-section of the membrane affixationpart (12). In FIG. 5B, the diameter of the small bundle is the lengthrepresented by the sign “d_(11a)”, the distance between the hollow fibermembranes in the small bundle is the length represented by the sign“i1”, and the distance between the small bundles is the lengthrepresented by the sign “i2”.
The effective length of hydrophobic porous membrane, which is defined asthe shortest distance between two membrane affixation parts arranged atboth axial direction ends of the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation, from the viewpoint of increasing the effective lengthratio per full length of the porous membrane (i.e., to use the membranemore effectively), is preferably 60 mm or more, more preferably 100 mmor more, and further more preferably 200 mm or more, and in order tosuppress pressure loss that occurs when the treatment target waterpasses through the liquid phase unit of the membrane distillationmodule, is preferably 2,000 mm or less, preferably 1,500 mm or less, andmore preferably 1,200 mm or less.
The membrane affixation part can be formed by adhering and affixing ahydrophobic porous membrane using an affixation resin as an adhesive atboth axial direction ends of the cartridge. The bonding method may beany bonding method which is known for producing membrane distillationmodules.
When a hollow fiber hydrophobic porous membrane is used as thehydrophobic porous membrane, for example, a known bonding method such ascentrifugal bonding or static bonding can be adopted as the bondingmethod.
Centrifugal bonding is a method in which the hollow fiber hydrophobicporous membranes are bundled, the ends thereof are sealed, and adhesiveis poured in a state in which the hollow fibers are rotated from thecentral portion in the length direction to both ends to applycentrifugal force. Thereafter, by cutting the sealed parts at both endsof the hollow fiber, a membrane affixation part in which the open endsof the bundle of hollow fibers are affixed by affixation resin can beobtained.
Static bonding is a method in which the hollow fiber hydrophobic porousmembranes are bundled, the ends thereof are sealed, and adhesive ispoured in a state in which the sealed ends are facing downward.Thereafter, by cutting the sealed portions of the hollow fiber endportions, a membrane affixation part in which the open end portions ofthe hollow fiber bundles are affixed with the affixation resin can beobtained. Static adhesion may be sequentially carried out for each endof the hollow fiber.
<Regarding Compressive Stress>
Since the membrane distillation in the present embodiment operates whilethe gas phase unit of the hydrophobic porous membrane is set to areduced pressure state, the compressive stress represented by thefollowing formula in its axial direction is exerted on in the axialdirection of the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation.
Compressive stress [kgf]=(cross-sectional area of membrane affixationpart [cm²])×{(pressure [kPa] of treatment target water in liquid phaseunit)−(pressure of gas phase unit [kPa])}×98.0665.
If the size of the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation ischanged by the above-mentioned compressive stress, the sealing propertybetween the cartridge and the housing is impaired, whereby airtightnesscannot be maintained. Thus, it is necessary that the membrane cartridgefor membrane distillation have pressure resistance to compressivestress. Specifically, the dimensional change in the axial direction ofthe cartridge before and after the application of the compressive stressis preferably less than 5%, and more preferably less than 3%.
To impart such pressure resistance to the membrane distillation membranecartridge, for example, a method in which the rod-shaped structure,which is described later, functions as a side core rod, a method ofaffixing the membrane affixation part of the cartridge with the housingby screwing after inserting the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation into the membrane distillation housing, or a method ofcovering at least a part of the side surface of the cartridge other thanthe ends of the hydrophobic porous membrane and the membrane affixationpart affixing the membrane with a cartridge case can be adopted.Regarding the screwing of the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation and the membrane distillation housing, they may be screweddirectly between the two, or indirectly via an appropriate memberarranged between the two. The cartridge case will be described later.
<Rod-Shaped Structure>
The membrane cartridge for membrane distillation may further comprise atleast one rod-shaped structure which is affixed with the affixationresin at both axial direction ends of the cartridge. The rod-shapedstructure, for example, reinforces the mechanical strength of thecartridge, and in particular, it may have a function as a “side corerod” which imparts resistance to compressive stress, or may have afunction as a “vapor discharge rod” which induces vapor generated fromtreatment target water and diffused into the gas phase unit in thecartridge to the gas phase unit of the membrane distillation module andpromotes discharge to the outside of the membrane distillation module.
(Side Core Rod)
As the rod-shaped structure which functions as a side core rod, forexample, a solid rod or a hollow rod (pipe) made of a metal or resin maybe used.
The side core rod may be arranged so as to connect between the membraneaffixation parts at both ends of the membrane cartridge for membranedistillation, and can impart resistance to compressive stress to themembrane cartridge for membrane distillation.
The length of the side core rod may be, for example, longer than theeffective length of the hydrophobic porous membrane and shorter than thefull length of the hydrophobic porous membrane.
The number of side core rods may be one or more, preferably 1 to 12, andmore preferably 2 to 6.
(Vapor Discharge Rod)
When the diameter of the membrane cartridge for membrane distillationbecomes large, there is a risk that the amount of vapor generated in thecenter of the membrane bundle decreases due to pressure loss from thecenter of the membrane bundle toward the outer circumference. Therefore,when a rod-shaped structure that functions as a vapor discharge rod isarranged in the center of the membrane bundle, a vapor path is createdfrom the center of the membrane bundle to the outside of the cartridge,whereby the entire membrane bundle can be used uniformly.
The rod-shaped structure as a vapor discharge rod may be, for example, ahollow structure having holes on the side surfaces thereof, or a porousstructure. In the membrane distillation module, the hollow interior ofthe rod-shaped structure can be connected to the gas phase unit of themembrane distillation module, and the rod-shaped structure, which ishollow and has holes on the sides thereof, functions as a vapordischarge rod. The rod-shaped structure, which is a porous structure,functions as a vapor discharge rod because the pores of the rod-shapedstructure can be connected to the gas phase unit of the membranedistillation module in the membrane distillation module.
The porous structure may be, for example, a sponge or a mesh. The porousstructure preferably has a large porosity so as not to cause resistancewhen vapor passes therethrough. Specifically, the porosity is preferably50% by volume or more, and more preferably 70% by volume or more.
The number of vapor discharge rods may be one or more, preferably one tosix, and more preferably one to three.
<Net and Non-Woven Fabric>
At least a part of the membrane cartridge for membrane distillationother than the axial direction ends thereof may be covered with at leastone of a net and a non-woven fabric.
(Net)
In order to prevent sagging of the hydrophobic porous membrane duringhigh-temperature operation and damage to the hydrophobic porous membranedue to contact during transportation, all or a part of the outercircumference of the membrane cartridge for membrane distillation may becovered with a net.
The material of the net is not particularly limited, and can be, forexample, a resin or metal. The net may be composed of a single materialor a combination of different materials.
Examples of the resin constituting the net include polysulfone,polyethersulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyetherimide,polyamide, polyetherketone, polyetheretherketone, polyphenylene sulfide,polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(4-methylpentene), ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymers, ethylene vinyl acetate, nylon, polyester,polyvinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymers, polyvinylidenechloride-acrylonitrile copolymers, cellulose, cellulose acetate,polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers,polytetrafluoroethylene, and tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoroalkyl vinylether copolymers. Composite materials thereof may be used. Inconsideration of mountability to the hydrophobic porous membrane, theresin constituting the net is preferably polyamide, polyethylene,polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylenecopolymer, polytetrafluoroethylene, or atetrafluoroethylene/perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer.
As the metal constituting the net, a general metal which can beprocessed into a mesh can be used, and examples thereof include iron,copper, brass, titanium, nickel, platinum, pure silver, molybdenum,tungsten, aluminum, zinc, and tantalum, and alloys containing two ormore of these. The metal constituting the net preferably contains atleast one selected from the group consisting of stainless steel,aluminum, iron, and titanium from the viewpoint of ease of processing.
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ihm durchs Auge in's Gehirn ge— drungen. „Nächt Feredech! Clarinch! Clarinch!“ rief Sir John, der seinen treuen Thorwart mit Schmerz fallen sah. „Clarinch! Clarinch!“ erscholles und von Wuth entflammt drangen die Buchanans vor. Dem wilden Anpralle konnten die Mac Gregors nicht standhalten und gerieten in bedenkliches Schwätzen. Ihre Rei— hen wurden durchbrochen. Die tap— fere Gegenwehr einzelner vermochte das Verderben und die Niederlage des Clans Mac Gregor nicht mehr aufzuhalten. Umsonst warf sich ihr Häuptling unter Drohungen, Flüchen und Versprechungen den Fliehenden entgegen. Er selbst wurde gegen sei— nen Willen von den eigenen Clans genossen fortgerissen und noch auf der Flucht verloren die wac Gregors manchen der ihrigen durch das feindliche Schwert. Der Clan Buchanan hatte aber den Sieg teuer erkauft, mit schweren Opfern errungen. An dreißig sei ner Stammesglieder bedeckten todt, verstümmelt, verstümmelt oder im Sterben röchelnd den vom Blute schlüpfri gen Rasen; d. Bächlein, das vor kurzem kristallhell durch die Weise geplätzlich war, hatte sich zum Pur-purfaden verwandelt. Starr lag der getreue Feredech auf dem Körper eines entseelten Feindes und unweit dabei hatte der Tod Gebhar ereilt. Es ist schwer, dass er ein leichten Ritzungsverwandten, Robert dagegen heil geblieben. Beide blickten mit Thränen auf den regungslos hingestreckten Körper des jungen unbekannten Fremdlings, aus dessen rechter Seite dunkles Blut auf. Die Schotten jener Zeit. Selbst ihre Könige verstanden sich, da sie fast ununterbrochen in den blutigsten Kämpfen lebten, sehr gut auf die Behandlung Verwundeter. Nachdem man die Schäden der einzelnen untersucht und sie nothältig verbunden hatte, wurden Tragbahren für die Todten und schwer Verletzten errichtet. Es war ein trauriger Zug, der von der Höhe in den Thätigrund her— niederwankte, wo das Schloß Kippen eben von den letzten Strahlen der Sonne umsäumt wurde. Manch junges Leben, das voll Kraft und Muth am Morgen hinausgezogen war zur munteren, fröhlichen Jagd, war selbst zum gehetzten Wilden geworden, auf das der tückisch schleichende Weidmann, der Tod, den vernichtenden Pfeil abgesandt hatte. Schmerz und Trquer kehrten an jenem Abende in manch einer armen Hütte des schönen Thales ein. Viertes Kapitel. In einem hellen, geräumigen Gemach, durch dessen offene Fenster und kosende Morgenlüfte sich ständen, lag auf einem schneeweißen Bette der junge Douglas. Sein Angesicht war von einer unnatürlichen Röte überflogen, die Wangen waren hohl und die Lippen zitterten manchmal wie unter dem Hauch unzu— sammenhängender Worte, während schwärglich umrahmten Augen ge— schlossen waren. An der Seite des Bettes kniete eine greise priesterliche Gest. alt: dies war Vater Heribert Donegald. München Gründen herrschte in dem hängenden, von Ascesen redenden Zügen. Die Augen leuchteten in einem sanften Feuer, dem Widerstrahle einer edlen Seele. Langsam ließ Vater Heribert durch die knöchernen Finger ein Ave nach dem anderen am Schnülein des Rosenkranzes gleiten, kaum dass sich die blassen feingeschnittenen Lippen bewegten. Das letzte Kügelchen war herabgeglitten und nun erhob sich der Greis geräuschlos. Es war eine hohe, Ehrfurcht gebietende Erscheinung. Hatte auch die Zeit Vater Heriberts Hauptthaar nicht verschont und auf Stirn und Wangen tiefe Fürchen geätzt, so war sie doch an seinem Geiste spurlos vorübergegangen, das bekundete der klare, seelen volle Blick. Vater Heribert schlug jetzt sanft die Oberdecke ein wenig auf, schob vorsichtig das Hemd des Verwundeten zurück und nahm den Verband mit geübter Hand ab. Die Wunde war stark angeschwollen und von einem lebhaft rothen Kreise umsäumt. Aus einem hölzernen Gefäße goß der heilige Priester auf ein Stückchen Leinen eine ölige Masse und bedeckte damit die Wunde wie der; dann legte er einige Blätter des Lungenkrautes auf und verband das Ganze sorgfältig. Kaum war dies geschehen, als sich die Thür öffnete und Sir John Buchanan eintrat. Mit einem bangen Blicke der Besorgnis und Theilnahme auf den Verwundeten fragte er: „Nun, Vater Heribert, was denkt Ihr von seinem Zustande? Habt Ihr Hoffnung auf sein Genesen?“ „Wenn sich das Fieber bricht“, verkündete der Gefragte, „dann brauchen wir wegen seiner Erhaltung keine Sorge mehr zu haben. Vieles hängt vom Wind ab.“ So sprechend warf er einen forzerehenden Blick durchs Fenster nach dem Zuge der Wolken; mit dem Ausdruck der Zufriedenheit wandte er sich zurück „Wir haben Nordost. Sein trockener kalter Hauch wirkt beruhigend auf heißes, fieberndes Blut. Im übrigen Müssen wir auf Gottes Hilfe bauen.“ „Wie traurig, dass wir gar nichts über des Fremden Verhältnisse wissen, sagte Sir Buchanan. „Na— men, Stand und Herkunft, Alles ist uns verborgen.“ Vater Heriberts Blick ruhte sin— nach den vornehmen Zügen des Krantken. Es schien, als suche der Greis in seiner Erinnerung. Plötzlich leuchtete sein Auge in hellem Glanze auf. Die blaßgefärbten Lippen öffneten sich halb, als wollten sie die Gedanken äußern, von denen des Priesters Seele bewegt wurde. Aber Vater Heribert schwieg. Die Stille des Gemachs wurde jetzt durch den Eintritt eines alten Hochländers unterbrochen, der schwiegend und geräuschlos seinen Platz an der Seite des Bettes nahm; denn er war zur Pflege des Verwundeten herbefohlen worden. Vater Heribert ertheilte dem Manne einige allgemeine Vorschriften in Bezug auf die Warte und verließ dann mit dem Schloßherrn das Zimmer. Eine halbe Stunde später schwebten durch die geöffneten Fenster auf den linden Schwingen des Morgen—windes Glockenklänge. Der greise Kelte ließ trauernd den Blick ins Freie schweifen. Es war heuer der dritte Tag seit dem Kampfe mit den Mac Gregors und die Leiber der Gefallenen sollten diesen Morgen in die Erde zur ewigen Ruhe gebettet werden. Einen Bogenschuß vom Dorfe entfernt lag der stille Gottes—acker und dort hin bewegte sich in düsterer Feierlichkeit langsam der Triumphzug des Todes. An der Spitze flatterte in zierlichen Wellen—shlagen das schwarze Banner des Clans, dem die schneidenden Töne der Stri folgten. Dann kam des Ortes ehrwürdiger Seelenhirte, Vater Heribert. Ihm schloß sich der Häuptling des Clans mit seinem Sohn Robert an, vor der langen Reihe der Leichnam schreitend, die mit unbedecktem Gesichte und von weißem Linnen umhüllt, auf schmuckloser Bahre einher getragen wurden. Den Zug schlossen die Clans-Angehörigen jeden glitters und Geschlechtes und ihre wilde Todtenkl. age, der Coronach, betäubt das wehmütig tönende Glockenerz und die schrillen Klänge der Sackpfeife. Nachdem die Leidtragenden auf dem Friedhofe angelangt waren und die Ceremonien und Gebete der Kirche vollendet worden, begann der sogenannte Drasil. Drei Mal zogen die Stammesgenossen von der Rechten zur Linken unter Segens—worten um die entseelte Hülle jedes einzelnen Kriegers und dann nahm ein einzelnen Grab die reiche Todesernte auf. Wieder ertönte der herzzerreißende Coronach, nur noch schneidender und wilder als zubor, so daß die Luft von dem Zusammenhang—klange so vieler Stimmen weithin durchs trauernde Thal und die Tiefen der benachbarten Wälder erbebte. Dies Alles vermochte der greise Hochländer, der zum Wärter Archibalds bestellt worden war, von seinem Standorte aus mitanzünden, und der Coronach, der aus dem Thalberg herauf drang, schnitt ihm mit solcher Gewalt in's treue Keltenherz, daß die Zähre des Schmerzes aus seinem Auge quoll. Da gemahnte ihn eine Bewegung des Fieberkranken an seine Pflicht. Ein lebhafter Schrecken erfährte den Alten. Er sah Archibald hab aufgerichtet im Vette sitzen, das Gesicht von Fiebergluth tief gerötet, die Augen, wirre Blicke schleudernd, brannten in unnatürlichem Feuer, während er die krampfhaft geballte Rechte als wie zu einem furchtbaren Hiebe erhoben hatte. Seine ganze Gestalt zitterte unter den Pulsschlägen seines heiß kochenden Blutes. „Komm' mir nicht nahe“, rief er jetzt mit unheimlich klingender Stimme, „komm' mir nicht nahe, Bube von einem Lyon! Du möch—test mich morden, mich, einen Douglas! Fort, sag' ich dir! Fort! Ha, Sieht, er flieht! Und aufgeregt von dem Trugge—bilde seiner leidenden Einbildungs—kraft, machte Archibald eine Bewegung, als wolle er sich aus dem Bette stürzen, um auf die Gestalten seines Fieberwahns loszueilen. Aber schon hatten ihn die Arme seines Wärters umchlügen. Der alte Hochländer verfügte noch über beträchtliche Körperstärke und nach einem flüchtigen Ringen, verlassen auch von der plötzlich erlahmenden Kraft, womit das Fieber die erhitzten Nerven und Muskeln spannt, sank Archibald ermattet und lautlos in seine Kissen zurück. Dann legte der Alte nass Linnen—zeug auf die glühende Stirn des Kranken, der unter dem kühlenden Einflusse des Wassers die Lider schloß. Der Hochländer schüttelte nach denklich das Haupt und sagte in seinem Gälisch: „Ich verstehe die Sprache dieses Sassenachs nicht. Was mag dies Alles zu bedeuten haben, was er vorhin gesagt hat? Armer Junge Lyon, Douglas, habe ich verstanden... En. Wie kommt er dazu, von diesen Beiden zu fiebern? Mir nicht recht begünstigt. Gezetle Dieu, den 831. Juli 1906, greiflich. Da steckt doch etwas da hinter, so wahr ich der alte Duncan heißen. Es muß etwas dahinter stecken, darüber habe ich keinen Zweifel, nein, gar keinen. So philosophierte der ehrliche Alte mit dem geheimen Vorsatz, Licht in die Sache zu bringen. Ohne ein Auge von dem Antlitz des Sasse—nachs zu verwenden, stand er, die Arme über der Brust verschränkt, da, als wolle er durch die Züge des geheimnisvollen Fremden auf den Grund seiner Seele dringen. Das Geräusch der sich öffnenden Thüre entriß den Kelten seinem Gedankenkreise. Der junge Buchanan sind vor ihm. „Was macht der Kranke?“ lautete Robert's Frage. Der Alte holte erst tief die Fieberwut puncte. In seiner Sachsensprache hörte ich ihm die Namen Douglas und Lyon aussprechen. Sonst konnte ich nichts verstehen. Aber wie sah er aus! Den Arm hatte er er— hoben, als wolle er mit dem Clay— mor zuschlagen und die Augen blitzten ganz unheimlich, so daß es mich fasst mit Grauen überlief. Er wollte aus dem Bette springen, aber Dantk dem Mark, das mir noch in den alten Knochen verblieben ist, habe ich ihn bemeistert, freilich nicht ohne Mühe, das kann ich dir sagen, Herr.“ Robert war lautlos dem schlichten Berichte des alten Mannes gefolgt. Auf dem Gesichte malte sich Staunen. „Bist du deiner Sache gewiß, Dun— can?“ fragte er jetzt langsam und mit Nachdruck. „Hast du dich nicht in den Namen geirrt, die du ver— nommen hast?“ „Geirrt?“ wiederholte der Alte lebhaft. „Ich schwöre dir, Herr.“ „Schon gut!“ unterbrach der junge Buchanan den eifrigen Diener, „du brauchst mir das nicht zu beschwören, Duncan. Gelobe mir vielmehr tief— stes Stillschweigen über Das, was du gesehen und gehört hast, zu be— obachten, tiefstes Stillschweigen, ver— steht du wohl? Keiner sterblichen Seele sollst du anvertrauen, was ich dir geheim zu halten befehle.“ „Ich gelobe, was du wünschest“, entgegnete der Hochländer ernst und fast feierlich. „Eher mag wohl das Grab und das Meer und das Kampf— feld seine Todten wiedergeben, ehe ein Wort von dem Gehörten über meine Zunge den Weg zu fremden Ohren findet.“ „Ich danke dir, alter Freund. Und unun magst du gehen. Ich werde meinen Platz hier wieder einnehmen. Damit wies Robert auf die Stelle, wo Archibald lag, und bedeutete dem Hochländer mit einem stummen Winkel sich zu entfernen. Koum war der alte Duncan verschwunden, als sich Robert auf einen Stuhl neben dem Bette niederließ und mit ängstlicher Spannung auf jeden Athemzug des mit dem Fieber Ringenden lauschte. Der junge Vuchanan blickte gedanken voll auf die Züge Archibalds. Der Bericht des Alten hatte auf ihn einen tiefen, nachhaltigen Eindruck gemacht. Tau-send Vermuthungen und Gedanken drärglen auf ihn ein, unbestimmte Gefühle, von denen er sich selbst keine klare Rechenschaft zu geben wusste, durchzogen seine Brust. Eines aber stand in deutlichem Bewusstsein vor seiner Seele: er liebte den jungen Fremdling mit jener Innigkeit, die sich nur dem theuersten Freunde er schlicht. Diese Liebe offenbarte sich am deutlichsten in der fast rührenden Sorgfalt und Treue, mit welcher Robert seit der Verwundung seines Lebensretters über diesen. En gewacht hatte. Mit lügenden Unterbrechungen war er seit drei Tagen und Nächten laum von dem Lager des namenlosen Freundes gewichen, voll ängstlichen Bangens hatte er die leisesten Anzeichen im Zustande des Wundkranke des deobachtet und verfolgt. Die Worte des alten Duncan hatte Robert sehr hinterdenklich gemacht. Wie kam der Fremde dazu, den Namen Douglas in sein fieberhaftes Selbstgespräch zu verpflechten? Die erste und unmittelbare Wirkung, welche aus den Worten des alten Duncan entstand, war, dass sie in Robert den Glauben an die personlichen Verhältnisse des Fremdlings, wie dieser sie bisher dargestellt hatte, nicht nur erschütterten, sondern geradezu brachen. Bisher hatte man auf Schloss Kippen den Unbekannten dafür genommen, was er zu sein vorgeben hatte, für einen Mann, dessen Bildungsgang ihn anstrebend, durch Reisen sich Kenntnis von Ländern und Menschen zu verschaffen, den Schatz seiner Erfahrungen durch persönliche Berührung mit fremden Sitten und Gebräuchen zu bereichern und seinem Gebildeten Geistes einen ausgedehnteren Gesichtskreis zu er—schließen. In all dem barg sich nichts Fremdartiges und nichts Ungewöhnliches. Tausende durchzogen damals, angespornt von dem un—widerstehlichen Drange nach Wissens vermehrung, von dem Durst nach schönen und reichen Kenntnissen die Länder Europa's, um an den bestimmten Sitzen der Gelehrsamkeit und der Musen ihr brennendes Verlangen zu stillen, während andere, dem Zugvogel gleich, bloß einem ungestümen Wandertriebe in der Brust folgend, in Gottes weite Welt hin—ausgingen und sich in ungebundener Befriedigung dieser Wanderlust glücklich fühlten. Archibald konnte es daher nicht schwer werden, seine Person in solchem Lichte den Bewohnern von Kippen erscheinen zu lassen. Diese Täuschung war wenigstens für Robert Buchanan nunmehr gefallen. Ihm hatte es sich bereits zur fest— stehenden Thatsache erhoben, dass sich über die Persönlichkeit dieses selt— samen Sassenachs ein geheimnisvoller Schleier breite, der, erst gelüftet, eine ganz andere Gestalt dem Auge enthüllen würde. Es war nicht etwa Neugierde, die in Robert das Bestreben erwachen ließ, sich Gewißheit über die wahre Herkunft und den wahren Namen des Monnes zu verschaffen, der mit Einsetng seines eigenen Lebens ein fremdes gerettet hatte. Aber der junge Buchanan verhehlte sich auch nicht die Schwierigkeiten seiner selbst gewählten Aufgabe. Wenn der Fremdling sein Geheimnis unverletzt zu erhalten entschlossen war, wer vermochte es ihm zu entreißen? Robert fühlte wohl, dass ihn seine eigene Kraft in Erreichung seines Zieles nicht viel weiter bringen würde. Sein nächster Gedanke war, sich einen Verbündeten beizulegen. Aber wen? Robert dachte an seinen Vater. Allein eine Stimme in seiner Brust mahnte ihn eindringlich davon ab, denselben in's Verteuren zu ziehen. Auch seine Schwester tont nicht in Frage kommen. So blieb nur Vater Heribert übrig und auf ihn lenkte Robert die Wahl. Am Abend desselben Tages, der die Gängerei über Leben und Tod für Archibald im Schoße barg, be— gab sich der heilkundige Pfarrherr nochmals zu dem Bette des Kranken. In dem Gemach brannte eine kupferne Gellampe. Robert saß noch immer als treuer Wächter an der— selben Stelle. Vater Heribert be— merkte in Robert's Mienen Spuren der Unruhe und Besorgnis. „Wie geht es?“ fragte der Priester. Der junge Buchanan zuckte bedenklich die Achseln. „Sein Zustand, der heute schon einmal zu der freudigsten Hoffnung angeregt hat, scheint sich wieder zu verändern. Unruhe, häufiges Irr- reden, anwachsende Fieberhitze das sind die Gängerei.“ Vater Hribert neigte sich sanft über Archibald, der im Fieber da— lag, und belauschte die schnell flie genten Athemzüge. „Hat er die Arznei nach Vorschrift genommen?“ „Ja, Vater Heribert.“ „Und die kalten Umschläge erhalten?“ „Wie es Ihr angeordnet habt.“ Nach den letzten Worten wandte sich der Pfarrherr an Robert und sagte ernsten Tones: „Meine Kunst ist erschöpft. Ich kann nur dieselben Mittel wiederholen. Innerhalb weniger Stun-den muß es sich entscheiden, ob Leben oder Tod siegt. Hoffen und beten wir.“ Über Robert's Züge glitt tiefer Schmerz. Vater Heribert bemerkte den Eindruck seiner Worte. „Laßt mich mit dem Kranken für einige Zeit allein, sprach der greise Pfarrherr. „Ihr bedürft gar sehr der Ruhe, Robert. Die Nachtwächen und die anhaltende Aufregung, deren Beute Ihr seid, tun bereits ihre Wirkung auf Euch kund. Unge-straft sündigt kein Sterblicher gegen die Gesetze der Natur.“ Es bedürft einer zweiten und dringenderen Aufforderung, ehe der junge Buchanan sich dazu verstand, in Vater Heribert's Begehren ein— zuwilligen. Roberts Schriftstückten sich gegen das Wohngemach, wo er den Vater traf. Diesem fielen die verstörten Züge des Sohnes auf. „Was ist dir, Robert?“ „Der Zustand des Kranken hat sich verschlimmert, versetzte dieser mit schmerzlicher Stimme. „In einigen Stunden gehört der Arme uns oder dem Tode.“ „Was? So steht es mit ihm?“ rief Sir Buchanan. „Ich gäbe Vieles darum, wenn ich ihn retten könnte. Ich muß ihn sehen.“ Damit sprang der Schloßherr von seinem Lehnstuhle auf und verließ das Gemach. Robert wollte den Vater begleiten, als Eleonore er— schien. Sobald sie die betrübte Miene des Bruders sah, fiel es ihr schwer auf's Herz, daß die Ursache seiner Betrübniß wahrscheinlich der Zustand des fremden Gastes sein werde. „Geht's ihm noch nicht besser?“ fragte sie mit ungewissem Tone. Robert schüttelte schweigend den Kopf. Er war an's Fenster getreutet und bliekte schweigend in die Nacht hinaus, die unterdessen ihr thauschweres, schwarzes Gespind auf Höhen und Thäler gesenkt hatte. Der Mond hing bleich am Himmel und vergrub sein Antlitz hin und wieder hinter rastlos wandernden, dunkelte Wolkenballen. Um die alten Mauern des Schlosssses strich in langgezogenen Wimmertönen ein frostiger Nachtwand und drückte gegen die Fensterscheiben, an denen Robert seine heiße, fieberpochende Stirn zu kühlen stieg in ihm auf. Mit zögernder Stimme sagte er: „Eleonore.“; Keine Antwort. „Eleonore, wiederholte er, „hörst du nicht? Wir müssen beten, sagte Vater Heribert.“ Wieder dieselbe Stille. Robert wandte sich um und näherte sich seiner Schwester. Er fand sie, das Antlitz in die zarten Hände vergrabend. Eleonore weinte leise. Robert schnürte dieser Anblick das Herz zusammen, aber er sprach keine Silbe. Er nahm seine frühere Stellung am Fenster wieder ein, er horchte auf den Windzug und glaubte darin den Trauergesang der eigenen Seele zu verneymen. Dann, seinen Geist sammelnd, versuchte er ein stilles Gebet nach oben zu senden. Als er geendet hatte, wollte er sich wieder zur Schwester kehren, da war sie fort. Jene Nacht war für die Bewohner eine lange, schwere Nacht, ein qualvolles Ringen der Seelen mit Hoffnung und banger Besorgnis, eine bis auf's Höchste getriebene fieber—hafte Spannung menschlicher Kräfte. Als aber der neue Tag hinter den Ochishügeln seinen purpurnen Herold emporsandte, siehe, da war der fleischlose König der Grüfte und Gräber nach dreitägiger harter Belagerung des Schlosses Kippen mit Zu-rücklassung der kostbaren Beute, nach welcher er verlangend die Knochen—finger aus gestreckt hatte, abgezogen. Welcher Antheil an dieser freudigen Wendung den Gebeten zufiel, welche im Schloss für Archibalds Genesung aufgepfert wurden, daß wusste der Engel, welcher dieselben zum Throne Gottes in goldener Opferschale emporgetragen hatte. Fünftes Kapitel. Wieder stand Vater Heribert an Archibalds Bett, geschäftig, den Wundverband zu erneuern. Die Bewegung des ehrwürdigen Greises wurde von dem Kranken mit einem Bühne verfolgt, in dem sich Gefühle eines von heißem Danke überfließen den Herzens aussprachen. Vater Heribert hatte jetzt beendigt. Archibald erhob die matte Rechte und streckte sie seinem ehrwürdigen Freunde entgegen, dessen Hand erzitternd an die weichen Lippen führte, die zu schwach waren, um in leben digen Worten die Empfindungen der Seele wieder zu geben. Ein freundliches Lächeln spann sich um die Mundwinkel Vater Heribert's, ein Lächeln, in dem sich die Freude des edlen Herzens über die Rettung seines unbekannten Pfleglings spiegelte. Verhaltet Euch ruhig, ganz ruhig, ermahnte er Archibald, „keinerlei Aufregung! Die Pforte des Todes hat sich vor Euch verschlossen. Euch erklärt, dass wir das übrige tun. Bald werdet Ihr wieder so gesund und stark sein wie vorher. Aber nochmals, Ihr müßt jede Aufregung vermeiden und dürft beim Streichen Euch nicht anstrengen. Habt Geduld mit Euch—suchung, tragt sie willig und ohne Murren wie ein Kreuz, das Euch die Heribert mit Robert zu—sammen, der auf ihn zu warten schien und ihn jetzt hat, in den Saal zu treten, um einige Erfrischungen zu nehmen. „Das das das Euch, Robert, aber erstens fühle ich kein Bedürfnis und dann gebricht es mir auch an Zeit. Ich bin auf dem Wege zu einer anderen Leidensstätte, wo man meiner ebenfalls bedarf.“ „So nehmt doch wenigstens einen Schluck Wein, Vater Heribert. Ich wünsche mit Euch eine wichtige Angelegenheit zu besprechen.“ „Gut, darf ich Euch einladen, mich auf meinem Wege zu begleiten, Robert? Wir können da ungestörter Euch.“ „Nun, so gebe ich Euch das Gelegenheit, Vater Heribert“, sagte der junge Buchanan und beide verließen das Gemach. Kaum hatten sie die Zugbrücke hinter sich und das Freie gewonnen, als Robert das Wort ergriff und mit einer geheimnisvollen Miene sagte: „Kaum hatten sie die Zugbrücke hinter sich und das Freie gewonnen, als Robert das Wort ergriff und mit einer geheimnisvollen Miene sagte: „Was denkt Ihr von dem Fremden, Vater Heribert?“ „Ich habe Euch nicht ganz verstanden.“ „So will ich mich deutlicher ausdrücken, dhr wiss, was ihn nach seiner Aussage in die schottischen Berge führte.“ „Dhr habt es mir unlängst gesagt, Robert. Ohne Zweifel gehört er den fahrenden Schülern an, ob schon seine Züge nicht ouf eine gewöhnliche Abstammung deuten, denn der in seinem Gesicht liegende Adel findet sich, soweit meine Erfahrung reicht, nirgends unter dem Volke Schottland's. Ein gewöhnlicher Mensch kann er nicht sein, darüber bin ich mit bereits im Klaren.“ —Wenn eine Maid ihr eigener Herr werden will, dann nimmt sie sich einen Andern. Cehrer— Seminar zur Heranbildung tüchtiger Lehrer und fähiger Organisten und Pio Nono College zur Ausbildung junger Leute in der Handels-Wissenschaft. Boarding und Tagschule. St. Francis, Milwaukee Co., Wis. Seit Jahren besteht an dieser Anstalt ein besonderer Kursus für katholische Kirchen—musik im Sinne des Motu proprio unseres Hl. Vaters Pius X. Nur katholische Zöglinge finden Auf—nahme. Das neue Schuljähr beginnt am 6. September 1906. Um Katalog und weitere Auskunft wende man sich an den Rector der Anstalt, Rev. M. J. Lochemes, St. Francis, Wis. 9 MAVS (OLEGE St. Mary's, Kansas. Gegründet 1848. Chartered 1869. Ein katholisches Institut, von den Jesuitenvätern geleitet; hat klassische und Geschäftskursen, welche eine vollständige und gründliche Ausbildung in den klassischen und geschäftlichen Studien, in der Mathematic, den Wissenschaften, den modernen Sprachen, in der Sprogieridleit und Beredsamkeit, Musik und Gymnastik umfassen. Um weitere Auskunft weude man sich an: REV. 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manualofdiseases02gowe_47
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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A manual of diseases of the nervous system
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Gowers, W. R. (William Richard), 1845-1915
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English
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Spoken
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Thus the right sterno-mastoid was involved most or only, rather more frequently than the left. The right trapezius, which also turns the head to the left, was likewise affected more fi'equently than the left, and the left splenius, which turns the head to its own side, was involved far moi-e frequently than the right. Although the cases are not numerous, the frequency with which this rule obtained can scarcely be a matter of accident. It might be anticipated, a j;)n*on, that the muscles which move the head to the right would suffer most, because they are associated in action with the right arm ; but it must be remembered that many energetic movements of the right arm are effected towards the left. In the cases in which the muscles of the two sides are equally involved, the sterno-mastoids are also most frequently affected, but usually in slight degree. The trapezii and sometimes the splenii contract strongly. Rarely all the muscles of the neck seem to be in action. The movement of the head caused by the spasm necessarily differs according to the muscles that are chiefly implicated. We have seen that the spasm is seldom limited to a single muscle; more often several muscles contract together, and the movement of the head is that due to their combined action. As the combinations are numer- ous, and the muscles contract in various degrees, the resulting movement of the head varies considerably in different cases, and sometimes in the same case at different stages of the disease. The sterno-mastoid, acting alone, causes rotation of the head so as to bring the mastoid process nearer to the inner end of the clavicle. SYMPTOMS. 665 In this movemeut the face is turned towards the opposite side, the chin is put forwaixls, and the head is slightly inclined towards the side of the acting muscle (Fig. 152). The highest part of the trapezius attached to the skull, when acting alone, slightly rotates the head towards the other side, but it inclines the head strongly towards its own side and at the same time di'aAvs the head backwai'ds. It also raises the shoulder, rotating the scapula. The middle and lower parts of the trapezius are seldom involved. The spletiius of one side inclines the head, and very slightly rotates the face towards the same side. ■ • . . j/j.. ...c. . \ \ . ? '." \\ ia^ Jr- ^la-lOi Equal contraction of the trapezii and splenii, on both sides, causes a backward movement of the head. Fig. 152. Fig. 153. ..s* ^> -^ r - i \ M^ V. \ , N V ^^> ' ,, i 't • .v.---^- ■ 1 \ ■"■■■ .,Jk Fig. 152. — Torticollis due to spasm in the left sterno- mastoid. Fig. 153. — Torticollis. Spasm, chiefly tonic, in the right sterno-mastoid, and especially in the right splenius, with slighter spasm in the left splenius. The patient was a man, aged twenty-six, in whom the spasm had existed for six months; it commenced gradually after a period of great mental anxiety. The effects of the chief combinations are as follows : — The association of the sterno-mastoid and the trapezius of the same side greatly increases the inclination of the head towards the shoulder, and this increase in the inclination prevents any increase in rotation. The association of the sterno-mastoid of one side with the trapezius of the opposite side prevents the inclinatioa of the head, and does not appre- ciabl)'' lessen the rotation caused by the former muscle, the trapezius being a feeble rotator. Hence the rotation of the head is often very great. The combination of one sterno-mastoid and the oppo- site splenius causes extreme rotation of the head, so that the face, as in Fig. 152, may be turned towards the shoulder. I have not seen any case in which one sterno-mastoid was associated with the splenius of the same side, but the resulting movement would pi-obably be similar to that produced by the combination with the trapezius of the y 666 WRY-NECK. same side, a strong inclination of the head towards the shoulder. In the case shown in Fig. 153 both splenius muscles were involved (the right most), as well as the right sterno-mastoid, and a sti'ongly backward inclination, with some rotation, was the result. Bilateral spasm, equal on the two sides, always causes a back- ward movement of the head, because both sterno-mastoids scarcely ever contract alone, and the spasm in the muscles at the back of the neck draws the head backwards, and then the inclination is in- creased by the sterno-mastoids. It is doubtful whether there is ever a forward movement in any case properly belonging to the group now under consideration. The retroflexion of the neck is sometimes very great ; the face may even be horizontal, turned directly upw^ards, as in one case that I have seen. Such extreme spasm is, however, rare ; more often the contraction is moderate in degree. An interesting fact about this retrocollic spasm is that contraction in the frontales muscles is almost always associated with the spasm in the back of the neck. The association is a physiological one ; in the act of looking upw^ards the head is bent back, and the eyebrows are raised by the frontales. If the sjjasm is clonic, the contraction in the forehead is synchronous with that in the muscles of the back of the neck. The spasm in all foi'ms of torticollis may be either tonic or clonic, and often both kinds of spasm occur together ; clonic spasm may become tonic as it becomes intense, or, more commonly, tonic spasm, as it increases, becomes clonic and jerky. It usually varies in intensity from time to time, and either form may be intermittent. The patient is able to keep the head still for a time, but every now and then it is drawn to one side, either steadily or in jerks. The spasm is seldom absent for more than a few minutes. As it comes on, the aft'ected muscles stand out conspicuously in their contraction. Occasionally the spasm, either tonic or clonic, is practically continuous. The same variations are seen in the retrocollic variety, but clonic spasm is relatively more common, and intermissions are less common. The contractions are often moderate in degree and frequent in recur- rence, so that the spasm (esi^ecially at first) bears more resemblance to tremor than in the ordinary forms. In most cases there is a strong tendency, in the course of time, for the spasm to spread and to involve other muscles in addition to that in which it commenced. Even when the contractions are limited, if the movement of the head is forcibly prevented, the spasm often tempo- rai'ily spreads to other muscles. Thus, in a case in which one sjjlenius alone habitually contracted, if the movement was prevented, the sterno-mastoid began to contract. In^some cases the spasm is not limited to the muscles of the neck ; _it involves either the arm, or the face, or the muscles of mastication. The face is seldom constantly involved, but muscles occasionally contract dui'ing a severe paroxysm. In one instance, with clonic spasm in one sterno-mastoid and trapezius, at the height of the SYMPTOMS. 6Q7 attack, there was often tAvitcliing o£ tlie eyelids and pouting of the lips. The spasm in the face may occiti' on the side on which the sterno-mastoid contracts, or contracts most strongly. In one instance, in which there was continuous clonic spasm in the right sterno-mastoid, and very little in the left, there were almost constant contractions in the right side of the face. Earely the spasm is equal on the two sides of the face when the spasm in the neck is unequal, as in a case just mentioned. In retrocollic spasm there may be some bilateral contrac- tion in the lower facial muscles, es- pecially in the elevators of the upper lip, at the height of a paroxj^sm, in addition to the constant spasm in the frontales, already described. The masseters are involved in true torti- collic spasm rarely, and only at the height of a paroxysm. In chronic retrocollic spasm they are sometimes constantly affected. When the arm is involved, there is always unequal spasm in the two sides of the neck. The sterno-mastoid that is most affected may be on the same side as the arm, or on the opposite side. In the cases that I have seen in which the ami was affected after the neck, it was the arm on the side opposite to the most affected sterno- mastoid. When the arm is affected first, either sterno-mastoid may be the seat of the chief spasm, and the head may thus be turned from, or inclined towards, the arm that is affected. In one case of clonic spasm in the right sterno-mastoid, there was also spasm in the left deltoid, but in no other muscle. Another instance of this relation is presented by the patient shown in Fig. 154. In him the spasm commenced in the arm and spread to the neck, where it involved the right sterno-mastoid, the left trapezius and splenius, and the right platysma. It became continuous in both arm and neck, so that the upper arm was in constant strong adduction, and the forearm was carried in front of the body, while the face was turned towards the shoulder. As an instance of the peculiar forms met with occasionally in infants may be mentioned that of a girl, aged eleven months, whose head was drawn strongly to the left, and agitated by clonic spasm for Fig. 154. — Spasm, chiefly tonic, in the left sterno-mastoid, right tra- pezius, and the whole of the right arm, which was strongly adducted by spasm in the pectoralis. The patient was a man aged forty-six, in whom the spasm had existed for two years. It commenced gradu- ally in the hand. 068 WRY-NECK. a few minutes, twelve to twenty times a day. The affection had com- menced acutely, without obvious cause. At first each attack was attended by deviation of the left eye to the right, and by nystagmus in this eye during the intervals, but the eye symptoms ceased after a few weeks. A sister of the child was said to have suffered in the same way, for a time, at about the same age. Considerable spasm always occasions discomfort to the patient, partly due to fatigue in the muscles. There is not commonly any actual cramp-like pain in them. The neuralgic pain that is often complained of at the onset usually ceases after a time, but sometimes continues in varying degree. When there is spasm in the arm, the limb is often the seat of considerable pain, and I have known severe pain in both arms to attend the attacks of spasm in the neck. It is said that there are occasionally tender points in the course of the cervical nerves, but they are not common. Another rare sensory sym- ptom is tingling and numbness in the arm, from the compresjj.on of the nerves of tlie brachial plexus by the scaleni. The muscles that are the seat of considerable spasm undergo, in time, some hypertrophy, and may become very distinctly larger than those on the other side. They never waste. The electrical irrita- bility is generally normal, sometimes indeed it is abnormally great, so that a very weak current of either kind suffices to put the muscles in a state of strong contraction. The course of the disease varies in different cases. Often the sj^asm slowly increases in intensity and widens in range, but ceases to be progressive after a few years, and may remain stationary for the rest of life. In other cases, however, it remains slight, sometimes con- fined to a single muscle, and may not undergo perceptible increase during many years. Less commonly it diminishes after it has lasted for a few months or years, and may pass away, either spontaneously or as the result of treatment, and it may return after a variable pei'iod of freedom, as in the cases mentioned in the section on causation. In some instances it does not disappear altogether, although it becomes slight and occasional. In a case recorded by Brodie, the spasm ceased, for the time, during an attack of insanity, and I have seen an analogous case. The disease does not develop to any disorder of more 1 serious character, nor has it any tendency to shorten life, although it ' may lessen very much the pleasure of existence. <_ Pathology. — In no case of torticollis has a lesion been found that can be regarded as an indication of the morbid process to which the spasm is due. The pathology of the disease is therefore a matter of inference from its symptoms, its causes, and from Avhat we know of the nature of allied diseases, especially of facial spasm (see p. 248). It is almost superfluous to state that the morbid process cannot be in the muscles themselves. The facts that many muscles are involved, and that when the spasm commences in a single muscle it PATHOLOGY. 669 usually spreads to others, as well as the general pathology of spasm, make it probable that the muscular contractions depend on the over- action of nerve-cells, and not on any irritation of nerve-fibres. But we do not know what nei've-cells are primarily deranged, whether they are the cells of the lower spinal centres, or those of the higher cortical s\„ centres. The symptoms suggest that in some cases the lower, and in V other cases the higher centre is that from which the dischai'ge origi- nates, because the distribution of the spasm indicates that the func- ^ - tional level, so to speak, of the discharge is not ahvavs the same. In some, the affected muscles are those that act together in producing a given movement, although they are supplied by different neiwes. It seems probable that such a spasm depends on the over-action of a centre in which movements, leather than muscles, are represented. On the other hand, when the spasm is of a single muscle, or of muscles that are not physiologically associated, it seems more probable that it depends on a lower centre, such as the spinal or bulbar grey matter from which the nerves proceed. The physiological association of muscles is specially'" noticeable in the contraction of the froutales in retrocollic spasm. These muscles are innervated from the facial nucleus in the pons, while the muscles at the back of the neck are for the most part innervated from the spinal cord. It seems far more probable that such an associated spasm depends on the cortical centx'es than that it is due to the lower centres. So, too, in the cases in which there is spasm in the muscles, on both sides of the neck, that are concerned in tvirning the head to one side. On the other hand, such an association as that of the muscles which incline the head towards one shoulder, or strong spasm limited to one sterno- mastoid and the opposite deltoid muscles, seems more intelligible on the assumption that the over-acting nerve-cells are those of the lower centres, since these muscles do not commonly act together without others. In the latter a conjugate deviation of the eyes is usually associated with that of the head, and this is true also of the spasm that results. 670 WRY-NECK. from irritation of the structures in the pons. In ordinary torticollis, however widely the spasm spreads, the muscles of the eyeball are not implicated. From these considerations it seems doubtful whether we have at present suflScient evidence to justify us in coming to any con- clusion regarding the seat of the primary over-action of the cells "which causes the symptoms. The nature of the morbid pi-ocess is also involved in as much obscurity as it is in all other similar spasmodic diseases. That there is an unnatural state of the nerve-cells, in consequence of which nerve-force is spontaneously liberated, is scarcely more than a state- ment of the observed facts, and leaves us still ignorant of the condition on which the phenomena depend. There is at present no evidence that the over-action of the cells depends on any morbid process outside them, or any lesions that could be detected by naked- eye or microscopical examination. The fact that neurotic heredity can often be traced as a predisposing cause, suggests that the over- action has its origin in a primary derangement of the nerve-elements themselves. It is to be noted that this disease, in common with other spasmodic affections of the same class, comes on usually in adult life, and seems to depend on a local failure in the stability of function that has been long developed, and cannot therefore be ascribed either to an imperfect establishment of function on the one hand, or to actual senile changes on the other. In their occurrence at the time when nerve-action might be expected to possess its full stability and precision, and also in their local character, these affections constitute an enigma to which we have as yet no solution. [Cue Diagnosis. — The diagnosis of sj^asmodic torticollis seldom presents any difficulty. The condition that has been termed " false torticollis," in which there is a deviation of the head from some other cause than muscular contraction, is readily distinguished from the variety that is due to shortening of one sterno-mastoid (with which alone it is likely to be confounded) by noting the relation between the jjosition of the head and the side on which the muscle is tense. In the spurious ^rmthe sterno-mastoid is tense on the side towards which the face j^ _turned ; in the true form the tension is of the opposite muscle. EetrocoUic spasm, when the movements are small in range, is apt to_ be mistaken for simple tremor, but the muscular conti-actions can be felt to be moi'e violent than they ever are in simple tremor, and the associated spasm in the frontales, which has been conspicuous in all the cases I have seen^ supplies an absolute distinction between the two affections. Another occasional difficulty is the distinction of true torticollis from hysterical spasm of torticollic tyj^e. The facts of etiology show that under thirty true torticollis seldom occurs in females, and therefore at that period there will always be a presump- tion that the affection is hysterical, but after thirty the mere fact of sex must not be allowed weight. As a rule, hysterical spasm tends to TREATMENT. 671 spi'ead from the neck to the trunk, which becomes affected by writhing movements. In all the cases that I have seen in which the conditions of onset raised a suspicion of the hysterical nature of the case, and the sj^asm was limited to the neck, and was typical in form, the affection turned out to be the true variety. There is, indeed, no absolute criterion by which this point in diagnosis may be determined. I have even known recovery, under treatment suited for an hysterical affection, to be followed by a return of persistent spasm. Prognosis. — The facts of the course of torticollis, already men- tioned, show that the prognosis must be grave in every developed case. The more severe the sj)asm, the wider its extent, and the lono-er its duration, the smaller is the prosj)ect that considerable relief or cessation will be obtained. This is, however, greater in the first half of adult life than in the second, and it is better when the sjmsm is variable than when it is uniform in seat. Treatment. — The removal of any influences that can be regarded as having helped to induce the disease is, of course, of the first import- ance. Cases do not often come under treatment in the early stao'e, but it is desirable that any stiffness due to cold, that has lasted for an unusually long time, should be treated by rest and hot applications. Unfortunately it is very rare for causal treatment to have any appre- ciable influence on the disorder. The same may be said of tonic treat- ment in general, necessary as it is to give tonics whenever they are indicated. Drugs that may be called " stimulant nervine tonics," such as valerianate of zinc and asafoetida, sometimes have a marked influence on the spasm, even in cases in which it is certainly not hysterical in nature. In one, the adminstration of these two druo's, without other treatment, reduced severe spasm to a very trifling decree of intensity, and the improvement continued for some mouths, but the spasm then increased again and resisted all remedies. Sedatives frequently lessen the spasm while their action on the system continues, especially opium, morphia, chloral, succus conii in large doses (gra- dually increased to two ounces), bromide of potassium, and Indian hemp. But the discontinuance of the drug is usually followed by a relapse to the former degree of severity, although occasionally this does not take place for some weeks or even months. I have only once known great and permanent improvement to result from the internal administration of sedatives, which in this case consisted of the com- bination of bromide of j^otassium and cannabis indica. There is one mode of treatment that has in many cases had a more lasting influence, but it is a remedy that has to be carefully weighed in the balance against the disease, — the hypodermic injection of morphia. Continued for several months, in doses increased gradually to half a grain or a grain a day, it has entirely removed the spasm. But the patients so treated find the discontinuance of the drug extremely difficult, 672 WKY-NECK. not only on account of the craving for it that is established, but also because (what is perhaps part of the craving) they feel, or imagine they feel, a tendency to the return of the spasm if the drug is dis- continued. In one very sevei-e and distressing case of retrocollic spasm, in a man aged forty-five, all muscular contractions ceased under the influence of the drug, and the patient has now been free for ten years, but has never left off the use of morphia, although he has not increased the dose above that named. A patient so treated should undergo a subsequent course for the eradication of the morphia habit, before he passes from the hands of the practitioner, and the effect of the withdrawal of the morphia should be cai'efully observed. Co- caine may be used, but for a time only, as the morj)hia is being with- drawn. Unless these measures are adopted, the treatment is the substitution of one morbid state for another, and that which is sub- stituted may be in the end the more harmful of the two. The patient above mentioned, however, has had ten years of pei-fect comfort in exchange for a condition that Avas most distressing ; the sjmsm Avas so severe that he could never enter a public conveyance on account of the painful observation he excited. Reynolds has also described favorable results from the treatment.* The addition of arsenic to the injected morphia has been advocated by Radclift'e, but arsenic alone, either by the mouth or by hypodermic injection, seldom has much influence,t and it is therefore probable that the influence of the combination is due chiefly to the morphia. The beneficial influence of intei*nal remedies has been chiefly observed in cases in the first half of adult life, in which there is occasionally a distinct tendency for the spasm to subside and even cease. The energetic and prolonged use'of morphia is, however, an exception to this, since it has been equally effective in later life. Electricity has been used in various ways in the treatment of the disease. The method that has generally been employed is the api>li- cation of the voltaic current to over-acting muscles, a weak current being used, which has some sedative influence. The positive pole may be placed just below the occiput or on the highest accessible part of the nerve, and the negative on each contracting muscle for five or ten minutes. Thus employed, it has been said to do good in some cases ; in one of severe bilateral spasm, recorded by Poore, the affection almost ceased under the treatment, but the case was peculiar, and possibly allied to the hysterical form. In general, electricity fails to do more than produce a slight and transient diminution in the spasm ; I have not myself seen any jjermanent good result from the agent, even when long continued. Faradisation of the antago- nists of the over-acting muscles has been recommended, but this * ' System of Med.,' vol. ii, p. 797. t A case of clonic spasm which recovered under the administration of arsenic, recorded by Buzzard, was certainly of hysterical nature {' Brit. Med. Journ.,' 1881, p. 937). TREATMENT. 673 method is as destitute of rational foundation as it certainly is of practical effect. The disease probably never results from the weak- ness of the opponents, and cannot be lessened by increasing their activity. A blister over the contracting muscles may lessen the spasm for a time in very marked degree, but the effect is seldom as per- manent as it often is in hysterical spasm. Blistering over the cervical spine, however, apparently arrested the affection in one instance.* Mechanical supports afford occasionally some relief, which depends on the fact that the greater the movement and muscular contraction, the greater is the discomfort produced. Many patients are compara- tively easy when they are sitting in a chair with a high back, against which they can fix the head. The best support is one in which a rigid rod is carried up to the back of the head, and from its top a small pad projects on the side towards which the occiput is turned by the spasm, so that the jjatient is able to press the head against the pad. The instrument needs careful contrivance, having to be specially adapted to each individual case, and it is only when the spasm is moderate in degree that the expedient is very successful. Instru- ments that are designed to fix the head rigidly, and prevent all move- ments^ can never be endured. Surgical measui'es have been frequently employed in the treatment of torticollis, but, with one exception, their effect has been slight and disappointing. The most useless procedure that has been employed is_the division of the tendon of the contracting muscle. This has been sometimes done apparently because the operation cures the totally different fixed wry-neck. In active spasm it is worse than useless, because the division of the tendon permits the muscle to shorten, while it does not check the spasm, and the gi'eater the contraction of the muscular fibres the greater is the pain occasioned by the contrac- tion. In one case that came under my notice some time after the operation bad been performed, the patient's suffering was much in- creased, and, possibly in consequence of the increased pain, the spasm had spread to other muscles. In many cases in which the spasm was confined to, or greatest in, the sterno-mastoid, or in this and the trapezius, the spinal accessory nerve has been stretched. Temporary relief has followed, but when the effect of the stretching had passed away, the spasm has almost invariably returned in its original severity. f The only operation that can be credited with an approximate or actual cure of the affec- tion is division of the nerve, with excision of a piece, half an inch or so in length, to pi-event reunion of the ends. The opei'ation causes, of course, permanent paralysis and atrophy of the muscular fibres to * Morton Prince, ' Boston Med. and Surg. Journ.,' 1886. t The only ease in which great improvement followed stretching was very unusual in the fact that the patient was a hoy of fourteen, and the spasm affected also the muscles of the back and both arms. It was probably more closely allied to the hysterical than to the ordinary form. (Southam, ' Lancet,' 1881, ii, p. 369.) VOL. II. 43 674 TETANUS. which the nerve is distributed, of the whole muscle if, as in the case of the sterno-mastoid and uj^per part of the trapezius, there is no other nerve-supply. All spasm in the muscle thus paralysed is necessarily abolished. Campbell de Morgan first cured a patient (in 1862) by this procedure, and it has since been employed with success in many cases. When other muscles have also been involved, in slighter degree, the arrest of the spasm in the muscles first and most affected has frequently been followed by a remarkable diminution in the contractions in the other muscles, which have subsided to a merely trifling degree, and sometimes have gradually ceased. When other muscles, as the splenius, complexus, &c., have been the seat of severe spasm, this has commonly persisted after the operation on the spinal accessory nerve ; but it has been shown by Keen and Noble Smith that this spasm may also be reduced to a slight degree, or re- moved, by the subsequent division of the posterior branches of two or three of the cervical nerves supplying the muscles involved. Neurec- tomy is certainly the most successful method yet employed in the treatment of torticollis. The paralysing effect of the division of the branches of the spinal nerves is unimportant ; the palsy of the sterno- mastoid interferes with the movement of the head in some degree, but very little with its position ; that of the trapezius lessens the power of the ai-m, but this is a far slighter inconvenience to the patient than the spasm which it replaces. The remarkable siibsidence of moderate spasm in other muscles than those chiefly affected, may perhaps be due to the fact that the operation necessarily arrests the transmission, not only of the motor imi^ulses to the muscle, but also of the afferent impulses from the muscle to the centre. These, generated by the muscular contractions, must be intense and constant, and may he concerned in the extension of the central over-action.* TETANUS. Tetanus is a disease of the nervous system, characterised by persis- tent tonic spasm, with violent brief exacerbations. The spasm almost always commences in the muscles of the neck and jaw, causing closure of the jaws (trismus, lockjawf), and involves the muscles of the trunk more than those of the limbs. It is always acute in onset, and, of those who are attacked, a very large proportion die. The disease is usually the result of a wound (traumatic tetanus), but * Among the cases of successful neurectomy described and discussed are those of De Morgan, ' Med.-Chir. Rev.,' 1866, and ' Lancet,' Aug., 1867 ; Annandale, ' Lancet,' 1879 ; Sands, Tillaux, and Hansen; cases quoted by Bowlby, 'Injuries and Diseases of Nerves ; ' Ballance, ' St. Thomas's Hosp. Rep.,' 1884 ; Keen, ' Annals of Surgery,' Jan., 1891 ; Noble Smith, ' Brit. Med. Journal,' 1891, and a pamphlet, * Spasmodic Wry-neck,' in which are quoted the details of all the published cases. t Properly " locked jaw." TETANUS. 675 sometimes occurs without external injury, especially after exposure to cold {idiopathic or rheumatic tetanus). It occurs also in newly-born children (tetanus neonatorum, trismus nascentium), and, rarely, after childbirth or abortion {puerperal tetanus). Etiology. — Traumatic tetanus is far more common in males than in females, the proportion being nearly as 6 to 1.* The idiopathic form also occurs in males more frequently than in females, although the dispro- portion is not quite so great as in the traumatic form. Of 46 idiopathic cases 37 were males and 9 females, a proportion of 4 to 1. Doubt- less the chief cause of the different liability of the sexes is the greater exposure to the immediate causes, involved in the occupations of men. Tetanus occurs at every period of life. The distribution of 160 traumatic cases and of 46 idiopathic cases is shown in the tables below. During the first five years of life (the first month ex- cepted) there is almost complete immunity, the cases under ten oc- curring after five. The second decade of life yields the largest propor- tion, rather more than a quarter ; the third and fourth decades, each rather less than a quarter, so that, m the thirty years of life from ten to forty, about three quarters of the total number of cases occur. The disease continues, with deci'easing frequency, up to old age, and has Traumatic 1-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 + Males . 5 .. 36. . 32. . 29. . 20. . 11 .. 5 Females. . 4 .. 7. 4. .. 5. 2. 0 .. 0 Total . 9 .. 43. .. 36. .. 34. 22 . 11 .. 5 Per cent. . 5-5 .. 27. .. 22-5. .. 21. .. 14. . 7 .. 3 Idiopathic 1-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 + Males 2 ... 5 .. 9. .. 12. .. 4. .. 0. .. 3 Females. . 1 4. .. 0. .. 2. 2. .. 0. . 0 Total . . 3 ... 9 ... 9 ... 14 ... 6 ... 0 ... 3 been met with as late as eighty-nine (Yandell). The few cases in childhood (five to ten years) occur in each sex with almost equal fre- quency ; from ten to forty the jDroportion between the sexes is near the average (1 to 6) ; between forty and fifty, women suffer still less fre- quently, and scarcely ever after fifty. Dark-skinned races have been observed to suffer from all forms of tetanus more frequently than Europeans when both are exj^osed to the same influences. In hot countries, e. g. India and the West * The published series of cases at Glasgow (Lawrie, ' Glasgow Med. Journal,' 1853, vol. i, p. 339), and at Guy's Hospital (Poland, 'Guy's Hosp. Rep.,' 1857; F. Taylor, ' Guy's Hosp. Rep.,' 1878), idiopathic cases excluded, comprise 160, of which 138 were in males and 22 in females. Consecutive series of cases such as these give more accurate statistics than collections of cases which have been published sepa- rately (often on account of some special feature), and also than the more massive but undifferentiated statistics of the general mortality. 676 TETANUS. Indies, tetanus is far more common than in temperate i-egions, and it is especially prevalent at certain periods and in certain places. In temperate climates, however, its incidence does not appear to be influenced by weather or by season. It is doubtful whether previous health exerts an influence on the occurrence of the disease. The robust suffer as well as the weakly. It has been thought that depressing emotions predispose to it, and especially a fear of the disease, but it is doubtful whether this is really proved by ascertained facts.* The immediate cause of tetanus is a specific bacillus, which, in the usual traumatic form, is inoculated at the wound. The symptoms depend, hoAvever, not directly on the organism, but on a toxic material produced by it, which seems to have an action on the central nervous system analogous to that of strychnine. The evidence of this causation is conclusive ; it has been ascertained by the researches of numerous' investigators during the last six years, and will be described in the section on Pathology. The bacillus exists chiefly in earth-mould, especially where any putrefaction is going on, as in manured soil ; but it is widely spread, and its spores are probably carried also by the air. The discovery explains many facts of causation that were before mysterious, as, for instance, the prevalence in certain localities ; while the fact that the bacillus thrives best at a comparatively high tem- perature explains the frequency of the disease in hot countries. But the precise relation of other causal conditions to the action of the organism has still to be cleared up. The discovery reduces to a sub- ordinate position the influences which were formerly regarded as the chief causes of the disease; they must not, however, be ignored, although they need fresh study in the light of the new facts. For instance, the different susceptibility of the dark and light-skinned races indicates a difference in the liability of the individuals, analo- gous to that Avhich, as Ave shall see, exists among different animals, and it suggests that variations in susceptibility may exist in the same individual, at different times, as the result of influences Avhich formerly Avere alone discerned. In traumatic tetanus the Avound involves an actual breach of the surface ; it may be in any position, of any character, and of any degree of severity. Cases liave been recorded in Avhich tetanus has followed the most trifling injuries (the stings of bees and Avasps, the prick of a thorn, the removalf of a foreign body from the eye), every kind of incised, punctured, contused, and lacerated wounds, compound fractures, and almost every form of surgical operation, from the extraction of a tooth to ovariotomy. But it is far more common after * A curious case (described in the last edition), in which dread of the disease apparently excited the malady, has been deprived of its significance by the recent discoveries, since the injury was a lacerated wound of the hand, pi'oduced by,_its contact with the road in a fall from a horse. + Probably rather its presence there. ETIOLOGY. 677 punctured, contused, and lacerated wounds than after incised wounds. Hence it is comj^arativelj rare after surgical operations. Injuries of nerves have been supposed to be especially concerned in its jjroduc- tion, and those of small nerves rather than those of large nerve- trunks. It also follows extensive burns, and also severe frostbites. The order of frequency* with which the several parts have been the seat of the wound that caused tetanus is (1) hand, (2) leg, (3) foot, (4) head and neck, (5) arm, (6) trunk. The wound has sometimes been in an unhealthy, irritated condition ; more frequently it has been in a perfectly healthy state, and sometimes cicatrisation has been advanced, or even complete. Since attention has been given to the point, it has been observed that in a considerable proportion of the cases the injury involved contamination of the wound with soil, as in falls on the gi-ound, a puncture by a broken stick or stake which had been in the earth, or by a splinter from a dirty floor. Such a splinter from the floor of a skittle alley, penetrating beneath the nail, produced it ; one fatal case was due to a compound fracture of both femora, from a fall in which the ends of the bones were covered with earth ; gardeners have suffei'ed from punctures by sticks. In most of these cases the tetanus bacilli were found in the source of the contaminating material ; their presence exj^lains the influence of these injuries. They have been found in spiders' webs, and tetanus has followed the application of such webs as a styptic (a popular custom in some places), and also the application of earth to a wound. Spon- taneous disease — ulcers, for instance — may also occasion tetanus, although far less frequently than wounds. In such cases, and also iu burns, the organisms must reach the local lesion either by contami- nated applications (possible in the case of ulcers, but unlikely in that of burns), or else through the air. In rare instances the disease is said to have followed injuries which involved no breach of surface, as flogging, and falls on the back of the head and spine. Such cases ought perhaps to be provisionally classed with the idiopathic form, in respect to the mystery of their direct causation. The interval between the infliction of the wound and the appearance of the first symptoms of tetanus is usually from five to fourteen days (in two thirds of the cases), but the malady may set in earlier or later. Many cases have been recorded which commenced within forty-eight liours of the injury, a few within twelve hours, and one or two in which tetanus came on almost immediately. In Robinson's often- q noted case, a negro, who cut his hand with a piece of porcelain, was dead in tifteeu minuites. On the other hand, tetanus occasionally * According to 395 cases tabulated by Thamhajni (' Scbmidt's Jahrbucher,' vol. cxii, 1861). This does not show its absolute frequency in wounds of each part; for the determination of this no adequate statistics at present exist. It is said by some to be very seldom caused by wounds of the head and neck. Of 505 cases of tetanus tabulated in the records of the American civil war, only 21 were due to injuries of those parts. Nevertheless one peculiar form of tetanus (cephalic tetanus) seems to be produced chiefly by injury in the region of the fifth nerve (see p. 683). 678 TETANUS. commeuces during the thii'd or fourth week after tlie injury ; scarcely ever later than a mouth. Idiopathic tetanus usually follows exposure to cold, especially to wet cold when the body is perspiring. In many cases the exposure has been repeated and prolonged. When due to a single exjiosure, so that the interval could be ascertained, it has rarely exceeded two days, and has frequently been only a few hours. In many cases classed as traumatic tetanus there has been an exposure to cold after the receipt of the wound. This has been thought to be the chief cause of the frequency of tetanus in soldiers wounded in battle. The influence of cold has also been thought to aid the occurrence of puerperal and neonatal tetanus. But the relation of the apparent influence of cold to the infective agent has still to be explained. The exposure to cold may sometimes have been merely coincident with that to opportunities of infection, as, for instance, in soldiers on the march. Some influ- ences may predispose the nervous system to suffer from a minute dose of the poison. The relation of the organisms to idiopathic tetanus has also not yet been ascertained. It has, indeed, been maintained that all the supposed idiopathic cases are the result of some unnoticed trifling surface injury (Verneuil). At present this can scai'cely be admitted, but the possibility of such causation may be remembered in connection with the rare cases in which no morbid influence can be traced, and with those that have been observed to follow some apparently inadequate cause, alcoholic intoxication, insolation, and violent emotion, and perhaps also the inflammation of some serous membrane, excited usually by cold. Intestinal worms have probably been merely coincident.
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Reference Example 49
N-[2-(3-Chlorophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α) Step A2-(N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-trimethylstannylphenyl)butane
To a solution of2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-3-(3-bromophenyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butane(intermediate of Reference Example 47, 1.5 g, 3.4 mmol) in 15 mLanhydrous dioxane was added hexamethylditin (1.6 g, 4.8 mmol),triphenylphosphine (18 mg, 0.068 mmol), lithium chloride (0.16 g, 3.8mmol) and tetrakis(triphenyl-phosphine)palladium (0.20 g, 0.17 mmol).After heating at 95° C. for 7.5 h under nitrogen, the reaction mixturewas cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed with10% aqueous potassium fluoride and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄,filtered and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by flashcolumn chromatography on silica gel eluted with 20% EtOAc in hexane toafford the title compound. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.3-7.2 (m, 2H),7.07 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.06-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 3.93(m, 1H), 3.18 (m, 1H), 2.76 (m, 2H), 1.51 (s, 9H), 0.94 (d, J=7.0 Hz,3H), 0.21 (s, 9H).
Step B2-(N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino-3-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butane
To a solution of2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-trimethylstanylphenyl)butane(0.55 g, 1.0 mmol) in 5 mL CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. was added tert-butoxychloride(freshly prepared, 0.20 mL, 1.1 mmol). The reaction was allowed to warmto room temperature over 2 h, and the resulting mixture was concentratedwith 2 g silica gel. The residue was purified by flash columnchromatography on silica gel eluted with 10% ether in hexane to affordthe title compound. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.25-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.11(d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (m, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=8.5Hz, 2H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 3.19 (dd, J=13.0, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.90-2.75 (m, 2H),1.50 (s, 9H), 0.94 (d, J=6.5 Hz).
Step C N-[2-(3-Chlorophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 10, Step I. LC-MS: m/e 294 (M+H)⁺ (2.82 min).
Reference Example 50
N-[2-(3-Bromophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride andN-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(3-iodophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (1:1 mixture) (Diastereomer α) Step A2-(N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino-3-(3-bromophenyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-butaneand2-(N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-iodophenyl)butane
To a solution of2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-3-(3-bromophenyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butane(intermediate of Reference Example 47, 2.6 g, 5.9 mmol) in 7 mLanhydrous THF at 0° C. was added methylmagnesium chloride (3 M in THF,3.9 mL, 12 mmol). After 30 min, the reaction mixture was cooled to −78°C., and was added tert-butyllithium (1.7 M, 10 mL, 17 mmol). Afterstirring at −78° C. for 2 h, the reaction was allowed to warm to 0° C.,and half of the resulting mixture was added to a suspension of iodine(5.0 g, mmol) in 10 mL THF at −40° C. The reaction mixture was allowedto warm to room temperature over 2 h, and was partitioned between ether(100 mL) and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (100 mL). The organiclayer was separated and the aqueous layer extracted with ether (2×50mL). The combined extracts were washed with dilute aqueous sodiumthiosulfate (2×) and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered andconcentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash columnchromatography on silica gel eluted with 10% EtOAc in hexane to affordthe title compounds as a 1:1 mixture.
Step B N-[2-(3-Bromophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride andN-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-iodophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (1:1 mixture) (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following procedure described forReference Example 10, Step I. LC-MS: m/e 338/386/(M+H)⁺ (2.6 min).
Reference Example 51
2-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyloxy)propionic acid
The title compound was prepared following the same procedure describedfor Reference Example 27. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.56 (d, 2H), 7.00(d, 2H), 1.62 (s, 6H).
Reference Example 52
2-Methyl-2-(3-chloro-5-fluorophenyloxy)propionic acid Step A3-Chloro-5-fluorophenol
To a solution of 1-bromo-3-chloro-5-fluorobenzene (16 g, 76 mmol) in 250mL anhydrous ether at −78° C. was added tert-butyllithium (1.7 M, 100mL, 170 mmol). After stirring at −78° C. for 1 h, trimethyl borate (20mL, 176 mmol) was added, and the reaction was allowed to warm to roomtemperature overnight. The resulting mixture was cooled to −10° C., andwas added peracetic acid (32% in acetic acid, 35 mL). After stirring at0° C. for 30 min, potassium bisulfite (5 g) was added. After stirring atroom temperature for 30 min, the aqueous layer was separated and theorganic mixture was extracted with 3 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (3×100mL). The aqueous extracts were acidified with concentrated hydrochloricacid (pH=2), and was extracted with ether (3×150 mL). The combined etherextracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated toafford the crude phenol, which was azeotroped with heptane (100 mL) toremove traces of acetic acid to give the title compound. ¹H NMR (500MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.51 (br s, 1H), 7.35 (br d, 1H), 7.21 (m, 1H).
Step B 2-Methyl-2-(3-chloro-5-fluorophenyloxy)propionic acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedures described forReference Example 27. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.53 (br s, 1H), 7.36(br d, 1H), 7.20 (m, 1H), 1.24 (s, 6H).
Reference Example 53
2-Methyl-2-(3-pyridazinyloxy)propionic acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedures described forReference Example 39 substituting 2-hydroxpyridine with3-hydroxypyridazine at Step A and ethyl iodide with methyl iodide atStep B. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.98 (dd, 1H), 7.45 (dd, 1H), 6.96(dd, 1H), 1.70 (s, 6H).
Reference Example 54
2-Methyl-2-(5-chloro-2-pyridyloxy)propionic acid Step A Ethyl2-Methyl-2-(5-chloro-2-pyridyloxy)propionate
A mixture of 5-chloro-2-hydroxypyridine (5.0 g, 39 mmol), ethyl2-bromoisobutyrate (5.7 mL, 39 mmol) and cesium carbonate (25 g, 77mmol) in 50 mL acetonitrile was heated at 50° C. overnight. The volatilematerials were removed by concentrating on a rotary evaporator, and theresidue was partitioned between water (100 mL) and EtOAc (100 mL). Theorganic layer was separated and the aqueous layer extracted with EtOAc(2×100 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydroussodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to dryness, and the residuewas purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 5%EtOAc in hexane to give the title compound. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ7.99 (d, 1H), 7.67 (dd, 1H), 6.68 (d, 1H), 4.13 (q, 2H), 1.64 (s, 6H),1.14 (t, 3H). LC-MS: m/e 244 (M+H)⁺ (3.41 min).
Step B 2-Methyl-2-(5-chloro-2-pyridyloxy)propionic Acid
A mixture of ethyl 2-methyl-2-(5-chloro-2-pyridyloxy)propionate andsodium hydroxide (0.85 g, 21 mmol) in 15 mL acetonitrile and 15 mL waterwas heated at 50° C. overnight. The volatile materials were removed byconcentrating on a rotary evaporator, and the residue was partitionedbetween 2 M hydrochloric acid (100 mL) and ether (100 mL). The organiclayer was separated and washed with water (2×50 mL), dried overanhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to dryness to give the titlecompound. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.02 (d, 1H), 7.65 (dd, 1H), 6.77(d, 1H), 1.62 (s, 6H). LC-MS: m/e 216 (M+H)⁺ (2.33 min).
Reference Example 55
2-Methyl-2-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionic Acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedures described forReference Example 54 substituting 5-chloro-2-hydroxpyridine with5-trifluoromethyl-2-hydroxpyridine at Step A. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ8.38 (br s, 1H), 7.93 (dd, 1H), 7.13 (d, 1H), 1.70 (s, 6H). LC-MS: m/e250 (M+H)⁺ (2.6 min).
Reference Example 56
2-Methyl-2-(6-methyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionic Acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedures described forReference Example 54 substituting 5-chloro-2-hydroxpyridine with6-methyl-2-hydroxpyridine at Step A. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.51 (t,1H), 6.74 (d, 1H), 6.53 (d, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.64 (s, 6H). LC-MS: m/e196 (M+H)⁺ (1.3 min).
Reference Example 57
2-Methyl-2-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionic Acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedures described forReference Example 54 substituting 5-chloro-2-hydroxpyridine with4,6-dimethyl-2-hydroxpyridine at Step A. LC-MS: m/e 210 (M+H)⁺ (1.17min).
Reference Example 58
2-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclobutylmethoxybutane Step A Methyl2-diazo-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propanoate
DL-4-Chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (5.0 g, 23.36 mmol) was dissolvedin 120 mL chloroform and placed into an oven-dried 3-neck flask equippedwith a condenser and an addition funnel. Glacial acetic acid (0.267 mL,4.672 mmol) was added. Finally, isoamylnitrite (3.8 mL, 28 mmol) wasadded dropwise while slowly bringing the reaction to reflux (73° C.).The reaction was refluxed for 30 minutes and then cooled to 0° C. Thereaction mixture was washed with cold 1 N sulfuric acid solution, coldwater, cold saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, and then coldwater again. The organic extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The crude mixture was purified byflash chromatography (Biotage 40M cartridge, gradient elution usinghexane and EtOAc (100:1 to 50:1) to provide a yellow oil, homogeneous byTLC, R_(f)=0.48 (4:1 hexanes:EtOAc). 500 MHz ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 3.65 (s,2H); 3.83 (s, 3H); 7.22 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (d, J=8.5, 2H).
Step B Methyl 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-cyclobutylmethoxypropanoate
To a solution of 500 mg (2.23 mmol) ofmethyl-2-diazo-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propanoate (obtained from Step A) and1.05 mL (5 eq; 11.1 mmol) of cyclobutanemethanol in 5 mL benzene in apressure tube was added 10 mg (1 mole %) of Rh₂(OAc)₄ catalyst. The tubewas sealed and heated to 90° C. for 1.5 h. The solvents were evaporatedunder reduced pressure and the crude material was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ andpurified by flash chromatography via gradient elution using mixtures ofhexane and EtOAc (100:1 to 50:1). This provided the title compound as aclear oil. TLC R_(f)=0.53 (4:1 hexanes:EtOAc). 500 MHz ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.68 (m, 2H); 1.85 (m, 1H); 1.88 (m, 1H); 2.01 (m, 2H); 2.53 (sep, 1H);2.98 (m, 2H); 3.24 (dd, 1H); 3.58 (dd, 1H); 3.76 (s, 3H); 3.98 (dd, 1H);7.20 (d, 2H); 7.28 (d, 2H).
Step C 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-cyclobutylmethoxybutan-2-one
At 0° C., under anhydrous conditions, to a stirred suspension ofN,O-dimethylhydroxylaminehydrochloride (732 mg, 7.50 mmol) in 60 mLCH₂Cl₂ was added dimethylaluminum chloride (7.5 mL, 1M solution inhexanes). The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature over aperiod of one hour. At that point a solution of methyl2-cyclobutylmethoxy-3-(4-chlorophenyl) propanoate (531 mg, 1.88 mmol,obtained from Step B) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) was added dropwise. The reactionwas allowed to stir overnight at room temperature when TLC indicatedcompletion of reaction. The reaction was worked up by the addition ofpH=8 phospate buffer (25 mL, approx. 3 mL/mmol of Me₂AlCl) and allowedto stir at room temperature for 30 minutes, diluted with chloroform (75mL), and the phases were separated. The organic layer was washed withwater and dried over MgSO₄. The solvents were evaporated under reducedpressure and the crude product was purified by flash chromatography(gradient elution using hexane and EtOAc, 20:1 to 5:1) to give theWeinreb amide as a clear oil). This purified material (424 mg, 1.36mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL THF, injected into an oven dried flask, andcooled to 0° C. under nitrogen. Methyl magnesium bromide (1.4 mL 3Msolution in ether) was added to the solution dropwise. The reaction wasallowed to warm to room temperature. After 4 h the TLC indicated acomplete reaction. The reaction was quenched with enough 10% citric acidto bring the pH of the solution to approximately 3. The aqueous layerwas extract with ether. The combined organics were washed with water andthen dried over MgSO₄. The solvents were evaporated under reducedpressure and the crude material was purified by flash chromatography(hexane:EtOAc, 100:1 to 50:1), resulting in 250 mg the title compound asa clear oil. TLC R_(f)=0.55 (4:1 hexanes:EtOAc). 500 MHz ¹H NMR (CDCl₃):δ 1.71 (m, 2H); 1.84 (m, 1H); 1.91 (m, 1H); 2.01 (m, 2H); 2.17 (s, 3H);2.53 (sep, 1H); 2.90 (m, 2H); 3.28 (dd, 1H); 3.43 (dd, 1H); 3.81 (dd,1H).
Step D 2-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclobutylmethoxybutane
A solution of 3-cyclobutylmethoxy-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butan-2-one (247 mg,0.925 mmol, obtained from Step C) in 0.5 mL CH₂Cl₂ was added to astirred suspension of NH₄OAc (715 mg, 9.25 mmol) and NaBH₃CN (35 mg,0.555 mmol) at room temperature and allowed to stir overnight. Thereaction was quenched by the addition of 2.2 mL conc. HCl allowed tostir for 30 minutes. The solvents were evaporated under reduced pressureand the residue was partitioned between ether and water. The aqueouslayer was washed two more times with ether. The combined organics weredried over Na₂SO₄. The crude product mixture obtained after filtrationand removal of volatiles was purified by flash chromatography, elutingusing mixtures of mixtures of CH₂Cl₂ and MeOH (100% CH₂Cl₂, to 5% MeOHin CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compound as a yellow oil, homogeneous byTLC R^(f)0.12 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). 500 MHz ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.16 (t,3H); 1.67 (m, 2H); 1.85 (m, 3H); 2.01 (m, 2H); 2.48 (m, 1H); 2.74 (m,2H); 2.90 (dd, 1H); 3.15 (d quint, 2H); 3.37 (m, 2H).
2-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methoxy-butane,2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-ethoxy-butane,2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-n-propyloxy-butane,2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-n-pentyloxy-butane, and2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopentylmethoxy-butane were preparedaccording to the procedures described in Reference Example 58substituting an appropriate alcohol for cyclobutylmethanol in Step B.
Reference Example 59
2-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-butane hydrochloride StepA Ethyl 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-N-yl-propanoate
While stirring rapidly, to a mixture of DL-4-chlorophenylalanine methylester hydrochloride (2.5 g, 10 mmole), 40 mL ethanol and sodiumcarbonate (3.18 g, 30 mmole) was added dropwise a solution of1,4-dibromobutane (2.16 g, 10 mmol) dissolved in 20 mL ethanol. Themixture was refluxed overnight. The volatiles were removed under reducedpressure, and the residue was partitioned between water and EtOAc. Theaqueous layer was re-extracted with EtOAc thrice. The organic layerswere combined and washed the water and brine and dried over anhydrousMgSO₄. The crude product obtained after filtration and removal ofvolatiles was purified via flash chromatography using mixtures of CH₂Cl₂and MeOH to provide the titled compound as an oil, homogeneous by TLC,R_(f)=0.55 in 95:5 CH₂Cl₂: MeOH. LC/MS m/e=282.1 (M+1). 400 MHz ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 1.12 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.72 (m, 4H), 2.67 (m, 1H), 2.76 (m,1H), 3.05 (m, 4H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 4.05 (m, 2H), 7.13 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H),7.24 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H)
Step B 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-butan-2-one
The title compound was prepared according to the procedure of ReferenceExample 10, Step C except that ethyl3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-propanoate (from Step A) was theester used (two steps). TLC R_(f)=0.7 (95:5 CH₂Cl₂: MeOH). LC/MS m/e=252(M+1). 500 MHz ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.86 (br s, 4H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 2.66 (m,2H), 2.78 (m, 2H), 2.98 (dd, J=2.9, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (m, 1H), 3.43 (m,1H), 7.12 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H)
Step C 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-pyrrolidin-N-yl-butan-2-one oxime
To a solution of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-pyrrolidin-N-yl-butan-2-one (200mg, 0.79 mmol, from Step B) dissolved in ethanol (2 mL), was addedpyridine (63 mg, 0.79 mmol), and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (78 mg,1.12 mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 24 h when LC/MS indicateddisappearance of all starting material. The mixture was cooled to roomtemperature, concentrated under reduced pressure, treated with 33%aqueous potassium carbonated, and extracted with chloroform 5 times. Theorganic layers were combined and filtered over glass wool and dried overpotassium carbonate. The filtrated obtained after passing throughsintered glass was concentrated to give the oxime, homogeneous by TLC,R_(f)=0.3 in 95:5 CH₂Cl₂: MeOH. LC/MS m/e=267 (M+1). Step B Benzyl 3-amino-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)butyrate
Benzyl 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-ketobutyrate (317 mg, 1 mmole, obtained fromStep A) was added to a cooled mixture of 7M ammonia in MeOH (2.42 mL)and glacial acetic acid (1.6 mL). To this solution, at 10° C., was addedsodium cyanoborohydride (101 mg, 1.75 mmol) in small portions. Thismixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 h. The excess sodiumcyanoborohydride was destroyed by the addition of 6M HCl (to pH 1). Theresidue obtained after removal of volatiles was taken up in a minimalamount of water and extracted with ether. The aqueous layer was basifiedto pH 10 using solid KOH. This layer was then saturated with sodiumchloride and then extracted with EtOAc. Further analyses of the etherand the EtOAc layers suggest that the desired product resides the EtOAclayer. This material was used in the ensuing coupling reaction withoutfurther purification. Proton NMR spectrum show that the two pairs ofdiastereomers are obtained in ˜1:1 ratio, homogeneous by TLC, R_(f)=0.4in 95:5 CH₂Cl₂: MeOH. LC/MS m/e=318 (M+1). 400 MHz ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ1.27, 1.29 (2 d, J=7 Hz, 3H), 2.85 (m, 1H), 3.03 (m, 1H), 3.15 (m, 1H),3.55 (m, 1H), 4.85 (br, 2H), 5.00-5.18 (m, 2H), 7.0-7.2 (m, 9H).
Reference Example 61
2-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopentylbutane Step A Methyl3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-cyclolentylpropanoate
A mixture of methyl cyclopentylacetate (3.52 g, 25 mmol) and4-chlorobenzyl bromide (4.75 g, 23 mmol) was dissolved in 100 mL THF inan oven-dried flask. The solution was cooled to ˜40° C. and 23 mL 1MNaHMDS solution in hexanes was added slowly over an hour whilemaintaining the temperature at −40° C. The solution was then stirred foran additional 3 h at −40° C. The reaction was quenched at −40° C. withenough 10% citric acid solution to bring the pH to 3.5. The aqueouslayer was extracted with ether three times. The combined organics werewashed with water and dried over MgSO₄. The solvents were evaporatedunder reduced pressure and the crude material was purified by flashchromatography [Biotage 40 M, gradient elution using mixtures of hexaneand EtOAc (from 0-1% EtOAc)]. This provided a light brown oil, which isa 3:1 ratio of the title compound: methyl cyclopentylacetate based onthe methyl ester peak integrations. TLC of the desired product:R_(f)=0.34 in 20:1 hexane:EtOAc. The complete separation of the titlecompound from the starting material was not practical in this case, asthey had overlapping R^(f)'s on the TLC. Therefore, this mixture wascarried on to the next step.
Step B 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-cyclopentylpropanioc acid
The mixture of methyl esters from Step A (3.41 g, 14.48 mmol of methyl3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-cyclopentylpropanoate—assuming 3:1 mixture obtainedin Step A.) was dissolved in 10 mL DMSO and 4 mL distilled water. Thenpowdered KOH (3.25 g, 57.92 mmol) was added and the solution was stirredovernight at room temperature. The next day the pH was brought to 2 with2 N HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted 3 times with ether. Thecombined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.Filtration and evaporation of volatiles provided the mixture of acids asan oil. 500 MHz ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.28 (m, 2H), 1.64 (m, 6H), 2.06 (m,1H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 2.86 (t, 2H).
Step C 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-cyclopentyl —N,O-dimethyl-propanamide
The mixture of acids obtained in Step B (3.21 g, 14.48 mmol of thedesired acid—based on assumption of 3:1 mixture from Step B) wasdissolved in 75 mL CH₂Cl₂. While being stirred rigorously,N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.56 g, 15.95 mmol),1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (3.06 g, 16.0 mmol),diisopropylethylamine (5.56 mL, 31.90 mmol), and a catalytic amount of4-(dimethylaminopyridine) were added sequentially. Stirring wascontinued overnight at room temperature. The next day the reactionmixture was diluted with EtOAc, treated with water, and the phases wereseparated. The aqueous layer was re-extracted with EtOAc twice. Thecombined organic layers were washed with water three times and then withsaturated brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andthe solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The crude material waspurified by flash chromatography [Biotage 40 M column, gradient elutionusing mixtures or hexanes and EtOAc (100:1 to 20:1] to provide the titlecompound cleanly as an oil. TLC R_(f)=0.31 (4:1 hexanes:EtOAc). LC/MSm/e 295.9 (M+1). 500 MHz ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.27 (m, 2H), 1.64 (m, 6H),1.97 (m, 1H), 2.13 (q, 1H), 2.81 (d, 1H), 2.97 (d, 1H), 3.07 (s, 3H),3.17 (s, 3H). LC/MS m/e 295.9 (M+1).
Step D 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopentylbutan-2-one
3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-cyclopentyl —N,O-dimethyl-propanamide (514 mg,1.737 mmol, obtained from Step C) was dissolved in 15 mL anhydrous THFand injected into an oven dried flask under nitrogen. The solution wascooled to 0° C. and CH₃MgBr (1 M in ether) was added dropwise. The icebath was removed and the reaction was allowed to warm to roomtemperature and stirred for a total of 4 h. TLC indicated a nearlycomplete reaction. The reaction was quenched with enough 10% citric acidto bring the pH of the solution to 3. The aqueous layer was extracted 3times with ether and the extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. Thesolution was filtered and the solvents were removed under reducedpressure. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (30 mLsilica; 100:1 to 50:1 hexanes: EtOAc) to provide 351 mg the titlecompound as an oil. TLC R_(f) 0.49 (4:1 hexanes: EtOAc). 500 MHz ¹H NMR(CDCl₃): δ1.23 (m, 3H), 1.58 (m, 1H), 1.71 (m, 3H), 1.91 (s, 3H), 1.93(m, 1H), 2.05 (m, 1H), 2.68 (m, 1H), 2.84 (m, 2H).
Step E 2-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopentylbutane
The title compound was prepared according to the procedure of ReferenceExample 45, Step D, except that4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopentylbutan-2-one (obtained form Step D) wasused as the starting material. LC/MS m/e 251.9 (M+1); 500 MHz ¹H NMR(CDCl₃): δ 0.93 (m, 1H), 1.29 (q, 3H), 1.29 (m, 2H), 1.61 (m, 4H), 1.87(m, 3H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 2.80 (m, 1H), 3.26 and 3.48 (m, 1H).
2-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-ethyl-butane and2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-isopropyl-butane were also preparedaccording to the procedures described in Reference Example 61substituting the appropriate ester for methyl cyclopentylacetate in StepA.
Reference Example 62
2-Amino-3-(1-(1,2,3-triazolyl))-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butane Step A Benzyl2-(1-(1,2,3-triazolyl))acetate
A mixture of 1,2,3-triazole (2.07 g, 30 mmol), benzyl bromoacetate (6.9g, 30 mmol), and diisopropylethylamine (5.1 mL, 30 mmol) in 40 mL CH₂Cl₂was stirred overnight at room temperature. This mixture was then dilutedwith ether until no further precipitate formed. The solid was filteredand washed with ether. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue waspurified on silica gel using 10% hexane in CH₂Cl₂ to give the titlecompound's isomer, benzyl 2-(2-(1,2,3-triazolyl)acetate as amorphoussolid. Further elution with a solvent mixture containing equal amountsof ether and CH₂Cl₂ gave the title compound as amorphous solid. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 2.251 (s, 2H0, 7.267-7.390 (m, 5H), 7.723 (s, 1H),7.785 (s, 1H)
Step B 2-(1-(1,2,3-triazolyl))acetic acid
Palladium hydroxide (20% on carbon, 800 mg) was added to a solution ofbenzyl 2-(1-(1,2,3-triazolyl))acetate (Step A, 8.68 g, 39.9 mmol) in 150mL MeOH and the mixture was hydrogenated overnight on a Parr shakerunder an atmosphere of hydrogen at room temperature and 45 psi. Thecatalyst was filtered through a bed of CELITE diatomaceous earth andwashed with MeOH. The filtrate was concentrated to give a solid, whichwas dried in vacuo at 50° C. for 36 h resulting in the title compound.¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 5.3 (s, 2H), 7.75 (s, 1H0, 8.016 (s, 1H).
Step C N-Methoxy-N-methyl-2-(1-(1,2,3-triazolyl))acetamide
Oxalyl chloride (0.95 mL, 11 mmol) was added dropwise to a suspension of2-(1-1,2,3-triazolyl))acetic acid (Step B, 1.27 g, 10 mmol) in 10 mLCH₂Cl₂ containing 0.05 mL DMF. Vigorous effervescence was observed. Thismixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h and cooled to −78° C. Asolution of N.O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.2 g, 13 mmol) anddiisopropylethyl amine (6.0 mL, 35 mmol) in 10 mL CH₂Cl₂ was addedslowly over 3 min. The mixture was then allowed to warm to roomtemperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was then dilutedwith ether until no additional precipitate appeared. The solid wasfiltered and washed with ether. The filtrate was concentrated and theresidue was purified on silica gel using EtOAc as solvent to provide thetitle compound as amorphous solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.252 (s,3H0, 3.812 (s, 3H), 5.379 (s, 2H), 7.753 & 7.761 (s′s, 2H).
Step D N-Methoxy-N-methyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1-(1,2,3-triazolyl))propionamide
Lithium hexamethyldisilazide (1 molar in THF, 8.4 mL, 8.4 mmol) wasadded dropwise to a solution ofN-methoxy-N-methyl-2-(1-(1,2,3-triazolyl))acetamide (Step C, 1.19 g, 7mmol) in 15 mL THF at −78° C. After additional 30 min stirring, asolution of 4-chlorobenzyl bromide (1.65 g, 8 mmol) in 5 mL THF wasadded dropwise. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature andstirred 5.5 h. This mixture was purified on silica gel using 40% EtOAcin hexane to give the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.186(s, 3H), 3.234-3,267 (m, 1H), 3.453-3.506 (m, 1H), 3.582 (s, 3H),6.145-6.188 (m, 1H), 7.048-7.279 (m, 4H), 7.726 (s, 1H), 7.954 (s, 1H).
Step E 2-Azido-3-(1-(1,2,3-triazolyl))-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butane
The product of Step D,N-methoxy-N-methyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1-(1,2,3-triazolyl)propionamidewas converted to the title compound following the procedures describedin Reference Example 10, Step D-E and Reference Example 12, Step D. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.219-1.246 (d's 3H), 3.253-4.754 (m, 4H0,6.866-7.299 (d's, 4H), 7.313, 7.618, 7.63, & 7.706 (s′s, 2H).
Step F 2-Amino-3-(1-(1,2,3-triazolyl))-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butane
Platinum oxide (14 mg) was added to a solution of2-azido-3-(1-(1,2,3-triazolyl))-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butane (Step E, 138mg, 0.5 mmol) in 4 mL MeOH. This mixture was hydrogenated in anatmosphere of hydrogen using a hydrogen filled balloon for 3 h at roomtemperature. The catalyst was filtered through a bed of CELITEdiatomaceous earth and washed with MeOH. The filtrate was concentratedto give the title compound as oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ1.085-1.174 (d's 3H), 3.220-3.361 (m, 2H), 3.517-3.563 (m, 1H),4.379-4.431 (m, 1H), 6.679-7.179 (d's, 4H), 7.297, 7.40, 7.592 & 7.607(s′s, 2H).
Reference Example 63
2-Amino-3-(1-(1,2,4-triazolyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butane
The title compound was prepared according to the procedures described inReference Example 62 substituting 1,2,4-triazole for 1,2,3-triazole inStep A. The azide was separated by column chromatography on silica geleluted with 20% hexane in EtOAc.
Reference Example 64
N-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(3-methylphenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α) Step A2-(N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)butane
A mixture of2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-3-(3-bromophenyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butane(intermediate of Reference Example 47, 0.50 g, 1.1 mmol), tetramethyltin(0.41 g, 2.3 mmol), triphenylphosphine (0.12 g, 0.46 mmol), lithiumchloride (0.38 g, 9.1 mmol) and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0.12 g, 0.17 mmol) in 20 mL anhydrous DMF was heated at 100° C. undernitrogen for 18 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature,and was partitioned between water (100 mL) and ether (100 mL). Theorganic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted withether (100 mL). The combined extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO₄,filtered and concentrated to dryness, and the residue was purified byflash column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 10% EtOAc inhexane to afford the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.2-6.8(m, 8H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 3.16 (m, 1H), 2.80-2.68 (m, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H),1.45 (s, 9H), 0.86 (d, 3H). LC-MS: m/e 396 (M+Na)⁺ (4.4 min).
Step B N-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(3-methylphenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 10, Step I. LC-MS: m/e 274 (M+H)⁺ (2.5 min).
Reference Example 65
N-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described inReference Example 12 substituting fluorophenylacetic acid with3-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid at Step A. LC-MS: m/e 328 (M+H)⁺ (2.6min).
Reference Example 66
N-[3-(5-Chloro-2-pyridyl)-2(S)-phenyl-1(S)-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α) Step A 5-Chloro-2-methylpyridine
A mixture of 2,5-dichloropyridine (15 g, 0.10 mol), tetramethyltin (15mL, 0.11 mol), and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (2.0 g, 2.8mmol) in 200 mL anhydrous DMF was heated at 110° C. under nitrogen for72 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and waspoured into a saturated solution of potassium fluoride (200 mL). Theresulting mixture was partitioned between water (500 mL) and ether (500mL). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extractedwith ether (200 mL). The combined extracts were dried over anhydrousMgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to dryness, and the residue waspurified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 2 to10% ether in hexane to afford the title compound. ¹H NMR (500 MHz,CD₃OD): δ 8.41 (d, 1H), 7.75 (dd, 1H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 2.53 (s, 3H).
Step B 4-(5-Chloro-2-pyridyl)-3(S)-phenyl-2(R)-butanol
To a solution of 5-chloro-2-methylpyridine (Step A, 1.1 g, 8.7 mmol) in15 mL anhydrous ether was added phenyl lithium (1.8 M incyclohexane/ether, 7.2 mL, 13 mmol) at 0° C., and the reaction wasstirred at room temperature for 30 min. The resulting mixture was cooledback to 0° C., and was added (1R,2R)-1-phenylpropylene oxide (2.3 g, 17mmol), and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperatureovernight. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL)and water (100 mL). The organic layer was separated and the aqueouslayer extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic extractswere dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to dryness,and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silicagel eluted with 10 to 40% EtOAc in hexane to afford the title compound.¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.28 (d, 1H), 7.59 (dd, 1H), 7.25-7.12 (m,5H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 4.03 (m, 1H), 3.29 (dd, 1H), 3.19 (dd, 1H), 3.12 (m,1H), 1.12 (d, 3H).
Step C 2(S)-Azido-4-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-3(S)-phenylbutane
To a mixture of 4-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-3-phenyl-2-butanol (Step B, 0.24g, 0.92 mmol), triphenylphosphine (1.5 g, 1.4 mmol) anddiphenylphosphoryl azide (0.30 mL, 1.4 mmol) in 5 mL anhydrous THF wasadded diethylazodicarboxylate (0.24 mL, 1.4 mmol). After stirring atroom temperature overnight, the resulting mixture was concentrated withsilica gel (10 g) and the residue was loaded onto a silica gel column.Elution with 5 to 15% EtOAc in hexane afforded the title compound. ¹HNMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.35 (d, 1H), 7.52 (dd, 1H), 7.25-7.05 (m, 5H),6.95 (d, 1H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 3.48 (m, 1H), 3.15-3.05 (m, 2H), 1.14 (d,3H).
Step D N-[3-(5-Chloro-2-pyridyl)-2(S)-phenyl-1(S)-methylpropyl]amine,hydrochloride
The product of Step C (0.20 g, 0.70 mmol) was converted to the titlecompound following the procedure described in Reference Example 10,Steps H-I, except hydrogen chloride in dioxane (4 M) was used in placeof hydrogen chloride in EtOAc. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.75 (d, 1H),8.19 (dd, 1H), 7.55 (d, 1H), 7.4-7.2 (m, 5H), 3.78 (m, 1H), 3.62 (dd,1H), 3.48 (m, 1H), 3.43 (dd, 1H), 1.22 (d, 3H). LC-MS: m/e 261 (M+H)⁺(2.2 min).
Reference Example 67
N-[2-(3-Bromophenyl)-3-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α) Step A 3-Bromophenylacetone
To a solution of N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (10 g, 100 mmol) in 100 mLanhydrous ether at 0° C. was added 3-bromobenzylmagnesium bromide (0.25M in ether, 200 mL, 50 mmol). The reaction was allowed to warm to roomtemperature overnight and was quenched by the addition of saturatedammonium chloride (100 mL). The organic layer was separated and theaqueous layer was extracted with hexane (100 mL). The combined extractswere dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to dryness toafford the title compound. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.45-7.40 (m, 2H),7.26 (t, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 2.20 (s, 3H).
Step B 3-(3-Bromophenyl)-4-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-2-butanone
A suspension of 5-chloro-2-methylpyridine (Reference Example 66, Step A,6.4 g, 50 mmol) and N-bromosuccinimide (12.5 g, 70 mmol) in 100 mLcarbon tetrachloride was heated to gentle reflux (bath temperature 90°C.), and 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (0.74 g) was added in severalportions over 30 min. After stirring at this temperature for 5 h, thereaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting slurry was diluted withEtOAc (100 mL) and was washed with water (100 mL), saturated aqueoussodium bicarbonate/saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate, and brine. Theorganic solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated to dryness, and the residue was purified by flash columnchromatography on silica gel eluted with 2 to 15% ether in CH₂Cl₂/hexane(1:1) to afford 2-bromomethyl-5-chloropyridine (6.0 g, 60%), which wasused immediately for the ensuing reaction. Thus, to a vigorously stirredsolution of 2-bromomethyl-5-chloropyridine (6.0 g, 29 mmol) and3-bromophenyl acetone (Step A, 6.0 g, 28 mmol) and tetrabutylammoniumiodide (20 mg) in 30 mL CH₂Cl₂ at −78° C. was added cesium hydroxidemonohydrate (10 g, 60 mmol), and the reaction was allowed to slowly warmto room temperate overnight. The reaction mixture was partitionedbetween EtOAc (100 mL) and water (100 mL). The organic layer wasseparated and the aqueous layer extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). Thecombined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,filtered, and concentrated to dryness, and the residue was purified byflash column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 5 to 40% EtOAc inhexane to afford the title compound. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.44 (d,1H), 7.66 (dd, 1H), 7.46-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, 1H), 7.22 (d, 1H), 7.15(d, 1 h), 4.42 (dd, 1H), 3.54 (dd, 1H), 3.07 (dd, 1H), 2.12 (s, 3H).LC-MS: m/e 338 (M+H)⁺ (3.0 min).
Step C 3-(3-Bromophenyl)-4-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-2-butanol
To a solution of 3-(3-bromophenyl)-4-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-2-butanone(Step B, 6.7 g, 20 mmol) in 50 mL anhydrous THF at −78° C. was addedlithium tri(sec-butyl)borohydride (1.0 M in THF, 30 mL, 30 mmol), andthe reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight. Thereaction was cooled to 0° C., and was carefully added 2 M hydrochloricacid (50 mL), and the resulting mixture was partitioned between hexane(200 mL) and water (200 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and theorganic layer extracted with 2 M hydrochloric acid (2×100 mL). Thecombined aqueous extracts were neutralized with 5 N aqueous sodiumhydroxide (pH>12), and was extracted with EtOAc (2×200 mL). The combinedextracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated to dryness to afford the title compound.
Step D N-[2-(3-Bromophenyl)-3-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride
The product of Step C (5.9 g, 17 mmol) was converted to the titlecompound following the procedure described in Reference Example 66,Steps C-D. LC-MS: m/e 338 (M+H)⁺ (2.3 min).
Reference Example 68
N-[3-(5-Chloro-2-pyridyl)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described inReference Example 49 substituting2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-3-bromophenyl-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butanewith2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-3-bromophenyl-4-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)butane(intermediate of Reference Example 67, Step D) at Step A. LC-MS: m/e 295(M+H)⁺ (2.0 min).
Reference Example 69
N-[2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α) Step A 5-Bromo-3-pyridylacetone
A mixture of 3,5-dibromopyridine (50 g, 0.21 mol), isopropenyl acetate(26 mL, 0.23 mmol), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (1.0 g, 1.1mmol) and 2-(diphenylphosphino)-2′(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl (1.6 g,4.2 mmol) in 400 mL toluene was heated at 100° C. under nitrogen for 2h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and wasconcentrated to about 100 mL. The resulting mixture was loaded onto asilica gel column, which was eluted with 0 to 60% EtOAc in hexane toafford the title compound. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.54 (br s, 1H),8.33 (br s, 1H), 7.88 (br s, 1H), 3.90 (s, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H).
Step B 3-(5-Bromo-3-pyridyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-butanol
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described inReference Example 67, Step B-C, substituting2-bromomethyl-5-chloropyridine with 4-chlorobenzyl chloride and3-bromophenylaceatone with 5-bromo-3-pyridylacetone (Step A). ¹H NMR(500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.43 (d, 1H), 8.24 (d, 1H), 7.98 (dd, 1H), 7.17 (d,2H), 7.07 (d, 2H), 4.04 (m, 1H), 3.16 (dd, 1H), 3.0-2.9 (m, 2H), 1.04(d, 3H).
Step C N-[2-(5-Bromo-3-pyridyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 11, Step B. LC-MS: m/e 339 (M+H)⁺ (2.5 min).
Reference Example 70
N-[2-(5-Bromo-3-pyridyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 69 substituting 4-chlorobenzyl chloride with4-fluorobenzyl chloride at Step B. LC-MS: m/e 323 (M+H)⁺ (2.3 min).
Reference Example 71
N-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(5-cyano-3-pyridyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α) Step A 5-Cyano-3-pyridylacetone
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 69 substituting 3,5-dibromopyridine with5-bromonicotinonitrile (5-bromo-3-cyanopyridine) at Step A. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.89 (d, 1H), 8.60 (d, 1H), 8.02 (t, 1H), 3.98 (s, 2H),2.24 (s, 3H).
Step B N-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(5-cyano-2-pyridyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α/β 5:1)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 19 substituting 3-pyridylacetone with5-cyano-3-pyridylacetone (Step A). LC-MS: m/e 286 (M+H)⁺ (1.9 min).
Reference Example 72
N-[2-(5-Cyano-3-pyridyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 71 substituting 4-chlorobenzyl chloride with4-fluorobenzyl chloride at Step B. LC-MS: m/e 270 (M+H)⁺ (2.2 min).
Reference Example 73
N-[2-(5-Cyano-3-pyridyl)-3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 72 substituting 4-fluorobenzyl chloride with3,4-difluorobenzyl chloride at Step B. LC-MS: m/e 288 (M+H)⁺ (2.3 min).
Reference Example 74
N-[3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-(5-cyano-3-pyridyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 72 substituting 4-fluorobenzyl chloride with3-chlorobenzyl chloride at Step B. LC-MS: m/e 286 (M+H)⁺ (2.4 min).
Reference Example 75
N-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(5-chloro-3-pyridyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α) Step A 5-Chloro-3-pyridylacetone
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 69 substituting 3,5-dibromopyridine with3,5-dichloropyrdine and2-(diphenylphosphino)-2′(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl with2-(di-t-butylphosphino) biphenyl at Step A. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ8.42 (d, 1H), 8.27 (d, 1H), 7.73 (dd, 1H), 3.90 (s, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H).
Step B N-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(5-chloro-3-pyridyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 69, Step B-C substituting 5-bromo-3-pyridylacetonewith 5-chloro-3-pyridylacetone at Step B. LC-MS: m/e 295 (M+H)⁺ (1.9min).
Reference Example 76
N-[2-(5-Chloro-3-pyridyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 75 substituting 4-chlorobenzyl chloride with4-fluorobenzyl chloride at Step B. LC-MS: m/e 279 (M+H)⁺ (2.3 min).
Reference Example 77
2-Amino-3-(5-chloro-3-pyridyl)-5-methylhane, Hydrochloride Salt(Diastereomer α/β 6:1)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 75 substituting 4-chlorobenzyl chloride with1-iodo-2-methylpropane at Step B. LC-MS: m/e 227 (M+H)⁺ (2.2 min).
Reference Example 78
N-[2-(5-Chloro-3-pyridyl)-3-cyclobutyl-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α/β 6:1)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 75 substituting 4-chlorobenzyl chloride with(bromomethyl)cyclobutane at Step B. LC-MS: m/e 239 (M+H)⁺ (2.3 min).
Reference Example 79
N-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α) Step A 3-Cyanophenylacetone
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 69 substituting 3,5-dibromopyridine with3-bromobenzonitrile and2-(diphenylphosphino)-2′-(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl with2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-2′-(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl at Step A. ¹HNMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.6 (m, 1H), 7.56 (br s, 1H), 7.50-7.48 (m, 2H),3.88 (s, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H).
Step B N-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 69 substituting 5-bromo-3-pyridylacetone with3-canophenylacetone at Step B. LC-MS: m/e 285 (M+H)⁺ (2.2 min).
Reference Example 80
N-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(5-fluoro-3-pyridyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α) Step A 5-fluoro-3-pyridylacetone
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 69 substituting 3,5-dibromopyridine with3-fluoro-5-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxypyridine (prepared form3-fluoro-5-hydroxypyrdine and triflic anhydride) and2-(diphenylphosphino)-2′(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl with2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-2′(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl at Step A. ¹HNMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.34 (d, 1H), 8.22 (br s, 1H), 7.50 (ddd, 1H),3.93 (s, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H).
Step B N-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(5-chloro-3-pyridyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 69, Step B-C substituting 5-bromo-3-pyridylacetonewith 5-fluoro-3-pyridylacetone at Step B. LC-MS: m/e 279 (M+H)⁺ (2.4min).
Reference Example 81
N-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(5-methyl-3-pyridyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 64 substituting2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-3-(3-bromophenyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butanewith2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-3-(5-bromo-3-pyridyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butane(intermediate to Reference Example 69, Step B) at Step A. LC-MS: m/e 275(M+H)⁺ (1.3 min).
Reference Example 82
2-Methyl-2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyloxy)propionic acid
The title compound was prepared following the same procedure describedfor Reference Example 27. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.45 (t, 1H), 7.28(d, 1H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.13 (d, 1H), 1.62 (s, 6H).
Reference Example 83
2-Methyl-2-(3-cyanophenyloxy)propionic acid
The title compound was prepared following the same procedure describedfor Reference Example 27. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.63 (d, 2H), 6.97(d, 2H), 1.65 (s, 6H).
Reference Example 84
2-Methyl-2-(6-chloromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionic Acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedures described forReference Example 54 substituting 5-chloro-2-hydroxpyridine with6-chloro-2-hydroxpyridine at Step A. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.64 (t,1H), 6.95 (d, 1H), 6.72 (d, 1H), 1.65 (s, 6H). LC-MS: m/e 216 (M+H)⁺(2.4 min).
Reference Example 85
2-Methyl-2-(2-pyrimidyloxy)proipionic Acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedures described forReference Example 54 substituting 5-chloro-2-hydroxpyridine with2-hydroxpyrimidine at Step A. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.53 (d, 2H),7.09 (t, 1H), 1.74 (s, 6H).
Reference Example 86
2-Methyl-2-(5-chloro-2-pyrimidyloxy)propionic Acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedures described forReference Example 54 substituting 5-chloro-2-hydroxpyridine with5-chloro-2-hydroxpyrimidine at Step A. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.55(s, 2H), 1.73 (s, 6H).
Reference Example 87
2-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-2-pyrimidyloxy)propionic Acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedures described forReference Example 54 substituting 5-chloro-2-hydroxpyridine with4-trifluoromethyl-2-hydroxpyrimidine at Step A. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD):δ 8.85 (d, 1H), 7.48 (d, 1H), 1.76 (s, 6H).
Reference Example 88
2-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionic Acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedures described forReference Example 54 substituting 5-chloro-2-hydroxpyridine with4-trifluoromethyl-2-hydroxpyridine at Step A. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ8.30 (d, 1H), 7.18 (d, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 1.71 (s, 6H).
Reference Example 89
2-Methyl-2-(4-pyrimidyloxy)propionic Acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedures described forReference Example 54 substituting 5-chloro-2-hydroxpyridine with4-hydroxpyrimidine at Step A. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.67 (s, 1H),8.47 (d, 1H), 6.91 (d, 1H), 1.73 (s, 6H).
Reference Example 90
2-Methyl-2-(6-trifluoromethyl-4-pyrimidyloxy)propionic Acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedures described forReference Example 54 substituting 5-chloro-2-hydroxpyridine with6-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxpyrimidine at Step A. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD):δ 8.81 (s, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 1.75 (s, 6H). LC-MS: m/e 251 (M+H)⁺ (2.1min).
Reference Example 91
2-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionic Acid Step A2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionic acid
To a suspension of lithium lactate (7.8 g, 81 mmol) in. 100 mL anhydrousDMF was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 3.2 g, 80mmol). After stirring at room temperature for 30 min,2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylpyridine (10 g, 55 mmol) was added, and themixture was heated at 100° C. overnight. The reaction was cooled to roomtemperature, poured into 500 mL water, and was washed with hexane (200mL). The aqueous solution was acidified with concentrated hydrochloricacid (pH>2), and was extracted with ether (2×500 mL). The combinedextracts were washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate, filtered and concentrated to dryness to give the titlecompound.
Step B Methyl 2-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionate
To a solution of 2-(4-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionic acid (StepA, 15 g, 55 mol) in 100 mL CH₂Cl₂ and 100 mL MeOH at 0° C. was addedtrimethylsilydiazomethane (2 M solution in hexane) until a yellow colorpersisted. After stirring at room temperature for 15 min, the reactionmixture was concentrated to dryness, and the residue was purified byflash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 0 to 10% EtOAc in hexaneto give methyl 2-(4-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionate (10 g),which was used immediately for methylation following the proceduredescribed in Reference Example 39, Step B substituting ethyl iodide withmethyl iodide. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.25 (d, 1H), 7.18 (d, 1H),7.15 (s, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 1.65 (s, 6H).
Step C 2-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionic Acid
To a solution of methyl2-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionate (Step B, 7.5 g, 29mol) in 50 mL MeOH, 50 mL THF and 50 mL water was added sodium hydroxide(2.3 g, 57 mmol). After stirring at 50° C. for 5 h, the reaction mixturewas partially concentrated, and was added 2 M hydrochloric acid to pH>2.The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×200 mL), and thecombined extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered,and concentrated to dryness to afford the title compound. ¹H NMR (500MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.28 (d, 1H), 7.17 (d, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 1.70 (s, 6H).
Reference Example 92
2-Methyl-2-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionic Acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described inReference Example 91, Step A with 1.5 extra equivalent of sodium hydridesubstituting lithium lactate with hydroxyisobutyric acid and2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylpyridine 2-chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridine.¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.38 (br, 1H), 7.94 (dd, 1H), 6.93 (d, 1H),1.69 (s, 6H).
Reference Example 93
N-[2-(3-Bromo-5-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α) Step A 3-Bromo-5-fluorophenylacetone
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 69 substituting 3,5-dibromopyridine with1,3-dibromo-5-fluorobenzene and2-(diphenylphosphino)-2′-(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl with1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene at Step A. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD):δ 7.23 (d, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.96 (d, 1H), 3.81 (s, 2H), 2.20 (s, 3H).
Step BN-[2-(3-Bromo-5-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 69, Step B substituting 5-bromo-3-pyridylacetone with3-bromo-5-fluorophenylacetone (Step A). LC-MS: m/e 356 (M+H)⁺ (2.9 min).
Reference Example 94
N-[2-(3-Bromo-5-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]aminehydrochloride (Diastereomer α)
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described forReference Example 93 substituting 4-chlorobenzyl chloride with4-fluorobenzyl chloride at Step B. LC-MS: m/e 340 (M+H)⁺ (2.8 min).
Reference Example 95
2(R)-(5-Trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionic Acid Step A2(R)-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionate
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described inReference Example 39, Step A substituting 2-hydroxypyridine with5-trifluoromethyl-2-hydroxypyridine and benzyl lactate with benzyl(S)-lactate. LC-MS: m/e 326 (M+H)⁺ (3.1 min).
Step B 2(R)-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionic Acid
The title compound was prepared following the procedure described inReference Example 39, Step C substituting benzyl2-(2-pyridyloxy)-2-methylbutanoate with2(R)-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionate (Step A). ¹H NMR (500MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, 1H), 6.63 (d, 1H), 5.30 (q, 1H),1.67 (d, 3H).
Reference Example 962-Methyl-2-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)propionic Acid
Two nitrogen flushed, 12 L 3-necked round bottom flasks, each fittedwith a thermometer and a reflux condenser were charged with KHMDS in THF(0.91 M, 3.52 L each, 3.205 mol, 1.5 eq). The solutions were cooled to−70° C. and stirred magnetically. Ethyl-2-hydroxyisobutyrate (98%) (463mL, 447 g, 3.38 mol) was added to each flask over 30 min, keeping thereaction temperature below −62° C. After 10 min2-chloro-5-trifluormethylpyridine (388 g, 2.14 mol) was added to eachflask in one portion. The cooling bath was removed and the reactionswere allowed to warm to 20° C. overnight (ca 16 hr.). The reactions weremonitored by TLC (silica, 90/10 Hex/EtOAc) and HPLC:
Sodium hydroxide (1.36 L, 5N) was added to each reaction flask and thereactions were refluxed overnight (ca 22 hr). The reactions wereconcentrated together on a rotary evaporator to remove the THF. To theconcentrate was added water (4 L) and the solution extracted withn-heptane (2×4 L). The aqueous layer was added over 10 min to 2N HCl (9L, 18 mol) with stirring. The resulting suspension was aged for 30 min(temperature 30° C.) then filtered. The cake was washed with water (3×2L), and air-dried to a damp tan solid.
The material was dissolved in n-heptane (4 L) at 65° C. IPAc (1 L) andDARCO KB (40 g, 100 mesh) were added. The mixture was stirrer for 15min, filtered through CELITE diatomaceous earth, and the cake washedwith 4:1 heptane/IPAc (3×500 mL). The filtrate was concentrated to ca. 2L affording a white suspension. The slurry was flushed with heptane (2×3L) and concentrated to ca. 3 L. The resulting white suspension wascooled to 0° C. and aged 1 hr. The product was filtered and the cakewashed with cold heptane (1 L) to provide the title compound as whitecrystalline material. HPLC Column: YMC Combiscreen Pro C18, 50×4.6 mm;Mobile phase: A 0.1% TFA in H₂O; B CH₃CN. Gradient: 90/10 A/B to 10/90A/B in 4 min. Flow rate: 4 mL/min. Detection: 254 nm. R_(t)2-chloro-5-trifluormethylpyridine 2.1 min. R_(t)2-ethoxy-5-trifluoromethylpyridine 2.9 min. R_(t) Product Ester 3.1 min.R_(t) Final Acid 2.05 min
Reference Example 97
2-Amino-3-indolin-N-yl-4(4-chloro)phenylbutane Step A. Ethyl3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-indolin-N-ylpropanoate
In an oven-dried flask under an atmosphere of nitrogen, 1.1 g LiOH.H₂O(26.25 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added to a stirring suspension of 4angstrom molecular sieves. After 30 minutes of stirring at roomtemperature 2.8 mL (25 mmol) indoline was added dropwise. After one hourat room temperature 2.9 mL (26.25 mmol) Ethyl bromoacetate was addeddropwise. After 1.5 h the solid material was filtered and the residuewas washed with copious amounts of EtOAc. The organics were washed 3times with water and the organic material was dried over MgSO₄. Thesolvents were evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude material wasthen dissolved in 75 mL anhydrous THF, charged into an oven dried roundbottom under an atmosphere of nitrogen, cooled to −78° C., and thentreated with 26.25 mL a 1M solution of NaHMDS. The solution was allowedto stir for 30 minutes at −78° C. after which the enolate was quenchedwith 5.4 g (26.25 mmol) of parachlorobenzyl bromide (solution in 25 mLanhydrous THF). The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperatureovernight. The next day the reaction was quenched with water. Theaqueous layer was extracted with 3 large portions of EtOAc. The combinedorganics were dried over MgSO₄. The solvents were removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography whichyielded the title compound as a yellow oil. LC/MS m/e=331 (M+1). TLCR_(f)=0.22 (20:1 hexanes:EtOAc). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.11 (t,J=3.55 Hz, 3H), 2.96 (m, 2H), 3.06 (m, 1H), 3.25 (m, 1H), 3.60 (t, 2H),4.07 (m, 2H), 4.36 (t, J=3.75 Hz, 1H).
Step B. N,O-dimethyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-indolin-N-ylpropanamide
In an oven-dried flask under an atmosphere of nitrogen, 11.75 mL 1 Msolution of (CH₃)₂AlCl in CH₂Cl₂ was added via addition funnel to astirring suspension of 1.15 g (11.75 mmol) N,O-dimethylhydroxylaminehydrochloride at 0° C. After warming to room temperature a solution of970 mg (2.94 mmol) of Ethyl 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-indolinylpropanoate in10 mL was added via addition funnel. After stirring at room temperaturefor 5 h, 35 mL pH=8 phospate buffer solution was added and the resultingsolution was stirred vigorously for 30 minutes. The phases wereseparated and the aqueous layer was extracted 2 times with chloroform.The combined organics were washed with water and then dried over MgSO₄.A brown oil was collected. The crude material was carried on to the nextstep.). TLC R_(f)=0.12 (10:1 hexanes:EtOAc). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ2.83 (m, 1H), 2.97 (m, 2H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 3.34 (m, 1H), 3.45 (s, 3H),3.61 (m, 2H), 4.87 (b, 1H), 6.54 (d, 1H), 6.66 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.07(t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H)
Step C. 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-indolin-N-ylbutan-2-one
In an oven dried flask under an atmosphere of nitrogen, 2.8 mL 1 Msolution of CH₃MgBr in THF was added dropwise to a stirring solution ofN,O-dimethyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-indolinylpropanamide (965 mg) in 25 mLanhydrous THF. The solution was stirred for 4 h while being allowed towarm to room temperature. Then approximately 20 mL water were added. Thesolution was extract three times with 50 mL ether. The combined extractswere dried over MgSO₄. The solvents were removed under reduced pressureyielding a brown oil which was carried on to the next step withoutpurification. LC/MS m/e=301 (M+1). TLC R^(f)=0.5 (4:1 hexanes:EtOAc). ¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.81 (dd, J=14.6, 6.6 Hz, 1H),2.97 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 3.26 (m, 2H), 3.5 (m, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J=6.6, 6.6Hz), 6.39 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (dd, J=7, 7 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (m, 2H), 7.13(d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.22 (d, J=8.3 Hz).
| 25,125 |
https://github.com/grey-dev-0/web-call-center/blob/master/src/AppMiddleware.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
web-call-center
|
grey-dev-0
|
PHP
|
Code
| 56 | 237 |
<?php
namespace GreyZero\WebCallCenter;
use Illuminate\Auth\Middleware\Authenticate;
class AppMiddleware extends Authenticate{
/**
* @inheritdoc
*/
public function handle($request, \Closure $next, ...$guards){
$this->authenticate($request, array_keys(config('auth.guards')));
$path = request()->path();
if(!empty($prefix = config('web-call-center.prefix')))
$path = str_replace("$prefix/", '', $path);
if(!\Str::startsWith($path, auth()->user()->authenticatable_type))
return redirect((!empty($prefix)? "$prefix/" : '').'login');
return $next($request);
}
/**
* @inheritdoc
*/
protected function redirectTo($request){
return url((!empty($prefix)? "$prefix/" : '').'login');
}
}
| 38,143 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29611510
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Darreh-ye Tanhā
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 10 | 44 |
Darreh-ye Tanhā
Wikimedia-förgreningssida
Darreh-ye Tanhā instans av Wikimedia-förgreningssida
Darreh-ye Tanhā
| 42,597 |
https://github.com/julie-sullivan/cellbase/blob/master/cellbase-core/src/main/java/org/opencb/cellbase/core/common/regulatory/RegulatoryRegion.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
cellbase
|
julie-sullivan
|
Java
|
Code
| 454 | 1,175 |
/*
* Copyright 2015-2020 OpenCB
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.opencb.cellbase.core.common.regulatory;
// Generated Jun 5, 2012 6:41:13 PM by Hibernate Tools 3.4.0.CR1
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
/**
* RegulatoryRegion generated by hbm2java.
*/
public class RegulatoryRegion implements java.io.Serializable {
private int regulatoryRegionId;
private String name;
private String type;
private String chromosome;
private int start;
private int end;
private double experimentalScore;
private String cellType;
private String cellTypeDescription;
private String source;
private Set<Tfbs> tfbses = new HashSet<Tfbs>(0);
public RegulatoryRegion() {
}
public RegulatoryRegion(int regulatoryRegionId, String name, String type, String chromosome, int start, int end,
double experimentalScore, String cellType, String cellTypeDescription, String source) {
this.regulatoryRegionId = regulatoryRegionId;
this.name = name;
this.type = type;
this.chromosome = chromosome;
this.start = start;
this.end = end;
this.experimentalScore = experimentalScore;
this.cellType = cellType;
this.cellTypeDescription = cellTypeDescription;
this.source = source;
}
public RegulatoryRegion(int regulatoryRegionId, String name, String type, String chromosome, int start, int end,
double experimentalScore, String cellType, String cellTypeDescription, String source, Set<Tfbs> tfbses) {
this.regulatoryRegionId = regulatoryRegionId;
this.name = name;
this.type = type;
this.chromosome = chromosome;
this.start = start;
this.end = end;
this.experimentalScore = experimentalScore;
this.cellType = cellType;
this.cellTypeDescription = cellTypeDescription;
this.source = source;
this.tfbses = tfbses;
}
public int getRegulatoryRegionId() {
return this.regulatoryRegionId;
}
public void setRegulatoryRegionId(int regulatoryRegionId) {
this.regulatoryRegionId = regulatoryRegionId;
}
public String getName() {
return this.name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getType() {
return this.type;
}
public void setType(String type) {
this.type = type;
}
public String getChromosome() {
return this.chromosome;
}
public void setChromosome(String chromosome) {
this.chromosome = chromosome;
}
public int getStart() {
return this.start;
}
public void setStart(int start) {
this.start = start;
}
public int getEnd() {
return this.end;
}
public void setEnd(int end) {
this.end = end;
}
public double getExperimentalScore() {
return this.experimentalScore;
}
public void setExperimentalScore(double experimentalScore) {
this.experimentalScore = experimentalScore;
}
public String getCellType() {
return this.cellType;
}
public void setCellType(String cellType) {
this.cellType = cellType;
}
public String getCellTypeDescription() {
return this.cellTypeDescription;
}
public void setCellTypeDescription(String cellTypeDescription) {
this.cellTypeDescription = cellTypeDescription;
}
public String getSource() {
return this.source;
}
public void setSource(String source) {
this.source = source;
}
public Set<Tfbs> getTfbses() {
return this.tfbses;
}
public void setTfbses(Set<Tfbs> tfbses) {
this.tfbses = tfbses;
}
}
| 14,910 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49036429
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
High Tip
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 100 | 170 |
High Tip
High Tip
mountain in California, United States of America
High Tip GeoNames ID 5356852
High Tip coordinate location
High Tip country United States of America
High Tip GNIS Feature ID 225282
High Tip instance of mountain
High Tip located in the administrative territorial entity Mendocino County
High Tip LoJ peak ID 70951
High Tip
berg in Verenigde Staten van Amerika
High Tip GeoNames-identificatiecode 5356852
High Tip geografische locatie
High Tip land Verenigde Staten van Amerika
High Tip GNIS-identificatiecode 225282
High Tip is een berg
High Tip gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Mendocino County
High Tip LoJ-identificatiecode voor bergtop 70951
| 30,076 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3181060
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,010 |
Stack Exchange
|
Amit, Claudio Sebastián Castillo, Jason, aniruthik1414, chohs, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1338, https://stackoverflow.com/users/200172, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6591922, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6591923, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6591924, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6591981, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6591996, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6602158, user, user6591924, van
|
English
|
Spoken
| 305 | 463 |
Calling a .NET web application from another .net web application
Is it possible to pass control and data from one web application to another?
The background is we have a web application 1 that we support and the client wants another web applications (2) functionality within this one.
The relationship betweenn web app 1 and web app 2 is that web app1 produces the csv file that web app 2 consumes and processes.
I want to know if it's possible to simply drive web app 2 through web 1 and keep them in their seperate projects without having to integrate web app 2 into web app 1 (which will require web app 1 to go through integration testing again...)?
Many Thanks,
edit---------------------
i should mention both web applications are on the same server.....
You could simply redirect the client to a url in the other web app, passing any data on the query string. If they live on the same server, they could easily access the same file and db resources. Maintaining state between the 2 apps might be a problem.
Thanks Jason, is it possible to do by passing the data through a post instead through the querystring, as their could likely be a large list of parameters being passed...?
Yes, you could also do it via a POST.
Sounds like a job for web services to let you expose the csv creation functionality from one application to another, or even use WCF if you want to use the new framework features.
<%@ WebService Language="C#" Class="Util" %>
using System.Web.Services;
using System;
[WebService(Namespace="http://www.contoso.com/")]
public class Util: WebService
{
[ WebMethod]
public string GenerateCSV()
{
//code to generate csv here
}
}
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ba0z6a33(v=VS.80).aspx
Obv you would want to take care of authentication and authorisation too.
i should mention both web applications are on the same server
| 3,887 |
https://openalex.org/W2135362550
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,010 |
A symphony of inner ear developmental control genes
|
Sumantra Chatterjee
|
English
|
Spoken
| 14,112 | 25,135 |
Abstract The inner ear is one of the most complex and detailed organs in the vertebrate body and provides us with the
priceless ability to hear and perceive linear and angular acceleration (hence maintain balance). The development
and morphogenesis of the inner ear from an ectodermal thickening into distinct auditory and vestibular compo-
nents depends upon precise temporally and spatially coordinated gene expression patterns and well orchestrated
signaling cascades within the otic vesicle and upon cellular movements and interactions with surrounding tissues. Gene loss of function analysis in mice has identified homeobox genes along with other transcription and secreted
factors as crucial regulators of inner ear morphogenesis and development. While otic induction seems dependent
upon fibroblast growth factors, morphogenesis of the otic vesicle into the distinct vestibular and auditory compo-
nents appears to be clearly dependent upon the activities of a number of homeobox transcription factors. The
Pax2 paired-homeobox gene is crucial for the specification of the ventral otic vesicle derived auditory structures
and the Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes play a major role in specification of the dorsally derived vestibular struc-
tures. Some Micro RNAs have also been recently identified which play a crucial role in the inner ear formation. sound or movement- as well as surrounding supporting
cells. Damage to this small population of hair cells is a
major cause of hearing loss. There are numerous other
cell types in the inner ear that are also required for the
mechanical, electrical, and structural aspects of hearing
and balance. Examples of such cell types are the non-
sensory supporting cells surrounding the hair cells [1],
those of the stria vascularis on the lateral wall of the
cochlear duct, responsible for the production of the
endocochlear electrical potential [2], and those of the
various membranes on which the sensory organs rest
and that separate the different compartments of the
inner ear. Over the years several gene mutations have
been identified resulting in deafness, impaired hearing
or vestibular dysfunction [3,4]. A better understanding
of inner ear development and its associated genomics
and proteomics will facilitate a better understanding of
the many causes of deafness and vertigo. Development
of the inner ear follows a theme common also to many
other anlagen of forming appendages (e.g. © 2010 Chatterjee et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A symphony of inner ear developmental control
genes Sumantra Chatterjee1,2, Petra Kraus1, Thomas Lufkin1,2* Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 REVIEW Open Access * Correspondence: lufkin@gis.a-star.edu.sg
1Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60
Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore Abstract lens, teeth
and hair, Figure 1): (1) Ectodermal-/mesenchymal cross
talks lead to the initiation of a placode (Figure 1A); (2)
Invagination of the placode to form the otic cup or pit
(Figure 1B), and in mice and chick complete separation
from the surface ectoderm to form a drop-shaped otic Introduction Imagine yourself at a symphony concert in the midst of
an exited audience, alone in permanent silence; silence
resulting from an inner ear defect. Or consider the feel-
ing after a whirling rollercoaster ride when your senses
are left “off balance”. The mammalian inner ear is a
complex structure functionally organized into auditory
and vestibular components that are responsible for
detecting and coordinating the senses of hearing, accel-
eration and balance. The mature mammalian inner ear
has two major components, the vestibular and auditory
organs. The vestibular organ senses balance and changes
in movement. It contains the three semicircular canals
that sense angular acceleration and the utricle and sac-
cule, both of which are responsible for sensing gravity
and linear acceleration. The auditory organ consists of
the coiled cochlea, which senses sound. Within both of
these organs a specialized sensory epithelium converts
mechanical actions into electrical potentials. These
epithelia contain sensory hair cells (HC) -mechanore-
ceptors that initiate action potentials in response to Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Page 2 of 15 Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Figure 1 Developmental milestones in mouse inner ear formation. Competence of surface ectoderm lateral to both sides of the hindbrain
(HB) precedes any cell morphology changes. (A) Thickening of surface ectoderm (SE) to form the early placodes (EP) which is primarily driven by
Fgf, Wnt and Pax genes. (B) Invagination of the otic placodes to form the otic pit (OP). (C) Further development and invagination of the otic pit
to form the otic cup (OC) which pinches off from the surface ectoderm. (D) The separation from the overlying ectoderm gives rise to the
otocyst (OT). (E) Subsequent morphogenesis to finalize the complex 3-dimensional labyrinth which is demarcated into vestibular and cochlear
components. Sensory epithelia are shown in blue. Abbreviations: Co, cochlea; ES, endolymphatic sac; HB, hindbrain; LD, lateral semicircular duct;
PD, posterior semicircular duct; POM, periotic mesenchyme; S, saccule; SD, superior semicircular duct; SE, surface ectoderm; U, utricle. Figure 1 Developmental milestones in mouse inner ear formation. Competence of surface ectoderm lateral to both sides of the hindbrain
(HB) precedes any cell morphology changes. (A) Thickening of surface ectoderm (SE) to form the early placodes (EP) which is primarily driven by
Fgf, Wnt and Pax genes. (B) Invagination of the otic placodes to form the otic pit (OP). Introduction (C) Further development and invagination of the otic pit
to form the otic cup (OC) which pinches off from the surface ectoderm. (D) The separation from the overlying ectoderm gives rise to the
otocyst (OT). (E) Subsequent morphogenesis to finalize the complex 3-dimensional labyrinth which is demarcated into vestibular and cochlear
components. Sensory epithelia are shown in blue. Abbreviations: Co, cochlea; ES, endolymphatic sac; HB, hindbrain; LD, lateral semicircular duct;
PD, posterior semicircular duct; POM, periotic mesenchyme; S, saccule; SD, superior semicircular duct; SE, surface ectoderm; U, utricle. vesicle or otocyst (Figure 1C,D); (3) Patterning and dif-
ferentiation of the otocyst (Figure 1E). During all steps
of inner ear formation we reencounter well known criti-
cal regulators of vertebrate development, many of them
homeobox genes which carryout other roles in different
tissues of the organism. Interaction between all these
players has to be perfectly orchestrated along the three
major body axes (anteroposterior, dorsoventral and
mediolateral) to allow the formation of a structure as
complex and rich in detail as the inner ear. Hence “lis-
tening” to the symphony of developmental control genes
during inner ear development will contribute to our
understanding of the complex interaction of these key
performers in embryonic development in general. ear is the homeobox gene family, characterized by their
180 bp homeodomain. During vertebrate inner ear formation members of the
Pax paired-homeobox gene family (Figure 2A), mam-
malian homologs to the Drosophila Paired (Prd) gene
play a very crucial role. In vertebrates, there are nine
known Pax (Pax1-Pax9) genes that can be subdivided
into groups according to conservation of the paired box
sequence [5]. Mammalian Otx homeobox genes (Figure
2B) homologs of the Drosophila Orthodenticle (Otd)
gene that have shared developmental roles crucial for
specification and regionalization of the forebrain and
midbrain [6] also play a critical role in inner ear devel-
opment. Members of the Gastrulation brain homeobox
(Gbx) family (Figure 2B), a mammalian homolog of the
Drosophila Unplugged (Unp) gene and the Msx homeo-
box gene family members are homologs of the Droso-
phila Muscle segment gene are also important for
proper development of the inner ear. The three mam-
malian Msx genes have overlapping expression patterns
and possess diverse functions during embryogenesis by The rhythm of the different genes Like any philharmonic orchestra with many musicians
the development of the inner ear is a concerted effort of
many genes working in harmony to create a perfectly
balanced organ. One of the major groups of genes
which play a key role in the development of the inner Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68 Page 3 of 15 Figure 2 Representative expression patterns of genes controlling cochlear and vestibular specification. (A) Shh functions to maintain
Pax2 and restrict Dlx5/Dlx6 in the medial wall of the otic vesicle in order to specify cochlear fate. Dlx5/Dlx6 specify the medial to dorsal most
cells of the otic epithelium that give rise to the endolymphatic duct and vestibular apparatus. (B) Secretion of Shh from the notochord specifies
the ventral most cells of the otic epithelium that express Otx1/Otx2 and possibly Pax2 which contribute to cochlear morphogenesis and
outgrowth. In addition, Dlx5/Dlx6-dependent vestibular specifications and morphogenesis is dependent upon the activation of Gbx2 and Bmp4
function (not shown) and partial activation/expression of Otx1. Dlx5/Dlx6 also functions to restrict Pax2 expression to the medial wall of the otic
vesicle epithelium. Thus, Dlx5/Dlx6 and Shh may functionally antagonize each other, through repression, to generate compartments of activities
that specify the vestibular and cochlear cell fates. (C) Both Hmx2 and Hmx3 are required for cell fate determination and subsequent
morphogenesis of the developing inner ear. Loss of both Hmx2 and Hmx3 results in the absence of the entire vestibular system. Msx1/Msx2 are
expressed in the adjacent periotic mesenchyme and are critical for middle ear development. (D) Fgfs function with Shh in the periotic
mesenchyme to initiate ventral otic capsule chondrogenesis via Brn4 and Tbx1 function (not shown). Fgfs are also expressed in the hindbrain Representative expression patterns of genes controlling cochlear and vestibular specification. (A) Shh function Figure 2 Representative expression patterns of genes controlling cochlear and vestibular specificatio Figure 2 Representative expression patterns of genes controlling cochlear and vestibular specification. (A) Shh functions to maintain
Pax2 and restrict Dlx5/Dlx6 in the medial wall of the otic vesicle in order to specify cochlear fate. Dlx5/Dlx6 specify the medial to dorsal most
cells of the otic epithelium that give rise to the endolymphatic duct and vestibular apparatus. Many are on stage to form an otic placode, but few get
to play There is substantial evidence that Fgf signaling plays a
critical role in the induction of otic tissue in vertebrates,
however, despite Fgf3 being a “hot” candidate [33] label-
ing a single Fgf as the otic inducer has proven difficult
since functional redundancy already observed for Fgf
family members in other developmental anlagen
(e.g. limb) is also apparent in the ear: Fgf3 loss-of-func-
tion does not appear to affect ear development, while
Fgf10 mutations do result in inner ear defects. Fgf10 null
mutants show complete agenesis of the posterior canal
crista and the posterior canal. The posterior canal sen-
sory neurons form initially and project rather normally
by E11.5, but they disappear within 2 days. Fgf10 null
mutants have no posterior canal system at E18.5. In addi-
tion, these mutants have deformations of the anterior
and horizontal cristae, reduced formation of the anterior
and horizontal canals, as well as altered position of the
remaining sensory epithelia with respect to the utricle
[35]. Combined Fgf3/Fgf10 mutants do not form an oto-
cyst and show severe impact on the expression of Pax,
Dlx and Otx family members. New findings suggest that
quantitative gene dosage of combined Fgf3 and Fgf10 sig-
naling are essential for otic placode induction in mouse
(Figure 2D) [36,37]. Interestingly, otic placode induction
appears to result from an interplay between Wnt and Fgf
signaling, reminiscent of what has been observed during
early limb development [33,38,39]. In contrast to the
short-range interaction in flies, Shh and Wnts are
expressed in the floor plate and roof plate, respectively,
of the developing brainstem and spinal cord of verte-
brates [40-42]. Wnt genes are co-expressed with Bmp4
and Gli3. Combined, Bmp4, Gli3 and Wnt genes antago-
nize the ventralizing effects of SHH and give a dorsal
identity. This countergradient set up by these genes
allows for functional roles of various downstream genes
for regional identity. Given the proximity of the ear to
the hindbrain, the patterning genes in the hindbrain will
affect the ear development as shown in some classical
experiments [43]. For a detailed review see [44]. Signaling during inner ear development requires more
than the homeobox gene families. No signaling network
would be complete without members of the Tgfbeta
super family, the Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) family
(Figure 2D), Sonic hedgehog (Shh)and its target genes
as well as the Wntand Notch signaling cascades. Many are on stage to form an otic placode, but few get
to play primarily acting as transcriptional repressors through
interactions with transcriptional complexes or with
other homeodomain proteins (Figure 2C) [7,8]. There
are six known Six homeobox genes (Six1-Six6), they
are mammalian homologs to the Drosophila Sine oculis
(So) gene, which participate in an evolutionarily con-
served gene network consisting of Pax-Eye absent
(Eya)-Six-Dachshund (Dach) gene family members and
are expressed during the development of numerous
organ systems (Figure 2A) [9]. They interact with the
Eya family of proteins via protein-protein interactions
across a wide range of species during organogenesis of
a multitude of tissues [10-12]. Hmx homeobox genes
were first identified in humans and have homologs in a
number of species including Drosophila [13,14], zebra-
fish and medaka[15-17]. There are three known mam-
malian Hmx genes (Hmx1-Hmx3) that are also related
to the chick Sensory organ homeobox-1 (SOHo-1) gene,
based on amino acid homology, and are expressed
throughout the developing central and peripheral ner-
vous systems (Figure 2C) (reviewed in [13,18,19]. And
last but not least, the Dlx homeobox genes are homo-
logs of the Drosophila Distal-less (Dll) gene and encode
transcription factors that appear to have critical devel-
opmental functions in all species and tissues, in which
they are expressed (Figure 2A) [20,21]. In Drosophila,
Dll is a critical upstream regulator of sensory and non-
sensory development of appendages and antennae, as
loss of Dll or its downstream target genes results in
antennae with sensorineural hearing loss [22]. The six
identified mammalian Dlx genes are convergently tran-
scribed gene pairs (Dlx1/Dlx2, Dlx5/Dlx6, and Dlx3/
Dlx7) that have overlapping regulatory elements and
expression patterns. In humans, the paired Dlx5/Dlx6
genes, which map to chromosome 7q22, are postulated
as candidates for split hand/split foot malformation
(SHFM1) [23-26]. Furthermore, sensorineural deafness
and vestibular malformations are also associated with
SHFM1 [27-30]. The mammalian inner ear is a complex structure. For-
mation of the inner ear becomes apparent in mouse
around E7.5/E8, when cranial ectodermal thickenings,
the otic placodes, are symmetrically located on opposing
sides of the hindbrain. Induction of the placodes is the
outcome of cross talk mediated by signaling events ori-
ginating from the presumptive otic epithelium and
underlying periotic mesenchyme, the adjacent notochord
and neural tube in the region spanning rhombomeres
four to six [33,34]. The rhythm of the different genes (B) Secretion of Shh from the notochord specifies
the ventral most cells of the otic epithelium that express Otx1/Otx2 and possibly Pax2 which contribute to cochlear morphogenesis and
outgrowth. In addition, Dlx5/Dlx6-dependent vestibular specifications and morphogenesis is dependent upon the activation of Gbx2 and Bmp4
function (not shown) and partial activation/expression of Otx1. Dlx5/Dlx6 also functions to restrict Pax2 expression to the medial wall of the otic
vesicle epithelium. Thus, Dlx5/Dlx6 and Shh may functionally antagonize each other, through repression, to generate compartments of activities
that specify the vestibular and cochlear cell fates. (C) Both Hmx2 and Hmx3 are required for cell fate determination and subsequent
morphogenesis of the developing inner ear. Loss of both Hmx2 and Hmx3 results in the absence of the entire vestibular system. Msx1/Msx2 are
expressed in the adjacent periotic mesenchyme and are critical for middle ear development. (D) Fgfs function with Shh in the periotic
mesenchyme to initiate ventral otic capsule chondrogenesis via Brn4 and Tbx1 function (not shown). Fgfs are also expressed in the hindbrain
epithelium adjacent to the otocyst and are important for induction of the otic placode. Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Page 4 of 15 Many are on stage to form an otic placode, but few get
to play From placode to otocyst While Fgf, Wnt and Pax genes have been implicated in
otic induction, other gene families are also expressed
during that early stage, however no obvious genetic
function could be assigned to them. This could be either
due to functional redundancy or because their critical
role does not unfold until much later, when otic devel-
opment is well on its way. In chick, Msx1 expression
marks the medial edge of the preotic placodal region
adjacent to the hindbrain and prior to the onset of Pax2
expression [50]. Only a subset of the Msx1 expressing
cell population actually contributes to the formation of
the otic placode and the role of Msx1 expression during
otic induction and morphogenesis remains unreported. However it is not unusual to find Dlx and Msx genes
expressed in close proximity to one another, as they are
often thought to function together in gene regulation
[51]. Foxi1 could play a role in vertebrate otic placode
formation given that in foxi1 zebrafish mutants mor-
phology of the otic placodes as well as the expression of
pax2/8 and dlx3b/4b is affected [52]. However, in mice
otic placode development appears normal in Foxi1 loss
of function mutants [53]. While its role might be over
shadowed by functional redundancy with Foxf2, which is
also expressed early in the otic epithelium in mouse
[54], a critical function during early otic development in
mouse remains questionable. Studies have shown that
Foxg1 is expressed in most cell types of the inner ear of
the adult mouse and that Foxg1 mutants have both
morphological and histological defects in the inner ear
[55]. These mice have a shortened cochlea with multiple
rows of hair cells and supporting cells. Additionally,
they demonstrate striking abnormalities in cochlear and
vestibular innervation, including loss of all crista neu-
rons and numerous fibers that overshoot the organ of
corti. Recent studies have also shown the critical role of
Foxg1 in sensory cristae[56]. Genetic fate-mapping ana-
lyses indicate an improper separation between anterior
and lateral cristae in Foxg1 -/- mouse mutants. The data
suggest that a function of Foxg1 in the inner ear is to
restrict sensory fate which is in conflict with previous
data proposing that sensory cristae induce formation of
their non-sensory components, the semicircular canals. Many are on stage to form an otic placode, but few get
to play Further
crucial players are members of the Forkhead (Fox)
genes, a family of winged-helix transcription factors and
T-box (Tbx) genes, a family of mouse Brachyury and
Drosophila Optomotor-blind (omb) homologs that
encode transcription factors that contain a conserved
180 amino acid T-box DNA binding domain [31,32]. More than 40 T-box genes have been identified that
have evolutionary conserved functions during embryonic
development in a wide range of animals. Pax2 and Pax8 are some of the earliest known genes
to be expressed in the pre-otic tissue [45,46]. Its onset
of expression suggested Pax8 as a critical regulator of Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Page 5 of 15 Hmx3 being expressed in the otic epithelium starting at
E8.5, just a few hours prior to the onset of Hmx2 [57]. At the same time, Gbx2 expression becomes detectable
in the otic placode [37,58]. Of the Dlx gene family, only
Dlx5/Dlx6 are expressed in the pre-placodal and
throughout the otic placode stage [59,60]. So are Six1
and Six4, members of the Six homeobox gene family,
however their main function seems to be exerted at sub-
sequent stages of otic development (for review see [33]. otic induction and subsequent morphogenesis. However,
Pax8 null mice have normal inner ear development [47]. There is the possibility that Pax8 function during otic
development is masked by redundant function of an
unrelated gene or by another member of the Pax gene
family. Initially broad preplacodal Pax2 expression
becomes ventrally restricted medial epithelial expression
in the developing otocyst (Figure 2A), while Pax8
expression is maintained throughout the formation of
the otic vesicle [48,49]. From placode to otocyst BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 (Figure 2A,B) [26,60,65,66]. The dorsomedial expression
domain of Dlx5 and presumably Dlx6 are restricted by
the function of Shh, which is secreted onto the otic
epithelium from the nearby notochord [84]. The cells
compartmentalized within the otic vesicular Dlx5/Dlx6
expression domain are fated to give rise to the vestibular
apparatus, according to the ‘compartment-boundary’
model of inner ear development [63]. [72]. Six1 expression is restricted to the ventral half of
the otic vesicle that gives rise to the auditory compo-
nents of the inner ear (Figure 2A). Recent analysis of
two independent Six1 null mouse strains indicates an
important role for establishing and/or maintaining com-
partmental boundaries and in cochlear specification
[73,74]. While otic vesicle formation occurs, develop-
ment beyond this stage is affected in the Six1 null mice. On the level of gene expression a dorsalization of the
ventral otocyst is observed: ventral markers such as
Fgf3, Fgf10, Otx1, Otx2 and Lunatic Fringe are lost and
the dorsal markers Hmx3 and Dlx5 are expanded ven-
trally (Figure 2, for review see [75]. [72]. Six1 expression is restricted to the ventral half of
the otic vesicle that gives rise to the auditory compo-
nents of the inner ear (Figure 2A). Recent analysis of
two independent Six1 null mouse strains indicates an
important role for establishing and/or maintaining com-
partmental boundaries and in cochlear specification
[73,74]. While otic vesicle formation occurs, develop-
ment beyond this stage is affected in the Six1 null mice. On the level of gene expression a dorsalization of the
ventral otocyst is observed: ventral markers such as
Fgf3, Fgf10, Otx1, Otx2 and Lunatic Fringe are lost and
the dorsal markers Hmx3 and Dlx5 are expanded ven-
trally (Figure 2, for review see [75]. p
The T-box gene Tbx1 is initially expressed in the otic
vesicle epithelium and subsequently in the periotic
mesenchyme. The mechanistic role of Tbx1 remains
unclear, but its expression appears to be critical for
morphogenesis, as the inner ears of Tbx1 null mice have
the morphology of an undifferentiated otic vesicle with
normal endolymphatic duct formation [85]. With neuro-
nal precursors originating from the anterior otocyst,
more recent Tbx1 gain and loss of function studies
further suggest a role in regulation of neurogenesis
via regulating anteroposterior axis development in the
otocyst [86]. From placode to otocyst As early as E10.25, Otx1 and Otx2 are expressed in
the posteroventrolateral and ventral apex, respectively,
of the otic epithelium following formation of the otic
vesicle [61,76]. The ventral apical domain serves as an
area of overlapping expression. The ventral cells of the
otic epithelium are believed to be fated to give rise to
the cochlear duct and organ of Corti [12]. Otx1 null
mice have cochlear and saccular defects that are consis-
tent with its ventral expression domain [77,78]. Further-
more, the defects expand dorsally to the lateral
semicircular duct and its ampulla that would also be
predicted by a ‘compartment-boundary’ model of cell
fate specification [77,79]. Notably, Otx1/Otx2 expression
is abutting areas positive for the characteristic sensory
markers Bmp4 and Fng [77]. At the other pole, Gbx2 is
expressed in the dorsomedial otocyst. In the absence of
Gbx2, Wnt2b, a marker of the developing endolymphatic
duct, is lost. Furthermore Gbx2 appears to be required
to maintain Dlx5 expression regionally, since Dlx5 is
absent from the medial but not lateral otocyst (Figure
2B) [80]. Its compartment of otic vesicle expression is
predicted to have a role in development of the endolym-
phatic duct and in establishing the dorsal boundary of
the saccule sensory compartment [81]. Interestingly,
unlike in mid-hindbrain patterning, where Otx2 and
Gbx2 expression abuts one another, with this juxtaposi-
tion being critical for the positioning of the organizer, in
the otocyst, Otx2 and Gbx2 sandwich the presumptive
sensory patches and Lunatic fringe (Lfng) expression
[61,80]. From placode to otocyst Hmx2 and Hmx3 (also known as Nkx5.2 and Nkx5.1,
respectively) are coexpressed in the otic placode, with Induction of the otic placode is followed by its invagina-
tion to form the so called otic cup or otic pit, which in
mouse encloses and separates from the surface ecto-
derm to create a drop shaped otic vesicle or otocyst by
E9 (Figure 1). Otic patterning has to be precisely coordi-
nated along three axes: Anteroposterior (AP), dorsoven-
tral (DV) and mediolateral (ML). Data generated in
recent years largely supports a ‘compartment-boundary’
model of cell fate specification and patterning in the
inner ear [61], suggesting that once the otic vesicle
forms, regions have been established and the otic
epithelium is compartmentalized along all three axes as
indicated by restricted expression profiles of genes like
Pax2, Fgf3, Lunatic fringe, Six1, Bmp4 and Bmp antago-
nists [61-64]. The inter compartment boundaries can
mediate local patterning and cell fate decisions in the
otocyst [61]. This is supported by observations that dis-
tinct regions identified by their gene expression patterns
in the developing otocyst give rise to a particular com-
ponent of the inner ear. Subsequent loss of gene func-
tion studies in mouse have shown varying genetic roles
in establishing inner ear structures predicted by the
compartments [61,64]. Most importantly, these studies
have shown a vast role for numerous homeobox genes
in establishing compartmental boundaries, subsequent
to otic induction, and in specifying cell fates during
morphogenesis of the inner ear from compartmentalized
domains of gene expression [57,65-69]. As members of the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach signaling net-
work and considering the early onset of expression, Six1
and Six4 are likely to contribute to compartmentaliza-
tion and specification of ventrally derived auditory struc-
tures following induction of the otic placode. Six1 and
Six4 continue to be expressed during the otic vesicle
stages of inner ear development. Insight into their func-
tional role during mammalian inner ear development
was obtained through the analysis of Eya1 null mice, as
Six1 expression is concomitantly lost during the total
regression of inner ear structures [12,70]. Six4 has also
been demonstrated to interact with Eya1 in the mouse
[71]. However, its functional role remains unclear since
Six4 null mice have normal inner ear development,
which may be due to functional compensation by Six1 Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Page 6 of 15 Chatterjee et al. Shaping of the inner ear into auditory and vestibular
structures The mature inner ear with its elaborately designed
acoustic and vestibular apparatus is encased in the
dense bone of the skull. Molecular and fate mapping
data created in recent years shines some light into this
cave and helps to understand the formation of such
complex structures evolving from a “simple” drop-
shaped otocyst. While the otocyst initially consists of simple pseudo-
stratified epithelium it soon undergoes extensive prolif-
eration, differentiation and morphogenesis that will
eventually establish the ventrally derived auditory com-
ponent, the cochlea, and the dorsally derived vestibular
apparatus. In mammals, auditory perception is initially
mediated through sensory cells located in a rigorously
patterned mosaic of unique cell types located within the
coiled cochlea. Almost all of the cell types within the
membranous labyrinth of the inner ear are derived from
multipotent epithelial progenitor cells initially located in
the otocyst. Otocyst-derived cells develop into three
major lineages, prosensory (cells that will develop as
either hair cells or associated supporting cells), pro-
neural (cells that will develop as auditory or vestibular
neurons) and nonsensory (all other otocyst derived cells)
with cells within each lineage developing in different
spatio-temporally defined domains of the otocyst. Recent results have identified specific signaling mole-
cules and pathways, including Notch, Hedgehog, Sox2
and Fgfs, that guide progenitor cells to develop first as a
sensory precursor and subsequently as one of the more
specialized cell types. For a detailed review on cochlear
development see [87,88]. Highly differentiated sensory By E9.5 in mouse Hmx2 and Hmx3 expression
becomes compartmentalized to the dorsolateral epithe-
lium of the otic vesicle (Figure 2C) [57,69]. In chick, lat-
eral expression of SOHo-1 in the otic vesicle marks the
epithelial territories that give rise to the presumptive
semicircular ducts and their cristae [61,82,83]. In zebra-
fish the onset of Hmx3 expression in the otic vesicle
and lateral line organs starts at 11.5 hpf and Hmx2
expression in the same tissue is detected at 14 hpf [17]. Similarly, upon formation of the otic vesicle Dlx5/Dlx6
expression becomes restricted to the dorsal hemisphere Page 7 of 15 Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 conditional loss of function mutants or alternative
systems. hair cells develop within the coiled cochlear duct to
form the organ of Corti, which is responsible for detect-
ing sound. Shaping of the inner ear into auditory and vestibular
structures Loss of Hmx2 gene function in
mice demonstrated a pronounced role in vestibular
development as 65% of Hmx2 null mice display hyperac-
tivity, head tilting and circling behavior in the apparent
absence of central nervous system defects [57]. Histolo-
gical and molecular analysis reveals inner ear defects
that are significantly more severe than those observed in
both Hmx3 null mouse strains. Morphogenesis of the
pars superior portion of the otic vesicles arrests follow-
ing the formation of the primordial vestibular diverti-
cula, which results in the complete absence of all
semicircular ducts, fusion of the utricles and saccules,
and significant loss of the vestibular sensory epithelium
(Figure 3). The vestibular defects appear to arise from
deficient proliferation within the otic epithelium and
periotic mesenchyme that leads to abnormal Dlx5 and
Bmp4 expression patterns. In addition, the expression
domain of Pax2 is reduced, but cochlear development
proceeds normally in the Hmx2 null mice. Since the
available data indicates that Dlx5, Bmp4 and Pax2 are
unlikely downstream targets, Hmx2 appears to be Pax2 which we got to know as an early marker of otic
fate, is subsequently required for cochlear development,
and its inactivation in mice leads to cochlear agenesis
[68]. Pax2 is also expressed in the endolymphatic duct
[91]. However, the vestibular apparatus and endolym-
phatic duct develop normally in the Pax2 null mice,
maybe due to redundancy with other Pax genes, possi-
bly Pax8. The future generation and analysis of Pax2/
Pax8-null mice could substantiate and clarify the roles
of both genes during inner ear development. In the Otx1 null mice, both the lateral semicircular
duct and the lateral sensory cristae are absent, similar
to Prx1/Prx2 double-null mice suggesting that Otx and
Prx genes may interact with each other via unknown
secretable factors during inner ear development. The
ventral-apical expression domain of Otx2 in the otic
epithelium gives rise to the saccule and a portion of
the cochlea. Since Otx2 null mice die prior to morpho-
genesis of the inner ear beyond the otic vesicle, Otx2
function during inner ear development has been
inferred by the analysis of Otx1 null mice that are also
heterozygous for Otx2 [77,92,93]. The inner ear defects
in these mice are progressively more severe than those
reported for the Otx1 null mice [77]. Shaping of the inner ear into auditory and vestibular
structures Likewise, sensory hair cells arise within the
vestibular apparatus to form the maculae in the utricle
and saccule and the cristae in the semicircular ducts
(Figure 1E). Collectively, they are responsible for detect-
ing gravity as well as linear and angular acceleration,
which all function coordinately to maintain balance
[12,89] for review see [90]. An organ so complex in
function and structure and at the same time so rich in
detail as the mature inner ear requires absolute precise
coordination of all the developmental genes and signal-
ing cascades involved. Generally and as predicted from
the “compartment boundary model” genes expressed in
the ventral otocyst will be implicated in formation of
auditory structures, while genes expressed in the dorsal
otocyst are implicated in the formation of the vestibular
apparatus. Gbx2 expression eventually becomes restricted to the
endolymphatic duct and ceases in the inner ear by E15.5
[80]. The loss of function analysis confirmed phenotype
predictions based on the compartment boundary model
and showed a key role of Gbx2 in patterning dorsome-
dial (endolymphatic duct, vertical pouch) [80] leaving
Gbx2 null mice with a phenotype similar to that
described for kreisler mice ([94] and references therein)
namely absence of the endolymphatic duct and swelling
of the membranous labyrinth. In more severe cases ven-
tral inner ear structures (saccule, cochlea) were also
affected [80]. As predicted by its expression domain, Hmx3 is
required for proper specification of structures within the
vestibular apparatus. In Hmx3 null mice, vestibular
defects include the anterior and posterior semicircular
ducts being severely reduced or lost and the lateral
semicircular duct always being absent, while auditory
development is unaffected and functional [95]. These
mice display features of hyperactivity and circling that
phenocopy the shaker/waltzer mutant mice (Figure 3). In contrast, a second Hmx3 null mouse strain has
relatively normal semicircular duct formation in the
presence of a similar circling behavior [69]. These mice
have utricles and saccules that are fused into one cham-
ber that has a severe reduction and/or absence of sen-
sory epithelial cells within their maculae. In addition,
their entire lateral semicircular duct cristae are comple-
tely absent. The variable phenotypes suggest that other
factors may have the ability to functionally compensate
for Hmx3 in a dose-dependent manner during vestibular
specification (Figure 3). Shaping of the inner ear into auditory and vestibular
structures In contrast, Hmx3 expression in the inner ear of heterozygous (D) and homozygous (F) embryos
demonstrates expression throughout only the vestibular apparatus, including the ED and all three semicircular ducts. Embryos that are
homozygous for the absence of Hmx3 (F) have mild faulty development of vestibular structures including a fusion of the utricular and saccular
chambers (U-S) and a dysmorphic utricular maccula (MU) in the presence of circling behavior. vestibular structure and morphogenesis in whole-mount b-galactosidase stained mid-gestation embryos lacking
l
d
l
d h
h
b
h h
b l
f h
f h cochlear development [65,66]. Variable vestibular defects
range from the absence of one to all three semicircular
ducts, impaired cristae formation, and a consistent
shortening of the endolymphatic duct, while the utricle
and saccule develop with slightly abnormal maculae. The vestibular defects seem to arise from deregulation
of pathways controlling temporal and spatial patterns of
both cellular proliferation and apoptosis that govern dif-
ferentiation and specification of the inner ear. Further-
more, these mechanisms appear to be controlled by
epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. required for maintaining the commitment of a subpopu-
lation of otic epithelial cells that specify the entire ves-
tibular apparatus. Taken together, Hmx2 is likely to be
able to functionally compensate for Hmx3 during semi-
circular duct formation, but not completely during mor-
phogenesis of the maculae and cristae. Thus, Hmx2 and
Hmx3 have unique and redundant functions in the spe-
cification of cells that generate a set of sensory and
non-sensory vestibular structures. Double knockdown studies of Hmx2/Hmx3 in zebra-
fish have reported the appearance of fused otoliths and
the loss of lateral line neuromasts (at 3 dpf) and rescue
experiments with capped RNA have demonstrated the
redundancy of these two genes in formation of lateral
neuromast[17]. Mammalian Msx1/Msx2 are expressed at diverse sites
of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, including within
the otic epithelium and periotic mesenchyme [60,97,98]. Msx1 null and Msx1/Msx2 double-null mice have mid-
dle ear defects with a respective increase in severity and
apparently have functional redundancy as Msx2 null
mice do not have middle ear defects [97,99,100]. Sur-
prisingly, inner ear and otic capsule defects have not
been reported for any combination of Msx1/Msx2 dou-
ble-null mice even though the double-null mice have
severe craniofacial defects [99]. Shaping of the inner ear into auditory and vestibular
structures The defects to
the cochlea are expanded ventrally and the saccule,
which is unaffected in Otx1 null mice, is dysmorphic
as might be predicted by the ‘compartment-boundary’
model. Therefore Otx2 expression apparently functions
both redundantly and independently of Otx1 in estab-
lishing proper specification of the cochlea and saccule. Unlike Otx1, Otx2 expression does not appear to be
mediated by Shh signaling as ectopic expression of Shh
in mice does not induce concomitant ectopic expres-
sion of Otx2 [84]. A more detailed analysis of the
involvement of Otx2 expression during inner ear speci-
fication and patterning may require the generation of Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68 Page 8 of 15 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Figure 3 Abnormal vestibular structure and morphogenesis in whole-mount b-galactosidase stained mid-gestation embryos lacking
either Hmx2 or Hmx3. Early in development Hmx2 (A) is expressed throughout both the vestibular portions of the inner ear of heterozygous
(A) embryos. Embryos that are homozygous for the absence of Hmx2 (C) have relatively normal cochlear development in the presence of
severely dysmorphic vestibular development. The endolymphatic duct morphogenesis is retarded and the superior (SD), posterior (PD), and
lateral or horizontal (HD) semicircular ducts appear to form a fused and primitive vestibular diverticulum (VD) and is associated with decreased
maculae of the utricle (MU) and saccule (MS). In contrast, Hmx3 expression in the inner ear of heterozygous (D) and homozygous (F) embryos
demonstrates expression throughout only the vestibular apparatus, including the ED and all three semicircular ducts. Embryos that are
homozygous for the absence of Hmx3 (F) have mild faulty development of vestibular structures including a fusion of the utricular and saccular
chambers (U-S) and a dysmorphic utricular maccula (MU) in the presence of circling behavior. Figure 3 Abnormal vestibular structure and morphogenesis in whole-mount b-galactosidase stained mid-gestation embryos lacking
either Hmx2 or Hmx3. Early in development Hmx2 (A) is expressed throughout both the vestibular portions of the inner ear of heterozygous
(A) embryos. Embryos that are homozygous for the absence of Hmx2 (C) have relatively normal cochlear development in the presence of
severely dysmorphic vestibular development. The endolymphatic duct morphogenesis is retarded and the superior (SD), posterior (PD), and
lateral or horizontal (HD) semicircular ducts appear to form a fused and primitive vestibular diverticulum (VD) and is associated with decreased
maculae of the utricle (MU) and saccule (MS). Shaping of the inner ear into auditory and vestibular
structures There is intriguing Loss of function mutations in Dlx1, Dlx2, or Dlx1/
Dlx2and Dlx7 have not been reported to cause any
defects in inner ear development and can not be studied
in Dlx3 due to early embryonic lethality [59,96]. How-
ever, functional loss of the Dlx5 gene directly affects the
morphogenesis of sensory and non-sensory vestibular
structures and is postulated to indirectly affect distal Page 9 of 15 Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 the inner ear is a very complex 3 dimensional structure,
and patterning events resulting in that are orchestrated
along three axes. To do so, the players must perform as
a team. However, it appears that several major sub-
groups can be distinguished, with unique and overlap-
ping patterning functions: (1) Hmx genes appear to act
largely independently in their aspect of vestibular pat-
terning (Figure 3) [13]. (2) The Shh-Pax connection
induces and/or maintains ventral fate during the otocyst
stage [84,110]. Mice deficient for Shh fail to develop
cochlear structures. Recent detailed analysis of the inner
ear defects in Shh null mice provides convincing evi-
dence that Shh protein, secreted from the notochord,
and Pax2 expression are crucial for specifying cochlear
development following formation of the otic vesicle
[68,84]. In the Shh null mice, failure of cochlear devel-
opment is partly attributed to loss of Otx1 and Otx2
homeobox gene expression and primarily to lost otic
epithelial expression of Pax2. Furthermore, the mainte-
nance of Pax2 expression, by Shh protein, was shown to
be critical in restricting the expression of the Dlx5
homeobox gene to the dorsal otic epithelium during
cochlear specification. Interestingly, Pax8 expression
was maintained in the otic epithelium of the Shh null
mice, which strongly suggests that Pax2 and Pax8 are
functionally independent of each other with regards to
inner ear morphogenesis. Morphogenesis of ventrally
and dorsally derived inner ear structures appears to
degenerate due to decreased cell proliferation and simul-
taneously increased apoptotic cell death within the otic
epithelium. If fact, the inner ear defects in the Six1 null
mice are essentially phenocopies of those observed in
both the Shh and Pax2 null mice, which includes lost
Otx1/Otx2 expression and ventral expansion of Dlx5
and Hmx3 homeobox gene expression. “Sense” the rhythm of the inner ear Sensory cells in vertebrates either have an axon or are
innervated by placode derived neurons associated with
“secondary” sensory cells such as in the inner ear, lateral
line etc. Concurrent with the role of Fgf10, development
of inner ear neurons depends critically on the bHLH
genes Neurog1 [105] and Neurod1 [106]. Neurog1 and
Neurod1 are also necessary for olfactory receptor devel-
opment in mice [107] thus indicating that Neurog1,
while necessary for ear placode derived neuron forma-
tion, is not sufficient to identify such neurons. Placod-
ally derived sensory neurons use the Pou domain factor
Pou4f1 (Brn3a) to upregulate the neurotrophin receptor
Ntrk2 for survival via the neurotrophin Bdnf released
from their target, the hair cells [108]. Among peripheral
neurons, ear neurons of mice can be uniquely identified
by the sequential expression of Neurog1, NeuroD1,
Pou4f1 and Ntrk2 in combination with other factors
such as Gata3 [109]. p
p
Interestingly, an additional function of Shh seems the
restriction of Wnt signaling to the dorsal otocyst [38]. Regulative interactions between Shh and Wnt signaling
has previously been observed in other anlagen such as
the neural tube [111,112], somite [113] and the limb
[114,115] (3) Wnt signaling impacts on dorsal cell fate
specification via Dlx5/Dlx6 and Gbx2 promotion, and
indirectly ventral cell fate by restricting Otx2 ventrally
via Gbx2 [77,80]. While recent studies by Riccomagno et
al. describe the multiple roles of Wnt signaling during
inner ear development [38], we decided to focus here on
the important downstream targets Dlx5/Dlx6 in dorsal
cell fate specification: Shaping of the inner ear into auditory and vestibular
structures Though at the
molecular level, Six1 appears to be independent of the
Shh-Pax2 pathway as their expression is maintained in
the Six1 null mice and Six1 expression is maintained in
the otic vesicles of Shh null mice. However, this does
not rule out a disruption in Shh-Pax2 signaling via cru-
cial protein-protein interactions. evidence in chick that Msx1 expression in the otic
epithelium may contribute to both sensory and non-sen-
sory vestibular development [101]. Additional experi-
mentation is required to determine if any combination
of Msx1/Msx2 regulates or modulates other factors dur-
ing inner ear morphogenesis and/or otic capsule
formation. Analyses of the zebrafish van gogh (vgo) mutation and
mouse models of the human DiGeorge (velo-cardio-
facial) syndrome, which includes conductive and sensor-
ineural hearing loss, have revealed that disruptions in
Tbx1 expression have detrimental effects on outer, mid-
dle and inner ear development [102-104]. In addition to
aberrant otic vesicle formation, there are lost expression
domains of Pax2, Otx2, Fgf10 and Bmp4 within the otic
epithelium. However, rather than being downstream tar-
get genes of Tbx1 it appears that their abnormal expres-
sion is the result of lost cell population(s). Furthermore,
Tbx1 expression in the periotic mesenchyme, but not in
the otic epithelium, is lost in Shh null mice in a manner
that strongly implies a functional role in otic capsule
formation [84]. Additional investigations are required to
determine if the functions of Tbx1 in the epithelium
and mesenchyme are linked and if they are required for
the expansion/differentiation of a subpopulation of otic
epithelia cells that specify the cochlea and vestibular
apparatus. More genomics/proteomics aspects of inner ear
morphology To unravel the true magic of the symphony of inner ear
developmental control genes, we have to “listen” care-
fully to messages left by single and combined loss of
function mutants of all the players. As indicated before, Page 10 of 15 Page 10 of 15 Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Thorough characterization of the previously reported
inner ear defects in the Dlx5/Dlx6 double-null mice
indicates that Dlx5 and Dlx6 have redundant functions
during inner ear development [26,60]. More signifi-
cantly, they are indispensable for the specification and
morphogenesis of all vestibular structures (Figure 4). While otic induction proceeds normally in Dlx5/Dlx6
double-null embryos and an abnormal ventrally derived
cochlea develops, morphogenesis of all dorsally derived
structures that comprise the vestibule fail to arise in a
manner that is in strong contrast to the Dlx5 null mice. Following establishment of the otic vesicle, the dorsal
protrusion of the presumptive endolymphatic duct never
forms and subsequent development appears to degener-
ate to the point that Dlx5/Dlx6 expressing cells become
absent. Surprisingly, Dlx5/Dlx6 expressing cells are pre-
sent in the presumptive cartilaginous otic capsules that
surround a highly abnormal developing cochlea devoid
of Dlx5/Dlx6 expression. The developing cochlea is
completely encapsulated, highly dysmorphic, and
appears to contain morphological sensory epithelia. Whether or not the sensory-like epithelium has any
degree of functionality is presently unknown. As in the
Dlx5 null mice, the vestibular defects seem to evolve from deficiencies in otic epithelial cell proliferation and
increases in apoptotic cell death within the otic epithe-
lium and the periotic mesenchyme. The apparent failure of vestibular morphogenesis in
Dlx5/Dlx6 double-null mice implies that multiple pat-
terning mechanisms are defective in the otic epithelium
and/or interactions with the otic epithelium are dis-
placed. Unexpectedly, Hmx2 and/or Hmx3 expression in
the otic epithelium are essentially unaffected prior to
the onset of the severe morphological abnormalities
observed in the Dlx5 null and Dlx5/Dlx6 double-null
mice. Furthermore, no significant changes occur in the
expression patterns of Fgfs or the genes that encode
their receptors. However, expression of Gbx2, is comple-
tely absent from the otic epithelium prior to any mor-
phological change. Suggesting that Dlx5/Dlx6 directly
regulate Gbx2 expression in a manner that contributes
to proper formation of the vestibular apparatus. More genomics/proteomics aspects of inner ear
morphology Experimental use of the
Bmp4 antagonist noggin, in chick, has indirectly demon-
strated that Bmp4 plays a crucial role in sensory and
non-sensory vestibular development, as all three semicir-
cular ducts and their cristae are absent in the severe
phenotypes [101,117]. In addition, Bmp4 protein is loca-
lized within the otic epithelium and secreted into the
periotic mesenchyme during the morphogenesis of the
mouse inner ear with the ability to induce and regulate
otic capsule chondrogenesis [118]. This strongly sug-
gests that Bmp4 is a critical mediator of epithelial-
mesenchymal interactions that govern aspects of inner
ear development. Furthermore, Bmp4 expression and
subsequent secretion of its protein into the periotic
mesenchyme is moderately to severely down regulated
in the otic epithelium of the Dlx5 null mice. Therefore,
Dlx5/Dlx6 may be specifying vestibular fate by regulat-
ing Bmp4, which has autocrine- and paracrine-like func-
tions to promote sensory and non-sensory vestibular
morphogenesis and to couple epithelial-mesenchymal
interactions that initiate vestibular otic capsule chondro-
genesis, respectively. Six1 may be an important modula-
tor as its expression is required to maintain Bmp4
expression in the otic vesicle [74]. Additionally, Bmp4
could be orchestrating both local sensory and non-sen-
sory vestibular morphogenesis and periotic mesenchy-
mal initiation of otic capsule formation through direct
regulation of Msx1/Msx2 expression, as in other organ
systems [119-124]. An unforeseen consequence of lost Dlx5/Dlx6 expres-
i
i
th
l t
ti
ith li l
i
f P
2 specification. It remains to be determined if Dlx5/Dlx6
directly regulate Otx1 or if its reduced expression
domain is a secondary consequence. Since the onset of
Dlx5/Dlx6 expression is later than Pax2 and prior to
otic vesicle formation, Dlx5/Dlx6 may be critical regula-
tors of otic cell fates by establishing compartmental
boundaries through a means of region specific gene
repression. Recent studies have determined that Shh and
Pax2 are responsible for specifying cochlear develop-
ment following formation of the otic vesicle in a manner
that is complimentary to the vestibular actions of Dlx5/
Dlx6 [68,84]. Wherein, the failure of cochlea develop-
ment in Shh null mice can be attributed to lost Otx1/
Otx2 and Pax2 expression in the epithelium of the otic
vesicle. Interestingly, Dlx5 expression expands ventrally
to include nearly the entire otic epithelium and Bmp4
expression is shifted in the presence of abnormal vestib-
ular development. More genomics/proteomics aspects of inner ear
morphology Thus providing experimental evidence
that Dlx5/Dlx6 and Pax2 functionally antagonize one
another through restricted otic epithelial expression
domains that are critical in specifying vestibular and
cochlear fates, respectively (Figure 2A and 2B). since Prx1/2 double null mice also have vestibular
defects. Given that Dlx5 and Dlx6 are not normally
expressed in the periotic mesenchyme, this suggests that
they may regulate the activity of a secreted molecule
that mediates epithelial-mesenchymal interactions dur-
ing early otic morphogenesis. A likely candidate is Bmp4
since its expression is undetectable in the otic epithe-
lium prior to any disruptions in the morphology of the
developing otic vesicle. Bmp4 expression in the otic
epithelium is thought to mark the development of the
presumptive vestibular sensory cristae of the semicircu-
lar ducts. Bmp4 is normally expressed in two distinct
patch-like domains in the anterior-lateral and posterior
otic epithelium, which give rise to all three cristae of the
three semicircular ducts [116]. Experimental use of the
Bmp4 antagonist noggin, in chick, has indirectly demon-
strated that Bmp4 plays a crucial role in sensory and
non-sensory vestibular development, as all three semicir-
cular ducts and their cristae are absent in the severe
phenotypes [101,117]. In addition, Bmp4 protein is loca-
lized within the otic epithelium and secreted into the
periotic mesenchyme during the morphogenesis of the
mouse inner ear with the ability to induce and regulate
otic capsule chondrogenesis [118]. This strongly sug-
gests that Bmp4 is a critical mediator of epithelial-
mesenchymal interactions that govern aspects of inner
ear development. Furthermore, Bmp4 expression and
subsequent secretion of its protein into the periotic
mesenchyme is moderately to severely down regulated
in the otic epithelium of the Dlx5 null mice. Therefore,
Dlx5/Dlx6 may be specifying vestibular fate by regulat-
ing Bmp4, which has autocrine- and paracrine-like func-
tions to promote sensory and non-sensory vestibular
morphogenesis and to couple epithelial-mesenchymal
interactions that initiate vestibular otic capsule chondro-
genesis, respectively. Six1 may be an important modula-
tor as its expression is required to maintain Bmp4
expression in the otic vesicle [74]. Additionally, Bmp4
could be orchestrating both local sensory and non-sen-
sory vestibular morphogenesis and periotic mesenchy-
mal initiation of otic capsule formation through direct
regulation of Msx1/Msx2 expression, as in other organ
systems [119-124]. More genomics/proteomics aspects of inner ear
morphology Expression of the Msx1/Msx2 homeobox genes is
severely reduced or absent from both the otic epithe-
lium and surrounding periotic mesenchyme of Dlx5/
Dlx6 double-null mice. In contrast, the periotic expres-
sion domain of Prx2 is expanded which could indicate a
compensatory consequence of lost Dlx5/Dlx6 function, Figure 4 Abnormal vestibular morphogenesis in whole-mount b-galactosidase stained E11.5 and E14.5 embryos lacking both Dlx5 and
Dlx6. Embryonic Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression in the inner ears of heterozygous (A, C) and homozygous (B, D) Dlx5/Dlx6 embryos demonstrates that
vestibular morphogenesis is arrested by E11.5 with the absence of presumptive semicircular ducts and endolymphatic duct (ED, asterisk). At
E14.5, Dlx5/Dlx6 expression normally defines the majority of the vestibular apparatus, including the anterior (AD), posterior (PD), and lateral (LD)
semicircular ducts, ampullae (A) and ED. In contrast, the cell lineage of the presumptive vestibular apparatus is absent (asterisk) from Dlx5/Dlx6
null embryos, which develop a rudimentary pinna (P). Figure 4 Abnormal vestibular morphogenesis in whole-mount b-galactosidase stained E11.5 and E14.5 embryos lacking both Dlx5 and
Dlx6. Embryonic Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression in the inner ears of heterozygous (A, C) and homozygous (B, D) Dlx5/Dlx6 embryos demonstrates that
vestibular morphogenesis is arrested by E11.5 with the absence of presumptive semicircular ducts and endolymphatic duct (ED, asterisk). At
E14.5, Dlx5/Dlx6 expression normally defines the majority of the vestibular apparatus, including the anterior (AD), posterior (PD), and lateral (LD)
semicircular ducts, ampullae (A) and ED. In contrast, the cell lineage of the presumptive vestibular apparatus is absent (asterisk) from Dlx5/Dlx6
null embryos, which develop a rudimentary pinna (P). Page 11 of 15 Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Page 11 of 15 since Prx1/2 double-null mice also have vestibular
defects. Given that Dlx5 and Dlx6 are not normally
expressed in the periotic mesenchyme, this suggests that
they may regulate the activity of a secreted molecule
that mediates epithelial-mesenchymal interactions dur-
ing early otic morphogenesis. A likely candidate is Bmp4
since its expression is undetectable in the otic epithe-
lium prior to any disruptions in the morphology of the
developing otic vesicle. Bmp4 expression in the otic
epithelium is thought to mark the development of the
presumptive vestibular sensory cristae of the semicircu-
lar ducts. Bmp4 is normally expressed in two distinct
patch-like domains in the anterior-lateral and posterior
otic epithelium, which give rise to all three cristae of the
three semicircular ducts [116]. More genomics/proteomics aspects of inner ear
morphology To make an already complex signaling scenario even
more complicated: Patterning of the inner ear does not
rely on signaling events within the inner ear alone, but
also depends on signaling clues from the adjacent hind-
brain, neural tube and notochord [38,80,125], where
sources for Shh, Wnt and Gbx2 can be found. This does
not come as too big a surprise, given that the hindbrain
is known to have otic induction capability and many
hindbrain mutants also display inner ear defects
[25,49,51,80]. Some recent studies have also attempted to look at
global gene expression profiles of not only different
structures such as the cochlea, utricle, and saccule
within the inner ear but also at the temporal changes in
these expression pattern[126]. Though these studies are
useful in generating a gene universe, consisting of all
the major genes and gene families involved in the devel-
opment of an organ, it will require further analytical
studies like chromatin immunoprecipitation to tie up
these gene expression data with the interaction of the
individual genes at different time points in development
and will provide a clearer picture of the genomic events
orchestrating the inner ear development. An unforeseen consequence of lost Dlx5/Dlx6 expres-
sion is the complete otic epithelial expansion of Pax2
expression (Figure 2A). This is an exciting observation
since Shh restricts the Dlx5 expression domain while
activating Pax2 expression, which has no reported invol-
vement in vestibular specification. In addition, the Otx1
expression domain is severely reduced to a small area
along the lateral otic epithelium. Since the vestibular
apparatus is absent in the Dlx5/Dlx6 double-null mice,
it is likely that the remaining Otx1 expressing cells,
along with Pax2 expressing cells, contribute to cochlea Some more recent players joining the group p y
j
g
g
p
In recent years there has been an increasing focus on
non-coding RNAs and their role in development. Micro-
array analysis of microRNA (miRNA) expression in the
postnatal mouse inner ear has revealed that at least 100
or approximately one-fourth of currently known mouse
miRNAs are present [127]. Expression profiles are not
substantially changed from the newborn mouse inner Page 12 of 15 Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Page 12 of 15 ear, through maturation and functional onset of hearing,
and into adulthood, suggesting that miRNA expression
is largely established in embryonic development rather
than in later stages. Nevertheless, the abundance of
miRNAs implies a considerable contribution to the reg-
ulation of genetic programs amongst the various cell
types that are important to inner ear development,
maturation, and function. A recent study used a Pou4f3
conditional Dicer knockout in mice, with a disruption in
production and maturation of miRNAs specifically in
the hair cells (HC) of the cochlea [128]. The severity of
the HC phenotype varied along the cochlea, with HCs
in the base showing more severe defects than those at
the apex. In P38 mice many HCs lost their stereocilia
(crucial for mechanotransduction), the apical surfaces of
the residual inner and outer HCs became uniformly
rounded and visibly reduced. In some other cases the
HCs showed disorganized bundles of thin microvilli like
stereocilia of uniform length and in some cases adjacent
stereocilia fused together. By combining transcriptome
profiling, in situ hybridization and bioinformatics the
authors zoomed in on six miRNAs (miR-15a, miR-18a,
miR-30b, miR-99a, miR-182, and miR-199a) showing
different spatio-temporal expression in new born mouse
cochlea and vestibule. Interestingly two of these miR-
NAs (miR-15a-1 and miR-18a) were also shown to be
important in zebrafish inner ear development. By using
bioinformatics tool the authors also identified Slc12a2,
Cldn12 and Bdnf as potential targets for miR-15a. most cells of the otic epithelium that give rise to the
endolymphatic duct and vestibular apparatus (Figure 4). Vestibular morphogenesis requires the activation of
Gbx2 and Bmp4 and may involve partial expression of
Otx1. Dlx5/Dlx6 also function to restrict Pax2 expres-
sion to the medial wall of the otic vesicle epithelium. In
addition, Dlx5/Dlx6 initiate interactions with the perio-
tic mesenchyme via Bmp4 secretion from the otic
epithelium, which then interacts with Msx1/Msx2 to
provide positional control of the otic vesicle and dorsal
otic capsule chondrogenesis. Some more recent players joining the group In essence, Dlx5/Dlx6 and
Shh appear to functionally antagonize one another,
through repression, to generate compartments of activ-
ities that specify distinct otic cell fates during the mor-
phogenesis of the mammalian inner ear. It is clear from existing data that homeobox-contain-
ing transcription factors, in conjunction with secretable
factors, have wide ranging and critical regulatory roles
for specifying the mammalian inner ear complex. Future
studies are required to firmly establish the relationship
between the Dlx5/Dlx6 and Pax2 genes for specifying
the vestibular and auditory components, respectively,
following otic placode induction and formation of the
otic vesicle. At present, it appears that they functionally
antagonize each other by defining their boundaries of
expression within the three-dimensional otic vesicle, yet
the mechanism of antagonism remains to be deter-
mined. In addition to activating expression of Pax2
(Figure 2A and 2B) does Shh, via secretion from the
notochord, also act as a direct repressor of Dlx5/Dlx6
expression? What factors are acting upstream of Dlx5/
Dlx6 during otic induction and upstream of Shh in the
notochord? Likewise, does the secretion of Bmp4 within
and out of the otic epithelium have any direct or indir-
ect roles in specification of the auditory component of
the inner ear? Additional experiments are required to
substantiate the proposed interactions between Dlx5/
Dlx6 and Pax2 homeobox genes and the secreted Shh
and Bmp4 proteins in specifying the vestibular and audi-
tory components of the mammalian inner ear. Conclusion This will hopefully
provide insight into the complex morphogenetic
mechanisms that occur following otic vesicle formation
and prior to cell fate determination in the developing
inner ear. Though these are yet early days, there has
been growing evidence supporting a resounding role for
miRNAs in the developing inner ear. More studies will
only lengthen the list of miRNAs expressed in the inner
ear as well as their potential target at different stages of
its development. By combining knowledge gleaned from
the traditional knockout studies with recent studies
focusing on the non coding RNAs and other regulatory
sequences, we hope in the near future we will be able to
‘listen to’ and understand the complete symphony of
inner ear developmental control genes. 13. Wang W, Lufkin T: Hmx homeobox gene function in inner ear and
nervous system cell-type specification and development. Exp Cell Res
2005, 306:373-9. 14. Wang W, Lo P, Frasch M, Lufkin T: Hmx: an evolutionary conserved
homeobox gene family expressed in the developing nervous system in
mice and Drosophila. Mech Dev 2000, 99:123-37. 15. Adamska M, Leger S, Brand M, Hadrys T, Braun T, Bober E: Inner ear and
lateral line expression of a zebrafish Nkx 5-1 gene and its
downregulation in the ears of FGF8 mutant ace. Mech Dev 2000,
97:161-5. 16. Adamska M, Wolff A, Kreusler M, Wittbrodt J, Braun T, Bober E: Five Nkx5
genes show differential expression patterns in anlagen of sensory
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Genes Evol 2001, 211:338-49. 17. Feng Y, Xu Q: Pivotal role of hmx2 and hmx3 in zebrafish inner ear and
lateral line development. Dev Biol 2010, 339(2):507-18. 18. Bober E, Baum C, Braun T, Arnold HH: A novel NK-related mouse
homeobox gene: expression in central and peripheral nervous structures
during embryonic development. Dev Biol 1994, 162:288-303. 19. Stadler HS, Solursh M: Characterization of the homeobox-containing gene
GH6 identifies novel regions of homeobox gene expression in the
developing chick embryo. Dev Biol 1994, 161:251-62. 20. Panganiban G, Rubenstein JL: Developmental functions of the Distal-less/
Dlx homeobox genes. Development 2002, 129:4371-86. 21. Panganiban G: Distal-less function during Drosophila appendage and
sense organ development. Dev Dyn 2000, 218:554-62. 22. Dong PD, Dicks JS, Panganiban G: Distal-less and homothorax regulate
multiple targets to pattern the Drosophila antenna. Development 2002,
129:1967-74. 23. References 1. Raphael Y, Altschuler RA: Structure and innervation of the cochlea. Brain
Res Bull 2003, 60:397-422. 27. Tackels-Horne D, Toburen A, Sangiorgi E, Gurrieri F, de Mollerat X,
Fischetto R, Causio F, Clarkson K, Stevenson RE, Schwartz CE: Split hand/
split foot malformation with hearing loss: first report of families linked
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potential: role played by intermediate cells in stria vascularis. Biophys J
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9:109-19. 4. Sando I, Orita Y, Miura M, Balaban CD: Vestibular abnormalities in
congenital disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001, 942:15-24. 29. Ignatius J, Knuutila S, Scherer SW, Trask B, Kere J: Split hand/split foot
malformation deafness, and mental retardation with a complex
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Plachov D, Balling R, Gruss P: Pax: a murine multigene family of paired
box-containing genes. Genomics 1991, 11:424-34. 30. Haberlandt E, Loffler J, Hirst-Stadlmann A, Stockl B, Judmaier W, Fischer H,
Heinz-Erian P, Muller T, Utermann G, Smith RJ, et al: Split hand/split foot
malformation associated with sensorineural deafness inner and middle
ear malformation hypodontia, congenital vertical talus and deletion of
eight microsatellite markers in 7q21.1-q21.3. J Med Genet 2001, 38:405-9. 6. Simeone A, Puelles E, Acampora D: The Otx family. Curr Opin Genet Dev
2002, 12:409-15. 7. Zhang H, Hu G, Wang H, Sciavolino P, Iler N, Shen MM, Abate-Shen C:
Heterodimerization of Msx and Dlx homeoproteins results in functional
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Heisenberg M: The lethal(1)optomotor-blind gene of Drosophila
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and MSX-2 suggests a molecular basis for functional redundancy. Mech
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genes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2001, 12:475-84. 32. Conclusion The formation of compartment boundaries has been
proven vital in many anlagen and organisms during
development and a ‘compartment boundary’ model was
proposed for the inner ear [61]. Homeobox genes have
shown diverse and widespread roles in the development
of numerous organ systems. Existing and recent studies
in mouse indicated that they are absolutely necessary
for morphogenesis of the mammalian inner ear follow-
ing otic placode induction. In craniofacial [65] and pos-
sibly limb development [25,26] the homeobox genes
Dlx5/Dlx6, might exert a substantial role in boundary
stabilization, aiding to restrict cells to a developmental
compartment, an important function they could also
engage in during inner ear development. It remains to clarify the functional roles of the Hmx1/
Hmx2/Hmx3 homeobox genes, especially their role in
the current model of inner ear specification. Since their
expression domains overlap throughout the entire inner
ear labyrinth and they are expressed prior to otic vesicle
formation, the compartment model of inner ear specifi-
cation predicts that they should be global regulators of
inner ear specification. However, loss of function muta-
tion studies in mouse has only revealed variable roles in
vestibular development (Figure 3). In addition, their
expression appears to be unaffected at the early otic
vesicle stages in the Dlx5/Dlx6 null mice. Why is that
and what is their position in the genetic hierarchy dur-
ing inner ear specification? Are they upstream regulators Shh specifies the ventral most cells of the otic epithe-
lium that express Otx1/Otx2 and possibly Pax2 and
which contribute to the morphogenesis of the cochlea. Shh also functions to maintain Pax2 and restrict Dlx5/
Dlx6 to the medial wall of the otic vesicle, thus specify-
ing cochlear fate. In addition, Shh and possibly Fgf2
function together in the periotic mesenchyme to initiate
ventral otic capsule chondrogenesis via Brn4 and Tbx1
function [84,110]. Dlx5/Dlx6 specify the medial to dorsal Chatterjee et al. BMC Genetics 2010, 11:68
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/68 Page 13 of 15 Page 13 of 15 and/modulators of Dlx5/Dlx6 and/or Pax2 expression
during otic vesicle formation or do they form a redun-
dant parallel pathway in vestibular morphogenesis? And
what are their upstream regulators? In the near future
these questions can be addressed by combining existing
loss-of-function and conditional mouse mutant lines
relevant to the developing inner ear. Conclusion Crackower MA, Scherer SW, Rommens JM, Hui CC, Poorkaj P, Soder S,
Cobben JM, Hudgins L, Evans JP, Tsui LC: Characterization of the split
hand/split foot malformation locus SHFM1 at 7q21.3-q22.1 and analysis
of a candidate gene for its expression during limb development. Hum
Mol Genet 1996, 5:571-9. Received: 15 April 2010 Accepted: 16 July 2010 Published: 16 July 2010 Received: 15 April 2010 Accepted: 16 July 2010 Published: 16 July 2010 26. Robledo RF, Rajan L, Li X, Lufkin T: The Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes
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@if($specialproducts)
@foreach($specialproducts as $latest)
<div class="col-sm-3 wow fadeInDown">
<div class="single-item">
<div class="ribbon-wrapper"><div class="ribbon sale">Special</div></div>
<div class="single-item-header">
<?php
if($latest->image != ""){
if(public_path()){
$source_folder = public_path().'/uploads/images/';
$destination_folder = public_path(). '/uploads/images/';
$image_info = pathinfo(public_path().'/uploads/images/'.$latest->image);
}else{
$source_folder = '/home/medicalng/public_html/uploads/images/';
$destination_folder = '/home/medicalng/public_html/uploads/images/';
$image_info = pathinfo('/home/medicalng/public_html/uploads/images/'.$latest->image);
}
$image_extension = strtolower($image_info["extension"]); //image extension
$image_name_only = strtolower($image_info["filename"]);//file name only, no extension
$img2 = \Image::make($source_folder.$latest->image);
$img2->resize(262,311);
$imgName = $image_name_only."-262x311".".".$image_extension;
$img2->save($destination_folder."thumbs/".$imgName);
echo "<a href='".url()."/product/details/".$latest->id."'><img src='".url()."/uploads/images/thumbs/".$imgName."' style='width:262px !important; height:311px !important'></a>";
}?>
</div>
<div class="single-item-body">
<p class="single-item-title">{{$latest->title}}</p>
<p class="single-item-price">
<span class="beta-comp beta-sales-price"> ₦{{number_format($latest->price,2,".",",")}}</span>
<br>
<span class="beta-comp beta-time" data-start-date="" data-end-date="{{$latest->end_date}}" style="font-size: 12px">Closing: {{$latest->end_date}} {{$latest->end_time}} </span>
<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="single-item-caption">
<!--<a class="add-to-cart pull-left" href="javascript:void(0)" pid="{{$latest->id}}"><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart"></i></a>-->
<a class="beta-btn primary" href="{{ASSETS_URL}}/product/details/{{$latest->id}}">Bid Now <i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></a>
<div class="clearfix"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@endforeach
@endif
</div>
</div> <!-- .beta-products-list -->
<div class="space50"> </div>
<div class="beta-products-list">
<h4 class="wow fadeInLeft">New Products</h4>
<div class="beta-products-details">
<div class="clearfix"></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
@if($newproducts)
@foreach($newproducts as $latest)
<div class="col-sm-3 wow fadeInDown">
<div class="single-item">
<!--<div class="ribbon-wrapper"><div class="ribbon sale">New</div></div>-->
<div class="single-item-header">
<?php
if($latest->image != ""){
if(public_path()){
$source_folder = public_path().'/uploads/images/';
$destination_folder = public_path(). '/uploads/images/';
$image_info = pathinfo(public_path().'/uploads/images/'.$latest->image);
}else{
$source_folder = '/home/medicalng/public_html/uploads/images/';
$destination_folder = '/home/medicalng/public_html/uploads/images/';
$image_info = pathinfo('/home/medicalng/public_html/uploads/images/'.$latest->image);
}
$image_extension = strtolower($image_info["extension"]); //image extension
$image_name_only = strtolower($image_info["filename"]);//file name only, no extension
$img2 = \Image::make($source_folder.$latest->image);
$img2->resize(262,311);
$imgName = $image_name_only."-262x311".".".$image_extension;
$img2->save($destination_folder."thumbs/".$imgName);
echo "<a href='".url()."/product/details/".$latest->id."'><img src='".url()."/uploads/images/thumbs/".$imgName."' style='width:262px !important; height:311px !important'></a>";
}?>
</div>
<div class="single-item-body">
<p class="single-item-title">{{$latest->title}}</p>
<p class="single-item-price">
<span class="beta-comp beta-sales-price"> ₦{{number_format($latest->price,2,".",",")}}</span>
<br>
<span class="beta-comp beta-time" data-start-date="" data-end-date="{{$latest->end_date}}" style="font-size: 12px">Closing: {{$latest->end_date}} {{$latest->end_time}} </span>
<br>
</p>
</div>
<div class="single-item-caption">
<!--<a class="add-to-cart pull-left" href="javascript:void(0)" pid="{{$latest->id}}"><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart"></i></a>-->
<a class="beta-btn primary" href="{{ASSETS_URL}}/product/details/{{$latest->id}}">Details <i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></a>
<div class="clearfix"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@endforeach
@endif
</div>
</div> <!-- .beta-products-list -->
<div class="space50"> </div>
<div class="beta-products-list">
<h4 class="wow fadeInLeft">Featured Products</h4>
<div class="beta-products-details">
<div class="clearfix"></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
@if($latestproducts)
@foreach($latestproducts as $latest)
<div class="col-sm-3 wow fadeInDown">
<div class="single-item">
<!--<div class="ribbon-wrapper"><div class="ribbon sale">New</div></div>-->
<div class="single-item-header">
<?php
if($latest->image != ""){
if(public_path()){
$source_folder = public_path().'/uploads/images/';
$destination_folder = public_path(). '/uploads/images/';
$image_info = pathinfo(public_path().'/uploads/images/'.$latest->image);
}else{
$source_folder = '/home/medicalng/public_html/uploads/images/';
$destination_folder = '/home/medicalng/public_html/uploads/images/';
$image_info = pathinfo('/home/medicalng/public_html/uploads/images/'.$latest->image);
}
$image_extension = strtolower($image_info["extension"]); //image extension
$image_name_only = strtolower($image_info["filename"]);//file name only, no extension
$img2 = \Image::make($source_folder.$latest->image);
$img2->resize(262,311);
$imgName = $image_name_only."-262x311".".".$image_extension;
$img2->save($destination_folder."thumbs/".$imgName);
echo "<a href='".url()."/product/details/".$latest->id."'><img src='".url()."/uploads/images/thumbs/".$imgName."' style='width:262px !important; height:311px !important'></a>";
}?>
</div>
<div class="single-item-body">
<p class="single-item-title">{{$latest->title}}</p>
<p class="single-item-price">
<span class="beta-sales-price"> Current Price: ₦{{number_format($latest->price,2,".",",")}}</span>
</p>
</div>
<div class="single-item-caption">
<!--<a class="add-to-cart pull-left" href="javascript:void(0)" pid="{{$latest->id}}"><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart"></i></a>-->
<a class="beta-btn primary" href="{{ASSETS_URL}}/product/details/{{$latest->id}}">Details <i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></a>
<div class="clearfix"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@endforeach
@endif
</div>
</div> <!-- .beta-products-list -->
<div class="space50"> </div>
<div class="dg">
<div class="col-4">
<div class="beta-banner">
<a href="#"><img class="h164" src="{{url()}}/img/banner9.jpg" alt=""></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-4">
<div class="beta-banner">
<a href="#"><img class="h164" src="{{url()}}/img/banner10.jpg" alt=""></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-4">
<div class="beta-banner">
<a href="#"><img class="h164" src="{{url()}}/img/banner11.jpg" alt=""></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@stop
| 17,676 |
https://github.com/ericmutta/samples/blob/master/snippets/visualbasic/VS_Snippets_CFX/s_service_session/vb/service.vb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC-BY-4.0, MIT
| 2,019 |
samples
|
ericmutta
|
Visual Basic
|
Code
| 191 | 543 |
' Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Imports System
Imports System.ServiceModel
Namespace Microsoft.ServiceModel.Samples
' <snippet1>
<ServiceContract(Namespace:="http://Microsoft.ServiceModel.Samples", SessionMode:=SessionMode.Required)> _
Public Interface ICalculatorSession
<OperationContract(IsOneWay:=True)> _
Sub Clear()
<OperationContract(IsOneWay:=True)> _
Sub AddTo(ByVal n As Double)
<OperationContract(IsOneWay:=True)> _
Sub SubtractFrom(ByVal n As Double)
<OperationContract(IsOneWay:=True)> _
Sub MultiplyBy(ByVal n As Double)
<OperationContract(IsOneWay:=True)> _
Sub DivideBy(ByVal n As Double)
<OperationContract()> _
Function Equal() As Double
End Interface
' </snippet1>
' Service class which implements the service contract.
' Use an InstanceContextMode of PrivateSession to store the result
' An instance of the service will be bound to each session
<ServiceBehavior(InstanceContextMode:=InstanceContextMode.PerSession)> _
Public Class CalculatorService
Implements ICalculatorSession
Dim result As Double = 0D
Public Sub Clear() _
Implements ICalculatorSession.Clear
result = 0D
End Sub
Public Sub AddTo(ByVal n As Double) _
Implements ICalculatorSession.AddTo
result += n
End Sub
Public Sub SubtractFrom(ByVal n As Double) _
Implements ICalculatorSession.SubtractFrom
result -= n
End Sub
Public Sub MultiplyBy(ByVal n As Double) _
Implements ICalculatorSession.MultiplyBy
result *= n
End Sub
Public Sub DivideBy(ByVal n As Double) _
Implements ICalculatorSession.DivideBy
result /= n
End Sub
Public Function Equal() As Double _
Implements ICalculatorSession.Equal
Return result
End Function
End Class
End Namespace
| 30,198 |
https://github.com/Concinnity-Risks/LogisticalBudget/blob/master/settings.default.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
LogisticalBudget
|
Concinnity-Risks
|
Python
|
Code
| 41 | 64 |
# Your MISP's URL
url = 'https://example.com/'
# The auth key to the MISP user that you wish to use. Make sure that the
# user has auth_key access
key = ''
# Should the certificate be validated?
ssl = True
| 24,736 |
https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/60615
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
Aquila, https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/users/30889
|
English
|
Spoken
| 219 | 821 |
Couldn't decode uint256 from ABI: 0x
I'm trying to get all Transfer events from an account of an ERC721 token, I'm currently struggling with the following error. I googled around but couldn't find much helpful things. I'm definitely on the right network (mainnet) and the contracts are deployed and functional as far as I can tell.
getWeb3.js: https://gist.github.com/adrianmcli/2f42dd98f7d900ec7828930a4a7a1e97
transactions.js
import getWeb3 from "../utils/getWeb3";
import { MintableNonFungibleToken } from "non-fungible-token-abi";
import Utils from "web3-utils";
const web3 = yield getWeb3();
var myContract = new web3.eth.Contract(
MintableNonFungibleToken,
"0x8c9b261faef3b3c2e64ab5e58e04615f8c788099"
);
const addr = "0x0a8e20ee171630ef9dfebf02149169f90c133cd8";
const events = yield myContract.getPastEvents("Transfer", {
fromBlock: 0,
toBlock: "latest",
topics: [
Utils.sha3("Transfer(address,address,uint256)"),
Utils.padLeft(addr, 64)
]
});
console.log(events);
Error
Error: Couldn't decode uint256 from ABI: 0x
at SolidityTypeUInt.formatOutputUInt [as _outputFormatter] (http://localhost:3000/bundle.js:48786:15)
at SolidityTypeUInt.../../node_modules/web3-eth-abi/src/type.js.SolidityType.decode (http://localhost:3000/bundle.js:49746:17)
at http://localhost:3000/bundle.js:49238:49
at Array.forEach (<anonymous>)
at ABICoder.../../node_modules/web3-eth-abi/src/index.js.ABICoder.decodeParameters (http://localhost:3000/bundle.js:49237:13)
at ABICoder.../../node_modules/web3-eth-abi/src/index.js.ABICoder.decodeLog (http://localhost:3000/bundle.js:49281:33)
at Object.../../node_modules/web3-eth-contract/src/index.js.Contract._decodeEventABI (http://localhost:3000/bundle.js:55150:31)
at http://localhost:3000/bundle.js:38813:57
at Array.map (<anonymous>)
at Method.../../node_modules/web3-core-method/src/index.js.Method.formatOutput (http://localhost:3000/bundle.js:38812:23)
I checked and I'm getting data from the actual RPC call but it seems web3 cannot process the answer from RPC.
Could you provide ABI of your contract?
There are multiple issues can lead to the error based on the long thread https://github.com/ethereum/web3.js/issues/1089
First of all you need to be sure, that your code and ABI synchronized. I mean even small changes in function signatures without updating ABI can lead to the issue.
| 25,146 |
okavangoriveran02andegoog_10
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,861 |
The Okavango River; a narrative of travel, exploration and adventure
|
Andersson, Charles John, 1827-1867
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,244 | 9,599 |
I continued still to suffer severely from the ef- fects of fever, which seemed determined not to leave me. My debility was indeed extreme; I could not remain standing on my legs for a few moments together, yet, strange to say, I could, though not without much pain, walk a good while. This en- abled me to vary the monotony of my solitary life by indulging in my favorite pursuit — ^the study of Natural History. Regularly every morning I sauntered out with my fowling-piece, and rarely returned without a few specimens of either birds or insects. It is true I met at first with but sorry success, but on the re- turn of spring, i. e., of vegetable and insect life, the winged tribes became gradually more numerous and varied, and by dint of perseverance I succeed- ed, in the course of three months, in shooting and preserving no less than nine hundred birds and Digitized by VjOOQIC ANTELOPES AND PARTRIDGES. 277 bats. To be sure, the exertion was sometimes rath- er too much for my broken health, but, on the whole, I enjoyed the exercise amazingly ; so much so that I sometimes congratulated myself on my iUness, as, by confining me for a considerable time to one locality, it enabled me to collect many val- uable and interesting data relative to the natural history of birds, insects, etc. ; I besides became acquainted with many, to me, new species of the winged creation, and learned much of the migra- tory habits of the birds indigenous to these parts. Of minor game we saw now little or none, with the exception of partridges, and one or two species of diminutive antelopes. I was too weak, however, to pursue either with any success. On our first ar- rival in the neighborhood elephants had been rather numerous, but in proportion as the water dried up these animals deserted us. Still a few of them occa- sionally strayed to our wells to quench their thirst; and Kamapjie, who was at present convalescent, was upon several occasions sent without any successful result in pursuit of one or two of these lingerers in the vicinity. One day he came up with an old bull and gave him no less than seven bullets from my big rifle, yet, strange to say, he afterward followed up the brute's spoor for nearly two days unavail- ingly. Want of water compelled him finally to give up the chase in despair. At about four o'clock in the afternoon, precisely a week after the incident just mentioned took place, Digitized by VjOOQIC 278 A DANGEfiOUB STALK. I had occasion to go outside our camp. Now paral- lel with it^ and within one hundred yards' distance, there ran a well-trodden elephant footpath ; I had often before noticed it^ and was just about re-enter- ing the inclosure, when my eyes chanced to Ml upon this very path, along which, to my great surprise, I saw a huge elephant shaping his course at a quick step directly for the water, distant some six or seven hundred yards. Quick as thought I rushed back to my wagon, seized upon my rifle, bullet'pouch, and powder-flask, and was instantly on the animal's track. But the vley whereto he was wending his way was very much exposed — ^in fact, quite unfit for stalking ; consequently, no shelter being near in which to take refuge in case of an attack, I natu- rally dreaded an encounter with the monster. Bec- oUecting, however, the penury of our larder, I de- termined boldly to face the danger. It was an anxious and exciting moment^ for a single shot was to decide the brute's fate. Stalking cautiously for some time, I succeeded in approaching unperceived to within seventy-five yards of where he stood. He was at that time thirstily taking his fill at one of the wells, with, as ill luck would have it, his snout just lifted up, full fronting me. There was, there- fore, no time to lose, and, relying fully on my rifle, I took a deliberate aim at his fore leg, and fired. As I had anticipated, the bullet did its work well, smashing completely the bones of the member it had struck. In an instant the huge animal came Digitized by VjOOQIC A "blow-out^' in the desert. 279 down in a kneeling position, his head resting heav- ily on the ground Endeavoring, nevertheless, to drag himself away, he exposed his other fore leg, which in another moment shared the fate of its fel- low. A few more seconds, and he rolled over on his side a corpse. The whole scene witnessed by my men from the wagon had afforded them unlimited gratification, derived chiefly from their anticipation of a glorious *' blow-out" of meat and fat. For my part, I was not only gratified at my success, but truly thankful, as from this supply I should now be able to fatten both bipeds and quadrupeds, who had certainly, of late, lost very much of the rotund comeliness of their proportions. "Sir,'' said trusty Mortar, on viewing the enormous carcass, "this is indeed a God-send. It is like the arrival of a long-expected vessel, laden with many goodly things. "" I heartily concurred in my servant's happy and appropriate allusion. The dead animal was, on examination, identified as the one hunted and fired at by Kiimapjie, but he did not appear to have suffered much inconvenience from the wounds received on that occasion. Digitized by VjOOQIC 280 ANXIETY ABOUT PESEI&A. CHAPTER XXTIL Amdety aboat Pereira. — ^His safe Return. — ^Rejoiciiigs, — ^He biiDgs Intelligence that Mr. Frederick Green is on his Way to join me. — ^The extreme Precarionsness of my Situation. — Native Politics. — ^A " Commando'' with a numerous Escort dispatched from Ondonga to destroy me. — ^This fearful In- telligence brings Mr. Green to my Rescue. — ^An heroic Act of Friendship. — ^The Expedition sent against me arrives. — The murderous Project abandoned. — ^llie Dangers escaped by Pereira. — Green's Difficulties in advancing. — I go to meet hmi.-^A rather arduous Enterprise. — ^The joyftd Meet- ing. — ^Prospects not much mended by it. — ^Resolved, after much Hesitation on my Part, to proceed to Mr. Green's En- campment on the Omuramba. — Singular Hardships and Fa- tigues of this Journey. — Scarcity of Water. — ^Thirst. — Suf- fering from excessive Heat. Thk time had at last approached when I might look for the return of Pereira and his party. As it drew nearer and nearer, my anxiety naturally increased, for I had never been able to ascertain whether he had succeeded or not in forcing his way through the savage tract he had to traverse back to Otjimbingue. Great God ! he might, for aught we knew to the contrary, have succumbed to the phys- ical difficulties on all sides besetting him, or, still worse, have fallen a sacrifice to the treachery of the Ovambo. Either of these suppositions was too Digitized by VjOOQIC THE BETUBN OF PSREIBA. 281 painful to dwell upon. Happfly, when expectation and hope deferred had nearly reached their climax, our anxieties were removed by Pereira's most wel- come appearance ; an event which, after he had been absent nearly three months Apd a half, took place on the morning of the 17th of November. He reached the camp in good health and spirits, hav- ing, in almost every respect, acquitted himself to my entire satisfaction. To add to my delight, he brought me the joyful and unexpected intelligence that my friend, Mr. Frederick Green, was in the neighborhood. He had come, as I was assured, and saw at once, to render me, in my jeopardous position, all the assistance in his power. This un- looked-for reinforcement was indeed most season- able, for I now learned for the first time the ex- treme precariousness of my situation. I will de- scribe it as briefly as possible. At about the time that Pereira reached the southern confines of Damara Land, two distinct parties of Ovambo arrived also in those parts from Ondonga. The former were embassadors from the paramount chief Chjipanga, while the others rep- resented a certain portion of the Ovambo popula- tion, dissatisfied at the elevation of Tjip^^g^^ ^^ the decease of his elder brother Nangoro, to the chieftainship. Each of these parties had more than one object in view. The emissaries of the chief were anxious to establish friendly relations with Jonker, to ascertain as spies the temper of the country, and Digitized by VjOOQIC 282 NATIVB POLITICS. to gather particulars about your humble servant^ i. e., to learn as distinctly as possible what my views and intentions, etc., were ; while the rebel* lious embassy, if I may so call them, were bent on gaining Jonker over to their <^use, professing at the same time to have come for the purpose of warning my friends of the terrible f&te that threat- ened me. What that fate was they very clearly pointed out by stating that, on their departure from Ondonga, a ^^ commando, ^^ with a numerous escort, had been expressly dispatched into my neighbor- hood on an avowed mission to destroy me or any of my men they might chance to fall in with. This fearful intelligence reached my friend just on his return from a distant and harassing expe- dition to the Matibili nation, &r to the eastward of Lake NgamL Its effect upon him was such that, to his undying honor, he determined, without a moment's hesitation, incurring thereby huge hard- ships and perils, to hurry to my assistance, or, in the worst event, to avenge my death, should he be too late to prevent the execution of the murderous and hellish designs of the Ovambo. Most deeply was I affected by this noble deed. Indeed, this single act of devotion was to me infinitely more gratifying than would be all the wealth the world has to bestow. It was heart-warming to know that at least one human bosom beat genuinely for the solitary wanderer. Dear Green 1 an approving conscience must be your greatest reward; but, Digitized by VjOOQIC A NARROW ESCAPE* 283 should these lines ever reach you — and God grant they may ere^ongl — I beg you will here accept my poor but warm and sincere thanks for your spirited resolve to come to my rescue when dangers so great, of which I was unaware, encompassed me. Believe me, this one act of heroic friendship has, in my own estimation, much more than outweighed any trifling service it has been in my power to ren- der you. Whatever may be our future fate, when life itself shall no longer possess the charms and illusions of youth, "hsec olim meminisse juvabit'^ — ^it wiU be pleasant to recall to remembrance the days of yore, and gratefully to dweU on the recol- lection of your humane and brotherly conduct God speed you in your present interesting but haz- ardous pursuit I Shortly after Pereira had joined us, I learned that the expedition sent against me had actually arrived in my neighborhood. From some unex- plained cause, however, its leader had thought fit to abandon his murderous purposes, and to evacuate the country without any attempt to molest me. It appeared certain, nevertheless, that the party he commanded had earnestly sought the destruction of poor Pereira ; they had again visited the post where he had been detained under the plea of par- taking of their hospitality, a snare, as I had sus- pected, to lull him into a sense of security till the proper moment should arrive to put him to death. Fortunately, the villains only reached their destina- Digitized by VjOOQIC 284 A week's traveling in africa. tion a few hours after Pereira had left it, and, night coining on, they had, deeming farth^ pursuit use- less, retraced their steps to Ondonga. It was thus evident that I and my whole party had narrowly escaped destruction. Had the villains been as prompt and determined as they were viciously in- clined, or had they attacked us separately, they might surely have massacred us alL I said just now that Pereira had brought news of Mr. Green being in our neighborhood ; in so say- ing I was not quite correct, for my friend had un- fortunately, in consequence of the drought, been stopped on the U'Ovambo, a circumstance which placed between us a country of no less than eight days' journey in extent — a week's traveling, dear reader, being in the inhospitable regions of South Africa too often a question of life and death. So it nearly proved in the present instance. Indeed, Green was now at the very veldt where I had been stopped four months previously in my endeavors to return homeward. There seemed, therefore, but little chance of his joining us before the rains fell, an event that appeared still very distant Even Pereira, accompanied by only one or two individ- uals, and one or two beasts of burden, had nearlj' perished on his route from want of water. He was on one occasion three days without a drop of the precious liquid, and was actually obliged, in order to obtain a supply, to retrace his steps to the spot whence he had started. How, then, accora- Digitized by VjOOQIC A WILL AND A WAT. 285 plish this transit with twenty men, and thrice that number of cattle ? Thus the situation, both of myself and of my new ally, was, to say the least, at present very un- pleasant Our forces once combined, we should, however, be tolerably secure from any attack our foes might still meditate — ^nay, strong enough to set them at defiance. Such being the case, I was determined to test to the utmost the truth of the good old saying, "Where there is a wiU there is a way/' Accordingly, I wrote to Green to say that I was on the start to join him, requesting him, at the same time, to make a similar move from the south, that we might, if possible, meet half way. This letter I intrusted to the care of Eiinganda, who fortunately happened to be on another visit to my camp. I gave the messenger strict injunc- tions to use aU dispatch, and not to.leave my firiend (after he had once reached him) till our junction should be eflFected. As previously stated, we had been induced firmly to believe that the surrounding country was totally impracticable for a large party at this season of the year. We had been brought, partly by our own explorations, and partly by the assertions of Bush- men, to this conclusion. It was, we now learned, quite a mistake. Pereira, on his return journey, had taken an entirely different route, and had for- tunately discovered one or two spots where he was fully convinced a sufficiency of water mighty with Digitized by VjOOQIC 286 THE FRIENDS MEET. a little labor and patience, be obtained On this in- formation, referable only to the first portion of our road — hardly more than a third of the whole dis- tance to be traversed — crested all our hopes of sue* cess. But I had made up my mind for the enter- prise, and, to use a homely phrase, was determined, ^^come what come might, ^^ at all hazards, to carry it out. Whfle the necessary preparations for this pur- pose were being completed, I sent a party in ad- vance to clear a passage and to dig for water, etc. ; and on the 23d of November broke up my camp, and proceeded southward with the wagon and the rest of my party. By dint of great exertions, we succeeded in performing several days' journeys in safety, till we came to a dead lock at a place call- ed Grujo. From this point to the Omuramba U'Ovambo there was positively no water for cattle, and little or none for men. Before determining on my future proceedings, I decided, therefore, on awaiting here my friend's arrival He was longer in making his appearance than was pleasant. In- deed, growing weary of expectation, I dispatched fresh messengers to bring me tidings of his where- abouts. They fortunately crossed his track almost immediately, and in a very little time afterward I had the gratification of once more shaking hands with this stanchest of fiiends. I need scarcely say that our meeting was hearty and joyfuL It did not, however, materially bright- Digitized by VjOOQIC • A DIFFI0X7LT ENTERPRISE. 287 en our prospects. An uncouth country of vast ex- tent, abandoned alike by man and beast, and thickly covered with bush, lay before us. Its soil, more- over, was so soft as to yield most distressingly to the foot at every step, while, to the best of our knowledge, there was no water whatever to be found for our cattle. The transit through this tract, un- der a tropical sun so broiling as to blister feet and hands, and on the slightest exertion to cover the body from head to foot with perspiration, would re- quire at least four days, including many hours bor- rowed from the night, for its accomplishment There were, besides, many other difSiculties to be encountered. My driver, for example, had just at this time a most severe relapse of fever, and most of the men were stiU in a very debilitated state. It may not, therefore, appear suprising to my read- ers that I hesitated and flinched somewhat in dread of an enterprise that, to say the least, had a very desperate look. It is true I had, as the reader will probably remember, confronted and successfully overcome difficulties quite as formidable as those now &cing us — ^perhaps more so ; but in this case there were circumstances which made the undertak- ing particularly trying and dangerous. Mr. Green, however, accustomed to deeds of daring, urged me unceasingly to make the attempt, and I yielded at last to his solicitations. The journey being determ- ined on, our plan was to push on as fast as men and beasts could travel to a certain point, where it Digitized by VjOOQIC 288 THE GAMP BEACHED. was said we might chance to find a little water. Should this resource fial us, which was highly prob- able, Green was to advance as rapidly as possible with the loose cattle, and such men as could be spared from the wagon, while I followed at an easier but still unusually quick pace. It was farther ar- ranged that, as soon as my friend succeeded in find- ing water, and had given a drink to the beasts of burden, he, or some trustworthy servant, should im- mediately return to me with a portion of the re- freshed cattle. But Twill not trespass on my read- er's patience by entering into all the details of our harassing march. Let it suffice to say that, with immense exertions — suffering the most painful anx- iety all the time — we finally reached Green's camp on Omuramba in safety, having sustained no farther loss than that of a dog and two or three new-bom goat-kids. During the five days this journey lasted we had had little to satisfy either hunger or thirst. Its hap- py issue was, under Providence, mainly owing to the cheerful co-operation and indefatigable exer- tions of my friend. Nothing less than his energy could have given us so prompt, and, comparatively, so cheap a success. Digitized by VjOOQIC HOMEWABB OOUBSS PUBSUSD. 289 CHAPTER XXIV. Homeward Course pursued. — The Onmramba Water-course. — ^Whence, being sometimes dry, does it derive its frequent Flood ofWater ?— The ndny Season.— Sufferings from Wet- ness and Wind. — ^A Bushman devoured by a lion Man-eater. — ^A lion Hunt. — ^A marvelous Shot in the Dark. — ^A Duel in the Desert. — A lion killed. — A perilous Position. — A wonderful Escape. — A lion's Grief for the Loss of his Friend. — ^The History of two Lions, the Terror of the Dis- trict. — Three Men carried off in the Night from a Village by the Man-eaters. — A hundred human Beings Ml a Prey to them. — ^The Country thereabouts abandoned by human Beings. After a few days devoted to rest and recreation, our wagons having in the mean time been put in good repair, we diligently pursued our homeward course. Our passage now lay along the banks and in the bed of the Omuramba U'Ovambo, which was several days^ journey west of the northern route I had formerly followed. This water-course was the same as the one that has all along puzzled me so much. At this point it had been noted by previous explorers as a current of some pretensions — Abroad, deep, and running through regular, well-defined banks. Just a year before Messrs. Green and Hahn had found it an almost continuous stream, abound- ing in water flowing westward, and finally forming T Digitized by VjOOQIC 290 THE OMURAMBA WATER^JOURSE. the Lake Onondova, It was now quite dry, or, at most, capable only of occasionally filling pits and wells. How, then, or whence does it receive its temporary flood? It appears utterly impossible that such a stream should take its rise in the sandy districts stretching far and wide to the eastward. Nor is it likely that it is fed by the great permanent river Okavango (though this supposition seems at first sight apt to solve the mystery), for at this point the Omuramba U'Ovambo (according to boiling- water observations) is several hundred feet higher than any of those parts of the Okavango visited by me, while the travelers I have just named could not possibly be deceived as to the direction of the flow of water. The configuration of the country, too, equally forbids one to connect this water-course with the Omuramba Ua' Matako, as the main out- let whereby it is drained off is certainly -yiVi Tioughe. To hazard, then, a last conjecture, let us suppose its chief source to be in the mountains of Otjihejnenne, whence the Omuramba, flowing northward and join- ing the U'Ovambo in about 19^ of S. latitude, is known to spring. The Omuramba U'Ovambo is a great resort of elephants in the dry season. Mr. Green had some excellent sport in this country before he joined me, and we still had hopes of encountering some of these animals. The setting in of the rains, how- ever, put an end to them completely ; for the com- mencement of this season is the signal for all wild Digitized by VjOOQIC WETNESS AND WIND. 291 quadruped game to abandon permanent water, of which they have an instinctive dread, and which, knowing well that traps of one kind or another are invariably, in such localities, set for their destruc- tion, they frequent only from necessity. The fains now fell in torrents for many consecu- tive days, and the country south of the Omuramba being unusually level, the wagon -wheels sinking often in the soil above their naves, we had some dif- ficulty in getting along. Doubtless we had abund- ance of water at present ; yet, despite this great ad- vantage, the exceeding wetness of the weather was both inconvenient and uncomfortable. Our attend- ants were the greatest sufferers ; as the wagons were too crowded with stores and baggage to give shelter to more than one or two persons, they were ex- posed to perpetual drenchings. On reaching the point where my own and my friend's routes joined, I detached three or four men with instructions to push ahead to Otjimbingue. My ©bject in this move was to acquaint our friends of our safety, etc., and to get whatever news there might be from that settlement. This party was to proceed via Okamabuti and Omanbonde, while we ourselves struck off to the eastward, in order to reach the Omuramba Ua' Matako at Otjituo — a country where we were likely to meet elephants. But here, as elsewhere, the rain had forestalled us. No game of any description was to be seen, though the animals had evidently only lately dispersed. Digitized by VjOOQIC 292 HAK-EATEBS. The fresh remains of a giraffe destroyed by a lion at Otjituo afforded good proof of this. The place just named was one of those of which mention has already been made, haunted so fiercely by man-eaters. A Bushman chie^ who had some time before come to pay Mr. Green a visits fell a prey to one of them. Here is the narrative of this horrid event, in Mr. Green's own words : JuTie 20thf 1858. At about eleven oVlock last night I was ttartled out of my sleep by a dreadful shriek, such as I had never heard uttered by any human being before. The thought at once struck me that the two lions which had given us such trouble on a former occasion were again prowling about, and had perhaps seized some of the Bushmen lately come to pay me a visit, who were encamped at the back of my kraaL Snatching up my rifle and pistol, I bounded out of bed, and soon found my suspicions confirmed by the dismal howls and wailings of several terrified Bushmen whom I met hastening toward my wagon for protection. A poor lad whom we had captured the day before was giving vent to his distress in piteous lamenta- tions for the loss of his father, whom one of the lions had destroyed. Calling to some of my people to follow, I hurried away in the direction pointed out by this poor fellow. The night, in itself in- tensely dark, received an additional deep gloom from the shadow of a cluster of thick -boughed trees under which we were encamped. In order, Digitized by VjOOQIC THE REMAINS OF A YIOTIM. 293 therefore^ to throw some light on surrounding ob- jects, we set fire to our temporary huts and com- menced our search. Mr. Hahn also came to our assistance with a lantern ; the dogs meantime kept up a furious barking ; yet^ with the certain knowl- edge that the brute was only a few paces distant from us, we could not obtain a glimpse of the cow- ardly murderer. At length, to the horror of us all, we stumbled on the mangled remains of the un- fortunate Bushman who had fiillen a victim to the monster. Accordingly, every man possessed of a gun join- ed this morning in the chase. At a short distance from the camp the brute was discovered, but, though we followed him up for a long time, we got no shot at him. The cowardly night-prowler took care not to expose himself; and, unfortunately, only two Digitized by VjOOQIC 294 A SHOT IN THE DARE. dogs ventured to face him. Had the whole pack assailed him, he would certainly have been brought to bay and dispatched. We were on several occa- sions close upon him, but the denseness of the bush always helped him to escape before we could get a good aim at him. At length, losing his track, and endeavoring in vain to recover it, we were com- pelled to face homeward without ridding the coun- try of so dire a scourge. On a subsequent occasion, however, when return- ing from the Ovambo journey, Mr. Green encoun- tered this lion, and others of the same species, when his endeavors to destroy them proved more success- ful This hunt is thus noticed in my friend's diary of September, 1858 : *' On the night of the second instant I made one of the most marvelous shots at an animal in the dark that perhaps has ever been made by any man. I had just arrived at Otjiomavare, the old haunt of the man-eaters, and was nightly expecting a visit from some of them, firmly resolved to kill a few, if possible, when an opportunity of doing so occurred in a rather unexpected way. " It was about three o'clock in the morning ; the moon had sunk below the horizon, and all nature was enveloped in darkness, when the humor took me to have a night ramble. Seizing my trusty double-barreled gun and my revolving rifle, I stood for some minutes a silent and solitary listener to the terrific roarings of two male lions, who after a Digitized by VjOOQIC A MARVELOUS HIT. 295 while passed along the bank of the river opposite to that on which we were encamped, when, sudden- ly halting again, they commenced another duet in as loud a strain as their lungs could pour forth. I was, by this time, joined by John Mortar, Bonfield, and two of my native servants, all in readiness with their guns, like myself, in case the brutes should attempt an aggressive move. . I now advanced a few paces from the wagon toward the river, and, raising my double-barreled gun, called to my Da- mara Gukub (for, from deafness in one ear, I can not distinguish accurately the direction of soimd) to point as near as he could to the quarter whence he heard the lions. This done^ I placed the gun on an elevation of about 300 yards, the distance as I supposed of the animals, and fired. No sooner had the explosion taken place than one of the lions abruptly ceased roaring, uttering at the same time a startling growl, such as always announces the re- ceipt of a gunshot wound by these brutes. The "clap" of the bullet against the beast^s hide, so well known to sportsmen, was not to be mistaken, and the by-standers simultaneously shouted out, "The lion is struck 1'* I stood amazed, scarcely able to credit the fact, and might, perhaps, have thought that my hearing had deceived me, had not Mortar, Bonfield, and others present declared with one voice that the lion must unquestionably have been hit. "After a short interval of silence the roaring Digitized by VjOOQIC 296 FRIENDSHIP OF LIONS. again commenced, much to the left^ however, of the spot at which I had directed my shot We all now listened anxiously for the other brute, from whom, at last, there came a &int outcry, as if from an animal in extreme pain. His unwounded com- panion, not being able to induce him to flee, ap- peared to hurry back to his aid, roaring all the while most lustily. All his exertions to remove his sick mate proved nevertheless unavailing, for he remained still on the same spot, uttering occap sionally, instead of his accustomed haughty roar, a most sickly moan. ^^It was with intense impatience that I awaited the break of day to give me correct information respecting my night's performances. As soon as it was suflBiciently light to hunt a wounded lion with safely, I mustered all my dogs, and, accom- panied by all my people possessed of guns, pro- ceeded in search of the enemy. They were soon discovered by the dogs both together, trotting slow- ly away. The banks of the river at this point were somewhat elevated ; I sent, therefore, most of my party along their base, and chose the higher ground myself The dogs flew rapidly past me on the scent, and I followed as quicldy as my crippled condition (being still lan\e from rheumatism) would permit me. One of the lions was some distance in the rear of the other, and I set the laggard, of course, down for the brute I had wounded. Being closely pursued by two of the dogs, he was brought Digitized by VjOOQIC Digitized by VjOOQIC Digitized by VjOOQIC A HORRIBLE SURPRISE. 299 speedily to bay. Now was my time, and, stepping smartly out, I was soon within fifty paces of my mark, when, stooping down, I took a deliberate aim with the elephant rifle, and fired. The bullet pass- ed through both the animal's shoulders, and he fell, managing, nevertheless, to raise himself on his haunches, in which position, growling hideously, he lashed alternately his sides and the ground furious- ly with his tail. I therefore, followed by Bonfield, advanced farther toward him, and was about to put an end to his struggles, when the other lion, who had stationed himself in the rear, in a thick bush a hundred yards or so off, came bounding along with a ferocity of purpose in his royal countenance such as I never saw matched in one of his species. I was then in a kneeling posture, in a perfectly ex- posed situation, about twenty yards distant from his wounded companion. Charging past his crip- pled mate, this infuriated brute made directly at me. It was an awful moment, one that required all my self-possession ; but, having implicit confi- dence in my revolver rifle, I did not budge an inch. Leveling at the full, broad chest of my assailant, I pulled the trigger, when — imagine the horror and consternation of the moment — ^my rifle missed fire ! and missed again, and again ! His next bound or two would, it seemed inevitable, bring me within the monster's gripe ; but, whether terror-stricken at my defiant attitude, or at the click of my weapon, he turned abruptly off to the right, and was in a Digitized by VjOOQIC SOO THE PERIL OF FEAR. few seconds back in his former hiding-place, the bush, where he was lost completely to view. While retreating, I once more pointed the rifle at the fiigi- tive, equally in vain. To what was I to attribute these successive failures ? I supposed, at first, that the caps had become damp fi*om exposure to the night air, but subsequently discovered an exploded cap between the hammer and its passage, which had prevented the former from striking with full force on the nippla Bonfield, who stood behind me at the critical moment I have described, raised his gun to fire at ^e lion the moment he commenced his flight, but I stopped him at once ; for, had the beast been merely wounded by the shot, he would, in all probability, have vented his fury upon my defense- less person. "The reader may well imagine that a thrill of dread ran through me when I found my weapon so unexpectedly failing me. The charge of the lion was so determined, and his eyes were fixed so steadily upon me, that there could be no doubt about the purpose of the brute. My escape I at^ tributed solely to the &ct that I did not move, but kept my ground. Any attempt to flee the danger would most assuredly have ended fisitally. "Having put my rifle into good working order again, I went in pursuit of the fugitive, first put- ting a ball through the disabled animal, who was still defending himself gallantly against a multitude of dogs, assailing him on all sides. I was now Digitized by VjOOQIC A lion's lament. 301 joined by the rest of my people, as well as by a crowd of Damaras from the wagons, who, on hear- ing the report of the big rifle, hastened forward to witness the fall of their much-dreaded enemy. The hunted beast led us through many a thick bush, where we expected every mon[ient to catch a glimpse of him ; but he eluded all our efforts to come up with him, and fairly, as we found afterward, doubled on us, returning (such tenderness can dwell in lions' bosoms) to the corpse of his now lifeless companion. Evidently, however, not relishing the idea of shar- ing his fate, he resumed his flight, and we were never afterward able to overtake him. Seriously afflicted the royal brute must really have been by the loss of his friend, for on the following night he returned again to the spot, and roared most sonor- ously a loud lament, after which he took his depart- ure, to return no more. "On examining the dead lion, I was much sur- prised to find that my night shot had hit him close behind the left shoulder ; he must have been then rather facing me, as the bullet had taken a diagonal direction, and had thus not proved fetaL The dis- tance between myself and the lion, on receiving the wound, was, as I ascertained by stepping the ground, somewhat more than three hundred yards. I had the skin of this animal carefully removed, and intend to keep it as a reminiscence of one of the most extraordinary incidents of my hunting expe* rience. Digitized by VjOOQIC 302 A VILLAGE DEPOPULATED. "I learned a few days afterward, from a party of Damaras from the eastern side of the Omuramba, the history of the two lions who had led me such a chase. It would appear from this account that these brutes had followed up the wagons of the Rev. Messrs. Hahn and Bath frqm their old quarters, Otjituo, and that, on reaching a village of Damaras, where my reverend friends halted for the night, one of them had carried off a native from this werft. The animals were then traced in the direction of the fountain where we found them, and where one of them met with his deserts. "The Damaras described these lions so accurate- ly that there could not be a doubt about their be- ing the same as those who had been long the terror of this district. The smaller of the two was, they assured us, the one who provided for the other; they added, farther, that this daring monster has been known to attack a village, and seize no less than three individuals successively in one nighty re- turning in the daj^ime, with his companion, to feast upon the remains of the unfortunate victims. If any credit is to be attached to the report of these people, no fewer than one hundred human beings had already fallen a prey to this pair of formidable man-eaters. Bushmen, we were besides told, had been obliged to fly the country in consequence of the dreadful ravages committed on their ranks by these wild beasts. A Bushman I found in this locality when on my journey northward fully cor- Digitized by VjOOQIC THE MAN-SLATER SLAIN. 303 roborated this statement. On being interrogated as to whether there were any villages of his coun- trymen along the Omuramba to the eastward, he replied at once that they could not live there, as the lions destroyed so many of them. The Damaras, indeed, when speaking of these formidable foes, al- ways say, * Those two lions — the smaller alone kill- ing the people — are known throughout this coun- try (pointing north, south, east, and west), and are the dread of all the Damaras and Bushmen, who will, like ourselves, rejoice to hear that the man- slayer is dead.^ "Now it was of the smaller* of the two animals that I so happily rid the country, and I consequent- ly felt more pleased at the deed than if I had killed the largest bull elephant that roams the wastes of Africa. I had by this act conferred a benefit on my Mends, the 'children of the desert,^ and had doubtless been the means of saving many fr6m the horrible fate that had of late fallen to the lot of numbers of their friends and relatives/^ Digitized by VjOOQIC 304 MOBE LION ADVEimTBES. CnA^TER XXV. More Lion Adventures. — ^A Cow carried ofil — ^An Ambush, baited by a Goat, laid for the Thief. — ^A Lion Hunt. — ^Beat- ing up tiie Country. — ^Retreat of the Enemy in a Brake. — Courage of a Dog. — The Animal driven out of the Brake by setting it on fire. — Cowardice of most of the Party in run- ning away as soon as the Lion appears. — The Lion attacks his Assailant. — ^A Shot takes no Effect. — ^BodUy Encounter with the Lion. — He receives a Shot in the Shoulder while struggling with his human Antagonist, who escapes. — Is precipitated to the Ground by an Acddent. — Tussle with the Lion whfle on the Ground. — ^Terribly mutilated. — ^The Lion shot by D while mangling his Victim. — The Nar- rator's Account confirmed by his runaway Party. As only one of the terrible man-eaters had been certainly destroyed, though it is not impossible the brute shot by me, as already mentioned at Oman- bondd, was the second, we were not without appre- hension that the survivor might stiU be lingering in the neighborhood, in which case he was pretty sure to pay us a visit At least so we thought, and in the apprehension we were not altogether wrong, for at least lions did ere long visit us ; whether of the same species as the one so lately killed our ex- perience fortunately did not inform us. As there was, however, a striking incident or two in our en- counter with one of these monarchs of the wilds, I will briefly relate the adventure I allude to. Digitized by VjOOQIC A COW CABRIED OFF* 305 We had one night encamped as usual, and had, previous to retiring to rest, taken care to kraal our beasts of burden and live-stock — ^a precaution omit- ted on that occasion by some Damaras possessing cattle, and joumejdng in our company under * our protection. For this negligence they suffered ; for, on the morning following, at break of day, a bril- liant moon still illuminating the sky, just as I had risen and given orders for a start, I observed one of the dogs darting forward at full speed, and bark- ing in a most excited manner, while his alarmed and startled movements indicated clearly the objects of his fear, and I instantly and instinctively called out, " lions 1 lions I'' And a lion sure enough there was, within a htmdred or two yards of us, in full view of our wagons and bivouac fires. The beast was quietly devouring a cow which he had recently slain. I could at first scarcely believe the fact How he could have caused the death of his victim on a spot so perfectly exposed, within gunshot of several hundred human beings, surrounded by some dozens of curs, without attracting the slightest no- tice, seemed to me a perfect mystery. I mentally exclaimed, ^^Has then man no cause to fear such a creature?" adding promptly, "It will be our turn at you next time, old fellow, and that when you least expect it." Nor was I disappointed; for we fell in with him shortly afterward in the way I am about to relate. As I had anticipated, the lion just alluded to, or U Digitized by VjOOQIC 306 AN AMBUSH BAITED BT A GOAT. rather lions — ^for there were two — followed us up, and on the second night after our encounter played us the same trick as the one above narrated, only on this occasion the victim was slain quite close to our camp, though the fact, as a dense bush hid the assailant from our view, was less difficult than his former achievement.
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34946632
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Sota Distributary
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 39 | 95 |
Sota Distributary
Sota Distributary coordinate location
Sota Distributary instance of distributary
Sota Distributary GeoNames ID 10500444
Sota Distributary country India
Sota Distributary GNS Unique Feature ID 12942923
Sota Distributary located in the administrative territorial entity Uttar Pradesh
Sota Distributary
| 38,241 |
albertnyanzagrea00bake_0_2
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,866 |
Albert Nyanza : great basin of the Nile, and explorations of the Nile sources.
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Baker, Samuel White, Sir, 1821-1893
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English
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Spoken
| 7,467 | 10,027 |
It is not my intention in the present work to enter into the details of my first year's exploration on the Abyssinian frontier ; that being so extensive and so completely isolated from the grand White Nile expedi- tion, that an amalgamation of the two would create confusion. I shall therefore reserve the exploration of the Abyssinian tributaries for a future publication, and confine my present description of the Abyssinian rivers to a general outline of the Atbara and Blue Nile, CHAP. I.] ABYSSISIAN AFFLUENTS. 5 sliowing tlie origin of tlieir floods and tlieir effect upon the inundations in Lower Egypt. I followed the banks of the Atbara to the junction of the Settite or Taccazy river : I then followed the latter grand stream into the Abyssinian mountains in the Base country. From thence 1 crossed over to the rivers Salaam and Angrab, at the foot of the magnificent range of mountains from which they flow direct into the Atbara. Having explored those rivers I passed through an extensive and beautiful tract of country forming a portion of Abyssinia on the south bank of the river Salaam ; and again crossing the Atbara, I arrived at the frontier town of Gellabat ; known by Bruce as " Eas el Feel." Marching due west from that point I arrived at the river Kahad in about lat. 12° 30' ; descending its banks I crossed over a narrow strip of country to the west, arriving at the river Binder, and following these streams to their junction with the Blue Nile, I descended that grand river to Khartoum, having been exactly twelve months from the day I had left Berber. The whole of the above-mentioned rivers, i. e. the Atbara, Settite, Salaam, Angrab, Eahad, Dinder, and Blue Nile, are the great drains of Abyssinia, all having a uniform course from south-east to north- west, and meeting the main Nile in two mouths ; by the Blue Nile at Khartoum, 15' 30', and by the Atbara, in lat. 17° 37'. The Blue Nile during the dry season is so reduced that there is not sufficient water for the small vessels engaged in transporting produce from Senaar to Khartoum ; at that time the water is beau- tifully clear, and, reflecting the cloudless sky, its colour has giveu it the well known name of Bahr el Azrak, or Blue river. No water is more delicious than that of the Blue Nile ; in great contrast to that of the White river, which is never clear, and has a disagreeable taste of vegetation. This difference in the quality of the waters is a distinguishing characteristic of the two rivers; the one, the Blue Nile, is a rapid mountain 6 CHARACTER OF RIVERS. [chap. I. stream, rising and foiling with great rapidity; tlie other is of lake origin, flowing through vast marshes. The course of the Blue Nile is through fertile soil ; thus there is a trifling loss by absorption, and during the heavy rains a vast amount of earthy matter of a red colour is contributed by its waters to the general fertilizing deposit of the Nile in Lower Egypt. The Atbara, although so important a river in the rainy season of Abyssinia, is perfectly dry for several months during the year, and at the time I first saw it, June 15, 1861, it was a mere sheet of glaring sand; in fact a portion of the desert through which it flowed. For upwards of one hundred and fifty miles from its junction \\dth the Nile, it is perfectly dry from the beginning of ]\Iarch to June. At intervals of a fcAV miles there are pools or ponds of water left in the deep holes below the general average of the river's bed. In these pools, some of which may be a mile in length, are congregated all the inhabitants of the river, who as the stream disappears are forced to close quarters in these narrow asylums ; thus, crocodiles, hippopotami, fish, -and large turtle are crowded in extraordinary numbers, until the commencement of the rains in Abyssinia once more sets them at liberty by sending down a fresh volume to the river. The rainy season commences in Abyssinia in the middle of May, but the comitry being parched by the summer heat, the first rains are absorbed by the soil, and the torrents do not Jill until the middle of June. From June to the middle of September the storms are terrific ; every ravine be- comes a raging torrent ; trees are rooted up by the mountain streams swollen above their banks, and the Atbara becomes a vast river, bringing down with an overwhelming current the total drainage of five large rivers — the Settite, Eoyan, Salaam, and Angrab, in ad- dition to its own original volume. Its waters are dense with soil washed from most fertile lands far from its point of junction with the Nile, masses of bamboo, and drift wood, together with large trees, and frequently CHAP. I.] CAUSES OF XILE INUXDATIOXS 7 the dead bodies of elephants and buffaloes, are hurled along its muddy waters in wild confusion, bringing a rich harvest to the Arabs on its l^anks, who are ever on the look-out for the river's treasures of fuel and timber. The Blue Nile and the Atbara receiving the entirt^ drainage of Abyssinia, at the same time pour theii* floods into the main Nile in the middle of June. At that season the White Nile is at a considerable level, although not at its highest; and the sudden rush of water descending from Abyssinia into the main channel already at a fair level from the White Nile, causes the annual inundation in Lower Egypt. Dmdng the year that I passed in the northern portion of Abyssinia and its frontiers, the rains con- tinued with great ^dolence for three months, the last shower falling on the 16 th September, from which date there was neither dew nor rain until the followino- May. The great rivers expended, and the mountain- torrents dried up, the Atbara disappeared, and once more became a sheet of glaring sand. The rivers Settite, Salaam, and Angrab, although much reduced, are nevertheless perennial streams, flowing into the Atbara from the- lofty Abyssinian mountains, but the parched, sandy bed of the latter river absorbs the entire supply, nor does one drop of water reach the Nile from the Atbara during the cby season. The wonderful absorption by the sand of that river is an illustration of the impotence of the Blue Nile to contend unaided with the Nubian deserts, which, were it not for the steady volume of the AYhite Nile, would drink every drop of water before the river could passs the 25th degree of latitude. The principal afiluents of the Blue Nile are the Rahad and Dinder, flowing, like all others, from Abyssinia. The Rahad is entii^ely dry during the dry season, and the Dinder is reduced to a succession of deep pools, divided by sandbanks, the bed of the river being exposed. These pools are the resort of 8 ARRIVAL AT KHARTOUM. [chap. I. numerous hippopotami and the natural inhabitants of the river. Having completed the exploration of the various affluents to the Nile from Abyssinia, passing through the Base country and the portion of Abyssinia occupied by Mek Nimmur, I arrived at Khartoum, the capital of the Soudan provinces, on the 11th June, 1862. Khartoum is situated, in lat. 15° 29', on a point of land forming the angle between the White and Blue Niles at their junction, A more miserable, filthy, and unhealthy spot can hardly be imagined. Far as the eye can reach, upon all sides, is a sandy desert. The town, chiefly composed of huts of un- bm^nt brick, extends over a flat hardly above the level of the river at high-w^ater, and is occasionally flooded. Although containing about 30,000 inhabitants, and densely crowded, there are neither drains nor cesspools : the streets redolent with inconceivable nuisances, should animals die, they remain where they fall, to create pestilence and disgust. There are, nevertheless, a few respectable houses, occupied by the traders of the country, a small proportion of whom are Italians, French, and Germans, the European population num- bering about thirty. Greeks, Syrians, Copts, Arme- nians, Turks, Arabs, and Egyptians, form the motley inhabitants of Khartoum. There are consuls for France, Austria, and America, and with much pleasure I acknowledge many kind attentions, and assistance received from the two former, M. Thibaut and Herr Hansall. Khartoum is the seat of government, the Soudan provinces being under the control of a Governor- General, with despotic power. In 1861, there were about six thousand troops quartered in the town ; a portion of these were Egyptians ; other regiments were composed of blacks from Kordofan, and from the White and Blue Nile, with one regiment of Arnouts, and a battery of artillery. These troops are the curse of the country : as in the case of most Turkish and CHAP. I.] EGYPTIAN AUTHORITIES. 9 Eg}^tian officials, tlie receipt of pay is most irregular, and accordingly the soldiers are under loose discipline. Foraging and plunder is tlie business of the Egyptian soldier, and the miserable natives must submit to insult and ill-treatment at the will of the brutes who pillage them ad libitum. In 1862, Moosa Pasha was the Governor-General of the Soudan. This man was a rather exaggerated specimen of Turkish authorities in general, combining the worst of Oriental failings with the brutality of a Avild animal. During his administration the Soudan became utterly ruined; governed by military force, the revenue was unequal to the expenditure, and fresh taxes were levied upon the inhabitants to an extent that paralyzed the entire country. The Turk never improves. There is an Arab proverb that ''the grass never grows in the footprint of a Turk," and nothing can be more aptly expressive of the character of the nation than this simple adage. Misgovernment, monopoly, extortion, and oppression, are the certain accompani- ments of Turkish administration. At a great distance from all civilization, and separated from Lower Egypt by the Nubian deserts, Khartoum affords a wide field for the development of Egyptian official character. Every official plunders ; the Governor-General extorts from all sides ; he fills his private pockets by throwing every conceivable obstacle in the way of progress, and embar- rasses every commercial movement in order to extort bribes from individuals. Following the general rule of his predecessors, a new governor upon arrival exhibits a spasmodic energy. Attended by cavasses and soldiers, he rides through every street of Khartoum, abusing the underlings for past neglect, ordering the streets to be swept, and the town to be thoroughly cleansed ; he visits the market-place, examines the quality of the bread at the bakers' stalls, and the meat at the butchers'. He tests the accuracy of the weights and scales ; fines and imprisons the impostors, and 10 TAXES. [chap. I. institutes n complete reform, concluding liis sanitary and philanthropic arrangements by the imposition of some local taxes. The town is comparatively sweet ; the bread is of fiiir Aveight and size, and the new governor, like a new broom, has swept all clean. A few weeks glide away, and the nose again recalls the savoury old times when streets were never swept, and filth once more reigns paramount. The town relapses into its former state, again the false weights usurp the place of honest measures, and the only permanent and visible sign of the new^ administration is the local tax. From the highest to the lowest official, dishonesty and deceit are ,the rule — and each robs in proportion to his grade in the Government employ — the onus of extortion falling upon the natives ; thus, exorbitant taxes are levied upon the agriculturists, and the industry of the inhabitants is disheartened by oppres- sion. The taxes are collected by the soldiery, who naturally extort by violence an excess of the actual impost ; accordingly the Arabs limit their cultivation to their bare necessities, fearing that a productive farm would entail an extortionate demand. The heaviest and most unjust tax is that upon the "sageer," or water-wheel, by which the farmer irrigates his other- wise barren soil. The erection of the sageer is the first step necessary to cultivation. On the borders of the river there is much land available for agriculture ; but from an almost total want of rain the ground must be constantly irrigated by artificial means. No sooner does an enter- prising fellow erect a water-wheel, than he is taxed, not only for his wheel, but he brings upon himself a perfect curse, as the soldiers employed for the collection of taxes fasten upon his garden, and insist upon a variety of extras in the shape of butter, corn, vegetables, sheep, &c. for themselves, which almost ruin the pro- prietor. Any government but that of Egypt and Turkey would ofi'cr a bonus for the erection of irri- CHAP. I.] THE SOUDAN. 11 gating machinery that would give a stimulus to culti- vation, and multiply the produce of the country ; but the only rule without* an exception, is that of Turkish extortion. I have never met with any Turkish official who would take the slightest interest in plans for the improvement of the country, unless he discovered a means of filling his private purse. Thus in a country where nature has been hard in her measure dealt to the inhabitants, they are still more reduced by oppression. The Arabs fly from their villages on the approach of the brutal tax-gatherers, driving their flocks and herds with them to distant countries, and leaving their standing crops to the mercy of the soldiery. No one can conceive the suflering of the country. The general aspect of the Soudan is that of misery ; nor is there a single feature of attraction to recompense a European for the drawbacks of pestilential climate and brutal associations. To a stranger it appears a superlative folly that the Egyptian Government should have retained a possession, the occupation of which is wholly unprofitable ; the receipts being far below the expenditure, " malgre " the increased taxation. At so great a distance from the sea-coast and hemmed in by immense deserts, tlicre is a difficulty of transport that must nullify all commercial transactions on an extended scale. The great and mo ^t important article of commerce as an export from the Soudan, is gum arable — this is produced by several species of mimosa, the finest quality being a product of Kordofan ; the other natural pro- ductions exported are senna, hides, and ivory. All mearchandise both to and from the Soudan must be transported upon camels, no other animals being adapted to the deserts. The cataracts of the Nile between Assouan and Khartoum rendering the navi- gation next to impossible, the camel is the only medium of transport, and the uncertainty of procuring them, without great delay is the trader's greatest difficulty. The entire country is subject to droughts that occasion 12 SLJFE TRADE OF THE SOUDAN. [chap. i. a total desolation, and tlie want of pasture entails starvation upon both cattle and camels, rendering it at certain seasons impossible to transport the pro- ductions of the country, and thus stagnating all en- terprise. Upon existing conditions the Soudan is worthless, having neither natural capabilities nor poli- tical importance ; but there is, nevertheless, a reason that first prompted its occupation by the Egyptians, and that is in force to the present day. The Soudan sicpplies slaves. Without the White Nile trade Khartoum would almost cease to exist ; and that trade is kidnapping and murder. The character of the Khartoumers needs no further comment. The amount of ivory brought down from the White Nile is a mere bagatelle as an export, the annual value being about £40,000. The people for the most part engaged in the ne- farious traffic of the White Nile are Syrians, Copts, Turks, Circassians, and some few Europeans. So closely connected with the difficulties of my expedition is that accursed slave-trade, that the so-called ivory trade of the White Nile requires an explanation. Throughout the Soudan money is exceedingly scarce and the rate of interest exorbitant, varying, according to the securities, from thirty-six to eighty per cent. ; this fact proves general poverty and dishonesty, and acts as a preventive to all improvement. So high and fatal a rate deters all honest enterprise, and the country must lie in ruin under such a system. The wild speculator borrows upon such terms, to rise suddenly like a rocket, or to fall like its exhausted stick. Thus, honest enterprise being impossible, dishonesty takes the lead, and a successful expedition to the White Nile is supposed to overcome all charges. There are two classes of White Nile traders, the one possessing capital, the other being , penniless adventurers ; the same system of operations is pursued by both, but that of the former will be evident from the description of the latter. CHAP. I.] SLAVE TRADE OF THE WHITE NILE. 13 A man without means forms an expedition, and borrows money for tliis pm^pose at 100 per cent, after this fashion. He agrees to repay the lender in ivory at one-half its market value. Having obtained the required sum, he hires several vessels and engages from 100 to 300 men, composed of Arabs and runaway villains from distant countries, who have found an asylum from justice in the obscurity -of Khartoum. He purchases guns and large quantities of ammunition for his men, together with a few hundred pounds of glass beads. The piratical expedition being complete, he pays his men five months' wages in advance, at the rate of forty-five piastres (nine shillings) per month, and agrees to give them eighty piastres per month for any period exceeding the five months advanced. His men receive their advance partly in cash and partly in cotton stufis for clothes at an exorbitant price. Every man has a strip of j)aper, upon which is written by the clerk of the expedition the amount he has received both in goods and money, and this paper he must produce at the final settlement. The vessels sail about December, and on arrival at the desired locality, the party disembark and proceed into the interior, until they arrive at the village of some negro chief, wdth whom they establish an inti- macy. Charmed with his new friends, the power of \\;iiose weapons he acknowledges, the negro chief does not neglect the opportunity of seeking their alliance to attack a hostile neighbour. Marching throughout the night, guided by their negro hosts, they bivouac within an hours march of the unsuspecting village doomed to an attack about half an hour before break of day. The time arrives, and quietly surrounding the village while its occupants are still sleeping, they fire the grass huts in all directions, and pour volleys of musketry through the flaming thatch. Panic-stricken, the unfortunate victims rush from their burning dwell- ings, and the men are shot down like pheasants in a battue, w^hile the women and children, bewildered in 14 ^'EGRO ALLIES. [chap. I. the clanger and confusion, are kidnapped and secured. Tiie herds of cattle, still within their kraal or zareeba/' are easily disposed of, and are driven off with great rejoicing, as the prize of victory. The women and children are then fastened together, the former secured in an instrument called a sheba, made of a forked pole, the neck of the prisoner fitting into the fork, secured by a cross piece lashed behind, while the wrists, 1)rouglit together in advance of the body, are tied to the pole. The children are then fastened by their necks with a rope attached to the women, and thus form a living chain, in which order they are marched to the head-quarters in company with the captured herds. This is the commencement of business : should there be ivory in any of the huts not destroyed by the fire, it is appropriated ; a general plunder takes place. The trader's party dig up the floors of the huts to search for iron hoes, which are generally thus concealed, as the greatest treasure of the negroes ; the granaries are overturned and wantonly destroyed, and the hands are cut off the bodies of the slain, the more easily to detach the copper or iron bracelets that are usually worn. With this booty the traders return to their negro ally : they have thrashed and discomfited his enemy, which delights him ; they present him with thirty or forty head of cattle, which intoxicates him with joy, and a present of a pretty little captive girl of about fourteen completes his happiness. But business only commenced. The negro' covets cattle, and the trader has now captured perhaps 2,000 head. They are to be had for ivory, and shortly the tusks appear. Ivory is daily brought into camp in exchange for cattle, a tusk for a cow, according to size — a profitable business, as the cows have cost nothing. The trade proves brisk ; but still there re- main some little customs to be observed — some slight formalities, well understood by the White Nile trade. The slaves and two-thirds of the captured cattle belong CHAP. I.] REFELATIONS OF SLAVE TRADE. 15 to the trader, but liis men claim as their perquisite one-third of the stolen animals. These having been divided, the slaves are put up to public auction among the men, who purchase such as they require ; the amount being entered on the papers (serki) of the purchasers, to be reckoned against their wages. To avoid the exposure, should the document fall into the hands of the Government or European consuls, the amount is not entered as for the purchase of a slave, but is divided for fictitious supplies — thus, should a slave be pm^chased for 1000 piastres, that amorint would appear on the document somewhat as follows : — Soap 50 Piastres. Tarboasli (cap) 100 Araki 500 Shoes ■ ... 200 Cotton Clotli 150 1,000 The slaves sold to the men are constantly being- changed and resold among themselves ; but should the relatives of the kidnapped women and children wish to ransom them, the trader takes them from his men, cancels the amount of purchase, and restores them to their relations for a certain number of ele- phants' tusks, as may be agreed upon. Should any slave attempt to escape, she is punished either by l)rutal flogging, or shot or hanged, as a warning to others. An attack or razzia, such as described, generally leads to a quarrel vnili the negro ally, who in his turn is murdered and plundered by the trader — his women and children naturally becoming slaves. A good season for a party of a hundred and fifty men should produce about two hundred cantars (20,000 lbs.) of ivory, valued at Khartoum at £4,000. The men being paid in slaves, the wages should be nil, and there should be a surplus of four or five 16 DISTANT SLAVE MARKETS [chap. I. liundred slaves for the trader's own profit — \\'ortli on an average five to six pounds each. The boats are accordingly packed with a human cargo, and a portion of the trader s men accomj)any them to the Soudan, while the remainder of the party form a camp or settlement in the country they have adopted, and industriously plunder, massacre, and enslave, until their master's return with boats from Khartoum in the following season, by which time they are supposed to have a cargo of slaves and ivory ready for shipment. The business thus thoroughly established, the slaves are landed at various points within a few days' journey of Khartoum, at which places are agents, or purchasers, waiting to receive them with dollars prepared for cash payments. The purchasers and dealers are, for the most part, Arabs. The slaves are then marched across the country to different places ; many to Senaar, where they are sold to other dealers, who sell them to the Arabs and to the Turks. Others are taken immense dis- tances to ports on the Eed Sea, Souakim, and Masowa, there to be shipped for Arabia and Persia. Many are sent to Cairo, and in fact they are disseminated throughout the slave-dealing East, the White Nile being the great nursery for the sup]3ly. The amiable trader returns from the '\^^iite Nile to Khartoum ; hands over to his creditor sufficient ivory to liquidate the original loan of £1,000, and, already a man of capital, he commences as an inde- pendent trader. Such was the White Nile trade when I prepared to start from Khartoum on my expedition to the Nile sources. Every one in Khartoum, with the exception of a few Europeans, was in favour of the slave-trade, and looked Avith jealous eyes upon a stranger ven- turing A\'ithin the precincts of their holy land ; a land sacred to slavery and to every abomination and villany that man can commit. The Turkish officials pretended to discountenance CHAP. I.] PROSPECTS OF THE EXPEDITION. 17 slavery: at the same time every house in Khartoum was full of slaves, aud the Egyptian officers had been in the habit of receiving a portion of their pay in slaves, precisely as the men employed on the White Nile were paid by their employers. The Egyptian authorities looked upon the exploration of the White Nile by a European traveller as an infringement of their slave territory that resulted from espionage, and every obstacle was thro'\\Ti in my way. Foreseeing many difficulties, I had been supplied, before leaving Eg}^t, with a firman from H. E. Said Pasha the Viceroy, by the request of H. B. M. agent, Sir E. Colquhoun ; but this document was ignored by the Governor-general of the Soudan, Moosa Pasha, under the miserable prevarication that the firman was for the Pasha's dominions and for the Nile ; whereas the White Nile was not accepted as the Nile, but was kno^ra as the White River. I was thus refused boats, and in fact all assistance. To organize an enterprise so difficult that it had hitherto defeated the whole world required a careful selection of attendants, and I looked with despair at the prospect before me. The only men prociu'able for escort were the miserable cut-throats of Khartoum, accustomed to murder and pillage in the White Nile trade, and excited not by the love of adventure but by the desire for plunder : to start with such men appeared mere insanity. There was a still gxeater difficulty in connexion with the White Nile. For years the infernal traffic in slaves and its attendant horrors had existed like a pestilence in the negTO countries, and had so exasperated the tribes, that people, who in former times were friendly, had become hostile to all comers. An exploration to the Nile sources was thus a march through an enemy's coun- try, and required a powerful force of well-armed men. For the traders there was no great difficulty, as they took the initiative in hostilities and had fixed camps as " points d'appui," but for an explorer there was no c 18 OPPOSITION OF THE EGYPTIAN AUTHORITIES, [chap. i. alternative but a direct forward march witliout any communications with the rear. I had ljut slight hope of success without assistance from the authorities in the shape of men accustomed to discipline ; I accord- ingly wrote to the British consul at Alexandria, and requested him to apply for a few soldiers and boats to aid me in so difficult an enterprise. After some months' delay, owing to the great distance from Khartoum, I received a reply, inclosing a letter from Ismael Pasha (the present Viceroy), the regent during the absence of Said Pasha, refusing the application. I confess to the enjoyment of a real difficulty. From the first I had observed that the Egyptian authorities did not wish to encourage English explo- rations of the slave-producing districts, as such exami- nations would be detrimental to the traffic, and would lead to reports to the European governments that would ultimately prohibit the trade ; it was perfectly clear that the utmost would be done to prevent my expedition from starting. This opposition gave a piquancy to the undertaking, and I resolved that nothing should thwart my plans. Accordingly I set to work in earnest. I had taken the precaution to obtain an order upon the Treasury at Khartoum for what money I required, and as ready cash performs wonders in that country of credit and delay, I was Avithin a few weeks ready to start. I engaged three vessels, including two large noggm's or sailing barges, and a good decked vessel with comfortable cabins, known by all Nile tourists as a diahbiali. The preparations for such a voyage are no trifles. I required forty-five armed men as escort, forty men as sailors, which, with servants, &c. raised my party to ninety- six. The voyage to Gondokoro, the navigable limit of the Nile, was reported to be from forty-five to fifty days from Khartoum, but provisions were neces- sary for four months, as the boatmen would return to Khartoum vvith the vessels, after landing me and my party. In the hope of meeting Speke and Grant's CHAP. I.] JOUANN SCHMIDT. 19 party, I loaded tlie boats with an extra quantity of corn, making a total of a liundred urdeps (rather ex- ceeding 400 bushels). I had arranged the boats to carry twenty-one donkeys, four camels, and four horses ; which I hoped would render me independent of porters, the want of transport being the great diffi- culty. The saddles, packs, and pads, were all made under my own su^Derintendance ; nor was the slightest trifle neglected in the necessary arrangements for success. In all the detail, I was much assisted by a most excellent man whom I had engaged to accompany me as my head man, a German carpenter, Johann Schmidt. I had formerly met him hunting on the banks of the Settite river, in the Base country, where he was purchasing living animals from the Arabs, for a contractor to a menagerie in Europe; he was -an excellent sportsman, and an energetic and courageous fellow ; perfectly sober and honest. Alas ! " the spiiit was willing, but the flesh was weak," and a hollow cough, and emaciation, attended with hurried respira- tion, suggested disease of the lungs. Day after day he faded gradually, and I endeavoured to persuade him not to venture upon such a perilous journey as that before me : nothing would persuade him that he was in danger, and he had an idea that the climate of Khartoum was more injurious than the AYhite Nile, and that the voyage would improve his health. Full of good feeling, and a wish to please, he persisted in working and perfecting the various arrangements, when he should have been savino- his strenoth for a severer trial. Meanwhile, my preparations progressed. I had clothed my men all in uniform, and had armed them with double-barrelled guns and rifles. [chap. I. ill pliysiognomy I never encountered. Eacli man re- ceived five months' wages in advance, and I gave them an entertainment with abundance to eat and drink, to enable them to start in good humour. We were just ready to start; the supplies were all on board, the donkeys and horses were shipped, when an officer arrived from the Divan, to demand from me the poll-tax that Moosa Pasha, the Governor-general, had recently levied upon the inhabitants ; and to inform me, that in the event of my refusing to pay the said tax for each of my men, amounting to one month's wages per head, he should detain my boats. I ordered my captain to hoist the British flag upon each of the three boats, and sent my compliments to the govern- ment official, telling him that I Avas neither a Turkish subject nor a trader, but an English explorer; that I was not responsible for the tax, and that if any Turkish official should board my boat, under the British flag, I should take the liberty of throwing him overboard. This announcement appeared so practical, that the official hurriedly departed, while I marched my men on board, and ordered the boatmen to get ready to start. Just at that moment, a government vessel, by the merest chance, came swiftly down the river under sail, and in the clumsiest manner crashed right into us. The oars being lashed in their places on my boat, ready to start, were broken to pieces by the other vessel, which, fouling another of my boats just below, became fixed. ' The reis, or captain of the government boat that had caused the mischief, far from apologising, - commenced the foulest abuse ; and refused to give oars in exchange for those he had destroyed. To start was impossible without oars, and an angry altercation being carried on between my men and the government boat, it was necessary to come to closer quarters. The reis of the government boat was a gigantic black, a Tokrouri (native of Darfur) who, confident in his strength, challenged any one to come on board, nor did any of my fellows respond to the invitation. The inso- CHAP. I.] AMIABLE BOY! 21 ]ence of Turkisli goyernment officials is beyond descrip- tion— my oars were smashed, and this insult was the reparation ; so, stepping quickly on board, and brushing a few fellows on one side, I was ol^liged to come to a physical explanation with the captain, which termi- nated in a clelivery of the oars. The bank of the river was thronged with jDeople, many were mere idlers attracted by the bustle of the start, and others, the friends and relatives of my people, wha had come to say a last good-bye, with many women, to raise the Arab cry of parting. Among others, was a tall, de- bauched-looking fellow, excessively drunk and ;noisy, who, quarrelling with a woman who attempted to restrain him, insisted upon addressing a little boy named Osman, declaring that he should not accompany me unless he gave him a dollar to get some drink. Osman was a sharp Arab boy of twelve years old, whom I had engaged as one of the tent servants, and- the drunken Arab was his father, who wished to extort some cash from his son before he parted ; but the boy Osman showed his filial affection in a most touching manner, by running into the cabin, and fetching a powerful hippopotamus whip, with which he requested me to have his father thrashed, or he would never be gone." Without indulging this amiable boy's desire, we shoved off ; the three vessels rowed into the middle of the river, and hoisted sail ; a fair wind, and strong current, moved us rapidly down the stream ; the English flags fluttered gaily on the masts, and amidst the shouting of farewells, and the rattling of musketry, we started for the sources of the Nile. On passing the steamer belonging to the Dutch ladies, Madame van Capellan, and her charming daughter, Mademoiselle Tinne, we saluted them with a volley, and kept up a mutual waving of handkerchiefs until out of view; little did we think that we should never meet those kind faces again, and that so dreadful a fate would envelop almost the enth^e party."' * The entii-e party died of fever on the White ISTile, excepting THE DEPARTURE. [chap. I. It was the 1 8 tli December, 1862, Tliursda}^, one of the most hicky days for a start, according to Arab superstition. In a few minutes we reached the acute angle round which we had to turn sharply into the AYhite Nile at its junction with the Blue. It was blowing hard, and in tacking round the point one of the noggors carried away her yard, which fell upon deck and snapped in half, fortunately without injuring either men or donkeys. The yard being about a hundred feet in length was a complicated affair to splice ; thus a delay took place in the act of starting, which was looked upon as a bad omen by my super- stitious followers. The voyage up the White Nile I now extract verhathn from my journal. Friday, 19th Dec. — At daybreak took down the mast and unshipped all the rigging ; hard at work splicing the yard. The men of course wished to visit their friends at Khartoum. Gave strict orders that no man should leave the boats. One of the horsekeepers absconded before daybreak ; sent after him. The junction of the two Niles is a vast flat as far as the eye can reach, the White Nile being about two miles broad some distance above the point. Saati my vakeel (headman) is on board one noggor as chief ; Johann on board the other, while I being on the diah- biah, I trust all the animals will be well cared for. I am very fearful of Johann s state of health : the poor fellow is mere skin and bone, and I am afraid his lungs are affected ; he has fever again to-day ; I have sent him quinine and wine, &c. 20th Dec. — The whole of yesterday employed in splicing yard, repairing mast, and re-rigging. At 8.30 A.M. we got aAvay with a spanking breeze. The diahbiah horridly leaky. The "tree'' or rendezvous for all boats when leaving for the White Nile voyage consists of three large mimosas about four miles from Mademoiselle Tinne. The victims to the fatal climate of Central Africa were Madame la Baronne Yan Capellan, her sister, two Dutch maidservants, Dr. Steudner, and Signor Contarini. CHAP. I.] THE BOY OSMAN. 23 tlie point of junction. The Nile at this spot about two miles wide — dead flat banks — mimosas on west bank. My two cabin boys are very useful, and Osman s ring- ing laugh and constant impertinence to the crew and soldiers keep the boat alive ; — he is a capital boy, a perfect gamin, and being a tailor by trade he is very useful — this accounts for his father wishing to detain him. The horses and donkeys very snug on board. At 1 P.M. passed Gebel Ouli, a small hill on south bank — course S.W. \ S. At 8.30 p.m. reached Getene, a callage of mixed Arabs on the East bank — anchored. 2lst Dec. — All day busy clearmg decks, caulk- ing ship, and making room for the camels on the noggors, as this is the village to which I had previously sent two men to select camels and to have them in readiness for my arrival. The men have been selecting sweethearts instead ; thus I must wait here to-morrow, that being the " Soog or market day, when I shall purchase my camels and milk goats. The banks of the river very uninteresting, flat, desert, and mimosa bush. The soil is not so rich as on the banks of the Blue Nile — the dhurra (grain) is small. The Nile is quite two miles wide up to this point, and the high- water mark is not more than five feet above the present level. The banks shelve gradually like the sands at low tide in England, and quite unlike the perpendicular banks of the Blue Nile. Busy at gunsmith s work. The nights and mornings are now cold, from 60 to 62 Fahr. Johann makes me very anxious : I much fear he cannot last long, unless some sudden change for the better takes place. 22cZ Dec. — Selected two fine camels and shipped them in slings with some difiiculty. Bought four oxen at nine herias each (155.) ; the men delighted at the work of slaughtering, and jerking the meat for the voyage Bought four milch goats at 9 ps. each, and laid in a large stock of dhurra straw for the animals. Got all my men on board and sailed at 4.30 P.M., course due west ; variation allowed for. I 24 CHARACTER OF THE RIVER. [chap. I. have already reduced my men from wolves to lambs, and I should like to see the outrageous acts of mutiny which are the scape-goats of the traders for laying their atrocities upon the men's shoulders. I cannot agree with some writers in believing that personal strength is unnecessary to a traveller. In these savage countries it adds materially to the success of an ex- pedition, provided that it be combined with kindness of manner, justice, and unflinching determination. Nothing impresses savages so forcibly as the 'power to punish and reward. I am not sure that this theory is applicable to savages exclusively. Arrived at Wat Shely at 9 p.m. 23(i Dec. — Poor Johann very ill. Bought two camels, and shipped them all right : the market at this miserable village is as poor as that at Getene. The river is about a mile and a half wide, fringed with mimosas; country dead flat; soil very sandy; much cultivation near the village, but the clhurra of poor quality. Saw many hippopotami in the river. I much regret that I allowed J ohann to accompany me from Khartoum ; I feel convinced he can never rally from his present condition. 24^A Dec. — Sailed yesterday at 4.5 p.m., course south. This morning we are ofl" the Bagara country on the west bank. Dead flats of mimosas, many of the trees growing in the water ; the river generally shallow, and many snags or dead stumps of trees. I have been fortunate with my men, only one being drunk on leaving Wat Shely ; him we carried forcibly on board. Passed the island of Hassaniah at 2.20 p.m. ; the usual flats covered with mimosas. The high-water mark upon the stems of these trees is three feet above the present level of the river ; thus an immense extent of country must be flooded during the wet season, as there are no banks to the river. The water will retire in about two months, when the neighbourhood of the river will be thronged with natives and their flocks. All the natives of these parts are Arabs ; the Bagara CHAP. I.] 3IISERY OF SCENE. 25 tribe on the west bank. At Wat Sliely some of the latter came on board to offer their services as slave- hunters, this open offer confirming the general custom of all vessels trading upon the White Nile. 25 Dec. — The Tokroori boy, Saat, is very amiable in calling all the servants daily to eat together the residue from our table ; but he being so far civilized, is armed with a huge spoon, and having a mouth like a crocodile, he obtains a fearful advantage over the rest of the party, Avho eat the soup by dipping kisras (pancakes) into it with their fingers. Meanwhile Saat sits among his invited guests, and works away with his spoon like a sageer (water-wheel), and gets an unwarrantable start, the soup disappearing like water in the desert. A dead calm the greater portion of the day ; the river fringed with mimosa forest. These trees are the Soont [Acacia Arabica) which produce an excellent tannin : the fruit, " garra,'' is used for that purpose, and produces a rich brown dye : all my clothes and the uniforms of my men I dyed at Khartoum with this "garra.^' The trees are about eighteen inches in diameter and thirty-five feet high ; being in full foliage, their appearance from a distance is good, but on a closer approach the forest proves to be a desolate swamp, completely overflowed ; a mass of fallen dead trees protruding from the stagnant waters, a solitary crane perched here and there upon the rotten boughs ; floating water-plants massed together, and forming green swimming islands, hitched generally among the sunken trunks and branches ; sometimes slowly de- scending with the sluggish stream, bearing, spectre-like, storks thus voyaging on nature's rafts from lands unknown. It is a fever-stricken wilderness — the current not exceeding a quarter of a mile per hour — the water coloured like an English horse-pond ; a heaven for mosquitoes and a damp hell for man ; fortunately, this being the cold season, the winged plagues are absent. The country beyond the inundated mimosa woods is of the usual sandy character, with thorny 20 RIVER VEGETATION, [chap. I.
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Price Three Cents Weather Forecast Probably showers tonight and Wednesday ONLY NEWSPAPER IN MEMPHIS SUPPLY BY ASSOCIATED PRESS WITH NEWS (W THE DAYS OF THE DAYS AS SOON AS IT HAS APPEARS VOLUME 39. MEMPHIS, TEX., TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1921 SIXTEEN PAGES MEMBER 132. ANARCHISTS FAIL IN THE HIGH OFFICIALS (Price Three Cents) THIRD EDITION GOMMITTEE TO GATE CITY'S FINANCES Chamber of Commerce, Real Estate Association and City Club Join in Work Backed by Forty Organizations. CITY, ASKED TO DELAY ORDINANCE Investigation, Both as to City and County, Will Be Absolutely Clear From Politics. Seek Official Co-operation. A reprieve of two weeks on the third and final passage of the $2.29 tax rate ordinance was granted to a committee Tuesday at noon by Mayor Monteverde and the city commissioners. The ordinance will be passed on first and second readings, starting Tuesday afternoon at the council meeting. The mayor promised that third and final reading would then be held up, if necessary for the committee to find some remedy, if possible, whereby the tax rate might be reduced. The committee from commercial and civic bodies which called on the mayor Tuesday numbered 18 men. John M. Dean, president of the Real Estate Association, acted. As spokesman, it requested two weeks' time in which to find a remedy, whereby "a few cents here, and a few cents there" might be lopped off expenses to cut down the tax rate. The promise to hold an third reading, the mayor explained, was to give the committee the eight days between first and second readings, as part of the two weeks. The city wishes to begin collecting, 191.5 taxes as soon as possible, he said, and the ordinance "cannot become a law until 30 days have elapsed after its passage." Bills Now Drawn at $2.20. The committee, for which Dr. Dean spoke, expressed itself as absolutely satisfied with the arrangement. What they would have thought, could they have peeped into the city treasurer's office, and seen the extra force of clerks making out 1919 tax bills. Stamped in red ink "$2.20 per 1100," of course, is not known. The investigation into the amount of revenues needed by the city and county governments to pay fixed charges and running expenses is to be made a once-a-day by a Joint committee from the Chamber of Commerce, the City Club and the Real Estate association. The matter was placed in the hands of the taxation committees of the three civic organizations at the meeting held Monday night, at which representatives from more than 40 commercial and civic bodies were present, most of them being represented by their presidents. Meanwhile, the city administration will be asked to defer the "passage of the tax rate ordinance for two weeks until such an investigation as to the city needs can be made. This investigation, it was decided at the meeting Monday night, shall be as thorough as possible during the limited time which can be given to it. It will Be based on the audits of recent years, the financial statements at least of the past. Two years, the payrolls of the several departments, and such information as can be given the committee, as to the revenues which will be derived from this year's assessment. City Comes First. The committee will try to cooperate with the city commissioners in determining whether some proposed expenditures for the current year cannot be made. Continued on Page 9, Column 4. TEXAS PANHANDLE SWEPT BY SNOW AMARILLO, Tex., June 3. Various parts of the Panhandle of Texas were visited by a light snowfall Sunday, when cold norther swept the section. Snow fell at Dalhart, north of Amarillo and from Hoover, 80 miles east, to Canadian. About four inches were reported at Dalhart and two inches at Hoover, the nearest place to this city where snow was reported. It is not thought that the loss will be damaged to any considerable extent, as the snow melted soon after falling. CONFEDERATE MEMORIAL EXERCISES POSTPONED The weather and bad conditions underfoot brought a postponement Tuesday of the Confederate memorial exercises which were to have been held in Elmwood cemetery at 4 o'clock. The exercises will be held at the same hour as previously outlined. INQUIRY IS BEGUN. Federal Court, Federal Court, and Federal Court. The bomb explosions which late last night badly damaged the rectory of a Catholic church and the residence of a Jeweler in West Washington. Persons were injured, one of them seriously, by the explosions, which occurred shortly before midnight and only a few minutes apart, one man was torn. Two men in a high-powered motor car are said by the police to have hurled two bombs at the rectory, both striking with terrific force. In the rectory at the time, but none of them was injured. A woman and a young girl, who were passing the church, were also hurled from an automobile, but it was found to have been planted in a fireplace in the living room. That An Article Is Advertised Is Often Evidence of Its Worth That's the reason so many always bargains. An interesting doing in that column. Acquire the habit of reading it every day. Here you may find a sure bargain in the very thing you have wanted. Germany Has Taken Her Sentence Just As The World Expected Method Only of Allied Be Subject of Further Parley at Versailles Must Give Up. Conquests. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. Special Cable to The News Scimitar. PARIS, June 3. The German response to allied terms of peace carries with it no surprise derrnan maneuvers in the last three weeks. Presenting the Germans with the terms the allies granted their enemies a period of two weeks, which was subsequently extended by one week, to discuss in detail the various provisions. It was not the intention of the allies that the Germans should be permitted to argue as to the justice or injustice of the terms, but merely to discuss the machinery and method. The Germans, on their side, have affected to believe from the beginning that they were not defeated, and that they were entitled to a peace arrived at by negotiations; and that they were entitled to all kinds of immunities and privileges flowing from their interpretation of the fourteen points. They have assumed from the beginning to talk in the tone of injured innocence, and to appeal to precisely those principles which they violated during their days of prosperity. The answer which the Germans have now made is both defiance and an appeal to those elements in allied countries which they have always succeeded in deceiving, and have invariably been able to mobilize in their own interests. Peace are certain which demand that Germany shall surrender the territories which she took by violence, provinces inhabited by Poles, by Belgians, by French, the booty of successful Prussian wars waged for aggrandizement from the days of Frederick the Great to those of William II. Germany now demands that in each of these provinces taken by force of arms and ruled by tyranny surpassing description, there shall be instituted a plebiscite, which means that the people she has tolerated over long years shall be allowed to new terrorism under cover of self-determination... Germany, by her efforts, has invoked, she seeks to invoke, she seeks to invoke, her own cheek. She is not disposed to be a part of the peace conference, because certain Americans and certain British have criticized the terms of the treaty of peace. The present tactics of the world war have divided her conquests and enabled her to escape. Thus, we have come to the supreme act alike in the peace conference, and in the world war. It is little less than five years ago that Germany violated her own obligations and assailed the liberties of the world. The men who now control nor will crime. The criminal procedure prospered, and they loudly proclaimed the German purpose to dominate the world and enslave the people of neighboring countries. They may endeavor to use the principles championed and preserved by their enemies to enable them to escape the consequences of their crime. In answer to a question, a monument of hypocrisy and an encyclopedia of information. Continued on Page 9, Column 4. WILLS LIKELY TO Stratton Now Seems to Have Best Chance for Davant's Position. Thomas F. Stratton, close friend to Mayor Monteverde and his official family, seems to have the inside track for the job of water commissioner, now held by James S. Davant. It is known that at least two members of the city commission favor Mr. Stratton's candidacy. One other member of the commission is known to favor Charles W. Thompson, president of the National City bank. Mr. Davant will not be deposed Tuesday at the city commission meeting though. This was stated positively by Mayor Monteverde at noon before the meeting. Wide possibilities are opened up by the proposed change in water commissioners. Mr. Davant has served the city in this capacity for over a long time, ever since the commission was created. He has made a solid record. It is stated that Mr. Davant favors retaining Wirt J. Wills as general superintendent. One other member of the water commission, which numbers three, is opposed to Mr. Wills. Should another man be elected in Mr. Davant's place and that man be inimical to Mr. Wills, it looks as though the official head of the latter would be lopped off. Other possible candidates have been mentioned for the place besides Mr. Stratton and Mr. Thompson though George W. Persons has a number of friends who are pulling for him and Tuesday in rumors about the courthouse the name of George C. Dove, former mayor and city commissioner, was whispered. As though to roll the water more, it now is proposed that engineers be employed to survey the Auction Avenue plant of the water department. Mayor Monteverde admitted Tuesday that He was considering such a move. There are 19 wells at the Auction avenue plant which are not in use at the present time. The northern portion of Memphis, ordinarily supplied by these wells, is getting its water from the south on the eastern part of the city. The recent bad water epidemic, which caused the illness of so many persons who get their water supply from Auktion avenue, is the reason for the proposed survey. WILL ARREST DOREN. BERLIN, June 3. The German government has issued an order for the arrest of Dr. Dorden, the president of the new Rhenish republic, the North German Gazette announces. The government also, the newspaper states, has entered protests both at Paris and at Spa, the headquarters of the armistice commission, against the behavior of the French authorities in the occupied area of the Rhine. BEDS TAKE KHERSON. LONDON, June 3. A Russian wireless message received here from Moscow says that Kherson, on the Dnieperuortheast of Odessa, was captured by the Reds on the way after fierce fighting. LOSE WATER JOB Terms for Peace Will for those who have followed PROBABLY FATALLY SHOT AT HIS WIFE Dr. W. H. Gragg Uses Shotgun at His Home and Dave Letson, Wood Peddler Both Eves Shot Away. fatally wounded Dave Letson, wood peddler, Tuesday morning at 6 o'clock, when Letson, according to Dr. Gragg, fired a pistol at Mrs. Gragg in their home. Residence near the National cemetery. Both of Letson's eyes were shot out, and his body was badly cut by the charge. In a statement to Sheriff O. H. Perry, Dr. Gragg said that Letson went to his house Monday night armed with 38 and 46-caliber automatic revolvers and a knife and demanded admittance to his house. Dr. Gragg declared Letson charged that he had broken up his home, and that Letson declared he was going to kill him if he had to break into the house to do so. Dr. Gragg said his wife tried vainly to call for assistance over the phone, but that the instrument was out of order, and she could not get anyone to understand her. In the meantime, Dr. Gragg said, Letson continued to rave. Finally, he left, but returned again at 6 a.m. Tuesday, and again awakened them. Neighbors saw him at the door and began to phone around for help, but the shooting took place before anyone arrived. Dr. Gragg said that he and his wife were on the second floor of the building "I remonstrated with the man, and told him I had not harmed him in any way, and asked him to go away," Dr. Gragg declared. "He refused and then I told him if he would put away his arms I would come down and explain the matter. He pulled a 38-caliber automatic and a knife from his pockets and laid them at the foot of a tree. He had a 45-caliber automatic, in his pocket, which I hadn't seen. I then started downstairs, and as soon as I had left the window he ran back to the tree, picked up the 38-caliber automatic and fired at my wife. Hearing The shot and seeing the broken window glass, I reached for a shotgun and shot him. After the cook, who lives in the rear of our house, told me that he had sought to force her, at the point of a pistol, to open the house when he first appeared Monday night. She said she went into her house and locked the door. There is absolutely nothing to the man's charge against me. I think he was put to jail. Gosworth, Reese, and Cowan were on the scene shortly after. The wounded man was taken to St. Joseph's hospital, where he was taken to live. The woman was taken to St. Joseph's hospital, where she was taken to live. She was released on bond on a bond of $140,000, with the understanding that she would not be released on bail. The case against him was dismissed by Judge Griggs. When Thomas Fleming, 677 Poplar avenue, retired Monday night, he secured $140 under the mattress. While he slept, a burglar pried open a screen from a side window and crawled inside. He succeeded in getting the money from its hiding place without disturbing the owner. Burglars pried up a screen at the home of H. Aaron, 878 North Parkway, before dawn Tuesday, and crawled inside. They departed through the same window, with the addition of a diamond sunburst and a gold watch to their loot. The house of Mrs. B. A. Wamett, 228 Linden avenue, was entered by burglars before dawn Tuesday. A pistol, two children's banks, a lot of pennies, and wearing apparel. were stolen. A thief ransacked the room of A. K. Hammond, 491 Beale avenue, before dawn Tuesday, getting away with $18 and a watch, so Hammond reported to the police. RECOGNITION SOUGHT. COBLING, June 3. Telegrams intimating that recognition of the Rhenish republic reported to have been established on Sunday is desired have been sent to commanders of the armies of occupation along the Rhine. They bear the signature of Dr. Dorton, said to have been named president of the new republic, but officials of the American Third army have not received any official notification of any such action by the new government. WOUNDS MAN TO STREET RAILWAY MAKING MONEY ON PRESENT BASIS People Paid Six Hundred Thousand Nickels Every Year to Furnish Fund for American Cities Company. AM. OITIES CO. DEAD. NEW ORLEANS, June 3. (Sol.) No reorganization of the American Cities, company is contemplated as a result of the rise of the price of stock, according to J. W. Newman, of I. Newman & Son, chairman of the companies' board of directors, who has maintained to New Orleans after a business trip to New Orleans. Mr. Newman emphasized his statement that any talk of reorganization is wide of the mark. We have now been over control, and are bending our efforts now to bring about improvement in the properties. We are devoting ourselves wholly to this, and no reorganization is contemplated. For many years, the company has been contributing 609,000 nickels each year to the coffers of the American Cities company, the holding company for the Methodist street railway. That fact was brought out among other interesting items during the cross-examination of T. H. Tutwiler, president of the local Etruria system, at the hearing last week in Nashville. Mr. Tutwiler said that it had been for years one of the fixed, "Tannha of his company to pay one and one-half percent of the gross revenues to the American Cities company in consideration for engineering and accounting assistance in buying supplies. On an average gross income of $12,000,000 a year, that would be at the rate of $30,000 a year. In other words, 600,000 people had to take one ride, or four times the population of the city, to provide the nickels which made up this annual contribution of $30,000. The American Cities company was reorganized a number of months ago. It has controlled for years not only the Memphis street railway system, but also the Southern cities. Statements on the witness was that he believed this could be allowed to charge a recoup itself for decreased revenues during the war years. This was used by H. J. Livingston, city attorney, in his argument against the proposed increased fares on the ground that every person in the United States was required to assume personal sacrifices during the war; that thousands of corporations and business firms did a smaller volume of business, with consequent reduction in revenues, and that the Memphis Street railway should not go before the state commission with a claim for exemption from such losses. The case was not concluded at Asheville last week, but will be resumed Thursday, when L. P. Miles, of counsel for the street railway and its receivers, will complete his argument. Besides arguing that no emergency now exists, under which the street railway can be entitled to charge increased fares, Mr. Livingston presented the company's own financial statements, and the statements of the receivers to the United States district court, as to operating revenues last year and for the first four months of the present year. These figures, he claimed, proved conclusively that the operating revenues this year, up to May 1, have been a net greater than for the similar period during 1918, and that for April the increase was 13 percent from April, 1918. He asserted that by the showing of the receivers themselves, the company's probable revenues for the balance of the year, if the traffic shows the same increase, will be sufficient not only to take care of running expenses, but also to pay the interest on the bonds, forfeiting of which last December caused the receivership. It was shown that the January interest this year has been paid by the receivers. Other figures cited from the receivers' reports showed that while the cross-operating revenue last December was $184,000, and that December is usually the month of heaviest traffic, that the revenues from operations in March, this year, were $1192,000, and for April $196,000, indicating the return to normal volume of business and a steady increase in operating revenues. It is not known whether the state railroad and public utilities commission, before which the petition for increased fares is pending, will decide the matter at once or make it necessary to agree upon a new issue. Officers of public utility corporations throughout the state are watching the hear with considerable interest. The decision in the Memphis case will be held to indicate the attitude of the state commission on the general question of increased charges by other corporations, such as the electric and gas companies and telephone and telegraph companies, which are also placed under the jurisdiction of the state commission under the recent legislative act. BROCKDORF-RANTZAU GROWS PESSIMISTIC LONDON, June 3. Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau, when asked by a representative of the European Tress bureau whether he believed the German counter-proposals would lead to negotiations, according to a Berlin dispatch to the Wireless Press, said he cured himself of the habit of believing in such things. The chairman of the German delegation added: "I will do what I think right and await results. The French press began the game of asking 'Will they sign?' We on our part should reply today with another question 'Will they negotiate?' "According to an article in the Temps on Wednesday our opponents seem to assume that the German counter-proposals are beyond the limits within which they wish to grant us a discussion. If this article interprets the view of the enemy, leaders I hardly see any prospect of an understanding. Tennessee and Kentucky Showers, stationary temperature. Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and North Florida Showers Wednesday. Arkansas and Louisiana Fair, colder Wednesday. Oklahoma Fair, warmer Wednesday. Fast Texas Fair, warmer Wednesday. In southwest and on coast; warmer Wednesday in west portion. West Texas Wednesday fair and cooler Wednesday. Official Directing It Memphis Probe WILLIAM E. ALLEN. William V. Allen, formerly United States attorney at Dallas, Tex., has been named temporary successor to A. K. I. former chief of the bureau of investigation, department of justice. It was this bureau that under the circumstances during the war, Mr. Allen has assured the critics that the United States marshals office in Memphis may be removed into the liquor business with the utmost difficulty. At the request of S. H. Trexevant, the marshal, and that the department's investigation is in the hands of S. H. Trexevant, the marshal, and that the department's responsibility for the failure to make changes in the Memphis office following the intimation that some of the employees might be in league with the violators of the Reed and the indictment. He also declined to reveal the contents of the case to the government, stating that the extent to which the city administration has been found involved in the government act. Indications are that jurors will be recalled later during the term to investigate liquor charges. The federal grand jury, after returning two indictments, which were not made public, was dismissed at noon Tuesday, Judge McCall, however, notified the jurors that they must hold themselves ready to respond to a summons which may be sent them later during the present term, or until next October. This was taken to indicate the possibility that the investigation of the many charges as to shipments of liquor into Memphis and the ramifications of the liquor traffic would be a source of concern for the city. Actions of the Illegal liquor traffic are still under investigation by agents of the department of justice, and that, when more information has been furnished to the district attorney's office, the grand jury may be reconvened to bring indictments based upon the evidence obtained. It has been known for several days that the investigation thus far made would probably not reach all persons who have been under suspicion of being involved in the illegal liquor traffic. It is common knowledge that the traffic has been systematized to such an extent that regular channels of distribution were established by the men who ran the liquor cargoes into Memphis by the river route, in fast launches, or overland in fields of automobiles, and that some agency with ample means has been financing these whisky blockade runners. It is evident from the fact that no indictments have been returned except in cases involving old offenders who failed to take the precaution to obtain a liquor license, or against men were arrested months ago and have been held under bond, that the investigation for the department of justice is not yet complete. McClannahan and Worley Are Held to Federal Court on Conspiracy Charge. Two Memphis policemen, Durward R. McClannahan and Prince Worley, were arrested Tuesday morning by United States deputy marshals on a warrant charging them with conspiracy to commit larceny of an interstate shipment. The charge grows out of the robbery of a box car of liquor on the tracks of the N.C.A.N.L. railroad, while the car was standing on a siding in the yards near Calhoun avenue. It was alleged that nearly the entire carload of liquor was stolen by armed men and carried away in autos after the robbers had driven a railroad watchman away at the point of their pistols. It was alleged that the watchman saw McClannahan and Worley in the yards near the car a short time before the robbery. The alleged facts were reported to C. W. Miller, commissioner of police, who suspended the men. After an investigation, they were reinstated. Later, they were indicted by the state grand jury and were tried and acquitted. The penalty for conviction on charges now made against them is now $100 or $100 or a maximum sentence of 100 years' imprisonment. Both men deny having had any connection with the robbery of the liquor shipment. They employed a lawyer, but had not made bond at 1 o'clock, but will probably do so during the day. BED GUARDS AT REVAL. HEARSING FORS, June 3,-Representatives of the Finnish red guards have arrived at Reval and have begun negotiations there with Finnish government delegates, the British consul participating in the discussion. IN WHISKY POLICE TWO POLICEMEN UNDER ARREST Widespread Of Explosions Aims At Life of Nation Sequel to May Day Outrages Reveals Effort to Take Lives of Government Officials in Washington and Other Cities. WASHINGTON, June 3. Washington police inspectors early today believed they had identified the man who was blown to pieces last night in an effort to kill Atty.-Gen. A. Mitchell Palmer with a bomb as an anarchist of Philadelphia. They also said they were confident the nation-wide plot against the lives of government officials and prominent business men had been laid in. That city. WASHINGTON, June 3. Department of justice agents and police throughout the country today were hunting members of the organized band of anarchists who last night launched what they called an attempt to overthrow the government by assassinating with high explosive bombs government officials and prominent men opposed to the spread of organized lawlessness. Explosions took place in Washington, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Newark, Massachusetts; Boston, Philadelphia, Paterson, N.J., and New York. None of the men for whom the bombs were intended was hurt, but one man, a watchman in New York, was killed, one of the plotters himself was blown to pieces when an infernal machine intended for Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer exploded prematurely. The police have established the dead anarchist, who probably was an Italian, came to Washington from Philadelphia, and they have reason for believing that the nation-wide plot was conceived and directed from that city. Hope was held out today by federal agents that the perpetrators of the crimes might be apprehended. The identity of the anarchist apparently has been established. The outrages committed last night are believed to be a sequel to the May day bomb plot, when infernal machines were mailed to a score of prominent men over the country. The explosions last night were said to be a sequel to the May day bomb plot, when infernal machines were mailed to a score of prominent men over the country. The explosions last night were said to be a sequel to the May day bomb plot, when infernal machines were mailed to a score of prominent men over the country. Den, of the Roxbury municipal court. In Cleveland, Mayor Harry U. Un Pittsburgh Federal Judge Charles T. Thompson and W. W. Hibbs, chief Inspector of the bureau of Immigration. In New York, Judge Charles T. Thompson. Nolt. Jr., of the court of general sessions. In Newnville, Mass. Representative in W. Powers, of the state legislature. Says He Is Man Who Held Up Green River Cashier of Payroll. Louis Kribbfeld, a negro, is the only witness so far who testified that he identified L. H. Welman as the mail who held up and robbed Edward W. Klator, cashier of the Green River Lumber company on March 6 of the company's weekly payroll, amounting to nearly $6,000. Buchfeld, who was on the stand all Tuesday morning, testified that on March 8 he saw a man stop a car having red wheels, not of the car with a satchel, such as the one described by Slater and go into an out-of-the-way. He identified Welman as the man whom he saw. Plater testified late Monday that he could not say that Welman was the man, as the man who held him was held a handkerchief over his face. He told the story of the holdup and described the man as a stockily built man, and said the car had red wheels. Louis Hans testified that on the morning of the robbery, Welman borrowed his car for a short time, and later notified him that the car was broken down on Manle Street, which is near the place where Slater was attacked. The car, he said, won a five passenger car with red wheels, such as Slaier described. The case probably will go to the jury late Tuesday. Refute Suggestion That Mrs. Moore's Will Was Destroyed In their answer to the suit of the William R. Moore School of Technology, In which Chancellor Peres removed W. II. Miller as administrator of the estate of the late Charlotte Blood Moore, widow of the late William R. Moore, Mrs. Henrietta T. Urquhart and Mrs. Emma A. Schulte, sisters of Mrs. Moore, declare they knew nothing of a will left by their sister, written in May 1915; that they made diligent search for a will and would not contest a will if it were definitely ascertained that a will was left by her. The bill filed by the school alleges that Mrs. Moore left a will that was either lost, destroyed or suppressed; that the will left the two sisters only a nominal bequest of money, and that the greater part of the estate was left to the William R. Moore School of Technology. POLICEMEN SIGN TERMS. WINNIPEG, June 1 At a mass meeting today the policemen's union unanimously voted to sign the modified terms contained in the ultimatum presented by the police commission providing that the police must not participate in a sympathetic strike. A resolution was passed to support constitutional authority at all times in maintaining law and order. Troops which were ordered to be in readiness yesterday, and held at the Winnipeg barracks during a parade which marked the most aggressive activity of union men since the strike began, were on the "ignal" this morning. The city was not during the night. NEGRO IDENTIFIES WOMAN AS ROBBER Series panied by the scattering of anarchistic " The literature written by persons who were not illiterate. The literature contained the stock doctrines of radicals who have been preaching class war. In the presence of the police, the incident would not reveal the identity of the man killed, but they feel confident the facts they had gathered in their investigation since last midnight would lead quickly to the disclosure of his associates whom they believed were responsible for the May day bomb plot in which many infernal machines addressed to government officials, members of congress, and businessmen were plumed in the mails. The anarchist apparently was of Italian birth or parentage. His scalp found by the police at daylight, had upon it hair that was dark and curly. Included in the heap of tattered, scorched, bloodstained fragments of clothing and articles belonging to the man, a much-thumbed, ill-fated American dictionary, indicating its owner knew little English. By a strange freak of the explosion, the man's hat remained intact, on the sweat band was inscribed the name "De Luca Brothers, Hatters, 919 South Eighth Street, Philadelphia." Residences Damaged. The police are confident the plans of the anarchist to blow up the house of the attorney-general and kill its occupants would not have miscarried had he not in his excitement and in the darkness, stubbed his toe on a low coping six feet from the front door where, it was obvious, he intended to place the infernal machine, the coping toppled the anarchist, and when he fell, the concussion apparently set off the tomb. It was at first thought two men had (Continued on Page 1, Column 1) ERAL STRIKE IN RHINE REGION BERLIN. June 3. (By the Associated Press, The Inhabitants of Mayence and Wiesbaden began this morning a 24-hour strike in protest against the attempted coup in proclaiming an Independent Palatinate republic. It Is also reported the pro-German Pal it mat tsts at Mannheim declared a general strike, and that the Inhabitants of the Palatinate, notwithstanding threats by the French of courts-mat tlal, everywhere are tearing down Ihe posters proclaiming the republic THE WORLD OUTLOOK (By tho ABSOcintPd Press.) With tho terms of peace, wlti the exception of a few sections, submitted to the Auslrlan representatives, and avlth allied experts working on the reply that will be made to the German counter-proposals, tho work of Ihe peace conference In Paris is for the time be ing marking time. There will lie no meeting of the council of four today. President "Wilson conferred with American specialists who have the German answer in hand, and with the other members of the American mission. Or. Karl Henner, Austrian chancellor, and head of the peace mission of the former dual empire, Is expected to leave Paris for Switzerland today, and it is probable ho will proceed as far as the Austrian frontior, where he is expected to meet members of his cab inet, who will discuss with him the answer Austria will make to the allied terms. The Austrian reply is due Juno 17, but before that time It is probable there will be a number of notes sent to the peaco conference by Dr. Renner relative to different phases of the treaty. There has as yet been no official intimation of the date when the allies will present their rejoinder to the German counter-proposals. It is indicated in late advices there is a dtsjj"ition on the part of some of the members of the council of- modify certain of the terniB to which tho Germans have madi ... most emphatic objection. Premier Clemenceau of France is reported standing firmly against any concessions to the Germans, while Premier Lloyd George is favorable to modifications; Premier Orlando has taken no decided stand and President Wilson is reported as inclined to leave the final decision to the French and British. An unconfirmed telegram received in Copenhagen from Vardoe reports that the Estonian and Finnish troops have taken Petrograd. The Estonians have been making gains just west of the former Russian capital, while the Finns have been approaching the city from the north and east. Dispatches reaching Paris from Vienna, by way of Basel, state the Bolshevik regime in Hungary has been replaced by a government headed by Herr German, former minister of commerce in the Karolyi cabinet. Herr German is reported to have been invited to go to Paris to confer with allied representatives. A German detachment is said to have violated the armistice agreement with the Poles and to have crossed the Polish frontier from East Prussia. The Warsaw dispatch telling of this action on the part of the Germans says the Poles launched a counter-attack and succeeded in repulsing the invaders. ALLIES WILL STAND FIRM ON PROPOSALS OF PEACE TO BE SENT TO GERMANY. Council of Four Discusses Reply Soon To Be Sent to German Counter-Proposals. AUSTRIANS LOSE ARROGANT SPIRIT. Vanquished Nation Will Submit to Allied Terms Without Great Parley, Is Indication at St. Germain. PARIS, June 11 Two changes in the German peace terms, one territorial and the other financial, are being considered by the council of four, it became known today. The financial question is the possibility of the Acceptance of the German proposal to pay an indemnity of $100,000. 9M,oM,0M marks, which would Involva dissolution (,f "lP allied financial com mission to whh h the Germans strongly object It is understood this proposal has strong support In certain quarters. The second proposal is for the ple biscite In Silesia In order to guarantee (o Germany a coal supplj irom me oi Icsian mines. WltlS, Juno 3. illy the Associated nn,) The council of four discussed today the reply to the Her man counterproposals. The council will not meet tomorrow, but President. Wilson will confer wltn toe American expert! represent ing all the uuiereni lOmmtadona v. no are worming on mm reply. I lie attitude or too nmimi mmi to ha absolute hostility bv M. I lemen- ceau to any modifications In the terms. while Premier Lloyd lieorKo is unoer mio.,,1 i, favor eonoesHione. Premier Orlando is neutral and President Wilson Is declared inclined to leave tne at cillah to the British and French AUSTRIANS DROP THEIR ARROGANCE ST. GI'.UM UN. June 3 (By the Asso ciated Press.) The representatives of the vanquished Austrian nation met the victors ot todttv's ceremony In the fif teenth century castle of Bl. Oermaln to appeal for grace and just and kindly lieatmuiil. No trace of tho arrogant spirit With whteh Count von Broekdorff Rantaait, head of the German delega tion, attempted at Versailles to arraign the allied powers as jointly responslblo for tho war and demanded participa tion In the negotiations on equal terms, marked I he speech of Dr. Karl Hnnner. the Auslrlan chancellor, who replied to Georges Clemenceaii, the president of the conference. Ir Kenner expressed rtatltude for the food redraft that had come from the Herbert C. Hoover commission. He promised loyally to do his best lo bring ibOUl peace on the basis presented. Dr. Rentier made an appeal to the principles of President Wilson, on which his armistice was asked and granted, and alluded to the present sufferings of Austria. He was only thanks to the generosity of the Hoover commission that the life of the Austrian population had been saved, he said. Dr. Rentier asked for a peace of peace. (Continued on Page 9. Column.) PRECAUTIONS TAKEN TO PREVENT OUTRAGES Chicago, June 1. Possibility of some of the alleged radicals taking the raid here several days ago were termed in the widespread plot campaign, were announced today by detectives as the reason no explosions took place here last night such as occurred in Eastern cities of the score of men arrested in the raid eight now are waiting deportation following warning last night from federal officials. Chief of Police Garrity remained in his office until early today directing the work of warning public men to be on guard at their homes and also in receiving details. The information conveyed to his family, he said, was that bombs had been sent to officials in all large cities in the United States and that others would be exploded in public buildings and clubs where men of affairs gathered. In the downtown district precautions were taken to protect the federal and county buildings, the Western Union and Postal Telegraph buildings, and the leading clubs.
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aiOBERT CURTHOSE, eldest son of William the Conqueror, on his return in 1080 from an unsuc- cessful enterprise against Malcolm, King of Scot- land, erected a fortress which was called the New The c/ii castle is supposed to have been the Roman Pons JE\i\, From this new castle the adjoining town darlvet Its name. KiN<i MicNKV I., Beauclerc, is supposed by Bourne to have tiiillt St, Nicholas' Church between the years 1115 and 1128. lit) ^avo the Church of Newcastle, with that of Newbum and othtsm, to the See of Carlisle. KiNii Stici'HKN, being at Durham, invaded Northumberland. l^vUI, KiiHJ of Scotland, at this time commonly resided in NtiWtH(Ntl*>. IVhcc was made between the two kings in 11 39. KtNU IIknkv II. had a mint at Newcastle. King John in Ui>U Iwl tt Ctmfcrcnce with William, King of Scotland, in this »MWI\, «!»! nwdo it his residence for a lengthened period. KlNU IIknry III., in 1255, accompanied by his Queen, Wi»v«> lit Nowcastle, which tliey left for Werk Castle, to have Att iHtPrvlflW with their daughter, the Queen of Scotland, and \m huilMtuI. HIS LIFE AND TIMES. <^W^ 26 THOMA S BE WICK : Kino Edward I. was in Newcastle in 1292, to whom John Daliol did homag^e in the hall of his palace within the castle. This monarch by charter (1299) united the ancient Vill of Pampcdon to Newcastle, the two places henceforth to constitute one town and borough. KiNii linwARi) II., with his minion Gaveston, fled from York to Newcastle, pursued by the incensed barons, headed by the Karl of Lancaster : retiring to Tinmouth, they took ship for Scarborouyh. KiNii MnwAUi) III., the victor of Crecy and Poictiers, kept \\U VViUuiuUidu heru in 1334, soon after which Edward Baliol, King of SiMitland, diil him homage in the Church of the Black IMtti'tt funid jjrwt Holcmnity. KlN\J IUnuy IV. WUH at Newcastle in 1400. By charter \\\\\\^\ May ^,\^\ in that year it was the royal pleasure to separate thu \\\\\\\ ol Nowca»tlc-upon-Tyne from the county of North- U»ulHMlah\li and luako It a distinct county of itself, with the »UK» ol *Ml\o county tvf thti town of Newcastle-upon-Tyne." [i\H\k IUnkv VlMwlth his heroic Queen and many of the noMllty who i\v\\ with him from Yorkshire after the fatal battle ol 'l\^\Vton, took ivl\ijjt^ In thiJi town. Amongst the gentlemen \\\\\\ M\ on \\\v ^Ido t>f tho house of Lancaster, history makes nn^nlon ol John {\\v\vU\ KniKht, a member of the family of \\\\\\\\ \\Am\ n\mkn whrn ho says, ''The Gray Freres in N*»\v^4»«i»lo ol lhi» tc'alrhitslloil foundation, originally marchauntes oi \\w ^mw towni ftud ttfttxr men of landc." HIS LIFE AND TIMES. 28 THOMAS BEWICK: King Edward IV., after his great victory, marched north- wards as far as Newcastle, but soon afterwards returned to the South. King Richard III., in the year 1483, confirmed the grant of former charters to the town. His death at Bosworth was fol- lowed by the peaceable accession of King Henry VII., who made Newcastle his residence for some time. In 1490 he made a grant of the fair called St. Luke's Fair to the town. King Henry VIII. granted in 1544 the Black Friars, with the houses, orchards, and gardens thereto belonging, to the Corporation of Newcastle, reserving to himself the bells, lead, and timber of the Church. King Edward VI., 1549, granted to the Corporation of Newcastle the Chapel of the Blessed Mary at Jesmond ; also the Chapel of St. Laurence, which stood near the margin of the Tyne, a little below Ouse burn. Queen Mary, 1554, confirmed to the town several royal charters granted by her ancestors. King James I., on his way to Scotland, 1617, arrived at Newcastle from Durham on St. George's Day, where he was met upon the Sandhill by the mayor (Lionel Maddison), alder- men, and sheriff; and, after an oration by the town-cleric, was presented by the mayor, in the name of the Corporation, with HIS LIFE AND TIMES. 30 THOMA S BE WICK : a great standing bowl, to the value of an hundred jacobuses and an hundred merks in gold ; the mayor carrying the sword before him, accompanied by his brethren on their foot-cloths. King Charles I. This unhappy monarch visited Newcastle on several occasions. After the disastrous battle of Marston Moor, on July 2, 1644, Newcastle was the last bulwark of the Royal cause in the North. After offering a very spirited resist- ance of about ten weeks, it finally surrendered on October 2 2d of that year. As a reward for the gallant defence made by the inhabitants during the siege, his majesty bestowed upon it the proud motto, '*Fortiter Defendit Triumphans." King Charles 1 1, confirmed previous charters to the town, and granted others. A fine statue of the Merry Monarch, in a Roman habit, which formerly stood over the Magazine Gate, at the north end of Tyne Bridge, is now placed near to the entrance of the Merchants' Court, adjoining the Guildhall, Newcastle. King James II. A magnificent equestrian statue of King James, cast in copper, was erected a little before the Revolution in the midst of the Sandhill, Newcastle. The statue was raised upon a pedestal of white Italian marble, 14 feet from the base, which was of black polished marble. This fine work of art was approved by Sir Christopher Wren, and cost the town ;^8oo sterling. In November 1688 it was pulled down by a hot-headed Protestant mob from Sandgate, provided with ropes HIS LIFE AND TIMES. for the purpose, and thrown into the river. Bourne says, " It was confessed the most beautiful and curious of its kind that was in the whole kingdom. Certainly it was a great omafnent to the town, and 'tis therefore great pity it is not still in being, though it was the statue of an unfortunate king." THOMAS BEWICK: ^HILST an apprentice, and catering for himself on four shillings and sixpence per week, young Bewick became acquainted with Gilbert Grav, an eccentric but most worthy and intelligent bookbinder, who had been shopman to Allan Ramsay at the time he composed the "Gentle Shepherd." Originally intended for the Kirk, he received a liberal education at the College of Aberdeen. Having somehow imbibed a rooted dislike for priests and priest- craft, he gave up all thoughts of enter- ing the ministry, for, as he told his friend, "of a 'trouth,' Thomas, I did not like their ways." After leaving Scotland he directed his steps to New- castle, and first entered the employ of Messrs. Bryson & Charnley, whom he afterwards left for that of Mr. Slack and his successor, Mr. Solomon Hodgson, publishers of the iVrtf- casile Chronicle. In the workshop of this worthy tradesman the youthful wood-engraver spent his winter evenings, a docile and attentive disciple of this sage in humble life. Many of the books sent to bind he was allowed to read, and encouraged to converse freely on such passages as interested him most These obligations Bewick never forgot in after life, but remem- bered with gratitude when his own course was nearly run. We may be sure the familiar objects in that old workshop would also linger long in his memory. The strong shelf at the back that held Gilbert's stock of milled boards, the well- worn grindstone on which he was wont to sharpen his plough- knives, the cumbrous standing press and long iron pin, the HIS LIFE AND TIMES. $z clumsy pasteboard shears, the closet in which he kept his supply of leather and Dutch marbled papers, Bewick would require no effort to recall to his fancy. Gray "rose early to work, lay down when he felt weary, and rose again when refreshed. His diet was of the simplest kind, and he ate when hungry, and drank when dry, without paying regard to meal-times." To instruct the ignorant, to visit poor debtors in prison, and by paying what they owed, if proved deserving, restore them to liberty and their families, was a duty he loved to discharge To objects such as these Gray devoted his little savings and the profits of his small but useful publications. " He varied his favourite dish of hasty- pudding with pease, which usually stood in a bowl near him while at work, and which, with water, satisfied the wants of nature." Animal food he rarely tasted, and once on being presented with a goose, had it salted, hung up, and cut into slices and broiled as wanted. The time at length came when the old man, full of days and good works, must cease from his honest toil, and receive the reward due to his life of self-denial and perseverance in well-doing. His weary frame, exhausted by long watching and attending the sick-bed of his aged wife, with whom he had lived most happily, sank under the burden, and, strong in Christian hope, he departed this life, 1 2th Feb- ruary 1794, aged 85 years, though intimate friends believed that 95 was nearer the truth. Mr. Bewick, with others who respected his character, attended the funeral. THOMAS BEWICK: n^^TSBEWICK relates in his Memoirs, p. 71, that it was ^10g|P2/| through his frequent visits to the workshops of ^ie^^^ Gilbert Gray and his son William that he first f^^^^^aj became acquainted with Thomas Spence, who was born on the Quayside, Newcastle, on the 21st of June 1750. From it we learn that " He was one of the wannest philanthropists in the world. The happiness of mankind seemed with him to absorb every other consideration. He was of a cheerful disposition, warm in his attachment to his friends and in his patriotism to his country ; but he was violent against people whom he considered of an opposite character. With such he kept no bounds. For the purpose chiefly of making converts to his opinion 'that property in land is everybody's right,' he got a number of young men gathered together and formed into a debating society, which was held in the evenings in his schoolroom in the Broad Garth. One night, when his favourite question was to be debated, he reckoned upon me as one of his ' backers.' In this, however, he was mistaken ; for, notwithstanding my tacitly assenting in a certain degree to his plan,— viz., as to the probability of its succeeding in sotne uninhabited country or island,— I could not at all agree with him in thinking it right to upset the present state of society, by taking from people what is their own, and then launching out upon his speculations. I considered that property ought to be held sacred, and, besides, that the honestly obtaining of it was the great stimulant to industry, which kept all things in order, and society in full health and vigour. The question having been given against him without my having said a word in its defence, he became swollen with indignation, which, after the company was gone, he vented upon me. To reason with him was useless. He began by calling me, from my silence, 'a Sir Walter Blackett,' adding, ' If I had been as stout as you are, I would have thrashed you, but there is another way in which I can do the business and have at you.' He then produced a pair of cudgels, and to work we fell. He did not know that I was a proficient in cudgel-play ing, and I soon found that he was very defective. After I had blackened the insides of his thighs and arms he became quite outrageous, and acted very unfairly, which obliged me to give him a severe beating." The rough usage this political theorist and dreamer received at the hands of young Bewick did not dissolve their old friend- ship, for, as we afterwards find, he called upon Mr. Spence at Haydon Bridge on his journey to Scotland, where he was a ^,./ •?:^-^// .,y \ I I t ! I I f ♦ »■ • » A ■ I I ( llV I I I I4( ■ • • I '.V'j'..-: i I .■ ..: :. ■ . :'. I. ■ .. i. • • f . '• \vl ;. *\\'^ .' I HIS LIFE AND TIMES. 35 " welcome guest," and stopped two days. In " Tlie Spensonian Commonwealth" every fifth day was to be a Sabbath, or day of rest. The Established Church was to be maintained at the public cost ; Dissenters,, if they set up any other religon, were to bear the cost of it themselves. Spence set himself not only to remodel the British Constitution, but to reform the English language. In 1775 he invented a New Alphabet, consisting of forty letters, each of which represented a different sound. A stanza from his version of Gray's Elegy may be given as a specimen : — AN ELIJE, RITIN IN A KUNTRE CHURCH-YARD. GRA " Thi Kurfu tolz thi Nel ov parting Da, Thi louing Herd W'mdz slole o'r thi Le, Tbi Plomin homwurd plodz his wereid Wa, And livi thi Wurld too darknis and too mt" Mr. spence died in London, 8th September 1814. We are told that he was of a sanguine and open countenance, cheerful disposition, and winning manners. However erroneous his views, his honesty and sincerity were never doubted. N Sunday morning the 17th November 1771, when Thomas Bewick had just entered the fifth year of his servitude, .an event took place which was re- membered and spoken of on Tyneside for genera- tions afterwards. This was no other than the fall of Tyne Bridge. Five hundred and twenty-three years before, the greater part of the town, together with its bridge, was destroyed by fire; and in 1339 part of the bridge was carried away by a sudden inundation, when no less than 1 20 persons were drowned. Having weathered many a storm and tempest during 36 THOMAS BEWICK: five centuries, the end came at last In consequence of heavy and long-continued rains in the west, the Tyne and her tribu- tary streams became swollen beyond all previous floods the records of which have been preserved. The first alarm was given about two o'clock. The dreadful noise made by the rush of waters through the arches of the bridge aroused the inhabi- tants from their sleep to a sense of their danger. All was dark^ and the cold excessive. The middle arch of the bridge, and two other arches near to Gateshead, were carried away, and seven houses, with shops standing thereon, together with several of the inmates, were overwhelmed with immediate destruction. One house was carried away entire as far as Jarrow Slake. A family of five persons, including two children, remained for six hours, perishing with cold, on a portion of the bridge only six feet square, until George Woodward, a heroic bricklayer in Gateshead, accomplished their rescue. The arches and houses on each side of them had fallen into the gulf below. Boats plied on the Sandhill for some hours, the water being six feet deep. Thomas Bewick, then strong and active, rowed about in one of them, endeavouring, with others, to make himself useful in helping to save property. Three sloops and a brig were driven upon the Quay, and left there when the flood abated. A wooden cradle was picked up at sea by a vessel, in which was a child, alive and well. Ralph Beilby engraved on copper a view of the ruins of the bridge, from a drawing by his brother William. It is curious, but without any merit as an engraving. At Bywell the catastrophe was severely felt; ten houses were swept away, and six persons perished. The whole village was under water; and in the dining-room and other rooms on the first floor of Mr. Fen wick's house it was eight feet deep. Most of the valuable stud of horses belonging to HIS LIFE AND TIMES. 37 that gentleman were got inside of the Black Church, and saved themselves by holding by the tops of the pews, which were allowed to continue in their gnawed state for several years. I have heard Miss Bewick say that her grandfather, Robert Elliot, who farmed lands under the Ellison family at Woodgate, near Bill Quay, was on a visit to Mr. Hall of By well at the time. There was to have been a turkey for supper. A relative came in and mentioned the alarming rise of the tide. He was told that, whenever they promised themselves to be more than usually comfortable and happy, he was sure to come in with some story or another and damp their joy. The words were scarcely uttered when the waters rushed into the room and put out the fire. It is needless to say that the turkey was soon forgot in their endeavour to secure the safety of themselves and their property. A mare belonging to Mr. Shortly before the poor player breathed his last, Bewick took his portrait " He walked after the poet in the streets of Newcastle, stopped, loitered behind, repassed him, and in this manner, unobserved by the dying bard," sketched his likeness. Cunningham died at his lodgings in the Groat Market on the i8th September 1773, aged forty-four, respected not only for his talents, but on account of his private character, many gentlemen of the town attending his funeral.^ The organist played a solemn dirge. His friend and patron, Mr. Slack, publisher of the Newcastle Chronicle, erected a table -monument over ' John CanDingham was bom B,t Dublin in the year 1739, his parents having some time before migrated Irom Scotland. At the early age of seventeen he produced a drama, entitled " Love ID a Mist." From inclination and the pressure of family circumstances he was led to attach himself to tliealrical pursuits, though destitute of some personal attractions always considered needful to injure success as an actur. York, Sunderland, Durham, Nonhallenon, and other towns in the North of Englani!, appear to have been regularly visited by the company of which he was not an unimportant member. Newcastle he ever esteemed his home. In 1766 he pub- lished a collected edition of his fugitive pieces, which he was strongly recommended to dedicate to Mrs. Eliialieth Montagu of Denton Hall, whose beauty and elegant acquirements were recognised in the first literary circles of the day. David Gairick, then in the zenith of his fame, was idolised by the poor player, who not only dedicated his work, but actually walked up to London to present Ihe English Roscius with a copy, cipcclanl and hopeful. His reception was chill it) the extreme. Gariick put two guineas into the poet's hand, with the remark, " Flayers, sir, as well as poets, are alwap poor I" MorLllicd beyond expression, he left the presence of the brilliant actor sad and dejected. From Ihis time Cunningham declined in health, and from some cause tuknown left the kindly shelter ol Mr. Slack's roof for lodgings a few doors off. Here be died. His eicellence as a pastoral poet, and his kindly heart, endeared him to a large circle of friendi. For many years young ladies belonging to some of the best families in the town were wont to meet and scatter Howers over his grave. In our own day, Joseph Cowen, Esq., whose true liberality, eloquence, and ability will, irrespective of parly, long be remembered by the people of Newcastle, ha-i placed in the venerable church where the poet rests in peace M, rich stained-glass window to his memory. He has also headed a subscription to restore the monument, now fallen into decay, and the inscription almost obliterated, set up by the first proprietor of the NeaxtatU Ckr^nitU, HIS LIFE AND TIMES, 39 his remains in St. John's Churchyard. If it be a vile thing to libel a man's character whilst living, it is surely not less reprehensible and cruel to caricature his features and gait after death. This has unwittingly been the fate of Cunningham. The first transgressor, I believe, was Richard- son, in the "Local Historians' Tabl6 Book," who represents the bard as an ill-looking, poverty-stricken mendicant, whereas his features were pleasing, and himself always decently ap- parelled. His form, indeed, was then attenuated by sickness. The portraits profess to be copied from a miniature by Bewick, which is not the case; his drawing being three-quarters length 42 THOMA S BE WICK : about to enter was more so, and required some courage. This was Horsley Lane, which led direct to Ovingham after passing Mount Hboley. Whilst threading his course along this narrow road, deeply ploughed with cart ruts, the village clock might be heard to strike ten, and as the sound died away the stillness and gloom seemed to increase. The moon, breaking from behind a cloud, would for awhile illumine the grey Saxon tower of Ovingham Church and the ruins of Prudhoe Castle, the ancient seat of the Umfrevilles, on the opposite bank of the Tyne, and then again all would be wrapt in darkness. Ovingham reached at last, it sometimes happened that his further progress was stayed, if the night proved stormy, or the ferry-boat could not be had. He would then remain with his friend Mr. Dobson till the following morning, when, rising early, he crossed the river, and took breakfast with his father and mother at Cherry- burn. Only one born and bred amid the hardships of a country life, and accustomed from boyhood to travel in the night, could undertake such pedestrian "flights up the Tyne" as Bewick religiously performed. The season of the year, or the state of the weather, was never considered. He learned that to be placed in the " midst of a wood in a winter night, amid whirlwinds of snow, when the tempest howled above him, was sublimity itself." The rigour of winter in due time gave way to the brightness of spring and all the glories and fulness of summer. The pencil of the artist and the song of the poet would alike fail to picture the charms of Tyneside, such as Bewick beheld one hundred years ago. In pastoral loveliness its scenery could not be surpassed. He well describes his own impressions in the following words : — HIS LIFE AND TIMES. 43 " As soon as the days began to lengthen and the sprouting herbage had covered the ground, I often stopped with delight by the sides of woods to admire the dangling woodbine and roses, and the grasses powdered or spangled with pearly drops of dew, and also, week after week, the continued succession of plants and wild flowers. The primrose, the wild hyacinth, the harebell, the daisy, the cowslip, Sic, these, altogether, I thought no painter ever could imitate, 1 had not at that time ever heard the name of the great and good Linnxus, and knew plants only by their common English names. While admirii^ these beautifully enamelled spots on my way, I was also charmed with the equally beautiful little songsters which were constantly pouring out their various notes to proclaim the spring. While this exhilarating season glided on by imper- ceptible degrees, unfolding its blossoms until they faded into summer, and as the days lengthened, my hours of rising became more and more early. I have often thought that not one-half of mankind knew anything of the beauty, the serenity, and the stillness of the summer mornings in the country, nor have ever witnessed the rising sun's shining forth upon the new day." These weekly visits, dictated by filial piety, continued until the death of his parents in 1785'. ^^^^^HE first employment the young apprentice was put ?/^^\M to, was copying "Copeland's Ornaments" and \ 1^^ / blocking out the wood about the lines on the S^^l^ diagrams (which Mr. Beilby finished) for Dr. Charles Hutton's Diaries and " Treatise on Mensuration," one of them being a view of the steeple of St Nicholas' Church, under the shadow of which his life may be said to have been passed.* In a letter in xh^ Newcastie Magazine for June 1823, Dr. Hutton gives interesting particulars relative to the Beilby family, and his connection with Bewick : — ■ "Between the years 1760- 1770, two brothers, William and ' Thit view, Bewick'i first known attempt on wood, U almoit identical wilh a little cut of the steeple which appeared more than once in the NtvxatlU Comrant newipaper fni 174S, heading an advertUement of Joseph Buber, bookseller, m Amen Comer. THOMAS BEWICK.- Ralph Beilby, rendered themselves famous in the arts of draw- ing and seal-engraving, lettering on plate and other metals, and painting or lettering on glass and burning it in, &c. The elder brother, William, settled as a teacher of drawing in schools and to individuals, while Ralph adopted the profession of a seal-engraver. Having passed several years in his native town, William migrated to the metropolis, and set up a boarding- school at Chelsea, which, it would seem, was not successful, as we find him afterwards residing somewhere about Notting- ham, in the same way, where he died many years ago. Ralph continued as a seal-engraver till his death in 1817." About 1760, Dr. Huiton began making preparations for his work on Mensuration, the first edition of which was put to press in 1768, employing Ralph Beilby to execute the necessary diagrams. He i^y^ /' procured the blocks of boxwood from ., -a., atr^ /- .f London, with the tools for cutting them, instructing Mr. Beilby ' and Thomas Bewick how to cut and square the blocks, and to cut or engrave lines upon them. " Thus then," observes Hutton, " I was the instructor of the very ingenious Mr. Bewick in this branch of engraving, which he has, since carried to such a high state of perfection;" On the completion of this job^ young Bewick addressed himself with uncommon, ardour and perseverance to the task of obtaining a complete insight into and mastery of the art of wood-engraving. The study of its fesources and capability from henceforth became the pleasure and business of his life. If tools were wanting, his inventive genius and mechanical skill soon supplied the deficiency. A '■ ■ ' * t 'J^'/y '-^ . i. .*'• ' .1 *-• ^*1. •^■l^i "4■^"• I" ' ■ ' r. .T ■ -.1.-? „ r • '■ • 1 ^ " I \ , I • ^ . t * ' ; r m ■ ; .. !'■ ■ r. : ■ * HIS LIFE AND TIMES. IJHE first book with pictorial woodcuts by Bewick, entitled "The Youth's Instructor and Entertaining Story-Teller," was published by Thomas Saint in 1774. Many of the cuts in this work are beautiful, and testify to the advance the young artist had already made in his profession. At a very early period of his apprenticeship, two or three bar bills, from the correct drawing and neatness of execution displayed in the cuts with which they were headed, attracted much notice. The first was a "George and Dragon," done for W. Howe, of the George Inn, Penrith. It has no border. Miss Bewick gives 1767 as the date of this cut. About the same time another with a similar design (varied) was cut for Richard Dungett, who kept an inn in the Bottle Bank, Gateshead ; and a third for the Cock Tavern at the head of the Side, then one of the best in the town. The first mail coach from Newcastle to London started from this inn in 1786. The landlord, Matthew Hall, died in 1804. The examples on next page were engraved for public- houses in Newcastle and other towns. "The 1st of October 1774 arrived at last; and, for the first time in my life, I felt myself at liberty," is Bewick's remark on looking back on this interesting day, which ended his servitude and made him his own master. In the last month of Bewick's apprenticeship a contested parliamentary election for Newcastle took place. The poll con- tinued open for eight days. The candidates were Sir Walter Blackett, BarL (whom Bewick calls the "silent member"); Sir Matthew White Ridley, of Blagdon, co. Northumberland, Bart. ; the Hon. Constantine John Phlpps, afterwards Lord Mulgrave; THOMAS BEWICK: ^S ^ 't(?p'\^^ mS*s j^J^^^-?' ^^^ •f S,:ii:i;- .- .■r.:', tic I :" lor ,; sn i r n r ■. c U-'- ■ i>i;-tn tu ;!. ■ !'■.!,/ it "^..I'ui '■:.;l^ ;i-.ii i.y !i:s r.iniily uiruUj^li iiia;!y ;:^y ;.,ir r.-.rard, ir ;l ,.- 48 THOMAS BEWICK: pride, and, it is to be hoped, would have found a home at Cherryburn when the last daughter of Thomas Bewick should have passed away. But then he would have lost that un« alloyed pleasure of the heart he felt in presenting the guineas to a beloved mother. This event took place in February 1775- On this occasion Bewick remarks, "Amongst the several congratulations of kind neighbours, those of Mr. Gregson, my old master, stood pre-eminent. He flew from Ovingham, where the news first arrived, over to Eltringham, to congratulate my father and mother ; and the feelings and overflowings of his heart can be better imagined than described." After the expiration of his apprenticeship, Bewick worked for a few weeks with Mr. Beilby as a journeyman, at a guinea a week, and then went to spend Christmas at Cherryburn. Here he joined in hunting parties with the Nimrods of the country- side, and accompanied his father, as in former days, in collect- ing what money was due for coals from the farmers and other customers, as well as executing a large number of cuts for Thomas Angus, the famous Newcastle printer of Chapbooks and Garlands. He was thus employed throughout the year 1775 and for some months of 1776. He still pursued with ardour his favourite amusement of angling. This was a re- creation of which he believed he could never tire. It happened on a hot summer afternoon in June, whilst thus engaged, that all of a sudden he fell into a meditative mood ; he pon- dered awhile, then tied up his rod and walked home. He told his mother that he had resolved to see more of the world, and would begin by visiting his relations in Cumberland. Through all his lonely wanderings — by the mountain's misty side, the dreary waste, or solitary heath, as well as in the brighter landscape of sunny fields and woodlands — Witch clung to her master. She would run for a considerable distance before him» and then lie down and wait until he came up, when off she would start again. I have a pencil sketch of this dog by Bewick, under which he has written : " 'Witch,' ob. 9th Feb- ruary 1 784, aet 9^, accompanied T. B. in his journey to Scot- land." This I obtained from Miss Bewick, together with a few portraits of Highlanders, men, women, and children, ministers and soldiers, some only thumb-nail size, sketched during this tour. Having seen this much, he now set his face homeward. A Leith sloop, bound for Newcastle, received him on board just as she was moving from the pier. After encountering a violent storm off the Firth of Forth, during which he suffered much from want of rest, repose was sought in a wretched bed, in which he could neither lie on his side nor easily turn over. The kind- ness and compassion of his nature in such a trying situation was now brought out, for to complete his distress a little infant was put in bed beside him ; this child he tenderly nursed until Its sick mother relieved him on her recovery. After resting a day or two at South Shields he set off to Newcastle, where he arrived on the 12th August 1776. Here he did not propose to 50 THOMAS BEWICK: remain long. As all artists, actors, and men of genius in every profession aspire after metropolitan fame, that they may in time acquire fortune and reputation, Bewick made up his mind to go to London, where so many of his old friends were now located. Funds only were wanting. After working for a few weeks in Newcastle, he earned sufficient to enable him to carry out his intention. Having paid for his passage by a collier, after a voyage of about three weeks, he arrived in London on the ist of October 1776. His schoolfellows, Christopher and Philip Gregson ; his former companion, William Gray, then a book- binder in Chancery Lane ; and his friend Robert Pollard, re- ceived him with gladness. The first two provided a lodging, and the last, through the kindness and influence of his master, Isaac Taylor, with plenty of work. Thomas Hodgson, printer, George Court, Clerkenwell, who served his apprenticeship with John White, the printer of the Newcastle Courant, had a taste for wood-engraving, and embellished with rude and curious cuts many of the old ballads and histories printed by his master. He too, in anticipation of his arrival, had in readiness a store of little jobs. These, along with Mr. Carnan, and Newbery of St Paul's Churchyard, kept him busily employed during the nine months he spent in London. In the streets of that vast city, he looked with grief and sorrow on the sad fate of so many young and handsome women, following the paths of sin and misery, who might have lived happily and respected. He deplored their wretchedness, and, when needed, relieved their poverty. London life and manners proved distasteful to one of such simple habits and mode of living. The usage Bewick met with from his fellow-workmen, and other causes, combined to create such a feeling of dislike, that he determined to leave the Metropolis and never set foot in it HIS LIFE AND TIMES. JI ^^in. He would rather, he said, "enlist for a soldier, or go and herd sheep at five shillings per week as long as he lived, than be tied to live m it." The " Hole-in-the-Wall," Fleet Street,' was a tavern much frequented by people from Newcastle, and there every Monday night he used to repair to meet friends from the North and see the Newcastle newspapers. Many a pleasant evening, after the labour and confinement of the day was over, was spent in this harmless and agreeable manner. K/iSCr COLLMS— Tie Hivr, iSoS, The announcement that he was about to leave London and "never return" was received with surprise and astonishment Isaac Taylor and Thomas Hodgson could not conceal their feelings of chagrin and disappointment His last night in London was passed with a few friends at the "George" in * Had Bewick Uiried & few weeks longer in London he would no doubt have joined in celebrating ihe victory obtained by the free bur(reises over the Corporation, held at the " Hole- iD-the-WalL" There an cleguit dinner «rai provided b; Newcaille men then in London, on the lllh of Angnst 1777. Amongit the toatli and sentiments were the following: "The cool trade and our friends at Newcastle;" "Long life and good healih to Mothet Willis,** the tespected landladf. 52 THOMAS BEWICK: Brook Street ; and, as might have been expected, they did not separate till a late hour. In the morning, after taking leave of his landlord and family, he got on board a collier, and arrived in sight of St. Nicholas' Church steeple about the 2 2d of June 1777. No sooner did Bewick reach Newcastle than he called upon his old master, his mind filled with thoughts regarding his future prospects and the best mode of profitably employing his talents. He felt a delicacy in commencing business on his own account, which did him much honour, as it arose from a fear lest Mr. Beilby should consider it as done in opposition to himself. His London friends had supplied him with plenty of work, which would take a considerable time to finish ; he therefore fitted up a bench at his old lodgings at Hatfield^s. About this time an election took place in Newcastle, occa- sioned by the death of Sir Walter Blackett The candidates were Sir John Trevelyan, who sought to occupy the seat held by his uncle, Sir Walter, for the long period of forty-three years. There was a severe contest, his opponent being the notorious Andrew Robinson Bowes, Esq., who had recently married Lady Strathmore. Mrs. Elizabeth Montagu of Denton Hall ^ describes in a letter her ladyship's extraordinary conduct at Newcastle. She was accustomed '' to sit all day in the window at a public-house, from whence she sometimes lets fall some jewels or trinkets, which voters pick up, and then she gives them money for restoring them — a new kind of oflTering bribes." The town is described as being ^' in a wild uproar/' Mr. Bowes ^ This lady, who was the eldest daughter of Matthew Robinson, Esq., of West Layton, in Yorkshire, married in 1743 Edward Montagu, Esq., of East Denton, in Northumberland. She survived her husband twenty-five years, and died 25th August 1800^ in the eightieth year of her age. HIS LIFE AND TIMES. 53 lost the election, although he " sold ;^5ooo a year of his lady's income for life, to procure himself ^40,000 " (" A Lady of the Last Century," by Dr. Doran). A truly extraordinary picture of the times! Mr. Beilby was no doubt apprehensive that his former apprentice would commence business in the town sooner or later. Bewick's thorough knowledge of the trade connection and requirements of the office in St Nicholas' Churchyard would give him many advantages. Proposals for a partnership were at once made through a mutual friend. The idea did not at first recommend itself to Mr. Bewick, but on consideration he consented, and acted wisely in doing so. Although without capital, he thereby acquired an excellent position in a highly respectable and established business. In the light of subsequent success, consequent on the development of his genius, he might regret the step, but at the time he did well to entertain the su^estion. Thus the firm of Beilby & Bewick, destined to become so famous, began its commercial career. IN the partnership being legally completed, Mr. Bewick took his younger brother John, then in his seventeenth year, as an apprentice, whose amiable and cheerful disposition won the esteem of Mr. Beilby, and endeared him to all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance. Of him and his works an extended notice will be given hereafter. "While my brother was my apprentice," Bewick remarks in his Memoir, " he frequently accompanied me on my weekly visits to Cherrybum. He was then a clever, springy youth, and our bounding along together was often compared to the 54 THOMA S BE WICK : scamperings of a pair of wild colts. These journeys commenced while I was an apprentice. I then mostly went and returned on the same day ; but when I became my own master^ for many years, in summer's heat and winter's freezing cold, I did not miss a single week." These visits continued regularly from 1777 till 1785. The route taken by the brothers in these weekly wanderings, frequently by night, is worthy of mention. In the course of conversation one evening, I inquired of Miss Bewick what road her father generally took. She said that occasionally, but only seldom, he would cross over to Gateshead, and then go along the south bank of the Tyne by Swalwell and Winlaton. But this way he disliked, mainly on account of Crowley's Crew,^ a fighting and violent set of men whom it was difficult to avoid, as they were always to be found standing in groups along the road and about the doors of public-houses he was obliged to pass in going through these villages. He commonly used the high or military road, constructed by General Wade after the rebellion of 1745. In summer-time, when the days were long and the nights light, the footpath by the waterside by way of Elswick, Scotswood, and Newburn was both short and pleasant, and often travelled by the family in going to and returning from Ovingham when the tide permitted, but was attended with considerable danger on dark, wet, and winter nights, particularly that part which lay between Wylam and Ovingham, where the road was narrow, the river being on one side and thick bushes which obscured the footpath on the other. In those long walks, whether by himself whilst an apprentice, or afterwards in company with his brother, they were never molested, though at that time daring ^ Crowley's Crew — Sons of Vulcan — employed at the ironworks at Swalwell and Winlaton, near Newcastle, established by the estimable Sir Ambrose Crowley about two hundred years ago. HIS LIFE AND TIMES. $$ attempts by well-mounted gentlemen of the road against peace- ful travellers were frequent, who, whilst a pistol was held to their head» were compelled to yield up purse, watch, and whatever valuables they had. A few extracts from the Newcastle Chronicle for 1770 afford a striking picture of the times : — On March 3, we read that as the steward of Mrs. Ord of Fenham was returning home from Newcastle, he was attacked by two footpads, who knocked him off his horse, and robbed him of his watch and money. In August, the postman carrying the mail between this town and Durham was robbed of the bags on Gateshead Fell, and on another occasion on Chester Moor. On a Saturday night in October, a blacksmith was stopped by two footpads near Els wick Mill, and robbed of his marketing and money ; whilst Alderman Peareth's servant was robbed by two men on horseback near the gibbet on Gateshead Fell on the ist of November. Only three days after this, two gentlemen were robbed near Birtley by two mounted highwaymen armed with pistols. A gentleman on horseback was stopped by a footpad near Chester bar, who presented a pistol, but did not fire ; and a farmer near Kenton was stopped near the gallows on the Town Moor, and robbed by two men on horseback, armed with pistols. Mr. Liddle of Newton, son of Sir Thomas Liddle, of Ravensworth, had a desperate encounter with armed footpads on the Durham Road. Pistols were fired on both sides ; Mr. Liddle happily escaped unhurt. Much blood was found on the ground afterwards, but the robbers escaped in the darkness of a December night Lumley Thicks was a famous resort for robbers, and avoided by all travellers as much as possible. The perpetual occurrence of such crimes, and the alarm they occasioned, explain what some consider the too frequent intro- 56 THOMAS BEWICK: duction of the gallows in so many of Bewick's little land- scapes.
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slooker
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jhofeloto
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/*
uid
*/"use strict"
var UID = 0
module.exports = function(){
return (UID++).toString(36)
}
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Any savings institution that fails to meet the qualified thrift lender test must convert to a national bank charter, unless it requalifies as a qualified thrift lender and remains a qualified thrift lender. If an institution does not requalify and converts to a national bank charter, it must remain SAIF-insured until the FDIC permits it to transfer to the BIF. If an institution has not yet requalified or converted to a national bank, its new investments and activities are limited to those permissible for both a savings association and a national bank, and it is limited to national bank branching rights in its home state. In addition, the institution is immediately ineligible to receive any new FHLB borrowings and is subject to national bank limits for payment of dividends. If the institution has not requalified or converted to a national bank within three years after the failure, it must sell all investments and stop all activities not permissible for a national bank. In addition, it must repay promptly any outstanding FHLB borrowings, which may result in prepayment penalties. If any institution that fails the qualified thrift lender test is controlled by a holding
company, then within one year after the failure, the holding company must register as a bank holding company and become subject to all restrictions on bank holding companies. See "- Holding Company Regulation."
Community Reinvestment Act. Under the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), every FDIC insured institution has a continuing and affirmative obligation, consistent with safe and sound banking practices, to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The CRA requires the OTS, in connection with its examination of First Federal, to assess the institution's record of meeting the credit needs of our community and to take this record into account in our evaluation of certain applications, such as a merger or the establishment of a branch, by First Federal. An unsatisfactory rating may be used as the basis for the denial of an application by the OTS. First Federal was examined for CRA compliance in March 1997 and received a rating of "satisfactory."
USA Patriot Act of 2001. In October 2001, the USA Patriot Act of 2001 was enacted in response to the terrorist attacks in New York, Pennsylvania and Washington, D.C. which occurred on September 11, 2001. The Patriot Act is intended is to strengthen U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. On July 30, 2002, President Bush signed into law the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the SOA. The SOA is the most far-reaching U.S. securities legislation enacted in many years, and includes many substantive and disclosure-based requirements. The stated goals of the SOA are to increase corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to the securities laws. The SOA generally applies to all companies, both U.S. and non-U.S., that file or are required to file periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"). Given the extensive and continuing SEC role in implementing rules relating to many of the SOA's new requirements, the effects of these requirements remain to be determined, although it is likely that the Company's costs will increase somewhat, at least in the short term, as a result of SOA implementation.
Other Laws and Regulations. The lending and deposit-taking activities of First Federal are subject to a variety of federal and state consumer protection laws, including the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (which prohibits discrimination in all aspects of credit-granting), the Truth-in-Lending Act (which principally mandates certain disclosures in connection with loans made for personal, family or household purposes and imposes substantive restrictions with respect to home equity lines of credit), the Truth-in-Savings Act (which principally mandates certain disclosures in connection with deposit-taking activities), the Fair Credit Reporting Act (which, among other things, requires a lender to disclose the name and address of the credit bureau from whom a lender obtains a report that resulted in a denial of credit), the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (which, among other things, requires residential mortgage lenders to provide loan applicants with closing cost information shortly after the time of application and prohibits referral fees in connection with loan originations and other real estate settlement services), the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (which, among other things, requires certain disclosures in connection with electronic funds transactions) and the Expedited Funds Availability Act (which, among other things, requires that deposited funds be made available for withdrawal in accordance with a prescribed schedule and that the schedule be disclosed to customers). As a federal savings bank, First Federal is exempt from most state laws, other than contract and commercial law; real property law; tort law and criminal law.
Transactions with Affiliates. Under federal law, all transactions between and among First Federal and its affiliates, which include its holding company, are subject to Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W promulgated thereunder as interpreted by the OTS. Generally, these requirements limit these transactions to a percentage of the bank's capital and require all of them to be on terms at least as favorable to the bank as transactions with non-affiliates. In addition, a bank may not lend to any affiliate engaged in non-banking activities not permissible for a bank holding company or acquire shares of any affiliate that is not a subsidiary. The OTS is authorized to impose additional restrictions on transactions with affiliates if necessary to ensure safety and
soundness standards. The OTS regulations also set forth various reporting requirements relating to transactions with affiliates.
Extensions of credit by First Federal to its executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are subject to Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act, which among other things, generally prohibits loans to any such individual where the aggregate amount exceeds an amount equal to 15% of an institution's unimpaired capital and surplus plus an additional 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus in the case of loans that are fully secured by readily marketable collateral.
Section 22(h) permits loans to directors, executive officers and principal stockholders made pursuant to a benefit or compensation program that is widely available to employees of First Federal provided that no preference is given to any officer, director or principal stockholder, or related interest thereto, over any other employee. In addition, the aggregate amount of extensions of credit by a savings institution to all insiders cannot exceed the institution's unimpaired capital and surplus. Furthermore, Section 22(g) places additional restrictions on loans to executive officers. Holding Company Regulation. Northeast Indiana is a unitary savings and loan holding company subject to regulatory oversight by the OTS. As such, we are required to register and file reports with the OTS and are subject to regulation and examination by the OTS. In addition, the OTS has enforcement authority over Northeast Indiana and its non-savings association subsidiaries which also permits the OTS to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a serious risk to the subsidiary savings association.
As a unitary savings and loan holding company, that has been in existence since before May 4, 1999, Northeast Indiana generally is not subject to activity restrictions. If Northeast Indiana acquires control of another savings association as a separate subsidiary, it would become a multiple savings and loan holding company, and the activities of Northeast Indiana and any of its subsidiaries (other than First Federal or any other SAIF-insured savings association) would become subject to certain restrictions. Additionally, if we fail the qualified thrift lender test, within one year Northeast Indiana must register as and will become subject to, the restrictions applicable to bank holding companies.
Federal Securities Law. The stock of Northeast Indiana is registered with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act). Northeast Indiana is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements of the Exchange Act.
Northeast Indiana stock held by persons who are affiliates, (generally officers, directors and 10% stockholders) of Northeast Indiana may not be resold without registration unless sold in accordance with certain resale restrictions. If Northeast Indiana satisfies the requirements of such resale restrictions and meets specified current public information requirements, each affiliate of Northeast Indiana is able to sell in the public market, without registration, a limited number of shares in any three-month period.
Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Board requires all depository institutions to maintain non-interest bearing reserves at specified levels against their transaction accounts (primarily checking, NOW and Super NOW checking accounts). At December 31, 2002, First Federal was in compliance with these reserve requirements.
Savings associations are authorized to borrow from the Federal Reserve Bank "discount window," but Federal Reserve Board regulations require associations to exhaust other reasonable alternative sources of funds, including FHLB borrowings, before borrowing from the Federal Reserve Bank.
Federal Home Loan Bank System. First Federal is a member of the FHLB of Indianapolis, which is one of 12 regional FHLBs that administer the home financing credit function of savings associations. Each FHLB serves as a reserve or central bank for its members within its assigned region. It makes loans to members (i.e., advances) in accordance with policies and procedures, established by the board of directors of the FHLB, which are subject to the oversight of the Federal Housing Finance Board. All advances from the FHLB are required to be fully secured by sufficient collateral as determined by the FHLB. In addition, all long-term advances must be used for residential home financing.
As a member, First Federal is required to purchase and maintain a minimum amount of stock in the FHLB of Indianapolis. At December 31, 2002, First Federal had $4.9 million in FHLB stock, which was in compliance with this requirement. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002, dividends paid by the FHLB of Indianapolis to First Federal totaled $298,000, which constitutes a $67,000 decrease compared to the amount of dividends received in fiscal 2001. Over the past five fiscal years these dividends have averaged 7.55% and were 6.02% for fiscal 2002.
TAXATION
Federal Taxation. We file consolidated federal income tax returns on a fiscal year basis using the accrual method of accounting. Savings institutions that met certain definitional tests relating to the composition of assets and other conditions prescribed by the Internal Revenue Code, had been permitted to establish reserves for bad debts and to make annual additions which could, within specified formula limits, be taken as a deduction in computing taxable income for federal income tax purposes. The amount of the bad debt reserve deduction is now computed under the experience method.
In addition to the regular income tax, corporations, including savings institutions, generally are subject to a minimum tax. An alternative minimum tax is imposed at a minimum tax rate of 20% on alternative minimum taxable income, which is the sum of a corporation's regular taxable income (with certain adjustments) and tax preference items, less any available exemption. The alternative minimum tax is imposed to the extent it exceeds the corporation's regular income tax and net operating losses can offset no more than 90% of alternative minimum taxable income.
To the extent earnings appropriated to a savings institution's bad debt reserves for "qualifying real property loans" and deducted for federal income tax purposes exceed the allowable amount of such reserves computed under the experience method and to the extent of the institution's supplemental reserves for losses on loans, such excess may not, without adverse tax consequences, be utilized for the payment of cash dividends or other distributions to a shareholder (including distributions on redemption, dissolution or liquidation) or for any other purpose (except to absorb bad debt losses). As of December 31, 2002, First Federal's excess for tax purposes totaled approximately $1.3 million.
We have not been audited by the IRS recently with respect to federal income tax returns. In our opinion, any examination of still open returns would not result in a deficiency which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
Indiana Taxation. The State of Indiana imposes an 8.5% franchise tax on the net income of financial (including thrift) institutions, exempting them from the current gross income, supplemental net income and intangible taxes. Net income for franchise tax purposes will constitute federal taxable income before net operating loss deductions and special deductions, adjusted for certain items, including Indiana income taxes, tax exempt interest and bad debts. Other applicable Indiana taxes include sales, use and property taxes.
Delaware Taxation. As a company incorporated under Delaware state law, Northeast Indiana is exempted from Delaware corporate income tax but is required to file an annual report with, and pay an annual fee to, the State of Delaware. We are also subject to an annual franchise tax imposed by the State of Delaware.
COMPETITION
We face strong competition, both in originating real estate loans and in attracting deposits. Competition in originating real estate loans comes primarily from commercial banks, mortgage companies, credit unions and savings institutions located in our market area. Commercial banks, savings institutions and credit unions provide vigorous competition in consumer lending. We compete for real estate and other loans principally on the basis of the quality of services we provide to borrowers, the interest rates and loan fees we charge, and the types of loans we originate. See "- Lending Activities."
We attract most of our deposits through our retail banking offices, primarily from the communities in which those retail banking offices are located. Therefore, competition for those deposits is principally from retail
brokerage offices, commercial banks, savings institutions and credit unions located in these communities. We compete for these deposits by offering a variety of account alternatives at competitive rates and by providing convenient business hours, branch locations and interbranch deposit and withdrawal privileges.
We primarily serve Huntington County, Indiana. There are six commercial banks, no savings institutions other than First Federal, and six credit unions which compete for deposits and loans in Huntington County. We estimate that our share of the savings market in Huntington County based on FDIC insured institutions is approximately 29% and our share of the residential mortgage market is approximately 20%.
EMPLOYEES
At December 31, 2002, we had a total of 46 full-time, 8 part-time and no seasonal employees. Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining group. Management considers its employee relations to be good.
ITEM 2.
ITEM 2. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES
We conduct our business through three offices, all of which are located in Huntington, Indiana and are owned by First Federal. The following table sets forth information relating to each of our offices as of December 31, 2002. The total net book value of our premises and equipment (including land, buildings and leasehold improvements and furniture, fixtures and equipment) at December 31, 2002 was approximately $2.2 million. See Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report to Shareholders.
We believe that our current and planned facilities are adequate to meet our present and foreseeable needs. We also maintain an on-line database with an independent service bureau servicing financial institutions.
Item 3.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are involved, from time to time, as plaintiff or defendant in various legal actions arising in the normal course of their businesses. While the ultimate outcome of these proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, it is the opinion of management, after consultation with counsel representing us in the proceedings, that the resolution of these proceedings should not have a material effect on our results of operations on a consolidated basis.
ITEM 4.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
No matter was submitted to a vote of security holders, through the solicitation of proxies or otherwise, during the quarter ended December 31, 2002.
PART II
ITEM 5.
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Page 45 of the Annual Report is herein incorporated by reference.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 6. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATION
Pages 3 through 16 of the Annual Report are herein incorporated by reference.
ITEM 7.
ITEM 7. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following information appearing in the Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.
With the exception of the aforementioned information in Part II of the Form 10-KSB, the Annual Report is not deemed filed as part of this annual report on Form 10-KSB.
ITEM 8.
ITEM 8. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
There has been no Current Report on Form 8-K filed within 24 months prior to the date of the most recent financial statements reporting a change of accountants and/or reporting disagreements on any matter of accounting principle or financial statement disclosure.
PART III
ITEM 9.
ITEM 9. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, PROMOTERS AND CONTROL PERSONS; COMPLIANCE WITH SECTION 16(A) OF THE EXCHANGE ACT
DIRECTORS
Information concerning our Directors and Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act is incorporated herein by reference from the definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2003, a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF NORTHEAST INDIANA AND FIRST FEDERAL
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our executive officers who are not also directors.
(1) At December 31, 2002.
The business experience of the executive officers who are not also directors is set forth below.
RANDY J. SIZEMORE is Senior Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer, positions he has held since April 2002. Prior to joining First Federal, Mr. Sizemore held positions in a similar capacity with another bank holding company and its subsidiary since 1999, and prior to that he performed similar job functions for another bank holding company. Mr. Sizemore has a total of 10 years experience working with financial institutions.
DEE ANN HAMMEL is Senior Vice President, Secretary and Chief Operations Officer, positions she has held since March 1995. Ms. Hammel first joined First Federal in 1975 as a teller. Ms. Hammel is responsible for directing and controlling First Federal's daily activities.
ITEM 10.
ITEM 10. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information concerning executive compensation is incorporated herein by reference from the definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2003, a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.
ITEM 11.
ITEM 11. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Information concerning security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is incorporated herein by reference from the definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2003, a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.
The following table provides information as of December 31, 2002 related to our equity compensation plans in effect at that time.
(1) Restated to reflect the 10% stock dividends paid in both November 1998 and November 1999. Includes outstanding options to purchase shares of the Company's Common Stock under our 1995 Stock Option and Incentive Plan and our 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan.
(2) Includes shares available for future issuance under our 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan and our Recognition and Retention Plan; excludes securities reflected in column (a). In addition to stock options, the 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan and the Recognition and Retention Plan provide for the issuance of stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, or performance awards. 155,024 shares remain available under our 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan and 17,126 remain available under our Recognition and Retention Plan for the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock or performance awards.
ITEM 12.
ITEM 12. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Information concerning certain relationships and related transactions is incorporated herein by reference from the definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2003 a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.
ITEM 13.
ITEM 13. EXHIBITS AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
(a) Exhibits
* Filed as an exhibit to our Form S-1 Registration Statement (File No. 33-90558). All of such previously filed documents are hereby incorporated herein by reference in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-B.
** Filed as an exhibit to our Form 10-KSB filed on April 2, 2001. Such previously filed document is hereby incorporated herein by reference in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-B.
*** See Notes 1 and 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report to shareholders attached hereto as Exhibit 13.
(b) Reports on Form 8-K
During the quarter ended December 31, 2002, we filed the following Current Reports on Form 8-K:
(i) Form 8-K filed on October 17, 2002, announcing third quarter earnings;
(ii) Form 8-K filed on November 1, 2002, announcing increased quarterly cash dividend.
ITEM 14.
ITEM 14. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
With the participation and under the supervision of Northeast Indiana's management, including Northeast Indiana's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and within 90 days of the filing date of this annual report, Northeast Indiana's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of Northeast Indiana's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(c) and 15(d)-14(c)) and, based on their evaluation, have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective. There were no significant changes in Northeast Indiana's internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls subsequent to the date of their evaluation, including any corrective action with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses.
SIGNATURES
In accordance with Section 13 of 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the Issuer caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
In accordance with the Exchange Act, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Issuer and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Stephen E. Zahn, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-KSB of Northeast Indiana Bancorp, Inc. (the "registrant");
2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;
4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(c) and 15d-14(c)) for the registrant and we have:
a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;
b) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of this annual report (the "Evaluation Date"); and
c) presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based on our evaluation as of the Evaluation Date;
5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):
a) all significant deficiencies in the design or operation of internal controls which could adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data and have identified for the registrant's auditors any material weaknesses in internal controls; and
b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal controls; and
6. Date: March 26, 2003 /s/ Stephen E. Zahn ------------------------------------- Stephen E. Zahn President and Chief Executive Officer
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Randy J. Sizemore, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-KSB of Northeast Indiana Bancorp, Inc. (the "registrant");
2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;
4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(c) and 15d-14(c)) for the registrant and we have:
a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;
b) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of this annual report (the "Evaluation Date"); and
c) presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based on our evaluation as of the Evaluation Date;
5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):
a) all significant deficiencies in the design or operation of internal controls which could adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data and have identified for the registrant's auditors any material weaknesses in internal controls; and
b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal controls; and
6. Date: March 26, 2003 /s/ Randy J. Sizemore ------------------------------------- Randy J. Sizemore Chief Financial Officer
INDEX TO EXHIBITS
Exhibit No. Document - -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
10(b) Employment Contract between Randy J. Sizemore and First Federal
10(g) 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan
13 Annual Report to Shareholders
21 Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23 Consent of Crowe, Chizek and Company LLP
99.1 Certification of the CEO pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
99.2 Certification of the CFO pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
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MARIE MANIN. — Non. le vous jure que je dis la vérité. LE PRÉSIDENT. — Alors, pourquoi n'avez-vous pas dénoncé les coupables ? — Parce que le même sort m'était promis. A-t-elle eu peur T Le président en doute. LE PRÉSIDENT. — Pourtant, vous aviez des remords. Vctre dernier amant a rapporté qu'à Billancourt vous vous réveilliez la nuit en larmes en criant : « /'af peur ! »' Peur de quoi ? Peur dé votre mari mort? Peur de Puzin? Elle se raidit. — le ne lui ai jamais rien -commandé. Et son silence enveloppe de ses ailes noires le secret de ses tragiques amours. Tortel nie Quant à Tortel, buté, il nie, tout en se tamponnant les yeux d'un mouchoir bordé de bleu. — Je vous jure sur la tête de ma mère qui est morte que je ne suis pour rien dans cette affaire. On m'accable. C'est tout de même malheureUx /... Je ne peux pourtant pas dire que rai fait ce que je n'ai pas fait ! Je n étais pas là /... Je n'étais pas là. Ici, une gesticulation de boxeur boxant son ombre. LE PRÉSIDENT tà Marie Manin). — Vous avez bien dit qu'il était rentré à la ferme, tenant votre. mari par te bras ? Elle approuve de la tête. Tortel repart dans sa gesticulation. ■■■■<-^W6St;iénxrl J&we sais pas ce que je lui a i /atf, à cette femme-là / C'est honteux ! Pourtant, Tortel a fait, lui aussi, des aveux au lieutenant de gendarmerie, aveux rétractés par la suite. T'ORTEL. — Rappelez-vous que j'ai même reçu une etaque, comme je n'en ai jamais reçu de ma vie. LE PRÉSIDENT. — Pourtant, vous avez ■ embrassé le lieutenant de gendarmerie. * Car Tortel est un sentimental. Le lieutenant Poncet Le lieutenant Poncet, à la. barre, vient, d'ailleurs, confirmer les déclarations qu'il a déjà faites et qui ont permis de reprendre l'enquête. Il a entendu l'aîné des gosses Ma-nin. LE LIEUTENANT PONCET. — le lui ai demandé ; « De quoi ton père est-il mort ? lu Il m'a répondu ■: « On m'a dit qu'il est tombé sur une pierre dans la cour. » J'ai insisté : « Tei, l'as vu ? JI '« N'on. J'ai vu mon papa et ma maman sortir avec le domestique Paul. Quand ils sont rentrés, ma maman et Paul soutenaient mon papa. Il avait la tête penchée et du sang sur le visage. » Il n'est pas question de Tortel dans tout cela. Mais le lieutenant affirme que celui-ci lui a fait des aveux. TORTEL. — C'est pas vrai ! rai pas dit ça ! LE LIEUTENANT. — Si, dans le deuxième vestibule. Il a même ajouté : « combien ça va me coûter, tout cela ?» TORTEL (indigné). — le ne peux tout de rnême pas, dire des choses que je n'ai pas faites ! L'audition de M. Jean-Jules Verne, ancien procureur à Valence, aujour.d'hui avocat-général à Grenoble, provoque de la part des avocats des débats des conclusions contradictoires. Pendant une heure, on joue sans ré.sultat à la question qui ne sera pas posée. Demain, suite des débats. P. B. DU NOUVEAU dans l'affaire Weidmann Le tueur de La Celle-Saint-Cloud se pourvoit en cassation Versailles, 16' novernbre. — Après ivoir examiné le volumineux dossier kVeidmànn, la Chambre des mises en accusation, il y a quelques 6emaines, ivait décidé le renvoi devant la Cour l'assises de Versailles, pour y être ugés, de Weidmann, de Roger Mil-ion, de Jean Blanc et de Colette l'ricot. Cet après-midi, conformément à la oi, M. Demelliêr, huissier attaché au Parquet de Versailles, s'est rendu à a prison Saint-Pierre pour notifier, à x Id naiin et à Million la décision de a Chambre des mises en accusation. Le tueur de la La Geile-Saint-Cloud ît son complice ne firent aucune ob-eetion ; mais, un peu, plus tard, Weidmanll1 faisait parvenir au Par-quet son pourvoi encassation contre l'arrêt de renvoi devant la Cour d'assises. Million en fera certainement autant demain ou après-demain, car il a cinq jours pour se décider. Il en sera de même sans doute pour Jean Blanc qui, on le sait, est toujours en liberté provisoire. Colette Tricot, de son côté, après avoir reçu la notification de là déci-sion, s'est également pourvue en cassation. Ainsi donc, le. gros dossier va retourner à Paris pour permettre à la Chambre des mises en accusation d'examiner les pourvois que viennent de former le tueur et ses complices. Cela n'a qu'un tout : retarder de quelques semaines la comparution des bandits devant, les jurés de Vensail-les, mais on peut espérer, néanmoins, que l'affaire Weidma'nin sera évoquée devant les assises lip. Soino-et-Qtee au début de 1939; Drame de l'ivresse dans le Morbihan Un marbrier tue sa femme . Lorient, 16 novembre. — Le nommé Vincent Le Roy, 52 ans, marbrier graveur sur pierres tombales, se rendait, aujourd'hui, à la gendarmerie où il déclara que sa femme s'était pendue à l'espagnolette de la fenêtre de sa chambre à coucher. Les gendarmes se rendirent au domicile de Le Roy où ils trouvèrent, effectivement, le cadavre de sa femme, portant à la tête une plaie béante. Après plusieurs heures d'un interrogatoiré serré, Le Roy a fini par reconnattre qu'il avait frappé sa femme à coups de bouteille ' et l'avait pendue ensuite. ' Le médecin-légiste a déclaré, après autopsie, que la mort était due à un coup 'de bouteille et non à la pendal;son. : ' 'Le meurtrier a été êeroué. Vitro — Enfin, bobonne, n'était-ce pas assez dee déorets-lois ? Une découverte qui retarde Un de nos confrères du soir vient d'annoncer une étonnante nouvelle : le grand physicien danois Niels Bohr aurait réussi à fabriquer un kilogramme de radium ! On appréciera ce qu'une telle information a de stupéfiant en apprenant que le monde entier dispose, en tout, de dix grammes de ce précieux métal 1 En réalité, Niels Bohr vient de mettre en fonctionnement un appareil appelé cycla-) tron, qui permet de fabriquer des ra-i dio-éléments artificiels. Le cyclatron: n'est pas inconnu de nos lepteurs, puisque nous avons parlé, ici, il y a plus d'un an, du cyclatron installé au Collège de France par le professeur Jo-liot, çt qui est plus puissant encore que celui de Copenhague. Il est très bien de donner des informations scientifiques de l'étranger — à supposer 'IWelles soient exactes, ce qui n'est pas le cas. Il serait mieux encore de ne pas ignorer l'oeuvre des savants français. — P. R. L'organisation de la défense passive M. Daladier a reçu, hier matin, une délégation du Comité de coordination de la défense passive de Paris et de sa banlieue, conduite par M. Mounié, sénateur, et comprenant notamment le président du Conseil municipal de Paris, ainsi qu'un certain nombre de parlementaires. Le président du Conseil avait reçu, il y a huit jours, un rapport du Comité de coordination dans lequel étaient envisagées les diverses mesures à prendre pour organiser la défense passive. La délégation a été heureuse, de constater -que les décrets-lois organisant la : défense passive correspondaient à ce qu'elle avait demandé et lui donnaient en partie satisfaction, les autres dispositions prévues par le comité devant faire l'objet de circulaires d'application. La question de l'évacuation de la population àétéexaminée de façon t^uï.é.VpsrWculièire. Etes. Essais d'évacuation sontprévus. Une : délégation va se rendre immédiatement en Loir-et-Cher, pour faire, sur place, une enquête sur l'hébergement et le ravitaillement des réfugiés en temps de guerre. Par suite, le Comité de coordination enverra des représentants enquêter dans diverses autres régions. Deux accidents d'aviation aux suites heureusement peu graves Cherbourg, 16 novembre. — Un avion des escadrilles du Béarn s'est écrasé à l'atterrissage sur le terrain de Quer-queville. Par bonheur, si l'appareil a subi des dégâts importants, le pilote n'a pas été blessé. Les débris de l'avion ont été relevés par les soins de Ja marine et déposés dans un hangar de Querqueville. Q Q Toulon, 16 novembre. — A Saint-Raphaël, un avion, piloté par le lieutenant de vaisseau Pferret, s'est brisé au sol, pour une cause non établie. Le lieutenant de vaisseau Pierret a été blessé. Il a été transporté 'à l'hôpital maritime de Toulon. Son état n'a pas" été jugé grave. La réorganisation administrative On communiqué : Un des décrets-lois à l'application desquels M. Paul Reynaud attache une importance toute particulière est celui qui tend à la réorganisation, à la réforme de l'administration française, à la recherche des meilleures méthodes pour qu'elle puisse remplir sa mission. Un comité va être immédiatement constitué, en exécution du d écret-l 01, composé de cinq membres chargés, pendant trois ans, de proposer toutes les réformes jugées utiles. Il devra porter la hache, comme l'a dit le ministre des Finances, dans tous les abus des administrations centrales et des services extérieurs, des sociétés concessionnaires des services publics et même privés travaillant pour la défense nationale. Ce comité, dont la composition sera fixée par un décret que publiera ce matin le Journal Officiel, sera présidé par M. Pichat, vice-président honoraire du Conseil d'Etat. Il tiendra première séance vendredi prochain. Le comité de réorganisation administrative est appelé, dans l'esprit du ministre, à jouer un rôle capital, analogue à celui que joua en Angleterre la Commission des économies, présidée par M. Snowden. La tâche d'informer le comité et de lui présenter des conclusions est confiée à des rapporteurs nommés par arrêtés ministérIels sur la proposition du comité. Ces rapporteurs auront tous pouvoirs pour inspecter les services administratifs et les sociétés travaillant pour la défense nationale et prendre connaissance de tous documents utiles à leur mission. Les premiers, résultats obtenus par le ■ comité de réorganisation administrative seront publiés dans le « Rectificatif * -iubudget de 1938. W_..zYITE:. la crème super-adoucissante qui) permet de se raser en un instant) sans savon, sans blaireau, sans douleur} RAZViTE doit Son succès depuis 25 ans A sa composition totalement différent*! des imitations. La crème RazViTe très compacte et très émolliente permet) '....m6dl.'.menl de faucher le poil le plus dur sans aucune douleur et) sans feu du rasoir. Elle adoucit et assouplit la peau en prévenant et calmenll toutes irritations: rouoeur., gerçures. piqûres d'insectes, coups de soiell, etc.Véritable crème de beauté dont les Femmes sont enchantées et que les Médecine conseillent,. EN VENTE PARTOUT ï) Le Tube 6 Francs Attention : Contre 2 1t. en timbres. RAZVÎTE. 79, Champs ÉlyséesT * Paris vous adressera son grand tube d'essai 126. : ■s Les Établissements M. LANQUETOT —— vous présentent — "NORMANDINETTE" Crème de m 0 Camembert Fabrication unique en France Produit incomparable et Inégalé, fabriqué avec les meilleurs camemberts affinés du Pays d'Auge QUALITÉ tout d'abord III la seule crème de Camembert sur le marché français garantissant 45 0/0 matières grasses à l'extrait see Et c'est un produit III du CRU NORMAND 100 % Français qui rayonne actuellement sous toutes les latitudes — EXIGEZ BIEN la Crème de Camembert "NORMANDINETTE" à votre fournisseur habitue) On s'abonne sans frais dans tous tes bureaux de poste, FORMIDABLE MISE EN VENTE TRES BELLES Gabardines Hommes et Dames, vendues très au-dessous de leur VALEUR : 225, 295, 350, 399 francs. CAOUTCHOUCS i 69, 76, 125 francs. BIALEK, fabricant, 5, bd Magenta. Métro : République NALADES k L"ESTONAC... y pen tez-vous ri lVoos avez. certainement eu l'occasion, dans Ct vous,, qui éprouvez aprea chaque repas de la «SPSE k K I h votre vie, de voir quelqu'un S'écorcher ou | lourdeur, des tiraillements, des renvois, des ~ÊL 9 K;:^. i K 9 8C brûler^. Que fait-on en pareil cas ? Un. pan? brûlures atroces, vous ne pensiez pas que le même 9 IY / m 9 Un pansement... vous vous moquez... allez-vous dire ? J | A|Y B 9 C'est cependant un pansement essentiellement protecteur de la muqueuse que réalise le Digéronal, ^9 9 vl yYx f 9 grâce à ses alcalino-terreux, à ses alcalins cald-magnésiens, et à sa Blédamylase (ferment découvert ik ' pf jJ IIP <jii i^flT/T [ »' 9 daM la cuticule du grain de blé par le Professeur G. Pouchet, membre de l'Académie de Médecine), 9 ^ | j l l B 9 TANT ainsi mis l'estomac à l'abri de Tulcé'% Cous son action bienfaisante, on voit bientôt isB raf^X vT^ i)" lt[ 9 ration qui se produirait forcément par la | cesser les malaises qui suivaient chaque repas, ^91 iS | - ^(7l P ny J S 9 trop grande sécrétion d'acide chlorhydrique, le les digestions ne sont plus interminables, et l'estoM MTjji V Digéronal se charge ensuite de rénover lés tissus, ' tomac retrouve peu à peu son fonctionnement ^9 M ffjuT^ de cicatriser les lésions. normal et sa tonicit& On peut enfin manger comme les autres ! Le Digéronal est, par surcroît, fort agréable à prendre ^ puisqu'il 60 présente en comprimés aromatisés à la menthe (stimulant du foie), à l'anis (agissant i|9R« sur la motricité de l'intestin), ou au chocolat (dont l'action sédative convient à certains estomacs). La dose est de 6 à I2 comprimés par jour, à croquer après les repas. — 12 frs la boîte de 100 vî™ Toutes pharmacies ou Établissements Chatelain, 2, rue de Vàleaciennes, Paris. ^ ADieËRÔNAL^4| m U IT * _• ; • U N PRO D ,CHATELAI N., LA MARQUE * 0 E~ Le grand discours de M. Léon Jouhaux à Nantes (De notre envoyé spécial) Nantes, 16 novembre. Dès l'ouverture de la séance du matin, M. Semard, président, qu'assis-, tent MM. Perrier (Puy-de-Dôme), et 'Nedelec (Bouches-du-Rhône) annonce : que les cinq derniers orateurs inscrits, MM. Porreye, Bourneton, Croi-zat, i,e-a-nnin et Arrachart. renoncent à ' la parole. Audition des délégués étrangers Il ne restait donc plus à entendre, avant la conclusion du débat sur le rapport moral, que les délégués des différents pays affiliés à la Fédération --syndicale internationale. MM. Emmanuel Freyd (Pologne) et Lindberg (Suède) apportèrent les traditionnels souhaits et compliments à la C. G. T. L'intervention de M.. Sche-Svenesl, secrétaire général de la F.S.I., fut marquée par une manifestation significative. Les éléments communi-eants du congrès se dressèrent comme sur un mot d'ordre et crièrent : '"'Unité ! Unité ! .. r "On sait que la F. S. I. s'est pro-t»ônçée, malgré l'intervention des délégués français au congrès d'Oslo, contre l'affiliation des syndicats rUlsses, qu'elle estime insuffisamment 'libres vis-à-vis de leur gouvernemeint. L'autre partie du congrès réagit -par de longs applaudissements et -M. Sclievenel précise que la F. S. I. ieist tout particulièrement soucieuse i'de l'autonomie absolue de ses centrales nationales. M. Sohevenel dit aussi ?avec quelle passion le déroulement des événements en France est suivi partout : — Nous suivons avec anxiété le déroulement des événements en France. 'Votre lutte contre le fascisme, votre effort pour maintenir les lois sociales. Dans La mesure où la classe ouvrière française résoudra ces problèmes, elle les résoudra pour les autres , mouvem,ents. Une profonde émotion s'empare du ^congrès quand M. Veg-a, représentant ■de l'U. G. T. et de la C. N, T. espagnoles, paraît à la tribune. Les délégués entonnèrent l'Internationale. M. Vega s'éleva contre toute reconnaissance du droit de belligérance à Franco. — Ce serait, dit-il, légitimer le banditisme et' la piraterie maritime. M. Vega parla aussi en faveur des femmes et des enfants espagnols : — L'hiver sera rude. Il nous faut soutenir et nourrir des milliers d'en,'Iants et de femmes. Toilt cé que le ; prolétariat international et notamment le prolétariat français pourra if aire ' aidera à notre lutte, qui est :votre lutte. Nous vous promettons de lutter, jusqu'au bout, jusqu'à la victoire, celle du prolétariat espagnol et celle du prolétariat international. Après M. Tixier, délégué du Bureau international du travail, M. Mohn vint attirer l'attention du congrès sur les menées hitlériennes en Alsace-Lorraine et la. parole fut donnée à M. Jouhaux pour qu'il réponde aux observations formulées sur le rapport moral.. * M. Jouhaux Dès que M. Jouhaux monte à la tribune, le congrès se dresse unanimement et ' chante Vlnterriàtionale. Le secrétaire général de la C. G. T. donne d'abord connaissance d'un télégramme de solidarité du mouvement ouvrier du Mexique et de l'Amérique latine, rédigé par M. Tolédano. leader du mouvement ouvrier en Amérique du Sud. Puis le secrétaire général de la C. G. T. annonce qu'il parlera sans passion et qu'il insistera par-dessus tout sur la nécessité du renforcement de l'unité de la C. G. T. Il déclare tout d'abord à son ami Dumoulin « qu'il considère ses affir-,mations comme des boutades Jt. ; ; — Dumoulin, dit-il, nous a, en somme, accusés de penser plus au concept « nation » qu'au concept de classe. Penser en termes de classe, certes, le régime actuel et notre formation nous y entraînent. Ce régime, nous n'en sommes pas responsables. Mais nous n'acceptons pas d'être exclus de la collectivité nationale. On ne refera pas ce pays en mettant au ban de la collectivité nationale la classe ouvrière organisée. Notre devoir est de travailler à une émancipation qui ne soit pas seulement celle de la classe ouvrière, mais cel,le de la Nation tout entière. Ce fut la pensée de Jaurès. A cette pensée, je resterai constamment fidèle. C'est parce que nous n'avons pas pu obtenir des responsabilités dans la vie économique de ce pays que nous en sommes arrivés aujourd'hui à ces circonstances graves pour la classe ouvrière, pour la paix et la liberté. M. Jouhaux réfute, ensuite la thèse défendue la veille par M. Mathé. Il conteste qu'il y ait un parti belliciste et un parti pacifiste. Il y a eu des camarades qui pensaient différemment mais qui ont su faire abnégation de leur position particulière pour travailler à la paix dans l'honneur et la dignité. — Une grande voix, dit-il, s'est fait entendre. L'a-t-on oubliée ? C'est celle du président ROOsevelt. et cela, on peut 'le dire ici, a été dans une) certaine mesure le résultat de l'intervention de Jouhaux, non comme personnalité individuelle, mais comme représentant du mouvement syndical français. Ces messages de Roosevelt ont joué un rôle décisif. Pas de responsabilités dans l'accord de Munich M. Jouhaux défend alors la C.G.T. de toute responsabilité dans les accords de Munich. Cette responsabilité, il la laisse à ceux qui ont signé les accords sans demander le consentement de la nation française, ni de la C.G.T. — Je n'ai pas dit qu'on n'avait pas évité le pire dans L'immédiat, moi. Je n'ai pas dit non plus qu'on avait assuré la paix. M. Jouhaux explique sa position d'unité dans la C.G.T. — J'ai toujours voulu que nos divergences intérieures ne deviennent pas un danger pour notre unité. rai travaillé à ce que nous nous retrouvions unis. sur une motion d'avenir, sur une motion constructive, pour une paix durable. Nous n'avons pas permis que les espérances malsaines qui s'étaient greffées sur notre amour de La paix disloquent notre V.G.T.-poiCf que Ux gueffe puisse paèsêf pliC-sr facilementJ Je rné reJou'ts, pour ma p,c!rt; du'résiil-tat "intervenu. Ce qui ne veut pas dire que nous n'ayons pas à agir, afin que la lutte pour la paix entre enfin dans sa phase constructive. On a dit que les accords de Munich n'étaient qu'un commencement. Mais ils n'ont eu aucun développement. On . n'a même pas été présent pour imposer le respect de la signature donnée. Tandis qu'un pays libre, fidèle à ses engagements descendait au tombeau, tandis que la POlogne et la Hongrie 'touchaient le prix de leur trahison, on n'est pas intervenu. Je ne vous rapporterai pas la conversation que j'ai eue avec un homme qui a pris aujourd'hui le chemin de l'exil, qui était un démocrate convaincu et qui pendant des années avait travaillé à construire la paix. Laissons cela pour des heures plus sereines où nous pourrons écrire l'histoire. Si la situation est ce qu'elle est aujourd'hui, c'est que ce déroulement était inclus dans le rapport qui-a précédé toutes ces conversations et toutes ces concessions le rapport Runci-man. Et M. Jouhaux lit un passage de ce rapport intervenant dans la politique intérieure de la Tch-éeoslovaqule et qui fatalement devait entraîner la démission de Benès -et l'avènement d'un gouvernement préfasciste. Les défaillances gouvernementales ' M. Jouhaux poursuit son discours en rappelant la dure lutte pas toujours victorieuse des peuples voisins pour la défense des libertés publiques. Puis il déplore qu'on n'ait pas commencé l'organisation de la paix. -' Nous avons ' été d'accord, dit-il, pour répondre à l'appel a1i président Roosevelt, pour réclamer la réunion d'une conférence internationale où, dans --l'égalité des droits et des devoirs, le monde nouveau pourra s'établir. Notre gouvernement n'a même pas eu le courage de faire respecter les accords de Munich. Il s'est porté garant, d'une frontière qu'il ne connaissait pas et dont ii a laissé la délimitation à ses propres adversaires. Notre gouvernement n'a pas su réclamer ce que les accords de Munich comportaient : une nouvelle réunion des « Quatre ». Il n'a pas su faire respecter les principes ethniques et les nécessités ethniques. Il n'a pas eu un mot de protestation lorsque ,Hitler et Mussolini se sont attribué le droilt d'arbitrer. Il a été absent, il est absent. il demeure absent. Bien loin d'avoir entendu la voix de RooseveU et de la C.G.T., ce fut la carence, et cette carence doit être notre raison de nous, affirmer. M. Jouhaux affirme : — Si vous laissez aller les choses, vous aurez la guerre et. la servitude. Causer avec Hitler sans renier nos amitiés M. Jouhaux se défend d'être hostile à toute conversation avec Hitler : — Mais pouf caiiser avec lui, devons-nous renier nos amitiés, faire fi de ceux qui restent ' avec nous, pour la défense des libertés ? Il n'y a personne qui puisse encore croire à la sincérité d'Hâter. Il a trop menti et son action a trop démenti ses paroles. Si nous abandonnions nos amitiés, nous nous trouverions devant lui comme la victime qu'il pourrait dépecer à son aise. , • Demain, nous pouvons nous trouver en vrésence d'un accord avec Hitler. Il aura peut-être l'apparence de sauvegarder la paix pendant un certain temps, mais il pourra brusquement nous mener à la guerre. Oui, qu'on parle avec Hitler pour préparer la conférence internationale entre grandes puissances. Nous rie réclamons pas une réunion de Babel 01.1 les Etats ne pourraient se com-vrendre. ■ Mais que la C.G.T. unie dans l'essentiel agisse hardiment et entraîne l'opinion publique derrière elle. Les décrets-lois M. Jouhaux en vient aux décrets-lois et à la prétendue politique de redressement qui serait baisée sur l'ac-crQissement de la production, alors que les réformes financières et les mesures fiscales ne peuvent aboutir qu'à un renchérissement du coût de la vie, et à une, diminution du pouvoir d'achat. — On reprend la formule « Enrichissez-vous ! » Enrichissez-vous, capitaListes. Que le travail descende dans la misère et le pays en sera plus fort. Cette formule, nous la rejetons avec mépris. Il y a une arithmétique subtile et des escamotages non moins subtils dont le bilan de la Banque de France porte l'empreinte, cela pour nous ramener sur le marché international la livre à 200 francs, pour laisser l'Etat prisonnier des emprunts à court terme. Le redressement, on a pensé à l'obtenir sur une seule formule : la confiance au capitalisme bancaire et au capitalisme industriel. Nous, nous sommes absents de la confiance. Nous subissons la contrainte et L'on espère ainsi obtenir la collaboration du travail et du capital. On devrait méditer ce que disait Roosevelt, lui, qui n'est pas suspect de bolchevisme : la démocratie doit gagner la confiance de ceux qui travaillent à sa défense, non pas seulement en défendant ce qui existe, mais en pensant à ce qui devrait exister. Est-ce que' nos gouvernants ont médité ces fortes paroles ? " Nous ne subirons pas l'arbitraire " Aucun gouvernement n'est fort sans la confiance de ceux qui constituent la richesse du pays, de ceux qui proluisent, de ceux qui travaillent. Cette confiance, nous la refusons. Nous restons à la disposition du pays pour toutes les mesures qui serviront son redressement et sa praductivité, mais nous ne pouvons admettre que l'ouvrier, refusant des heures supplémentaires inutiles qui prolongent le gaspillage des milliards, soit sanctionné par ceux qui devraient, au contraire, le féliciter de défendre les deniers publics. Ce n'est pas là la notion de la justice. C'est l'arbitraire. Nous n'avons pas connu 1936 pour subir aujourd'hui l'arbitraire qu'on veut nous imposer. M. Jouhaux répond au reproche fait au mouvement syndical de donner des responsabilités à des repris de justice : — S'il y a des brebis galeuses dans te mouvement syndical, nous ferons nous-mêmes le nettoiement. L'indépendance syndicale M. Jouhaux affirme son attachement à l'indépendance syndicale : — Nous ne considérons pas comme nulles les déclarations des trois partis qui peuvent se réclamer de la classe ouvrière, mais nous pensons aussi que notre union mérite bien quelques sacrifices, même s'il s'agit de sacrifices de structure demandés à un parti. M. Jouhaux précise : — Je ne mets pas sur le même plan les amicales socialistes, radicales et les cellules communistes. le dis à nos camarades : « Vous avez su politiquement faire des sacrifices quand il s'est agi de la défense de nos libertés. Aujourd'hui, le danger est grand. Aussi je vous demande de faire pour la C.G.T. tous les sacrifices utiles à assurer son unité. » C'est ainsi que nous pourrons partir vers la bataille que nous allons engager, car moi aussi je pense qu'il ne suffit pas de condamner. Il faut songer à l'action, y passer suivant un plan déterminé et conduit par nous jusqu'à ses pins extrêmes limites. Les lois actuelles ont été votées par le Parlement. Elles avaient été, à Matignon, admises par les représentants du capitalisme. Nous demandons aux parlementaires s'ils vont renier leur signature. Qu'ils répondent ! Et il termine en demandant à la C.G.T. d'apparaître comme une puissance ordonnée, défendant non seulement ses droits, mais en même temps ceux de tous les honnêtes gens du pays. — Et nous serions alors, conclut M. Jouhaux, comme l'éclair fulgurant de la justice dénonçant l'injustice. M. Léon Jouhaux à Saint-Nazaire Cet après-midi, tandis que siégaient les commissions du congrès de la C. G. T., les délégués étrangers et les membres du bureau confédéral, conduits par M. Schevenees, secrétaire général de la Fédération syndicale internationale et Léon Jouhaux, secrétaire général de la C. G. T., se sont rendus à Saint-Nazaire. Ils y ont été reçus 1 ar M. François Blancho, député-maire, ancien sous-secrétaire d'Etat à la Marine militaire, qu'entouraient les militants syndicaux locaux. Sous la conduite de l'ancien ministre, la délégation syndicale a visité les chantiers de constructions navales de Penhoët et de la Loire. Au retour de cette visite, une réunion a eu lieu à laquelle ont parti cipé les militants syndicalistes de la région nazairienne. Diverses allocu. tions furent prononcées par MM. Jou.vance, secrétaire de l'Union locale (tes syndicats de Saint-Naz,-i.Te ; Blan.chard, secrétaire du syndicat des métaux , Schevenees, François Blan.cho et Léon Jouhaux. Tandis que MM. Blanchard et François Blancho avaient souligné le chômage qui règne dam; la région, le secrétaire général de la C. G. T, s'est surtout attaché à montrer le caractère désastreux des décrets de M. Paul Reynaud. Il a confirmé leis déclarations qu'il avait faites le matin au congrès confédéral et qu'on trouvera d'autre part. Ajoutons que, dans la rue, plusieurs milliers de travailleurs ont acclamé les militants socialistes. A LA MANIÈRE DE... henry — C'est pas du pillage; c'est un mouvement spontané, Il ~ Les nouveaux décrets-lois et les impositions municipales Une communication de M. André Puech rapporteur général du budget de la Ville de Paris M. André Puech, rapporteur général du, budget de la Ville de Paris vi-ent de publier une note sur les nouveaux décrets-lois et leur répercussion sur les impositions municipales. M. André Puech déclare : — Ces décrets n'allègent nullement le budget municipal et ne lui apportent aucune possibilité fiscale nouvelle; ils lui imposent, au contraire, des charges supplémentaires. Ils frappent le personnel de la Ville de Paris d'une contribution exceptionnelle de 2 p. 100 perçue au profit de l'Etat, sans prévoir aucune augmentation des traitements de ce personnel. Il faut souligner d'ailleurs qu'une augmentation de traitement. correspondante à celle, que l'Etat alloue à son personnel, entraînerait, pour ;les -finançes, .parisiennes,^pe.1 jcharge nouvelle 1 et-'pèrWMeme^ ecviron, aggravant d'autant le déficit du budget général et détruisant l'équilibre des transports à la surface, péniblement réalisé par l'augmentation, très lourde des tarifs. En ce qui concerne les « dispositions spéciales B à la Ville de Paris, M. André Puech ajoute : — Ces « Dispositions spéciales » prévoient l'exercice du pouvoir de tutelle de l'Etat par inscription « d'une contribution extraordinaire » établie dans le cadre des lois en vigueur au cas où le Conseil municipal réduirait les dépenses « dans une proportion qui serait jugée excessive D. Et traduit en langage clair, cela veut dire une augmentation des centimes additionnels à la patente, à la personnelle mobilière et aux contributions foncières, centimes dont le montant devrait être alort presque doublé pour obtenir un équilibre budgétaire des dépenses proposées par l'administration. Le Conseil municipal ne peut dans les circonstances actuelles envisager une telle solution. Au cours de la session budgétaire qui va s'ouvrir prochainement, le conseil municipal aura à discuter de ces importants problèmes.....'. Autour de la politique Les petits propriétaires. — M. Didier a reçu hier matin une délégation des petits propriétaires, conduite Par M. Brachard, député de l'Aube. Le P.S.O.P. et les colonies. — Le bureau du Parti socialiste ouvrier et paysan a voté un ordre du jour de protestation contre les « sordides marchandages entre brigands impérialistes » et appelant les exploités de toute couleur à la lutte conw° le capitalisme Feuilleton de l'Œuvre. 17-11-38 (43) Flora, la fille perdue par Marion GILBERT QUATRIEME PARTIE v (Suite) ; C'est pour le bien qu'on a fait ça, pour point l'ambitionner. ' Il hésita et acheva : Maît' Eusèbe en était d'accord. L'étonnement le plus candide sonna dans la voix de la petite : — Mait' Eusèbe ? . Oui, est ça, justement, qu'faut que j'te dise. Par le fait, il m 'a donné commission. Pasque lui, i' il veut point parler lui-même, qu'i' dit, c't'homme. Il s'arrêta fourbu. Sa fille le regardait avec des yeux qui ne comprenaient pas. Il reprit : .p — Enfin, il m'a. dit d'te d'mander. Il y eut un silence. La petite attendait la suite. Elle finit par de-mander : —» gjjQàX Le père dit, tout son embarras revenu : — Te d'mander, toi, comme on d'mande eun' femme en maziage. Et,, comme elle se tlaisait, faute de comprendre encore, ou faute de paroles, il expliqua avec plus de facilité, cette fois, puisque le maître mot 'était enfin lâché : — Ça t'surprend, ma fille ? Pas tant comme moi, marche ! mais il dit comme ça qu'c'est l'seul moyen qu'tu r'viennes à Vireville sans la permission d'ta mère. Et, comme on raisonne un enfant, il continua patiemment : — Est un dessein qu'il a et y'a pas à y dire non. « Ça arrangera tout, qu'i' s'en va. Dites-y que de la sorte on n'aura à causer de rien. Tant qu'à sa mère, qui dit comme ça, j'y causerai moi-même et Flora n'entendra pas une raison plus haute que l'autre. » La petite Levasseur écoutait cela comme elle avait écouté toute sa vie les récits des marchés de son père et des bonnes ou mauvaises affaires conclues en vente ou achat de bestiaux. Et, vraiment, tous les mots employés auraient pu y figurer tant ils étaient ordinaires, courants ou mesurés. Oh ! que tout cela était loin de l'attente palpitante qui la tenait le dimanche à la barrière quand elle espérait Hilarion, ou de cette faiblesse qui lui coupait les jambes lorsqu'il la regardait, penché sur elle, à la méridienne ! Ce fut une sensation fugitive. L'aoûteux rentrait si rarement maintenant dans ses souvenirs. Pourtant, il fallut le çhaeser^ Chas ser un homme avec l'autre puisque c'était de cela qu'il s'agissait. Alors elle dit, comme en un rêve : — Mait' Eusèbe... Et, tout à coup, les choses lui revinrent ensemble et il fallut s'étonner : ■1 < — Pourquoi donc qu'i' n'disait rien ? Il m'a pas jamais parlé d'ça ! Le père souleva les épaules, en ignorance. — Est UT] homme qu'est « seul ». Personne sait c'qu'i' pense. Cette fois, elle sourit. — Pas tant qu'ça ! Il est point du tout dévoulant. Tout c'qu'il a pu m'dire quand on était dans l'chê-metié et tout c'qu'il a fait. J'en étais rapassée. Une lueur parut se lever au fond des yeux du père. A vingt ans, n'avait-il pas sangloté d'amour dans son lit haut placé d'écurie ? Pauvre valet alors, il aimait la fille de son maître ; ah, comme il l'aimait ! Plus tard, bien sûr, la belle, mariée richement, il s'était fait une raison, avec l'acariâtre, la laide Fidéline. Mais la revanche secrète de sa morne vie, c'est que Flora ressemblait à son amoureuse de jadis. L'amour, oui, l'amour... Il dit avec simplicité et peut-être un peu de honte, car l'on n'a point coutume entre gens de la terre de parler de ces choses qui mènent le monde r C'est pasque tu lui conviens, Flora, tu lui plais pour le màziage. Il a d'I'amitié pour toi, enfin. Elle arrachait machinalement i l'herbe partouffes, la tête baissée, en écoutant ces paroles devant le grand paysage qu'ils ne voyaient plus.'Enfin, elle dit : — Ça m'semble tout drôle. J'y avais pas jamais pensé, aussi vrai que me v'là là. Tout parut dit sans que tien fût conclu et ils se levèrent pour regagner la ville. Le soleil approchait maintenant de la mer sur laquelle il faisait un chemin de reflets d'or rouge. Et tous, les toits gris devenaient roses. Le père et la fille n'échangèrent que de rares paroles en descendant la . falaise et les petites ruelles du faubourg. Mais en approchant de l'hôpital, Flora ralentit le pas. Alors, le père Levasseur osa lui demander : — Qui qu'c'est qu'i' faudra qu'j'y dise à Mait' Eusèbe ? Ils atteignaient la grille quand elle répondit : — Tu y diras que j'le remercie bien d'sa bonté. Elle l'embrassa, comme toujours, de tout son cœur et partit tandis qu'il restait là à la regarder traverser la cour pleine de soleil couchant, surpris, embarrassé et aussi incertain qu'à son arrivée. & Ci) Le maître de Lahoussaye arriva le lendemain vers le soir et n'eut pas la patience d'attendre au parloir, mais, nanti de la permission nécessaire, gagna le potager où Flora aidait la converse à cueillir des petits pois Elle ne l'aperçut que lorsqu'il fut au bout de la rangée verte. Alors, elle cria joyeusement : — C'est-il vous, Maît' Eusèbe? Elle courut à lui,mais s'arrêta brusquement, tout à coup gênée. La figure du grand fermier s'était éclairée. Et il dit seulement : — Flora ! Alors elle s'approcha et, les yeux d-ans les siens, elle dit doucement : — Maît' Eusèbe, ce sera à vot' volonté. Il n'osait pas la toucher. — Mais, c'est-il ta yolonté à toi, j Flora ? Elle dit de même. — Mais oui, MaîtEusèbe, j'suis consentante. Il insista encore. — L'dis-tu d'bon cœur ? Elle sourit et toute sa figure ne fut plus qu'une offrande de bonne volonté qui ne nécessitait pas de réponse. Alors il la prit dans ses bras et la baisa doucement au front. Et puis, i.l l'écarta de lui pour la regarder avec une espèce d'étonne-ment gourmand. — Mais tu m'trouves-t-il point trop vieux, ma Flora ? Elle le regarda sérieusement de ses yeux pâles. — Pourqui qu'vous dites ça, Maît' Eusèbe ? — Maie pasque t'es si jeune, toi, tu regretteras peut-être un jour... Elle dit loyalement. — J'sais pas c'qu'arrivera un jour, mais aujourd'hui je suis consentante. Il eut la figure d'un homme dé.livré. — Eh bien, ça étant, j't'emmène tout de suite. — Tout de suite ? — Mais oui, je m'arrangerai avec madame la Supérieure. Comme toutes les femmes, Bam les amoureuses, elle se défendit û ce départ hâtif qui comblait s vœux. Mais il avait réponse à to et, une heure plus tard, Flora eta assise dans la charrette anglaISe du fermieE. CA suivre.) «L'ŒUVRE» ! publiera prochainement MA LINGÈRE DE GENÈVE Roman inédit par PASCALE Un livre poignant humain, qui éclaire le grand drame a* la solitude féminine, de "j* existences en demi-teintes Partagées entre les vaines espérances et la prostration. f bon parcea et je recommander ce I* fljlUy $>" 4 constaté l'efficacité dans ma famille. Que J|g de fois ai-je vu ma mère et mes sœurs, '**' lÈ tristes, lasses, incapables de se distraire 'ÙÊ^iJèË à quoi que ce fût, recouvrer teint frais, Tgaîté, appétit, courage, après avoir employé la JOUVENCE DE L'ABBÉ SOURY J'ai toujours entendu dire que dans tous les cas où le sang est en défaut, la JOUVENCE DE L'ABBÉ SOURY est le remède souverain pour la FEMME, et qu'aucun autre produit ne peut la remplacer. La JOUVENCE DE L'ABBË SOURY est aussi active qu'inoffensive et les plantes qu'elle contient soignent le sang en l'enrichissant tout en régularisant son cours. It LA JOUVENCE DE L'ABBÉ SOURY, *W*^^VAFI9E9°ME# préparée aux Laboratoires Mag. DUMONTIER, •OTTES DE COVCRBS à Rouen, se trouve dans toutes les pharmacies. T0MEPHLÉÊITVeASR1CE8 PRIX : Le flacon : Liquide Pilules 12,75 Bien exiger la véritable DU RETOUR D AOS JOUVENCE DE L'ABBÉ SOURY, CIIALEURS tTOUFFEMENTS . VAPEURS qtd porter le portrait de l'ABBÉ SOURY et, en rouge, la signature : Mag. DUMONTIER. JOUVENCE DE Au,s IR BDUPY.frTJt J Un ancien groom inscrit au chômage s'était installé «Docteur» Et pour corser ses revenus vendait à ses clients des échantillons qu'il se procurait gratuitement Guérir l'humanité de ses fléaux est, sans nul doute, une noble tâche. Elle inspire, ces temps-ci, bien des gens qui rêvent d'adoucir les maux de leurs semblables... Après l'histoire de l'échappé de l'asile de Villejuif, médecin sains diplômes mais philanthrope, établi rue Saint-Martin, qui traitait ses malades sans leur demander un centime, voici un nouveau docteur qui, n'ayant jamais passé par l'Ecole de médecine, ne se gênait point, pourtant, pour pratiquer cette science et en toucher les revenus. René-Albert Donon était un débrouillard. Ancien groom dans divers établÎlSsements, il avait appris diverses façons de se « défendre » dans la vie. Revenu du régiment en 1936, ce beau garçon, très élégant, s'installa dans un hôtel de la rue du v Mont-Cenis. Toujours en quête de travail, il n'en Payait pas moins fort régulièrement SOn hôtelier. Cependant, le beau jeune homme qUi ne faisait rien eut, un jour, quelles démêlés avec la police. Il disparut de la circulation un certain teïïips, puis il revint, au mois de K&ts dernier, chez son ancien logeur. Afin de payer son loyer sans qu'il Jui en coûte bien cher, Donon s'était f&it inscrire sur les listes de chômage du 18e arrondissement. Et comme il avait certains principes, l'ancien groom complétait la somme payée à son hôtelier par le bureau de chômage. Car, cette fois, Donon « travaillait ». G ,rà,ee à la complaisance d'une con-verge, il se faisait adresser son courir dans un immeuble cossu, sous le et l'attribution suivantes : « Doc-Donon de Bures, ex-interne des hôpitaux, urologie et dermatologie ». Il est certain que ce docteur imaginaire ne pouvait, faute d'un local, recevoir ses clients. Par contre, il OPérait à domicile. fa-+ -ux" L'ingénieux Donon s'était foit inscrire à l'annuaire médical. A W titre, il recevait de nombreux outillons gratuits qu'il revendait, pairie bien vous le pensez, à ses ^•lents ; d'où une nouvelle source de revenus. Mita les combines les plus ingénieurs ne sont pas exemptes de danger. otre nouveau « docteur » manquait "Rtterition' nlétier Un beau jour, il éveilla mention de la police et la superche-ri®, fut éventée. lfti • homme a été arrêté hier par «aJ^specteurs, qui le conduisirent au f n * M, Massu puis au Dépôt. de OnGn de Bures », sous la robe .e du prisonnier, pourra en toute tranquillité, son-9 r a un nouveau « truc Il, Vingt ans de prison à l'espion Koch ris efi1 tribunal militaire de Pa-hitL Si "Séant à huis clos, a comparu •k jJ® sujet allemand Ludwig Koch, irisait' arrêté en juin 1935 par des Korh rs de Sûreté nationale. corrmtl' ]^culpé d'espionnage pour le a. éS . ?e puissance d'outre-Rhin, et plaidoirie de Me Minor l,,réqu £ tOirè, sévère du lieutenant-nei BO'Grlois, condamné à 20 ans de séjour û 6t 20 ans d'interdiction L'escroc les policiers et le petit chien Henry Kanker Les inspecteurs Picard et ManonvilJ 1er, de la Police judiciaire, étaient chargés de retrouver un malfaiteur qui, depuis un certain temps, volait dans les autos en stationnement, principalement dans le 14' arrondjssem-ejit. Ils l'identinèrent sous le nom de Bugnet, demeurant 32, rue Perceval. La nuit dernière, les policiers étaient en surveilLance devant l'immeuble lorsqu'ils reconnurent à proximité leur collègue Le Long qui surveillait le même immeuble. Ils l'abordèrent et ce dernier déclara : — Je cherche un certain Kanker. Les inspecteurs confrontèrent les photographies qu'ils possédaient et reconnurent qu'il s'agissait du même individu. Dès l'heure légale, ils pénétrèrent dans l'immeuble et trouvèrent le malfaiteur endormi. Il avait à la tête de son lit deux pistolets automatiques de 6,35 et 7,35 chargés. Dans un coin de la chambre se trouvait un petit chien qui n'avait pas aboyé. En outre, il y avait de nombreuses malles, valises et mallettes contenant des objets les plus divers : articles de Paris, de bonneterie, de lingerie, d'appareillage électrique dérobés dans les magasins et les autos. Toutes ces marchandises ont été placées sous scellés. Le malfaiteur fut interrogé au commissariat de police de Plaisance. Il s'agissait d'Edmond-Henri Kanker, né le 13 novembre. 1919 à Rennes (Ille-et-Vilame). Il avait commis un vol de 14.000 fr. dans un restaurant, place Saint-Michel, où il avait été jadis employé. Depuis, il se livrait aux vols. Quant au chien, il l'avait volé mardi dernier à Mme Feivresse, 66, rue des Plantes, afin d'assurer sa garde pendant son sommeil. Kanker a été envoyé au Dépôt. L'enquête se poursuit pour retrouver des receleurs et les propriétaires des marchandises volées, dont un inventaire Hpt.pill£ î» pi ri TASSA Encore un Italien indésirable Après un active surveillance, l'inspecteur principal Joublet et les inspecteurs Balmad et Delpy ont arrêté aux Halles centrales, en flagrant délit de v61 de sacs de pommes de terre, le repris de justice Alberto Bortoluzzi, 27 ans, 49, rue Bizet, à Villejuif. Une perquisition opérée à son domicile a fait découvrir un stock important de pièces détachées d'autos et de pneus que l'Italien avoua avoir volées. Déjà frappé d'interdiction de séjour, I 'indésirable a été envoyé au Dépôt. SPECTACLES théâtres THEATRE DES ARTS " ILE RIDEAU DE PARIS I de Marcel H«t«-ftnd et Jean Marôhat présente ; ■ L;ÉPOQUItt' OU HÔUS VIVONS I de KARBL CAPEK I Marie KALFF a soutenu wn r61e et toute, la piton avec une puissance et I une émotion admirables. F. STROWSKI. N SOIREES : Ce soir, Samedi et Mardi, Carmosine, Le Médecin votant ; Vendredi, Tricolore, Cantique des Cantiques ; Dimanche, Un nu.ua.. <h ««illâ rilllÉII* Deux proverbes. de Carmontellej Lundi et Mercredi, Le.. Testament du Père Leleu, La surprise de l'Amour, MATINEES : Aujourd'hui, Le Malade imaginaire, Les Plaideurs ; Samedi, 3* Matinée poétique (Le Voyage) i Dimanche, Aumodée.., OHATELET, — Aujeurd'hut à 14 h. 30, matinée familiale à prix réduite. LE TOUR DU MONDE EN 80 JOURS. (1 fr. 54t à 22 fr.). — Matinée à prix réduits tous les Jeudis. MOQADQR. — Aujourd'hui à 14 h. 90, matinée populaire à prix réduits, le grand succès BALALAÏKA Avec sa magnifique interprétation. (5 à tt fr.). — Mat. à prix réd. Jeudis et ftantodl*. PETIT MONDE, 10, M. 16.... — ,Aujouir. dttul 14 h. 30, c BLANCHE NEIOE ». ,'1 GENERALES ET PREMIERES Ce soir : An Théâtre du Gymnase, à et h. 15 très précises, première d'Atfmn. de M. Marcel Achard., D<!tMtM •• A l'Odéon à 20 h. 40, répétition générale de Paris-Babel, de M. Emile Fabre. y L'tcàle de la CMiUmt, MOS ]a dtMietion de Mme Esther Lekain, ouvrira ses portes dans la première cruinzaine de décembre au Théâtre George-VI. Se faim inscrire au théâtre. PALAIS-ROYAL ^timbrée. fm., t8t gds concerts ORCHESTRE SYMPHONIQUE DE PARIS Salle Pleyel (252, Faubg Saint-Hono-ré) Dimanche 20 novembre, à 17 h. 15 t JEAN MOREL LOTTE SCHOENE JEAN FOURNIER Symph. Ut min., Beethoven. — Ridante ta Oalma, Air d'idoménèth Mozart. — Ceno, Ré maj., Brahms. Joyeuses Commères, Nicolai. — Damnation, Berlioz. x Gros événement artistique dimanche prochain, chez Pasdeloup : le célèbre chef d'orchestre Dobrowen, acclamé depuis dix ans dans le monde entier et qui n'a jamais dirigé en France, et la grande pianiste Magda Tagliafero (récemment pro mue officier de la Légion d'honneur), de retour d*TiM triomphale tournée dans les Balkans et en Turquie. ....~ 1 music-halls cabarets attractions MARIE DUBAS à l'A. B. C. Le nouveau programme de l'A.B.C., tant par sa diversité et son rythme que par sa qualité, doit eotftptér parmi les meilleurs que nous ayons vus, en quatre ans, boulevard Poissonnière. , , -Benjamin de la troupe, le chansonnier Raymond Bour ouvre le feu et connaît une fois de plus un franc succès pour sa bonne humeur familière et « cabaretière ft, Je ne sais si la « Princess Chiyo » a vraiment droit à la couronne fermée, mais son exotisme américanisé est savoureux. Comme autre vedette internationale, nous est présentée la chanteuse Nadia Mirova : en français au moins, elle a fait apprécier l'étendue de son registre. Un sympathique numéro de duettistes, c'est Pierre Bayle, pianiste et compositeur, et" Jacque-Simonot, chanteur et parolier ; en coulisses déjà sonnent des cuivres qui annoncent le jazt Fred Adison ; excellent orchestre, corsé de chants, de danses, sketches et parodies. Et enfin il y a l'étonnant Bobby MIlY, un des meilleurs jongleurs du moment. Après les dix minutes de récréation offertes par Mlle Lilo, Mme Marguerite Pifteau parut : c'est une artiste au style très pur et qui sait chanter ; la preuve en est qu'elle se fait applaudir dans un répertoire — je n'ai pas changé d'avis — un peu périmé. On a revu avec amusement M. Berg qui semble sorti tout exprès d'un film américain pour draper avec des gestes de magicien, des mètres de soieries autour de ses mannequins ; c'est la « robe improvisée » en rimes féminines... On a vu reparaître aussi à l'A.B.C. les Chesterfield comme leur nom ne l'indique pas, disons tout de suite que ce sont deux Français qui font les clowns. Leur séance de musique de chambre est bien joyeuse. On s'est diverti également aux danses égyptiennes de Wilson, Kettel et Betty et le tour de Marie. Dubas est enfin arrivé. Nul n'ignore avec quelle conscience Marie Dubas prépare ses rentrées ; quand parfois, il nous arrive de préférer d'anciennes chansons à de nouvelles, on se doute bien que ce n'est pas faute pour l'artiste d'en avoir cherché.... Il est donc agréable de dire que toutes les nouvelles chansons de Marie Dubas sont bonnes et que certaines — « Tant pis pour les rimes » entre autres — sont execellentes ; ai-je besoin de vous redire avec ardeur, queller-vitalité, quelle émotion et quelle retenue,, elle les Interprètes? , „ MONTBOROM, £01 »co ncpPCOp 21 heures, Folle en nHJCS~DLliOLPI. PleurS. Damia, L. viada PROGRAMME DES THEATRES CET APRES-MIDI : FRANÇAIS, 14.30, Le malade imaginaire, Plaideurs. ODEON, 14.30. Phèdre. On ne saurait penser à tout. ODEON POPULAIRE (S. pleyel), 14 h., l 'Avare, Le médecin malgré lui; PETIT MONDE (S. Iéna), 14.30, Blanche-Neige. Châtelet, 14.30 ; Mog&dar, 14.45 ; PaJAis.
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MIT
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localfoodnodes
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albjeremias
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@import "public/bootstrap-override"
@import "public/common"
@import "public/page"
@import "public/footer"
@import "public/navigation"
@import "public/map"
@import "public/product"
@import "public/node"
@import "public/producer"
@import "public/locale-switcher"
@import "public/frontpage"
@import "public/checkout"
@import "public/calendars"
@import "public/user-nav"
@import "public/cart"
@import "public/membership"
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The story of the Forth
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H. M. Cadell
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Spoken
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Scottish Geographical Magazine To cite this article: H.M. Cadell (1912) The story of the Forth, Scottish Geographical
Magazine, 28:5, 225-263, DOI: 10.1080/14702541208555121 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702541208555121 This article was downloaded by: [University of Bristol]
On: 16 March 2015 At: 07:44 This article was downloaded by: [University of Bristol]
On: 16 March 2015 At: 07:44 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the
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forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://
www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions THE
SCOTTISH
GEOGRAPHICAL
MAGAZINE. Downloaded by [University of Bristol] at 07:44 16 March 2015 I.--INTRODUCTORY. FRom its first beginnings in the remote ages of the geological past down
to the more recent and better known times of the a~chseologist, the
River Forth has had an interesting and ehequered career. The story of
the Forth is indeed a long one, and it is not possible now to do more
than attempt to draw some rough and general outlines of what observa-
tion and theory lead us to suppose has happened at a few separate
periods in the life of the river. p
The ways and habits of streams and running waters have been much
studied by geographers in recent years, but it may be well, for the
benefit of any not specially versed in the lore of physical geography and
geology, to begin the argument, like Euclid, with a few elementary
postulates and axioms, so that there may be a clear understanding of
the reasoning on which the conclusions in the following pages are
founded. Nature is a thing of law and order, and although it may not always
be very apparent at firsf~ sight, it is the fact that law and order prevail
among the living waters of the earth as well as among the inhabitants of
the plant and animal kingdoms. When a river is found apparently
disobeying some general law and following an irregular and abnormal
course, then the philosopher may with profit consider the matter and try
to ascertain the why and wherefore of the unusual phenomenon and
what lessons it may have to teaeh. y
When, for example, r~in falls on a sloping roof it naturally runs VOL. XXVIII. R SOOTTISlt GEOGI{AP/:~I(JAL ~AGAZ1NN', 226 straight down to the rhones, and after a shower if we were to notice
that it had apparently run obliquely across the slates or even up towards
the ridge we should, no doubt, be much surprised and anxious to trace
the cause of such a remarkable and unnatural phenomenon. Now in the
case of a river its naturM course is a straight line by the shortest route
from the watershed to the sea. The original surface of the land after it
was first upheaved from the sea, where the solid rocks mostly all
originated, was covered with streams all running more or less in the
direction of its greatest declivity. I.--INTRODUCTORY. By and by the rills began to
coalesce into a few larger streams with shallow valleys and tributaries. The tributaries ran towards the sea and the main river, and joined the
trunk at a more or less acute angle above the confluence. A normal
river is thus like a well-developed tree with branches growing upwards
from the stem and stretching towards the light of heaven. Some
branches may get more light and become stronger than others, and some
tributaries may receive more rain and grow larger than others, until in
time the young and symmetrical figure grows into a distorted old
patriarch with almost no resemblance to its original form. p
g
These may seem truisms too obvious to be worth mentioning, but as
we follow the argument the use of referring to them may soon become
more apparent. As time goes on the glens grow deeper and larger, and
their rivers acquire a prescriptive right of way that becomes ever
stronger with the lapse of centuries. Each river has a valley, and there
are no dry valleys that have not once been occupied by a river except in
a very few abnormal cases. If we find a dry valley it is a proof of some
change of circumstances, and to this point we shall return later on. g
,
p
Now it must not be forgotten that the rivers have made the valleys,
and it is not the" valleys that have determined the courses of the rivers. The valleys in this country are not due to cracks or sinkings of the
surface of the earth's crust--a fact that is easily proved by a little
investigation. There are no doubt many cracks and fissures in the
rooks, but these run across the country in more or less straight lines,
and are never found to wind about like the tortuous meanderings of
river beds, nor do they branch from the main stem and subdivide again
like the tributaries
of a river system. No doubt fissures are
occasionally to be found running along the beds of straight river courses
for some distance, but this is because fissures mark lines of weakness
and broken rock, along which running water, if it happens to be flowing
in the same direction, finds it easier to excavate a channel than at places
where the rock is quite undisturbed and solid. I.--INTRODUCTORY. q
The next point to be noted is the two ways in which the rock is
worn down. Streams eat their way both downwards into the rock and
backwards into the hills. The Cauldron Linn, for example, shows a
stream busily engaged in sawing out a notch in a hard dyke of basalt
that crosses the Devon below the picturesque gorge at the Rumbling
Bridge. The sand and gravel brought down from the Oehils in the
course of centuries has enabled the water to grind away part of the
barrier, and as soon as the hard rib has been entirely sawn through, the
fall will recede into the softer sandstone above the dyke and still further THE STORY OF THE FORTH, 227 deepen ~he ravine up stream. The fall will eat its way back into the
hills, and the more water and gravel that comes down ~he fasbr will the
recession go on. When the water is low and clear there is practically
no erosion, but when the stream is in spate, and full of heavy grit and FIG. L--The Cauldron Linn, Downloaded by [University of Bristol] at 07:44 16 March 2015 FIG. L--The Cauldron Linn, sediment, it goes on grinding merrily, like a lapidary's wheel with plenty
of diamond dust (Fig. 1). It is a far cry from the Cauldron Linn to Niagara, but here we see
the same process at work on a vastly grander scale. The classic American
river has been for centuries eating its falls backward from Lake Ontario
towards Lake Erie, and from 1842, when measurements were first made,
the falls had retreated, up till 1905, a distance of 265 feet, or at
the average rate of a little over .4 feet per annum,
Had the water SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE. 228 been turbid and full of sediment the rate would no doubt have been
much more rapid, but, issuing in a clear and limpid stream from the
great lake above it, it can only work on the rock by undermining the soft
shale under the limestone ledge, which falls in great blocks and is ground
to powder in the vast cauldron beneath. So rapid is the recession in
spite of this want of sediment that the Canadian Fall, formerly known
as the Horse Shoe, has completely changed its form, and is now like a FIG. I.--INTRODUCTORY. 2.--The Colorado Cation, Downloaded by [University of Bristol] at 07:44 16 March 2015 FIG. 2.--The Colorado Cation, sharp letter V pointing up stream. It is much less picturesque than
when I first visited it twenty-one years ago, and the remarkable power of
the cataract in tearing away and removing the hard rock is most
impressive. From Niagara to the Grand Cation of the Colorado in Arizona is
another far cry, but if we turn to that remote wilderness of the Far West
we find a still more impressive example of the erosive power of running
water, this time, however, far from blue and limpid. The Colorado
River has for ages been running like the Nile from a rainy country
across a dry desert plateau made up of flat beds of more or less soft rock 229 THE STORY OF THE FORTH. of brilliant and variegated tints. It has cut its bed down through
several geological formations to a depth a~ p]aces of more than 5000 I
feet. The seething stream far down at the bottom of this awful abyss
is nothing but a rolling mass of sand and mud liable to sudden floods
and changes of level and eolour. When I was down the cation in 1891
the water was comparatively low and had the colour and consistency of I feet. The seething stream far down at the bottom of this awful abyss
is nothing but a rolling mass of sand and mud liable to sudden floods
and changes of level and eolour. When I was down the cation in 1891
the water was comparatively low and had the colour and consistency of SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL ~IAGAZINE. 230 pease soup. The rocks were evidently being rapidly ground down and
rolled along in pieces that would soon be broken up and washed away in
grains to the Gulf of California. No intelligent person who has ever
seen that marvellous river can doubt for a moment that its gorge has
been scooped ou~ in the past by the same processes as are still engaged
in its excavation. The illustration (Fig. 2) shows the zig-zag line of the cliffs and valley
of erosion as contrasted with the straight lines of the cliffs of elevation
which follow the course of fault fissures in the plateau. I.--INTRODUCTORY. The Irrawaddy at the second defile, about 600 miles above
Rangoon, crosses a range of mountains 4000 feet in height, and as the
surface of the water is only 300 feet above sea-level the gap in the
mountains is about 3700 feet deep. The river bed in the centre of the
defile is full of enormous holes, some of them 27 fathoms, or more than
160 feet, in depth, produced as in the Nile by the swirling, surging
current dragging along the grit and soil that is constantly being washed
down from the shoals and jungle-clad alluvial banks upstream (Fig. 4). j
g
p
(
g
)
Let us now come a little nearer the proposition under discussion,
and, leaving these far-away rivers, consider for a few minutes another
and more theoretical part of the question, arising, however, out of what
we have been observing, and relating more closely to what falls to be
observed at home. To make the subject abundantly clear I have drawn
diagrams showing two model rivers, A and B, at four successive stages
in their hypothetical history. (See Plate I.) yp
y
Each river has ten tributaries, five on either bank. River A on the
left flows over soft strata that constitute the greater part of the original
sloping plateau. River B, let us suppose, has the lower part of its
course on hard solid granite, tinted darker on the plan, and hatched in
section. The granite area being much more durable than the stratified
part of the plateau, B will not be able to deepen its bed nearly so fast
as A, and the tributaries of A will therefore eat their way down-
wards and backwards at the greater rate, as shown in the second
figure. By and by the lowest of A's tributaries on the left bank may
push its way backwards, say along the line of junction of the hard and
soft roeksl which may be a fault fissure easy to excavate; and will in
time succeed by virtue of its greater declivity in eating into the water-
parting and tapping the headwaters of the nearest of B's tributaries. I.--INTRODUCTORY. p
To change the scene once more, there are rivers that not only deepen
their valleys but scoop out enormous holes in them, so that were they to
be temporarily dried up, their course would be marked by chains of deep Downloaded by [University of Bristol] at 07:44 16 March 2015 Downloaded by [University of Bristol] at 07:44 16 March 2015 FIG. 4.--The second defile of the Irrawaddy. FIG. 4.--The second defile of the Irrawaddy. and narrow lakes separated by dry spaces or ridges of rock. The Nile
at the Bab-el-Kalabsha, about 30 miles above the great dam of Assuan,
runs between granite walls of no great height, but these drop perpen-
dicularly into water 18 fathoms or 108 feet deep, much below the level of
the granite at the dam. The hard sand of the desert is blown into the
river and swept along the bottom first downwards and then upwards as
the water shallows, so as in course of time to grind out a long, deep
trough which can be produced in no other way than by multitudes of
hard grains constantly being dragged along by the powerful current
(Fig. 3). and narrow lakes separated by dry spaces or ridges of rock. The Nile
at the Bab-el-Kalabsha, about 30 miles above the great dam of Assuan,
runs between granite walls of no great height, but these drop perpen-
dicularly into water 18 fathoms or 108 feet deep, much below the level of
the granite at the dam. The hard sand of the desert is blown into the
river and swept along the bottom first downwards and then upwards as
the water shallows, so as in course of time to grind out a long, deep
trough which can be produced in no other way than by multitudes of
hard grains constantly being dragged along by the powerful current
(Fig. 3). (
g
)
A still more striking example of this phase of stream erosion which
I have noticed in the course of my travels is to be found in the second
defile of the Irrawaddy in Burma, a river whose valley is less known,
but at some places far more picturesque than that of the famous water THE STORY OF THE FORTH, 231 of Egypt. I.--INTRODUCTORY. y
,
This area also comprises fresh- and salt-water lochs of great beauty
and interest, not only to the tourist in search of scenery and sport, but
to the merchant in search of business and the scientist in pursuit of
knowledge. These lochs, all more or less long and narrow, are often
far deeper than the sea outside, and although mostly outside the Forth
district have, as we shall see, a distinct place in the history of that
river. From the point of view of the geological historian~ lakes, however
they may have originated, are only to be looked upon as temporary and
evanescent features of the ever-changing landscape. They constantly
receive from the surrounding hills and glens streams of turbid water full
of sediment, but the outflowing river is always clear and limpid, all the
detritus having been separated in the calm water and left behind as in
a filter. Filters, however, become choked up in time, and so do lakes, and
the whole country is dotted over with old lake beds that have become
overgrown with peat or silted up, many of them within quite recent
times. Their outlets have also been deepened by the effluent streams,
and the shallower ones may thus have been often drained quite dry. Many countries, like the United States, India, and Australia, have
perfectly dry scenery with none of the glittering spots of fresh water that
add so much to the attractiveness of the Scottish landscape. p
It is only in countries where lakes have been produced at a compara-
tively recent time that they still exist in large numbers. Time was
when there was none in Scotland, or at least very few in our upland glens
and straths, but the Great Ice Age arrived and passed slowly by, covering
the land like Greenland with a mantle of solid ice and snow, and when at
last the glaciers melted away and the frozen flood subsided, the worn face
of the land appeared once more to view, but now all flecked over with
bright streaks and pools of shining water. g
p
g
Countries that have been under ice, such as Canada, Scandinavia,
Finland, and Patagonia, are sprinkled over with countless numbers of
lakes and tarns, which have some relation to the local river-systems. I.--INTRODUCTORY. Nothing succeeds like success, and being thus reinforced with more
water, this invader of B's territory may go on and next succeed in
tapping the upper part of B's main channel, and end by finally decapi-
tating B altogether and drawing off half of its water into A's domain. B will thus become weaker and weaker, and A will wax in the same
proportions as B wanes, and the lowest enterprising tributary of A may
end in growing greater than the parent stream itself, as shown in the
next figure. This tributary may grow so deep as to end in finally tap-
ping not only B's headwaters, but any part of B's basin it can reach, and
in this way the final state of matters will be that the second of B's
tributaries on the left bank may be diverted into A's basin, leaving B in
a miserable condition with hardly anything to live on but fond memories
of departed greatness. p
g
The original course of the main river is described by physical
geographers as consequent, as it is consequent on the originM direction of
slope. The course of the later tributaries joining it is similarly known as
subse~luent, but sometimes, as we shall see afterwards, rivers flow in a third
direction, neither consequent nor strictly subsequent in the sense now
used. In the last figure the second tributary of B on its left bank will
be seen to have been tapped, so that the water near the confluence with
the subsequent tributary of A runs in a direction against the slope of 232 SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHIOAL MAGAZINE. the plateau and o22osite to the original direction of flow of river B. A
stream that has thus reversed its course is said to have become obseq~e,;#,
a useful term first proposed by my friend, Professor W. M. Davis of
Harvard. It is clear that in time A might become so deep as to draw
off the whole of ]3, and in that case the lower part of B would run back-
wards against the original direction of slope, and the river become
entirely obsequent. Good examples of obsequent streams are to be
found in various old river-systems, and particularly in the basin of the
Forth and Clyde, to which we shall now return. I.--INTRODUCTORY. As
rivers of water scoop out hollows in their beds, so do rioters of ice in their
valleys, especially where these are narrow and constricted, but ice being
much more solid than water, has power to grind down its channel far
more effectively. Besides this, the pressure on the bed of a glacier
hundreds or even thousands of feet thick, as many of the Scottish glaciers
must have been at one period, is far greater than that which the largest
river can bring to bear on the gravel it is sweeping along. No doubt, as
we have seen, if rivers were to dry up, as they often do in Australia, II
IIi
PLATE I.--Four stages ia the development of a river system. IV
Downloaded by [University of Bristol] at 07:44 16 March 2015 Downloaded by [University of Bristol] at 07:44 16 March 2015 IIi PLATE I.--Four stages ia the development of a river system. IV PLATE I.--Four stages ia the development of a river system. PLATE II.--Loclt LOnG A]~ll LOCH ~LOMOND ])ISTRICT, StlOWING VALLI~]Y ~YST]]i~. The regions left white are under 500 feet above sea-level, and each gradation
of tint represents a rise of 500 leer. PLATE II.--Loclt LOnG A]~ll LOCH ~LOMOND ])ISTRICT, StlOWING VALLI~]Y ~YST]]i~. The regions left white are under 500 feet above sea-level, and each gradation
of tint represents a rise of 500 leer. 233 THE STORY OF THE FORTIf. chains of lakes and pools would be found scattered along their track, but
these would be quit.e insignificant compared to the deep basins in reeks
where ice has been at work. The glaciers merely accentuated and
deepened the old river valleys, but did not produce new ones. The rivers
were on the ground long before the glaciers, which were only temporary
tenants that appeared on the scene and occupied the valleys during an
important but limited period. While the ice prevailed the rivers' work
was suspended and their ordinary habits were changed, but only for
a time, to be quickly resumed as soon as the climate again became
normal. It is thus apparent that, except for the rivers, the ancient Scottish
landscape was a dry one, and we may leave the loehs out of account and
consider them filled up and their beds no more conspicuous than other
parts of the glens during the earlier chapters in the ancient history
of the Forth. II.--THE ~FIRsT BEGINNINGS OF THE FORTIt. The country between Loeh Lomond and Loch Long is a triangular
plateau of clay-slate and metamorphic schist, with twelve principal
mountains varying in height from about 2000 to 2400 feet, separated from
one another by deep glens. The deepest and shortest of these is the
narrow pass between Arrochar and Tarbet where the ~two loehs nearly
meet, and the neck of land between them, 1} miles in length, is at the
highest point only about 160 feet above sea-level. This remarkable gap
across the high plateau is not occupied by any stream of importance, and
if it is due to erosion it must have been excavated by some stream long
ago cut off or dried up. It may be mentioned that two basalt dykes have
been traced along its course running in an ENE. direction from Argyll-
shire to the Loeb Lomond ridge. These dykes have perhaps decomposed
more easily than the metamorphic rock, and have no doubt been instru-
mental in directing the course of the original stream and giving the pass
a more northerly trend than the other glens leading to Loch Lomond
which we shall now notice. Four and a half miles below Tarbet we come to Inverbeg, at the
mouth of Glen Douglas, where the Douglas Water enters Loch Lomond
at a small alluvial delta projecting from the foot of the steep mountain
slope into the deep water. The Douglas Water has a comparatively
straight course of four and a half miles, and Glen Douglas, which forms
the second gap through the mountains, is only five miles in length
between Loch Lomond and Loch Long. The highest point in the glen
is about 500 feet above sea-level, and only half a mile from Loeh Long. The surrounding mountains are over 2000 feet in height, and the glen
is therefore cut right through them to a depth of over 1500 feet. The
watershed is along the ridge of Creagan Hill, and on the actual slopes
of Loeh Long, and the tributaries of the Douglas first flow down the
western sides of the mountains towards the sea, but, urged by some
mysterious force, they turn eastwards towards Loeh Lomond through
the deep cut of Glen Douglas, although their course is thus lengthened by
four miles. II.--THE ~FIRsT BEGINNINGS OF THE FORTIt. While engaged on the staff of H.M. Geological Survey, mapping the
rocks of the Dumbartonshire Highlands in the district of Loeh Lomond
and Loeh Long, many years ago, my attention was drawn to what seemed
a singular feature of the whole river system in that part of the country. The subject had apparently never been discussed before, and I ventured
to explain the hypothesis that suggested itself to me in a short paper in
the Scoltis/~ GcoyraU/dc~d Ma,/a~i~c for 1886. The general conclusions
then arrived at still seem perfectly sound, and in view of the fresh know-
ledge we now possess of the geographical conditions and facts relating to
the physical history and development of rivers and river systems, which
have been carefully investigated in recent years by many eminent
observers, it may be of interest to return to the subject and pursue it a
little further now. This district, it is to be noted, is not situated within the existing
Forth basin, but is entirely drained by the Clyde, and therefore may
appear at first sight to have nothing whatever to do with the valley
system of the eastern river. On closer scrutiny, however, some important
peculiarities soon become apparent, which, as we follow up the line
of investigation, lead us to conclude that notable changes have taken
place in the local river systems since the stream originated in the middle of
the Tertiary age, and that this part of the Argyllshire and Dumbartonshire
ttighlands had in fact a great deal to do at one time with the Forth and
its many tributaries. y
On glancing at the map (Plate II.), two topographical features at once
arrest our attention in the mountainous district of Cowal and Dumbarton-
shire, between Loch Lomond and Loeh Fyne : y
1. With the important exception of the Loch Long depression, the
main valleys and glens, including the upper part of the Clyde, have
a general trend towards ESE. or SSE. y
1. With the important exception of the Loch Long depression, the
main valleys and glens, including the upper part of the Clyde, have
a general trend towards ESE. or SSE. 2. The watersheds between what are now the main valleys are not
situated midway between but close to the eastern sides of these glens. 234 ScoTrIsIt GEOGttAPttlCAL MAGAZINE. II.--THE ~FIRsT BEGINNINGS OF THE FORTIt. The West Highland Railway along Loeh Long approxi-
mately follows the watershed at this place, and the observant passenger
can get a short glimpse of how the streams run from Loch Long right
down Glen Douglas to Loch Lomond. g
Glen Luss, about three miles further south, is likewise trenched
right across the plateau, but not to such a depth as Glen Douglas. The
Luss Water from mouth to source has a course of about six miles as the
crow flies, and its head tributaries rise about a mile and a half from
Loch Long. g
Glen Fruin again has the same south-easterly trend, but is a longer
and wider valley. The Fruin Water rises about a mile from Gareloch-
head, and two miles from Loch Long, and reaches Loeb Lomond at
Arden after a course of ten miles. The next valley to the south of Glen Fruin is the submerged trough
of the Gareloeh, Once doubtless the line of a river that ran in the same
direction. To this we shall return again. g
The Dumbartonshire glens thus agree in ending in a water parting
close to the shore of Loeh Long, and in having streams that all flow in 235 THE STO~Y O~ THE FORTH. an easterly or south-easterly direction in deep and well-defined courses
through the plateau. through the plateau. If we now cross Loch Long into "Argyle's Bowling Green" and the
adjacent rugged mountainous coast of Argyllshire, we find the same
physical peculiarities in evidence. The water parting hugs the east
shore of Loch Fyne, and the glens are trenched through the heart of
the mountains in such a way that the streams flow away south-eastwards
towards Loeb Long, and, with the exception of the Kinglas Water, no
considerable stream is seen to run in a westerly direction to the Loch
Fyne Valley. The most conspicuous case is that of the River Cur,
which drains the country south of Loeh Goil, and enters the Clyde at
the head of the Holy Loeb. This stream, after following a steep
mountain course to the south-west for four miles, reaches a point near
Strachur less than 150 feet above sea-level, and only half a mile from
the shore of the loch. II.--THE ~FIRsT BEGINNINGS OF THE FORTIt. Urged eastward by the same apparently
inscrutable principle, instead of flowing on to Loch Fyne and reaching
the sea by the shortest path, it wheels sharply round to the left, and
turning its back on the coast, plunges into the deep defile of Loch Eck,
a glen which joins the Loch Long valley at the mouth of the Holy
Loch, fourteen miles from the turning-point at Strachur. This defile
is very narrow, and is excavated almost to sea-level through a mountain
plateau over 2000 feet in height. The level of Loeb Eck is only
67 feet above the sea, and the bed of' the valley, now partly filled
by alluvium, is no doubt considerably below sea-level for a long
distance up. p
Loch Goil occupies the next cut through the plateau north of the
Holy Loch. The valley ends in Hell's Glen, a deep defile whose highest
point is about a mile and a half from Loch Fyne and a little over
700 feet above sea-level. This trench is not so deep or long as that of
Loeh Eck, but it has one peculiarity of note. It abuts on Loch Long
in such a way that its axis is in line with that of the Gare Loch, which
suggests that the two were originally one valley. gg
g
y
y
Glen Croe, the northmost of the side glens on Loch Long, also
forms part of a deep defile through the ridge to Loch Fyne. But in
this case there is another equally large stream at the west end--the
Kinglas Water--and the water parting at Rest-and-be-thankful is
midway between the two sea lochs. Glen Croe is very deep and
narrow, and skirts the south side of Ben Arthur (the Cobbler), which
is nearly 2900 feet in height. The mountains at the head of Loch
Long and Loeb Fyne form the highest ground on the west side of
Loeb Lomond, and Ben Ime, the tallest of the group, is 3318 feet in
height. The rainfall on their crests is large, and the streams where
steep have considerable erosive power. p
p
Loeh Long ends at Arroehar in Glen Loin, which runs north°
ward for three miles, and if produced a mile or two further would
strike straight into Loch Lomond. But here another circumstance falls
to be noted. II.--THE ~FIRsT BEGINNINGS OF THE FORTIt. The Gryfe Water, which rises at the head of
Strath Gryfe, a liVtle more than two miles south of the Clyde at Port
Glasgow, instead of flowing northwards down the steep slope by the
shortest route to
the
sea, takes a long eastward journey in an
independent glen of its own to join the River Cart, which enters the
Clyde near Renfrew, about twelve miles further up. Gouroek we find the same eastward trend of the principal tributaries
and glens, which generally run more or less in the opposite direction to
that of the main river. The Gryfe Water, which rises at the head of
Strath Gryfe, a liVtle more than two miles south of the Clyde at Port
Glasgow, instead of flowing northwards down the steep slope by the
shortest route to
the
sea, takes a long eastward journey in an
independent glen of its own to join the River Cart, which enters the
Clyde near Renfrew, about twelve miles further up. y
p
The Black Cart Water, issuing from Castle Scruple Loch, flows
north-eastwards for eleven miles, along a deep and well-marked gap
used by the Glasgow and South-Western Railway, which runs straight
through the Renfrew hills from Johnstone to Kilbirnie and Dalry. At the watershed the bottom of the gap is only about 200 feet above
sea-level, while the hills on the north-west side of the glen rise to
heights of over 1000, and those to the south-east to over 800 feet. g
Four or five miles further east the ridge is crossed by another
smaller trench running also north-eastwards past Neilston and Barrhead,
300 to 400 feet deeper than the surrounding country. This is
occupied by the Cowden Burn, a small tributary of the White Cart. The line of this gap, if produced, would cross the Clyde at Rutherglen
and make an acute angle with the main river below the confluence,
instead of the obtuse angle that
would be natural
in a normal
tributary. y
If we now visit the country between the Forth and Clyde we again
find in the Campsie ridge evidences of an older and comparatively
disused river system. The first feature in the district is the well-
marked narrow trench that crosses the country in a straight line
between Clydebank, Kilsyth, and Larbert. II.--THE ~FIRsT BEGINNINGS OF THE FORTIt. Glen Loin is crossed at right angles by the Inveruglas
Water, which truncates the apex of the triangular plateau and discharges
into Loeb Lomond. This stream rises in the wild granitic plateau SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE, 236 beyond Loch Sloy, and runs
south-eastward for 3 miles in a
deep V-shaped glen between Ben Vorlich and Ben Vane. Loch Sloy
(Fig, 5), the former home of the "wild Maefarlanes' plaided clan,"
occupies a mile and a quarter of the glen. It is 812 feet above sea-
level and 2280 feet below the crest of Ben ¥orlich. The loehan is a
lonely and desolate streak of water overhung by barren mountains and
studded round with the moraine heaps of the old glaciers that once
covered the plateau, radiated out into the glens, and finally melted
away long before the wild clansmen likewise radiated into the low
country, gradually melted away, and at last disappeared from the Downloaded by [University of Bristol] at 07:44 16 March 2015 Ben ¥orlieh. FIG. 5.--Loeb Sloy. Ben Vane. Downloaded by [University of Bristol] at 07:44 16 March 2015 Ben ¥orlieh. FIG. 5.--Loeb Sloy. Ben Vane. FIG. 5.--Loeb Sloy. Ben ¥orlieh. Ben Vane. inhospitable region. This little corner is mentioned, as it will be found
to illustrate a point in the process of development of the river system
to which reference will again be made. g
On the east side of Loch Lomond, exactly opposite the line of the
Inveruglas Glen, the Arklet Water enters the valley at Inversnaid. Glen
Arklet is a little over four miles long from Inversnaid to Loch Katrine,
and forms the only deep gap through the Ben Lomond ridge. Loeh
Arklet is 463 feet above sea-level, and the ground to the north of it is
more than 2100 feet high. The gap is thus cut some 1600 feet down
into the ridge, and this, like the other facts that have been cited, is,
as we shall see, a point of some significance in the topographical history
of the district. (See Plate IV.) When we come over to the south side of the Firth of Clyde above 237 THE STORY OF THE FORTH, Gouroek we find the same eastward trend of the principal tributaries
and glens, which generally run more or less in the opposite direction to
that of the main river. 1 An iuteresting account of ihe changes in the local drainage system of ~he Campsie
plateau is given by Mr. E. B. Bailey in the Geological Survey Memo6" of the Gtasgow
DistriCt, 1911, pp. 198-201. II.--THE ~FIRsT BEGINNINGS OF THE FORTIt. This channel is occupied by
two insignificant streams, the Kelvin flowing west towards Glasgow, and
the Bonny Water, a tributary of the Carton, which runs eastwards and
enters the Forth at Grangemouth. These two streams rise at a place
called Kelvinhead, two miles east of Kilsyth, where the height of the
valley bed and the water parting of the country is only about 150 feet
above mean sea-level. This remarkable gap is used for the Forth and
Clyde barge canal, and is one of the routes suggested for the proposed
ship canal across Scotland. It is not produced by faulting of the strata,
and is evidently the work of an ancient and swift river with great
erosive power, well able to excavate a deep gorge in hard rock, which
the puny streams that now wimple gently along the hollow could never
have done. If we prolong the line of this valley to the west, it is found to run
exactly in line with the gap we have just noticed in the Renfrew hills
at Castle Scruple. p
The Campsie and Kilpatrick hills, which form the south-western
continuation of the long Sidlaw and Ochil range, consist of great fiattish
terraces or beds of hard volcanic rock resting on softer sedimentary
strata. These separate plateaus evidently form the detached parts of
what was once a single long flat4opped ridge or table-land stretching
away northwards from what is now the Kelvin and Bonny valley to the SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE. 238 base of the Highland mountains. The plateau has been worn away by
the Forth on the north, and bisected in the centre by Strathblane, a
deep, broad glen that runs south-eastwards almost exactly in a straight line
with the eastern side of Loch Lomond. Strathblane extends southwards
past the village of Campsie and Lennoxtown and joins the Kelvin Valley
west of Kilsyth. The watershed is at Ballagan, near Campsie, and the
western end of the glen forms the course of the Blanc, a small stream
running westwards into the Endrick, which enters the east corner of FI~. 6.--The Clyde river system. 1 My old friends sad former colleagues, Messrs. Peach and Horne, in their accolmt of the
Scottish Lakes in the Report of the Batkymet,rical Survey by Sir John Murray and W. L. Pullar
(1910), 1~fer at pp. 465-6 to the origin of the Forth and Clyde valleys, and offer a somewhat
different explanation of their early history. No doubt there is room for discussion, but I
still venture to think my old riverbeds will hold water, if not at every loop: at least in most
of the deepest pools. FI~. 6.--The Clyde river system. Loch Lomond at Buchanan Castle. The height of the watershed is a
little over 250 feet at Campsie, and, as the adjacent Strathblane hills are
over 1600 feet in height, a breach more than 1300 feet in depth has
been cut in the plateau long ago by some river Of more importance than
any of the existing local burns. The e~cavation of this breach in the
plateau has been originally facilitated by a large fault which runs
obliquely across it and has produced a line of weakness like that in the
Forth valley at Stirling. 1 239 T~E
STORY
OF
THE
FORTH. NOw it is possible, I think, to fit these data together, and to
construct the general framework of the story they have to tell. An
inspection of the accompanying map of the Clyde river system shows it
to be altogether abnormal and irregular, quite unlike the plan of a
consequent stream following a definite course to the sea (Fig. 6). q
g
(
g
)
In the part of the country under consideration the principal rivers
and valleys are thus seen to follow a general easterly, south-, or north-
easterly course, but with one notable exception--the Clyde, which flows
in exactly the opposite direction. The Clyde is apparently an obsequent
river above G0urock, and the Glasgow district is evidently the site of an
ancient battlefield between two contending rivers, such as A and B in
l~late I., where the Clyde has, like A, become the victor, and brought
the long struggle to an end by decapitating the Forth, and greatly
diminishing its former grandeur. The Clyde has been the Highland
robber and the Forth the Lowland sufferer by this ancient invasion from
the wild West. A large part of the original territory of the Forth, some
1200 square miles in "extent, has apparently been cut off, and the water
drawn aside from its ancient channels. When first I suggested in 1886 that the Clyde and its tributaries
originally ran into the Forth, some geologists in the West were offended
at the notion that the Clyde was a usurper and the predatory habits of
Dumbarton and Argyllshire dated back to such a remote antiquity--
habits that, once formed, lingered for ages before they were finally eradi-
cated. But a quarter of a century has not altered my opinion, and,
indeed, the study of other river systems has only served to strengthen
it. To make a long story short, the appended map (Fig. 7) indicates
what I believe may have been tile general outline of the river system
of the Forth, if not at the very beginning, certainly at an early stage
in its career, when the valleys were several hundreds of feet shallower
than they.are in our time. ~ y
The excavation of the original valleys dates from a considerably
later time than the Miocene age, but, as we have seen, they were in
existence long before the Glacial period. In surveying the high ground
at the head of Loch Lomond I once traced a large basalt dyke right
across the Loeb Sloy defile and over Ben Vorlich, at a height of 2950
feet. Now this dyke, which is only one of many in the district, was
injected h'om below into a fissure which ran eastwards across the country
towards Loeh Katrine, at a time when the deep valleys had no existence,
otherwise the molten lava would have escaped at the lowest point,
flooded the valley beds, and never reached up to the top of the plateau. The glens have thus, like teeth cut in a saw, been notched out of the
basalt veins since the Miocene age, when volcanoes were numerous in
the western isles, and multitudes of dykes were injected into cracks in FIo, 7.--3lap of the probable ancient ri cient TIIE STORY 0]? THE FORTt[. 241 the Highland plateau. The Ice Age intervened after the rivers had
excavated their valleys, and although, as we shall see, the glaciers
produced important changes, they were not instrumental in producing
the valleys themselves. the Highland plateau. The Ice Age intervened after the rivers had
excavated their valleys, and although, as we shall see, the glaciers
produced important changes, they were not instrumental in producing
the valleys themselves. y
The ancient Forth and Clyde watershed at the period in question
was evidently along a range of mountains west of Loeh Long. This
range formed the seaward boundary of the north-west of Europe, and
must have been much higher and more imposing than the half-submerged
fragments that now remain. The western sea lochs were then river
valleys, and the Firth of Forth the bed of a great river flowing far
beyond the mouth of the present estuary. The great size of the Firth
of Forth, which forms the most conspicuous notch in the coast between
the Moray Firth and the Thames, shows how large the ancient river
must have been at one time. But here the reader may well ask: "How do you know that the
long trough of the Firth of Forth was not really produced by a bending
down or subsidence of the land ?"
To this very reasonable objection I
reply, "See how the Carron, Avon, Almond, Wa~er of Leith and other
main tributaries run in an easterly or north-easterly direction, and not
straight northwards by the shortest route to the sea. Had there been
a sinking down of tile land to produce the main valley, the water
would have run down the declivity like rain oi1 a roof perpendicularly
to the contour lines and not at an oblique angle or nearly parallel to
them."
No, the trend of the side valleys is clearly the result of some
widespread original cause that has stamped permanently on the face of
the country the pa?htern of the first river system. y
p
y
There was one important difference between the eastward and the
westward flowing waters. Those flowing west had not nearly so far to
go as those flowing eastwards, to their ultimate oceanic destination. The consequence was that the latter, flowing at a lower gradient, had
probably less velocity and therefore less erosive power than the former. In this ease, unlike thaC illustrated in the diagram, it was thus not the
greater hardness of the bedrock but the lower gradient, that put the
Forth at a disadvantage in the struggle for supremacy with the Clyde. Then again most of the rain clouds which come from the Atlantic would
condense on the part of the range next the coast, and so the westward
flowing streams would receive at their sources more water than those in
the drier eastern region. g
The ancient Clyde and its tributaries would thus have most erosive
power, and he best able, when fairly started, to eat back into the borders
of the plateau originally in the Forth domain, and when once the invader
became strengthened and the defender weakened by these eonquests, the
process of acquisition would become ever easier. p
q
We are not now concerned with the part of the Clyde valley below
Wemyss Bay. Let us suppose a large river running southwards off the
plateau towards the Irish Sea, with its head tributaries in Loeb Striven,
the Kyles of Bute, Loch Fyne, and the Clyde valley below Dunoon. Each of these, well replenished by the heavy rainfall, like Niagara on a
small scale, ate its way back into the mountains, slowly at first, no VOL. XXVIII, VOL. XXVIII, S SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL ~[AGAZINE. 242 doubt. The eastmost branch gradually managed to work back and
northwards till it crossed and penetrated the soft sandstone on the
watershed at Dunoon and tapped the headwaters of the eastward-flowing
tributary of the Forth, now the upper part of the Firth of Clyde. The
bed of the eastward-flowing river, with its long seaward course, was no
doubt situated at a higher level than that of the invading river, and
probably occupied a comparatively fiat valley. When once it was tapped
at the head the whole drainage of the Loch Eck valley was diverted
southwards into the thriving Clyde. The additional volume of water
increased the flow of the river, and this tributary became more important
than its next ncighbour at Loeh Striven, and went on deepening its
course and extending its territory. To make the subject as clear as
possible, the accompanying imaginary bird's eye view is intended to
show what may have been the general appearance of the ancient Forth
and Clyde valley at this stage, when the Clyde was about to break
through into the Forth basin near what is now Dunoon. (Plate III.) g
(
)
The original slope, while it determined the general direction of flow,
was not the only factor in shaping the trend of the river courses. The
rocks might be so inclined, and the land surface so grained, that the
work of excavation became much easier in some directions than others. The decapitated Finart was thus unable to do
much digging, and the Loch Eck defile became the principal glen, gg
g
p
p
g
The advancing Clyde next pushed out an arm northwards and suc- PLA~, II[,---Bid's-eye vi~r from the supposed ancient wa ent wa ent wa ent wa 2t3 THE STORY OF THE FORTH, eeeded in cutting off the upper part of the Loch Goil and Gareloeh
river, and, following the line of one of the numerous joints or weak
places on the site of Loch Long, it apparently cut off a small piece of
the head of Glen Douglas, which remains in Coilessan Glen, and finally
reached Ben Arthur and diverted the Glen Croe Water into the lower
channel, drying up the gap leading to the Loch Lomond valley at
Tarbet. Now I need scarcely say that it is not easy, particularly for those
who have not made a special study of such matters, to pietnre to the
mind how all this has taken place, nor to realise the vastness of the time
these operations involved, but all the circumstances seem to show that
this has undoubtedly been the general course of events in the evolution
of the valley system of the district. y
y
The last stream to be cut off was the Glen Croe Water, and this
is no doubt the reason why the gap at Arrochar is the deepest that
crosses the Dumbartonshire Highlands. The River Croe had more time
to work down its bed before it was decapitated, or rather curtailed, and
had therefore excavated its glen to a greater depth than the other
streams. When the River Cur was curtailed its glen was no deeper than
the top of the wind-gap at Whistlefield above Garelochhead, 320 feet
at least above the present sea-level, but the bottom of the old Glen Croe
between Arroehar and Tarbet only rises to a height of 160 feet. Since
it was dried up it has probably not been reduced much in height, as it
has no important streams to wear it down, and the glaciers that deepened
the other glens flowed across and not along its axis. If we try to draw the point of a nail obliquely across the grain of a fir-
board, the moving point will describe a series of zig-zags--the result of
the struggle between the draughtsman's hand and the lateral resistance
of the fibre of the wood to a point drawn obliquely across it, and this
will illustrate the operation of the forces determining the minor changes
in the directions of the valleys. y
In the several parts of the district there is evidence of such a
struggle having taken place in the early days of the river valleys. The
water was trying to flow south-eastwards, and the strike or grain of the
plateau, particularly in the Cowal area, was towards the SW. or SSW. The tendency was therefore to deflect the stream towards the south. This is best seen in the Cur valley, which has all the appearance of
having originally extended in a perfectly straight line from Strachur to
Ardentinny at the mouth of Glen Finart. Glen Finart ends in a wind=
gap at the bend of Loeb Eck, and the lower part of Loch Long is
probably the south-eastern prolongation of the original valley. The
Holy Loeh and Glen Massan may have been another parallel valley at
first, but owing to the grain of the rock between these valleys, the Cur
found it easier to abandon its original track and bend in a more southerly
direction towards Glen Massan. This geological feature, combined with
the prevailing tendency of subsequent streams to ru:~l southwards,
appears to have made the recession of the falls in all cases greatest
towards the north, and all the invaders accordingly traversed the Forth
and its tributaries in that direction. The lower part of Loch Eek is
thus probably on the course of an original tributary of the River Massan
which ate its way northwards and stole the headwaters of the Finart
at an early stage. Thus in the remote future Loch Long might, especially if a slight sub-
mergence were to occur, be found to have pushed its way far back
through the defile between Ben Vorlieh and Ben Vane into the plateau
west of Ardlui. In all this district the massive .metamorphic schists are intersected in
different directions by grea t vertical master joints, aad no doubt the very
straight course of Loeb Long is partly due to these lines of cleavage
running parallel to the valley. The steep mountain slopes are often
covered with immense blocks and heaps of rock that have slipped down
in large slices, and at some places, particularly in the gap at Tarbet, deep
fissures can be seen high up on its southern slopes which mark the lines
of incipient landslips. Stones dropped into some of these rents can be
heard rattling a long way down into the mountain side, and some day,
when perhaps there is an abnormal snow or rainfall, pieces of the loosened
mountain side will move downwards and no doubt alarm the inhabitants
by the exhibition of a geological phenomenon that happily is not now very
common on a large scale in the district. g
While this was probably something like the early history of the
valley, the other tributaries of the pushful Clyde were not idle. It must
be mentioned that the rocks at the turn of the estuary above Dunoon arc
soft Carboniferous or OId Red Sandstone strata much more easily eroded
than the tough old Highland schists further north, and the high ground
on the south side is made up of hard volcanic rocks, the continuation of
the Campsie and gilpatriek range. Between these two hard tracts the
Clyde has dug its channel. When the first breach had been made into
the old t~orth valley between Holy Loch and Gouroek, the head of the
stream flowing east was diverted to the south, and very little water was
left to feed the l%rth from this source. The next part to be tapped was
the water in the previously decapitated Gareloch valley, and there may
have been a waterfall where it entered the Clyde near Greenock. g
g
Although the Loch Long glen is nearly alI submerged, it is still
possible to trace the same process of erosion going on in Glen Loin, its
northern prolongation beyond Arrochar, and this helps to illustrate the
method on which these glens seem to have been originally formed. The
head of the valley for a mile above Arrochar is filled up with the
alluvium of the stream which, instead of eroding, is here depositing a
delta at sea-level. Could the land be lifted and the valley again dried
up, a waterfall would at once be produced in Glen Loin which would
work its way up the glen towards Loch Sloy. But out of Loeh Sloy
there is another stream, the Inveruglas Water, running eastwards across
the course of Glen Loin into Loeh Lomond. Now there will be a competi-
tion between these two streams as to which one can deepen its bed fastest,
and in .this connection another circumstance must be noted. The surface
of Loeh Lomond is at present about 23 feet above sea4evel, and so long
as it thus remains above the level of Loeh Long, the streams running
into the sea-loeh will have the advantage over those flowing to the inland
basin of so much more of a fM1. In course of time the Inveruglas Glen
will be worn down nearly to the level of Loeb Lomond, but deeper
it cannot go unless Loeh Lomond also subsides. At the same time the
Loin Water will continue to lower its glen, and if, as we have supposed,
the land were to be upheaved so as to dry up Loeh Long, but not Loch
Lomond, which is an inland lake, the work will be hastened and the Loin
will at last break through the watershed and draw off the Inveruglas to
the south. The Long valley will thus be deepened for three miles, and SGOTTIStt GEOGRAPHIGAL MAGAZINE. 244 the last mile of the Iaveruglas Glen will be dried up, leaving a deep, short
wind-gap similar to the one at Arroehar and Turbot. The Loin, thus
reinforced by the much larger volume of the stream issuing from Loeh
Sloy, will receive a fresh lease of life and will go on eating back its glen
into the mountains, and finally draining the little lochan entirely away. x This is the height of the sl~rface of the ground only, but the true rock bed of Lhe eel is
less ~han this.
Recent borings in tile valley have proved, that there is a covering of 60 feet
of soil and drift over the rock a short distance west of Kelvinhead, and thus the height of the
roekbed of the ancient channel may have been less than 100 feet here. As the
process went on the whole of the upper reach of the ancient Forth became
in time obsequent, and it did not take much further trouble for the Clyde
to draw off the remainder of the old river as far east as Kilsyth, through
the outlet at Gourock. The sedimentary rocks in that district are more
or less easily eroded, and the deep breaches through the harder volcanic
ridge of the Campsie, Kilpatrick, and Renfrew hills, had been already cut
out by the older river. All this work, it must be remembered, was done
at the time when the river beds were above the level of the gap at
Whistlefield, at least 820 feet higher than at present, and the firths and
loehs had no existence. The general subsidence of Scotland at the
Glacial period finally submerged these old valleys and converted the
deepest of them into arms of the sea. p
If the ancient Clyde, on this hypothesis, entered the Forth by the eel
at Kelvinhead, which remains still about 160 feet above seaqevel, it 245 THE
STORY OF
THE
FORTH. Mlows that all the river basin to the west must have been then at a
l~igher level than the eel. ~ Supposing for the sake of argument we dis-
regard the probable additional height of the whole ancient land surface
~bove the sea and take the level of the Kelvinhead watershed when last
occupied by the old river at 160 feet above ordnance datum. If now the
river had a fall of say 4 feet per mile, which is a moderate gradient, the
distance from Kelvinhead to Gouroek being 3:3 miles, the whole fall
would be 132 feet and the height of the valley at Gouroek 292 feet above
its present level. At this gradient the river bed would be at Whistle-
field, which is 9 miles further on, 36 feet higher, or 328 feet above sea-
level. The actual height happens to be 320 feet at that spot, and this
helps to show roughly how much higher the bed of what is now the
Clyde must have been at the time of which we are now speaking. No
doubt the absolute height above the sea was far more than this, as the
whole country must have been far above the present sea-level, but that
does not affect the present argument. Glen Arklet is manifestly the eastern
continuation of that valley, and the two were connected at a time when
the Loeb Lomond river was 500 feet higher than at present. The
panoramic sketch (Plate IV.) from the top of Ben Vorlieh shows the
Loeb Katrine valley, Loeh Arklct and Glen Arklet crossing the Ben
Lomond ridge at Inversnaid. g
The ancient outlet of Loch Sloy was thus in its lower reaches a
straight valley about six miles long that apparently joined Strath
Gartney on the site of what afterwards became Loeb Katrine, or
perhaps its waters overflowed into the valley of Loeh Chon and Loeh
Ard and broke through the Menteith Hills at Aberfoyle in the Forth
valley. y
Now, if this be so, it is clear the Loch Lomond stream did a little
stealing like its neighbour of Loeb Long. The small tributary supposed
to have run northwards from Tarbet seems to have followed the prevail-
ing fashion, eaten its way north and tapped the eastward-flowing Arklet-
Inveruglas Water, no doubt occupying a more elevated glen, as the
Loeb Long river was doing a few miles away. The Inveruglas stream
was drawn 0ffand a dry wind-gap left throughthe Ben Lomond ridge, which
in course of ~ime formed the bed of the obsequent little River Arklet
well known to tourists at the falls of Inversnaid. The new dam of the
Glasgow waterworks across the glen above Inversnaid will have the
effect of sending the water eastwards into Loeb Katrine, and changing
the Arklet from an obsequent to 'a consequent river once more. q
q
There still remains for explanation the northward extension of
Loeb Lomond, and here I admit the evidence is not very clear. It
looks to me as if the Clyde by this time had drawn off the lower part
of the Loch Lomond river, and there was thus a much greater fall towards
the south than to the east. In this way the southward flowing tribu-
taries of the Clyde would be eating their way backwards into the
plateau much faster than the headwaters of the Forth. p
g
If we were to fill up the Clyde at Dunoon by a dam only 200 feet
high, and make a smaller barrier at Castle Semple Loeh, the Clyde and
all its tributaries would submerge the Glasgow district again and over-
flow into the Forth by way of the Kelvin valley. y
y
y
The Loeh Lomond valley appears to have a somewhat different
history from that of Loeh Long. It is, I believe, in the main an old
consequent valley, and the Ben Lomond ridge marks part of an original
water-parting between two tributaries of the Forth. The southern
broad part of the loeb, with its beautiful archipelago of low islands, is
entirely excavated out of soft sandstone, and the great fault that forms
the junction line between the metamorphic and sedimentary rocks runs
across it in a NE. direction past the north side of Inehlonaig. p
g
As already noted, the east side of Loeh Lomond as far north as
Tarbet trends nearly in a s~raight line, striking south-eastwards for the
Strathblane gap in the Campsie plateau, and this seems to be the line of
the old consequent river valley. Above Tarbet, however, the glen
narrows and runs almost due northwards. At this slight bend the
ancient mouth of Glen Croe comes in, and here it seems to me the
original valley ended and split into two smaller glens. Glen Croo, whose
history we have already considered, was the larger, and the smaller one
ran straight northwards for about two miles, ending originally in a corrie
below Inversnaid and Upper Invcruglas. pp
g
This may appear at first sight a curious conclusion, but it seems to
he warranted by the following evidence :- At Inversnaid, exactly oppositeoUpper Inveruglas, the Ben Lomond
ridge, as we have seen, is notched by the deep gap of Glen Arklet, which
runs through to Loeh Arklet, and is at its highest point only g63 feet above
~ea-level. This is the only pass through to Loch Katrine, and is cut
across a ridge of mountains more than 2000 feet in height. It is thus SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE~ 246 some 1600 feet deep, and lies exactly in the line of the Inveruglas Glen,
which is also of great depth. There is no
clear evidence of a line of fault, but there may well have been a straight
series of joints or a line of weakness at this place which produced two
original glens in the line of the Loeh Lomond valley, and the ancient
Inveruglas Water may have been joined on the north by a large stream
on this line opposite the very place where it was being ~apped from the
south. When the barrier was cut through, the northern tributary thus
ran straight on down the line of the crack, which in time became
greatly deepened and widened with the additional volume of the con-
fluent waters from the high plateau to the north and west, and was
finally still further excavated by glacier action to a depth of more than
600 feet below sea-level. The river, whose headwaters thus probably at first ran from the
Ben Ime and Loeh Sloy plateau, eastwards towards the Trossaehs, would
form an important feeder to the great tributary of the Forth that
originally excavated the glens of Loeh Katrine or Loeh Chon, which are
now occupied by far smaller streams than their size seems to warrant. p
y
The Douglas and Luss waters were, no doubt, branches of the ing Lo
at In ng Loc
at Inv PLATE IV.--View eastward from Ben Vorlich (3092 ft.), showing Lo
at I ing Lo
at In 247 THE STORY OF THE FORTH. original Loeb Lomond river. The Fruin and Finlas glens probably
mark the sites of two branches of another considerable stream that ran
south-eastwards through the gap at Alexandria, now occupied by the
River Leven. All these points can best be followed by reference to
the appended map of the old river system. original Loeb Lomond river. The Fruin and Finlas glens probably
mark the sites of two branches of another considerable stream that ran
south-eastwards through the gap at Alexandria, now occupied by the
River Leven. All these points can best be followed by reference to
the appended map of the old river system. pp
p
y
After all these depredations the south-western branch of the Forth
shrank up and became obsequent from Kitsyth westwards, and the
northern branch, above the confluence at Grangemouth, became hence-
forth the main trunk of the river. The Forth crossed the volcanic ridge of the Campsies and Oehils at
Stifling, having, no doubt, sought out its weakest place, where the
rocks were not only dislocated by several great fractures, but the hard
whinstone beds of the two ranges had thinned away at their outcrop to
a narrow neck through which the river had no difficulty in selecting
and clearing out a passage. Above Stifling the country is principally
made up of Old Red and Carboniferous Sandstone beds, and the degrada-
tion of these was regulated by the rate at which the river was able to
deepen its gorge in the harder whinstone barrier between Stirling Castle
and the Abbey Craig, at the foot of the Oehils. y
g
The lowering of the Loeh Lomond valley went on at the same time,
and in the gap at Balfron there are traces of a channel between that
old branch of the Forth and the present river, before the Clyde had
completely won in the race of degradation, deepened its bed, and sucked
away the last vestiges of the original tributary. The Teith, flowing
from Loch Katrine and Loeh Lubnaig, is an old tributary from the
north, but the Allan Water, like the Devon, is apparently a more
modern and partly an obsequent stream, belonging to a later period. Both the Devon and the Allan enter in the wrong direction and cannot
be considered as part of the original river system. p
g
y
It is noteworthy that the Forth below Stifling has no large
tributaries from the north. On the south, however, besides the Carton,
three normal rivers enter the Firth, and run north-eastwards in old
valleys nearly parallel to the Kelvin-Bonny glen. The River Avon, on the
wes~ boundary of Linlighgowshire, although it has now a sharp kink
to the west at Linlithgow Bridge, no doubt once continued its north-
eastern course to the main river below Blackness. The ancient valley
was deeply trenched across the hard volcanic ridge; which must have
once formed a single range extending continuously through West
Lothian from the site of Bathgate to what is now Be'hess on the shore of
the estuary. The hollow in which the romantic old palace and loch
nestle in picturesque serenity was part of the original Avon valley
before the Ice Age, the last three miles of the present glan above
Inveravon being a comparatively recent excavation. g
p
y
The Almond, which bounds the county on the east, is also apparently
another old consequent stream. It too has slightly changed its course
at the mouth. The old glen ran under Dalmeny House, and the
gorge between Cramond and Craigiehall was excavated after the Ice
Age. At that time the whole country was first swept by a great
glacier or continental ice sheet, and when the ice melted the land was SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE. 24:8 left so deeply buried under drift and clay that the rivers were often
unable to reeognise their old valleys, and had to start afresh to cut
out new beds through the solid rock at the places where the ancient
tracks had been lost and could not be recovered. The Almond, and its
principal tributary the Breich, run for twenty-two miles in an Mmost
perfectly straight course towards the north-east. The original Almond
valley may have been continued at an early stage south-westwards
across the line of the Clyde near Wishaw and Shorts to Strathavon, and
been decapitated like the higher tributaries of the Forth, but that part
of the Almond watershed is over 700 feet above sea-level, and the traces
of the ancient valley system are somewhat faint in this district. y
y
The Water of Leith and the North Esk in Midlothian both flow
in the same general direction, one on each side of the Pentland ridge. Those rivers of the Lothians have neither robbed their neighbours
nor been much disturbed themselves in the course of their comparatively
even history. ~ The rainfall being here much lighter than in the west,
and the country flatter, their erosive power has been less than that of the
higher tributaries of the Forth, and there has thus been little of eventful
episode to record in their career. p
But the Clyde did not rest content with robbing the Forth of so
much territory. It worked its way as a subsequent river south-
eastwards by Lanark, and appears to have ended by also invading the
Tweed basin and drawing off some of the headwaters of that old con-
sequent river at Biggar. But this is a question which does not concern
the present investigation. 1 In Mr. J. Cossar's interesting:paper on the Edinburgh district in the Scot. Geog. 3lag.
for 1911 at p. 599, a good example is given of a small depredation of the South Esk, which
at Borthwlck has captured two streams originally be]onglng $o the river Tyne. The reason why the western river was able
to wear down its valleys faster than the eastern streams is no doubt that
the fall was greater to the west, and the rainfall was Mso much heavier
next the Atlantic seaboard than elsewhere. The land surface was a vast
sloping plateau culminating in high mountains with a steep fall towards
the Atlantic Ocean, and a long gentle inclination eastwards towards the
mainland of Europe, of which Scotland was then but the north-western
corner. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. The next chapter in this fluviatile chronicle relates to events of a far
later period, when the existing river-system was well established. The
land, as we shall soon be able to prove, still stood at a higher level in
relation to the sea than it does in our time, but the rivers had deepened
their valleys more than 500 feet since the events that have just been
discussed. As there were no lakes to act as regulators and filters to the
streams, the rain, when it fell, rushed down the glens in angry turbid
torrents and hastened the work of valley erosion. y
The evidence for the original valley-system described in last chapter
is based on observagon of the superficial and orographieM features of 249 THE STORY OF THE FORT~. the country, that any one can study with good maps and eyes for the
physiognomy of the landscape. But now we have to deal with a
different kind of evidence altogether, evidence far more difficult and
costly to obtain, but once acquired, perfectly sure and unimpeachable. y
,
q
, p
y
p
In some parts of the Forth and Clyde area that have been referred
to as made up of soft carboniferous rocks, largo quantities of coal and
ironstone have been mined, and discovered by boring during the past
century. While the pursuit of mineral wealth was the object of the
boring, incidentally a great deal of important scientific knowledge has
at the same time accumulated, relating to the nature and depth of the
superficial soil-covering of the land in those districts. Many hundreds,
and even thousands of bores and shafts have been sunk to the rock, and
by collecting and examining the records of these--a most laborious piece
of work--geologists have been able to prove that both in the Forth and
Clyde basins there is a system of buried river channels far below the
present surface under or near the existing rivers and their tributaries. These are all filled up, and so deeply buried under beds of clay, sand,
and detritus that, but for the operations of the mineral explorer, their
presence and depth would never have been discovered or perhaps even
suspected. p
It is interesting here to note that in the Niagara district also
a great deal of boring for oil and gas has been going on in recent years,
and Dr. J. W. W. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. Crotl's time a great deal of mineral exploration of various
kinds has been carried on, and in the Forth valley I have collected
many fresh data and done some boring on my own account, all of which
has helped to throw fresh light on the old river system as it existed
both immediately before and after the Great Ice Age. y
g
The .zllmond.--The Almond river, which now joins the sea at
Cramond, had an older channel in pro-glacial times under Dalmeny House
where the Dolphinton Burn now enters the sea. In the numerous
borings for oil shale in that locality the course of the buried gorge has
been accurately traced for about nine miles to the south-west. The
Almond runs at places through glacial drift on the line of its original
channel, but at a higher level, and at others it flows along a gorge more
recently excavated in the rock:
The old river was a steep one, no
doubt, with numerous falls. Between Carlowrie and Midcalder the
gradient was very high, about 31 feet per mile, and if this gradient was
uniform the river must have entered what is now the estuary about
200 feet below the present sea-level. Carlowrie Haugh as seen from
the Almond viaduct on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway is a
comparatively tame little strath north of Rathe station, between low
hills of whinstone, but at that time it was a picturesque glen more than
200 feet deep, and the half-buried crags of Dolphinton and Dundas
were then high and prominent objects in the landscape. ~ g
p
j
p
The Avon.--The River Avon has for the most part cleared out its
pro-glacial valley, but, as already mentioned, there can be little doubt
its original course to the Forth lay in the direct line of its upper valley
west of Linlithgow. The deep hollow, now the bed of Linlithgow Loeb,
between the volcanic range of Cockle Roy and Bonnytoun Hill is, no
doubt, part of the ancient Avon valley which, as has been proved by
borings, was continued north-eastwards in a straight line and reached
the main river on the cast side of what is now the low basalt promontory
of Blackness, but was then a conspicuous crag in the Forth valley. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. Spencer has, by examining and collating the records of
the drillings, been able in the same way to discover and trace out the
ancient buried channel of the river which, it appears, once ran by quite
a different course from Lake Erie to Ontario. No d.oubt the phenomenon is not an isolated one, and buried
channels exist at many other places in this country under the principal
rivers and estuaries, but where there is no valuable mineral to search
for it is not likely that much boring will be undertaken for purely
scientific purposes. A bore 300 feet deep through loose materiMs is a
difficult operation, costing perhaps a pound a foot, and the expense has
been so great that it is to be regretted a good many bores that had
been begun have been given up, where the "surface" became very thick,
at places whore it would be of great scientific interest to find out the
exact depth from the ground level to the solid rock. p
g
The existence of buried river channels in Scotland seems to have
been first discovered in 1869, when Dr. James Croll described in the
Tl'ansactio~s of the Edinburgh Geological Society the results of an examina-
tion by Mr. James Bonnie and himself of some two hundred and fifty
bores made in the valleys of the Kelvin and Bonny rivers on both sides
of the water-parting at Kelvinhead. They traced the course of two
gorges below the glacial drift filling the old gap, and running for most
of the way along the lines of the existing streams. The eastern channel
entered the sea at Grangomouth at a depth Of 260 feet below mean sea-
level, and the western in the Kelvin valley was found to be 306 feet
below the surface of the ground at Duntooher, near the Clyde at Old
Kilpatriek. The buried channels of the Glasgow district have been
lately investigated in much greater detail by the Geological Survey, and 250 SCOTrISH GEOGRAPHICAL ]YIAGAZI~E. in the memoir published in 1911 a contoured map is given by Mr. Hinxman and Mr. Carruthers showing the pro-glacial topography of the
valley very clearly. y
y
y
Since Dr. 1 See the author's paper on the "Buried Channel of the Almond," T~'ans. Geol. Soc.
Edin., 1903, p. 194. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. During the Ice Age the Avon valley became blocked up with drift,
which is at places more than 100 feet deep, and the part east of
Linlithgow was, when the great glacier retired, so obliterated, that the
river found it easier to make a tack to the west and double rotmd across
the neck of soft rock west of Bonnytoun Hill, escaping by a shorter and
steeper north-west passage to the Forth at Inveravon. The subsequent
channel thus produced was in time deepened into a gorge which the
river has occupied ever since. The Avon is a smaller stream th~n the
Almond, and I have not yet found any traces of a very deep buried
gorge along its course such as exists in the latter valley. g
g
g
y
The 6~a~'~'on. -The Carron is a much more important stream than the
Avon, and although, as explained above, it now only represents a 251 THE STORY OF
THE FO~TE. fragment of the ancient river, it has, with its main tributary, the Bonny
Water, been able in pre-glaeial times to erode a deep and well-marked
gorge, especially in the lower part of its course between Camelon and
the sea at Grangemouth. I have gone over most of the evidence
collected by Mr. Bennie and Dr. Croll, which has been supplemented by
more recent mineral explorations, but have not found much to add to
their results. Quite recently the Carron Company's workings in the
Main and Upper and Lower Coxrod coals at Carronshore have encoun-
tered the buried gorge (Fig. 8). In a bore near th e present river at
Carronbank, about 430 yards north-west of Daldersc Mill Farm, the
depth to the rock was 285 feet, and the channel was filled chiefly with
sand and loose materials. The surface of the ground is here about
22 feet above mean sea-level, so that the bed of the buried valley is
263 feet below Ordnance Datum at this spot. Neighbouring bores
have proved the depth of surface deposits to be between 100 and 200
feet on either side, so that the deep channel forms a hollow 50 or 60 fragment of the ancient river, it has, with its main tributary, the Bonny
Water, been able in pre-glaeial times to erode a deep and well-marked
gorge, especially in the lower part of its course between Camelon and
the sea at Grangemouth. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. I have gone over most of the evidence
collected by Mr. Bennie and Dr. Croll, which has been supplemented by
more recent mineral explorations, but have not found much to add to
their results. Quite recently the Carron Company's workings in the
Main and Upper and Lower Coxrod coals at Carronshore have encoun-
tered the buried gorge (Fig. 8). In a bore near th e present river at
Carronbank, about 430 yards north-west of Daldersc Mill Farm, the
depth to the rock was 285 feet, and the channel was filled chiefly with
sand and loose materials. The surface of the ground is here about
22 feet above mean sea-level, so that the bed of the buried valley is
263 feet below Ordnance Datum at this spot. Neighbouring bores
have proved the depth of surface deposits to be between 100 and 200
feet on either side, so that the deep channel forms a hollow 50 or 60 Downloaded by [University of Bristol] at 07:44 16 March 2015 Downloaded by [University of Bristol] at 07:44 16 March 2015 14 i
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Fro. 8. Fro. 8. feet below the level of the deepest part of the neighbouring rock surface. The section given by Dr. CroU at Towneroft near Grangemouth is three°
quarters of a mile further down the river, where the depth was found in
two adjoining bores to be 42 and 45½ fathoms, or 252 and 273 feet
respectively. In the adjoining Main coal workings of the Grangemouth
Colliery, still further east, the coal was cut off to the south at a depth of
43 fathoms by a wall of clay running eastwards towards the mouth
of the present river. From this point to Carton the course of the
buried gorge has been accurately traced for three miles. It is, as
I have already noted, a very difficult and costly business to bore a hole
40 or 50 fathoms down into running sand, clay, and loose materials,
and some of the bores did not succeed in reaching the very bottom of
the channel. This is no doubt unfortunate, geologically, but it must have
been deeper downstream than at Carron, and the Towncroft bores
probably did not strike the very lowest point. In No. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. This point is important in connec-
tion with what follows later. down to 248 feet at least, but not so deep as 271 feet. As the coast at
Grangemouth is three miles further down stream, and a river able to
excavate such a gorge must have been fairly swift and steep, it follows
that the depth at the present coastline must be at least 280 and perhaps
290 feet below the surface. If, like the old Almond valley, it had a fall
of as much as 30 feet per mile, or even only 10 feet, the depth would
then be considerably over 300 feet. This point is important in connec-
tion with what follows later. The old glen seems to have been from 400 to 500 yards wide at this
place, but as most of the boring and nearly all the mining has been
carried on along the north or left bank there is no very decided evidence
as to the exact width of the deepest part of the trough. It apparently
was not much more than 500 yards at any place, and was certainly less
at some spots. Superficial deposits of the Curse near Grangemouth cover
the rock surface to a depth of more than 100 feet, showing how great
has been the erosion of the old Forth valley before the great submergence
at the Glacial Period. But in that old rocky land surface there had been
scooped out glens 100 or even over 200 feet deep, and no doubt there
were numerous side gullies and branches the courses of which we may
never be able to trace. ~iver Desou.--The last of the old tributaries of the Forth of whose
buried course I have been able to obtain a record, is the Devon between
Tillicoultry and the Abbey Craig at Stirling. y
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The Devon is in some ways the most remarkable tributary of the
Forth. It runs westwards for the last twelve miles of its course, against
the flow of the main river, and seems, according to the code of common
fluviatile law, to have no legal right to be in that position. The
Devon, from the Crook westward, with its abnormal course, is a much
younger tributary of the Forth than the others we have considered, and
in this respect it shares the character of the Allan Water. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. 6 pit workings
at Carronhall Colliery the Main and the Upper and Lower Coxrod coals
were cut off by the clay down to a depth of about 248 feet, but a level
mine was successfully driven at a depth of 271 feet right under the
trough, which proves conclusively that its deepest point at Carton goes feet below the level of the deepest part of the neighbouring rock surface. The section given by Dr. CroU at Towneroft near Grangemouth is three°
quarters of a mile further down the river, where the depth was found in
two adjoining bores to be 42 and 45½ fathoms, or 252 and 273 feet
respectively. In the adjoining Main coal workings of the Grangemouth
Colliery, still further east, the coal was cut off to the south at a depth of
43 fathoms by a wall of clay running eastwards towards the mouth
of the present river. From this point to Carton the course of the
buried gorge has been accurately traced for three miles. It is, as
I have already noted, a very difficult and costly business to bore a hole
40 or 50 fathoms down into running sand, clay, and loose materials,
and some of the bores did not succeed in reaching the very bottom of
the channel. This is no doubt unfortunate, geologically, but it must have
been deeper downstream than at Carron, and the Towncroft bores
probably did not strike the very lowest point. In No. 6 pit workings
at Carronhall Colliery the Main and the Upper and Lower Coxrod coals
were cut off by the clay down to a depth of about 248 feet, but a level
mine was successfully driven at a depth of 271 feet right under the
trough, which proves conclusively that its deepest point at Carton goes SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL ~AGAZINE. 252 down to 248 feet at least, but not so deep as 271 feet. As the coast at
Grangemouth is three miles further down stream, and a river able to
excavate such a gorge must have been fairly swift and steep, it follows
that the depth at the present coastline must be at least 280 and perhaps
290 feet below the surface. If, like the old Almond valley, it had a fall
of as much as 30 feet per mile, or even only 10 feet, the depth would
then be considerably over 300 feet. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. Both are
upstarts and robbers of other rivers' territory, and do not belong to any
part of the old consequent river system of the Forth. p
q
y
The Devon has two distinct sections. The higher reach of the river
issues from the deep trench across the centre of the Ochits, the southern
end of which is called Glen Devon, and the northern Glen Eagles. Now
Glen Eagles is the only deep pass across the range, and is occupied by a
comparatively small stream running past Auehterarder into the Tay. But to go back to the original river system this gap, whose present water-
parting is about 750 feet in height, probably marks the course of a
consequent river flowing first south-eastwards from the Glen Artney
Forest, and then eastwards by Loch Leven to the lower part of the Forth
valley, or more likely north-eastwards from Loeh Leven along the valley
of the Eden between the Forth and Tay, at a time when all the land
behind the Ochils was more than 750 feet above sea-level. The volcanic ridge of the Ochils was a hard plank to saw, and the
Forth valley being now worn deeper at the Stirling gap than the higher:
lying part of the Devon north of Glen Eagles, the tributary of the Allan
Water succeeded in eating its way back and drawing off to the south-
west some of the headwaters of the old Devon. The Tay was also at 258 THE STORY OF THE ~ORTH. work, and its tributary stream the Ruthven Water also invaded the
territory from Auehterarder on the north. Gradually Glen Eagles was
thus dried up and became the bed of an obsequent stream running north
into the Ruthven ~¥ater and the Tay. The other end of the old Devon
Pass was attacked in the same manner by a tributary of the Forth eating
its way back along the great fault-line skirting the southern face of the
0ehils. In time the river was tapped by this industrious newcomer at
the Crook of Devon and the water diverted into the south-western
channel, now the lower Devon valley, so as to dry up the headwaters of
the ancient Eden. The Great Ice Age, it must be explained, was not a single continuous
cold period, but was subdivided by one or more so-called inte,rglacial
periods with a more or less mild climate. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. This part of the Devon valley
may have been excavated during one of these intervals after the greatest
cold had ceased. The reason for this supposition is the fact that the
buried gorge is filled, not with the hard boulder clay produced under the
great ice sheet of the coldest period, but with gravel and the red glaciaI
clay deposited in sea water after the large glaciers had retired to the
mountains, and at a time when the land was submerged and the sea
stood at about 100 feet above its present level. p
The above seems to me the most feasible explanation of the peculiar
course of the river, but its history by no means ends with this episode. We have now to do with the later history of the Devon after the twelve-
mile reach below the Crook had been permanently established. It is
indeed difficult to see why, before the land was so much denuded down,
the river should not have found its way directly south~eastwards past
Saline to the Forth at Terry Bay. The reason probably is that the line
of least resistance was along the great fault which skirts the Oehils and
runs obliquely across the Forth at Stifling. The Forth had found a
weak place to break through at Stifling, where the great faults that
traverse the country had split the whinstone plateau with a line of
cleavage the river was not slow to take advantage of. A small tributary
no doubt began to run off the slope east of the Abbey Craig into the
Forth, and worked its way upwards and eastwards along the line of the
Oehil fault. As the Forth was deepened and the soft carboniferous
strata were gradually worn away, the harder volcanic rocks of the Ochil
range became more prominent, and the easiest path for the water to
follow was along the junction of the hard and soft rocks. Once the
little stream had started it kept its course, and as the main valley grew
deeper, the tributary fed by streams from the high ground to the north
was correspondingly deepened. After it had eaten its way back and
tapped the old Devon, it would, like other predatory streams, be greatly
enlarged and strengthened with the acquisition of so much more water. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. g
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From Tillie0ultry to the base of the Abbey Craig, a distance of six
miles, the river runs in a straight course along an alluvial flat at the foot
of the abrupt face of the Oehils, and further out the ground rises
slightly and the rocks of the coal measures appear on the surface in a low
ridge extending continuously down to the Forth. A great deal of
mining and boring has been done in this alluvial strip and along the S00TTIS]~ GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE, 254 river banks, and many bores have disclosed a deep and narrow gorge all
the way fl'om Tillieoultry to Blair Mains near Blairlogie. So far as I
have been able to discover, no boring has been done to the east of
Tillieoultry, but as the river is on alluvium all the way to Dollar, this
buried gorge no doubt runs up past Dollar to the place where the river
can still be seen at work extending the chasm, but at a higher level, in
the well-known falls of the
Cauldron Linn
and the Rumbling
Bridge. Bridge. The buried gorge which we shall now consider was, I believe, first
proved by boring in the year 1826 on Alva estate, west of Tillicoultry. In that year one bore near the river found the depth to the rock to be
241 feet, and in several others more than 150 feet. In 1873 a
neighbouring bore apparently nearer the centre of the channel went
down 318 feet before reaching rock. In 1887 a third deep bore Was
made close to the river at Kersiepow, about half a mile further up, which
proved the depth to be no less than 336 feet. A fourth bore made in
1872, close to the road at the public park on the west side of
Tillicoultry, exactly a mile further up than the Kersiepow bore, struck
the rock at 342 feet. This bore is on the 50-feet contour line at the
foot of the hill slope, and shows that close to the Oehils the old gorge
has been excavated to a depth of almost 300 feet below the present sea-
level. This is the highest bore in the old valley that I have heard of, but at
Glenochil Distillery, near Menstrie, a mile and a half below Alva,
another bore was made for water which wen~ down 330 feet before
reaching the rock. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. 10.--The same place after the old
~A'r~ VL--Panoramas from the Abbey Craig at Slirli~lg at d P~A'r~ VL ~A'r~ VL P~A'r~ VL Devon befo
after the ol
Slirli~lg at 255 T}[E STO~Y OF TI-[E iFO~Ttt, obtained as to the nature and depth of the superficial deposits in that
part of the Forth valley. At present we are not considering the kind of deposits found in these
borings, but only the evidence they give of the depth and position of
the buried river channel. It would have been a matter of great
scientific interest if a single bore journal in the Curse of Stirling
had disclosed 300 feet or more of "surface," but out of a large number I
have collected not one bore seems to have reached the rock head at such
a depth. Several of them, owing to the great difficulty in penetrating
so great a thickness of loose material, after going down a considerable
way, stopped and never reached the rock at all. So far as I have been
able to ascertain, the deepest surface bore in this part of the Curse was
at Causewayhead, near the river north of Stirling, where the alluvial
deposits were found to be 216 feet deep. At the river south of
Cambuskenneth Abbey, the rock was reached in two bores at 103 and
130 feet respectively, and a continuous series of bores extending to
Drypow, 2 miles to the south-east, show the depth of surface to be
between 60 and 14~5 feet. From these it is clear the old gorge must
run further north than the line from Cambuskenneth to Drypow. But
there has also been boring north of this line, and it appears the rock is
only 10 fathoms or less below the Curse between the mouth of the
Devon at Cambus, and the mouth of the Powis Burn at Manor Castle. Indeed, in boring for a railway bridge opposite Cambus, the rock was
found only 30 feet under ~he bed of the Forth. Two bores were
however made south of this line, one at the Haugh of Blaekgrange, and the
other at Bandreath, in which the depth to the rock had dropped to 105
feet, and these seem to be near or on the north side of the gorge we are
in search of. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. The last of these interesting borings on the line of
the old gorge was made so recently as October 1910. It was made at
Blairmains, on Powis estate, two miles west of Gtenoehil, and proved the
depth to the rock to be 305 feet. The ground is there about 40 feet
above sea-level. The old Devon thus occupied the deepest buried gorge that has
been disclosed beneath the tributaries of the Forth, showing it to have
been a swift river with great erosive power. The breadth of the channel
at Alva was less than half a mile, and at Craigmill, at the east side of
the Abbey Craig, seven miles below Tillieoultry, where it joined the
Forth, it was not more than 600 yards across. The hard basaltic
escarpment of the Abbey Craig projecting from the Ochil ridge deflected
the last mile of the otherwise straight channel, causing it to bend south-
wards to the confluence with the Forth. l~i,ve,r Forth.--The course of the buried channel is shown on the map
(Plate V.). The figures are the depths in feet of different bores
through the surface deposits to the solid rock. The panorama (Plate
¥I. Fig. 9), is intended to show what may have been the appearance of
the Forth valley at Stirling as seen from the Abbey Craig at that time,
and Fig. 10 on the same plate is a sketch from the same spot of the
valley after being filled up to its present level before the human period. There has recently been a great deal of boring for coal in the Carse of
the Forth between Stifling and Allen, and I am indebted to the various
land and coal owners for kindly allowing me to use the information they y
g
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There has recently been a great deal of boring for coal in the Carse of
the Forth between Stifling and Allen, and I am indebted to the various
land and coal owners for kindly allowing me to use the information they PLATE V.--Blzried Channels of the Fort Forth a orth a FI~. 9.--Confluellce of the Forth and Devon befor
FIG. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. No borings have been made along a belt of ground three
quarters of a mile wide and two miles long, on the centre of which lies
the old Polmaise House and policies at the east end, and the Haugh of
West Grange at the west. If there is a deep gorge here it must occupy
that position. As we follow it down the valley it must run through
Tullibody Inch, Alloa Inch, and South Alloa; but it clears Alloa
Harbour, as the rock is not deep on the north side of that part of the
river. Borings to the south of South Alloa disclose only 75 feet of
surface, and all the way down to Dunmore the rock is found at very
shallow depths. On the north side of Claekmannan Pew, opposite
Dunmore, it is only 8~ feet down, and it is clear that the ancient gorge,
if it exists at all, must exactly correspond with the present river-course
between Alloa and Kineardine. Coal workings have been carried on
along both sides, but none have gone under the actual river bed, which
at Dunmore is about quarter of a mile broad. Kincardine Ferry is ~ miles
below Alloa, and the rock is quite shallow on the Kineardine side, but
on the south bank at Higgin's Neuk, in a boring made by the North
British Railway for a proposed tunnel about 1890, the depth of
surface was found to be 164 feet. This no doubt indicates the south
side of the gorge. The distance from high-water mark at Higgin's Neuk
to the opposite bank at; Kineardine is half a mile. Below Kineardine
the river-bed widens into the regular estuary. At Powfoulis, three SCOWl*fISH GiEOGRAPHICAL I~IAGAZINE, 256 quarters of a mile below the ferry, a boring made by the Carron Company
in 1904, 600 feet from the river, proved the depth to the rock to be 144
feet, and another bore, close to Powfoulis House and 2000 feet back
from the bank, passed through 164 feet of surface before touching rock. The depth to the rock is less than this in the parts of the Curse further
back from the river, so that there is no possibility of the deep gorge
being situated anywhere except under the existing channel at this place. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. g
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At Grangemonth the Forth is joined by the Carron, and if we
produce the line of the latter we find it runs across the Firth towards
Culross and Terry Bay. In a paper read before the Edinburgh Geologi-
cal Society in 1881 I gave reasons for supposing that Terry Bay is on
the site of another part of the buried river channel. The bay forms
the arc of a circle, with a chord of three miles, stretching through
Preston Island from Culross to Crombie Point. The coast recedes
three-quarters of a mile back from this line, in the centre of the bay. In the centre of the bay, which is entirely dry at low tide, there is a
reef of sandstone rocks, known as Craigmore, extending south-westwards
for three-quarters of a mile from Preston Island to the edge of the fore-
shore at low-water mark. This is only an island at high tide, when the
foreshore and the rest of the reef is covered. A belt of mud, three=
quarters of a mile or more in width, sweeps round the bay between the
island and the shore, the west end of which is generally submerged
under a tongue of water known to seamen as The Strath. Now it
is clear there must be some geological reason for this. The shore of the
bay is backed by low cliffs, and the sea does not eat away its coastline
at this sheltered place. If it did, the sandstone island--the only island
not of whinstone in the Firth--would have been the first part to be
washed away. The only explanation appears to be that at one stage of
the history of the valley, before erosion had gone so far, Preston Island
belonged to West Lothian and not to the Kingdom of Fife, and during
the Glacial Period the river course was changed by the glacier, that like
a good engineer straightened as well as deepened this part of the valley,
and wiped out the old sinuosities of its track. p
The evidence is not, however, entirely circumstantial. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. Coal-mining
was carried on by Sir Robert Preston of ¥alleyfield, who a little more
than a century ago sunk three pits on the island, and lost a great deal
of money in them, partly, perhaps, because he did not know about the
old river channel that separated the island from the rest of his domain. The deepest shaft was sunk to forty-six fathoms, and a water-level was
driven 270 yards in a NNE. direction from the bottom of it towards
Terry. At the end of this level the clay seems to have been reached at
276 feet below the surface, when the workings were abandoned in 1811. My father, who told me of the deep trough that Sir Robert had found,
did some boring himself in the bay in 1839, and found the depth to the
rock at the end of the old pier at Terry to be sixty-three feet. In another
bore made more recently in the bay, but 870 yards further west, the
depth was 120 feet, and in a third boring 200 yards still further west,
and probably past the centre of the bend, the depth of surface was sixty-
four and a half feet. The ancient Moat Pit of Sir George Bruce in the 257 THE STORY OF THE FORT~:. sea opposite Culross, to which King James VI. made his famous visit,
belonged to quite a different colliery from that at Preston Island. The
Culross Moat, which was connected by a subterranean passage with the
shore, was sunk in the rock under the foreshore, some distance to the
north of the old gorge. It was destroyed by a great storm in i625,
and the remains of the structure can still be seen in a heap of stones on
the mud. There was, however, another old pit on the foreshore nearer
Preston Island, called the Valleyfield Moat, the ruins of which are also
faintly discernible. The position of the Valleyfield Moat enables us to
trace out tolerably accurately the course of the buried channel lying
between it and the Craigmore reef. The Moat lay 1100 yards NW. from the island, and the breadth of the deep channel between is probably
not much more than 500 or 600 yards. y
Why, it may be asked, was the old river originally deflected north-
wards towards Culross ? III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. The reason wobably is that the hard ridge of
the Bathgate and Bonnytoun hills, made up of volcanic rock interbedded
with the coal-bearing strata, extended much 'further north than the
promontory of Bo'ncss before the Glacial Period, and formed an obstacle
in the path of the river, which at all other places between StMing and
Qucensferry had only soft strata to work upon. The whinstone beds,
which originally came from a volcano to the west of Linlithgow, thin
out towards the north, and the river found an easier path round the end
than across the back of the volcanic ridge. The influx of the Carron at
Grangemouth may also have helped to push the stream towards the
north at the confluence. At Crombie Point, on the cast side of Terry Bay, where coal was
being worked in the eighteenth century, before the colliers received
their liberty, tradition records a sad accident that has some bearing on
the present investigation. The submarine workings suddenly tapped a
bed of running sand that burst in and spread death and destruction
through the mine. The late Mr. William Hurst, formerly locomotive
superintendent to the North British Railway, who was a native of the
district, writing in 1881, told me that sixty years previously an old
collier in Fordell, named William Ramsay, had related to him how his
grandfather, who was then a slave, had lost his life in the disaster. No
doubt the miners suddenly struck the buried channel at an unexpected
depth. p
From Crombie Point eastwards it is not possible to trace the gorge
with much accuracy. Lines of borings were carried across the estuary
at three places in 1864 by the promoters of the first Forth Bridge
scheme of Mr. (afterwards Sir) Thomas Bouch, the engineer of the first
unfortunate Tay Bridge. It was found that there was everywhere an
enormous depth of soft silt, even where the water was deepest. The
late Mr. Thomas Wyllie, the contractor, who carried out the borings:
from the side of a steamer, told me that one day he pushed the boring
rods right down into the mud without any trouble to a depth of twenty-
seven fathoms. Mr. D. Westland, C.E., has kindly lent me the Parlia-
mentary plans, notes of boring operations, and evidence given by the
promoters, from which it appears that in May 1864 two bores went T T VOL. XXVIII. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. VOL. XXVIII. SCOTTISH GEOGlgAPIIICAL ]~IAGAZINE, 258 down 166 feet from low-tide level without getting to the bottom of the
silt. In 1865 another set of borings was made between Blackness and
Charlestown, and one of these, only about 500 yards from the coast at
Charlestown, was sunk to a depth of 231 feet below low-water level
without reaching the bottom of the mud. Boring through such materials
was a marvellously quick operation. The deep bore just referred to,
including the time required to put in the tubes, was begun in the dead
of winter on 20th January t865 at 9.30 A.~. and by 10.30 t'.~L the
work was completed and the rods drawn up. p
p
More recently a great deal of boring has been carried out at Rosyth,
and a few bores have been made at Crombie Point about which Colonel
Exham, I~,E., 1 has kindly given me information. These were not so deep
as the old borings of 1865, but they tell the same tale. Outside low-
water line the rock slopes steeply down under an immense deposit of soft
silt, and it is only near the shore that the hard boulder-clay is to be
found resting on the solid rock. The ancient river channel was outside
the Du Craig, and the abyss between the south side of Binar rock and
the bridge, where the water alone is 41 fathoms deep, no doubt marks
this part of its course. The south face of the Du Craig is a steep
precipice plunging down to an unknown depth under mud, covering thick
beds of red clay and other glacial deposits, but between the Du Craig
and the north shore the rock surface is not very far down, and there is
a good foundation for naval works. g
When the Forth Bridge was begun I had many opportunities of
visiting the works, including the deep foundations of the south cantilever
which are built on the hard boulder-clay that extends most of the way
from Inchgarvie to the south shore. The depth half way between Inch
Garvie and the south shore, where the water is 37 feet deep, was found
in the borings for Mr. Bouch's proposed bridge in 1870 to be 102 feet
from high-water level to the top of the till which overlies the rock. 1 The engineer ia charge of the works up till the end of 1911. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. No
doubt the deep gorge of the old river was on the north side of Inch
Garvie where, but for the water that fills it, the chasm is still open to a
depth of nearly 40 fathoms. p
y
That some parts of the old bed of the Forth are far deeper than
300 feet there is, however, direct evidence. In the submarine coal
workings at Bridgeness and Bo'ness, on the writer's estate of Grange,
directly opposite Crombic and Preston Island, the seams have been
worked northwards to the outcrop where they have been abruptly cut
off by a steep barrier of boulder Clay, full of ice-worn stones and boulders
of various kinds of travelled rock foreign to the district. The edge of
this barrier has been followed westwards in the workings for more than
a mile, and the greatest depth at which it has been encountered opposite
Bridgeness is no less than 570 feet below high tide level at a distance
of nearly half a mile from low-water line. But so far there is no
evidence that this is the deepest part of the buried valley, as the rock
abuts against a more or less steep face of clay the bottom of which has
apparently not yet been reached. PLaiT8 VII.--Buried Channels under the estuary uary o pL~ VlIL 259 THE STORY OF T:HE FORTH It is, however, doubtful to me whether this is to be regarded as
the original preglaoial river bed, or a later rock basin deepened by
glaciers like the western loehs, which are sometimes more than 600
feet in depth. If the original Forth ran round Terry Bay, as I have
suggested, it could hardly have occupied another and deeper channel at
Bo'ness at the same period. I am rather inclined to think that Terry
Bay marks the site of an original loop in a more or less serpentine
channel, which, according to the common habit of rivers, was subsequently
cut off by the river straightening its course. The large glacier of the
Ice Ago under which the hard boulder clay was manufactured moved in
a straight and even course, and no doubt scooped out the underlying
soft rocks to a considerable depth and produced a true rock basin extend-
ing for several miles like a straight gutter along the centre of the valley. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. In the workings of the Grangemouth Colliery five miles further west
the boulder clay under the foreshore has also been approached from
below, but at a depth of only 2]5 feet, but this is at a greater distance
from the centre of the channel than the Bridgeness workings. Further
mining developments are necessary to solve the problem completely,
but, as has boon already mentioned, the undoubted buried river gorge
of the Devon is entirely filled with fine red silt, mud and gravel,
apparently all deposited by water, and not with hard boulder clay
firmly compacted by the pressure of huge glaciers. The other buried
river channels all contain more or less sand and gravel of fluviatile
origin as well as local beds of true boulder clay. g
y
But what we have been considering is mainly the action of running
water and the origin of the old river system, and not the effect of the
Ice Age on the Forth district. That episode is too important to be
adequately dealt with at the end of this chapter, and all that I have
done is to make a few passing references to it in connection with the
other points relevant to the discussion. p
This discussion of the buried channels is of interest for two reasons,
one of them scientific and the other economic. From the first standpoint
it is clear that since the river occupied the deep channel a great
submergence has taken place. We saw that in the Devon valley
the old river bed reached down to 300 feet below sea-level, and the
Carron was probably also as deep at the mouth. But the changes in
level were regional and not confined to one part of the country. In
the Clyde basin Mr. Bonnie found the buried channel of the Kelvin
at Duntoeher to be also about 300 feet deep, which shows that the
amount of submergence of Scotland was at least 300 feet. No doubt
there is also a buried channel under the bed of the Tay to which refer-
ence will again be made. g
But the Devon, the Carron, and the Kelvin were only tributaries of
much larger rivers which carried all the sediment away to a great
distance and kept the side valleys quite clear. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. Between Stirling and
Kincardine we saw that the main river must have had only a narrow
gorge, the maximum depth of which has not yet been fathomed by the
beret's tool. But if the channel had a small width it must have had
steep sides and a great depth to vent a large volume of water. The FIG. ll,--The ~neient Forth valley at Queensferry with the shadow of th adow of th THE STORY OF THE IPORTH, 261 buried gorge of the Kelvin was found to have perpendicular and even
overhanging walls at some spots. It must likewise have had a steep
declivity and a swift current. Now let us take the gradient of a river
such as this at say seven feet per mile, which is much less than that of some
of its tributaries, but is nearly the average declivity of the Colorado
River for 218 miles through the Grand Cation district. Let us now
multiply this by the distance between Stirling and Queensferry--23 miles
a~s the crow flies--and we find that we must add about 160 feet to the
depth of the gorge, which below the bridge must thus be at least 460
feet below the level of Inch Garvie. In other words, if the land were
again upheaved to its ancient position, and the water and mud were
swept away, the north cantilever instead of stretching across the sea at
a height of 120 feet, would be found to span a chasm 160 feet deeper
than that of the Zambesi, with a swiftly rolling torrent no less than 580
-feet below the level.of the rails. (See Fig. 11.) (
g
)
But the old river, no doubt, ran far beyond the Bridge, and therefore
the whole elevation of the land above its present level was probably far
more than 400 or 500 feet. The North Sea between Scotland and
Denmark is, except at a few places, less than 50 fathoms deep, and
therefore, if the land were lifted even 300 feet, that vast expanse Of
ocean ~zoutcl nea~'ly all be d~'ied up, and the British Islands would
become merely a mountainous portion of the European continent
projecting out into the North Atlantic. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. At this depth it was to bend northwards under the sea and
run to Donibristle on the north shore, where it was agMn to bend east-
wards and emerge to the west of Aberdour. Now it will be clear from
what has been said that this scheme was proposed in entire ignorance of
two buried channels crossing the line of the railway, both considerably
deeper than the tunnel level. First the old channel of the Almond at
Dalmeny House, more than 200 feet in depth, would have to be pierced
by the tunnel, which was proposed to be only 100 feet deep at that
place, and secondly the far larger buried channel of the Forth probably
filled with mud and sand to a depth of over 400, and perhaps 600, feet. Fortunately for the promoters the scheme never even reached the experi-
mental Stage. g
Another proposal to tunnel the Forth at Kineardine Ferry, already
referred to, was made by the North British Railway Company in 1890-
91, when parliamentary plans were prepared, and some preliminary boring
was begun. The tunnel was to be only about 59 feet below low:water
leYel, and as the buried channel is more than 300 feet deep here, and it
is= probably full of soft mud and sand, the making of a safe tunnel
through it would have been a very costly and dangerous piece of work
if, indeed, it was feasible at all. ,
,
Another practical point may be noted in conclusion. When the
original ill-fated Tay Bridge was designed in 1870 it was expected that
the: solid rocky bottom that had been found near the shore on both
sides would extend all the way across the estuary and afford a good
foundation for the heavy brick piers on which the superstructure was to
rest. But alas for these unscientific expectations ! After the bases of
fourteen piers had been Safely laid from the north side to a distance of
516 yards along the line, the rock suddenly began to slope down to an
unknown depth, and when No. 15 pier was sunk it only touched the
rock on the north side, but the south side having a soft bottom caused
the structure to cant over so dangerously that it could not be righted
and had to be demolished. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. p
j
g
At the time we are speaking of, the buried river shows that this was
the condition of our country; the North Sea had no existence, and we
had no silver streak drawn around our shores by a kind providence, but
only a vast plain on our eastern border, across which the Forth, Tay
and other rivers meandered away outwards and perhaps became
tributary to some greater river flowing into the Arctic Ocean. If the
climate was no colder than it is now, the addition of 500 feet to the
mountains would also raise the higher summits above the snow-line, and
the melting snows in spring would greatly add to the floods in the
Highland rivers. The second or economic aspect of the subject relates to the effec~ of
these concealed channels on mining and tunnelling operations. Serious
accidents have happened at other places besides Crombie Point, where
old river courses have suddenly been met with:
Dr. Croll says the late
Mr. Dawson of Carton told him that about eighty years ago the miners
in the Carronshore pit cut into the trough of the Carron at a depth of
forty fathoms, and the running sand rushed in with irresistible pressure
and filled the working. Mr. Bennie described a similar disaster where
the old Kelvin gorge was struck in a colliery near Duntocher at a depth
of fifty-one fathoms, and the sand burst in and killed several miners. y
Various proposals have been made to connect the north and south
shores by driving tunnels under the Forth, but in view of the hidden
river bed, it is perhaps well that none of these have been attempted. In
1880, after the fall of the Tay Bridge, a scheme was set afoot to run a
£unnel from Hound Point to D0nibristle instead of risking a dangerous
bridge,
From a copy of the plan in my possession it appears that there 262 SCO'£TISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE. war, to be a line Of railway running from Granton along the shore to
Cramond where the tunnel was to begin. At Cramond the line was t{)
be Continued underground in a tunnel running downwards at a gradient
of 1 in 75 until at Hound Point near Dalmeny it had reached a depth of
200 feet. 1 Fide Mr. Albert Grothe's description of the (First) T¢y Bridge; its ltisto~y a~d Con-
stTuction (Dundee, John Leng and Co., 1878), :written just after the opening of the, railwayo THE
BRITISH
ANTARCTIC
EXPEDITION THE 2/'e~ra Nova, the ship of this expedition, arrived at Akaroa, New
Zealand, on April 1, without Captain Scott, who has remained in the
Antarctic for another season's work. According to the reports brought back by the ship, the task of laying
down depots last year proved very difficult owing to the great severity of
the weather. In March 1911 three ponies were lost as the result of a
blizzard , and the greatest hardships were endured during these terrible
storms. The winter temperatures were moderate, and the arrangements
for the lighting and heating of the hut proved quite satisfactory. In
mid-winter Dr. Wilson, Mr. Cherry Garrard, and Lieutenant Bowers
made an expedition to Cape Crozier to observe the incubation of the
Emperor penguins at their rookery. Some eggs in different stages of
development were obtained, but the temperatures were exceedingly 10w
(rarely above -- 60 ° F., often below -- 70 °, with a minimmn of --77°),
and storms of great severity were encountere& g
y
The final start for the southern journey was made on November 2,
marching being carried on by night, and the day used for resting, so
that the ponies might have the benefit of the higher day temperatures. The motors had to be abandoned after 60 miles owing to the over-
heating of the air-cooled engines, but they dragged heavy loads over the
worst part of the Baxrier in a highly satisfactory fashion. The weather
was very bad during the advance, severe storms being experienced,
especially in early December, when a southerly gale raged for four days,
accompanied by a very heavy snowfall. The new snow made progress
over the Bcardmore Glacier excessively difficult, and reduced the day's
march to scarcely five miles. Later better progress was made, averaging
13-23 miles per day. By January 3rd the party had reached 87 ° 32' S.,. at a height of about 9,800 feet. They were thus some 150 miles from
the Pole, which Amundsen (of. p. 204) had reached more than a fort
night previously. On the following day Captain Scott sent back his
last supporting party, and went forward himself with four companions,
these being Dr. Wilson, Captain Oates, Lieutenant Bowers, and Petty
Officer Evans. III.--T~E BullIED CttANNELS OF THE FOURTH VALLEY. This led to the alteration of the whole plan,
as the greater part of'the bottom was found to be soft from No. 14 pier
to the south shore, and unable to bear the heavy superstructure originally
designed for the piers. 1
It is now a matter of history how, on the
dark, stormy night of 28th December 1879, this frail casMr0n super~
structure proved unequal to the strain, and the thirteen large spans in
the centre gave way about a year and a half after the bridge was opened,
precipitating a passing ~rain into the deepest part of the river with
ninety passengers, not one of whom escaped to tell the tale. The Board
of Trade inquiry proved that the fault lay principally in the cast-iron
columns bearing the girders, which had been badly made and too cheaply 263 TIffN: STOI~Y OF Tt~N FORTiH. erected, and as they were an afterthought consequent on the :belated
discovery of the buried channel, it :becomes evident now tha~ the
engineers' want of geological knowledge Of the old river system wasan
important contributory cause to that terrible eMamity, Engineers Cannot
afford to discard scientific evidence, and this investigation may perhaps
be of use in connection with other schemes for bridges over or tunnels
under British estuaries, as buried channels will no doubt be found to
exist at many other places besides those I have spoken of. THE
BRITISH
ANTARCTIC
EXPEDITION The returning party consisted of Lieutenant Evans and
two companions, and they had a terrible journey owing to the fact that
Lieutenant Evans was attacked by scurvy, and while still nearly
hundred miles from the Discovery Hut proved unable to go any further. His two companions, Crean and Ashley, dragged him for a considerable
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92 B.R. 525 (1988)
In re GIC GOVERNMENT SECURITIES, INC. Debtor.
No. 85-2784-BKC-8P7.
United States Bankruptcy Court, M.D. Florida, Tampa Division.
October 28, 1988.
*526 George Hadley, trustee.
Hywel Leonard, Tampa, Fla., for trustee.
Raymond C. Farfante, Jr., Tampa, Fla., for Labozzetta.
Phillip M. Hudson III, Miami, Fla., for Schantz, Schatzman, Aaronson & Berlin.
Neal R. Sonnett, Miami, Fla., for Berlin.
ORDER ON TRUSTEE'S MOTION TO EXAMINE DEBTOR'S TRANSACTIONS WITH ATTORNEYS
ALEXANDER L. PASKAY, Chief Judge.
THIS IS a stockholder liquidation case under sub-Chapter III of Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. The matter under consideration is a proceeding instituted by George Hadley (Trustee), who seeks a reexamination of fees paid to the law firm of Labozetta and Hass, P.A., a New York law firm, and/or to Anthony Labozetta and to Jerome Berlin (Berlin), an attorney who is maintaining his offices in Miami, Florida, collectively referred to as attorneys. The examination sought by the Trustee is pursuant to § 329(b) of the Bankruptcy Code and Bankruptcy Rule 2017. The Trustee seeks a reconsideration by this Court of the reasonableness of the amounts paid by GIC Government Securities, Inc. (GIC), to the attorneys within one year immediately preceding the commencement of the bankruptcy case in contemplation of bankruptcy and to the extent the amounts paid are found to be in excess of the reasonable amount, also seeks an order directing a refund of the excessive amount to the estate.
Neither Labozetta nor Berlin disputes that they did, in fact, receive the payments sought to be re-examined by the Trustee nor do they dispute that they were paid by GIC during the one year immediately preceding the filing date of the original Petition, i.e., October 5, 1985. It is their contention, however, that these fees were not paid to them for representing GIC in a bankruptcy case or in connection with a bankruptcy case, and more importantly, they were not paid by GIC "in contemplation of bankruptcy". Therefore, they so contend, the reasonableness of the fees they received is not subject to re-examination pursuant to § 329(b) of the Bankruptcy Code or Bankruptcy Rule 2017.
It is without dispute that neither Labozetta or Labozetta and Hass, P.A., nor Berlin represented GIC in the bankruptcy case or in connection with the bankruptcy case. This leaves for consideration their contention that the fees paid GIC were not paid "in contemplation" of bankruptcy, therefore not subject to re-examination by the Trustee.
Inasmuch as this contention raises an important threshold issue, it was agreed by all parties that any consideration of the reasonableness of the amounts they have received should be deferred pending a resolution of this issue, that is, whether or not these payments were in fact made "in contemplation of" bankruptcy.
To place this issue into proper focus and perspective, a brief historical review of the facts as they appear from the record, established at the final evidentiary hearing, should be helpful and can be summarized as follows:
*527 Events Leading Up To Bankruptcy
GIC is a Tennessee corporation and is a successor in interest of J.E. Evans & Co. (Evans), also a Tennessee corporation. Both Evans and GIC were engaged in selling securities to the public at large. Sometime in early 1983, John Kilpatrick became the sole shareholder and principal officer of GIC. In May 1983, the Securities Division of the Department of Commerce and Insurance of the State of Tennessee instituted an administrative procedure against GIC and sought a revocation of its registration as an authorized dealer in securities. Labozetta, who was the general counsel of GIC represented GIC in these proceedings. The Tennessee proceedings ultimately culminated in the entry of an order revoking GIC's registration in Tennessee, based on numerous and sundry securities violations. While this order was appealed by GIC, but since GIC did not seek a renewal of its Tennessee registration, the appeal became moot and it was ultimately dismissed.
On December 1, 1984, John Kilpatrick entered into an agreement with Lonnie Kilpatrick, his brother, for the sale of all the outstanding shares in GIC to Lonnie Kilpatrick. Pursuant to the agreement, the transaction was consummated, and Lonnie Kilpatrick became the sole stockholder in GIC and the chief executive officer of GIC and acted as such at least until the commencement of the bankruptcy case (Exhibit No. 12 to the Deposition of Anthony V. Labozetta).
Initially GIC maintained offices in Tennessee, but after its troubles started with the State of Tennessee, it gradually transferred its entire operation to Tampa, Florida. GIC was licensed by the State of Florida to operate as a securities dealer in government securities initially on June 8, 1982, and later on July 3, 1984, when Lonnie Kilpatrick himself was individually authorized as a dealer in securities.
On April 9, 1985, Gerald Lewis, Comptroller of the State of Florida (Comptroller), filed administrative charges and a complaint against GIC (Trustee's Exhibit No. 5). The Comptroller sought to suspend the registration of GIC to act as a dealer in government securities based on the alleged failure of GIC to comply with several provisions of the Florida Securities and Investors Protection Act (Chapter 517, et seq., Fla.Stat.).
On June 24, 1985, GIC entered into a stipulation and consented to the entry of an order. According to the consent order, Lonnie Kilpatrick on behalf of GIC agreed, inter alia, not to sell any unregistered securities; agreed to maintain accurate records of all sales and agreed not to violate any provisions of the Florida Administrative Code related to regulation of sales of securities. The crucial part of the consent order is set forth in Paragraph 5. It provided that GIC agreed to refund to the investors in trust notes $5,000,000 by June 1; $4,000,000 by August 1; $600,000 by September 1; $400,000 by October 1; and by November 1 redeem all trust notes and complete the total liquidation of the treasury note trusts. In Paragraph 8 of the consent order, GIC agreed that in the event it failed to comply with any provisions of the consent order and with the terms of the stipulation, the Comptroller may revoke its registration as a securities dealer without prior notice and a hearing (Exhibit No. 10 to Deposition of Anthony V. Labozetta).
The balance sheet prepared by the firm of Arthur D. Levy & Co., Certified Public Accountants (Exhibit No. 41 to Deposition of Anthony V. Labozetta), indicated that as of December 31, 1984, GIC showed a net stockholders equity in the amount of $231,498.00. It should be noted, however, that the balance sheet was not an audited balance sheet and its accuracy was disclaimed by Mr. Levy. The next balance sheet in evidence was prepared by the auditing firm of Hartman and Hartman. This was again an unaudited balance sheet and showed a net stockholders equity in the amount of $473,068.38 as of April 30, 1985. It should be noted again that the accuracy of this statement was not vouchsafed by the accounting firm. On the contrary, there is a very strong disclaimer in the letter of transmittal stating that "management has elected to omit substantially all of the disclosures and the statement of changes in *528 financial position required by generally accepted accounting principles." (Exhibit No. 48 to Deposition of Anthony v. Labozetta). More importantly, the balance sheet included as assets accounts receivable from employees and from stockholders whose collectibility was highly questionable. Based on the foregoing, the claimed net stockholders equity of $473,068.38 hardly reflected the real financial status of GIC as of April 30, 1985.
It appears that GIC did meet its obligations initially under the stipulation and the consent order and made refunds to investors. However, it soon became apparent that it would not be able to live up to the terms of the consent order due to the lack of sufficient funds unless 1) it was able either to raise funds through the sale of securities or, 2) through possible liquidation of its real estate holdings or, 3) somehow to prevail on the office of the Comptroller to waive the provisions of the stipulation and the consent order and obtain an agreement to a moratorium allowing GIC to restructure the repayment schedule and to give GIC more time to generate the funds necessary to live up to its commitment to repay the investors in the trust notes. There is no question that GIC did not have the funds to meet the payment schedules by the summer of 1985. It is equally without dispute that under no conditions could GIC have liquidated its real estate holdings in time to generate funds sufficient to meet its obligations under the consent order. This is so because, according to Lonnie Kilpatrick, the values placed on the real properties owned by GIC were not only grossly inflated, but the real estate market in central Florida was depressed and the market was saturated with properties offered for sale (Deposition of Lonnie Kilpatrick at page 72, line 24). The untenable situation of GIC was further aggravated by the fact that GIC was not in a position to raise funds through the sale of securities unless 1) it was successful to obtain registration of a new issue it attempted to market or, 2) it embarked again on selling unregistered securities. All efforts by Labozetta to register a new issue with the Securities Exchange Commission failed. This, of course, left no alternative to GIC except either to resume the sale of unregistered securities, or somehow prevail on the Comptroller to leave GIC alone.
The record reveals that Lonnie Kilpatrick decided the first alternative, which, of course, in no time came to the attention of the office of the Comptroller who intensified its investigation of the affairs of GIC. The sale of unregistered securities was a patent violation of the consent order and would have automatically triggered a revocation of GIC's registration as a dealer in government securities which in turn would have put GIC out of business at once and would have destroyed its economic life. This fact was well known to Lonnie Kilpatrick and, in spite of his protestation that he did not intend ever to consider bankruptcy and hoped without any realistic basis to escape bankruptcy, this fact was clearly evident or should have been evident to anyone familiar with the affairs of GIC by late August 1985. By that time, it appeared that the choices available to GIC were limited and unless GIC was able to obtain a moratorium on its obligation under the consent decree, the impending doom appeared to be inevitable and unless it was able to obtain relief in the Bankruptcy Court and to avail itself of the protection accorded to the Debtor by § 362(a), i.e. the automatic stay, its operation would be shut down by the Comptroller and GIC would be put out of business.
Fees Paid to Labozetta and Berlin
It should be noted at the outset that the record established in these proceedings concerning the fees paid to Labozetta, or Labozetta and Hass, P.A., and Berlin is not to be noted for clarity and leaves a lot to be desired. According to the submission of Berlin, he received the following amounts on the following dates for the following purposes:
April 18, 1985 $ 50,000.00 representation of GIC in
May 10, 1985 3,500.00 Florida proceedings
July 8, 1985 12,500.00 representation of GIC in
July 17, 1985 850.00 Tennessee appeal
August 20, 1985 12,500.00
September 11, 1985 6,000.00
October 1, 1985 50,000.00 attempt to stop state of
Florida from entering final
*529
Order of Revocation
of GIC's registration
___________
TOTAL: $135,250.00
While Berlin did not testify, the documentary evidence in the deposition of Lonnie Kilpatrick does not support the data submitted by Berlin concerning the fees received by him and indicates that on August 25, 1985 GIC made out a check to Berlin for $25,000 while Berlin's Disclosure reveals that he received $12,500 from GIC on that date.
Labozetta's Disclosure Statement reveals the following payments:
October 4, 1984 $ 2,000.00 per month as retainer for
October 3, 1985 general counseling
2,500.00 advised transfer of ownership
of shares in GIC of
shares in GIC from John
to Lonnie Kilpatrick
65,000.00 as co-counsel with Berlin
for representation of GIC
in connection with State
of Florida revocation proceedings
2,500.00 for negotiations and settlement
with State of Florida
30,000.00 in his efforts for appeal of
State of Tennessee's Revocation
order
25,000.00 filing of Government trust
offering with Securities
Exchange Commission
5,000.00 for proposed purchase of
Jupiter Plaza and Forest
Hill Plaza
35,000.00 for work in connection with
acquisition of Kimberly
Property
2,500.00 State of Florida v. Robert
Turner
7,500.00 acquisition of Westshore
Property
50,000.00 for efforts in attempting to
forestall State of Florida
from entering Final Order
of Revocation
However, at the hearing on the Trustee's Motion to Re-examine Fees, Labozetta testified to the following schedule of payments received by him:
July, 1985 $12,500.00 trust offering
August, 1985 12,500.00 securities registration with
Securities Exchange Commission
October, 1984 35,000.00 Kimberly Property acquisition
July, 1985 30,000.00 Tennessee proceedings (appeal)
October, 1984 2,000.00 per month retainer
October, 1985
Ordinarily, one would incline to dismiss the Trustee's attempt to obtain re-examination of the fees of Labozetta and Berlin based on the total failure of the Trustee to present at least an understandable picture of the facts relevant, albeit rough, which may form the basis for re-examination. It is astounding indeed that a trustee who has engaged the services of Control Associates, a New York securities specialist firm at the very early stage of the administration of the estate of GIC, and the estate so far paid to this firm fees and expenses in excess of $467,777.26 and which firm again has currently an application pending for interim allowance and seeks an additional payment of fees in the amount of $172,155.00 and reimbursement of expenses in the amount of $42,779.17, failed to present any documentation, e.g., at least cancelled checks to show precisely what amounts Labozetta and Berlin received and when. Nevertheless, this Court is duty bound regardless of the Trustee's failure to proceed and examine the issues raised and re-examine, if appropriate, the reasonableness of the fees paid by GIC to Labozetta and Berlin.
Basis for Reconsideration of Fees Pursuant to § 329 and Bankruptcy Rule 2017
The jurisdiction of the Bankruptcy Court to re-examine the reasonableness of payments or transfers of properties by a debtor to an attorney in contemplation of bankruptcy is not new. Prior to the enactment of the Bankruptcy Code, § 60(d) of the Bankruptcy Act of 1898 specifically authorized the Court, even on its own motion, to re-examine payments made or properties transferred by a debtor to an attorney in contemplation of bankruptcy. This Section also authorized the trustee of the estate to recover the amounts found to be in excess of the reasonable fee. As stated by the Supreme Court in the landmark case interpreting this Section, Conrad, Rubin & Lesser v. Pender, 289 U.S. 472, 53 S. Ct. 703, 77 L. Ed. 1327 (1933) that:
"the manifest purpose of the provision is to safeguard the assets of those who are acting in contemplation of bankruptcy, so that these assets may be brought quickly and without unnecessary expense into the hands of the trustee, and to provide a restraint upon opportunities to make an unreasonable disposition of property through arrangement for excessive payments for prospective legal services."
*530 Viewing the language of § 329 in isolation, it might appear at first blush that the concept "in contemplation of" has been eliminated by Congress and the authority to re-examine was limited to payments made to an attorney who actually represented the debtor in a case under Title 11 or who represented the debtor in connection with such case. However, reading Bankruptcy Rule 2017 leaves no doubt that this was not the Congressional intent and the scope and the reach of the power to re-examine payments made or properties transferred by a debtor to his attorney is the same as it existed prior to the adoption of the Code. From this, it follows that the principles enunciated by pre-Code cases interpreting § 60(d) of the Bankruptcy Act of 1898 are still controlling.
Both Labozetta and Berlin rely on Conrad, Lesser, supra, for the proposition that the controlling question is whether or not bankruptcy was the impelling cause of the transaction. As noted earlier, in opposing the position of the attorneys, and in support of his contention, the Trustee heavily relies on the fact that GIC was insolvent during the relevant period, i.e., during the one year immediately preceding the actual filing of the case originally under Chapter 11 which later on was converted to a Chapter 7 case on October 3, 1985.
A close analysis of Conrad, Rubin & Lesser, supra, and the cases cited by the Supreme Court in that case, leaves no doubt that the arguments and the facts relied on by both Labozetta and Berlin and counsel for the Trustee miss the mark. As noted, Labozetta and Berlin point out that the record is clear, and it is without dispute that Lonnie Kilpatrick, the President of GIC who is currently an involuntary guest of the Federal Government, consistently maintained in his deposition that he did not intend to file bankruptcy on behalf of GIC. Thus, seizing on the language in Conrad, Rubin & Lesser, quoted earlier, Labozetta and Berlin contend that the payments made to them were not in contemplation of bankruptcy and, therefore, this Court lacks the power to re-examine the reasonableness of the amounts paid by them to GIC.
Construing the term "in contemplation" in general, the Supreme Court stated that one is usually very much in contemplation of the very result he wants to avoid, and when engages services of an attorney to accomplish this goal, is making payments in "contemplation". This was precisely the factual scenario in Conrad, Rubin & Lesser, supra, where the attorneys were hired for the purpose of negotiating a settlement with creditors of a 50% cash settlement and to help the debtor corporation to pledge its accounts receivable in order to obtain the necessary funds to carry out the settlement and to avoid bankruptcy.
Considering the proposition urged by the Trustee, which basically focuses on the alleged insolvency of GIC at the time relevant, it is well to state that the financial condition of GIC without anything further carries little relevance, if any, to the issue under consideration. In support of his contention that the above payments were made by GIC to the attorneys in contemplation of bankruptcy, the Trustee primarily relies on the alleged fact that one year prior to the filing of its Petition for Relief under Chapter 11, GIC was insolvent therefore the payments were made "in contemplation of bankruptcy". In support of this proposition, the Trustee introduced into evidence the testimony of James Foley, President of Control Associates, a securities analyst firm, who concluded through an analysis of GIC's financial records that GIC was insolvent as of December 1985. The Trustee further contends that the principals of GIC were very well aware of this fact; that they knew that GIC was selling securities it had never purchased and knew that the real properties purchased and owned by GIC were grossly overvalued and did not represent sufficient value to change the position of GIC from insolvency to solvency. Assuming that the evidence supports the Trustee's contention on the issue of insolvency, this is really of no relevance itself because in the context of the matter under consideration, the accuracy of the financial date presented by the two balance sheets are really of no consequence. This is so because it is the subjective frame of mind of Lonnie Kilpatrick at the time which *531 has the only relevance to the issue under consideration, and not an objective determination by hindsight that during the year 1985, GIC was already insolvent. As noted in the case of Tripp v. Mitschrich, 211 F. 424 (8th C.C.A.1914), the Eighth Circuit stated that:
"the words `in contemplation of bankruptcy. .' means more than a simple consciousness of insolvency. A man may be insolvent and yet not contemplate bankruptcy. He may contemplate insolvency and the breaking up of his business and yet not contemplate bankruptcy. Contemplation. means that in making the transfer the debtor is influenced by the possibility or imminence of a. Fees Paid to Labozetta
The record reveals that Labozetta received $2,000 a month retainer from GIC prior to Lonnie Kilpatrick's having acquired controlling interest in GIC and continued to receive the same possibly up to and including October 1985, the month GIC filed its original Petition for Relief in this Court. It appears that additional fees paid to Labozetta or to his firm during the spring and summer of 1985 were either in connection with attempted acquisition of real properties by GIC or with his attempt to obtain a registration for a trust offering by GIC, the sale of which would have possibly enabled GIC to generate enough funds to keep its commitment to the State of Florida under the terms of the consent order entered on June 27, 1985. These payments cannot be said to have been in contemplation of bankruptcy simply because the possibility of bankruptcy did not appear to be an inevitable alternative at that time, at least not in the mind of Lonnie Kilpatrick. Clearly, none of the payments related to services rendered by Labozetta or his firm prior to the entry of the consent order would have been "in contemplation of bankruptcy" under the teachings of Conrad, Rubin & Lesser, supra. However, this is not true concerning the $50,000 received by Labozetta a few days prior to the filing of the Chapter 11 Petition for his efforts in attempting to forestall the State of Florida from revoking the securities registration of GIC which would have put GIC out of business. In spite of Labozetta's failure to disclose either in his submission or in his oral testimony that he received this $50,000.00, it is clear that GIC transferred $100,000 to Labozetta in April; that these monies were held by Labozetta in his escrow account ostensibly in connection with the transaction referred as as the Hampton deal and the same was the source of the $50,000.00 received by him shortly before bankruptcy. It should be noted that the payments disclosed by Labozetta in his written submission were not paid out of the $100,000 he received in April but was paid to him by GIC in addition to the $100,000 he received in April out of which he ultimately received $50,000 from Berlin. (Exhibit 52 to Lonnie Kilpatrick's Deposition).
The straw which broke the camel's back and caused a radical turn for the worse of the affairs of GIC came about because the office of the Comptroller resumed the investigation of the affairs of GIC in the *532 summer of 1985. The investigation reached such intensity that the operation of GIC was to reach the stage of complete paralysis. This intolerable state of affairs prompted Kilpatrick to call Labozetta and urge him to do something to keep the wolves away from the door. Labozetta insisted on an additional $100,000 fee in order to represent GIC in an attempt to stop the investigation by the office of the Comptroller and to avert what seemed at that point to be almost inevitable the revocation of GIC's registration as a securities dealer. Kilpatrick informed Labozetta in no uncertain terms that GIC did not have $100,000 to spend (Lonnie Kilpatrick's Deposition, Page 82, Lines 17-25). Labozetta, after having been unsuccessful in squeezing an additional $100,000 out of GIC, told Kilpatrick that he still had the original $100,000 received in April which was held by him in the escrow account and these monies could be used as "attorney fees". Kilpatrick agreed and authorized Labozetta to transfer the $100,000.00 to Berlin (Exh. 52 to Lonnie Kilpatrick's Deposition). Labozetta promptly followed through and wired the $100,000.00 to Berlin. At this point, it should be noted that under the consent decree, GIC was required to refund to the investors $4 million by August 1; $600,000 by September 1; $400,000 by October 1; and, by November 1, the balance. Thus, when the conversation referred to took place on August 28, in which Kilpatrick told Labozetta that GIC did not have $100,000 to spend, it became obvious that neither did GIC have the $600,000 which it was required to be paid under the consent decree on September 1 nor the $400,000 which would become due and owing on October 1, 1985. Based on these facts there is hardly any doubt that Kilpatrick knew that by virtue of Paragraph 8 of the consent order, in the event GIC failed to comply with any provisions of the consent order, the terms of the stipulation, the Comptroller was entitled to revoke the registration of GIC as a securities dealer without prior notice and hearing (Exhibit 10 to Deposition of Anthony Labozetta). Fees Paid to Berlin
The connection of Berlin with the affairs of GIC is a horse of a different color. It is important to note at the outset that there is evidence in this record which indicates that Berlin was regarded as an experienced Florida real estate attorney and had no expertise in securities. Berlin was first contacted by Labozetta on behalf of GIC in the fall of 1983 for his advice in connection with GIC's potential purchase of a building in West Palm Beach, Florida (Deposition of Anthony Labozetta, Page 10, Line 11). Berlin was not contacted again by GIC until April 1985, when GIC took an appeal of the adverse order entered by the State of Tennessee revoking GIC's securities registration in that state and when the State of Florida, Office of Comptroller, began its revocation proceedings against GIC (Deposition of Lonnie Kilpatrick, P. 80, line 3. It appears that Berlin, who as noted earlier was not known for his expertise as a securities lawyer, but who was the Chairman of the Democratic Committee at that time, was contacted by GIC primarily for his actual or perceived political connections. There is evidence in this record through the deposition of Lonnie Kilpatrick and some documentation, that on August 20, 1985, GIC issued a series of checks which were mailed to Berlin, which checks appeared to have been issued to make campaign contributions to Senator Albert Gore of Tennessee. Obviously Senator Gore had nothing to do with the affairs of GIC and the conclusion is not without basis that the check issued to Senator Gore by GIC and transmitted through Berlin was for the purpose to obtain the Senator's assistance to help GIC through his political connections with the Tennessee authorities who were in charge of proceedings against GIC. It should also be noted that among those checks there were two checks, one to Malcolm Fromberg, the former Mayor of Miami, and to Bill Gunter (Deposition of Lonnie Kilpatrick, p. 81-83, Exh. 63), who was *533 at that time the State Insurance Commissioner. There is nothing in this record which warrants a finding that these checks were paid to these two Florida politicians for any reason other than to possibly use their influence with the Office of the Comptroller and help GIC with its even increasing problems. Based on the foregoing, this Court is satisfied that the $50,000 received by Labozetta ten days prior to the actual filing of bankruptcy and the same amount received by Berlin were, in fact, payments in contemplation of bankruptcy thus subject to re-examination by this Court.
Inasmuch as it appears that Labozetta voluntarily returned to the estate the $50,000 he received out of the $100,000 transmitted to him by Berlin, the Trustee's request to re-examine that payment is moot and, therefore, no longer requires a consideration.
In light of the foregoing, it is
ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that a final evidentiary hearing be, and the same is hereby, scheduled for the 12th day of December, 1988 at 9:00 a.m. to determine the reasonableness of the sum of $50,000 received by Berlin.
DONE AND ORDERED.
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https://github.com/evcu/evcu.github.io/blob/master/.gitignore
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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evcu.github.io
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evcu
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Ignore List
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Code
| 3 | 17 |
gitPushScript.sh
_site
.sass-cache/
| 12,302 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/65651193
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
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English
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Spoken
| 153 | 233 |
VSCode "Unable to open <HASH> Unable to read file"
I'm using VSCode (1.52.1) for a while on my Fedora 33 machine.
I'm using Docker extension (v1.9.0) but for some reason, in the past few days when I'm trying to attach the VSCode to the Docker container, it failed to resolve the workspace folder.
I've tried to reinstall VSCode and the Docker extension but it did not help
I think this issue is related
Screenshot:
As you can see, the files explorer does not show any files, instead, it shows a hash-like string.
Accourding to this vs-code issue
You might have had that folder open before and it now no longer exists. Can you use File > Open Folder to open a different folder in the container?
All you need to do is go to
File --> Open Folder in the top menu
open the wanted folder and that it.
That worked for me
| 47,024 |
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%20%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B8
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Герб Відігейри
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Герб Відігейри&action=history
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Ukrainian
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Spoken
| 9 | 52 |
Галерея
Джерела
Vidigueira
Посилання
Португальські герби
Герб Відігейри
Відігейра
| 1,785 |
https://github.com/masscreation/countdown/blob/master/test/test_helper.rb
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,013 |
countdown
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masscreation
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Ruby
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Code
| 21 | 87 |
require 'minitest/autorun'
require 'minitest/spec'
require 'minitest/reporters'
require 'time_spanner'
require 'countdown'
#MiniTest::Reporters.use!
class TestCase < Minitest::Spec
end
class FakeView
include ::Countdown::ViewHelpers
end
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2013/92013E011783/92013E011783_IT.txt_13
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Open Government
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CC-By
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None
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How does the Commission envisage this minimum wage? How does it calculate it? What deadline and what strategy could it propose or impose for this?
Answer given by Mr Andor on behalf of the Commission
(13 December 2013)
According to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) wage harmonisation is not a Treaty objective. According to Article 153 TFEU, the Union shall support and complement Member States' activities in the field of, inter alia, working conditions, social security and social protection of workers, but the provisions of Article 153 do not apply to pay (by virtue of Article 153 para. 5 TFEU).
However, the Council may adopt, on a proposal of the Commission, country-specific recommendations on wages, including on minimum wages, as part of EU economic governance based on the integrated Broad Economic Policy Guidelines (Article 121 TFEU) and Employment Guidelines (Article 148 TFEU)..
In the Employment Package (227) the Commission stressed the importance of decent and sustainable wages within the Member States. Minimum wages set at appropriate levels can help prevent in-work poverty and a race to the bottom in terms of labour costs. Thus they are an important factor in ensuring decent pay and job quality. In setting minimum wage levels, Member States must strike a balance between offering a decent wage, matching productivity levels and providing the right incentives to the unemployed (making work pay). Minimum wages can also contribute to sustaining aggregate demand. This is particularly relevant in depressed economic circumstances.
(Nederlandse versie)
Vraag met verzoek om schriftelijk antwoord P-011736/13
aan de Commissie
Philip Claeys (NI)
(15 oktober 2013)
Betreft: IMF-voorstel om eenmalig 10 % van spaarrekeningen aan te slaan
In de zogenaamde „Fiscal Monitor” van oktober 2013 van het Internationaal Monetair Fonds (IMF) wordt geopperd dat een „eenmalige kapitaalbelasting” van 10 % een mogelijke optie is om de hoge overheidsschulden in de eurolanden terug te dringen.
Letterlijk schrijft het IMF: „The sharp deterioration of the public finances in many countries has revived interest in a „capital levy” — a one‐off tax on private wealth — as an exceptional measure to restore debt sustainability. The appeal is that such a tax, if it is implemented before avoidance is possible and there is a belief that it will never be repeated, does not distort behavior (and may be seen by some as fair). […] The tax rates needed to bring down public debt to precrisis levels, moreover, are sizable: reducing debt ratios to end‐2007 levels would require (for a sample of 15 euro area countries) a tax rate of about 10 percent on households with positive net wealth (228).”
Veroordeelt de Commissie dit „theoretische” voorstel van het IMF als schadelijk voor het spaardersvertrouwen?
Overweegt de Commissie zich openlijk en ondubbelzinnig te distantiëren van het voorstel, teneinde duidelijk te maken dat spaargeld nog veilig is?
Antwoord van de heer Rehn namens de Commissie
(12 november 2013)
Directe belastingen zijn overeenkomstig het Verdrag in wezen een bevoegdheid van de lidstaten. In de Fiscal Monitor wordt het debat inzake de „eenmalige belasting op kapitaal” besproken in een kader dat verscheidene typen belasting op eigendom en transfers presenteert. De Commissie becommentarieert over het algemeen geen technische documenten die door haar personeel of andere internationale instellingen zijn gepubliceerd.
(English version)
Question for written answer P-011736/13
to the Commission
Philip Claeys (NI)
(15 October 2013)
Subject: IMF proposal to impose a one-off tax of 10% on savings accounts
In its Fiscal Monitor of October 2013, the IMF proposes a ‘one-off capital tax’ of 10% as a possible option for reducing the high sovereign debts in the eurozone countries.
To quote the IMF: ‘The sharp deterioration of the public finances in many countries has revived interest in a “capital levy” — a one‐off tax on private wealth — as an exceptional measure to restore debt sustainability. The appeal is that such a tax, if it is implemented before avoidance is possible and there is a belief that it will never be repeated, does not distort behaviour (and may be seen by some as fair). […] The tax rates needed to bring down public debt to pre-crisis levels, moreover, are sizable: reducing debt ratios to end‐2007 levels would require (for a sample of 15 euro area countries) a tax rate of about 10 percent on households with positive net wealth.’ (229)
Does the Commission condemn this ‘theoretical’ proposal by the IMF as damaging to savers’ confidence?
Does the Commission intend to distance itself openly and unambiguously from this proposal in order to make it clear that savings are still safe?
Answer given by Mr Rehn on behalf of the Commission
(12 November 2013)
Direct taxes are essentially a Member State competence, subject to compliance with the Treaty. In the ‘Fiscal Monitor’, the debate on a ‘one-off capital levy’ is referred to in a box linked to a section presenting different types of taxes on property and transfers. The Commission does in general not comment on technical documents published by staff of other international bodies.
(Nederlandse versie)
Vraag met verzoek om schriftelijk antwoord P-011738/13
aan de Commissie (Vicevoorzitter / Hoge Vertegenwoordiger)
Johannes Cornelis van Baalen (ALDE)
(15 oktober 2013)
Betreft: VP/HR — Financiële steun EU aan Palestijnse gebieden
1.
Is de vicevoorzitter/hoge vertegenwoordiger (VP/HR) op de hoogte van het rapport van de Europese Rekenkamer, waarin wordt gesteld dat er ruim een miljard euro aan Europese hulpgelden is verdwenen in de Gazastrook en de Westelijke Jordaanoever ten gevolge van corruptie en mismanagement?
2.
Is de vicevoorzitter/hoge vertegenwoordiger van mening dat deze gang van zaken absoluut onaanvaardbaar is en dat de autoriteiten in de Palestijnse gebieden zich moeten verantwoorden en dat de gelden moeten worden teruggevorderd?
3.
Welke stappen heeft de vicevoorzitter/hoge vertegenwoordiger ondernomen richting de Palestijnse autoriteiten in de Gazastrook en op de Westelijke Jordaanoever?
4.
Vindt de vicevoorzitter/hoge vertegenwoordiger ook dat alle Europese financiële steun aan de Palestijnse gebieden per direct geblokkeerd moet worden zolang deze kwestie niet is opgelost en de hulpgelden niet zijn verantwoord?
Antwoord van de heer Füle namens de Commissie
(14 november 2013)
De Performance Audit die de geachte Parlementsleden lijken te bedoelen, is nog niet door de Rekenkamer gepubliceerd. De Commissie en de vicevoorzitter/hoge vertegenwoordiger hebben daarom geen opmerkingen totdat de audit is gepubliceerd.
(English version)
Question for written answer P-011738/13
to the Commission (Vice-President/High Representative)
Johannes Cornelis van Baalen (ALDE)
(15 October 2013)
Subject: VP/HR — EU financial aid to Palestinian areas
1.
Is the Vice-President/High Representative aware of the report by the European Court of Auditors which states that some EUR 1 billion in EU aid has disappeared in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank as a result of corruption and mismanagement?
2.
Does the Vice-President/High Representative consider that this state of affairs is completely unacceptable, that the authorities in the Palestinian areas should be held accountable and that the money must be reimbursed?
3.
What action has the Vice-President/High Representative taken towards the Palestinian authorities in the Gaza Strip and West Bank?
4.
Does the Vice-President/High Representative agree that all European financial aid to the Palestinian areas should be immediately halted until this issue is resolved and the aid money is accounted for?
Answer given by Mr Füle on behalf of the Commission
(14 November 2013)
The Performance Audit which the Honourable Member appears to allude to has not yet been published by the Court. The Commission and the Vice-President/High Representative have therefore no comments to make until such times as it shall have been published.
(Versão portuguesa)
Pergunta com pedido de resposta escrita P-011739/13
à Comissão
Inês Cristina Zuber (GUE/NGL)
(15 de outubro de 2013)
Assunto: Deslocalização da Microsoft Portugal
A Microsoft vai deslocalizar para a Grécia e o Brasil os serviços de apoio ao cliente e de suporte técnico, que eram prestados pela multinacional SITEL a partir do Parque das Nações, em Lisboa, o que levará ao despedimento coletivo de 120 trabalhadores.
Este é mais um despedimento a somar às centenas de milhar de trabalhadores que, nos últimos dois anos, se viram confrontados com a perda do seu posto de trabalho. Estes despedimentos estão intimamente ligados à submissão e cumplicidades do governo português com a política da troica em Portugal, com a ausência de investimento e medidas que salvaguardem os postos de trabalho em causa.
Assim, solicita-se à Comissão que informe do seguinte:
A referida empresa recebeu quaisquer apoios comunitários? Com que fins foram concedidos e que compromissos assumiu aquando da concessão dos apoios? Considera que, a existirem compromissos, estes estão a ser postos em causa pela administração da empresa?
Que medidas pensa tomar, tendo em conta os graves problemas sociais e económicos existentes em Portugal onde o desemprego não cessa de aumentar?
Que tipo de apoios pode esta empresa ou o governo português solicitar para evitar que estes trabalhadores fiquem desempregados?
Resposta dada por László Andor em nome da Comissão
(13 de novembro de 2013)
De acordo com as informações recebidas das autoridades portuguesas, a empresa Microsoft Portugal recebeu um apoio financeiro no valor de 23 214,40 euros do Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) no período de programação de 2007-2013. As operações selecionadas para financiamento destinaram-se a apoiar um Plano de Igualdade de Géneros. A multinacional SITEL nunca recebeu qualquer contribuição financeira do FSE.
A política de emprego, incluindo as medidas de combate ao desemprego, é essencialmente uma competência do Estado-Membro. Contudo, os fundos estruturais da UE são importantes fontes de investimento que estimulam o crescimento sustentável e o emprego, a todos os níveis. O Pacote de Investimento Social (230) dá orientações aos Estados-Membros sobre políticas sociais mais eficientes e eficazes. O Pacote de Emprego (231) e o Pacote de Emprego dos Jovens (232) incluem um conjunto de medidas destinadas a ajudar os Estados-Membros a combater o desemprego e, nomeadamente, o desemprego dos jovens e a exclusão social. Além disso, um conjunto de políticas ativas do mercado de trabalho destinadas a inverter as tendências negativas e a promover a criação de emprego tem sido aplicado com o apoio financeiro do FSE.
Os trabalhadores suscetíveis de serem afetados pela reestruturação podem candidatar-se ao apoio do FSE e, se reunirem as condições necessárias para tal, do Fundo Europeu de Ajustamento à Globalização. As autoridades portuguesas responsáveis pela gestão nacional do FSE e do FEG podem fornecer mais informações:
FSE
IGFSE — Instituto de Gestão do Fundo Social Europeu, I.P.
Rua Castilho, n.° 5 — 6°, 7° e 8°
1250-066 Lisboa
Tel.: 21 359 16 00
Fax: 21 359 16 01
geral@igfse.pt
http://www.igfse.pt
FEG
IEFP — Instituto de Emprego e Formação Profissional
Rua de Xabregas, n.° 52
1949-003 Lisboa
Tel.: 00351 218 614 100
Fax: 00351 218 614 601
Email: iefp.info@iefp.pt
http:/www.iefp.pt
(English version)
Question for written answer P-011739/13
to the Commission
Inês Cristina Zuber (GUE/NGL)
(15 October 2013)
Subject: Relocation of Microsoft Portugal
Microsoft intends to relocate its customer and technical support services from Lisbon’s Parque das Nações, where they were operated by the multinational company SITEL, to Greece and Brazil.
This will lead to the collective dismissal of 120 employees, who will join the hundreds of thousands of workers who have seen their jobs disappear over the last two years.
These lay-offs are closely linked to the Portuguese Government’s submission to and complicity with the Troika’s policies in Portugal and the lack of investment and measures to protect jobs under threat.
Can the Commission say:
Whether the company in question received any form of Community funding? For what purposes was the funding granted and what commitments did the firm make on receiving it? If commitments were made, does the Commission consider that these are now being sidestepped by the management of the firm?
What steps it intends to take, given the current serious social and economic problems in Portugal and its rising level of unemployment?
What types of support can be requested by this company, or the Portuguese Government, in order to prevent these workers becoming unemployed?
Answer given by Mr Andor on behalf of the Commission
(13 November 2013)
According to information received from the Portuguese authorities Microsoft Portugal received financial support amounting to EUR 23.214,40 from the European Social Fund (ESF) in the programming period 2007-2013. The operations selected for funding aimed at supporting a Gender Equality Plan. The multinational SITEL has never received any ESF financial contribution.
Employment policy, including measures to combat unemployment, is primarily a Member State competence. However, the EU structural funds are important sources of investment stimulating sustainable growth and employment, at all levels. The Social Investment Package (233) gives guidance to Member States on more efficient and effective social policies. The Employment Package (234) and Youth employment package (235) include a set of measures aiming at helping Member States to tackle unemployment and particularly youth unemployment and social exclusion. Moreover, a set of Active Labour Market Policies aiming at reversing the negative trends and fostering employment creation has been implemented with the financial support of ESF.
Workers likely to be affected by restructuring may qualify for support from the ESF and, provided that the necessary conditions are met, from the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund. The Portuguese Authorities in charge of the ESF and the EGF national management could provide further information:
ESF
IGFSE — Instituto de Gestão do Fundo Social Europeu, I.P.
Rua Castilho, no 5 — 6o, 7o e 8o
1250-066 Lisboa
Tel: 21 359 16 00
Fax: 21 359 16 01
geral@igfse.pt
http://www.igfse.pt
EGF
IEFP — Instituto de Emprego e Formação Profissional
Rua de Xabregas, no 52
1949-003 Lisboa
Phone: 00351 218 614 100
Fax: 00351 218 614 601
Email: iefp.info@iefp.pt
http:/www.iefp.pt
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-011740/13
à la Commission
Sandrine Bélier (Verts/ALE)
(15 octobre 2013)
Objet: Suivi du site Natura 2000 de Kaliakra
En réponse à ma question E-003921/2013 concernant la procédure d'infraction ouverte à l'encontre de la Bulgarie pour mauvaise application des directives relatives aux oiseaux et aux habitats naturels dans les zones importantes pour la conservation des oiseaux (ZICO) et les zones de protection spéciale (ZPS) de Kaliakra, la Commission a informé qu'elle déciderait des prochaines étapes sous peu.
Nous sommes à présent en octobre: la traversée de la région de Kaliakra par les espèces migrant en hiver est tout sauf terminée et aucune action n'a été entreprise pour que la région de Kaliakra accède véritablement au statut de ZICO et pour que les habitats endommagés sur le site soient réparés. Dans moins de neuf mois, les citoyens européens vont se rendre aux urnes pour élire leurs représentants au Parlement européen et nombreux sont ceux qui se demandent ce que l'adhésion à l'Union européenne leur apporte réellement. La Commission envisage-t-elle de prendre de nouvelles mesures concernant Kaliakra et démontrer ainsi que l'Union européenne se mobilise pour le droit des citoyens européens à une protection efficace de l'environnement?
Réponse donnée par M. Potočnik au nom de la Commission
(12 décembre 2013)
Le 17 octobre 2013, la Commission a décidé de saisir la Cour de justice d'un recours contre la Bulgarie car elle n'a pas protégé des habitats uniques et des espèces importantes dans la région de Kaliakra (236).
Le 6 novembre 2013, le conseil des ministres bulgare a décidé (237) d'étendre la zone de protection spéciale de «Kaliakra» (BG0002051), instituée en vertu de la directive «Oiseaux» (238), et d'inclure des territoires non désignés dans le réseau Natura 2000. La Commission examine actuellement ces mesures.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011740/13
to the Commission
Sandrine Bélier (Verts/ALE)
(15 October 2013)
Subject: Follow-up on Kaliakra Natura 2000 site
In its answer to Written Question E-003921/2013 concerning the infringement proceedings brought against Bulgaria for poor application of the birds and habitats directives in relation to the Kaliakra Important Bird Area (IBA) and Special Protection Area (SPA), the Commission stated that it would shortly decide on the next steps.
It is now October and this year’s winter migration over Kaliakra has all but finished, with no sign of anything being done to designate properly the Kaliakra IBA and repair the damaged habitats on the site. In less than nine months, EU citizens will be going to the polls to elect their European Parliament representatives, with many wondering what benefits EU membership actually brings them. Does the Commission plan to take further action on the Kaliakra site and demonstrate that the EU stands up for the rights of EU citizens to effective environmental protection?
Answer given by Mr Potočnik on behalf of the Commission
(12 December 2013)
On 17 October 2013, the Commission decided to refer Bulgaria to Court over its failure to protect unique habitats and important species in the Kaliakra region (239).
On 6 November 2013, the Bulgarian Council of Ministers decided (240) to expand the Special Protection Area ‘Kaliakra’ (BG0002051), designated under the Birds Directive (241) and includes non-designated territories in the Natura 2000 network. The Commission is currently assessing those measures.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-011742/13
à la Commission
Tokia Saïfi (PPE)
(15 octobre 2013)
Objet: Première évaluation des effets des préférences commerciales autonomes d'urgence pour le Pakistan
Le règlement (UE) n° 1029/2012 du 25 octobre 2012 introduisant des préférences commerciales autonomes d'urgence pour le Pakistan s'applique depuis près d'un an et jusqu'à la fin de l'année 2013.
Lors de son examen au Parlement européen, nous avons demandé à «pouvoir mesurer concrètement les effets des préférences commerciales autonomes sous les aspects de la création d'emplois, de l'éradication de la pauvreté ainsi que du développement durable au sein de la population active et de la population pauvre du Pakistan» (considérant 6 du règlement).
Or, jusqu'à présent, la Commission ne met aucune donnée concrète à disposition, ni n'informe le Parlement de ses opérations de suivi des importations pakistanaises relevant de ce régime en Europe.
La Commission peut-elle:
indiquer dans quelles proportions les importations pakistanaises ont bénéficié de ce régime temporaire; et quels secteurs y ont le plus recours?
préciser, même sommairement, l'impact économique de ces mesures sur les deux filières européennes principalement concernées, à savoir celles du textile et de l'éthanol?
donner des exemples concrets dans lesquels les gains relevant des préférences commerciales ont bien été redistribués en faveur des zones touchées par les inondations?
indiquer comment elle pense articuler le passage du régime de ce règlement au régime de SPG +, dont devrait bénéficier le Pakistan?
Réponse donnée par M. De Gucht au nom de la Commission
(27 novembre 2013)
Les préférences commerciales autonomes d'urgence pour le Pakistan ont répondu à l'appel lancé par le Conseil européen le 16 septembre 2010 en vue de soutenir le redressement économique du Pakistan après les inondations de l'été 2010.
À cet égard, les préférences commerciales ne pouvaient pas être affectées aux régions touchées par les inondations, mais visaient à soutenir le rétablissement de l'ensemble du pays, en améliorant ses possibilités commerciales.
On estime que les produits visés par le règlement (UE) n° 1029/2012 représentent environ 100 millions d'euros d'importations supplémentaires par an. Si la Commission surveille ces importations, comme le prévoit le règlement, il est encore trop tôt pour tirer des conclusions sur les effets de ces préférences. Au plus tard le 31 décembre 2015, la Commission fera rapport au Parlement européen et au Conseil sur le fonctionnement et les effets du règlement.
Les préférences commerciales autonomes d'urgence prendront fin le 31 décembre 2013. En ce qui concerne le système de préférences généralisées (SPG +), la Commission a examiné attentivement la demande du Pakistan et a constaté qu'elle satisfaisait aux critères techniques pour bénéficier des préférences du SPG +. La Commission a donc, dans un acte délégué, décidé d'octroyer le SPG + au Pakistan et à neuf autres pays. Cet acte a été transmis le 30 août dernier au Parlement européen pour examen. Si le Parlement ne s'y oppose pas, cet acte entrera en vigueur le jour suivant celui de la fin des préférences commerciales autonomes d'urgence, à savoir le 1er janvier 2014.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011742/13
to the Commission
Tokia Saïfi (PPE)
(15 October 2013)
Subject: First evaluation of the effects of emergency autonomous trade preferences for Pakistan
Regulation (EU) No 1029/2012 of 25 October 2012 introducing emergency autonomous trade preferences for Pakistan has been in force for almost one year and will apply until the end of 2013.
During its examination in Parliament, we asked that ‘the effects of the autonomous trade preferences should be able to be measured concretely in terms of job creation, poverty eradication and the sustainable development of Pakistan’s working population and poor’ (recital 6 of the regulation).
However, so far, the Commission has not made any concrete data available, nor has it informed Parliament of its efforts to monitor Pakistani imports covered by these arrangements in Europe.
Can the Commission:
state what proportion of Pakistani imports have benefited from these temporary arrangements and what sectors use them the most;
specify, even summarily, the economic impact of these measures on the two main European sectors concerned, namely textiles and ethanol;
give concrete examples in which the gains resulting from the trade preferences have actually been distributed in favour of the flood-hit areas;
state how it intends to manage the transition from the arrangements under this regulation to the Generalised System of Preferences + (GSP+), from which Pakistan should benefit?
Answer given by Mr De Gucht on behalf of the Commission
(27 November 2013)
The emergency autonomous trade preferences for Pakistan responded to the call by the European Council of 16 September 2010 to underpin Pakistan economic recovery after the floods of the summer 2010.
In this respect, trade preferences could not be earmarked for the flood affected regions, but were aimed at supporting the recovery of the entire Pakistan, through greater trade opportunities.
It is estimated that the products covered by Regulation (EU) No 1029/2012 would account for around EUR 100 million in additional imports per year. While the Commission monitors those imports, as provided by the regulation, it is considered too early to draw conclusion on the effects of those preferences. The Commission is to report by 31 December 2015 to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation and effects of the regulation.
The emergency autonomous trade preferences will end on 31 December 2013. Concerning the General Preferential Scheme (GSP+), the Commission has carefully examined Pakistan’s application and found that it fulfils the relevant technical criteria for receiving GSP+ preferences. The Commission has therefore, in a delegated act, decided to grant GSP+ to Pakistan and nine other countries: this act has been transmitted on 30 August to the European Parliament for its consideration. If not opposed, the act will enter into force on the day following the termination of the emergency autonomous trade preferences i.e. 1 January 2014.
(Slovenské znenie)
Otázka na písomné zodpovedanie E-011743/13
Komisii
Monika Flašíková Beňová (S&D)
(15. októbra 2013)
Vec: Snaha o rešpektovanie a dodržiavanie ľudských práv v Kolumbii
Je potešiteľné, že v súčasnej dobe došlo k pozitívnemu posunu a pokroku v otázke mierového procesu v Kolumbii. V uplynulých rokoch však bola proti bývalému prezidentovi Kolumbie Álvarovi Uribemu Vélezovi podaná sťažnosť v mene zástupcov Európskeho parlamentu. Obvinený bol podozrievaný, že sa podieľal na založení militantného zoskupenia. Došlo k závažnému porušovaniu ľudských práv touto štruktúrou. V snahe zmiernenia situácie, resp. navrátenia mieru bolo stanovených 21 bodov, ktoré by umožnili posun vo vyšetrovaní vzniknutej situácie. Dosiaľ však žiaden z nich nebol prijatý. Voči zainteresovaným, na ktorých životy mala nepriaznivá situácia najväčší dopad, boli vznesené hrozby i zastrašovanie. Nedošlo teda k výpovediam, na základe ktorých by bolo možné očakávať posun vo vyšetrovaní.
Akými konkrétnymi opatreniami môže Komisia prispieť k upokojeniu situácie? Ako chce postupovať chrániac životy i ľudské práva všetkých zainteresovaných? A v danej súvislosti možno sa zasadiť za nezávislosť kolumbijskej justície, pokiaľ ide o samotné vyšetrovanie?
Odpoveď vysokej predstaviteľky Únie a podpredsedníčky Komisie Ashtonovej v mene Komisie
(4. decembra 2013)
Vysoká predstaviteľka Únie a podpredsedníčka Komisie naďalej pozorne sleduje situáciu v oblasti ľudských práv v Kolumbii, a to s osobitným dôrazom na situáciu obhajcov ľudských práv. Otázky týkajúce sa ľudských práv sú predmetom pokračujúceho dialógu medzi EÚ a Kolumbiou, ktorých posledné stretnutie sa konalo v Bruseli 17. júna 2013. Okrem toho sa delegácia EÚ v Kolumbii a veľvyslanectvá členských štátov pravidelne venujú otázkam týkajúcim sa ľudských práv vrátane situácie jednotlivých obhajcov v rámci svojich kontaktov s kolumbijskými úradmi. Tieto intervencie viedli k viacerým konkrétnym zlepšeniam, ako je napríklad zabezpečenie ochranných opatrení pre obhajcov, ktorí sa stali terčom vyhrážania. Pracovná skupina pre ľudské práva, ktorej predsedá delegácia EÚ, koordinuje činnosti misií EÚ v oblasti ľudských práv. Delegácia EÚ riadi veľký počet projektov, v rámci ktorých sa poskytuje pomoc orgánom verejnej moci a organizáciám občianskej spoločnosti v kritických oblastiach, ako sú systém súdnictva, podpora reintegrácie bývalých členov ozbrojených skupín, násilie páchané na ženách alebo práva pôvodného obyvateľstva. Vážená pani poslankyňa si môže byť istá, že ľudské práva zostávajú jednou z kľúčových priorít politiky EÚ voči Kolumbii a jej spolupráce s touto krajinou.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011743/13
to the Commission
Monika Flašíková Beňová (S&D)
(15 October 2013)
Subject: Efforts towards respect for and compliance with human rights in Colombia
It is gratifying that there has recently been positive movement and progress in the peace process in Colombia. In recent years, however, complaints have been filed against former Colombian President Álvaro Uribe Vélez on behalf of representatives of the European Parliament. The accused was suspected of helping to set up a militant group. Serious human rights violations were committed by this structure. In an attempt to alleviate the situation, or to be more precise to restore peace, 21 points were established, which would allow progress in investigating the resulting situation. So far, however, none of them have been adopted. Threats and intimidation have been employed against those interested parties whose lives have been most affected by the unfavourable situation. There have thus been no statements on the basis of which progress might be expected in the investigation.
What concrete steps can the Commission take to help calm the situation? How does it intend to proceed in protecting the lives and human rights of all interested parties? Can the independence of the Colombian judiciary be counted on in the given circumstances, as far as the investigation itself is concerned?
Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission
(4 December 2013)
The HR/VP continues to follow closely the human rights situation in Colombia, with particular emphasis being given to the situation of human rights defenders. Human rights issues are the subject of an ongoing dialogue between the EU and Colombia whose last meeting took place in Brussels on 17 June 2013. In addition, the Delegation of the EU to Colombia and Member States' Embassies regularly raise human rights issues, including the situation of individual defenders, in their contacts with the Colombian authorities. These interventions have led to a number of concrete improvements, for example the provision of protection measures to defenders having received threats. A working group on human rights, chaired by the EU Delegation, is coordinating the work on human rights of EU missions. Lastly, the EU Delegation manages a significant number of projects providing assistance to both public authorities and civil society organisations in critical areas such as the justice system, support to the reintegration of former members of armed groups, violence against women or the rights of indigenous people. The Honourable Member can also rest assured that human rights will remain one of the key priorities of the EU's policy towards Colombia and of its cooperation with the country.
(Slovenské znenie)
Otázka na písomné zodpovedanie E-011744/13
Komisii
Monika Flašíková Beňová (S&D)
(15. októbra 2013)
Vec: Sociálny dumping a obmedzenie voľného pohybu osôb v EÚ
Ministri vnútra štyroch členských štátov, a to Veľkej Británie, Nemecka, Rakúska a Holandska nastolili požiadavku na obmedzenie voľného pohybu osôb v členských krajinách Únie. Ministri týchto západoeurópskych krajín žiadajú, aby mali možnosť vypovedať z územia svojho štátu obyvateľov iných členských štátov, a to v prípade, že budú zneužívať svoje právo na voľný pohyb na tzv. sociálny dumping, čo je podľa presnej definície „prax výhodného využitia nízkych pracovných nákladov, ktorá vedie k zníženiu sociálneho zabezpečenia a iných príspevkov, priťahujúca podnikanie z iných krajín a vytvárajúca nekalú súťaž“.
Ministri tvrdia, že príslušníci niektorých etnických skupín dokonca využívajú právo voľného pohybu, aby mohli v iných štátoch požiadať o sociálnu podporu, čo následne vo výraznej miere zaťažuje rozpočtové možnosti.
Bude sa Komisia požiadavkou Veľkej Británie, Nemecka, Rakúska a Holandska zaoberať?
Ak áno, kedy môžeme očakávať oficiálne stanovisko?
Je podľa názoru Komisie fenomén sociálneho dumpingu reálnou hrozbou?
Odpoveď pána Andora v mene Komisie
(9. decembra 2013)
Dňa 23. apríla 2013 ministri vnútra Holandska, Nemecka, Rakúska a Spojeného kráľovstva napísali predsedníctvu Rady pre spravodlivosť a vnútorné veci list, v ktorom vyjadrujú svoje obavy súvisiace s tým, ako občania EÚ využívajú svoje právo na voľný pohyb.
Ministri neodkazujú na fenomén „sociálneho dumpingu“, ale tvrdia, že niektorí občania EÚ predstavujú pre systémy sociálnej pomoci hostiteľských krajín záťaž alebo „zneužívajú“ právo na voľný pohyb a požiadali členské štáty, z ktorých títo občania pochádzajú, aby zlepšili miestne životné podmienky a náležitým spôsobom na to využívali fondy EÚ.
Vo svojej odpovedi Komisia upriamila pozornosť na dôkazy, ktoré ukazujú, že väčšina mobilných občanov EÚ sa sťahuje do iného členského štátu za prácou a že mobilní občania EÚ nevyužívajú sociálnu podporu o nič viac ako štátni príslušníci daných štátov (242). Dňa 25. novembra (243) predložila aj oznámenie, ktoré sa má zaoberať obavami niektorých členských štátov a zameriava sa na objasnenie práv a povinností občanov EÚ, ako aj podmienok a obmedzení vyplývajúcich z právnych predpisov EÚ. Stanovuje sa v ňom päť opatrení, ktorých cieľom je pomôcť členským štátom a ich miestnym orgánom plne uplatňovať a využívať právne predpisy a nástroje EÚ. K nim patrí aj maximálne využívanie štrukturálnych a investičných fondov EÚ.
Jedným aspektom opatrení Komisie je návrh smernice na uľahčenie lepšieho vnútroštátneho presadzovania práv mobilných pracovníkov EÚ (244). Toto opatrenie by okrem iného zabezpečilo lepšie presadzovanie rovnakého zaobchádzania s domácimi a mobilnými pracovníkmi EÚ. Tým by sa členským štátom poskytol ďalší nástroj na boj proti nečestným praktikám, ku ktorým patrí napr. to, že sa mobilným pracovníkom EÚ platí nižšia hodinová sadzba ako domácim pracovníkom.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011744/13
to the Commission
Monika Flašíková Beňová (S&D)
(15 October 2013)
Subject: Social dumping and restrictions on the free movement of persons in the EU
The interior ministers of four Member States — the UK, Germany, Austria and the Netherlands — have tabled a request for restrictions on the free movement of persons in the EU Member States. The ministers of these Western European countries are requesting the possibility of removing from their national territory the inhabitants of other Member States who have abused the right to free movement for so-called social dumping, which is specifically defined as ‘The practice of taking advantage of lower labour costs in certain countries, which leads to lower social security and other contributions, thus attracting business away from other countries and thereby creating unfair competition’.
The ministers claim that members of some ethnic groups even exploit the right to freedom of movement to apply for social support in other states, which then places a substantial burden on budgets.
Will the Commission respond to the request of the UK, Germany, Austria and the Netherlands?
If so, when can we expect an official opinion?
In the Commission’s view, is the phenomenon of social dumping a real threat?
Answer given by Mr Andor on behalf of the Commission
(9 December 2013)
On 23 April 2013 the Interior Ministers of Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom wrote to the Presidency of the Justice and Home Affairs Council, setting out concerns regarding EU citizens’ use of their right of free movement.
The Ministers did not refer to the phenomenon of ‘social dumping’ but alleged that certain EU citizens place a burden on host countries’ social assistance systems or ‘abuse’ the right of free movement and asked that Member States of origin improve local living conditions and make proper use of EU funds.
In response, the Commission has underlined evidence showing that the majority of mobile EU citizens move to another Member State to work and that EU mobile citizens are not more intensive users of welfare than nationals (245). It also presented a communication (246) on 25 November which aims to clarify EU citizens' rights and obligations as well as the conditions and limitations under EC law, and aims to address the concerns raised by some Member States. It sets out five actions to help Member States and their local authorities to apply EC laws and tools to their full potential. This includes the full use of EU structural and investment funds.
One aspect of the Commission’s actions is the proposal for a directive to facilitate better national enforcement of EU mobile workers’ rights (247). This measure would ensure inter alia better enforcement of equal treatment for national and EU mobile workers. It would therefore provide the Member States with an additional tool for combating rogue practices, such as paying EU mobile workers less than the rate paid to national workers.
(Slovenské znenie)
Otázka na písomné zodpovedanie E-011745/13
Komisii
Monika Flašíková Beňová (S&D)
(15. októbra 2013)
Vec: Podfinancovaný výskum vo východnej Európe
Verejné financovanie výskumu a vývoja vo východoeurópskych krajinách je nedostatočné. Táto skutočnosť výrazne ohrozuje pokrok smerom k vedomostnej spoločnosti, ktorý je nesmierne dôležitý. Je totiž dôležité, aby krajiny východnej časti Európskej únie neboli známe iba svojou lacnou pracovnou silou, ale najmä svojimi vysoko kvalifikovanými odborníkmi a technologicky vyspelými firmami, ktoré budú v oblasti výskumu a inovácií dosahovať pozitívne výsledky. Štatistiky Európskej únie však reálne vypovedajú o skutočnosti, že východoeurópske krajiny sú v súvislosti s financovaním výskumu stále na chvoste. Štúdia Európskej komisie, ktorá sa zaoberá napríklad medicínskym výskumom, hovorí o tom, že pôvodných 15 členských štátov získalo až 34-krát viac finančných zdrojov ako nové členské krajiny.
Plánuje Komisia zamerať sa na lepšie financovanie výskumu v krajinách východnej Európy? Ak áno, aké konkrétne opatrenia plánuje v tejto súvislosti prijať?
Odpoveď pani Geogheganovej-Quinnovej v mene Komisie
(3. decembra 2013)
Prehľad výsledkov výskumu a inovácií v Únii (248) vo svojom najnovšom vydaní potvrdzuje pretrvávanie významných rozdielov v inováciách medzi 28 členskými štátmi EÚ.
Bolo identifikovaných viacero faktorov, ktorými je možné tieto rozdiely vysvetliť. Je medzi nimi okrem iného aj nízka úroveň národných a regionálnych investícií do výskumu a inovácií a nie celkom efektívne vnútroštátne výskumné a inovačné systémy.
Siedmy rámcový program v oblasti výskumu a technického rozvoja (RP7) (249) už obsahuje cielené aktivity vrátane programu výskumného potenciálu (250), témy s osobitným dôrazom alebo dosahom na menej výkonné členské štáty, štúdie o dôvodoch slabšej výkonnosti a aktivity zamerané na zvyšovanie povedomia a vytváranie kontaktov.
Cieľom nového rámcového programu pre výskum a inovácie (2014 – 2020) Horizont 2020 je dopĺňať investície realizované prostredníctvom Kohézneho fondu, pomáhať uvoľnovať potenciál pre excelentnosť a inovácie v členských štátoch, ktoré v tejto oblasti zaostávajú, a posilňovať konkurencieschopnosť EÚ. Tento cieľ bude realizovať prostredníctvom nových opatrení spomenutých vo svojej časti IIIa (šírenie excelentnosti a rozšírenie účasti), ako napríklad zriaďovanie katedier Európskeho výskumného priestoru (251), program spolupráce a partnerstiev (252), európska spolupráca v oblasti vedy a techniky (COST) (253) a nástroj politickej podpory.
Súbežne s programom Horizont 2020 zvýšia rozsah pre stimuláciu a motiváciu výskumných a inovačných investícií na národnej a regionálnej úrovni v kontexte inteligentnej špecializácie aj programy Kohézneho fondu na obdobie 2014 – 2020.
Týmto spôsobom bude Komisia aj naďalej motivovať členské štáty, aby viac investovali do výskumu a inovácií s cieľom zabezpečiť, aby ich výskumné organizácie dosiahli úroveň excelentnosti, ktorá im umožní zapájať sa aktívnejšie do programu Horizont 2020 a prispievať do širších cieľov stratégie Európa 2020 pre rast a zamestnanosť.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011745/13
to the Commission
Monika Flašíková Beňová (S&D)
(15 October 2013)
Subject: Underfunding of research in Eastern Europe
There is insufficient public funding of research and development in East European countries. This fact significantly threatens progress towards an information society, which is hugely important. It is important that the countries of Eastern Europe are known not only for their cheap workforce, but mainly for their highly qualified specialists and technologically-advanced firms, achieving positive results in the area of research and innovation. EU statistics clearly show, however, that East European countries consistently lag behind when it comes to research funding. A European Commission study addressing medical research, for example, states that the original 15 Member States obtained as much as 34 times the funding obtained by the new Member States.
Is the Commission planning to focus on better funding for research in East European countries? If so, what specific steps does it plan to take in this context?
Answer given by Ms Geoghegan-Quinn on behalf of the Commission
(3 December 2013)
In its latest edition, the Innovation Union Scoreboard (254) confirms that significant innovation gaps persist between the 28 EU Member States.
A number of factors that help explain these gaps have been identified. These include inter alia low levels of national and regional investment in research and innovation and not fully efficient national research and innovation systems.
FP7 (255) already features targeted activities including the Research Potential Programme, (256) topics with a special interest for or impact on less performing Member States, studies on reasons for weaker performance, and awareness raising and networking activities.
Horizon 2020, the next Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2014-2020), will strive to complement investments made through Cohesion funding, to help unlock excellence and innovation in less performing RDI Member States, and to reinforce EU competitiveness. It will do so through new measures under its Part IIIa (Spreading Excellence and Widening Participation) such as ERA Chairs, (257) Teaming and Twinning, (258) COST, (259) and the Policy Support Facility.
In parallel with Horizon 2020, Cohesion funding programmes for 2014-2020 will increase the scope for stimulating and incentivising research and innovation investment at national and regional level in a context of smart specialisation.
In this way, the Commission continues to encourage Member States to invest more in research and innovation so as to ensure that their research organisations reach a level of excellence allowing them to participate more actively in Horizon 2020 and to contribute to the broader objectives of the Europe 2020 strategy for growth and jobs.
(Slovenské znenie)
Otázka na písomné zodpovedanie E-011746/13
Komisii
Monika Flašíková Beňová (S&D)
(15. októbra 2013)
Vec: Hudobné práva
Jednou z mnohých problematík preberaných v uplynulých dňoch v Bruseli bola snaha poskytnúť internetovým užívateľom väčší prístup k hudbe on-line. Novoprijaté pravidlá zavádzajú čiastočnú reformu v otázke spravovania kolektívnych práv. Toto je v súčasnosti v rukách národných organizácií. Niektoré z nich ale, ako sa ukázalo, fungujú pomerne neefektívne a netransparentne. V dnešných dňoch však už internet nie je vnímaný ako hrozba. Naopak, ako – okrem iného – napríklad zdroj hudby pre užívateľov. Tí potrebujú lepší prístup. Nie prekážky a sankcie. Súčasne však nesmú byť dotknuté práva umelcov.
Ako je možné vhodne zabezpečiť, aby i v prostredí internetu boli dostatočne uspokojované potreby užívateľov, no zároveň dosiahnuť, aby reforma nepoškodzovala záujmy a práva umelcov?
Odpoveď pána Barniera v mene Komisie
(13. decembra 2013)
Európsky parlament a Rada v novembri 2013 dosiahli dohodu trialógu, pokiaľ ide o návrh smernice o kolektívnej správe autorských práv a o poskytovaní multiteritoriálnych licencií na práva na využívanie hudobných diel online, ktorý vypracovala Komisia.
Vďaka smernici sa po jej prijatí zvýši efektívnosť a zlepší transparentnosť organizácií kolektívnej správy a poskytovatelia služieb online budú môcť od autorských organizácií kolektívnej správy ľahšie získať multiteritoriálne licencie na využívanie hudobných diel. Nové pravidlá, ktoré sa začnú uplatňovať dva roky po prijatí smernice, uľahčia zavedenie online hudobných služieb a ďalších online služieb využívajúcich hudobné diela a ďalej rozšíria legálnu ponuku online hudby v prospech spotrebiteľov aj umelcov.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011746/13
to the Commission
Monika Flašíková Beňová (S&D)
(15 October 2013)
Subject: Music rights
The attempt to provide Internet users with greater access to online music is one of many issues taken up recently in Brussels. Newly-adopted rules bring partial reform to the issue of administering collective rights. This is currently in the hands of national organisations. Some of these organisations, however, appear to operate in a relatively inefficient and non-transparent way. Nowadays, though, the Internet is no longer seen as a threat. On the contrary, it is seen — among other things — as a source of music for users. Users need better access. They do not need obstacles and sanctions. At the same time, however, artists’ rights must not be affected.
How can we appropriately ensure that users’ needs are sufficiently met in the context of the Internet, while at the same time ensuring that reform does not undermine the interests and rights of artists?
Answer given by Mr Barnier on behalf of the Commission
(13 December 2013)
In November 2013 the European Parliament and the Council reached a trilogue agreement on the Commission’s proposal for a directive on collective rights management and multi-territorial licensing of rights in musical works for online uses.
Once adopted, the directive will improve the efficiency and transparency of collective management organisations and will make it easier for online service providers to obtain multi-territorial licences from authors’ collective management organisations for the use of musical works. The new rules, which will become applicable two years after the adoption of the directive, will facilitate the launch of online music services and other online services using musical works. They will further increase the legal offer of online music for the benefit of consumers and artists alike.
(Slovenské znenie)
Otázka na písomné zodpovedanie E-011747/13
Komisii
Monika Flašíková Beňová (S&D)
(15. októbra 2013)
Vec: Demokratické reformy v Bielorusku
V ostatných takmer dvoch desaťročiach bolo prijatých viacero uznesení týkajúcich sa porušovania ľudských práv v Bielorusku. Posledné prijaté odporúčanie sa však usiluje o širší pohľad na problematiku vzájomných vzťahov EÚ – Bielorusko a zvažuje implementáciu novej stratégie. V tejto súvislosti je bezpodmienečné a okamžité prepustenie a rehabilitácia všetkých politických väzňov absolútnym predpokladom pre obnovenie dobrých vzťahov. Ak politickí väzni budú prepustení, je možné obnoviť vzájomný dialóg. Žiaľ, porušovanie ľudských práv v Bielorusku pretrváva a je stále závažnou otázkou. Postupná zmena a nastolenie demokratických reforiem v krajine by bolo jednoduchšie, pokiaľ by bolo podporené vedúcimi predstaviteľmi štátu. Zmeny sú však iniciované predovšetkým občianskou spoločnosťou.
Je v možnostiach Komisie primäť bieloruských štátnych predstaviteľov k spolupráci?
Akými opatreniami by mohla Komisia jednak zmierniť napätú situáciu v krajine a na strane druhej prispieť k obnoveniu vzájomného dialógu medzi EÚ a Bieloruskom?
Odpoveď pána Füleho v mene Komisie
(17. decembra 2013)
EÚ je naďalej verná politike kritickej angažovanosti voči Bielorusku. Zahŕňa to spoluprácu na multilaterálnej úrovni v rámci Východného partnerstva, technické dialógy o osobitných témach spoločného záujmu, udržiavanie diplomatických stykov, ako aj podporu občianskej spoločnosti a obyvateľom Bieloruska všeobecne. Európsky dialóg s bieloruskou spoločnosťou o modernizácii predstavuje fórum pre slobodnú výmenu nápadov pre moderné Bielorusko.
EÚ sa v tejto súvislosti vyjadruje veľmi jasne: naďalej sa obáva, že dochádza k porušovaniu ľudských práv, a preto stále platia reštriktívne opatrenia, ktoré zaviedla proti mnohým osobám a subjektom.
EÚ nebude zásadne meniť svoj súčasný postoj a neobnoví politické vzťahy s Bieloruskom, pokiaľ nebudú prepustení politickí väzni a nebudú obnovené ich politické a občianske práva. Širší rozvoj bilaterálnych vzťahov v rámci Východného partnerstva závisí od pokroku, ktorý Bielorusko dosiahne v oblasti dodržiavania zásad demokracie, právneho štátu a ľudských práv.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011747/13
to the Commission
Monika Flašíková Beňová (S&D)
(15 October 2013)
Subject: Democratic reforms in Belarus
For almost two decades, numerous resolutions have been adopted in relation to human rights violations in Belarus. The last recommendation to be adopted, however, strives for a broader perspective on the issue of EU-Belarus relations, and considers implementation of a new strategy. In this context, the unconditional and immediate release and rehabilitation of all political prisoners is an absolute precondition for the resumption of good relations. If political prisoners are released, dialogue can be resumed. Unfortunately, human rights violations continue in Belarus, and this is still a major issue. Gradual change and the establishment of democratic reforms in the country would be easier if supported by the country’s leadership. The changes are mainly initiated, however, by civil society.
Can the Commission get the Belarus leadership to cooperate?
How might the Commission on the one hand alleviate the tense situation in the country and on the other hand be instrumental in the resumption of dialogue between the EU and Belarus?
Answer given by Mr Füle on behalf of the Commission
(17 December 2013)
The EU remains committed to a policy of critical engagement towards Belarus. This includes cooperation through the multilateral track of the Eastern Partnership, technical dialogues on specific topics of common interest, maintaining diplomatic contacts, as well as support to civil society and to the Belarusian population at large. The European Dialogue for Modernisation with Belarusian society provides a forum for the free exchange of ideas for a modern Belarus.
The EU continues to be outspoken about its concerns with regards to the human rights situation, and EU restrictive measures against a number of persons and entities remain in place.
The EU will not fundamentally change its current policy and restore political relations with Belarus unless political prisoners are released and their political and civil rights re-instated. The broader development of bilateral relations under the Eastern Partnership is conditional on progress towards respect by Belarus for the principles of democracy, the rule of law and human rights.
| 33,421 |
5775478_1
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Caselaw Access Project
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 1,986 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 1,701 | 2,260 |
Gibson, J.
In November 1983, defendant pleaded nolo contendere to a charge of burglary. In exchange for defendant's plea, the prosecutor agreed to dismiss several other charges. A written plea agreement between defendant and a deputy state's attorney recommended disposition in the following terms:
2-4 years; 18 months to serve beginning [November 28, 1983]; balance suspended; probation; pro-rata restitution in [amount] to be determined by Probation Dept, ([defendant] can contest [the amount] of same); any violation of parole or probation to be concurrent; [defendant] may withdraw plea if judge exceeds recommendation or if parole authorities wish to exceed sentence.
Accepting the agreement, the district court sentenced defendant to a term of two to four years, suspended, with eighteen months to be served, followed by probation. The court's order required several conditions of probation, including, among others, requirements that defendant pay a prorated amount in restitution; that he not be convicted of another offense; that he seek employment; and that he regularly report to his probation officer and cooperate with that official in several specified ways. Defendant signed a probation warrant form which listed the terms of his sentence and conditions of his probation.
After defendant received his release from incarceration in January 1985, his probation officer wrote to the district court requesting the court to impose additional, more-restrictive conditions of probation. The new conditions included, inter alia, requirements that the probationer not purchase, possess, or consume alcohol or regulated drugs; that he submit to an alcosensor or urinalysis test or a photographic identification line-up whenever the probation officer directs; that he abide by a daily curfew of 9:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. and attend an alcohol and drug treatment seminar at his own expense; and that he not possess deadly weapons.
The district court convened a hearing to determine the appropriateness of these proposed additional conditions of probation. At that hearing a probation officer admitted that he was not seeking modifications due to new information changing defendant's "risk factor." Nor did he allege violations of existing conditions of probation. Instead, he sought new conditions because defendant fit the profile of probationers for whom an "intensive supervision" program, developed after defendant's initial sentencing, would be appropriate. Thus, he sought the modifications due to changes in his department's programming rather than due to changes in defendant's behavior. The court adopted the proposed conditions over defendant's objection that more-restrictive conditions could not be imposed without a change in his circumstances. Although defendant signed a form purporting to agree with the modifica tions in his probation, he did so only after the court stated: "He has a choice, either sign it or go to Rutland Correctional Center." We reverse.
I.
Defendant argues that the modification of his conditions of probation violates the terms of his plea agreement. The State responds with the contention that, except for the amount in restitution, the plea agreement did not address the conditions of probation, but left them to the court's discretion. The record supports the State's position.
This case involves two agreements: one concerning the preconditions to a change of plea, and the other concerning the conditions of probation. Certainly, a defendant who changes his plea from not guilty to either guilty or nolo contendere after striking a plea bargain has the right to demand that the State fulfill its end of the bargain. See Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 262 (1971); State v. Earle, 145 Vt. 650, 653, 497 A.2d 28, 29 (1985). Accordingly, if the plea agreement had encompassed a set of probationary conditions, then the State could not have unilaterally sought a change of conditions later.
Here, the plea agreement included just one condition of probation — restitution—but it contemplated there would be others. Defendant concedes that much. He argues, however, that he believed that the conditions which he contemplated were the "standard conditions of probation that appealed] on the probation warrant" which he signed. This argument treats two distinct agreements as one. Defendant initially agreed to change his plea in exchange for certain concessions by the prosecutor. Then, after the court accepted the plea bargain, defendant agreed to abide by a list of conditions imposed with his probationary sentence.
By later seeking modification of the terms of probation, the State did not violate the terms of the original plea bargain. That bargain did not encompass an all-inclusive list of conditions; rather, it left the conditions for the court's determination. Whether modification of the conditions of probation violated the probation agreement, on the other hand, raises a second question for our consideration.
II.
Defendant contends that we should construe 28 V.S.A. § 253, which authorizes modification of conditions of probation, to require a showing of change of circumstances amounting to good cause for permitting imposition of more-restrictive conditions of probation. The State, on the other hand, argues that such modification is simply an exercise of judicial discretion.
Subsection 253(a) authorizes a district court to make modifications such as those made in the present case. The statute is silent, however, as to the necessary preconditions for modification. Although subsection 253(b) requires a hearing before modification, the literal language does not specify what showing, if any, is required to impose a more-restrictive probationary sentence. The State argues in this case that a court has complete discretion, even without a change in a probationer's circumstances, to set more burdensome terms of probation whenever the court "believes that it is in the best interest of society."
Such an argument ignores the contract-like nature of a probation agreement. We have said that "probation represents a choice of options. It is fundamental to probation that its format is contractual . . . ." Sherwin v. Hogan, 136 Vt. 606, 609, 401 A.2d 895, 896 (1979). Changing the terms of probation without either the probationer's consent or a change in circumstances betrays the justifiable expectation that the agreement will be honored.
We are not alone in this view that a change of circumstances is necessary before more serious conditions of probation may be imposed. Construing Fla. Stat. Ann. § 948.03(2), a provision comparable in content to 28 V.S.A. § 253, a Florida Court of Appeals has held that adding new conditions to a previously imposed pro bationary sentence is not authorized by the statute in the absence of a probationer's violation of the original conditions. Carmo v. State, 378 So. 2d 850, 851 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1979).
Likewise, although Cal. Penal Code § 1203.3 provides in pertinent part that "[t]he court shall have authority at any time during the term of probation to revoke, modify, or change its order of suspension of imposition or execution of sentence^]" a California Court of Appeals has reasoned that there are limits on the power of modification:
Among the limitations imposed upon the court's power to modify is that such an order cannot be based on the same facts as the original order granting probation because such a modification is in excess of the court's jurisdiction for the reason that there is no factual basis to support it.
People v. Miller, 256 Cal. App. 2d 348, 353-54, 64 Cal. Rptr. 20, 24 (1967) (citations omitted).
Also, construing Ill. Rev. Stat. ch. 38, § 1005-6-4(f), a statute similar in content to 28 V.S.A. § 253, the Supreme Court of Illinois has in dictum explained that "[t]he legislature appears to have intended that section to vest the trial courts with authority to deal with changing conditions during the probation periods." People v. Tipton, 88 Ill. 2d 256, 264-65, 430 N.E.2d 1023, 1027 (1981) (emphasis added).
Both the American Law Institute and the American Bar Association's Task Force on Sentencing Alternatives and Procedures indicate that an increase in the conditions of probation requires application of the same procedural safeguards as would be imposed for revocation of probation following a violation of its terms. See Model Penal Code § 301.4 (1985); 3 Standards for Criminal Justice 18-7.3(b) and 18-7.5 (2d ed. 1980).
Accordingly, we reject the State's contention in the present case that a judge has discretion to impose stricter conditions during a period of probation without any change in a probationer's behavior. We need not decide whether violation of a condition of probation is necessary before a court can impose stricter conditions. That is not at issue here. We conclude, however, that at a minimum a significant change in a probationer's circumstances must be established to provide sufficient cause for imposing harsher or more-restrictive conditions on a probationary sentence. Inasmuch as no such significant change in the defendant's circumstances appears on the record of this case, we hold that the district court's modification of defendant's conditions of probation was error.
Reversed and remanded for reinstatement of the original conditions of probation.
Although the probation officer had heard reports of misbehavior by defendant while incarcerated, those reports were not the basis for seeking modified conditions of probation. Moreover, the State did not seek to substantiate the reports at the hearing. We find no basis in the record for concluding that the district court based its order of modification on behavior by defendant occurring after his initial sentence.
Subsections (a) and (b) of 28 V.S.A. § 253 provide:
(a) During the period of probation, the court, on application of a probation officer or of the offender, or on its own motion, may modify the requirements imposed upon the offender or add further requirements authorized by section 252 of this title.
(b) Whenever the court proposes any modification of the conditions of probation, the probationer shall have a reasonable opportunity to contest the modification prior to its imposition.
The State does not contend that defendant agreed to the modifications. Although he signed the order modifying his conditions of probation, he did so only after objecting, announcing his intent to appeal, and being threatened with incarceration if he did not sign the revised probation agreement.
This provision is now contained in Fla. Stat. Ann. § 948.03(4) (West 1985).
The State suggests that defendant's argument has become moot due to violations of probationary conditions occurring since this appeal began. Such a contention is in error since the alleged violations are of new conditions added in the order of modification here at issue..
| 1,024 |
https://github.com/coder-023/dev.to-clone/blob/master/devto/src/components/Header/header.component.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
dev.to-clone
|
coder-023
|
TSX
|
Code
| 91 | 294 |
import React from "react";
import { ColStyle, RowStyle } from "../../ui_components/RowColStyle";
import { DevLogo } from "./../../ui_components/DevLogo";
import { SearchBar } from "./SearchBar/searchbar.component";
import { RightHeader } from "./RightHeader/index";
import { NavLink } from "react-router-dom";
import styled from "styled-components";
export const HeaderComponent: React.FC = () => {
const RowStyles = styled(RowStyle)`
background: rgb(249, 242, 255);
`;
const AnchorTag = styled(NavLink)`
text-decoration: none !important;
cursor: normal;
`;
return (
<>
<RowStyles>
<ColStyle md={2}>
<AnchorTag exact to="/">
<DevLogo></DevLogo>
</AnchorTag>
</ColStyle>
<ColStyle md={5}>
<SearchBar></SearchBar>
</ColStyle>
<ColStyle md={5}>
<RightHeader />
</ColStyle>
</RowStyles>
</>
);
};
| 9,086 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10897787
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Liu Han
|
None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 744 | 2,304 |
刘瀚
刘瀚 隶属于 人類
刘瀚 性別 男
刘瀚 职业 政治人物
刘瀚 姓氏 劉
刘瀚 出生日期 1425
刘瀚 通晓语言 文言文
刘瀚 通晓语言 近代汉语
刘瀚 书写语言 文言文
刘瀚 表字 約之, 書寫系統 繁体字
刘瀚 國籍 明朝
刘瀚 Google知識圖譜編號 /g/11jgf5gwl
刘瀚 名字 瀚
刘瀚 学位 進士, 所接受的测评 天順元年丁丑科
刘瀚 中國歷代人物傳記資料庫編號 0132963
刘瀚 父亲 劉鉉
刘瀚 配偶 吳氏
刘瀚 母亲 陸氏
刘瀚 繼父母 白氏
刘瀚 记载处 明人傳記資料索引, 页码 859
刘瀚 死亡日期 1505
刘瀚 號 樗菴, 書寫系統 繁体字
刘瀚 籍貫 长洲县
刘瀚 上海图书馆人物标识符 sv76vnvl493asa2a
Liu Han
politician
Liu Han instance of human
Liu Han sex or gender male
Liu Han occupation politician
Liu Han family name Liu
Liu Han date of birth 1425
Liu Han languages spoken, written or signed Classical Chinese
Liu Han languages spoken, written or signed Old Mandarin
Liu Han writing language Classical Chinese
Liu Han courtesy name 約之, writing system traditional Chinese characters
Liu Han country of citizenship Ming dynasty
Liu Han Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11jgf5gwl
Liu Han given name Han
Liu Han academic degree jinshi, assessment 1457 Imperial Examination
Liu Han CBDB ID 0132963
Liu Han father Liu Xuan
Liu Han spouse Wu Shi
Liu Han mother Lu Shi
Liu Han stepparent Bai Shi
Liu Han described by source Index of Ming Biographical Materials, page(s) 859
Liu Han date of death 1505
Liu Han art name 樗菴, writing system traditional Chinese characters
Liu Han ancestral home Changzhou Xian
Liu Han Shanghai Library person ID sv76vnvl493asa2a
劉瀚
劉瀚 隸屬於 人類
劉瀚 性別 男
劉瀚 職業 政治人物
劉瀚 姓氏 劉
劉瀚 出生日期 1425
劉瀚 通曉語言 文言文
劉瀚 通曉語言 近代漢語
劉瀚 書寫語言 文言文
劉瀚 表字 約之, 書寫系統 繁體字
劉瀚 國籍 明朝
劉瀚 Google知識圖譜編號 /g/11jgf5gwl
劉瀚 名字 瀚
劉瀚 學位 進士
劉瀚 中國歷代人物傳記資料庫編號 0132963
劉瀚 父親 劉鉉
劉瀚 配偶 吳氏
劉瀚 母親 陸氏
劉瀚 繼父母 白氏
劉瀚 記載處 明人傳記資料索引, 頁碼 859
劉瀚 死亡日期 1505
劉瀚 號 樗菴, 書寫系統 繁體字
劉瀚 籍貫 長州縣
劉瀚 上海圖書館人物識別碼 sv76vnvl493asa2a
Liu Han
politicus
Liu Han is een mens
Liu Han sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Liu Han beroep politicus
Liu Han familienaam Liú
Liu Han geboortedatum 1425
Liu Han taalbeheersing Klassiek Chinees
Liu Han schrijftaal Klassiek Chinees
Liu Han omgangsnaam 約之, schriftsysteem traditionele Chinese karakters
Liu Han land van nationaliteit Ming-dynastie
Liu Han Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11jgf5gwl
Liu Han academische graad jinshi
Liu Han CBDB-identificatiecode 0132963
Liu Han vader Liu Xuan
Liu Han huwelijkspartner Wu Shi
Liu Han moeder Lu Shi
Liu Han stiefouder Bai Shi
Liu Han overlijdensdatum 1505
Liu Han naam van artiest 樗菴, schriftsysteem traditionele Chinese karakters
Liu Han Bibliotheek van Shanghai-identificatiecode voor persoon sv76vnvl493asa2a
Liu Han
Liu Han instancia de ser humano
Liu Han sexo o género masculino
Liu Han ocupación político
Liu Han apellido Liu
Liu Han fecha de nacimiento 1425
Liu Han lenguas habladas, escritas o signadas chino clásico
Liu Han lenguas habladas, escritas o signadas protomandarín
Liu Han lengua de escritura chino clásico
Liu Han nombre de cortesía 約之, alfabeto caracteres chinos tradicionales
Liu Han país de nacionalidad dinastía Ming
Liu Han identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11jgf5gwl
Liu Han grado académico jinshi
Liu Han identificador CBDB 0132963
Liu Han padre Liu Xuan
Liu Han fecha de fallecimiento 1505
Liu Han nombre de estilo 樗菴, alfabeto caracteres chinos tradicionales
Liu Han
Liu Han instancia de humanu
Liu Han sexu masculín
Liu Han ocupación políticu
Liu Han apellíu Liu
Liu Han fecha de nacimientu 1425
Liu Han llingües falaes Chinu clásicu
Liu Han llingua d'escritura Chinu clásicu
Liu Han país de nacionalidá Dinastía Ming
Liu Han identificador CBDB 0132963
Liu Han padre Liu Xuan
Liu Han esposu Wu Shi
Liu Han madre Lu Shi
Liu Han data de la muerte 1505
劉瀚
Liu Han
Liu Han enghraifft o'r canlynol bod dynol
Liu Han rhyw gwrywaidd
Liu Han galwedigaeth gwleidydd
Liu Han cyfenw Liu
Liu Han dyddiad geni 1425
Liu Han iaith y person Tsieinëeg Clasirol
Liu Han iaith y person Hen Mandarin
Liu Han iaith y sgwennai Tsieinëeg Clasirol
Liu Han gwlad y ddinasyddiaeth Brenhinllin Ming
Liu Han dynodwr Google Knowledge Graph /g/11jgf5gwl
Liu Han dynodwr CBDB 0132963
Liu Han dyddiad marw 1505
刘瀚
刘瀚 隶属于 人类
刘瀚 性别 男
刘瀚 职业 政治人物
刘瀚 姓 刘
刘瀚 出生日期 1425
刘瀚 通晓语言 文言文
刘瀚 通晓语言 近代汉语
刘瀚 书写语言 文言文
刘瀚 表字 約之, 书写系统 繁体字
刘瀚 国籍 明朝
刘瀚 Google知识图谱编号 /g/11jgf5gwl
刘瀚 人名 瀚
刘瀚 学位 进士
刘瀚 中国历代人物传记资料库编号 0132963
刘瀚 父亲 刘铉
刘瀚 配偶 吴氏
刘瀚 母亲 陆氏
刘瀚 继父母 白氏
刘瀚 记载处 明人传记资料索引, 页码 859
刘瀚 死亡日期 1505
刘瀚 号 樗菴, 书写系统 繁体字
刘瀚 籍贯 长洲县
刘瀚 上海图书馆人物标识符 sv76vnvl493asa2a
| 43,243 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa%20Ngampel%20Wetan
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Desa Ngampel Wetan
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desa Ngampel Wetan&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 118 | 209 |
Administratibo nga balangay ang Desa Ngampel Wetan sa Indonesya. Nahimutang ni sa administratibo nga balangay sa Desa Ngampel Wetan, lalawigan sa Provinsi Jawa Tengah, sa kasadpang bahin sa nasod, km sa sidlakan sa Jakarta ang ulohan sa nasod.
Hapit nalukop sa durowan ug kabugangan ang palibot sa Desa Ngampel Wetan. Dunay mga ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Desa Ngampel Wetan nga hilabihan populasyon. Ang klima habagat. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Oktubre, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Enero, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Septiyembre, sa milimetro.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga subdibisyon sa Provinsi Jawa Tengah
| 30,302 |
2714071_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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Unknown
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Unknown
| 4,182 | 6,825 |
130 Nev., Advance Opinion 13
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEVADA
LAS VEGAS SANDS CORP., A NEVADA No. 62489
CORPORATION; AND SANDS CHINA
LTD., A CAYMAN ISLANDS
CORPORATION,
Petitioners,
FILED
vs. FEB 27 2014
THE EIGHTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT T E K. LINUMAN
COURT OF THE STATE OF NEVADA, PS
BY
IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF •EPU4
CLARK; AND THE HONORABLE
ELIZABETH GOFF GONZALEZ,
DISTRICT JUDGE,
Respondents,
and
STEVEN C. JACOBS,
Real Party in Interest.
Original petition for a writ of prohibition or mandamus
challenging a district court order compelling disclosure of purportedly
privileged documents.
Petition granted.
Morris Law Group and Steve L. Morris and Rosa Solis-Rainey, Las Vegas;
Kemp, Jones & Coulthard, LLP, and J. Randall Jones and Mark M. Jones,
Las Vegas; Holland & Hart LLP and J. Stephen Peek and Robert J.
Cassity, Las Vegas,
for Petitioners.
Pisanelli Bice, PLLC, and Todd L. Bice, James J. Pisanelli, and Debra L.
Spinelli, Las Vegas,
for Real Party in Interest.
SUPREME COURT
OF
NEVADA
(0) 1947A -
BEFORE THE COURT EN BANC. ]
OPINION
By the Court, GIBBONS, C.J.:
In this opinion, we consider whether a witness's review of
purportedly privileged documents prior to testifying constitutes a waiver
of any privilege under NRS 50.125, such that the adverse party may
demand production, be allowed to inspect the documents, cross-examine
the witness on the contents, and admit the evidence for purposes of
impeachment. We conclude that it does. However, under the specific facts
of this case, where the adverse party failed to demand production,
inspection, cross-examination, and admission of the documents at or near
the hearing in question and instead waited until well after the district
court had entered its order, the demand was untimely under NRS
50.125(1). Accordingly, we grant petitioners' request for a writ of
prohibition to halt the production of the purportedly privileged documents.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Real party in interest Steven Jacobs filed an action against
petitioners Las Vegas Sands Corp. and Sands China Ltd. and nonparty
Sheldon Adelson, the chief executive officer of Las Vegas Sands
(collectively, Sands), arising out of Jacobs's termination as president and
chief executive officer of Sands's Macau operations. Jacobs alleged that
Sands breached his employment contract by refusing to award him
promised stock options, among other things. When the district court
'The Honorable Kristina Pickering and the Honorable Ron
Parraguirre, Justices, voluntarily recused themselves from participation
in the decision of this matter.
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denied Sands China's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction,
Sands filed a petition for a writ of mandamus with this court, challenging
the district court's finding of personal jurisdiction. We granted the
petition for a writ of mandamus due to defects in the district court's order
and directed the district court to revisit the issue of personal jurisdiction,
hold an evidentiary hearing, and issue its findings on personal
jurisdiction. See Sands China Ltd. v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Court, Docket
No. 58294 (Order Granting Petition for Writ of Mandamus, August 26,
2011).
As a result of Sands's conduct in the ensuing jurisdictional
discovery process, the district court sua sponte ordered an evidentiary
hearing to consider sanctions. At the hearing, the district court considered
(1) whether Sands violated EDCR 7.60(b) by causing the district court and
Jacobs to waste time and resources on the applicability of Macau's
Personal Data Protection Act (MPDPA), and (2) whether Sands breached
its duty of candor to the court. 2
During the three-day sanctions hearing, Jacobs cross-
examined former Las Vegas Sands attorney Justin Jones on the theory
that Jones and another attorney had printed copies of e-mails from Jacobs
The MPDPA prohibits the transfer of personal data out of Macau,
2
but testimony revealed that Sands had transported "ghost images" of
important hard drives from Macau into the United States and that other
data links were available between Macau and Las Vegas. Despite the fact
that the information was already in the United States, Sands delayed
discovery by asserting that it was having trouble obtaining authorization
from Macau to transfer the data out of the country; it was forced to fly to
Macau to• view the data; and as a result, it could not comply with its
disclosure obligations. When the district court found out that the
information had been in the United States all along, it ordered a sanctions
hearing.
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a
but did not retain the copies so that they could later claim they technically
did not possess the documents, as the documents would have been in the
United States in violation of Macau law. Jacobs noted that Jones's
testimony had been fairly precise, and asked if Jones had reviewed his
billing records before arriving at court that day. Following a work product
objection, Jones responded affirmatively, explaining that he had done so to
refresh his recollection as to certain dates, and that reviewing those
records had in fact refreshed his recollection as to relevant dates. After
another work product objection, Jones revealed that he had also reviewed
e-mails that refreshed his memory as to the timing of events.
Jacobs argued at the hearing that Nevada law requires a
party to disclose any documents used to refresh a witness's recollection,
and thus, the billing records and e-mails Jones used were openly
discoverable. When Sands objected to the identification and examination
of the e-mails based on the work product doctrine and the attorney-client
privilege, the district court suggested that Jacobs file a motion requesting
that the documents be produced. The district court indicated that it would
hold argument and rule on the discovery issue at a later date. Two days
later, and without deciding the discovery issue, the district court filed its
order imposing sanctions on Sands.
Jacobs filed his motion to compel production of the documents
Jones used to refresh his recollection two months later. In this motion,
Jacobs alleged that Jones had waived the work product doctrine and the
attorney-client privilege when he refreshed his recollection with the
purportedly privileged documents. Sands opposed the motion, arguing
that NRS 50.125(1), which generally requires disclosure of a writing used
to refresh a witness's memory, does not require automatic disclosure of
privileged documents, and that the district court must employ a balancing
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test to determine whether disclosure is in the interests of justice.
Alternatively, Sands argued that the rights of production, inspection,
cross-examination, and admission provided for in NRS 50.125(1) must be
exercised at the hearing at which the witness testifies based on the
documents. The district court heard arguments in chambers and entered
an order compelling Sands to produce the documents. At Sands's request,
the district court stayed enforcement of its order pending the resolution of
these writ proceedings.
DISCUSSION
When the district court acts without or in excess of its
jurisdiction, a writ of prohibition may issue to curb the extrajurisdictional
act. Club Vista Fin, Servs., L.L.C. v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Court, 128 Nev.
„ 276 P.3d 246, 249 (2012). Thus, even though discovery matters
typically are addressed to the district court's sound discretion and
unreviewable by writ petition, this court has intervened in discovery
matters when (1) the trial court issues blanket discovery orders without
regard to relevance, or (2) a discovery order requires disclosure of
privileged information. Id. at & n.6, 276 P.3d at 249 & n.6 (explaining
that discovery excesses are more appropriately remedied by writ of
prohibition than mandamus); Valley Health Sys., L.L.C. v. Eighth Judicial
Dist. Court, 127 Nev. 252 P.3d 676, 679 (2011); Schlatter v.
Eighth Judicial Dist. Court, 93 Nev. 189, 193, 561 P.2d 1342, 1344 (1977).
This case presents a situation where, if improperly disclosed, "the
assertedly privileged information would irretrievably lose its confidential
and privileged quality and petitioners would have no effective remedy,
even by later appeal." WardLeigh v. Second Judicial Dist. Court, 111 Nev.
345, 350-51, 891 P.2d 1180, 1183-84 (1995). Thus, we choose to exercise
our discretion to consider this writ petition because the district court order
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at issue compels disclosure of purportedly privileged information. See
Valley Health, 127 Nev. at , 252 P.3d at 679; see also Aspen Fin. Servs.,
Inc. v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Court, 128 Nev. „ 289 P.3d 201, 204
(2012) ("[W]rit relief may be available when it is necessary to prevent
discovery that would cause privileged information to irretrievably lose its
confidential nature and thereby render a later appeal ineffective.").
Standard of review
Here, the parties dispute the district court's interpretation
and application of NRS 50.125. Statutory interpretation and application
is a question of law subject to our de novo review, even when arising in a
writ proceeding. Int'l Game Tech., Inc. v. Second Judicial Dist. Court, 124
Nev. 193, 198, 179 P.3d 556, 559 (2008). "Generally, when a statute's
language is plain and its meaning clear, the courts will apply that plain
language." Leven v. Frey, 123 Nev. 399, 403, 168 P.3d 712, 715 (2007). But
when a statute is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation,
it is ambiguous, and this court must resolve that ambiguity by looking to
legislative history and "construing the statute in a manner that conforms
to reason and public policy." Great Basin Water Network v. Taylor, 126
Nev. 234 P.3d 912, 918 (2010).
When invoked at a hearing, NRS 50.125 requires disclosure of any
document used to refresh the witness's recollection before or while
testifying, regardless of privilege
To resolve this appeal, we must determine whether the
Nevada Legislature intended all writings, including privileged documents,
to be produced for impeachment purposes when a witness uses the
document to refresh his or her recollection prior to testifying. NRS
50.125(1) provides for the production and introduction of writings used to
refresh a witness's memory:
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If a witness uses a writing to refresh his or her
memory, either before or while testifying, an
adverse party is entitled:
(a) To have it produced at the hearing;
(b) To inspect it;
(c) To cross-examine the witness thereon;
and
(d) To introduce in evidence those portions
which relate to the testimony of the witness for
the purpose of affecting the witness's credibility.
The intersection of NRS 50.125 and Nevada privilege law is an issue of
first impression in Nevada. 3
Sands argues that NRS 47.020 and NRCP 26(b)(3) guarantee
that the work product doctrine and the attorney-client privilege apply at
all stages of all proceedings except where they are "relaxed by a statute or
procedural rule applicable to the specific situation." NRS 47.020(1)(a). To
that end, Sands argues that NRS 50.125 does not "relax" any privilege
because it does not specifically mandate the forfeiture of privileged
3 We note that this court addressed the interaction between NRS
50.125 and privileged communications in Means v. State, 120 Nev. 1001,
103 P.3d 25 (2004). In Means, a former client demanded work product
from his former attorney, not the more common scenario where counsel
representing an adverse party demands disclosure. Id. at 1009-10, 103
P.3d at 30-31. Under the circumstances presented there, we concluded
that disclosure of the documents in question was warranted. Id. at 1010,
103 P.3d at 31. We take this opportunity to clarify that Means involved a
unique factual situation where a former client attempted to obtain his
former counsel's notes for the purposes of an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim. Our narrow holding was consistent with our reliance on
Spivey v. Zant, 683 F.2d 881 (5th Cir. 1982), a case holding that a former
client is entitled to all portions of his former attorney's file and that the
work product protection only applies when an adversary seeks materials.
Id. at 885. Therefore, we conclude that Means is inapplicable to the case
at hand.
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documents when a witness uses those documents to refresh his or her
memory before testifying. Alternatively, Sands argues that NRS 50.125
only provides that an adverse party is entitled to a document at the
hearing, and therefore, it cannot be used as a tool for obtaining discovery
after the relevant hearing has concluded. Jacobs responds that NRS
50.125 makes no exception for privileged documents and therefore applies
to both privileged and nonprivileged documents. Additionally, Jacobs
argues that NRS 50.125 lacks the discretionary prong that its federal
counterpart, Federal Rule of Evidence (FRE) 612, contains. 4 Thus, Jacobs
asserts that any document used to refresh a witness's recollection before
or during testimony must be disclosed.
Looking at the language of NRS 50.125, we conclude that the
language "a writing" is ambiguous because the phrase could be interpreted
to mean any writing, privileged or unprivileged. "[Al writing" could also
be interpreted under NRS 47.020 to exempt privileged documents because
under NRS 47.020, a privilege applies "at all stages of all proceedings"
except where it is "relaxed by statute or procedural rule applicable to the
specific situation." NRS 47.020(1). Therefore, we consider the statute's
legislative history.
4 Similar to NRS 50.125, FRE 612(b) provides that when a witness
uses a writing to refresh his or her memory, "an adverse party is entitled
to have the writing produced at the hearing, to inspect it, to cross-examine
the witness about it, and to introduce in evidence any portion that relates
to the witness's testimony." But FRE 612(a) differentiates between
instances when a witness uses a writing to refresh memory while
testifying as opposed to before testifying. In situations when a witness
uses a writing to refresh his or her memory prior to testifying, it is within
the district court's discretion to decide whether justice requires the writing
to be produced. FRE 612(a)(2).
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NRS 50.125 differs significantly from FRE 612
The Nevada Legislature has not amended NRS 50.125 since
its passage in 1971. At that time, the language of the statute was chosen
based on a draft version of FRE 612. Hearing on S.B. 12 Before the
Senate Judiciary Comm., 56th Leg. (Nev., February 10, 1971). During the
United States Congress's consideration of the draft rules, however, it
amended FRE 612(a) to make production of writings used by a witness to
refresh recollection before testifying subject to the discretion of the court
"in the interests of justice, as is the case under existing federal law." H.R.
Rep. No. 93-650, at 13 (1974), reprinted in 1974 U.S.C.C.A.N. 7075, 7086.
Congress implemented this change because it did not want to require
wholesale production of documents used before testifying, as doing so
"could result in fishing expeditions." Id. NRS 50.125 does not contain this
discretionary prong.
The legislative history of NRS 50.125 does not shed light on
whether the Nevada Legislature intended to require automatic disclosure
despite a document's privileged status. But the legislators who worked on
Nevada's evidence code noted that they wanted the code to promote "the
search for truth," that "as much evidence as can come out, should come
out," and therefore, they attempted to limit exceptions. Hearing on S.B.
12 Before the Senate Judiciary Comm, 56th Leg. (Nev., February 10,
1971).
Sands argues that the difference in the text between FRE 612
and NRS 50.125 is slight and does not affect the outcome of the case and
that Nevada courts should have discretion on a case-by-case basis to
balance the adverse party's need for the writing against the important
public interests in protecting privileged documents. Jacobs responds that
unlike FRE 612, NRS 50.125 draws no distinction between documents
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used prior to and while testifying, and contains no provision for the
exercise of discretion. Further, Jacobs argues that even under federal
cases that apply the discretionary prong, the weight of authority mandates
disclosure of the privileged documents.
We conclude that the differences between NRS 50.125 and
FRE 612 are significant. Whereas FRE 612 permits the district court's
exercise of discretion to preclude disclosure of privileged documents used
to refresh a witness's recollection before testifying, no such discretionary
language exists in NRS 50.125. Without such language in NRS 50.125,
Nevada district courts lack discretion to halt the disclosure of privileged
documents when a witness uses the privileged documents to refresh his or
her recollection prior to testifying. In the 40 years since the passage of
FRE 612, the Nevada Legislature has had the option to bring NRS 50.125
in line with the federal rule by adding a discretionary prong, but has not.
Thus, we conclude that NRS 50.125 mandates that documents relied on
before and during testimony to refresh recollection be treated the same.
We therefore decline to read a discretionary element into NRS 50.125
where the Legislature has provided none.
Additionally, allowing privilege to prevail at this stage of a
witness's testimony would place an unfair disadvantage on the adverse
party. Sands's interpretation of NRS 50.125 would encourage witnesses to
use privileged writings to refresh recollection in an attempt to shield the
witness from any meaningful cross-examination on his or her testimony. 5
5 We have previously observed that "the attorney-client privilege was
intended as a shield, not a sword." Wardleigh v. Second Judicial Dist.
Court, 111 Nev. 345, 354, 891 P.2d 1180, 1186 (1995) (internal quotation
marks omitted). It would be unfair to allow a witness to rely on a
privileged document to refresh his or her recollection, and then disallow
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Such an interpretation of NRS 50.125 would inhibit the cross-examining
party from investigating discrepancies between the writing and the
witness's testimony, and as such, would serve to inhibit "the search for
truth."
The Nevada Legislature enacted NRS 50.125 to allow an
adverse party to inspect and use the document to test a witness's
credibility at the hearing. Thus, we conclude that where a witness
refreshes his or her recollection with privileged documents, the witness
takes the risk that an adversary will demand to inspect the documents.
Therefore, when invoked at a hearing, we conclude that NRS 50.125
requires disclosure of any document used to refresh the witness's
recollection before or while testifying, regardless of privilege. See
Wardleigh, 111 Nev. at 354-55, 891 P.2d at 1186 (indicating that the
"attorney-client privilege is waived when a litigant places information
protected by it in issue through some affirmative act for his own benefit"
(internal quotations omitted)). However, as explained below, Jacobs did
not properly invoke NRS 50.125 at the sanctions hearing, rendering the
issue of Jones's credibility a moot point.
We note that Jones's reliance on the purportedly privileged
documents for the purposes of refreshing his recollection would have only
...continued
the cross-examiner to know the extent to which that document influenced
or contradicts the witness's testimony. See James Julian, Inc. v. Raytheon
Co., 93 F.R.D. 138, 146 (D. Del. 1982) ("The instant request constitutes
neither a fishing expedition into plaintiffs files nor an invasion of
counsel's 'zone of privacy.' Plaintiffs counsel made a decision to educate
their witnesses by supplying them with the [privileged documents], and
the Raytheon defendants are entitled to know the content of that
education.").
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required disclosure of the documents to opposing counsel upon appropriate
request under NRS 50.125, and would not constitute any further waiver of
the work product doctrine or the attorney-client privilege that would have
made the documents discoverable at a later point. See Marshall v. U.S.
Postal Serv., 88 F.R.D. 348, 351 (D.D.C. 1980) ("[U]se of a document for
recollection purposes requires only the disclosure of the document to
opposing counsel, and [the] disclosure does not, in and of itself, constitute
any further waiver of the attorney-client privilege.").
The district court abused its discretion when it ordered the production of
purportedly privileged documents because the request was untimely and
Jones's credibility was no longer at issue
Sands argues that NRS 50.125 was designed to ensure that an
adverse party has a full and fair opportunity to test the witness's
credibility when the witness's testimony is based on recollection that was
refreshed by examining particular writings. Sands points out that when
the district court entered its order compelling production of the documents
in question, there was no longer any need or opportunity to test Jones's
credibility because the hearing was already over and the district court had
issued its sanctions order. Jacobs argues that the fact that the district
court made its decision post-hearing does not impair Sands's production
requirements.
NRS 50.125(1) plainly states that the adverse party is entitled
to have a document used to refresh the witness's recollection produced at
the hearing, to allow inspection and cross-examination based on the
document, and to permit the adverse party to introduce the document into
evidence "for the purpose of affecting the witness's credibility." As the
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has noted, "[FRE] 612
is a rule of evidence, and not a rule of discovery. Its sole purpose is
evidentiary in function 'to promote the search of credibility and memory."
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Sporck v. Peil, 759 F.2d 312, 317 (3d Cir. 1985) (quoting FRE 612 advisory
committee note); see also Derderian v. Polaroid Corp., 121 F.R.D. 13, 17
(D. Mass. 1988) (indicating that FRE 612 "is a rule of evidence, not a rule
of discovery"); A,guinaga v. John Morrell & Co., 112 F.R.D. 671, 683 (D.
Kan. 1986) (same). 6 Although Jacobs argues that Sands's misconduct is
ongoing, we are convinced that permitting such an untimely motion would
encourage the types of "fishing expeditions" that both the Nevada
Legislature and Congress sought to avoid with NRS 50.125 and FRE 612.
The sole purpose of MRS 50.125 is to test the witness's credibility at the
hearing, and the statute clearly states that the production must occur at
the hearing.
Here, the district court order compelling production of the
purportedly privileged documents effectively turns MRS 50.125 into a
discovery tool that has no relation to testing any witness's credibility. The
district court read MRS 50.125 too broadly when it ordered the production
of the billing entries and e-mails two months after Jones left the stand and
after it issued its sanctions order. This is evident in the district court
order's language, which states that "[phirsuant to NRS 50.125, once a
document is used by a witness to refresh his recollection, then that
document is subject to discovery." This reading of NRS 50.125 ignores the
"at the hearing" language and turns the statute into a general rule of
discovery, not a rule of evidence. See Derderian, 121 F.R.D. at 17. As a
result, we conclude that the district court abused its discretion by
6 We note that despite the differences between FRE 612 and NRS
50.125, the two provisions serve the same fundamental purpose. Thus, we
find this authority persuasive inasmuch as it relates to the proper purpose
of MRS 50.125.
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mandating the production of the purportedly privileged documents after it
had issued its sanctions order. See Skender v. Brunsonbuilt Constr. &
Dev. Co., 122 Nev. 1430, 1435, 148 P.3d 710, 714 (2006) (explaining that a
district court abuses its discretion if its decision "exceeds the bounds of
law or reason").
Under these facts, when the district court indicated that it
wanted briefing and would defer ruling on the issue, Jacobs should have
noted that NRS 50.125 required the district court to rule on his request at
the hearing. Alternatively, Jacobs should have submitted his motion
immediately following the hearing to ensure that Jones could be put back
on the stand and cross-examined regarding the contents of the purportedly
privileged documents before the district court issued its ruling.
However, because the district court already issued its ruling
on the sanctions issue, the issue of Jacobs's credibility became a moot
point and there was no evidentiary reason to produce the documents.
Thus, this is precisely the scenario in which "writ relief. . . is necessary to
prevent discovery that would cause privileged information to irretrievably
lose its confidential nature and thereby render a later appeal ineffective."
Aspen Fin. Servs., Inc., 128 Nev. at , 289 P.3d at 204.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that upon a timely request, NRS 50.125
mandates production of documents used by a witness to refresh his or her
recollection prior to testifying, regardless of privilege. However,
considering these facts, Jacobs's request for production of the documents
was not timely because the district court had already issued its ruling on
the underlying sanctions issue. We therefore grant Sands's petition and
direct the clerk of this court to issue a writ of prohibition ordering the
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district court to halt the production of the purportedly privileged
documents. 7
Gibbons
We concur:
%,egalLA . , J.
Hardesty
Dr_3-69 14a
Douglas
Cheri
J.
Saitta
7 In
light of this disposition, we need not address the parties' other
arguments, and Sands's alternative request for a writ of mandamus is
denied.
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| 8,213 |
US-569997D-A_1
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| 2,702 | 3,522 |
Weighing-truck
(No Mode 1,) 2 sheetssheet 1.
J. N. BROWN. WEIGHING TRUCK.
No. 569,997. Patented Oct. 27, 1896.
(No Model.) 2 Sheets-Sheet 2. J; N BROWN; WEIGHING TRUCK.
No. 569,997. Patented Oct. 27, 1896.
VIIII/IlfiIlllIIIl/lIII/IIIIIIIlI/IlIlIlIl/IIIllIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII I a t/tome m: NORRKS PETERS cu, PHOTO-UTHO. wAsHmc'ron, mc.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. I
JOSEPH N. BROXVN, OF MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN.
WElGHlNG-TRUCK.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 569,997, dated October 27, 1896.
Application file September 8, 1893. Renewed March 5, 1896. Serial No. 581,045- (No model.)
To (tZZ whom, it 1mm (Jo/worn..-
Be it known that I, JOSEPH N. BROWN, a citizen of the United States, residing at Muskegon, in the county of Muskegon and State of Michigan, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in VVeighing-Trucks; and I do hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and exact description of the invention, such as will enable others skilled in the art to which it appertains to make and use the same.
My present invention relates to hand-trucks which are commonly employed in warehouses and stores and on docks and other places of lading for moving boxes, barrels, and other packages.
The object of my'present improvements is to provide means for weighing a package or article placed upon the truck without requiring any complicated construction of the mechanical parts of the truck and weighing mechanism to effect this result.
The invention therefore consists in the construction, arrangement, and combination of parts, substantially as will be hereinafter described and claimed.
In the accompanying drawings, illustrating my invention, Figure l is a bottom plan View of my improved weighing attachment for hand-trucks. Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section of same on the line w 00 of Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a bottom plan View of the truck-platform. Fig. 4 is a cross-section on line g y of Fig. 2. Fig. 5- is a longitudinal section similar to Fig. 2, showing modified means for movably connecting the platform with truck-frame, so that the former may have the same double movement attained by the hinged construction shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional elevation on line 0a 0a of Fig. 5. Fig. 7 is an enlarged partial sectional elevation of the foot end of truck, showing in detail the 0011- struction of the inclined track illustrated in Fig. 5. Fig. 8 is a perspective view of the bolt and angle-plate between the platform and the truck, whereby the two are movably connected together.
Similar letters refer to similar parts.
A indicates the platform of the truck, the forward or lower end of which is provided with a flange or foot A.
E E designate the parallel side rails of the truck-frame, said rails being provided with handles E and also with the Wheels F and the feet or supports f, as is usual with trucks of this character. The parallel side rails E are connected by means of the parallel crossbars E E and E The truck-platform A is preferably made of a metallic plate or a sheet of metal having the longitudinal flanges a a, which fit down over the side rails E E of the truck-platform. The under side of the platform A is provided with two parallel transverse strips B B, havin g at their ends the righ t-angled down wardly:
extending projections b I). These strips B, with their projections b, are clearly shown in Fig. 3. One strip B is located near one end of the platform A and the other near the other end. These project-ions Z) fit down between the inner edges of the parallel side rails E E of the truck-frame, while the aforesaid flanges a a fit down on the outside of said side rails. The projections 17 are used for the purpose of holding the links or connections by means of which the platform is movably supported in a hinged manner to the truckframe, as will be hereinafter more fully explained. The under side of the platform A is furthermore provided on a central longitudinal line with two angle-plates, one of which,
D, has the right-angled projection d and is located near the hand end of the truck, while the other, 0, has the right-angled projection c and is located near the foot end of the truck, or at least a short distance from said foot end, as is clearly shown in the drawings.
g designates a bolt which passes horizontally through the projection c on the angleplate O, one end of said bolt being provided with a nut g, by means of which it is tightened or adjusted. The other end of the bolt g is attached to the transverse evener-bar G at its middle point. The ends of the evenerbar G connect by means of links 7th with the levers H H, whose inner ends are pivotally attach ed to the ear-plates H H, which are secured to the inner faces of the parallel side bars E E of the truck-frame. The other ends of the levers 1-1 H lie near each other at the middle of the truck-frame and are both connected to one end of a longitudinal spring I, whose other end is fastened to the transverse bar E, which forms a part of the truck-frame.
Furthermore, it will be seen by referring to Fig. 1 that a rod or link J is pivotally attached to one of the levers II at one end, while at its other end it is connected to the slotted arm it of the pointer K, which pointer is pivoted by means of the pin 7t upon the cross-bar E at a point near where the spring I is attached to said crossbar. The arm 7: of the pointer K is an angular arm, and the link J by acting on the arm it" shifts the pointer K. The end of this pointer operates across the edge of an indicator L, on which may be marked figures designating the pounds, 850., to in dicate the weight which may at any time be upon the platform of the truck.
Through the right-angled projection d of the plate 1), which we have seen is attached to the platform A near the handle end of the truck, passes a bolt M, which likewise passes through the crossbar E' of the truckframe. That end of the bolt M nearest the handle E is provided with an adjusting-nut. This bolt M serves the purpose of keeping the platform A from moving too far toward the foot end of the truck and is necessary because an extreme movement of the platform might endanger the weighing mechanism.
The platform A is supported in a hinged manner upon the truck-frame.
P P designate short strips or links, which are pivoted by means of short horizontal pins or studs to the right-angled projections Z) I), which extend downward vertically from the strips B underneath the platform A. These links P are also pivoted at their lower ends by means of similar short pins or studs to the side bars E. Thus it will be seen that the platform A may be permitted to swing upon the links P P, and can thus have a movement horizontally back and forth and also a movement vertically up and down in consequence of this peculiar arrangement for connecting the platform with the truck frame. It is therefore to be particularly observed that the platform in my improved weighing-truck has a double movement when a weight is placed thereon, first, a downward movement toward the frame,and, second, an endwise movement toward the foot end of the truck.
As soon as the weight is placed upon the platform A the tendency is to press the said platform toward the truck-frame, thereby swinging the eonnecting-links P P downward, but as they move downward they also tilt toward the foot of the truck, and this action draws upon the spring I in consequence of the several connections which we have already seen, said spring holding the platform and keeping it from any undue movement, while simultaneously with the movement, through the interaction of the several lovers, the pointer, and the indicator, the amount of the weight which is placed upon the truck may quickly be read off on the face of the indicator. Therefore it will be found desirable in arranging the parts of my weighing-truck to see to it that the connections P P are set on an angle, which will insure a direct downward motion of the plz'ttform when the truck is standing in an inclined position. 4 The evener G, which I have mentioned in describing the arrangement of the mechanical parts, performs an important function in causing an equal strain to be imparted to the scale parts when the weighing operation is taking place in order that a more correct indication of the weight may be seen on the index-plate.
The links P P for hinging the platform to the truck-frame are only one form of means for connecting said platform to the truckframe in such a manner that the platform may have a double movement, as hereinabove alluded to, comprising a downward move ment toward the frame and an endwise movement toward the foot end of the truck. I wish it therefore to be distinctly understood that these hinges P P are given by way of example merely. -I11 Figs. 5, (3, and 7 I have shown substitute means for the hinges whercby the same result in the way of a double movement is accomplished. In this modilication I employ ang'leiilates, blocks, or strips of suitable form and size, which are secured to the under side of platform A near each end thereof, said blocks or pieces being designated by the reference-letters O O, and these pieces are provided with slots 0 o, to furnish inclined tracks, as clearly shown in Figs. 5 and 7. These inclined tracks are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the truck, that is, they lie in the same direction as said longi tudinal. axis, but they are inclined at an acute angle to the surface of the platform A, said inclinations of the tracks when the platform is in a horizontal position being from the handle end of the truck toward the foot end thereof, so that they are lowest at their ends nearest to the foot end of the truck, as is clearly shown in Figs. 5 and T. .Vithin these slots 0 o, and engaging the tracks thereby furnished, are peripherally-grooved rollers Q Q, secured on transverse axles p 2), which are journaled at each end in the side rails E E of the truck-fran'ie, there being obviously four of the wheels or rollers Q engaging the four tracks therefor, located at about the four ends of the truck. The truck is almost useless, ordinarily, for taking weight when it is in a horizontal position. Now by connecting the platform and the frame by a hinged connection or some equivalent arrangement like the roller connection or some other analogous mechanism the truck will weigh effectively when it is at an angle of about forty-five degrees. By varying the angle at which the connectinghinges are set the angle through which the weight can be correctly ascertained will be varied. This principle of a weighing-truck so constructed that the platform may move in the two directionsindicated and thereby allow correct weights to be ascertained through a large varying angle is in practice found to be a feature of great importance.
Numerous changes in the exact construction and arrangement of the several parts may take place without varying from the true intent and scope of the invention, and I reserve the liberty of modifying and rearranging as may seem requisite to produce the best results.
Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is
1. In a truck or vehicle for moving objects, a weighing mechanism for ascertaining the weight of the transported objects while the truck is in a variably-inclined position, consisting in the combination with the truckframe, of a platform, hinges connecting the platform and frame, an indicator, and operating mechanism therefor connecting the platform and frame, substantially as described.
2. In a truck or vehicle of the character herein described, a truck frame having wheels at one end and handles at the other so that it can be lifted for the purpose of transporting objects when it is in a variablyinclined position, in combination with the weighing-platform extending from end to end of the frame, hinging devices for connecting the plat-form and the truck-frame, and an indicator operative when a weight is upon the platform to ascertain the amount of such weight, substantially as described.
3. In a truck or vehicle for moving objects, a weighing mechanism for ascertaining the weight of the transported objects while the truck is in a variably-inclined position, consisting in the combination with the truckframe, of a platform, hinged links for connecting the plat-form and the frame, said links being inclined to both the frame and platform, and spring mechanism connecting the platform with the frame, and an indicator, substantially as described.
at. In a truck or Vehicle for moving objects, a weighing mechanism for ascertaining the weight of the transported objects, while the truck is in a variably-inclined position, consisting in the combination with the truckframe, of a platform, hinges connecting the frame and platform, a device for movably connecting one end of the platform to the truck so as to limit the movement of the platform, a spring-leverage arrangement, and an indicator mechanism for noting the weight which may be placed upon the truck, substantially as described.
5. The combination of the truck-frame, the platform, the hinges connecting them, the levers pivoted to the frame and provided with a spring attached to the frame, an evener-bar connected to the platform and to the levers and an indicator operated by said levers, sub stantially as described.
6. In a truck or vehicle for moving objects, a weighing mechanism for ascertaining the weight of transported objects while the truck is in a variably-inclined position, consisting in the combination with the truck-frame and the platform, of inclined hinges connecting the frame and the platform, a pair of springprovided levers, an evener-bar linked thereto and connected to the platform, and an indexfinger operated by said mechanism, substantially as described.
7 The combination with the truck-frame, of the plat-form, having a flange or foot, the pivoted links connecting the platform to the truck with the hinge connection, a bolt movably connecting one end of the platform to the truck so as to limit the movement of the platform, a spring-leverage arrangement and an indicator mechanism for noting the weight which may be placed upon the truck, all arranged to operate substantially as described.
8. In a truck or vehicle for moving objects, a weighing mechanism for ascertaining the weight of the transported objects while the truck is in a variably-inclined position, consisting in the combination with the truckframe of a platform and hinges, consisting of pivoted links which are pivoted to the platform and to the frame and which occupy an inclined position to both the frame and plat form in order that the platform may have both an cndwise movement and a downward movement, together with suitable indicator mechanism for noting the weight of the transported objects, snbsta-ntiall as described.
0. The combination with the truck-frame and the platform 11, of the links P P, pivoted to the platform and to the truck-frame, the lovers II II pivoted to the frame and connected to a spring I, which is attached likewise to the frame, an eVcner-bar G connected by links 71/ h to the levers ll II and by a bolt r to the platform, and an indicator K haying an arm 71:, and connected by a link J with one of the lovers II, substantially as described.
10. In a weighing-truck, the eombinz'ttion of the trnclcframe, the platform and the hinges connecting them which are inclined to the frame and the platform, together with the JOSEPH TN. BROWN. \Vitnesses:
G Earl-icon Yr (any, WILLIAM Ci-UiPENlE'l'l.
| 3,179 |
https://github.com/Griffin-Finance/staking/blob/master/sections/staking/components/StakingInfo/MintInfo.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
staking
|
Griffin-Finance
|
TSX
|
Code
| 303 | 1,472 |
import React, { useMemo, FC } from 'react';
import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next';
import { useRecoilValue } from 'recoil';
import { amountToMintState, StakingPanelType } from 'store/staking';
import useStakingCalculations from 'sections/staking/hooks/useStakingCalculations';
import { CryptoCurrency, Synths } from 'constants/currency';
import { getStakingAmount, getTransferableAmountFromMint, sanitiseValue } from '../helper';
import InfoLayout from './InfoLayout';
import useSynthetixQueries from '@synthetixio/queries';
import { wei } from '@synthetixio/wei';
import { walletAddressState, delegateWalletState } from 'store/wallet';
import { parseSafeWei } from 'utils/parse';
const StakingInfo: FC = () => {
const { t } = useTranslation();
const {
unstakedCollateral,
debtBalance,
targetCRatio,
currentCRatio,
transferableCollateral,
stakedCollateral,
SNXRate,
collateral,
balance,
} = useStakingCalculations();
const walletAddress = useRecoilValue(walletAddressState);
const delegateWallet = useRecoilValue(delegateWalletState);
const { useSynthsBalancesQuery } = useSynthetixQueries();
const synthsBalancesQuery = useSynthsBalancesQuery(delegateWallet?.address ?? walletAddress);
const amountToMint = useRecoilValue(amountToMintState);
const sUSDBalance = synthsBalancesQuery?.data?.balancesMap[Synths.sUSD]?.balance ?? wei(0);
const Rows = useMemo(() => {
const amountToMintBN = parseSafeWei(amountToMint, 0);
const stakingAmount = getStakingAmount(targetCRatio, amountToMintBN, SNXRate);
const mintAdditionalDebt = stakedCollateral.add(stakingAmount).mul(targetCRatio).mul(SNXRate);
const changedStakedValue = stakedCollateral.add(stakingAmount);
const changedTransferable = transferableCollateral.eq(0)
? wei(0)
: getTransferableAmountFromMint(balance, changedStakedValue);
const changedDebt = mintAdditionalDebt;
const changedSUSDBalance = sUSDBalance.add(amountToMintBN);
const changeCRatio = mintAdditionalDebt.gt(0)
? currentCRatio.lt(targetCRatio)
? unstakedCollateral.add(stakedCollateral).mul(SNXRate).div(mintAdditionalDebt).mul(100)
: changedStakedValue.mul(SNXRate).div(mintAdditionalDebt).mul(100)
: wei(0);
return {
barRows: [
{
title: t('staking.info.table.staked'),
value: sanitiseValue(stakedCollateral),
changedValue: sanitiseValue(changedStakedValue),
percentage: collateral.eq(0) ? wei(0) : sanitiseValue(stakedCollateral).div(collateral),
changedPercentage: collateral.eq(0)
? wei(0)
: sanitiseValue(changedStakedValue).div(collateral),
currencyKey: CryptoCurrency.SNX,
},
{
title: t('staking.info.table.transferable'),
value: sanitiseValue(transferableCollateral),
changedValue: sanitiseValue(changedTransferable),
percentage: collateral.eq(0)
? wei(0)
: sanitiseValue(transferableCollateral).div(sanitiseValue(collateral)),
changedPercentage: collateral.eq(0)
? wei(0)
: sanitiseValue(changedTransferable).div(sanitiseValue(collateral)),
currencyKey: CryptoCurrency.SNX,
},
],
dataRows: [
{
title: t('staking.info.table.c-ratio'),
value: currentCRatio.eq(0) ? wei(0) : sanitiseValue(wei(100).div(currentCRatio)),
changedValue: sanitiseValue(changeCRatio),
currencyKey: '%',
},
{
title: t('staking.info.table.susd-balance'),
value: sanitiseValue(sUSDBalance),
changedValue: sanitiseValue(changedSUSDBalance),
},
{
title: t('staking.info.table.debt'),
value: sanitiseValue(debtBalance),
changedValue: sanitiseValue(changedDebt),
currencyKey: Synths.sUSD,
},
],
};
}, [
amountToMint,
t,
SNXRate,
currentCRatio,
debtBalance,
stakedCollateral,
targetCRatio,
transferableCollateral,
unstakedCollateral,
balance,
collateral,
sUSDBalance,
]);
const isInputEmpty = amountToMint.length === 0;
return (
<InfoLayout
stakingInfo={Rows}
isInputEmpty={isInputEmpty}
collateral={collateral}
infoType={StakingPanelType.MINT}
/>
);
};
export default StakingInfo;
| 49,895 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64288754
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Fernando Ayllón
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 838 | 2,550 |
Fernando Ayllón
director de cine y guionista colombiano
Fernando Ayllón instancia de ser humano
Fernando Ayllón sexo o género masculino
Fernando Ayllón ocupación director de cine
Fernando Ayllón ocupación guionista
Fernando Ayllón ocupación productor ejecutivo
Fernando Ayllón fecha de nacimiento 1901
Fernando Ayllón nombre de pila Fernando
Fernando Ayllón apellido Ayllón
Fernando Ayllón nombre en el idioma nativo
Fernando Ayllón país de nacionalidad Colombia
Fernando Ayllón empleador Telemundo, sujeto tiene rol productor ejecutivo
Fernando Ayllón obra destacada Usted No Sabe Quien Soy Yo?
Fernando Ayllón obra destacada Feo pero sabroso
Fernando Ayllón identificador IMDb nm5412893
Fernando Ayllón identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11h3r07spp
Fernando Ayllón lenguas habladas, escritas o signadas español
費南多・艾利翁
費南多・艾利翁 隸屬於 人類
費南多・艾利翁 性別 男
費南多・艾利翁 職業 電影導演
費南多・艾利翁 職業 編劇
費南多・艾利翁 職業 執行製作人
費南多・艾利翁 出生日期 1901
費南多・艾利翁 名字 費南多
費南多・艾利翁 姓氏 艾利翁
費南多・艾利翁 母語人名
費南多・艾利翁 國籍 哥倫比亞
費南多・艾利翁 僱主 Telemundo電視台, 主體角色 執行製作人
費南多・艾利翁 IMDb識別碼 nm5412893
費南多・艾利翁 Google知識圖譜編號 /g/11h3r07spp
費南多・艾利翁 通曉語言 西班牙語
費南多・艾利翁 Film.ru人物標識符 fernando-ayll-n
Fernando Ayllón
Fernando Ayllón instance of human
Fernando Ayllón sex or gender male
Fernando Ayllón occupation film director
Fernando Ayllón occupation screenwriter
Fernando Ayllón occupation executive producer
Fernando Ayllón date of birth 1901
Fernando Ayllón given name Fernando
Fernando Ayllón family name Ayllón
Fernando Ayllón name in native language
Fernando Ayllón country of citizenship Colombia
Fernando Ayllón employer Telemundo, subject has role executive producer
Fernando Ayllón notable work Do You Even Know Who I Am?
Fernando Ayllón notable work Feo pero Sabroso
Fernando Ayllón IMDb ID nm5412893
Fernando Ayllón Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11h3r07spp
Fernando Ayllón languages spoken, written or signed Spanish
Fernando Ayllón Film.ru person ID fernando-ayll-n
费尔南多·艾利翁
费尔南多·艾利翁 隶属于 人類
费尔南多·艾利翁 性別 男
费尔南多·艾利翁 职业 電影導演
费尔南多·艾利翁 职业 編劇
费尔南多·艾利翁 职业 執行製作人
费尔南多·艾利翁 出生日期 1901
费尔南多·艾利翁 名字 费尔南多
费尔南多·艾利翁 姓氏 艾利翁
费尔南多·艾利翁 母语人名
费尔南多·艾利翁 國籍 哥伦比亚
费尔南多·艾利翁 雇主 Telemundo电视台, 主體角色 執行製作人
费尔南多·艾利翁 IMDb編號 nm5412893
费尔南多·艾利翁 Google知識圖譜編號 /g/11h3r07spp
费尔南多·艾利翁 通晓语言 西班牙語
费尔南多·艾利翁 Film.ru人物标识符 fernando-ayll-n
Fernando Ayllón
Fernando Ayllón instancia de humanu
Fernando Ayllón sexu masculín
Fernando Ayllón ocupación direutor de cine
Fernando Ayllón ocupación guionista
Fernando Ayllón ocupación productor executivu
Fernando Ayllón fecha de nacimientu 1901
Fernando Ayllón nome Fernando
Fernando Ayllón apellíu Ayllón
Fernando Ayllón nome na llingua nativa
Fernando Ayllón país de nacionalidá Colombia
Fernando Ayllón emplegador Telemundo, el suxetu tien el rol productor executivu
Fernando Ayllón identificador IMDb nm5412893
Fernando Ayllón llingües falaes castellanu
Fernando Ayllón
Fernando Ayllón sampla de duine
Fernando Ayllón gnéas nó inscne fireann
Fernando Ayllón gairm stiúrthóir scannán
Fernando Ayllón gairm scríbhneoir scripte
Fernando Ayllón gairm léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
Fernando Ayllón dáta breithe 1901
Fernando Ayllón céadainm Fernando
Fernando Ayllón sloinne Ayllón
Fernando Ayllón ainm sa teanga dhúchais
Fernando Ayllón tír shaoránachta an Cholóim
Fernando Ayllón fostóir Telemundo, ról an ábhair léiritheoir feidhmiúcháin
Fernando Ayllón ID IMDb nm5412893
Fernando Ayllón teangacha an Spáinnis
Fernando Ayllón
Colombiaans filmregisseur
Fernando Ayllón is een mens
Fernando Ayllón sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Fernando Ayllón beroep filmregisseur
Fernando Ayllón beroep scenarioschrijver
Fernando Ayllón beroep uitvoerend producent
Fernando Ayllón geboortedatum 1901
Fernando Ayllón voornaam Fernando
Fernando Ayllón familienaam Ayllón
Fernando Ayllón naam in moedertaal
Fernando Ayllón land van nationaliteit Colombia
Fernando Ayllón werkgever Telemundo, onderwerp heeft rol uitvoerend producent
Fernando Ayllón relevant werk Usted No Sabe Quien Soy Yo?
Fernando Ayllón IMDb-identificatiecode nm5412893
Fernando Ayllón Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11h3r07spp
Fernando Ayllón taalbeheersing Spaans
Fernando Ayllón Film.ru-identificatiecode voor acteur fernando-ayll-n
Fernando Ayllón
Fernando Ayllón primerek od človek
Fernando Ayllón spol moški
Fernando Ayllón poklic filmski režiser
Fernando Ayllón poklic scenarist
Fernando Ayllón poklic izvršni producent
Fernando Ayllón datum rojstva 1901
Fernando Ayllón ime Fernando
Fernando Ayllón priimek Ayllón
Fernando Ayllón ime v materinščini
Fernando Ayllón država državljanstva Kolumbija
Fernando Ayllón zaposlen v Telemundo, subjekt ima vlogo izvršni producent
Fernando Ayllón oznaka IMDb nm5412893
Fernando Ayllón oznaka Google Knowledge Graph /g/11h3r07spp
Fernando Ayllón govorjeni, pisani ali kretani jeziki španščina
Fernando Ayllón
Fernando Ayllón instància de ésser humà
Fernando Ayllón sexe o gènere masculí
Fernando Ayllón ocupació director de cinema
Fernando Ayllón ocupació guionista
Fernando Ayllón ocupació productor executiu
Fernando Ayllón data de naixement 1901
Fernando Ayllón prenom Fernando
Fernando Ayllón cognom Ayllón
Fernando Ayllón nom en la llengua materna
Fernando Ayllón ciutadania Colòmbia
Fernando Ayllón ocupador Telemundo, el subjecte té el rol productor executiu
Fernando Ayllón identificador IMDb nm5412893
Fernando Ayllón identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11h3r07spp
Fernando Ayllón llengua parlada, escrita o signada castellà
Fernando Ayllón identificador Film.ru d'actor fernando-ayll-n
Fernando Ayllón
direktor di sine kolombiano
Fernando Ayllón ta un hende
Fernando Ayllón sekso o género maskulino
Fernando Ayllón okupashon direktor di sine
Fernando Ayllón okupashon esenarista
Fernando Ayllón fecha di nasementu 1901
Fernando Ayllón nòmber di dilanti Fernando
Fernando Ayllón fam Ayllón
Fernando Ayllón nòmber den idioma propio
Fernando Ayllón pais di nashonalidat Colombia
Fernando Ayllón dominio di idioma spaño
Fernando Ayllon
Fernando Ayllon instancë e njeri
Fernando Ayllon gjinia mashkull
Fernando Ayllon profesioni regjisor
Fernando Ayllon profesioni skenarist
Fernando Ayllon data e lindjes 1901
Fernando Ayllon emri Fernando
Fernando Ayllon mbiemri Ayllón
Fernando Ayllon emri në gjuhën amë
Fernando Ayllon shtetësia Kolumbia
Fernando Ayllon punëdhënësi Telemundo
Fernando Ayllon IMDb ID nm5412893
Fernando Ayllon gjuhë që flet, shkruan ose këndon spanjisht
| 39,590 |
https://github.com/gitrostant/Pipeline_ParkingSystems/blob/master/parking-client/src/main/java/com/client/SlotFrame.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
Pipeline_ParkingSystems
|
gitrostant
|
Java
|
Code
| 227 | 884 |
package com.client;
import java.awt.GridLayout;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JTextField;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
/**
* @author JonathanCauchi
*
* This class is the USer Interface to enter the ticket (slot) number.
*/
public class SlotFrame extends JFrame {
private JPanel contentPane;
private JTextField textField;
private JButton btnEnter;
ParkingSystemApp app;
private SlotFrame slotFrame = this;
double totalFee = 0;
/**
* Create the frame.
*/
public SlotFrame(ParkingSystemApp parkingApp)
{
this.app = parkingApp;
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setTitle("Ticket!");
setBounds(100, 100, 300, 200);
contentPane = new JPanel();
contentPane.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(5, 5, 5, 5));
contentPane.setLayout(new GridLayout(3, 3));
setContentPane(contentPane);
JLabel lblEnterYourTicket = new JLabel("Enter your TICKET number: ");
contentPane.add(lblEnterYourTicket);
textField = new JTextField();
contentPane.add(textField);
textField.setColumns(2);
btnEnter = new JButton("Enter");
btnEnter.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
int ticketNumEntered = Integer.parseInt(textField.getText());
Ticket ticket = app.validateTicketNumber(ticketNumEntered);
if (ticket!=null)
{
// hide current frame
slotFrame.dispose();
app.calculateTotalMinutes(ticket);
totalFee = app.getTotalFee();
int option = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(btnEnter, "Your total parking fee is: $" + totalFee + "\n" +
"Continue with the payment? ");
if (option != JOptionPane.YES_OPTION)
{
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(btnEnter, "Please contact management for any issues!");
ParkingSystemFrame.mainFrame = new ParkingSystemFrame();
ParkingSystemFrame.mainFrame.setVisible(true);
return;
}
else
{
// make the slot available
// app.makeSlotAvailable(ticketNumEntered);
try{
PaymentFrame paymentFrame = new PaymentFrame(app, ticket);
paymentFrame.setVisible(true);
} catch (Exception e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
else
{
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(btnEnter, "Wrong Ticket Number Entered!");
textField.setText("");
textField.requestFocus();
}
}
});
contentPane.add(btnEnter);
}
}
| 8,029 |
https://openalex.org/W2110220370
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,012 |
Origin of a novel protein-coding gene family with similar signal sequence in Schistosoma japonicum
|
Evaristus C. Mbanefo
|
English
|
Spoken
| 16,144 | 29,151 |
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access © 2012 Mbanefo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Origin of a novel protein-coding gene family with
similar signal sequence in Schistosoma japonicum Evaristus Chibunna Mbanefo1,6, Yu Chuanxin2, Mihoko Kikuchi1, Mohammed Nasir Shuaibu1, Daniel Boamah1,
Masashi Kirinoki3, Naoko Hayashi3, Yuichi Chigusa3, Yoshio Osada4, Shinjiro Hamano5 and Kenji Hirayama1* Abstract Background: Evolution of novel protein-coding genes is the bedrock of adaptive evolution. Recently, we identified
six protein-coding genes with similar signal sequence from Schistosoma japonicum egg stage mRNA using signal
sequence trap (SST). To find the mechanism underlying the origination of these genes with similar core promoter
regions and signal sequence, we adopted an integrated approach utilizing whole genome, transcriptome and
proteome database BLAST queries, other bioinformatics tools, and molecular analyses. Results: Our data, in combination with database analyses showed evidences of expression of these genes both at
the mRNA and protein levels exclusively in all developmental stages of S. japonicum. The signal sequence motif was
identified in 27 distinct S. japonicum UniGene entries with multiple mRNA transcripts, and in 34 genome contigs
distributed within 18 scaffolds with evidence of genome-wide dispersion. No homolog of these genes or similar
domain was found in deposited data from any other organism. We observed preponderance of flanking repetitive
elements (REs), albeit partial copies, especially of the RTE-like and Perere class at either side of the duplication source
locus. The role of REs as major mediators of DNA-level recombination leading to dispersive duplication is discussed
with evidence from our analyses. We also identified a stepwise pathway towards functional selection in evolving
genes by alternative splicing. Equally, the possible transcription models of some protein-coding representatives of
the duplicons are presented with evidence of expression in vitro. Conclusion: Our findings contribute to the accumulating evidence of the role of REs in the genera
evolutionary novelties in organisms’ genomes. Keywords: Signal sequence trap, Schistosoma japonicum, Repetitive elements, Gene duplication, Secreted proteins,
Non-allelic homologous recombination * Correspondence: hiraken@nagasaki-u.ac.jp
1Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN),
and Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, 852-8523,
Nagasaki, Japan
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Background biologists have advanced this traditional notion; creating
remarkable insights into the composite patterns and
underlying mechanisms of genetic innovations. Some of
these mechanisms are illustrated in a supplementary fig-
ure (Additional file 1). The advent of the genomics era
has most importantly armed scientists with a valuable tool
to enhance discovery of the rather intriguing mechanisms
underlying the “birth” of new genes [5]. Evolutionary novelties generated as an upshot of the
“nascence” of new protein-coding genes are the bedrock
of adaptive evolution and acquisition of novel molecular
functions. The ever-growing vast and diverse protein rep-
ertoire in organisms can be ascribed to these events, and
may explain the increasing heterogeneity among organ-
isms of otherwise common ancestry [1-5]. Since the pio-
neering definitive treatise on gene duplication by Ohno
about four decades ago [6], geneticists and evolutionary Apart from the canonical gene duplication model as
proposed by Ohno [6]; extensive studies in various organ-
isms have not only elucidated other models of gene dupli-
cation, including “dispersed” duplication in addition to the
more definitive “tandem” duplication [7-13]; but has also
revealed multiple mechanisms leading to the emergence
of new functional genes. These include but not limited to:
recombination by exon shuffling or exon “scrambling” * Correspondence: hiraken@nagasaki-u.ac.jp
1Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN),
and Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, 852-8523,
Nagasaki, Japan
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Page 2 of 18 Nascent genes confer extra functional capacities for
the organisms to confront the challenges of the ever
dynamic environment, and may equally, albeit rarely,
inflict
some
functional
constraints. In
any
case,
recently evolved characteristics could best be attributed
to either: protein family or domains expansion, gene
loss events [48], or more likely, evolution of new
genes. S. japonicum relatively exhibit a higher degree
of parasitism and dependence on host derived mole-
cules and signals as inferred from genomic and tran-
scriptomic studies [49-51]; it is able to infect a wide
range of hosts, and produces relatively more severe
pathogenesis [45]. Background While these could be attributed to
a number of other factors including: selective pressure
of parasite-host interactions, the extensive gene loss
and protein domain elimination or expansion events
observed in its genome and transcriptome [49]; the
evolution of novel functional protein coding genes
before and after the divergence from other members
of the genus Schistosoma could account for these
extra characteristics. [4,14-18]; retrotransposition by retrotransposons yield-
ing intronless chimeric genes [18-25]; transduction of
genomic segments by transposable elements by skipping
the characteristic weak polyadenylation signal in retro-
transposons leading to the mobilization of adjacent gen-
omic sequence; or may involve a repetitive element (RE)
mediated DNA level recombination (DLR) by a non-
allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) mechanism,
in which the REs provide the requisite homologous
sequences for the recombination of genomic sequences
in a non-allelic manner [7,20,26-30]. Horizontal gene
transfer between organisms although infrequent, can
give rise to new genes in the recipient organism [31-33]. De novo origination of protein coding genes from previ-
ously non-coding genomic sequences is a very important
mechanism previously underrated, but accumulating
data in many organism show that this event occur more
often than previously thought [2,3,34-40]. Equally, a new
gene can arise from the fusion of two genes [1,3,22] or
fission of a “parent” gene [41]. These mechanisms sel-
dom operate singly as they frequently overlap, collabor-
ating in the creation of nascent genes as depicted in
the famous origins of Jingwei and Sphinx in Drosophila
species [14,19]. Here, we report putative evolutionary novel gene
family of Asian schistosomes, S. japonicum on the
premise that no homologs of the genes were found in
the genome of its evolutionary close relatives in the
genus Schistosoma, or in any other organism with a
complete sequenced genome. The genes first caught
our attention as genes bearing similar or same signal
sequence from our previous work that identified some
secreted protein coding genes from the eggs of S. japo-
nicum using a signal sequence trap (SST) [47]. Given
the available tools prior to the publication of the S. japonicum genome sequence, we had attributed this
observation to some alternative or trans-splicing mod-
els. The present analysis was inspired by the availability
of the invaluable tool presented by the recently pub-
lished partially assembled genome of this parasite [49]. Results and discussion containing only 54 amino acids residues. A genome wide
BLAST search using the similar signal sequence as query
against all whole genome shotgun (WGS) reads also pro-
duced hits on 34 S. japonicum genome contigs (Table 3)
distributed within 18 genome scaffolds (Table 4), thus
confirming the existence of such sequences in the gen-
ome at multiple loci. These loci were non-redundant
and non-overlapping as confirmed from the partially
mapped scaffolds of this parasite’s genome accessible in
GeneDB [52]. For clarity, we restricted further analyses
to the initial cDNAs we had identified from our previous
study using the SST. Sequence characteristics of a novel protein-coding gene
family with similar signal sequences in S. japonicum family with similar signal sequences in S. japonicum
To identify secreted proteins from the eggs of S. japoni-
cum, we previously utilized a signal sequence trap (SST)
and isolated at least 15 full length S. japonicum egg stage
cDNAs encoding secreted or membrane binding pro-
teins [47]. In addition, we observed that six of these
genes have same or similar signal sequences (Table 1)
from our analyses in [47]. Multiple alignment of the ini-
tial SST isolated messenger RNAs (mRNAs) is presented
as a supplementary information (Additional file 2), while
the multiple alignment of the corresponding protein
sequences showing the similar signal peptides is pre-
sented in Figure 1 with the phylogenetic tree of the SST
identified family members. Given the available tools at
the time we made this observation, we had attributed
this trend to some alternative splicing or trans-splicing
models. Here, we took advantage of the recently charac-
terized and published partial assembly of the genome
sequence and transcriptome of S. japonicum to unravel
the possible underlying mechanisms of signal sequence
similarity among SST identified genes. BLASTN search
on the whole non-redundant (nr) nucleotide collections
and all expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in GenBank in-
cluding the S. japonicum transcriptome using the similar
signal sequence as query showed that a total of 181
mRNA sequences and 14 ESTs all belonging to S. japo-
nicum bear the similar signal sequence. Based on infor-
mation in the UniGene database that provides sets of
transcript sequences that appear to come from the same
transcription locus, these mRNA sequences with similar
signal sequence were placed in 27 distinct UniGene
entries (Table 2). Background We adopted an integrated approach utilizing extensive
BLAST queries and other bioinformatics tools, transcrip-
tion and expression analyses, southern hybridization of
genomic DNA and evolutionary analyses. We describe
evidence of “genome-wide” dispersed duplication of
a protein coding gene locus, which may have arisen
recently from previously non-coding genomic sequence. The role of repetitive elements as major mediators of
the dispersive duplication is analyzed and discussed. Detailed evidence of the potential transcription models
of some protein-coding representatives of the duplicons
with similar signal sequence is presented and supported
by our observations. Finally, based on the identifica-
tion of non-coding mRNA transcripts as alternatively
spliced variants of protein coding mRNAs, we pro-
pose that the new genes could be under significant func-
tional selection. Schistosoma japonicum along with S. mansoni and S. haematobium are the principal schistosome species
causing
human
schistosomiasis. Uncharacteristic
of
other human invading schistosomes, S. japonicum is also
able to infect several non-human mammalian hosts. While S. japonicum and S. mansoni inhabit the peripor-
tal veins and cause an intestinal form of the disease,
characterized by liver granulomatous fibrosis as a conse-
quence of host immune response to the eggs lodged in
the hepatic sinusoids [42,43]; S. haematobium causes
urinary schistosomiasis at the vesical bladder plexus. Although S. japonicum produces similar lesions like
S. mansoni, the fibrotic lesions and hepatosplenomegaly,
the most severe outcome of schistosomiasis, is relatively
more frequent and severe in S. japonicum [44]. Also, in
contrast to S. mansoni and S. haematobium, acute dis-
ease due to S. japonicum is common in endemic foci
and is associated with severe and persistent manifesta-
tions that may rapidly progress the host mediated immu-
nopathogenesis, terminating in a network of fibrotic
lesions [45]. Secreted proteins from the parasite ova
embolized in the liver of the host are accessible to the
host immune cells being located at the host-parasite
interface and thus constantly exposed to the host liver
tissues. Such interactions play critical role in the initi-
ation and progression of granuloma and fibrosis forma-
tion
by
mediating
inflammation
[42-45]. Secreted
protein candidates thus, possess great potentials for ap-
plication in interventions aimed at preventing severe
hepatic pathogenesis [46,47] among other applications. Page 3 of 18 Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 *SST: Signal Sequence Trap. Results and discussion BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260 Page 4 of 18 A
B
Figure 1 Multiple alignments of protein sequences of the SST identified cDNAs showing similar signal peptide. (A) The protein products
of the original SST isolated S. japonicum egg cDNAs were aligned using ClustalW. The aligned sequences are limited to the candidates identified
using SST, excluding database sequences. The N-terminal similar signal peptide is automatically colored red, indicating high similarity at the
consensus sequence. Ostensibly, several other residues are also conserved and would be explored during the functional characterization. (B) The phylogenetic tree of the novel protein family identified using SST is shown here. The evolutionary history was inferred using the
Minimum Evolution method. The evolutionary distances were computed using the p-distance method and are in the units of the number of
amino acid differences per site. The analysis involved 6 amino acid sequences originally isolated using SST. Phylogenetic and evolutionary
analyses were conducted on MEGA5 [76]. A B Figure 1 Multiple alignments of protein sequences of the SST identified cDNAs showing similar signal peptide. Figure 1 Multiple alignments of protein sequences of the SST identified cDNAs showing similar signal peptide. (A) The protein products
of the original SST isolated S. japonicum egg cDNAs were aligned using ClustalW. The aligned sequences are limited to the candidates identified
using SST, excluding database sequences. The N-terminal similar signal peptide is automatically colored red, indicating high similarity at the
consensus sequence. Ostensibly, several other residues are also conserved and would be explored during the functional characterization. (B) The phylogenetic tree of the novel protein family identified using SST is shown here. The evolutionary history was inferred using the
Minimum Evolution method. The evolutionary distances were computed using the p-distance method and are in the units of the number of
amino acid differences per site. The analysis involved 6 amino acid sequences originally isolated using SST. Phylogenetic and evolutionary
analyses were conducted on MEGA5 [76]. Figure 1 Multiple alignments of protein sequences of the SST identified cDNAs showing similar signal peptide. (A) The protein products
of the original SST isolated S. japonicum egg cDNAs were aligned using ClustalW. The aligned sequences are limited to the candidates identified
using SST, excluding database sequences. The N-terminal similar signal peptide is automatically colored red, indicating high similarity at the
consensus sequence. Results and discussion By further sequence alignments of the
returned mRNA sequences and information from Uni-
Gene, we grouped the mRNA transcripts according to
their gene products and identified at least 7 distinct egg
proteins, somula protein, 53 other hypothetical protein
sequences and 10 non-coding mRNAs, all bearing
the similar signal motif. All protein products of the
mRNAs in the public database bearing the similar signal
sequence were characteristically short, with one of them y
g
To assess whether some homologs or at least some
similar domains exist in other species, BLASTN and
BLASTP searches using both the signal sequence and
the entire coding sequences of the mRNAs and protein
sequences as queries showed that these genes have no
homologs in any other organism, but their expression
in S. japonicum is supported by evidence from tran-
scriptome and proteomic data. A search on several pro-
tein
domain
databases
showed
that
although
our
candidates were classified in the same protein family
with similar domains and assigned to a domain ID
(ProDom:PD884968), no related domain or protein
family was found in any other organism. The absence
of these genes in the genome of S. mansoni, S. haema-
tobium and other published genomes cannot possibly
be attributed to sequencing gaps or annotation errors
since the WGS sequencing approach is considerably reli-
able [49], and the fact that we adopted a multiple species
approach covering the entire available sequenced gen-
omes of all species makes this even more improbable
[37,40]. Given the accumulating evidences of de novo
origin of new genes from previously non-coding DNA
sequences
[2,34-40],
we
propose
that
the
coding
sequence of these genes may have recently originated
de novo from previously non-coding DNA sequences in
the ancestral forms, and subsequently duplicated and
dispersed in the genome. This represents a more plaus-
ible interpretation than the improbable alternative hypo-
thesis of concurrent gene deletion or inactivation in
multiple ancestral lineages. Table 1 *SST isolated S. japonicum egg cDNAs with similar signal peptide
Gene Products
GenBank cDNA Accession
GenBank Protein Accession
Signal Peptide
SjCP1084
AY570737 (1027 bp)
AAS68242 (271aa)
MRIINLVIISTALLLINLLQTKSQ
SjCP3611
AY570744 (983 bp)
AAS68249 (260aa)
MRIIILGIISTVLLLINLLQTKSQ
SjCP501
AY570753 (1038 bp)
AAS68258 (174aa)
MRIINLVNISTVLLLINLLQTKSQ
SjCP3842
AY570748 (854 bp)
AAS68253 (203aa)
MFKMRIINLVNISTVLLLINLLQTKSR
SjCP400
AY570756 (848 bp)
AAS68261 (124aa)
MFKMRIINLVNISTVLLLINLLQTKSQ
SjCP1531
AY570742 (1037 bp)
AAS68247 (274aa)
MFKVRIINLVNISTVLLLINLLQTKSQ
*SST: Signal Sequence Trap. Table 1 *SST isolated S. japonicum egg cDNAs with similar signal peptide Mbanefo et al. Results and discussion Ostensibly, several other residues are also conserved and would be explored during the functional characterization. (B) The phylogenetic tree of the novel protein family identified using SST is shown here. The evolutionary history was inferred using the
Minimum Evolution method. The evolutionary distances were computed using the p-distance method and are in the units of the number of
amino acid differences per site. The analysis involved 6 amino acid sequences originally isolated using SST. Phylogenetic and evolutionary
analyses were conducted on MEGA5 [76]. of the original SST isolated S. japonicum egg cDNAs were aligned using ClustalW. The aligned sequences are limited to t
using SST, excluding database sequences. The N-terminal similar signal peptide is automatically colored red, indicating h
consensus sequence. Ostensibly, several other residues are also conserved and would be explored during the functional
(B) The phylogenetic tree of the novel protein family identified using SST is shown here. The evolutionary history was in
Minimum Evolution method. The evolutionary distances were computed using the p-distance method and are in the un
amino acid differences per site. The analysis involved 6 amino acid sequences originally isolated using SST. Phylogenetic
analyses were conducted on MEGA5 [76]. found in any other species of Schistosoma except in all
strains of S. japonicum analyzed. Several bands repre-
senting the duplicated loci are apparent in the hybridized
blots (Figure 2). The analyzed samples is composed of
representatives of the species complexes of this genus
and further provide insight into the inter-species, intra-
species and intra-strain variations that may exist among
the members of the genus Schistosoma. In line with the
widely accepted Asian origin hypothesis deduced from
the evolutionary biogeography of this genus as inferred
from evidences at the morphological, karyotype and mo-
lecular levels [53], it is highly plausible that this genomic
sequence has recently evolved exclusively within the
S. japonicum complex long after the divergence of the
ancestors of the African species and other re-invading
Asian species with origin from Africa [53,54]. The fact Species and strain specific expression To further exclude the possibility of false negative obser-
vations, we assessed the presence of the gene loci among
different species and strains of Schistosoma in vitro using
southern blots. This genomic locus and its duplicons
was found to be exclusively present in all the strains of
S. japonicum using southern hybridization experiment
utilizing genomic DNA samples of different strains of
S. japonicum (Japanese, Chinese and Philippines), and
other species of Schistosoma including S. mansoni,
S. haematobium and S. mekongi (Figure 2), covering all
the major clades in the genus. The result of southern
hybridization using 462 base-pair digoxigenin labeled
hybridization probe containing the similar signal sequence
and designed to be specific to the gene loci under con-
sideration showed that this genomic sequence was not Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Page 5 of 18 that this gene locus was completely lacking in other
Asian species like S. mekongi of common ancestry with
S. japonicum even throws more light on the most prob-
able evolution of these other Asian species which are thought to have evolved from same ancestor or as des-
cendants of S. japonicum based on mitochondrial gene
arrangement [55]. Either S. japonicum and other Asian
species in the S. japonicum group evolved independently 2 *UniGene entries for S. japonicum mRNAs and ESTs bearing the similar signal sequence (n = 195) Table 2 *UniGene entries for S. Evidence of dispersed duplication from a source
gene locus g
The mechanisms behind dispersed duplication could
be hidden within the DNA sequences of the duplicates
or the adjacent flanking genomic sequences. In line
with this, we explored the DNA sequences of the gene
loci and the surrounding genomic sequences to identify
possible mechanisms underlying dispersed duplication
proposed in our hypothesis. A genome-wide BLAST
search against WGS reads using the similar signal
sequence as query returned 34 contigs of varying lengths
and degrees of degradation (Table 3). By manually tra-
cing these 34 contigs to the genome scaffolds, we found
that they were distributed within 18 scaffolds (Table 4),
apparently widely dispersed in the genome of S. japonicum
as inferred from the genome map. To explore the mech-
anism of such dispersed duplication of a genomic se-
quence, a comparative analysis involving a parent gene
in an ancestral species is often required. However, since
we were unable to find any parental homolog in the
available genome data and proteomes, and because gene
duplication produces a diverse set of progeny loci
with varied degrees of homology to an ancestral source
locus when it exists [9], we performed a comparative
sequence analysis on the 34 contigs as representatives of
the gene loci. The result revealed a particular prominent
contig in the S. japonicum WGS reads [GenBank:
CABF01020060], the longest of the set of “duplicons”
(43.7 kb), which significantly encompassed the length of
the other contigs (Figure 3). CABF01020060 was there-
fore putatively selected as the duplication ‘source locus’
and utilized as such for most of the analyses performed
in this study. g
Nevertheless, while it is completely normal to verify
this exclusive evolution and dispersed duplication hy-
pothesis by confirming the physical localization of the
gene loci in the genome and chromosomes by perform-
ing synteny analysis, we are unable to achieve this
because we do not have access to a fully mapped
chromosome information of the genome of S. japonicum. However, the distribution of the contigs and scaffolds
bearing the similar signal sequence apparently suggests
a dispersed distribution. To confirm this hypothesis
and to exclude the possibility of overlapping among
the loci, we generated the restriction map of six of the
genome scaffolds bearing duplicated loci based on the
information on the genome map, performed southern
hybridization using restriction endonuclease digested
genomic DNA from S. Species and strain specific expression BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 from a common ancestor, or the evolution of this locus
and the subsequent dispersed duplication occurred re-
cently after the other Asian forms have diverged (see
phylogenetic relationship in Additional file 3). An alter-
native explanation is that the gene was not fixed or was
deleted from the genome of the other Asian and African
species. Since the last hypothesis is highly unlikely, we
concluded that our observation was a product of a newly
evolved gene locus possibly from mutations or modifica-
tions on a previously non-coding sequence in the ances-
tral forms, which was subsequently severally amplified
and dispersed in the genome of S. japonicum after all
other species of the genus had diverged. Furthermore, a
close look at the banding pattern of the restriction
digested genomic DNA of different strains of S. japonicum
as observed in the southern blotting result revealed
that possible intra-species and intra-strain genetic var-
iations could exist among the members of the species
complex (Figure 2). Whether the S. japonicum complex
(Japanese, Chinese, Philippines and animal infecting
Formosa strains) is made up of four geographical strains,
four subspecies or four independent biological species
remains contentious. Be that as it may, this presents an
interesting subject for further research and could be
further explored using a wider array of isolates from
different regions. subsequently disperse duplicated. As opined in previous
studies, the short length of our identified genes is an
expected property of nascent genes because of improb-
ability of evolution of long open reading frames (ORFs)
and the complexity of intron splicing signal [38]. We
expect these novel genes to be of functional significance
since new genes tend to display accelerated sequence
and structural changes towards neo-functionalization
[1], and most newly characterized genes from other spe-
cies have been shown to be characteristically functional
[35,56]. Other workers showed that the common path-
way for de novo protein-coding gene evolution involves
a piece of DNA sequence to be transcribed via recruit-
ment of all transcription core promoters, other elements
and machines; followed by the acquisition of a translat-
able ORF through mutations or other sequence alter-
ation mechanisms [2,35]. Together, our findings support
the presence of these intrinsic features of novel genes in
the identified candidates, including the gradual model of
novel protein coding gene origination. Species and strain specific expression japonicum mRNAs and ESTs bearing the similar signal sequence (n = 195)
UniGene
Name
UniGene ID
(UID)
Set of likely mRNA transcripts (GenBank)
Gene Products
(Database annotation)
Sja.1526
1476162
AY814448, BU780442est
Egg protein SjCP3611
Sja.1611
1476247
FN317637, BU772954est
Hypothetical protein
Sja.1628
1476264
AY570742, FN320556, FN320555, FN320553, FN320552, FN320551, FN320550, FN320549
Egg protein SjCP1531
Sja.1676
1476312
AY570748SST, AY223245, AY222916, AY813542, EF127834, EF140742, FN323799, FN323800, FN323801,
FN323803, FN323793, FN323792, FN323791, FN323790, FN323788, FN323785, FN323782, FN323781,
FN323779, FN323778, FN323777, FN323776, FN323773, FN323772, FN323771, FN323770, FN323769,
FN323768, FN323767, FN323766, FN323765, FN323764, FN323763, FN323762, BU772060est,
BU766145est, CX862012est
Egg protein SjCP3842
Sja.2063
1476798
FN321064, FN321061
Egg protein SjCP1084
Sja.2065
1476800
AY570753SST, AY570744SST, AY814685, FN327232, FN327137, FN318042, FN321065, FN321060,
FN321059, FN321058, FN321057, FN321056, FN321055, FN329815nc, BU768978est, BU780021est
Egg protein SjCP3611,
Egg protein SjCP501,
Hypothetical proteins
Sja.2070
1476805
AY599749SST
Egg protein SjCP1731
Sja.5326
2034920
FN326953, FN330298nc
Hypothetical protein
Sja.9771
2493712
AY570756SST, FN327121, FN327254, FN327253, FN327241, FN327233, FN327229, FN327224,
FN327222, FN327216, FN327196, FN327185, FN327163, FN327158, FN327154, FN327129,
FN327125, FN327115, FN327089, FN327083, FN327073, FN327057, FN327050, FN327049,
FN327045, FN327042, FN327035, FN327022, FN327018, FN327014, FN327000, FN326998,
FN326978, FN326973, FN326961, FN326960, FN326959, FN326930, FN326905, FN326883,
FN326882, FN326881, FN326859, FN326857, FN326852, FN326851, FN326841, FN326831,
FN326829, FN326822, FN326808, FN326801, FN326790, FN326770, FN326740, FN330540nc
Egg protein SjCP400,
Somula protein
Sja.11083 2671933
AY915467, FN327219, FN327063, FN326828, FN326826, FN323794, FN323797, FN323798,
FN323802, FN323789, FN323787, FN323786, FN323784, FN323783, FN323780, FN323774,
FN323761, FN323760, FN323759, FN323758, FN323757, FN320521, FN320520, FN320519,
FN320518, FN320517, FN320516, FN320515, FN320513
Egg protein SjCP3842,
Hypothetical protein
Sja.11325 2672175
AY813755, FN320057, FN320056, FN320514, FN329566nc, BU768160est, BU774105est, BU770186est,
BU779051est
Egg protein SjCP3842,
Hypothetical protein
Sja.11840 2895838
FN327242, FN327131, FN327087, FN326854, BU776301est
Hypothetical protein
Sja.11891 2895889
AY813975, FN329814nc, BU769048est
Egg protein SjCP1084
Sja.13298 3987026
FN320059
Hypothetical protein
Sja.13324 3987052
AY570737SST, FN328299nc
Egg protein SjCP1084
Sja.13882 3987610
FN330716nc
None
Sja.13956 3987684
FN330422nc
None
Sja.14071 3987799
FN329677nc
None
Sja.14095 3987823
FN329269nc
None
Sja.14561 3988289
FN327139, FN323795, FN323796, FN323775
Egg protein SjCP3842
Sja.14562 3988290
FN327130, FN326955, FN326901
Egg protein SjCP1084
Sja.14565 3988293
FN327099
Egg protein SjCP1084
Sja.14614 3988342
FN320058
Hypothetical protein
Sja.14627 3988355
FN319007
Hypothetical protein
Sja.14941 3988669
FN320554
Hypothetical protein
Sja.15036 5233761
FN326786, FN318043, CX861530est
Hypothetical protein
Sja.15108 5233833
AY810465, FN321062
Hypothetical protein
* UniGene is a database of sets of transcript sequences that appear to come from the same transcription locus. The original set of cDNAs we earlier identified using signal sequence trap bear the superscript tag (SST). Page 6 of 18 Mbanefo et al. Evidence of dispersed duplication from a source
gene locus japonicum species and strains;
and were able to match the expected probe binding
fragment
sizes
with
the
observed
bands
on
the
hybridization blots (Additional file 4). Also an ancestral
homolog is required for synteny analysis, however,
we could not find a homolog in S. mansoni, another
member of the genus with sequenced genome; and
the genome of other more closely related species like
S. mekongi and S. malayensis are not yet sequenced. Unless new evidences emerge from future updates in
the sequenced genomes, we hold true that these genes
have newly evolved, probably from modifications on
previously non-coding ancestral DNA sequences and Mbanefo et al. Evidence of dispersed duplication from a source
gene locus BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Page 7 of 18 Page 7 of 18 Table 3 Schistosoma japonicum genome contigs containing the similar signal sequence (n = 34)
*Contig [GenBank Accession No.]
Transcription
Strand
Size, kb
Signal Sequence
coordinates
SJC_C002611 [CABF01002612]
-
69.7
4848 – 4779
SJC_C002621 [CABF01002622]
-
0.6
276 – 205
SJC_C002622 [CABF01002623]
-
1.6
999 – 928
SJC_C002627 [CABF01002628]
-
3.0
2413 – 2342
SJC_C002629 [CABF01002630]
-
14.5
3856 – 3785
SJC_C013669 [CABF01013761]
-
6.8
3284 – 3217
SJC_C019814 [CABF01020047]
+
29.2
19023 – 19094
SJC_C019817 [CABF01020050]
-
10.1
6502 – 6431
SJC_C019827 [CABF01020060]
-
43.7
42511 – 42440
SJC_C022876 [CABF01022876]
-
12.4
9335 – 9264
SJC_C022884 [CABF01022884]
+
12.9
493 – 564
SJC_C023364 [CABF01023364]
-
12.4
10498 – 10427
SJC_C025268 [CABF01025296]
-
12.1
7860 – 7789
SJC_C027826 [CABF01027854]
+
4.3
433 – 504
SJC_C027833 [CABF01027861]
-
11.9
5768 – 5697
SJC_C027838 [CABF01027866]
+
19.0
12367 – 12438
SJC_C032855 [CABF01032892]
-
22.3
383 – 322
SJC_C032859 [CABF01032896]
-
9.6
4663 – 4602
SJC_C043165 [CABF01043187]
+
4.9
2484 – 2544
SJC_C057153 [CABF01057161]
+
2.8
337 – 408
SJC_C061392 [CABF01061395]
-
7.4
4411 – 4342
SJC_C067189 [CABF01067176]
+
4.9
388 – 459
SJC_C067567 [CABF01067411]
-
3.2
925 – 854
SJC_C070280 [CABF01070230]
-
6.8
271 – 200
SJC_C072631 [CABF01072590]
+
1.9
1646 – 1717
SJC_C072632 [CABF01072591]
+
2.6
446 – 517
SJC_C073741 [CABF01073691]
-
2.4
2389 – 2319
SJC_C075160 [CABF01075030]
-
6.7
5231 – 5160
SJC_C076469 [CABF01076032]
+
3.1
1295 – 1366
SJC_C077101 [CABF01078976]
-
1.1
656 – 585
SJC_C080985 [CABF01080674]
+
2.3
1094 – 1165
SJC_C081391 [CABF01080757]
-
2.1
1918 – 1847
SJC_C081246 [CABF01080893]
-
1.3
1131 – 1060
SJC_C097686 [CABF01092393]
+
5.6
4249 – 4320
(-) are contigs with ‘signal sequence’ on the negative strand (anti-sense) of the genome while
(+) are contigs with ‘signal sequence’ on the positive strand (sense) in the genome
*Contigs are representative of disperse duplicated gene loci. We indicated the ranges for the signal sequence motif. Table 3 Schistosoma japonicum genome contigs containing the similar signal sequence (n = 34)
*Contig [GenBank Accession No.]
Transcription
St
d
Size, kb (-) are contigs with ‘signal sequence’ on the negative strand (anti-sense) of the genome while
(+) are contigs with ‘signal sequence’ on the positive strand (sense) in the genome
*Contigs are representative of disperse duplicated gene loci. We indicated the ranges for the signal sequence motif. of retrotransposons (SjR1) (Additional file 5). Evidence of dispersed duplication from a source
gene locus Table 4 Schistosoma japonicum Scaffolds containing the
similar signal sequence (n = 18) 23
9.4
6.5
4.4
2.3
2.0
0.5
kb
A
Sh
Sm
Smk
SjJ
SjC
SjP
Le
Ma
Mo
M A 23
9.4
6.5
4.4
2.3
2.0
0.5
kb
B
Figure 2 Southern blotting confirms duplicated loci exclusively
in S. japonicum. (A) Southern hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled
probes showing the presence of duplicated loci with several bands due
to copies of the duplicated source locus. Lanes 2-9 corresponds to
EcoRI+EcoRV double digested genomic DNA of different species and
strains of Schistosoma (S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. mekongi, S. japonicum (Japanese, Chinese, Philippines’ Leyte, Mindanao and Mindoro
isolates). ‘M’ is Digoxigenin-labeled DNA molecular weight marker. Notice
the differential banding pattern among different strains and between
isolates of the same strain. (B) Same experiment as in (A) was replicated
using a different pair of restriction enzymes (EcoRI+ HindIII). Also inter-
strain and intra-strain variation in the banding pattern is apparent. 23
9.4
6.5
4.4
2.3
2.0
0.5
kb
B B duplicated from a single source locus. The fact that the
duplicons are not absolutely homologous and the degen-
erative nature of the RE sequences suggests variation
within members, typical of evolving genes (Figure 4). Because homology with the other duplicates did not ter-
minate 3` of this putative source locus, we recruited
and adjoined two contigs [GenBank:CABF01020061 and
GenBank:CABF01020062] downstream of the putative source
locus according to the genome assembly information,
thereby creating flanking sequences of at least 5 kilo-
basepairs on each side of the gene duplication source
locus. This sequence was then aligned with the genome
contigs and scaffolds to identify the exact point at which
homology was lost, which could arguably represent the
breakpoint of duplication. Further attempt to identify
the exact breakpoints was not successful due to unfilled
sequencing gaps in the scaffolds but examination of
the
downstream
flanking
sequence
from
the
point
where homology was terminated showed a prominent
retrotransposon of the Perere class flanking the dupli-
cated loci 3` of the locus (see short movie in Additional
file 5). Taken together, our data show that the dupli-
cation source locus was flanked on either side by RTE-
like and Perere class retrotransposons. These two classes
of non-LTR retrotransposons have significantly high
copy number, making up 12.63 % of the S. Evidence of dispersed duplication from a source
gene locus An almost
full copy of SjR2 was found upstream of the coding
region of the putative source locus in addition to other
six albeit partial copies of SjR2. Alignment of the other
contigs to the putative duplication source locus revealed
that both the dispersed similar signal sequence and
the repeat elements are considerably aligned at very simi-
lar positions, further showing that they were likely To investigate possible role by repetitive elements
(REs) in mediating such dispersed duplication with a
clue from previous studies [20,26-29], we performed
repeat masking on the putative duplication source locus
and the other 33 duplicons and observed a preponderance
of flanking REs, especially of non-LTR class prominent
of which were the S. japonicum RTE (retrotransposable
element)-like retrotransposon (SjR2) and the Perere class Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Page 8 of 18 Table 4 Schistosoma japonicum Scaffolds containing the
similar signal sequence (n = 18)
Scaffolds [GenBank Accession]
Contigs within the scaffolds
SJC_S000013 [FN330988]
CABF01002611, CABF01002612,
CABF01002622, CABF01002623,
CABF01002628, CABF01002630
SJC_S000219 [FN331192]
CABF01020047, CABF01020050
SJC_S000220 [FN331193]
CABF01020060
SJC_S000273 [FN331245]
CABF01022876, CABF01022884
SJC_S000284 [FN331256]
CABF01023364
SJC_S000329 [FN331301]
CABF01025296
SJC_S000394 [FN331366]
CABF01027854, CABF01027861,
CABF01027866
SJC_S005820 [FN336777]
CABF01067176
SJC_S007785 [FN338731]
CABF01070230
SJC_S008639 [FN339578]
CABF01072590, CABF01072591
SJC_S009177 [FN340103]
CABF01073691
SJC_S010134 [FN341037]
CABF01075030
SJC_S011206 [FN342077]
CABF01076032
SJC_S011724 [FN342573]
CABF01078976
SJC_S014521 [FN345237]
CABF01080674
SJC_S014753 [FN345459]
CABF01080893
SJC_S014868 [FN345568]
CABF01080757
SJC_S026182 [FN354050]
CABF01092393 23
9.4
6.5
4.4
2.3
2.0
0.5
kb
23
9.4
6.5
4.4
2.3
2.0
0.5
kb
A
B
Sh
Sm
Smk
SjJ
SjC
SjP
Le
Ma
Mo
M
Figure 2 Southern blotting confirms duplicated loci exclusively
in S. japonicum. (A) Southern hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled
probes showing the presence of duplicated loci with several bands due
to copies of the duplicated source locus. Lanes 2-9 corresponds to
EcoRI+EcoRV double digested genomic DNA of different species and
strains of Schistosoma (S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. mekongi, S. japonicum (Japanese, Chinese, Philippines’ Leyte, Mindanao and Mindoro
isolates). ‘M’ is Digoxigenin-labeled DNA molecular weight marker. Notice
the differential banding pattern among different strains and between
isolates of the same strain. (B) Same experiment as in (A) was replicated
using a different pair of restriction enzymes (EcoRI+ HindIII). Also inter-
strain and intra-strain variation in the banding pattern is apparent. Evidence of dispersed duplication from a source
gene locus The output shows the maximum score on the y-axis. Absolute complexity is a measure of the
level of conservation or variability of nucleotides in the aligned sequences. It is a measure of the likelihood that the observed similarity did not
occur by chance. The maximum positive score on the y-axis of the ‘absolute complexity’ curve is expected to be higher than the negative
value to exclude any possibility that the observed similarity occurred by chance. The x-axes in both curves represent the nucleotide positions. The numbering of the nucleotides started at the 30000th position in this figure because we trimmed output figure at the 5` end for ease
of presentation. Figure 3 Multi-alignments of 34 S. japonicum genome contigs representing duplicated loci to assign putative source locus. Graph
shows the sequence similarity (A) and absolute complexity (B) of the DNA sequence of the 34 contigs in S. japonicum genome containing the
duplicated loci. This multiple alignment was used to putatively assign the most prominent contig [GenBank:CABF01020060], the longest among
the identified dataset (43.7 kb), which significantly covered the length of the other contigs as the putative duplication ‘source locus’. The curve
shows the probable length of the duplicated locus, terminating with RTE-SJ at the 5` end (trimmed out in this figure) and Perere at the 3` end. ‘Similarity’ curve is a measure of the level of similarity of the aligned sequences. The y-axis on the ‘similarity’ curve will read ‘1’ when the
sequences are 100 % similar in each position. The output shows the maximum score on the y-axis. Absolute complexity is a measure of the
level of conservation or variability of nucleotides in the aligned sequences. It is a measure of the likelihood that the observed similarity did not
occur by chance. The maximum positive score on the y-axis of the ‘absolute complexity’ curve is expected to be higher than the negative
value to exclude any possibility that the observed similarity occurred by chance. The x-axes in both curves represent the nucleotide positions. The numbering of the nucleotides started at the 30000th position in this figure because we trimmed output figure at the 5` end for ease
of presentation. genome [49]. Different degrees of degeneracy of both
the coding region and the flanking REs were observed
in all the duplicated loci examined. Evidence of dispersed duplication from a source
gene locus japonicum Figure 2 Southern blotting confirms duplicated loci exclusively Figure 2 Southern blotting confirms duplicated loci exclusively
in S. japonicum. (A) Southern hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled
probes showing the presence of duplicated loci with several bands due
to copies of the duplicated source locus. Lanes 2-9 corresponds to
EcoRI+EcoRV double digested genomic DNA of different species and
strains of Schistosoma (S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. mekongi, S. japonicum (Japanese, Chinese, Philippines’ Leyte, Mindanao and Mindoro
isolates). ‘M’ is Digoxigenin-labeled DNA molecular weight marker. Notice
the differential banding pattern among different strains and between
isolates of the same strain. (B) Same experiment as in (A) was replicated
using a different pair of restriction enzymes (EcoRI+ HindIII). Also inter-
strain and intra-strain variation in the banding pattern is apparent. Figure 2 Southern blotting confirms duplicated loci exclusively
in S. japonicum. (A) Southern hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled
probes showing the presence of duplicated loci with several bands due
to copies of the duplicated source locus. Lanes 2-9 corresponds to
EcoRI+EcoRV double digested genomic DNA of different species and
strains of Schistosoma (S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. mekongi, S. japonicum (Japanese, Chinese, Philippines’ Leyte, Mindanao and Mindoro
isolates). ‘M’ is Digoxigenin-labeled DNA molecular weight marker. Notice
the differential banding pattern among different strains and between
isolates of the same strain. (B) Same experiment as in (A) was replicated
using a different pair of restriction enzymes (EcoRI+ HindIII). Also inter-
strain and intra-strain variation in the banding pattern is apparent. Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Page 9 of 18 Figure 3 Multi-alignments of 34 S. japonicum genome contigs representing duplicated loci to assign putative source locus. Graph
shows the sequence similarity (A) and absolute complexity (B) of the DNA sequence of the 34 contigs in S. japonicum genome containing the
duplicated loci. This multiple alignment was used to putatively assign the most prominent contig [GenBank:CABF01020060], the longest among
the identified dataset (43.7 kb), which significantly covered the length of the other contigs as the putative duplication ‘source locus’. The curve
shows the probable length of the duplicated locus, terminating with RTE-SJ at the 5` end (trimmed out in this figure) and Perere at the 3` end. ‘Similarity’ curve is a measure of the level of similarity of the aligned sequences. The y-axis on the ‘similarity’ curve will read ‘1’ when the
sequences are 100 % similar in each position. Evidence of dispersed duplication from a source
gene locus Apart from the prominent
flanking copies of retrotransposons observed around the putative gene duplication source locus [GenBank:CABF01020060], other two short copies
of the retrotransposon (RTE_SJ) are also found within introns in the coding region. We aligned the source locus with 10 of the duplicons and
observed that both the signal sequence and these two partial copies of RTE_SJ are relatively aligned at same position, further indicating that the
duplicated genes could have originated from a single source locus. the 5` or 3` directions [27]. Xing et al and other groups
have demonstrated the role of retrotransposons in the
duplication of entire genes and creation of previously
un-described genes by analyzing SVA (SINE, VNTR and
Alu)-mediated retrotransduction events in the human
genome [20,29]. However, we did not specifically identify
any chimeric duplicon originating via a retrotransduc-
tion mechanism among our datasets. Furthermore, ret-
rotransposons including SjR2 characteristically encode
reverse transcriptase and endonuclease, and can there-
fore transcribe and ‘paste’ a gene sequence into new
locations in the genome [3,22,62]. However, retrotran-
sposed genes are characteristically intronless since the
introns are usually spliced out during the process of ret-
rotransposition. Our duplicons retained their introns, al-
though in some case some portion of the introns may
have either degenerated or deleted during duplication
and subsequent sequence modifications [3,22,63]. A fur-
ther evidence that a retrotransposition mechanism is
unlikely in our observed cases was that while retrotran-
sposons would not duplicate the promoter regions of
duplicated gene based on the process of transcription
and insertion of retrocopies [1,57] which leaves the
newly retrotransposed sequences to acquire new regula-
tory sequences from adjacent genes or through muta-
tions in order to be functional [14,19,24]; the protein
coding duplicons observed among our duplicated gene
loci retained the same or similar core regulatory region
and signal sequence as the source locus, suggesting that
they may not have been products of retroposition and mediating NAHR and other structural modifications in
the human genome [7,20,61]. Yang et al found an excess
of repetitive sequences proximate to the breakpoints
of duplicated gene loci in the genome of the fruit fly
Drosophyla melanogaster, and have suggested that a
NAHR mechanism, mediated by REs accounted for the
birth of the new duplicons [1,27]. Another study per-
formed on human individuals concluded that NAHR
accounted for over 40 % of detected genomic sequence
duplications in the human genome [30]. Evidence of dispersed duplication from a source
gene locus This is consistent
with the traditional view of the fate of new duplicons
[6,9], which assumes a tendency to be lost because
of genetic drift under natural evolution [29,57] while
not precluding the possibility for some duplicates to
evolve distinct functions either by sub-functionalization
or neo-functionalization. by providing the requisite highly similar DNA sequences,
initiating recombination between non-allelic elements
[20,25,60], the result of which could be deletion, shuffling,
duplication or transduction of a genomic DNA segment. Structural modifications introduced in the genome by
NAHR mechanism can progress between non-homologous
chromosomes (inter-chromosomal), between homologous
chromosomes (inter-homologous or intra-chromosomal),
between sister chromatids (inter-sister chromatid) or
within a chromatid (intra-chromatid); giving rise to dis-
persed duplication of genomic segments, several forms
of deletions or may create isodicentric chromosome by
forming a mirrored segment in the chromosome by inver-
sion. See detailed cartoon in Additional file 6. [60]. The role of repetitive elements (REs) in dispersed dupli-
cation of genomic sequences is fairly documented from
previous studies in model organisms [15,20,27,28,30,58,59]. The precise mechanism of this retrotransposon mediated
dispersed duplication is not clear but may likely involve
RE-mediated DNA level recombination, most likely by
non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR), alterna-
tively called ectopic recombination (see illustration in
Additional file 6). Due to their extremely high copy num-
bers, REs create structural modifications in the genome Many studies in other organisms have elucidated the
role of REs in mediating sequence duplication, transduc-
tion and other structural variations by ectopic recombin-
ation mechanism. Notable among these is the human
Alu element for which several reports suggest a role in Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Page 10 of 18 Figure 4 Further evidence that the duplicated genes were duplicons of a single duplication source locus. Apart from the prominent
flanking copies of retrotransposons observed around the putative gene duplication source locus [GenBank:CABF01020060], other two short copies
of the retrotransposon (RTE_SJ) are also found within introns in the coding region. We aligned the source locus with 10 of the duplicons and
observed that both the signal sequence and these two partial copies of RTE_SJ are relatively aligned at same position, further indicating that the
duplicated genes could have originated from a single source locus. Figure 4 Further evidence that the duplicated genes were duplicons of a single duplication source locus. Evidence of dispersed duplication from a source
gene locus Illegitimate
recombination (IR), incomplete crossing over and non-
homologous end
joining (NHEJ)
are
other
possible
mechanisms of gene duplication by DNA-level recombin-
ation, but NAHR play a more significant role in produ-
cing typical dispersed duplications [1] while the other
mechanisms in addition to NAHR are more likely to pro-
duce tandem duplicates. Although we could not clearly
identify the exact breakpoints of the duplications at both
ends still for lack of a reference ancestral homolog and
partly due to sequencing gaps, the fact that homology
among all the scaffolds examined uniformly terminated at
the same point with Perere on the 3` end (Figure 3 and
Additional file 5), and traces of the observed predominant
retrotransposons (SjR2) was found at the exact positions
as they occur in the putative source locus (Figure 4) con-
firm that these gene loci could be products of dispersed
duplication from a single genomic source locus. In addition to RE-mediated DNA-level recombination
by NAHR, gene duplication events are also attributable
to RE-mediated retrotransduction mechanism either on Page 11 of 18 Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Page 11 of 18 may equally explain the parallel assumption of coding
potential at their new duplication loci without the need
to form chimeric structures with adjacent genes. group represents a potential new family of proteins with
similar signal peptides in this zoonotic trematode, which
possess other extra distinctive characteristics from other
members of the genus Schistosoma. We are presently
undertaking further research to fully characterize the
identified novel protein-coding genes to provide insight
into the functional and structural significance of this
trend in the genome of S. japonicum. The protein pro-
ducts of some of these candidate genes have already
been expressed in our laboratory and confirmed by the
reactivity of the immune sera with the parasite crude
antigen preparations. The data will be reported with the
molecular and functional characterization information. Evolution of translatable ORF and evidence of expression
of duplicated genes Some of the duplicons appear degenerative in homology
and are relatively shorter than the source locus (Figure 3,
also see Additional file 5) thus are consequently redun-
dant and non-coding at the new locations as opined in
the canonical view on the fate of new duplicons [6,9];
which assumes a tendency to be lost because of genetic
drift under natural evolution [29,57]. However, our data
provide evidence that some of the duplicons have
evolved into protein coding genes with distinct products
at their new loci, the fate of which could tend to either
sub-functionalization to the source gene [8,64] or neo-
functionalization by acquiring new distinct functions
[9,65]. In addition to the two duplicons with alternative
splicing variants, which we further explored in the next
section, some representatives of the protein coding
duplicons were depicted in a supplementary figure (Add-
itional file 7). The nucleotide sequences of these genes
are still appreciably similar but accumulation of muta-
tions and other sequence modifications have given rise
to novel protein coding ORFs, encoding putatively dis-
tinct products. We identified and mapped each cDNA
sequence to the genomic contigs using information we
generated from GeneMark and GeneQuest gene predic-
tions [66] and confirmed by alignment of the cDNAs to
the genomic sequences using NCBI Spling program. This
approach
was
necessitated
because
the
fully
mapped and annotated genome of S. japonicum is not
presently available in the public databases. Intriguingly,
our results corroborate the available UniGene and Gen-
Bank entries. Nevertheless, it is notable that we only
assessed the duplicated copies on the basis of possessing
the similar signal sequence. There is possibility that
some other duplicons from this source locus could be
involved in initiating other forms of structural modifica-
tions at other loci when incorporated into the coding
region of other genes, but this was not investigated here. T
id
id
f th
t
i ti
d Functional selection by alternative splicing The precise recognition of exon-intron junction in a pre-
cursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) by the splicing machinery is
central for the production of functional translatable
mRNAs. However, there is often uncertainties in the
choice of recognizable splice signals, resulting in a
process termed alternative splicing [17], which enables
the origination of multiple mRNA transcript variants
from a single gene locus [67-69]. Alternative splicing
mechanism could result in ‘intronization’ of an exon or
‘exonization’ of an intronic sequence. Ideally, the cre-
ation of an intron from a previously exonic sequence
could lead to the loss of an ORF in coding genes. In
evolving genes however, functional selection possibly by
mutations may evolve the required splice signals and in-
duce the intronization of an exon in a transcribed but
non-coding mRNA gene sequence to create a translat-
able ORF encoding a functional protein. Conversely,
while exonization of an intron could disrupt a translat-
able ORF in a coding gene, selective pressure may also
evolve new splice signals within an intron to yield exons
that could create a translatable ORF from a previously
non-coding gene locus or a chimeric ORF from a
protein-coding gene. These two mechanisms have been shown from our
observations to be capable of creating functional coding-
genes from previously non-coding albeit transcribed
mRNA sequences. We identified at least two classical
evidences of alternative splicing and we propose that in
addition to increasing coding potential and genomic di-
versity [68,69], alternative splicing can also be one of the
driving forces of adaptive evolution; producing genetic
novelties and functional selection. The most prominent
example of alternative splicing was observed in the du-
plication source locus [GenBank:CABF01020060], which
was found to be able to produce a protein-coding
mRNA [GenBank:AY570737] in addition to a non-
coding mRNA transcript variant [GenBank:FN328299]
(Figure 6). An alignment of the DNA sequences of these
two
transcripts with
details
of this
observation
is To provide evidence of the transcription and expres-
sion of the putative source gene locus and some of the
duplicons, we performed developmental stage specific
RT-PCR using primers that specifically amplify the
coding regions of the candidate genes from the cDNA
libraries of each stage of S. japonicum. RT-PCR results
provide evidence of the transcription of some of the
duplicons at their new genomic sites in addition to the
source locus (Figure 5). Functional selection by alternative splicing The candidate genes analyzed
did not show differential developmental stage specific
expression, although we did not perform quantitative
estimation of expression levels. It is possible that this Page 12 of 18 Page 12 of 18 Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260 Figure 5 RT-PCR showing expression patterns of some of
the duplicons in the developmental stages of the parasite. RT-PCR using cDNA libraries of the parasite egg (E), cercaria (C),
schistosomula (S) and mixed sex adult (A) as template provide
evidence of the transcription and expression of some of the
duplicons. The pairs of primers used were designed to amplify the
entire coding sequences of the mRNAs. No differential expression
pattern was observed but quantitative expression levels were not
investigated. (A) Evidence of expression of SjCP1084 protein coding
mRNA [GenBank:AY570737], transcribed from the putative source
locus [GenBank:CABF01020060]. See Table 2 for list of other similar
transcripts. Notably, a non-coding transcript variant [GenBank:
FN328299] can also be transcribed from the same locus. See
Figure 6 and Additional file 8 for more details. (B) Expression of
SjCP3842 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570748] predictably
transcribed from [GenBank:CABF01002612]. See Table 2 for list of
other similar transcripts in the database. (C) Expression of SjCP1531
[GenBank:AY570742] predictably transcribed from [GenBank:
CABF01023364]. See Table 2 for list of other similar transcripts. Notably, a non-coding transcript variant [GenBank:FN329677] can
also be transcribed from the same locus (second band). See Figure 6
and Additional file 9 for details. (D) S. japonicum Actin gene was
used as internal control to qualify the samples. [GenBank:FN328299]. While the transcription model of
the non-coding variant did not recognize the extra splice
signals and thus retained the intron of about 1 kb, the
coding mRNA variant [GenBank:AY570737] recognized
the splice sites and created an ORF from the gene
by splicing out an intron thereby giving rise to the
5`untranslated region (5`UTR) and the first exon of a
protein-coding gene encoding a protein product of 271
residues (SjCP1084). Additionally, another pair of splice
acceptor and donor sites evolving at exon 5 of the non-
coding variant resulted in the splicing out of a portion
of the exon, all contributing in creating a translatable
ORF in the protein coding variant (See Additional file 8
for details). Functional selection by alternative splicing RT-PCR using cDNA libraries of the parasite egg (E), cercaria (C),
schistosomula (S) and mixed sex adult (A) as template provide
evidence of the transcription and expression of some of the
duplicons. The pairs of primers used were designed to amplify the
entire coding sequences of the mRNAs. No differential expression
pattern was observed but quantitative expression levels were not
investigated. (A) Evidence of expression of SjCP1084 protein coding
mRNA [GenBank:AY570737], transcribed from the putative source
locus [GenBank:CABF01020060]. See Table 2 for list of other similar
transcripts. Notably, a non-coding transcript variant [GenBank:
FN328299] can also be transcribed from the same locus. See
Figure 6 and Additional file 8 for more details. (B) Expression of
SjCP3842 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570748] predictably
transcribed from [GenBank:CABF01002612]. See Table 2 for list of
other similar transcripts in the database. (C) Expression of SjCP1531
[GenBank:AY570742] predictably transcribed from [GenBank:
CABF01023364]. See Table 2 for list of other similar transcripts. Notably, a non-coding transcript variant [GenBank:FN329677] can
also be transcribed from the same locus (second band). See Figure 6
and Additional file 9 for details. (D) S. japonicum Actin gene was
used as internal control to qualify the samples. the duplicons in the developmental stages of the parasite. RT-PCR using cDNA libraries of the parasite egg (E), cercaria (C),
schistosomula (S) and mixed sex adult (A) as template provide
evidence of the transcription and expression of some of the
duplicons. The pairs of primers used were designed to amplify the
entire coding sequences of the mRNAs. No differential expression
pattern was observed but quantitative expression levels were not
investigated. (A) Evidence of expression of SjCP1084 protein coding
mRNA [GenBank:AY570737], transcribed from the putative source
locus [GenBank:CABF01020060]. See Table 2 for list of other similar
transcripts. Notably, a non-coding transcript variant [GenBank:
FN328299] can also be transcribed from the same locus. See
Figure 6 and Additional file 8 for more details. (B) Expression of
SjCP3842 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570748] predictably
transcribed from [GenBank:CABF01002612]. See Table 2 for list of
other similar transcripts in the database. (C) Expression of SjCP1531
[GenBank:AY570742] predictably transcribed from [GenBank:
CABF01023364]. See Table 2 for list of other similar transcripts. Notably, a non-coding transcript variant [GenBank:FN329677] can
also be transcribed from the same locus (second band). See Figure 6
and Additional file 9 for details. (D) S. japonicum Actin gene was
used as internal control to qualify the samples. Functional selection by alternative splicing On the other hand, exons 5 and 6 of a coding mRNA
variant
[GenBank:AY570742]
predictably
transcribed
from one of the progeny loci [GenBank:CABF01023364]
were skipped in a non-coding shorter variant [GenBank:
FN329677] without a translatable ORF (Figure 6 and
Additional file 9). We observed that the sequences of
exons 5 and 6 were similar and was repeated five times
in tandem within this locus, but only two copies of the
tandemly duplicated potential exons were incorporated
into the coding sequence of the mRNA to create exons 5
and 6 of a protein-coding ORF of 274 codons (SjCP1531). These results represent typical models of alternative spli-
cing by intronization and exonization respectively. Although in evolutionary perspective, intron retention
that creates a translatable ORF is considered more
plausible than the reverse process; our data show that
both mechanisms are potentially possible. Other groups
have also identified intron gains recently in mammalian
and rodent retrogenes [68,69]. The identification of non-
coding mRNA variant alternatively transcribed from a
single gene locus with a protein coding mRNA (Figure 6)
is evidence that a novel protein-coding gene can origin-
ate from previously transcribed regions that contain the
necessary transcription elements and provide RNA ma-
terial for a protein translation machine [2,39,68]. Exon
repetition has also been observed from our data to exist
in this organism and could be instrumental in expanding
the organism`s coding potential. The ‘parallel’ expression
of the non-coding variant alongside the protein-coding
transcripts is of significance and could suggest further
that the gene may have been recently evolved. Non-
coding RNAs have also been shown to perform some
regulatory roles at various levels during gene expression
[2,68,70]. This could be further explored with our data
set. In the two described cases in our analyses, we have
treated the non-coding isoforms as evolutionally preced-
ing the coding variants; nevertheless, the reverse could
also be the case. In addition to these two cases, we also
identified a two-nucleotide insertion into a non-coding
mRNA sequence [GenBank: FN330540] that yielded Figure 5 RT-PCR showing expression patterns of some of
the duplicons in the developmental stages of the parasite. Figure 5 RT-PCR showing expression patterns of some of
the duplicons in the developmental stages of the parasite. Functional selection by alternative splicing Also see Additional file 9 for more details. We further found that the duplicated gene locus was
flanked by non-long terminal repetitive elements (REs),
especially of the RTE-like and Perere class. We therefore
inferred that REs may have played an important role in
this dispersed gene duplication by creating the requisite
homologous DNA sequence that mediate a DNA-level
recombination, most probably by a non-allelic homolo-
gous recombination (NAHR) mechanism. Our findings
also provide evidence of logical sequential process of
novel gene origination by evolution of transcription core
elements followed by translatable ORF. While similar RE
mediated phenomena had been observed in other organ-
isms, unlike our dataset, most analyses have centered on
the model organisms. Our data contribute to the accu-
mulating evidence that REs mediate diverse recombin-
ation events leading to novel gene origination and other
evolutionary novelties. We further found that the duplicated gene locus was
flanked by non-long terminal repetitive elements (REs),
especially of the RTE-like and Perere class. We therefore
inferred that REs may have played an important role in
this dispersed gene duplication by creating the requisite
homologous DNA sequence that mediate a DNA-level
recombination, most probably by a non-allelic homolo-
gous recombination (NAHR) mechanism. Our findings
also provide evidence of logical sequential process of
novel gene origination by evolution of transcription core
elements followed by translatable ORF. While similar RE
mediated phenomena had been observed in other organ-
isms, unlike our dataset, most analyses have centered on
the model organisms. Our data contribute to the accu-
mulating evidence that REs mediate diverse recombin-
ation events leading to novel gene origination and other
evolutionary novelties. the coding mRNA of schistosomula protein with the
similar signal peptide, with many similar transcripts in
the database. However, this last observation could be
an artifact from sequencing error since the existence of
the non-coding transcript was not traceable to the
genomic sequence. Functional selection by alternative splicing An extra splice site was evolved in the first exon of the non-coding transcript [GenBank:
FN328299]. When the splice site is recognized, an ORF encoding a protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570737] variant is created. The images
were created from computer simulation of real DNA sequences using Vector NTI program. Also see a supplementary figure in Additional file 8 for
more details. (B) SjCP1531 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570742] and a non-coding transcript [GenBank:FN329677] are products of
alternative splicing. Two mRNA transcript variants can be produced from a contig representing on of the duplicated loci [GenBank:
CABF01023364]. Two extra splice sites were not utilized in the transcription of the non-coding transcript [GenBank:FN329677]. When the splice
sites were recognized, exons 5 and 6 of a translatable ORF were created to produce a protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570742] variant. Refer to
RT-PCR result in Figure 5 (C) where two bands of exact size and sequence as the two variants described above are apparent on the agarose gel
electrophoresis image. Also see Additional file 9 for more details. Figure 6 Splice models of some duplicons with evidence of alternatively splicing. (A) SjCP1084 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570737]
and a non-coding transcript [GenBank:FN328299] are products of alternative splicing. Based on gene prediction from the contigs using
GeneQuest and GeneMark, and alignment of cDNAs to genome sequences using Spling program, we observed that two mRNA transcript
variants were produced from [GenBank:CABF01020060]. An extra splice site was evolved in the first exon of the non-coding transcript [GenBank:
FN328299]. When the splice site is recognized, an ORF encoding a protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570737] variant is created. The images
were created from computer simulation of real DNA sequences using Vector NTI program. Also see a supplementary figure in Additional file 8 for
more details. (B) SjCP1531 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570742] and a non-coding transcript [GenBank:FN329677] are products of
alternative splicing. Two mRNA transcript variants can be produced from a contig representing on of the duplicated loci [GenBank:
CABF01023364]. Two extra splice sites were not utilized in the transcription of the non-coding transcript [GenBank:FN329677]. When the splice
sites were recognized, exons 5 and 6 of a translatable ORF were created to produce a protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570742] variant. Refer to
RT-PCR result in Figure 5 (C) where two bands of exact size and sequence as the two variants described above are apparent on the agarose gel
electrophoresis image. Functional selection by alternative splicing presented in the on-line published supporting informa-
tion (Additional file 8). UniGene entries also suggest that
the two transcripts are from the same locus (Table 2). An extra intron donor and acceptor sites were found
within the first exon of the non-coding mRNA transcript Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Page 13 of 18 Figure 6 Splice models of some duplicons with evidence of alternatively splicing. (A) SjCP1084 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570737] Figure 6 Splice models of some duplicons with evidence of alternatively splicing. (A) SjCP1084 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570737]
d
d
[G
B
k FN328299]
d
f l
l
B
d
d
f
h Figure 6 Splice models of some duplicons with evidence of alternatively splicing. (A) SjCP1084 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570737]
and a non-coding transcript [GenBank:FN328299] are products of alternative splicing. Based on gene prediction from the contigs using
GeneQuest and GeneMark, and alignment of cDNAs to genome sequences using Spling program, we observed that two mRNA transcript
variants were produced from [GenBank:CABF01020060]. An extra splice site was evolved in the first exon of the non-coding transcript [GenBank:
FN328299]. When the splice site is recognized, an ORF encoding a protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570737] variant is created. The images
were created from computer simulation of real DNA sequences using Vector NTI program. Also see a supplementary figure in Additional file 8 for
more details. (B) SjCP1531 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570742] and a non-coding transcript [GenBank:FN329677] are products of
alternative splicing. Two mRNA transcript variants can be produced from a contig representing on of the duplicated loci [GenBank:
CABF01023364]. Two extra splice sites were not utilized in the transcription of the non-coding transcript [GenBank:FN329677]. When the splice
sites were recognized, exons 5 and 6 of a translatable ORF were created to produce a protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570742] variant. Refer to
RT-PCR result in Figure 5 (C) where two bands of exact size and sequence as the two variants described above are apparent on the agarose gel
electrophoresis image. Also see Additional file 9 for more details. Figure 6 Splice models of some duplicons with evidence of alternatively splicing. (A) SjCP1084 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570737]
and a non-coding transcript [GenBank:FN328299] are products of alternative splicing. Based on gene prediction from the contigs using
GeneQuest and GeneMark, and alignment of cDNAs to genome sequences using Spling program, we observed that two mRNA transcript
variants were produced from [GenBank:CABF01020060]. Multiple alignments
All
l i l All multiple sequence alignments of DNA and protein
sequences were performed in parallel with ClustalW on
MegAlign program in Lasergene 7 DNASTAR software,
NCBI bl2seq, COBALT multiple alignment programs,
and Multialin interface software [75]. cDNA-to-genome
sequence alignments were computed using the free
NCBI Spling program [75]. The latest update of the
S. japonicum genome map is accessible at [52]. Phylo-
genetic and molecular evolutionary analyses were con-
ducted using MEGA version 5 [76]. BLAST search The whole sequences of all the genome contigs bearing
the similar signal sequence were screened against a
reference collection of repetitive DNA elements in the
RepBase database available at the Genomic Information
Research Institute website, using the CENSOR repeat
masking software [77]. Sequence analysis figures were
generated using real DNA sequences on Vector NTI
Advanced 11.0 (Invitrogen). We had earlier identified a particular 81 nucleotides (27
amino acids) sequence, which was commonly utilized as
signal sequence by several of our signal sequence trap
(SST) isolated S. japonicum cDNAs (Table 1) [47]. The
sequence of this signal sequence was employed as query
to search for matches in the GenBank non-redundant
nucleotide sequence database and expressed sequence
tags (ESTs) database for all organisms using BLASTN
program in National Center for Biotechnology Informa-
tion
(NCBI)
Basic
Local
Alignment
Search
Tool
(BLAST) [71]. A search on the NCBI UniGene database
[72] that provides information on sets of transcript
sequences that appear to come from the same transcrip-
tion locus was performed to ascertain redundancy and
group identified transcripts. For genome-wide searches,
the same query sequence and program were used to
search
the
WGS
reads
from
all
organisms
with
sequenced genomes deposited in the NCBI genome
databases. In a similar search in the protein database,
the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of the same
signal sequence was used as query for BLASTP and
BLASTX searches respectively. Conserved domain archi-
tecture searches on all translation products of the SST
identified candidate genes were performed using the
conserved domain architecture retrieval tool on NCBI
website [73] and compared with same analyses on the
ProDom database of protein domain families available
online at [74]. Parasites, genomic DNA and developmental stage
mRNA samples Chinese strain of S. japonicum (hereafter abbreviated
as Sj) was obtained from Jiangsu Provincial Institute of
Parasitic Diseases Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, PR China,
while the Philippine and Japanese strains of S. japonicum
in addition to S. mekongi (Smk) samples, were main-
tained in the Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Para-
sitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan. S. mansoni (Sm) adult worms were maintained by, and
kindly provided by the Department of Parasitology, Insti-
tute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Japan. S. haematobium (Sh) sample was from Department of
Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupa-
tional and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan. Total genomic DNA was purified from cut tissues of
mixed
sex
adult
worms
from
different
species
of Designation of putative duplication source locus and
probable breakpoint Reference to a parent gene is required for accurate
determination of duplication breakpoint. However, in
absence of a reference homolog, we putatively selected
the most prominent contig [GenBank:CABF01020060],
the longest among the identified dataset (43.7 kb),
which significantly covered the length of the other con-
tigs (Figure 3, also see Additional file 5) as the putative
duplication source locus and utilized it as such for most
of the analyses performed in this study. When the contigs
were aligned with the putative source locus, homology
was not lost till the 3` end of the aligned sequences. We
therefore recruited two contigs [GenBank:CABF01020061
and GenBank:CABF01020062] downstream of the source
locus based on genome assembly information, thereby
generating at least 5 kb flanking sequences on either side
of the duplication source locus. This sequence was
then aligned with the genome contigs and scaffolds to
identify the exact point where sequence identity disap-
peared. This point was arguably chosen as the possible
duplication breakpoint and utilized as such in our dis-
cussions. We further attempted to identify a recurrent
consensus sequence at the breakpoints but this was
hampered by several sequencing gaps in the partially
assembled scaffolds. Conclusions We have passably delineated the possible mechanism
that led to the identification of several protein coding
genes with similar signal sequence, following lead from
our work that isolated secreted proteins candidate genes
using SST. A trend was described in the genome of
S. japonicum whereby a ‘newly evolved’ gene served as a
source locus for dispersed duplication events leading to
the formation of several expressed genes with similar
transcription core promoter region and signal sequence. Page 14 of 18 Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Gene prediction Gene predictions were performed using the GeneQuest
program (Lasergene 7 DNASTAR) to predict potential
coding regions, starts, stops, acceptors and donor sites
using Borodovsky matrix files for Caenorhabditis ele-
gans;
and
the
results
compared
with
that
of
the
Eukaryotic GeneMark.hmm [66] gene prediction server
provided freely on the website of Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, USA. Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Page 15 of 18 Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Page 15 of 18 in two changes of denaturing solution for 15 min each
(0.5 M NaOH, 1.5 M NaCl). The gels were then neutra-
lized by incubation in two changes of neutralizing solu-
tion (0.5 M Tris-HCl at pH7.5, 1.5 M NaCl) for 15 min
each, and DNA was transferred to a positively charged
nylon membrane (Roche, Germany) by capillary action
overnight using 20x SSC solution (3 M NaCl, 300 mM
sodium citrate at pH 7.0). The transferred DNA was
fixed to the membrane by baking in an oven at 80 °C for
2 hours after rinsing briefly in 2x SSC. After prehybridizing
the membrane in 10 ml hybridization buffer (5x SSC,
0.1 % N-lauroylsarcosine (w/v), 0.02 % SDS (w/v), 1 %
blocking solution (Roche, Germany)) for 30mins in a
hybridization bag, 5μl of the PCR generated hybridization
probe was mixed in 50μl of double deionized water, dena-
tured by boiling for 5mins and introduced into the
hybridization bag and incubated overnight with shaking
at 50 °C. The membrane was washed in two changes
of low stringent wash buffer (2x SSC, 0.1 % SDS) for
5mins each at RT, and twice in high stringent wash
buffers (0.5x SSC, 0.1 % SDS) for 15 min each at 65 °C. The hybridized probe was then detected using anti-
Digoxigenin antibody (Roche, Germany) using CSPD as
the chemiluminiscent substrate according to the manufac-
turer’s instructions. The blot was then visualized by
exposing to chemiluminiscence for 10 min in a LAS-4000
mini image reader (Fujifilm). Schistosoma using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN)
according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Qualifica-
tion and quantification of genomic DNA extract was
assessed by gel electrophoresis and ND-1000 spectro-
photometer (NanoDrop, USA). To obtain sufficient
amount of genomic DNA for southern hybridization
experiments, the whole genome of each sample was
amplified using the GenomePhi DNA Amplification Kit
(GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturer’s instruc-
tions. Gene prediction Equally, total RNA was extracted from parasite
eggs, cercariae, 24 h cultured schistosomulae and adult
worms of S. japonicum according to the instruction
manual of PureLink Micro-to-midi total RNA Purifica-
tion System Kit (Invitrogen). Reverse transcription polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR) mRNA from eggs, cercariae, 24 h culture schistosomulae
and adult worms of the Chinese strain of S. japonicum
was used for RT-PCR. The first strand cDNA was
synthesized from the total RNA of each developmental
stage by using oligo (dT) primer according to the
instruction manual of High Capacity cDNA Reverse
Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems) and the resulting
cDNA was used as template for RT-PCR. The S. japoni-
cum actin gene was used for internal quality assurance. The cDNA sequences of some selected SST identified
secreted candidate genes were amplified using pairs of
sequence specific primers designed according to the
S. japonicum transcriptome data [49] in the NCBI public
database. All RT-PCR amplicons were analyzed using
gel electrophoresis and confirmed by sequencing using
the
BigDye Terminator
v1.1
Cycle
Sequencing
Kit
(Applied Biosystem). Southern hybridization retrotransposition by retrotransposons yielding intronless chimeric genes
(e) [18-25], transduction of adjacent DNA by transposable elements (f) or
may involve a repetitive element mediated DNA level recombination by
a non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) mechanism (g) [7,20,26-
30]. The figure was adapted from [3]. Southern hybridization was performed following stand-
ard procedures [78] using the DIG nonradioactive label-
ing and detection system (Roche, Germany). Briefly, the
hybridization probe labeled with DIG-dUTP was synthe-
sized using PCR DIG synthesis kit (Roche, Germany)
according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and label-
ing was confirmed by size disparity with unlabeled
amplicon as a result of slower migration in agarose gel
due to digoxigenin labeling. Genomic DNA from differ-
ent species of Schistosoma (Sh, Sm, Smk, Sj Japanese
(Yamanashi), Sj Chinese (Jiangsu) and Sj Philippines
(Leyte, Mindanao and Mondoro isolates) were double
digested with three different pairs of restriction enzymes
(EcoRI + EcoRV, EcoRI + HindIII and BamHI + HindIII)
to achieve the best possible fragmentation of the gen-
omic DNA. The digested genomic DNA fragments were
electrophoresed through 1 % (w/v) agarose gel, depuri-
nated in 250 mM HCl, and denatured by incubating Additional file 2: Multiple alignments of signal sequence trap (SST)
isolated cDNAs showing similar signal sequence. The similar
promoter region including the signal sequence is boxed. The two arrows
indicate the ‘ATG’ start positions utilized in the transcript ORF of the
candidate mRNA sequences. Additional files Additional file 1: Schematics of some of the mechanisms of novel
gene origination. Apart from the pioneering idea of gene duplication
[6], there are other mechanisms by which new genes are born. These
include but not limited to exon shuffling or exon “scrambling” (a) [4,14-
18]; fission or fusion of genes (b) [1,3,22], horizontal gene transfer
between organisms (c) [31-33], de novo origination of protein coding
genes from previously non-coding sequences (d) [2,3,34-40],
retrotransposition by retrotransposons yielding intronless chimeric genes
(e) [18-25], transduction of adjacent DNA by transposable elements (f) or
may involve a repetitive element mediated DNA level recombination by
a non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) mechanism (g) [7,20,26-
30]. The figure was adapted from [3]. Additional file 4: Expected fragments on restriction map of
genome scaffolds correspond to bands on southern blots. To contigs using GeneQuest and GeneMark, and alignment of cDNAs to
genome sequences using Spling program, we observed that two mRNA
transcript variants were produced from [GenBank:CABF01023364]. This
figure is same as Figure 6 (B) but we have in addition provided the
aligned sequence of the two transcripts showing details of alternative
splicing. Two extra splice sites were not utilized in the transcription of
the non-coding transcript [GenBank:FN329677]. When the splice sites
were recognized, exons 5 and 6 of a translatable ORF were created to
produce SjCP1531 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570742] variant. Refer to RT-PCR result in Figure 5 (C) where two bands (exact size and
sequence as the two variants described above) are seen on the agarose
gel electrophoresis image. contigs using GeneQuest and GeneMark, and alignment of cDNAs to
genome sequences using Spling program, we observed that two mRNA
transcript variants were produced from [GenBank:CABF01023364]. This
figure is same as Figure 6 (B) but we have in addition provided the
aligned sequence of the two transcripts showing details of alternative
splicing. Two extra splice sites were not utilized in the transcription of
the non-coding transcript [GenBank:FN329677]. When the splice sites
were recognized, exons 5 and 6 of a translatable ORF were created to
produce SjCP1531 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570742] variant. Refer to RT-PCR result in Figure 5 (C) where two bands (exact size and
sequence as the two variants described above) are seen on the agarose
gel electrophoresis image. Additional file 4: Expected fragments on restriction map of
genome scaffolds correspond to bands on southern blots. To
confirm dispersed duplication hypothesis and to exclude the possibilty of
overlapping among the loci, the restriction map of six of the genome
scaffolds bearing duplicated loci were generated (A). Using same
restriction endonuclease enzymes as in the generated maps, we
performed southern hybridization using restriction digested genomic
DNA from S. japonicum species and strains, and were able to match the
expected fragment sizes with the observed bands on the hybridization
blots. The contigs and the expected probe binding sites were labeled
followed by their sequence ranges. We denoted the respective restriction
digested fragments with probe binding site using alphabets with their
expected restriction digestion product sizes in parenthesis (E + E:
EcoRI + EcoRV; E + H: EcoRI + HindIII; B + H = BamHI + HindIII). Acknowledgements We would like to thank Prof. Kenji Hirayama’s lab members (Department of
Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University) for
insightful discussions. ECM is a recipient of the Japanese Government
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) PhD
fellowship. This study was supported in part by the Global Center of
Excellence (GCOE) Program (2008-2011); Grant-in-Aid for 21st century COE
program (2003-2008), Nagasaki University; and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific
Research B (22406009) and C (23590489) from the Japanese Government
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). The
funding agency played no role in conducting the study, drafting the
manuscript and the decision to publish. Additional file 7: Splicing models of some protein-coding
representatives of the young duplicons. Based on gene prediction
from the contigs using GeneQuest and GeneMark and alignment of
cDNAs to genome sequences using Spling program, we married the
predicted products to the transcriptome database of this parasite and
found that some of the duplicons are able to code for distinct gene
products. Some of the transcription loci can encode two mRNA transcript
variants. The significance of this was further explored in Figure 6. Additional file 8: SjCP1084 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:
AY570737] and a non-coding transcript [GenBank:FN328299] are
products of alternative splicing Based on gene prediction from the
contigs using GeneQuest and GeneMark, and alignment of cDNAs to
genome sequences using Spling program, we observed that two mRNA
transcript variants were produced from [GenBank:CABF01020060]. This
figure is same as Figure 6 (A) but we have in addition presented the
aligned sequence of the two transcripts showing details of alternative
splicing. An extra splice site was evolved in the first exon of the non-
coding transcript [GenBank:FN328299]. When the splice site is recognized,
an ORF encoding SjCP1084 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:AY570737]
variant is created. Author contributions ECM participated in the conception and design of the study, in-silico
analyses, molecular experiments, data analysis and interpretation and drafted
the manuscript. YC carried out the signal sequence trap (SST) and
participated in in-silico analyses. MK participated in the design of the study,
SST, in-silico analyses, molecular experiments and data interpretation. MNS
participated in in-silico analyses, molecular experiments, data interpretation
and revised the manuscript. DB participated in molecular experiments and
data analyses. MK2, NH, YC2 and YO maintained parasite life cycle and
participated in molecular experiments. SH participated in data interpretation,
supervision and revised manuscript for intellectual content. KH participated
in the conception and design of the study, SST, in-silico analyses, data
interpretation, revised the manuscript and general coordination. All authors
approved final version of the manuscript. Additional file 6: A simplified illustration of repetitive element
mediated DNA level non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR). Repetitive elements provide the requisite homologous DNA sequence for
DNA level recombination between non-allelic pairs by a NAHR
mechanism. NAHR can occur within a chromosome (intra-homologous
chromosomal), between chromosomes (inter-chromosomal), between
sister-chromatids or within a chromatid to give rise to disperse duplicates
of the intervening genomic locus. The figure was adapted from [60]. Also
see Additional file 1 for a cartoon of NAHR and other mechanisms of
new gene origination, and [20,26-29,60] for review. Additional file 4: Expected fragments on restriction map of
genome scaffolds correspond to bands on southern blots. To As shown in
(B), we were able to match the expected fragment with the southern
blot bands, labeled using their corresponding alphabetic codes. Probe
binding site on the positive strand were colored ‘green’ while the
antisense sites were colored ‘red’. The tiny vertical lines on the graphics
represent the cutting sites of the selected restriction enzymes. The
restriction map and the image were generated using DNADynamo
sequence analysis software. Additional file 10: Simulations using our raw data to show DNA-
Level recombination mediated by REs by NAHR mechanism. This
Powerpoint presentation was used to create the movie in Additional file
5. Abbreviations
SST Si
l SST: Signal sequence trap; NAHR: Non-allelic homologous recombination;
DLR: DNA level recombination; NHEJ: Non-homologous end joining;
IR: Illegitimate recombination; RE: Repetitive element; ORF: Open reading
frame; WGS: Whole genome shotgun. Additional file 5: Simulations using our raw data to show DNA-
Level recombination mediated by REs by NAHR mechanism. The
movie created from a Powerpoint presentation (Additional file 10)
represents the basic approach we utilized in our analysis to show
evidence of DNA level recombination by a non-allelic homologous
recombination mechanism. The raw data obtained from BLAST searches
and RepBase repetitive element prediction report was used to present a
simulation that demonstrates that the duplicated locus is flanked on 5`
and 3` ends by retrotransposons of the classes RTE_SJ and Perere
respectively. We proposed that these repetitive elements could have
provided the requisite homologous stretch of DNA that is required for
such DNA level recombination. NAHR can be inter-chromosomal, intra-
chromosomal, inter-sister chromatid, or intra-chromatid to give rise to
disperse duplicates of the intervening genomic locus. This movie was
created from an original Powerpoint presentation (Additional file 10) Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Co
pet
g
te ests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Received: 2 February 2012 Accepted: 11 June 2012
Published: 20 June 2012 Additional file 3: Phylogenetic tree of the genus Schistosoma
showing the possible origination point of new duplicated genes. The species phylogeny was adapted from [53] as inferred from DNA
sequencing, comparative molecular genomics and karyotyping. This
phylogenetic tree was manually simulated and thus the length of the
branches does not estimate dates or time scale. The tree shows the S. japonicum clade and a representative each of the other clades in the
genus including the species that reinvaded Asia from Africa. See review
in [53]. Based on the result of the southern hybridization in Figure 2, the
species and strains that contain the duplicated genes encoding products
with similar signal sequence are colored green and we inferred that the
most probable time point estimate (black dot) of the gene’s emergence
could be after the other species in the S. japonicum group (in
parenthesis) have diverged. Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/260 Page 16 of 18 Mbanefo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:260
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products of alternative splicing Based on gene prediction from the Additional file 8: SjCP1084 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:
AY570737] and a non-coding transcript [GenBank:FN328299] are
products of alternative splicing Based on gene prediction from the 1Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN),
and Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, 852-8523,
Nagasaki, Japan. 2Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention
and Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan,
Wuxi 214064, People's Republic of China. 3Laboratory of Tropical Medicine
and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan. 4Department of
Immunology and Parasitology, The University of Occupational and
Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan. 5Department of Parasitology,
Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), and Global COE Program, Nagasaki
University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, 852-8523, Nagasaki, Japan. 6Department of
Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Bioscience, Nnamdi Azikiwe
University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria. Additional file 9: SjCP1531 protein coding mRNA [GenBank:
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products of alternative splicing. Based on gene prediction from the Received: 2 February 2012 Accepted: 11 June 2012
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Censor. BMC Bioinforma 2006, 7:474. Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central
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and take full advantage of: 78. Southern E: Southern blotting. Nat Protoc 2006, 1(2):518–525. • Convenient online submission doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-260
Cite this article as: Mbanefo et al.: Origin of a novel protein-coding
gene family with similar signal sequence in Schistosoma japonicum. BMC
Genomics 2012 13:260.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.07880
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arXiv
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Open Science
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CC-By
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Sideband thermometry of ion crystals
|
Ivan Vybornyi, Laura S. Dreissen, Dominik Kiesenhofer, Helene Hainzer,
Matthias Bock, Tuomas Ollikainen, Daniel Vadlejch, Christian F. Roos, Tanja
E. Mehlst\"aubler, Klemens Hammerer
|
English
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Spoken
| 11,672 | 25,832 |
††thanks: These three authors contributed equally.††thanks: These three
authors contributed equally.††thanks: These three authors contributed equally.
# Sideband thermometry of ion crystals
Ivan Vybornyi Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover,
Appelstrasse 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany Laura S. Dreissen Physikalisch-
Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit, De
Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Dominik Kiesenhofer
Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Technikerstraße 25,
6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation,
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020
Innsbruck, Austria Helene Hainzer Universität Innsbruck, Institut für
Experimentalphysik, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institut für
Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Matthias Bock
Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Technikerstraße 25,
6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation,
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020
Innsbruck, Austria Tuomas Ollikainen Universität Innsbruck, Institut für
Experimentalphysik, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institut für
Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Daniel Vadlejch
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116
Braunschweig, Germany Christian F. Roos Universität Innsbruck, Institut für
Experimentalphysik, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institut für
Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Tanja E.
Mehlstäubler Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100,
38116 Braunschweig, Germany Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany Klemens Hammerer Institut
für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, 30167
Hannover, Germany
###### Abstract
Coulomb crystals of cold trapped ions are a leading platform for the
realisation of quantum processors and quantum simulations and, in quantum
metrology, for the construction of optical atomic clocks and for fundamental
tests of the Standard Model. For these applications, it is not only essential
to cool the ion crystal in all its degrees of freedom down to the quantum
ground state, but also to be able to determine its temperature with a high
accuracy. However, when a large ground-state cooled crystal is interrogated
for thermometry, complex many-body interactions take place, making it
challenging to accurately estimate the temperature with established
techniques. In this work we present a new thermometry method tailored for ion
crystals. The method is applicable to all normal modes of motion and does not
suffer from a computational bottleneck when applied to large ion crystals. We
test the temperature estimate with two experiments, namely with a 1D linear
chain of 4 ions and a 2D crystal of 19 ions and verify the results, where
possible, using other methods. The results show that the new method is an
accurate and efficient tool for thermometry of ion crystals.
## I Introduction
Trapped ions are one of the leading platforms for quantum computation [1, 2,
3], simulation [4, 5, 6, 7], sensing [8, 9], and metrology [10, 11, 12]. The
exquisite degree of quantum control over electronic and motional degrees of
freedom and their unrivalled coherence times make trapped ions excellent
qubits [1, 5] and enable quantum gates with record fidelity [13, 14, 15]. The
unique combination of isolation and controllability also guarantees low
systematic effects in precision measurements of the electronic structure of
trapped ions, making them perfect systems for frequency and time references in
next-generation optical clocks and for searches of physics beyond the Standard
Model [16].
Figure 1: Schematic overview of thermometry methods for cold ions. Well-
established approaches exist for ion crystals at large temperatures. Close to
the ground state, the temperature can be measured of single ions or small
crystals. Development of methods applicable to large and cold crystals is an
open challenge and subject of the present work.
Scaling up ion Coulomb crystals (ICCs) is desirable for all these
applications, but poses increasing challenges in entropy management as the
number of degrees of freedom of motion grows. This concerns first the
efficient cooling of ICCs, since thermal excitations are a major limiting
factor, e.g. in quantum gates mediated by normal modes of motion and, due to
the relativistic Doppler effect, also in the systematics of ion clocks [17,
18]. Laser cooling of trapped ions has become a rich methodology [19], which
in recent years has made it possible to cool even large ICCs consisting of
dozens [20, 21, 22] and even hundreds [23] of ions near their ground states of
motion. Beyond cooling, an equally significant challenge is to accurately
measure the final state of motion of ICCs achieved by a particular cooling
method and to determine its precise effective temperature. Accurate and
efficient thermometry is important for evaluating spurious effects in quantum
technology, such as quantum gate errors or systematic clock shifts, as well as
for evaluating the efficiency of cooling schemes.
There exist well-established methods for thermometry of trapped ions, yielding
reliable results for ion Coulomb crystals (ICCs) in high-temperature thermal
states and for single or few ions near the ground state, as summarized in Fig.
1. Far from the motional ground state, time-of-flight, Doppler lineshape or
image analyses achieve satisfactory accuracy [24, 25, 26, 27, 28] and suit
practically any ion numbers. Close to the motional ground state, the excellent
control over the coupling of motional degrees of freedom to internal levels,
combined with the extreme precision that can be achieved in measuring the
latter, can be used to perform an indirect temperature measurement. For single
trapped ions, techniques such as singular value decomposition and numerical
fits are employed to analyze motional sideband transitions [29, 30]. The
primary tool for single ion thermometry is the resolved sideband ratio
technique [31], which exploits the pronounced asymmetry of motional sidebands
near the ground state.
Figure 2: (a) Red and blue sideband spectrum of the out-of-plane modes of a
19-ion planar crystal after Doppler cooling (for further experimental details,
see section IV). $\overline{P}_{r,b}=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}P^{i}_{r,b}$ is
the mean excitation probability averaged over the ion crystal under red and
blue sideband drive, respectively. The absorption probability is much smaller
on the red vibrational sidebands than on the blue sidebands. Yet, the motional
modes are still far from being cooled close to their ground states with
temperatures ranging at about 5-10 phonons on average. (b) Simulated dynamics
of the mean electronic red/blue sideband excitation $\overline{P}_{r,b}$ of a
19-ion ICC (center-of-mass mode, assuming $\bar{n}=5$). (c) Taking
$\overline{P}_{r}/(\overline{P}_{b}-\overline{P}_{r})$ as an estimate of the
mean phonon number, as suggested by the sideband ratio method (Eq. (3)),
yields completely erroneous results and a significant underestimate of the
motion temperature.
However, these techniques cannot be directly applied to large ICCs near the
ground state, posing an open challenge for achieving reliable thermometry in
this regime, cf. Fig. 1. The problem is that for globally addressed crystals,
driving a first-order (red or blue) sideband transition induces strong and
complex spin-spin correlations due to their joint coupling with the driven
normal mode, much like in a trapped ion quantum gate. These correlations
significantly affect the asymmetry between red and blue sideband transitions,
as is illustrated in Fig. 2 at the example of the sideband spectrum of a
Doppler-cooled 19-ion crystal. The marked asymmetry in the mean excitation
probabilities on the red and blue sidebands would naïvely suggest a mean
phonon number of approximately $\bar{n}\lesssim 1$ when applying the sideband
absorption ratio technique [31] (cf. Eq. (3)) to this scenario. However, this
estimate significantly underestimates the actual mean phonon number, expected
to be around $5$ to $10$ after Doppler cooling. This clearly shows that spin-
spin correlations must be accounted for to accurately determine the
temperature of motional states based on a measurement of internal state
populations. For small ion crystals these correlations can be described
exactly by solving the dynamics numerically or analytically [32, 33, 34].
However for large ICCs consisting of tens or hundreds of ions, an exact
consideration of ion-ion correlations is numerically intractable, as in any
quantum many-body problem. Despite this complication, the resolved sideband
technique (as well as other techniques based on spin-motional coupling) has
been used in recent experiments [35, 36, 22, 21] where many-body correlations
have been either partially or completely neglected.
The occurrence of many-particle dynamics in sideband thermometry can be
trivially suppressed if only a single ion in a crystal can be interrogated. In
this case, the known single-ion techniques are generally applicable, but
become inefficient for larger ICCs due to poor statistics and long
interrogation times required. When many or all ions of an ICC are
interrogated, many-body dynamics can be easily accommodated in the exceptional
case where the symmetric centre-of-mass (COM) mode is interrogated [37, 23,
38]. In this case, the dynamics preserves permutation symmetry and shows a
growth of the effective dimension of the Hilbert space that is only
polynomial, instead of exponential, in the number of ions. Accurate
thermometry of the out-of-phase modes, i.e. all modes except the COM mode,
remains generally out of reach.
In this work, we present a new method for the thermometry of states of motion
for arbitrarily large, globally addressed ICCs cooled close to the ground
state. The method is based on measuring the ratio of the first-order
excitation probabilities of the red and blue motional sidebands. Our technique
takes into account the entanglement between the individual spins and remains
accurate regardless of the number of ions. Using this global sideband
thermometry method, we can extract the temperature of each motional mode that
is assumed to be in a thermal motional state at the end of the cooling cycle.
Our approach to the many-body aspect of the problem may also serve as a useful
reference and possibly complement the other existing thermometry methods. We
demonstrate our method on a linear four-ion ICC and verify the estimated
result with a full numerical simulation. We also test the global sideband
thermometry on a two-dimensional 19-ion ICC; in this case the comparison with
the numerical simulation is only possible for the COM mode.
The article is organised as follows: We start with a theoretical description
of the resolved sideband thermometry of a single ion in section II.1 and place
it in the framework of parameter estimation. In section II.2 we present our
new global sideband therometry method for ICCs and discuss its advantages and
limitations. In section II.3 we describe an alternative bichromatic technique
that could be used if single ion addressing is possible and compare it with
our new method. In section III we demonstrate the new global sideband method
on four modes of motion of a linear 4-ion crystal and verify the results. In
section IV we apply the new technique to a 2D 19-ion crystal and verify it. We
summarise the results and give an outlook on open questions and possible
further developments in section V.
## II Theory of sideband thermometry
### II.1 Sideband Thermometry of a Single Ion
We consider a trapped ion with two relevant internal states $\ket{\downarrow}$
and $\ket{\uparrow}$, harmonically bound in a quadrupole trap with quantized
motion along the three main trap axes. We restrict ourselves to a single axis
and assume the ion is prepared in a thermal state of motion
$\rho(\bar{n})=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}p_{n}(\bar{n})\outerproduct{n}{n}$ with Fock
state occupation probability
$\displaystyle p_{n}(\bar{n})=\frac{\bar{n}^{n}}{(\bar{n}+1)^{n+1}}.$ (1)
The mean occupation number is $\bar{n}=\Tr[\rho(\bar{n})a^{\dagger}a]$ where
$a$ and $a^{\dagger}$ are bosonic creation and annihilation operators for the
motional degree of freedom. The mean occupation number can be inferred by
coupling the motional state to the internal states and measuring the
excitation probability. This can be realized by initializing the ion in
$\rho(\bar{n})\otimes\outerproduct{\downarrow}{\downarrow}$ and illuminating
it for a time $t$ by a laser driving resonant transitions on either the red or
blue sideband. The dynamics in these cases is governed by the Hamiltonians
$H_{r}=g(\sigma_{+}a+\mathrm{h.c.})\,,$ (2a)
$H_{b}=g(\sigma_{+}a^{\dagger}+\mathrm{h.c.})\,$ (2b)
respectively. Here, the effective Rabi frequency $g=\Omega\eta/2$ is obtained
by rescaling the carrier Rabi frequency $\Omega$ with the Lamb-Dicke factor
$\eta\ll 1$ and the spin operators are defined as
$\sigma_{+}=\outerproduct{\uparrow}{\downarrow}$. The probability to find the
ion in the excited state $\ket{\uparrow}$ after an interrogation time $t$ is
given by
$P_{\alpha}(\bar{n},t)=\Tr[U_{\alpha}(t)\rho(\bar{n})\otimes\outerproduct{\downarrow}{\downarrow}U^{\dagger}_{\alpha}(t)\outerproduct{\uparrow}{\uparrow}]$,
where $\alpha=r,b$ for red or blue sideband dynamics, respectively, and the
time evolution operators are given by
$U_{\alpha}(t)=\exp(-\mathrm{i}H_{\alpha}t)$. For convenience, the excitation
probabilities are given explicitly in Eq. (16b). Several examples of
$P_{\alpha}(t,\bar{n})$ are plotted at specific values of $\bar{n}$ in Fig.
3(a).
A measurement of the excitation probability on both the red and blue sideband
transitions as a function of interrogation time gives access to the mean
occupation number via, e.g., a numerical fit of the data to
$P_{\alpha}(\bar{n},t)$, [34]. Apart from this, one can also infer the
temperature from measurements at a single interrogation time by using the
convenient formula
$\displaystyle\frac{P_{r}(\bar{n},t)}{P_{b}(\bar{n},t)-P_{r}(\bar{n},t)}=\bar{n}\,.$
(3)
This identity is at the heart of the sideband ratio thermometry method [31,
39, 40]. It can be easily verfied using the expressions for
$P_{\alpha}(\bar{n},t)$ in Eq. (16b) and the fact that
$\frac{p_{n+1}(\bar{n})}{p_{n}(\bar{n})}=\frac{\bar{n}}{\bar{n}+1}$ for
thermal states. Eq. (3) is formally a correct analytical statement relating
the measured excitation probabilities to the motional temperature. It is,
however, important to note that this formula implicitly suggests that the
values of $P_{\alpha}$ are the precise statistical averages and hence only
holds true if the data comes from an infinitely large measurement sample. In
reality, the sample size is finite. The real measurement outcomes are the
relative statistical frequencies $f_{\alpha}$, which will inevitably deviate
from the true excitation probabilities. As the sample size $\mathcal{N}$
increases, this deviation goes down following a Gaussian law:
$\displaystyle
f_{\alpha}\xrightarrow{\mathcal{N}\xrightarrow{}\infty}P_{\alpha}+\sqrt{\frac{2}{\mathcal{N}}}\sqrt{P_{\alpha}(1-P_{\alpha})}\xi_{\alpha},$
(4)
where $\xi_{\alpha}$ is a normally distributed random variable,
$\xi_{\alpha}\sim N(0,1)$. Since $f_{\alpha}$ slightly differ from the real
excitation probabilities, plugging these values into Eq. (3) results in an
expression which is not exactly the motional temperature $\bar{n}$, but its
statistical ’estimator’:
$\displaystyle\hat{\bar{n}}=\frac{f_{r}}{f_{b}-f_{r}}.$ (5)
The values of the estimator (referred to as estimates for short) are
distributed with a certain statistical uncertainty and might carry a bias,
which has to be accounted for when applying Eq. (3) to experimental data.
Using Eq. (4) we calculate the statistical bias and the variance of the
estimates:
$\displaystyle\delta\bar{n}$
$\displaystyle=\langle\hat{\bar{n}}\rangle-\bar{n}=\frac{1}{\mathcal{N}}\frac{2P_{b}P_{r}(2-P_{b}-P_{r})}{(P_{b}-P_{r})^{3}},$
(6a) $\displaystyle\Delta\bar{n}_{\textrm{err}}^{2}$
$\displaystyle=\langle(\hat{\bar{n}}-\bar{n})^{2}\rangle=\frac{1}{\mathcal{N}}\frac{2P_{b}P_{r}(P_{b}+P_{r}-2P_{b}P_{r})}{(P_{b}-P_{r})^{4}}\,.$
(6b)
Both the variance and the bias converge to zero with the number of
measurements. In Fig. 3(b, c) the intrinsic bias and the relative statistical
uncertainty of the estimator in Eq. (3) are plotted as a function of the
interrogation time and rescaled to $\mathcal{N}$. As one would expect, both
bias and the statistical uncertainty are large at small interrogation times,
where the obtained statistics is poor due to the weak distinguishability of
the sidebands. The bias and uncertainty also strongly scale with mean
occupation number $\bar{n}$. For example, achieving an uncertainty of $3\%$ at
$\bar{n}=0.5$ requires $\mathcal{N}=10^{4}$ measurements at an optimal
interrogation time. An optimal interrogation time is found near the time of
the maximal sideband excitation. This is the operating point, where the
estimation using Eq. (3) converges the fastest to the true temperature value
and has minimal bias. It is also interesting to compare the statistical
uncertainty of the estimator with the fundamental bounds given by the
(quantum) Cramér-Rao bounds. Since these observations are not central to the
thermometry problem we consider below, we defer them to Appendix A.
Figure 3: (a) A simulated Rabi flop on blue (blue curves) and red (red curves)
sideband for a single ion for several values of the mean phonon occupation
number. Bias (b) and the statistical uncertainty (c) of the sideband
temperature estimator (3), rescaled to the total number of measurements
$\mathcal{N}$.
### II.2 Sideband Thermometry of an Ion Crystal
In an ICC, the motion of ions is collective and occurs in normal modes [39].
In the following, we operate under the commonly used premise that after laser
cooling, each mode is in a thermal state characterised by a certain mean
phonon number $\bar{n}$. This is usually a good approximation, although there
may well be deviations, especially for short cooling times [41, 30, 42].
Performing ion crystal thermometry thus amounts to estimating the mean phonon
number of the collective modes of motion by performing spin measurements on
the crystal.
To date, many of the used temperature estimation techniques operating in the
nearly ground-state cooled regime ($\bar{n}\lesssim 1$) rely on knowing the
exact system dynamics governed by the first-order red and blue sideband
Hamiltonians, arising in the Lamb-Dicke regime of the atom-light interaction
for a globally-addressed crystal. These types of coupling entangle the
crystal’s particular mode of motion with the spins and are given by
$\displaystyle H_{r}$ $\displaystyle=g(J_{+}a+J_{-}a^{\dagger})\,,$ (7a)
$\displaystyle H_{b}$ $\displaystyle=g(J_{+}a^{\dagger}+J_{-}a)\,,$ (7b)
with (pseudo-)collective spin operators
$J_{\pm}=\sum_{i=1}^{N}\eta_{i}\sigma^{i}_{\pm}$, where $N$ is the number of
ions in the crystal. Here, $g$ denotes an average Rabi frequency of sideband
transitions. The average is chosen such as to have $\sum_{i}\eta^{2}_{i}=1$,
where the factors $\eta_{i}$ account for all inhomogeneities in the couplings
of the ions to the mode under consideration. Thus, $\eta_{i}$ comprises the
net effect of Lamb-Dicke factors, varying Rabi-frequency etc., which we assume
to be calibrated for a given setup.
To obtain the desired exact solution, one needs to time-propagate the
Schrödinger equation with Hamiltonians (7). The complexity of this calculation
grows exponentially with the number of ions $N$, making it impractical to
extract the exact solution for large ion crystals in reasonable time. The only
exceptional case is the symmetric center-of-mass mode, where all the
individual coupling constants are equal, $\eta_{i}\equiv 1/\sqrt{N}$. This
allows one to solve the problem in a symmetric Hilbert subspace, thus lifting
the exponential scaling, cf. Appendix D.
In order to resolve the large-$N$ bottleneck for out-of-phase modes, a new
temperature estimation method is needed, which does not require solving the
Schrödinger equation for the dynamics of the coupled $N$-ion system. We intend
to stay as close as possible to the concept of thermometry of a single ion,
which we have described in Sec. II.1. To extend this approach, we first need
to define the excitation probabilities for an ion crystal. A naive way to do
this would be to use the mean electronic excitation of the ions,
$\overline{P}_{\alpha}=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}P^{i}_{\alpha}$, where
$P^{i}_{\alpha}=\Tr{\rho_{\alpha}\ket{\uparrow}_{i}\\!\bra{\uparrow}}$.
However, adopting this definition of the excitation probability for sideband
thermometry leads to an incorrect result, and the temperature is greatly
underestimated, as already shown in Fig. 2.
We will show that it is much more efficient to define the global crystal
excitation probability as the complement of the probability to remain in the
ground state of all ions, i.e.
$\displaystyle
P_{\alpha}(\bar{n},t)=1-\Tr[\outerproduct{\mathbf{0}}{\mathbf{0}}\rho_{\alpha}(\bar{n},t)].$
(8)
Here, $\ket{\mathbf{0}}=\ket{\downarrow\dots\downarrow}$ is the collective
spin ground state, and
$\rho_{\alpha}(\bar{n},t)=U_{\alpha}(t)\rho(\bar{n})\otimes\outerproduct{\mathbf{0}}{\mathbf{0}}U^{\dagger}_{\alpha}(t)$
the time-propagated full density matrix of the system for red/blue sideband
excitation.
Defining the excitation probability in this way has two benefits: firstly, the
measurement implied by Eq. (8) can be easily performed and does not require
single ion resolution. Secondly, for sufficiently small $\bar{n}$ and $t$, the
functional dependence between the sideband ratio and $\bar{n}$ can be computed
efficiently, taking into account the entanglement between the ions in the
crystal. The generalization of Eq. (3) for ICCs is
$\frac{P_{r}(\bar{n},t)}{P_{b}(\bar{n},t)-P_{r}(\bar{n},t)}=\mathcal{R}_{t}(\bar{n}),$
(9a) where
$\mathcal{R}_{t}(\bar{n})=\bar{n}+(gt)^{2}\mathcal{P}_{2}(\bar{n})-(gt)^{4}\mathcal{P}_{3}(\bar{n})+(gt)^{6}\mathcal{P}_{4}(\bar{n})+o(t^{8})\,.$
(9b)
The $\mathcal{P}_{k}(\bar{n})$ are certain known polynomials in $\bar{n}$ of
order $k$ with coefficients depending solely on the mode coupling coefficients
$\eta_{i}$. Their explicit form and details of their derivation can be found
in Appendix B. Further below we will comment on the idea behind this
calculation.
In Fig. 4 we plot $\mathcal{R}_{t}(\bar{n})/\bar{n}$ as a function of time for
temperature values in the regime of interest. The curve’s deviation from the
values of 1 thus shows the relative temperature estimation error when naïvely
applying the single-ion formula (3) to an ICC. As case studies, we plot the
curves for a 1D 4-ion crystal as considered in Section III and for a 2D 19-ion
crystal considered in Section IV. The chosen modes are the COM-mode and one
representative out-of-phase mode. As is evident from Fig. 4, applying formula
(3) to an ICC will result in a relative error of roughly 20%, depending on the
chosen mode and the crystal interrogated. Comparing this result with Fig.
2(b,c) shows that defining the global excitation probability as per (8)
significantly improves the temperature estimation using the single-ion formula
(3) compared to using the mean electronic excitation. The new estimator in Eq.
(9) accounts for the residual discrepancy and thus mitigates the systematic
error.
Figure 4: Example plots of $\mathcal{R}_{t}(\bar{n})/\bar{n}$ for several
values of temperature. Considered are the COM-mode and one representative out-
of-phase mode of a 1D 4-ion crystal and of a 2D 19-ion crystal, which are
interrogated in Sections III and IV.
In the spirit of the thermometry of a single ion discussed in Sec. II.1, the
temperature estimator appropriate for the normal mode of an ICC can be
constructed by replacing the excitation probabilities on the left hand side of
Eq. (9) by measured relative statistical frequencies, and solving the
resulting equation for $\bar{n}$. Thus, with the (properly chosen) root of the
quartic polynomial $\mathcal{R}_{t}(\bar{n})-f_{r}/(f_{b}-f_{r})=0$, the
temperature estimator is
$\displaystyle\hat{\bar{n}}=\mathcal{R}_{t}^{-1}\quantity(\frac{f_{r}}{f_{b}-f_{r}}).$
(10)
Eq. (10) is the sought for generalization of Eq. (5) to an ICC. The systematic
bias and the estimation error for finite sample size can be computed as in the
case of a single ion, and are given in Eqs. (22) and (23) of the Appendix B.
Only sideband excitation probabilities and $\mathcal{R}_{t}(\bar{n})$ with its
derivatives enter the formula Eq. (22). Hence, no new data needs to be
gathered to perform the bias correction.
Before discussing the properties and limitations of this estimator, we sketch
how Eqs. (9) are derived. Firstly, we exploit that both Hamiltonians in Eqs.
(7) have a conserved quantity, namely
$\commutator{H_{r}}{a^{\dagger}a+J_{0}}=\commutator{H_{b}}{a^{\dagger}a-J_{0}}=0$,
where $J_{0}=\sum_{i=1}^{N}\sigma^{i}_{+}\sigma^{i}_{-}$ measures the number
of spin excitations. In both cases, $\alpha=r,b$, this entails for the
probability in Eq. (8) of remaining in the spin ground state that
$\displaystyle\Tr[\outerproduct{\mathbf{0}}{\mathbf{0}}\rho_{\alpha}(\bar{n},t)]=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}p_{n}(\bar{n})\absolutevalue{\bra{\mathbf{0},n}U_{\alpha}(t)\ket{\mathbf{0},n}}^{2}.$
(11)
where $p_{n}(\bar{n})$ is the thermal occupation probability according to Eq.
(1). Thus, only diagonal components of the time evolution operator enter the
excitation probability $P_{\alpha}(\bar{n},t)$.
Secondly, we use that it is sufficient to describe the time dependence of the
excitation probabilities up to their first fringe, as is evident from the
discussion in Sec. II. This observation holds true for the ion crystal case as
well. To exploit this, the diagonal matrix elements of the evolution operator
are expanded in a power series in time. The series is then truncated at eighth
order, since it is found to be enough to cover the significant fraction of the
first sideband excitation fringe:
$\displaystyle\bra{\mathbf{0},n}U_{\alpha}(t)\ket{\mathbf{0},n}\simeq\sum_{k=0}^{4}\frac{(-\mathrm{i}t)^{2k}}{(2k)!}\bra{\mathbf{0},n}H_{\alpha}^{2k}\ket{\mathbf{0},n}+o(t^{10}).$
(12)
Note that only even powers of the sideband Hamiltonians make a non-vanishing
contribution. The relevant matrix elements
$\bra{\mathbf{0},n}H_{\alpha}^{2k}\ket{\mathbf{0},n}$ are polynomials in $n$
of degree $k$, and comprise the many-body dynamics generated by the sideband
drive. The matrix elements can be evaluated analytically, and the lowest two
orders are given in Appendix B. The expressions for the cases $k=3,4$ are
rather lengthy, and are evaluated by means of computer algebra, which is
available at [43]. With the approximation in Eq. (12), the matrix elements of
the evolution operator become polynomials of order four in $n$ and eight in
$gt$. The average with respect to $n$ in Eq. (11) can then be taken exactly,
and yields the excitation probabilities in Eq. (8) as polynomials in $\bar{n}$
and $gt$, still of order four and eight, respectively. Since
$P_{\alpha}(\bar{n},0)=0$, the final result for the ratio
$\mathcal{R}_{t}(\bar{n})$ in Eq. (9a) is correct within sixth order in $gt$.
Figure 5: Cutoff time $gt^{*}$ for $N$ motional modes of a crystal containing
$N=4$ to $12$ ions (for a linear chain with generic trap parameters). Each
point corresponds to a particular motional mode. Due to the symmetries in the
mode vectors, certain modes have coinciding cutoff time values. The upper
points on the plot correspond to the COM mode. The data refers to
$\bar{n}=0.1$.
Since the new estimator (10) relies on a time-truncation of the dynamics, cf.
Eq. (12), the temperature estimation will be reliable only up to a certain
time, which should cover a significant fraction of the first fringe in the
excitation probabilities. In order to investigate this more quantitatively, we
define a ‘cutoff time’ $t^{*}$ at which the estimated mean phonon number
deviates from the true value for more than a predefined error threshold
$\epsilon$, which we chose to be $\epsilon=5\cdot 10^{-3}$. For small ion
crystals, $t^{*}$ can be calculated numerically and its dependence on the size
of the ICC can be investigated. In Fig. 5 the cutoff time is shown for all
motional modes for a case study of ion crystals containing $N=4$ to $12$ ions.
The results show that there is no significant dependence of $t^{*}$ on the
motional mode index or on the number of ions, and that the cutoff time is
sufficient to measure an excitation signal with good signal-to-noise ratio on
both motional sidebands. We also observed no tendency for the cutoff time to
significantly decrease when increasing the temperature within the regime
$\bar{n}\lesssim 1$. Since no assumptions on the crystal size were made along
the derivation, one may infer that the proposed global sideband temperature
estimator of Eq. (10) remains valid for large ion crystals.
In summary, the estimator in Eq. (10) provides a suitable extension of the
well-established sideband thermometry to large, cold ICCs. It allows
collective addressing and readout of the ions, providing fast dynamics and a
strong signal, and adequately reflects the many-particle correlations
involved. In the following, we will indicate yet another approach to ICC
thermometry which also allows for collective addressing, but exploits single
ion readout in order to avoid the complications connected to many-body
dynamics. However, global sideband thermometry as discussed in Sec. II.2 gives
better statistics at low temperatures, as we will show.
### II.3 Thermometry from collective bichromatic drive and single ion readout
When the red and blue sidebands are driven _simultaneously_ , the dynamics of
the ICC follows the Hamiltonian $H=H_{r}+H_{b}=\sum_{i}H^{i}$ with commuting
single particle Hamiltonians $H^{i}=g\eta_{i}(a+a^{\dagger})\sigma_{x}^{i}$.
This can be exploited to avoid the difficulty of dealing with complex many-
body interactions, when the readout can be done via a particular _single_ ion
of the crystal. For a crystal initially prepared in the state
$\rho_{0}=\outerproduct{\mathbf{0}}{\mathbf{0}}\otimes\rho(\bar{n})$, the
probability to find atom $i$ in the excited state after a time $t$ of
bichromatic driving is
$\displaystyle P^{i}(\bar{n},t)$
$\displaystyle=\Tr[e^{-\mathrm{i}H^{i}t}\outerproduct{\downarrow}{\downarrow}\otimes\rho(\bar{n})e^{\mathrm{i}H^{i}t}\outerproduct{\uparrow}{\uparrow}]$
$\displaystyle=\frac{1}{2}\quantity(1-e^{-2(gt\eta_{k})^{2}(2\bar{n}+1)}).$
(13)
This shows an exponential loss of contrast at a rate determined by the sought-
after mean phonon number $\bar{n}$, independent of the exact dynamics of the
other ions in the crystal. It can therefore form the basis for an estimator of
the motion temperature without having to consider particle correlations.
However, the necessary interrogation time will depend strongly on the chosen
ion via the mode coefficient $\eta_{i}$, and might get large as the crystal
size is increased. Moreover, interrogation of a single ion will require larger
statistics.
Figure 6: Cramér-Rao bound for temperature estimation in case of the sideband
measurement on the whole crystal (bright green) and in case of the measurement
based on bichromatic drive and interrogation of a single ion (dark green). For
comparison, the statistical uncertainty of the global sideband temperature
estimator (10) is plotted (black curve). Here $N=10$, the center-of-mass mode
is considered. The curves for other modes overlap almost completely with the
COM-curves.
A quantitative comparison between thermometry based on bichromatic drive and
the approach to global sideband thermometry can be obtained by considering
their statistical uncertainties and their Cramér-Rao (CR) lower bounds. The
latter follow directly from the probabilities in Eqs. (8) and (13),
respectively. In each case, the interrogation time can be optimized to achieve
minimal estimation error at a given motional mode temperature $\bar{n}$. For
the bichromatic drive, the CR bound is independent of the number of ions and
the specific mode. For the global sideband thermometry we use as an example
the COM mode of a 10-ion crystal, and compare the CR bound also to the error
for the specific estimator in Eq. (10). The results are shown in Fig. 6 and
demonstrate that the two methods show advantages in complementary regimes: for
low temperatures, sideband thermometry will yield better statistics, while for
higher temperatures corresponding to $\bar{n}\gtrsim 1$ the bichromatic
approach is more efficient. The sideband ratio estimator does not saturate its
CRB, yet it gets close to the CRB curve in the limit of small $\bar{n}$, while
diverging from it for larger $\bar{n}$. This is mostly due to the fact that
outside of the regime $\bar{n}\lesssim 1$ the cutoff time starts to decrease
significantly with growing temperature, shifting the statistical uncertainty
minima to higher values. As the cutoff time does not cover the optimal
interrogation time required for the CR bound, there is space for getting
closer to the bound with a higher cutoff time, which could be achieved by
increasing the truncation order in (12).
## III Thermometry of a linear 4-ion crystal
To test the new global sideband themometry method described in Sec. II.2 we
measure the motional temperature of a linear ICC of four 172Yb+ ions. The size
of the crystal allows us to evaluate the sideband dynamics exactly and thus
benchmark the new method by comparing it to a direct numerical fit.
### III.1 State preparation and cooling
The crystal is stored in a segmented linear radio-frequency (rf) Paul trap
[44, 45]. The radial confinement, i.e. in the $xy$ plane, is set by an rf
electric field driven at $\Omega_{\mathrm{rf}}=2\pi\times 24.4$ MHz, which is
supplied to the trap electrodes by a resonant circuit. The axial confinement,
i.e. along $z$ axis, is set by a combination of dc voltages supplied to the
trapping segment and both neighbouring segments. The corresponding secular
frequencies are $\omega_{x,y,z}=2\pi\times(586,666,111)$ kHz. The 12 motional
modes along the $x$, $y$ and $z$ directions are cooled to the Doppler
temperature of about $0.5$ mK on the dipole allowed
${}^{2}\mathrm{S}_{1/2}\rightarrow$ ${}^{2}\mathrm{P}_{1/2}$ transition near
370 nm, assisted by a repumper laser near 935 nm. The ions are detected
individually by collecting the fluorescence from the decay of the short-lived
${}^{2}\mathrm{P}_{1/2}$ state. With a high numerical-aperture lens of
$\mathrm{N/A}=0.27$ the light from individual ions is imaged onto an electron
multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD). For more details on the
experimental apparatus, see [46, 44, 17].
The four modes along the strong radial axis of the trap ($y$) are further
cooled to near the ground state using quench-assisted resolved-sideband
cooling on the ${}^{2}\mathrm{S}_{1/2}\rightarrow$ ${}^{2}\mathrm{D}_{5/2}$
electric quadrupole transition near 411 nm and the dipole allowed
${}^{2}\mathrm{D}_{5/2}\rightarrow$ ${}^{2}\mathrm{P}_{3/2}$ near 1650 nm. The
411 nm beam is derived from a 822 nm laser that is locked to a cavity with a
fractional instability of $5\times 10^{-16}$ at 10 s of averaging time. It
propagates parallel (within $3^{\circ}$) to the strong radial axis of the trap
and efficiently addresses only the corresponding radial $y$-modes. It is
focused down to a waist of 50 $\mu$m at the position of the ions and is
aligned to the center of the crystal by measuring the carrier Rabi frequency
of all four ions individually. After optimization, the Rabi frequencies are
measured to be
$\Omega_{\mathrm{Rabi}}[\mathrm{ion}1,\mathrm{ion}2,\mathrm{ion}3,\mathrm{ion}4]=2\pi\times[10.66(6),10.61(6),10.58(6),9.88(3)]$
kHz, which varies by at most $10\%$ over the crystal. The exact mode
frequencies of the four radial $y$-modes are measured to be
$\omega_{y}[\mathrm{mode1},\mathrm{mode2},\mathrm{mode3},\mathrm{mode4}]=2\pi\times[666.0(1),656.9(1),643.1(1),623.6(1)]$
kHz with resolved sideband spectroscopy on the 411 nm transition. These mode
frequencies are used to calculate the Lamb-Dicke factors for the motional
modes, where the COM mode is at the highest mode frequency. In order to cool
all modes simultaneously, the frequency of the 411 nm laser is set to be $640$
kHz red-detuned from the carrier transition, such that it is roughly at the
center of the four measured mode frequencies. The 1650 nm laser propagates
along the axis of the trap and the power is tuned to reach an effective
linewidth of the three level system of $67(2)\,\mathrm{kHz}$, see also [42].
### III.2 Sideband thermometry measurement
After ground-state cooling, a thermometry measurement is performed on each
motional mode along the $y$ direction. The corresponding red and blue
sidebands on the ${}^{2}\mathrm{S}_{1/2}\rightarrow$ ${}^{2}\mathrm{D}_{5/2}$
transition are addressed to measure the excitation probabilities $P_{r}$ and
$P_{b}$, as defined in Sec. II.2. For simplicity, the electronic states of
individual ions are denoted as
$\ket{{}^{2}\mathrm{S}_{1/2}}_{i}=\ket{\downarrow}_{i}$ and
$\ket{{}^{2}\mathrm{D}_{5/2}}_{i}=\ket{\uparrow}_{i}$. The internal state of
each individual ion is measured spatially resolved after a sideband pulse
using the electron shelving technique, i.e. fluorescence was only detected on
the ${}^{2}\mathrm{S}_{1/2}\rightarrow^{2}\mathrm{P}_{1/2}$ transition if the
ion was in the $\ket{\downarrow}$ state. If
$\ket{\downarrow}_{1}=\ket{\downarrow}_{2}=\ket{\downarrow}_{3}=\ket{\downarrow}_{4}$,
$P_{\alpha}=0$, otherwise $P_{\alpha}=1$, where $\alpha=r,b$. For a specific
interrogation time, the excitation probabilities $P_{r}$ and $P_{b}$ are
obtained by averaging over $\mathcal{N}/2=200$ measurements and the
interrogation time is scanned from $10$ $\mu$s to $800$ $\mu$s. As an example,
the data obtained for mode 3 is shown in Fig. 7. Since for a 4-ion crystal the
dynamics can be obtained numerically, we can obtain a temperature estimation
by fitting the experimental data with the simulated curves of the sideband
flops and searching for the optimal temperature values (shown in the right
panel of Fig. 8). Further description of the fitting method, together with the
data of the other motional modes can be found in Appendix D.
For each pulse time below the cutoff, the global sideband ratio is calculated
from $P_{r}$ and $P_{b}$ according to equation (9a) and individual estimates
for $\bar{n}_{i}$ are obtained using equation (9b), see left panel of Fig. 8.
Figure 7: Red (red points) and blue (blue points) global sideband flops of the
third motional mode in a 4-ion crystal (see the text for details). The lines
show the exact numerical solution generated with the least-square fitted
temperature value $\bar{n}$.
The cutoff time, as defined in Sec. II.2, for all motional modes in this 4-ion
crystal is around $400$ $\mu$s ($gt\approx 0.22$). In order to avoid possible
implicit biases in the single measurements of $\bar{n}_{i}$ at a given
interrogation time, we use data from all available points up to the cutoff
time to estimate the temperature. This set of $m=6$ individual $\bar{n}_{i}$
estimations, which are bias-corrected for $\mathcal{N}/2=200$ according to Eq.
(22) and carry individual error bars $\sigma_{i}$, are averaged to obtain the
final estimation according to the following weighted sum:
$\displaystyle\hat{\bar{n}}=\arg\underset{\bar{n}}{\min}\sum_{i=1}^{m}\frac{(\bar{n}-\bar{n}_{i})^{2}}{\sigma_{i}^{2}}.$
(14)
Figure 8: Temperature estimation for motional modes 1-4 shown in subpanels
(a)-(d), respectively, of a 4-ion crystal. The individual temperature
estimations at interrogation times up to the cutoff time of $\sim 400$ $\mu$s
(left panel) are averaged together to produce the final value of
$\bar{n}=\\{0.22\pm 0.05,0.27\pm 0.02,0.32\pm 0.03,0.35\pm 0.04\\}$ shown in
the right panel using the presented global sideband method. The estimations
for the extremely small interrogation time of $10\mu$s (the seen very left
point for modes 3 and 4) and their uncertainties fall outside of the plot
range. The results are compared to the values obtained from a least-square
numerical fit from the ‘Rabi flops’ of the red and blue sidebands. Agreement
is found between the two methods within 1$\sigma$.
The final estimation of $\hat{\bar{n}}$ for each motional mode is
$\bar{n}=\\{0.22\pm 0.05,0.27\pm 0.02,0.32\pm 0.03,0.35\pm 0.04\\}$ and is
shown in the right panel of Fig. 8. The results are compared with the
estimations obtained from the numerical fit of the temperature.
Since a good agreement is found between the theoretical and experimental
curves, the results from the fit are expected to give an accurate estimation
for $\bar{n}$. For all the motional modes, the values of $\bar{n}$ obtained
from the global sideband method agree with those extracted from the fit within
a $1\sigma$ uncertainty. The global sideband ratio method reaches the same
accuracy level of $\delta\bar{n}\sim 10-20\%$ as the numerical fit, but
requires less data points to be taken. We want to explicitly emphasize that
the used least-square fit relies on the exact calculation of the sideband
dynamics, which scales exponentially with the number of ions and thus cannot
be applied for larger ion crystals in general.
## IV Thermometry of a 2D crystal
### IV.1 Setup, state preparation and cooling
Figure 9: Red sideband spectrum of the out-of-plane modes of a 19-ion planar
crystal after Doppler cooling (top) and an additional EIT-cooling laser pulse
(bottom). The frequency is given as detuning from the
$\ket{4\mathrm{S}_{1/2},~{}m=-1/2}\leftrightarrow\ket{3\mathrm{D}_{5/2},~{}m=-1/2}$
carrier transition. The mode frequencies obtained from simulations using
pseudopotential theory are displayed as dashed lines. A false-color image of
the ion crystal is shown at the top center. The mode structure of the COM mode
(top left) as well as the lowest frequency mode (top right) is indicated by
red arrows. Each arrow’s length is proportional to the magnitude of the
respective ion’s Lamb-Dicke factor $\eta_{i}$, the direction indicating the
sign of $\eta_{i}$. The temperature of both modes is probed in the experiments
described further below.
To demonstrate the new scheme also on a larger ion crystal, which already
imposes challenges in numerically simulating the sideband dynamics, we perform
thermometry measurements on the out-of-plane motional modes of a two-
dimensional 40Ca+ ion crystal. A planar 19-ion Coulomb crystal is stored in
the anisotropic potential of a novel microfabricated monolithic linear Paul
trap designed for trapping 2D ion crystals [47]. The trap is operated at
oscillation frequencies of $\omega_{\textrm{s}}=2\pi\times 2.189$ MHz,
$\omega_{\textrm{w1}}=2\pi\times 645$ kHz and $\omega_{\textrm{w2}}=2\pi\times
340$ kHz where $\omega_{\textrm{s}}$ is the secular frequency in the strongly
confining direction and $\omega_{\textrm{w1}}$ and $\omega_{\textrm{w2}}$ are
the secular frequencies in the two weakly confining directions. The direction
of the weakest confinement is aligned with the rf-zero line. Our geometry
allows micromotion-free optical access in the plane spanned by the directions
of $\omega_{\textrm{s}}$ and $\omega_{\textrm{w2}}$.
Ions are Doppler-cooled on the 4S${}_{1/2}\leftrightarrow$ 4P1/2 dipole
transition at 397 nm. Electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) cooling
[48, 49] is applied for 300 $\mu$s after Doppler cooling to simultaneously
cool all $N$ out-of-plane secular modes of motion in an $N$-ion crystal close
to the ground state. The direction of the magnetic field, defining the
quantization axis, is oriented at an angle of 45∘ with respect to the crystal
plane and allows for an optimal geometry for EIT cooling. A more detailed
description of the beam geometry is given in Ref. [47].
The laser used for EIT cooling is blue-detuned by 110 MHz from the 4S1/2
$\leftrightarrow$ 4P1/2 transition. The chosen detuning enables efficient
cooling over a frequency range large enough to accommodate all transverse
modes of motion of a 19-ion crystal, spanning a range of $\sim 300$ kHz. The
power of the $\sigma^{-}$-polarized beam is calibrated such that the induced
Stark shift overlaps with the center of the frequency range to be cooled.
Further details on the calibration procedure can be found in Ref. [50].
The motional modes are probed via sideband spectroscopy on the
4S${}_{1/2}\leftrightarrow$ 3D5/2 quadrupole transition with light from a
frequency-stable laser ($\sim$ 1 Hz linewidth) at 729 nm. A global beam along
the out-of-plane direction excites the individual ions with a maximum
variation in the single-ion carrier Rabi frequencies of about 6 % across the
19-ion crystal. For a single ion, we find $\bar{n}$ = 0.06 for the transverse
mode of motion ($\omega_{\textrm{s}}=2\pi\times 2.188$ MHz) corresponding to
the out-of-plane direction of a planar multi-ion crystal. A frequency scan of
the red sideband spectrum of a planar 19-ion crystal, once after only Doppler
cooling and once after an additional EIT cooling pulse of 300 $\mu$s, is shown
in Fig. 9.
Figure 10: Sideband dynamics and thermometry of a planar 19-ion crystal. (a,b)
Single-ion excitation probabilities $P_{r,b}^{i}$ for the COM mode (a) and the
lowest-frequency mode (b). As in Fig. 9, the insets indicate the mode vectors
of the investigated modes. (c,d) Global excitation probabilities $P_{r,b}$
according to Eq. (8) for the COM mode (c) and the lowest-frequency mode (d)
representing the quantities of interest in the sideband thermometry
measurements. The blue and the red points correspond to the measured
excitation on the blue and red sidebands, respectively. The solid lines in (c)
are obtained from simulations in the symmetric Hilbert subspace using the
least-square fitted value of $\bar{n}$. (e,f) Sideband thermometry of the COM
mode (e) and the lowest-frequency mode (f) for varying carrier Rabi frequency
(indicated by color) as a function of the interrogation time. The mean values
are shown as dashed lines. For the lowest-frequency mode (f) the mean value is
calculated after discarding all data points lying outside a range of $1\sigma$
from the mean value obtained from all data points. The discarded data points
(5 points with the highest values of $\bar{n}$) correspond to measurements
with higher Rabi frequency and are biased due to crosstalk to neighbouring
modes (see main text for discussion). The error bars of individual thermometry
measurements are obtained from Eq. (23). (g) Measurement of $\bar{n}$ for the
COM mode as a function of the probe pulse delay. The solid line shows a
weighted linear fit used to determine the heating rate.
### IV.2 Sideband thermometry of a planar 19-ion crystal
Sideband thermometry based on Eq. (10) is applied to the COM mode and the
lowest-frequency mode in the out-of-plane direction of a two-dimensional
19-ion crystal. We calculate the normal-mode frequencies and the Lamb–Dicke
factors of the individual ions for all out-of-plane modes using simulations
within the pseudopotential approximation. The knowledge of both is required
for the employed temperature-estimation method. However, the pseudopotential
approximation can sometimes fail to reproduce the observed normal mode
frequency spectrum, in particular for planar crystals [51, 52]. We measure the
out-of-plane motional-mode spectrum and observe a good match with the
simulated mode frequencies (see Fig. 9), providing us with confidence that the
pseudopotential approximation yields accurate results for the 19-ion crystal.
Sideband excitation dynamics of the COM and the lowest-frequency mode with a
carrier Rabi frequency of $2\pi\times 38.8$ kHz are shown in Fig. 10. Single-
ion-resolved measurements reveal the structure of the investigated modes,
shown as $P_{r,b}^{i}$ in Fig. 10(a,b), and yield the global excitation
probabilities, $P_{b}$ and $P_{r}$, shown in Fig. 10(c,d).
Thermometry measurements are carried out after EIT cooling where we measure
the temperature of the planar ion crystal as a function of the carrier Rabi
frequency and the interrogation time. The excitation probabilities $P_{b}$ and
$P_{r}$ are probed in 4000 individual experiments each. The mean phonon number
is then calculated according to Eq. (10).
Using high laser intensities can lead to crosstalk to neighboring modes, which
results in inaccuracies in the phonon-number estimates. For the lowest-
frequency mode, we observe some crosstalk to the neighboring mode separated by
less than 30 kHz. We can circumvent this problem simply by probing the modes
at lower Rabi frequencies. Figure 10(e,f) shows the estimated mean phonon
numbers for different values of $gt$. Consistent results are obtained across
the probed parameter space. The bias-corrected (Eq. 22) weighted mean phonon
number of the COM mode and lowest-frequency mode are determined to be
$\bar{n}=0.149(3)$ and $\bar{n}=0.069(3)$, respectively.
To cross-check the measured mean phonon number of the COM mode, we simulate
the sideband dynamics of the COM mode in the symmetric Hilbert subspace and,
as for the 4-ion data, perform a weighted least-square fit of the measured
data on the red sideband of the COM mode. More details on the numerical
calculation for the symmetric COM mode as well as the fit estimator are given
in Appendix D. The fit yields a temperature estimate of $\bar{n}=0.147\pm
0.02$, which is in good agreement with the value obtained using the new
sideband thermometry technique. The theoretical curves for the red and the
blue sideband are shown as solid lines in Fig. 10(c). Up to $\sim 350~{}\mu$s
we find a good agreement between theory and experiment. For longer probe
times, we observe deviations from the simulated curve, which we attribute to
motional heating as well as instabilities in the trap oscillation frequencies
due to power fluctuations. We thus use the first 20 data points
($<350~{}\mu$s) to fit the dynamics of the COM mode. A numerical simulation of
the sideband dynamics of the LF mode, however, is computationally demanding.
Therefore, a reference value for the lowest-frequency mode is not given.
In order to test the method with phononically higher excited states, a heating
rate measurement of the COM mode is performed in which the probe pulse is
delayed by a predefined wait time between 0 and 20 ms after ground-state
cooling. The heating-rate curve in Fig. 10(g) shows the bias-corrected
estimated values of $\bar{n}$. The data is fitted with a linear function by
least-squares, weighted with the inverse variance obtained from Eq. (23). The
fit reveals a heating rate of 15.3(1.7) quanta/s per ion consistent with
previous measurements with a single ion as well as an 8-ion crystal. In
contrast to the COM mode, measurements on the lowest-frequency mode do not
indicate significant heating within tens of milliseconds, as expected.
## V Discussion & Conclusions
We have presented here a method for the thermometry of cold ICCs that
generalizes the well-known sideband thermometry of single ions. The effects of
many-body quantum dynamics that arise in this process can be taken into
account with sufficient accuracy by exploiting conservation quantities of the
sideband dynamics and by a suitable truncation of its time series expansion.
It turns out that this limitation is not critical, since a sufficient signal
can be extracted within a time span in which the truncation still yields
reliable results. As we show, the tolerable interrogation time does not change
with the number of ions. In principle, if required, a higher truncation order
can also be achieved using the methods we have presented here, whose
implementation in Python and Mathematica can be accessed at [43]. Applications
of this methodology to a linear as well as a planar ion crystal give good
results, also in comparison to other methods, in cases where such a comparison
is possible. A reliable tool for temperature measurement in ultracold ion
crystals is an important requirement in experimental quantum metrology and
information science. We believe that the thermometry method presented here
meets the current needs and can be of practical use for research with cold
trapped ions. Moreover, the approach presented in this work could serve as a
useful reference for the treatment of many-body effects in similar systems.
As an outlook, we would like to indicate a number of questions and possible
further developments that go beyond the results presented here: a central
premise of sideband thermometry is the presence of a canonical thermal state.
This is a useful and mostly very good approximation, but it will not always be
fulfilled for all cooling methods and especially not for short cooling
durations, which will occur in quantum technology applications due to time
limitations [41, 30]. Our general approach would also allow to consider more
general, non-canonical parameterisations of the occupation probability and to
estimate the corresponding parameters systematically. For this, one has to
consider a many-parameter estimation problem and in a similar fashion derive
the corresponding estimators from the measured observables. Another possible
extension would be to consider correlated spin states in order to achieve a
quantum metrological improvement of the accuracy of the thermometric
measurement. Finally, a way could also be sought for thermometry based on
bichromatic driving to exploit measurements of more than one ion and account
for the many-body correlations that occur there.
The data underlying the reported measurements are available via Zenodo [53].
## Acknowledgements
The project leading to this application has received funding from the European
Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and
innovation programme (grant agreement No 741541). Furthermore, we acknowledge
funding from the Austrian Science Fund through the SFB BeyondC (F7110) and by
the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) through
Project-ID 274200144 – SFB 1227 (projects A06 and A07) and Project-ID
390837967 - EXC 2123. LD acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt
foundation.
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* Lechner _et al._ [2016] R. Lechner, C. Maier, C. Hempel, P. Jurcevic, B. P. Lanyon, T. Monz, M. Brownnutt, R. Blatt, and C. F. Roos, Electromagnetically-induced-transparency ground-state cooling of long ion strings, Physical Review A 93, 053401 (2016).
* Landa _et al._ [2012] H. Landa, M. Drewsen, B. Reznik, and A. Retzker, Modes of oscillation in radiofrequency Paul traps, New Journal of Physics 14, 093023 (2012).
* Kaufmann _et al._ [2012] H. Kaufmann, S. Ulm, G. Jacob, U. Poschinger, H. Landa, A. Retzker, M. B. Plenio, and F. Schmidt-Kaler, Precise experimental investigation of eigenmodes in a planar ion crystal, Physical Review Letters 109, 263003 (2012).
* Zen [2023] The underlying data are available via Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8116596 (2023).
* Leibfried _et al._ [2003b] D. Leibfried, R. Blatt, C. Monroe, and D. Wineland, Quantum dynamics of single trapped ions, Reviews of Modern Physics 75, 281 (2003b).
* Cline and Lesser [1970] D. Cline and P. Lesser, Error estimation in non-linear least squares analysis of data, Nuclear Instruments and Methods 82, 291 (1970).
## Appendix A Fisher information analysis for single ion thermometry
In this appendix, we analyse the single ion sideband temperature estimator in
Eq. (3) using the Fisher information formalism. The measured data (the
excitation probabilities on the two sidebands) originate from a statistical
model featuring an unknown parameter $\bar{n}$, which is to be determined
using a certain estimator. The Fisher information $F(\bar{n})$ quantifies the
amount of information about the unknown parameter that the chosen measurement
scheme supplies. It connects to the variance of estimators
$\Delta\bar{n}^{2}_{\textrm{err}}$ and the sample size $\mathcal{N}$ via the
relation known as the Cramér-Rao inequality,
$\displaystyle\Delta\bar{n}^{2}_{\textrm{err}}\geq\frac{1}{\mathcal{N}F(\bar{n})}\,.$
(15)
The variance saturating this inequality is the Cramér-Rao bound, corresponding
to the variance of the most efficient unbiased estimator for a given
measurement scheme. It can be shown that in the single ion case the Cramér-Rao
bound coincides with the quantum Cramér-Rao bound (QCRB), which takes into
account all possible quantum measurements [37].
In Fig. 11, we plot the statistical uncertainty $\Delta\bar{n}_{\textrm{err}}$
of the estimator given by Eq. (3) as function of the sideband interrogation
time together with the QCRB found from Eq. (15) for three separate measurement
scenarios. The first case represents the situation with both sidebands equally
contributing to the statistics, these are the conditions where formula (3) is
applied. The other two cases correspond to the situation when the data is
gathered from only one of the sideband transitions, either red or blue.
From the plot one sees that the QCRB of the red sideband measurement almost
everywhere lies below the other QCRB curves. This implies that the data
gathered from the red sideband contain more information on the temperature
than the data from the blue sideband or their equal combination. An estimator
based solely on the red sideband only is thus potentially more efficient, yet
for an absolute temperature determination it is not as practically convenient
as the one of the sideband ratio estimator in Eq. (3), where the data from the
blue sideband serves as an auto-calibration in presence of technical noise.
One also sees that the sideband ratio estimator is a fairly efficient choice,
since the corresponding statistical uncertainty lies mostly very close to the
QCRB for the two-sideband scenario and coincides with it in multiple points.
Figure 11: Statistical uncertainty of the temperature estimator rescaled to
the sample size for different measurement schemes. Thick black curve
represents the statistical uncertainty of the sideband estimator of Eq. (3).
Thin curves are the quantum Cramér-Rao bounds for the three separate cases:
when the measurements are taken on the red sideband (red curve), blue sideband
(blue curve) and when both sidebands contribute equally to the data sample
(gray). The figure is produced for $\bar{n}=0.1$.
The series of equidistant peaks in the blue sideband QRCB visible in Fig. 11
can be explained analytically. The red and blue sideband excitation
probabilities for a single trapped ion are given by [54]
$P_{r}(\bar{n},t)=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}p_{n}(\bar{n})(1-\cos(gt\sqrt{n}))\,,$
(16a)
$P_{b}(\bar{n},t)=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}p_{n}(\bar{n})(1-\cos(gt\sqrt{n+1}))\,,$
(16b)
respectively. Maxima of the Cramér-Rao bound correspond to minima of the
Fisher information, which in the blue sideband case is given by
$\displaystyle\begin{split}F_{b}(t,\bar{n})&=\frac{(\partial_{\bar{n}}P_{b})^{2}}{P_{b}}+\frac{(\partial_{\bar{n}}(1-P_{b}))^{2}}{1-P_{b}}=\\\
=&\quantity[\frac{1}{P_{b}}+\frac{1}{1-P_{b}}]\quantity(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\sin^{2}(t\sqrt{n+1})\partial_{\bar{n}}p_{n}(\bar{n}))^{2}\,.\end{split}$
(17)
In the limit of $\bar{n}\ll 1$, the zeros of Fisher information are determined
by the condition
$\displaystyle\sin^{2}(t)$ $\displaystyle=\sin^{2}(t\sqrt{2})\,,$ (18)
for which we find the relevant solutions to be
$\displaystyle t$ $\displaystyle=2\pi\frac{k}{2(1+\sqrt{2})},\quad
k\in\mathds{Z}$ $\displaystyle=2\pi\\{0,0.207,0.414,0.621,0.828,\dots\\}\,.$
(19)
These solutions coincide well with the observed peaks of the blue sideband
QCRB in Fig. 11. This pattern of equidistant peaks emerges only in the low-
temperature regime with $\bar{n}\ll 1$.
## Appendix B Sideband thermometry of ICC
The explicit form of the matrix elements
$\bra{\mathbf{0},n}H_{r(b)}^{2k}\ket{\mathbf{0},n}$, needed for evaluating the
power series of Eq. (12), is found by direct evaluation. The spin and motional
parts of expressions are split and evaluated separately, resulting in matrix
elements of polynomials in $n$,
$\displaystyle\bra{\mathbf{0},n}H_{r}^{0}\ket{\mathbf{0},n}$
$\displaystyle=1\,,$
$\displaystyle\bra{\mathbf{0},n}H_{b}^{0}\ket{\mathbf{0},n}$
$\displaystyle=1\,,$
$\displaystyle\bra{\mathbf{0},n}H_{r}^{2}\ket{\mathbf{0},n}$
$\displaystyle=g^{2}\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\bra{n}a^{\dagger}a\ket{n}=g^{2}An\,,$
$\displaystyle\bra{\mathbf{0},n}H_{b}^{2}\ket{\mathbf{0},n}$
$\displaystyle=g^{2}\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\bra{n}aa^{\dagger}\ket{n}=g^{2}A(n+1)\,,$
$\displaystyle\bra{\mathbf{0},n}H_{r}^{4}\ket{\mathbf{0},n}$
$\displaystyle=g^{4}(B_{2}n(n-1)+B_{1}n^{2})\,,$
$\displaystyle\bra{\mathbf{0},n}H_{b}^{4}\ket{\mathbf{0},n}$
$\displaystyle=g^{4}(B_{2}(n+1)(n+2)+B_{1}(n+1)^{2})$ $\displaystyle...$
Here the matrix elements are shown up to the fourth power of the Hamiltonians
(see the supplementary Mathematica notebook for higher powers and the explicit
expressions [43]). The coefficients $A$ and $B_{i}$ are obtained from the
ground-state expectation values of certain strings of collective spin
operators $J_{\pm}$. These coefficients could be efficiently computed
analytically, which is discussed separately in Appendix C. After plugging
these expressions into the power series of Eq. (12) and averaging over the
occuption number $n$, the sideband ratio (9a) takes the form of a polynomial
in $\bar{n}$ and $t$,
$\frac{P_{r}(t)}{P_{b}(t)-P_{r}(t)}\simeq\bar{n}+(gt)^{2}\mathcal{P}_{2}(\bar{n})-(gt)^{4}\mathcal{P}_{3}(\bar{n})+(gt)^{6}\mathcal{P}_{4}(\bar{n}),$
(20)
as given in Eq. (9). The $k$-th order polynomials $\mathcal{P}_{k}(\bar{n})$
are
$\mathcal{P}_{2}(\bar{n})=\frac{B_{2}}{6A}\bar{n}(1+\bar{n}),$
$\mathcal{P}_{3}(\bar{n})=\frac{1}{360A^{2}}\bar{n}(1+\bar{n})(1+2\bar{n})\big{[}2(C_{1}+C_{3}+2C_{4}+3C_{5})A-5B_{2}(2B_{2}+B_{1})+15B_{2}A^{2}\big{]},\\\
\mathcal{P}_{4}(\bar{n})=\frac{1}{30240A^{3}}\bar{n}(1+\bar{n})\Big{(}-315A^{4}B_{2}(1+2\bar{n})^{2}+35B_{2}(B_{1}+2B_{2})^{2}(1+2\bar{n})^{2}+42A^{3}(C_{1}+C_{3}+2C_{4}+3C_{5})(1+8\bar{n}(1+\bar{n}))\\\
+3A^{2}[12D_{1}+2D_{10}+3D_{11}+2D_{12}+D_{13}+D_{14}+9D_{3}+6D_{4}+3D_{5}+2D_{6}+D_{7}+6D_{8}+4D_{9}+\\\
+6(6D_{1}+2D_{10}+3D_{11}+2D_{12}+D_{13}+D_{14}+5D_{3}+4D_{4}+3D_{5}+2D_{6}+D_{7}+4D_{8}+3D_{9})\bar{n}(1+\bar{n})-\\\
-70(B_{2}+2B_{2}\bar{n})^{2}]-14A\big{\\{}B_{1}(C_{1}+C_{3}+2C_{4}+3C_{5})(1+2\bar{n})^{2}+B_{2}\big{(}C_{2}+4(C_{3}+2C_{4}+3C_{5})+\\\
+6(C_{2}+3C_{3}+5C_{4}+7C_{5})\bar{n}(1+\bar{n})+2C_{1}[2+9\bar{n}(1+\bar{n})]\big{)}\big{\\}}\Big{)}.$
(21)
An appropriate root of Eq. (20) gives an estimator for the temperature of the
motional mode. Although this equation generally has four roots, in practice it
is easy to identify the one corresponding to the temperature estimation. The
other roots are typically complex, negative or have values far outside of the
$\bar{n}\lesssim 1$ region. If somehow the ambiguity is still present,
dropping all time-dependent terms in the r.h.s. of (20) and measuring the
l.h.s. at the smallest possible time provides the simplest rough estimation
helping to choose the correct root.
The asymptotic bias and the variance arising from the finite sampling of
$\mathcal{N}/2$ for both $P_{r}$ and $P_{b}$ are calculated as:
$\displaystyle\begin{split}\delta\bar{n}&=\langle\hat{\bar{n}}\rangle-\bar{n}\\\
&=\frac{1}{\mathcal{N}}\Big{[}\frac{2P_{b}P_{r}(2-P_{b}-P_{r})}{(P_{b}-P_{r})^{3}}\frac{1}{\mathcal{R}_{t}^{\prime}(\bar{n})}\\\
&\quad-\frac{P_{b}P_{r}(P_{b}+P_{r}-2P_{b}P_{r})}{(P_{b}-P_{r})^{4}}\frac{\mathcal{R}_{t}^{\prime\prime}(\bar{n})}{[\mathcal{R}_{t}^{\prime}(\bar{n})]^{3}}\Big{]}\,,\end{split}$
(22)
$\displaystyle\Delta\hat{\bar{n}}_{\text{error}}^{2}=\frac{1}{\mathcal{N}}\frac{2P_{b}P_{r}(P_{b}+P_{r}-2P_{b}P_{r})}{(P_{b}-P_{r})^{4}}\frac{1}{[\mathcal{R}_{t}^{\prime}(\bar{n})]^{2}}\,,$
(23)
where the derivative of $\mathcal{R}_{t}(\bar{n})$ is understood as the
derivative with respect to $\bar{n}$.
## Appendix C Mode-dependent coefficients
The coefficients $A$, $B_{i}$, $C_{i}$ and $D_{i}$ given in Eqs. (21) depend
only on the structure of the interrogated motional mode and are defined as
follows:
$\displaystyle A$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}=\sum_{i=1}^{N}\eta_{i}^{2}=1,$
$\displaystyle B_{1}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}(J_{-}J_{+})^{2}\ket{\mathbf{0}}=\quantity(\sum_{i=1}^{N}\eta_{i}^{2})^{2}=1,$
$\displaystyle B_{2}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}^{2}J_{+}^{2}\ket{\mathbf{0}}=2\quantity(\quantity(\sum_{i=1}^{N}\eta_{i}^{2})^{2}-\sum_{i=1}^{N}\eta_{i}^{4})\,,$
$\displaystyle C_{1}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle C_{2}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle C_{3}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle C_{4}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle C_{5}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{1}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{-}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}J_{+}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{2}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{3}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{4}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{5}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{6}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{7}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{8}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{9}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{10}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{11}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{12}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{13}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,,$
$\displaystyle D_{14}$
$\displaystyle=\bra{\mathbf{0}}J_{-}J_{-}J_{+}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}J_{-}J_{+}\ket{\mathbf{0}}\,.$
Essentially, the coefficients are all the non-vanishing expectation values of
strings of operators $J_{\pm}$ of a fixed length. Using the definition
$J_{\pm}=\sum_{i=1}^{N}\eta_{i}\sigma_{i}^{\pm}$ each of the coefficients is
decomposed into a sum of many strings of particular single-atom Pauli
operators. Each string is weighted with the corresponding prefactor,
consisting of the mode vector components and sandwiched with the spin ground
state. With some combinatorics one can classify and pick out the small number
of non-zero terms to ease the calculation. There may be several ways to do so,
one of them would be to distinguish the terms based on the number of unique
atomic indices appearing in an individual term. For each mode-dependent
coefficient we count the number of terms of each class ($C_{i}^{j}$,
$D_{i}^{j}$) and then multiply it with the corresponding expectation values.
This brings us to the general expression for $C$\- and $D$-coefficients given
by
$\displaystyle C_{i}=$ $\displaystyle
C_{i}^{1}\sum_{i=1}^{N}\eta_{i}^{6}+C_{i}^{2}\sum_{i=1}^{N}\sum_{j\neq
i}^{N}\eta_{i}^{4}\eta_{j}^{2}+C_{i}^{3}\sum_{i=1}^{N}\sum_{j\neq
i}^{N}\sum_{k\neq i,j}^{N}\eta_{i}^{2}\eta_{j}^{2}\eta_{k}^{2},$ (24)
$\displaystyle D_{i}=$ $\displaystyle
D_{i}^{1}\sum_{i=1}^{N}\eta_{i}^{8}+D_{i}^{2}\sum_{i=1}^{N}\sum_{j\neq
i}^{N}\eta_{i}^{6}\eta_{j}^{2}+D_{i}^{3}\sum_{i=1}^{N}\sum_{j\neq
i}^{N}\eta_{i}^{4}\eta_{j}^{4}+$
$\displaystyle+D_{i}^{4}\sum_{i=1}^{N}\sum_{j\neq i}^{N}\sum_{k\neq
i,j}^{N}\eta_{i}^{4}\eta_{j}^{2}\eta_{k}^{2}+$
$\displaystyle+D_{i}^{5}\sum_{i=1}^{N}\sum_{j\neq i}^{N}\sum_{j\neq
i}^{N}\sum_{k\neq i,j}^{N}\sum_{p\neq
i,j,k}^{N}\eta_{i}^{2}\eta_{j}^{2}\eta_{k}^{2}\eta_{p}^{2}\,.$ (25)
Listed in the tables 1 and 2 are the prefactors completing the expressions
(24, 25), which are needed to evaluate each of the $C$\- and $D$-coefficients.
Table 1: $C_{i}^{j}$-coefficients $i$ | $C_{i}^{1}$ | $C_{i}^{2}$ | $C_{i}^{3}$
---|---|---|---
$1$ | 0 | 4 | 2
$2$ | 1 | 3 | 1
$3$ | 0 | 4 | 2
$4$ | 0 | 4 | 4
$5$ | 0 | 0 | 6
Table 2: $D_{i}^{j}$-coefficients $i$ | $D_{i}^{1}$ | $D_{i}^{2}$ | $D_{i}^{3}$ | $D_{i}^{4}$ | $D_{i}^{5}$
---|---|---|---|---|---
$1$ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24
$2$ | 1 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 1
$3$ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 18
$4$ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 12
$5$ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 6
$6$ | 0 | 0 | 8 | 16 | 4
$7$ | 0 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 2
$8$ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 12
$9$ | 0 | 4 | 4 | 24 | 8
${10}$ | 0 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 4
${11}$ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 6
${12}$ | 0 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 4
${13}$ | 0 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 2
${14}$ | 0 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 2
In order to use the new temperature estimation method, for a given motional
mode one needs to compute in total 22 mode-dependent coefficients. Using
formulas (24, 25), the calculation boils down to programming a cascade of
several FOR-loops, which results in a computationally-friendly polynomial
scaling with respect to $N$. Hence, one may calculate the coefficients
entering the estimator easily and fast to apply the new thermometry method for
arbitrarily large ion crystals. We provide a program for calculating these
coefficients for a given motional mode in the code supplement [43].
## Appendix D Numerical fit estimator
A common way for estimating cold ion temperatures is fitting the experimental
data with theory curves while using the temperature as a free parameter.
Naturally, this technique requires the exact numerical solutions of the
Schrödinger equation or its reasonable approximation to be available. This is,
however, problematic for large ion crystals due to the exponential scaling of
the Hilbert space, and causes the main bottleneck for the numerical fit. For
smaller crystals, one can employ this method for temperature estimation using
a weighted least square optimization of the model curves with respect to
unknown parameter $\bar{n}$. The choice of model functions may vary, though in
our case the best performance was achieved when using the red sideband
collective excitation probability $P_{r}(t,\bar{n})$. This choice is further
backed by the previous observation from the single-ion case, that the Fisher
information on parameter $\bar{n}$ contained in the red sideband is typically
significantly higher than the one contained in the blue sideband or in the
combinations of both. This observation also holds in the multi-ion case for
relatively short interrogation times. Using the red sideband curves as model
functions makes the numerical fit estimator in our case have the following
form
$\displaystyle\hat{\bar{n}}=\arg\underset{\bar{n}}{\min}S(\bar{n})=\arg\underset{\bar{n}}{\min}\sum_{i=1}^{m}\frac{(P_{r}(t_{i},\bar{n})-x_{i})^{2}}{\sigma_{i}^{2}}\,,$
(26)
where the sum is taken over $m$ experimental points $x_{i}$, each carrying a
normally-distributed error $\sigma_{i}$. The variance of this non-linear
weighted least-square estimator is given by [55]
$\displaystyle\Delta\bar{n}^{2}_{\textrm{err}}$
$\displaystyle=\quantity[\sum_{i=1}^{m}\quantity(\frac{A_{i}}{\sigma_{i}})^{2}]^{-1}\quantity(S_{L}-S(\hat{\bar{n}}))\,,$
(27) $\displaystyle S_{L}$
$\displaystyle=S(\hat{\bar{n}})\quantity(1+\frac{1}{m-1}F(1,m-1,1-\beta))\,,$
(28)
with $A_{i}=\partial P_{r}(t_{i},\bar{n})/\partial\bar{n}$ and
$F(d_{1},d_{2},1-\beta)$ being the quantile function of statistical
F-distribution with parameters $d_{1},d_{2}$, taken at a point $1-\beta$. The
value $\beta=0.317$ defines a confidence interval of one standard deviation
and is used for the calculations. For the experiment with a 4-ion crystal
discussed in Section III, this method was used to fit the obtained sideband
excitation data. The results of the numerical fit together with the
experimental data for all motional modes are shown in Fig. 12.
Figure 12: Red (lower points) and blue (upper points) global sideband flops of
all 1-4 motional modes shown in (a)-(d), respectively, for the 4-ion crystal.
The solid lines show the exact numerical solution, where $\bar{n}$ was fitted
as free parameter with the weighted least-square method.
The symmetric center-of-mass mode deserves a special mention. Since all the
individual coupling strengths are equal for this mode
($\eta_{i}=1/\sqrt{N}\>\forall i$), the spin dynamics evolves within the
symmetric Hilbert subspace and could effectively be described using symmetric
spin Dicke basis of states
$\displaystyle\ket{\mathbf{M}}$
$\displaystyle=\frac{1}{M!}{\binom{N}{M}}^{-1/2}S_{+}^{M}\ket{\mathbf{0}},$
$\displaystyle S_{+}$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{i=1}^{N}\sigma_{i}^{+}\,.$ (29)
This lifts the exponential scaling of the Hilbert space with respect to the
number of ions $N$ and thus makes the numerical fit applicable for the center
of mass mode of larger ion crystals.
| 38,195 |
https://github.com/comp523-w4g/vue-choropleth/blob/master/src/components/InfoControl.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
vue-choropleth
|
comp523-w4g
|
Vue
|
Code
| 211 | 642 |
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<script>
export default {
props: {
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unit: String,
placeholder: {
type: String,
default: ""
},
title: String,
position: {
type: String,
default: "bottomleft"
}
},
mounted() {
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this.mapObject = L.control({
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this._div = L.DomUtil.create('div', 'info') // create a div with a class "info"
this.update({ name: "", value: 0, unit, placeholder, title })
return this._div
}
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if (name.length > 0) {
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<b> ${name} </b><br /> ${value} ${unit}`
if (extraValues) {
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}
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} else {
this._div.innerHTML = `<h4> ${title} </h4> <b> ${placeholder} </b>`
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if (this.$parent._isMounted) {
this.deferredMountedTo(this.$parent.mapObject)
}
},
methods: {
deferredMountedTo(parent) {
this.parent = parent
this.mapObject.addTo(parent)
}
},
watch: {
item: function (newValue) {
this.mapObject.update(
{
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unit: this.unit,
title: this.title,
placeholder: this.placeholder
})
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
.info {
padding: 6px 8px;
font: 18px/20px sans-serif;
background: white;
background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
box-shadow: 0 0 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
border-radius: 5px;
}
.info h4 {
margin: 0 0 5px;
color: #777;
}
</style>
| 17,406 |
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This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.